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squad | single_squad_dev_3685 | Who was the son of Yazid? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
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"Muawiya II"
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{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Muawiya II (683–84), initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became Caliph shortly thereafter. Marwan's first task was to assert his authority against the rival claims of Ibn al-Zubayr, who was at this time recognized as caliph throughout most of the Islamic world. Marwan recaptured Egypt for the",
"title": "Umayyad Caliphate"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Muawiya II Muawiya II or Muawiya ibn Yazid (; 664–684 CE) succeeded his father Yazid I as the third Umayyad caliph and last caliph of the Sufyanid line. He ruled briefly in 683-684 (64 AH) before he died. Muawiya was the son of Yazid I and an unknown mother from the Kalb tribe. She is often confused with Umm Hashim Fakhita bint Abi Hashim, mother of Muawiya's half-brother Khalid ibn Yazid. Before Yazid I died, he had the \"bay'ah\" made to his son Muawiya. Muawiya succeeded his father in Damascus in 64 AH (November 683 CE), at an age of",
"title": "Muawiya II"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of his time and one of the few in history have such a spiritual degree combined with a temporal power, like the Rashidun Caliphs and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. Muawiya II Muawiya II or Muawiya ibn Yazid (; 664–684 CE) succeeded his father Yazid I as the third Umayyad caliph and last caliph of the Sufyanid line. He ruled briefly in 683-684 (64 AH) before he died. Muawiya was the son of Yazid I and an unknown mother from the Kalb tribe. She is often confused with Umm Hashim Fakhita bint Abi Hashim, mother of Muawiya's half-brother Khalid ibn Yazid.",
"title": "Muawiya II"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "181 on July 14, 2017. After a back-and-forth contest, in which both fighters were able to land significant strikes, hurting their opponent, ultimately Matthews lost the bout via split decision. Matthews fought Kendall Grove at Bellator 193 on January 26, 2018. He won the fight by split decision. Matthews faced Logan Storley on August 17, 2018 at Bellator 204. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round two. A.J. Matthews A.J. Matthews (born January 23, 1988) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in Bellator's Middleweight division. A professional competitor since 2007, he has also competed for Strikeforce,",
"title": "A.J. Matthews"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "6235 Burney 6235 Burney, provisional designation , is a Florian or background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 14 November 1987, by Japanese astronomers Seiji Ueda and Hiroshi Kaneda at the Kushiro Observatory on Hokkaido, Japan. The likely elongated L-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.5 hours. It was named for Venetia Burney, who first proposed 's name. \"Burney\" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. In the HCM assessment by Zappala and based on",
"title": "6235 Burney"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279) USCGC \"Eastwind\" (WAGB-279) was a \"Wind\"-class icebreaker that was built for the United States Coast Guard. Completed in time to see action in World War II, she continued in USCG service under the same name until decommissioned in 1968. \"Eastwind\" was the second of five Wind-class of icebreakers built for the United States Coast Guard. Her keel was laid down on 23 June 1942 at Western Pipe and Steel Company shipyards in San Pedro. She was launched on 6 February 1943 and commissioned on 3 June 1944. Her hull was of unprecedented strength and structural integrity, with",
"title": "USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "4.44 seconds, short cone drill in 6.95 second, and had a 41½-inch vertical leap. On April 15, Parmele met with the Miami Dolphins for a pre-draft visit. Parmele was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the sixth round (176th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. The pick used to select Parmele was acquired from the Detroit Lions. Shortly after the draft, Dolphins general manager Jeff Ireland labeled Parmele the third running back on the depth chart and said he would also be a given a chance to return kickoffs. During June workouts, Parmele worked with the second-team offense and also",
"title": "Jalen Parmele"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in Nyingchi in counties such as Bomê and Zayü. The two counties of Zayü () and Mêdog (), collectively called South Tibet, are considered by the Chinese government to be under Chinese jurisdiction, however they are de facto under the control of India's state of Arunachal Pradesh. Nyingchi Nyingchi, also known as Linzhi, is a prefecture-level city in southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The administrative seat of Nyingchi is Bayi District. The Chinese claim part of Arunachal Pradesh, which is one of the states of India, as part of the prefecture. (See South Tibet dispute.) Nyingchi is the location",
"title": "Nyingchi"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of that of his successor al-Walid (r. 705–715), he would be \"the dominant feature in the sources\" (G. R. Hawting). Al-Hajjaj was, in the words of A. Dietrich, \"the most loyal servant that a dynasty could wish for\", and his loyalty was reciprocated by Abd al-Malik with his full trust. The relationship was further strengthened through family ties: al-Hajjaj's daughter wed Masrur, son of al-Walid I (r. 705–715), while the daughter of his brother Muhammad was wed to the future Yazid II (r. 720–724); Yazid even named his first-born son after al-Hajjaj, who in turn named his first three sons",
"title": "Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "his son Yazid as his successor. Yazid was experienced militarily and had taken part in expeditions and the siege of Constantinople, but he was politically inexperienced. Marwan also wanted Yazid to be the caliph so that he could run things behind the scenes, as he would become the senior member of the Umayyad clan after Muawiyah's death. Mohammad, Abu Bakr and Umar also mistrusted Marwan, and he had lived in Taif during their rule, where he became friends with AlHajjaj. Tom Holland writes, \"Tempers in Medina were not helped by the fact that the governor in the oasis was none",
"title": "Umar II"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "divine revelation.\" This indicates that Yazid did not believe in the prophethood of Muhammad, and thus was not a Muslim. This view is further solidified by various sources that describe other aspects of Yazid's personal life. For example, the Sunni historian Ibn Kathir wrote in \"Al-Bidāya wa-n-Nihāya\" that \"Yazid was notorious for his love of music and liquors...his illicit friendship with singing boys and girls...There was not a single day that he woke up not intoxicated.\" The Sunni historian Ibn Hazm also grouped Yazid with those \"who were secularist\" in his book \"Al-Muhalla\". Muslim tradition regards Caliph Yazid I as",
"title": "Yazid I"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "impelled Mu'awiya ... to the unusual step of naming his own son Yazid as heir to the caliphate during his own lifetime\". When Mu'awiya died in 680, the cities of the Hejaz, including Mecca and Medina, refused to pay allegiance to his named successor, Yazid. Marwan, then leader of the Banu Umayya in the Hejaz, advised al-Walid ibn 'Utba, then governor of Medina, to coerce its inhabitants to recognize Yazid's sovereignty. Yazid later dispatched an expeditionary force led by Muslim ibn Uqba in the autumn of 683 to assert Umayyad authority over the Hejaz. Many members of the Banu Umayya,",
"title": "Marwan I"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is (at the time) S.League's oldest active player, after Aleksandar Đurić retired the previous year. Yazid Yasin's Profile Yazid has one solitary cap for Singapore, which he acquired while playing for the Lions in a friendly match against New Zealand on 29 June 1999. 9. http://kallangroar.com/news/exclusive-interviews/exclusive-interview-with-geylang-uniteds-yazid-yasin/ 10. http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3880/singapore/2013/08/01/4149599/ever-present-yazid-yasin-reaches-400-sleague-appearances?ICID=OP Yazid Yasin Yazid Yasin is a Singapore footballer who plays for Gymkhana FC as a goalkeeper. He is one of a rare handful of players who had won every single title available in the domestic league since its inauguration in 1996. As a youth player, Yazid first came to prominence in the",
"title": "Yazid Yasin"
}
] | [
"Muawiya II"
] | [
"Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2607 | The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product? | [
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"milk"
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"paragraph_text": "following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and quince. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold",
"title": "Chihuahua (state)"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Dairy product Dairy products, milk products or lacticinia are a type of food produced from or containing the milk of mammals, primarily cattle, water buffaloes, goats, sheep, camels, and humans. Dairy products include food items such as yogurt, cheese, and butter. A facility that produces dairy products is known as a dairy, or dairy factory. Dairy products are consumed worldwide, with the exception of much of East and Southeast Asia and also some parts of central Africa. Dairy products can cause problems for individuals who have lactose intolerance or a milk allergy. Excessive consumption of dairy products can contribute significant",
"title": "Dairy product"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "was intended to capitalize on Kerrygold's brand as a dairy producer and to compete with the popular Bailey's Irish Cream. The lifting of milk export quotas in Ireland also gave the company strong incentive to expand the international market for its dairy products. In September 2014, the product launched in the United States in Florida and Illinois. Kerrygold Irish Cream Liqueur was created by Kerrygold in Ireland, under Ornua – the Home of Irish Dairy which is a Co-op owned by Ireland’s dairy processors, and in turn by Ireland’s dairy farmers. In April 2015, milk quotas were lifted in Europe.",
"title": "Kerrygold Irish Cream Liqueur"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "in the Greater Lansing area: All 30 stores have Michigan State University Federal Credit Union ATMs. When Quality Dairy Company was founded in 1936 there were a large number of dairies in Ingham County. Today there is only one – Quality Dairy Company. Quality Dairy distributes milk from local dairy farms to its stores daily. The Dairy also produces flavored milks, juices, fruit drinks, chip dip and more. The Dairy also makes ice cream in a variety of flavors. The Quality Dairy Bakery started in 1970 in the back room of one of the stores. Not long after, the Bakery",
"title": "Quality Dairy Company"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and quince. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold",
"title": "Chihuahua (state)"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Saputo Inc. Saputo Inc. is a Montreal-based Canadian dairy company founded in 1954 by the Saputo family. Currently, Saputo produces, markets, and distributes a wide array of dairy products, including cheese, fluid milk, extended shelf-life milk and cream products, cultured products and dairy ingredients. It is one of the top ten dairy processors in the world. After growing in its home region of Quebec, the company has expanded predominantly through mergers and acquisitions. Saputo operates in Canada, the United States, Argentina, and Australia, and the company's products are sold in over 40 countries worldwide. It also operated in the UK",
"title": "Saputo Inc."
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "more than 160 of which are milk processors. SOUZMOLOKO also includes dairy producers from the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Tatarstan. National Dairy Producers Union (of Russia) National dairy producers union (SOYUZMOLOKO), is a nonprofit organization created in March 2008 by milk producers of Russia in order to ensure cost-effective conditions for milk production, provide timely information for the members of the Union on the situation of the dairy industry, stimulate milk quality improvement and efficiency of milk production in Russia, as well as to represent and protect Union members interests at state and municipal authorities, public and",
"title": "National Dairy Producers Union (of Russia)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "fruits, milk and meat and beans). Dairy Council of California currently has about 45 employees in four offices in California. The headquarters office is in Sacramento, California. In 2007-08 Dairy Council of California reached over 10 million Californians through classroom and after-school nutrition education programs, Mobile Dairy Classroom, health professional counseling and Meals Matter website. As a state government entity, Dairy Council of California is funded by California’s dairy farmers and milk processors through assessments collected by the California Department of Food and Agriculture. The Dairy Council of California (formerly called California Dairy Council) was established on Feb 8, 1919.",
"title": "Dairy Council of California"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "sale markets. In Ireland and Australia, for example, farmers' co-operatives own many of the large-scale processors, while in the United States many farmers and processors do business through individual contracts. In the United States, the country's 196 farmers' cooperatives sold 86% of milk in the U.S. in 2002, with five cooperatives accounting for half that. This was down from 2,300 cooperatives in the 1940s. In developing countries, the past practice of farmers marketing milk in their own neighborhoods is changing rapidly. Notable developments include considerable foreign investment in the dairy industry and a growing role for dairy cooperatives. Output of",
"title": "Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Dairy Promotion Program The Dairy Promotion Program is a US commodity checkoff program for dairy product promotion, research, and nutrition education as part of a comprehensive strategy to increase human consumption of milk and dairy products and to reduce dairy surpluses. It provides primary funding for Dairy Management Inc. Dairy farmers fund this self-help program through a mandatory 15¢/cwt. () assessment on all milk produced and marketed commercially in the 48 contiguous states. Dairy farmers can direct up to 10¢ of this assessment for contributions to qualified regional, state or local dairy product promotion, research or nutrition education programs. The",
"title": "Dairy Promotion Program"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Dairy Price Support Program In the United States, the Dairy Price Support Program is the federal government program that maintains a minimum farm price for milk used in the manufacture of dairy products. It is one of many agricultural support programs. Under the dairy program, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) indirectly assures a minimum price for milk by purchasing any cheddar cheese, nonfat dry milk, and butter offered to it by dairy processors at stated prices. These purchase prices are set high enough to enable dairy processors to pay farmers at least the support price for the milk",
"title": "Dairy Price Support Program"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "independent businesses around the T.G. Lee Dairy is known colloquially as \"The Milk (Fic) District.\" T.G. Lee is also known for its iconic yellow-plastic milk (fic) containers, which are designed to help promote and preserve milk (fic) quality and protect minerals and vitamins in the milk (fic) from the effects of constant exposure to sunlight, which can cause faster spoiling in milk (fic) than normal. Scientific studies have shown that this claim is accurate. T. G. Lee Dairy T.G. Lee Dairy is a dairy company founded in 1925 that produces dairy products for the U.S. state of Florida. The company's",
"title": "T. G. Lee Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "organization is run for producers, by producers. Dairy producers fund its operation, including promotional activities. The group has represented Canadian dairy farmers since 1934. Originally called the \"Canadian Federation of Milk Producers\", it was part of the \"National Dairy Council\" (an organization representing dairy processors). The organization was renamed \"Dairy Farmers of Canada\" in 1942. On February 1, 1994, Dairy Farmers of Canada merged with the \"Dairy Bureau of Canada\", the national organization responsible for the overall promotion of Canadian dairy products. All policy, marketing, nutrition and market research activities were regrouped under the newly formed organization, which retained the",
"title": "Dairy Farmers of Canada"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Sweet Grass Dairy Sweet Grass Dairy is a company located in Thomasville, Georgia, United States, which produces old world handcrafted cheeses. Founded in 2000, by Al and Desiree Wehner, Sweet Grass Dairy creates artisan cheeses (including the award winning Green Hill) and distributes its cheeses across the U.S. In 2005, Sweet Grass Dairy was purchased by the Wehners' daughter Jessica and their son-in-law Jeremy Little. Sweet Grass Dairy produces only cow's milk cheeses, using milk from the Wehners' nearby Green Hill Dairy. Sweet Grass Dairy also operates a Cheese Shop in downtown Thomasville. Sweet Grass Dairy utilizes rotational grazing in",
"title": "Sweet Grass Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "2013 the brand ambassador for Zott Monte in Hungary. Zott regularly receives awards from independent institutions for the high product quality, such as the Bundesehrenpreis, the PriMax as well as gold, silver and bronze medals of the German Agricultural Society (DLG). Corporate Site Brands Zott (dairy company) Zott is a European dairy company founded in Mertingen, Germany in 1926. Zott produces dairy products including milk and cheese products, desserts, cream, and yogurts. The company's main plant is in Mertingen (Bavaria). Other production plants are in Günzburg, Germany Poland: Opole, Głogowo near Toruń and Racibórz. With an estimated consolidated sales of",
"title": "Zott (dairy company)"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "National Dairy Checkoff The national dairy checkoff is an American dairy product promotion program. The national dairy checkoff started in 1983 as an optional program for dairy farmers to contribute to increase demand for dairy products. Today the program is no longer optional; dairy producers must contribute to the program. Fifteen cents per hundredweight of milk is taken from the producers' milk check. Ten cents of this goes to the regional checkoff, and the other five cents goes to the national checkoff. The regional checkoff is within their state or very close to the state. In 1995, the Dairy Management",
"title": "National Dairy Checkoff"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Dairy mix A dairy mix is the blend of milk, cream, sugar, stabilizers, and vanilla packaged by a dairy for commercial use. This mix can either be made directly into ice cream or placed into containers for the use in soft serve, frozen custard, or ice cream machines. Dairy mix used in restaurants can be also used to make frozen drinks or smoothies. Producers of dairy mix range from large scale dairies, down to independent dairy companies looking to provide a niche product. The ease of purchasing these products from dairy companies have helped spread frozen custard to nearly all",
"title": "Dairy mix"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Ornua Ornua from the Irish \"Ór Nua\" meaning \"new gold\" (previously known as The Irish Dairy Board) is an Irish agri-food cooperative, which markets and sells dairy products on behalf of its members; Irish dairy processors and Irish dairy farmers. The co-operative is Ireland’s largest exporter of Irish dairy products and owns the Kerrygold butter brand as well as Kerrygold Irish Cream Liqueur. In conjunction to the Kerrygold brand, its brand portfolio consists of Pilgrims Choice, Dubliner, Shannongold, and BEO milk powder. On 31 March 2015, Ornua transformed its corporate identity from the Irish Dairy Board to Ornua: \"The Home",
"title": "Ornua"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Ananda Dairy “Ananda” is a privately owned Indian dairy product manufacturer, based at Bulandshahr, in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The company was set up by Indian businessman Radhey Shyam Dixit in 1989. Initially, the name of the company was Gopaljee Dairy. In March 2012, they rebranded it to Gopaljee Ananda and started marketing themselves with the new name. Ananda has over 5000 village and more than 2,00,000 dairy farmers from Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab under its supply network. The current production capacity of the company is 1,500,000 liters of milk a day, out of which they collect over",
"title": "Ananda Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "The graduates of the college formed an association named CDST Graduates’ Association (CDSTGA) during 2003, providing a comprehensive platform to involve actively in the welfare of college alumni, and work to support the milk producers and processors in the state. The members of the association are scattered across the globe. Alumni Reunion is organized every year under the aegis of CDSTGA. 3. https://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/viewdetails.php?college=Q0RU College of Dairy Science and Technology, Mannuthy College of Dairy Science & Technology (CDST), Mannuthy, established in 1993 is a constituent college under the Faculty of Dairy Science and Technology of the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences",
"title": "College of Dairy Science and Technology, Mannuthy"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Year by the Irish Exporters in 2010. Ornua Ornua from the Irish \"Ór Nua\" meaning \"new gold\" (previously known as The Irish Dairy Board) is an Irish agri-food cooperative, which markets and sells dairy products on behalf of its members; Irish dairy processors and Irish dairy farmers. The co-operative is Ireland’s largest exporter of Irish dairy products and owns the Kerrygold butter brand as well as Kerrygold Irish Cream Liqueur. In conjunction to the Kerrygold brand, its brand portfolio consists of Pilgrims Choice, Dubliner, Shannongold, and BEO milk powder. On 31 March 2015, Ornua transformed its corporate identity from the",
"title": "Ornua"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "in 1922. At the time the dairy was founded developments were being advanced in the dairy industry and cities such as Des Moines started supervising dairy sanitation. In 1910 Des Moines hired their first city milk inspector. Newens Sanitary Dairy communicated their intent to produce a fresh, quality safe product. They also used their family name in the company name to back up the product with an established reputation. Adrian Newens, Lynn's brother and company president, had been a professor of oratory at nearby Drake University and Iowa State College before starting a successful speaking career. The dairy's name was",
"title": "Newens Sanitary Dairy Historic District"
},
{
"idx": 22,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Federation, Anand. Banas Dairy has 0.18 Million shareholders, which are spread across 1,200 cooperative societies. history of pdf Banas Dairy Banas Dairy ()(Banaskantha District Cooperative Milk Federation, Palanpur) is a dairy based in Banaskantha district of Gujarat, India and is Asia’s No.1 in milk production. It was founded in 1969 according to the 1961 rule of the National Dairy Development Board under Operation Flood. Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel played an important role in the foundation of the dairy. It is headquartered at Palanpur. Banas Dairy collects an average of around 50 lakh liters of milk everyday. Banas Dairy produces under brand",
"title": "Banas Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 23,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "this village. In 1940, the Germans invaded Norway and large areas of the coastline of Jæren was lined with high explosive mines. The Germans forced many of the Norwegian males in the area to work as laboures for the German occupying forces. The region is an important agricultural area and subsequently a great proportion of the inhabitants are employed in the agricultural sector. The village has one of Norway's biggest dairies which produces of milk each year. The Tine dairy also makes the famous Jarlsberg and Norvegia cheeses, in addition to other dairy products. The dairy employs 64 people. The",
"title": "Nærbø"
},
{
"idx": 24,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "soil. Traditional crops include the Kula onion (Granex), broccoli, beans, and cabbage. Recently, coffee (arabica) has been introduced. Traditional animals include goats, hogs and cattle. More recently the area has seen a large influx of horses, and commercial stables. Sugar cane fields bracketed the lower end of the road, but crop plantings were discontinued in 2016. At the lower end of Omaopio Road is Surfing Goat Dairy which produces more than 30 different goat's milk cheese. Sixteen of the cheeses have won a National Award since 2004. Surfing Goat Dairy offers tours of the dairy farm daily. Omaopio Omaopio is",
"title": "Omaopio"
},
{
"idx": 25,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "European Dairy Association The European Dairy Association (EDA) is the voice of the milk processing industry (cooperative and private dairies) in the European Union. Its members are the national trade associations for dairy processors in the EU Member States. EDA’s headquarters are located in the Schuman area in Brussels. The legal status of EDA under Belgian law is association internationale sans but lucratif (AISBL). The association was founded in 1995 by a merger of different dairy associations with ASSILEC, the predecessor organisation of the European Dairy Association (EDA). Its founding members were the national dairy associations of the old EU-15",
"title": "European Dairy Association"
},
{
"idx": 26,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Dairy farming Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed (either on the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product. Although any mammal can produce milk, commercial dairy farms are typically one-species enterprises. In developed countries, dairy farms typically consist of high producing dairy cows. Other species used in commercial dairy farming include goats, sheep, and camels. In Italy, donkey dairies are growing in popularity to produce an alternative milk source for human infants. While cattle were domesticated as",
"title": "Dairy farming"
},
{
"idx": 27,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "creamery since its founding in 1888. Students studying dairying and domestic arts applied to learn how to make both ice cream and cheeses. In 1921, Gustav Wilster began working with the College of Agriculture, and by 1922, students were studying dairy technology, fluid milk processing, ice cream manufacture, dairy engineering, cheese manufacture, butter making, dairy facility inspection, and dairy product judging. Wilster's students would go on to create Casper's Ice Cream, Farr's Ice Cream, and Snelgrove's Ice Cream. In 1975, the Nutrition and Food Sciences building was built, which is where Aggie Ice Cream is housed today. Aggie Ice Cream",
"title": "Utah State University"
},
{
"idx": 28,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "year, the last remaining pure-bred Fribourgeois bull died, and the breed became effectively extinct. The modern Swiss Holstein is considered to derive from it. The breed has spread throughout Switzerland, and constitutes approximately 13% of the national dairy herd. In 2011 there were about cows, with 459 bulls. In 2015 a population of was reported. The Swiss Holstein is a large black-pied breed of dairy cattle. It produces large quantities of milk, but is less well-suited than the Braunvieh and Simmental to the extensive pasture management that is traditional in Switzerland. The Swiss Holstein is a dedicated dairy breed. Average",
"title": "Swiss Holstein"
},
{
"idx": 29,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Gay Lea Gay Lea Foods Co-operative Limited is a dairy products co-operative in Canada producing butter, sour cream, cottage cheese, whipped cream and lactose free milk for retail, foodservice, industrial and export markets. Gay Lea also produces a new product called \"Spreadables\", which is a spreadable butter, made as a canola oil and butter blend, that tastes like butter but is spreadable directly out of the fridge. The company is based in Mississauga, Ontario and owned and operated by Ontario milk producers, currently representing approximately thirty-five per cent of all Ontario dairy farms. The company was founded in 1958 as",
"title": "Gay Lea"
},
{
"idx": 30,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "United Dairy and Poultry Co-operative Limited and later renamed Gay Lea Foods Co-operative Limited, to reflect the brand name of its products. In 1981, Gay Lea purchased the 106-year-old Teeswater Creamery. In October 2016, Gay Lea acquired Canadian butter maker Stirling Creamery Gay Lea Gay Lea Foods Co-operative Limited is a dairy products co-operative in Canada producing butter, sour cream, cottage cheese, whipped cream and lactose free milk for retail, foodservice, industrial and export markets. Gay Lea also produces a new product called \"Spreadables\", which is a spreadable butter, made as a canola oil and butter blend, that tastes like",
"title": "Gay Lea"
},
{
"idx": 31,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "About half the world's meat comes from cattle. Certain breeds of cattle, such as the Holstein-Friesian, are used to produce milk, which can be processed into dairy products such as milk, cheese or yogurt. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy, which may be onsite at the farm or the milk may be shipped to a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy product. For dairy cattle to continue producing milk, they must give birth to one calf per year.",
"title": "Cattle"
},
{
"idx": 32,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Since the creation of the European Commission's Milk Market Observatory (MMO) on 16 April 2014, EDA has been appointed member of its Economic Board. EDA Chair Michel Nalet (Lactalis, France) was elected Vice chair of EU Commission's Civil Dialogue Group on Milk (DG Agriculture and Rural Development) on 19 November 2014 (reelected on 28 October 2016). Secretary Generals The membership of the European Dairy Association (EDA) is composed of the national dairy associations representing the national dairy processors (private companies and cooperatives). Its network covers 22 national dairy associations. EDA is a member of the EU umbrella organisation FoodDrinkEurope. European",
"title": "European Dairy Association"
},
{
"idx": 33,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "The Special Milk Class Permit Program, the Domestic Seasonality Programs, the Innovation Program, and the Dairy Marketing Program. The Special Milk Class Permit Program sets a competitive price for raw or industrial milk sold to milk processors based on its end use. In collaboration with the private sector, the CDC monitors the seasonal domestic supply of milk to maintain a balance between supply and demand through its Domestic Seasonality Programs. The CDC's Dairy Innovation Program promotes the creation of innovative dairy products for domestic consumption. CDC's marketing arms promotes consumer awareness of dairy products and ingredients produced in Canada. The",
"title": "Canadian Dairy Commission"
},
{
"idx": 34,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "with the Icelandic competition authority regarding a legal provision in a special law dealing with the dairy industry. MS produces its products in the following locations: Mjólkursamsalan Mjólkursamsalan, abbreviated to MS, is an Icelandic company that produces milk and other dairy products and is the largest company in the Icelandic dairy industry MS is owned by two cooperatives, Auðhumla a cooperative of Icelandic dairy farmers and Kaupfélag Skagfirðinga a cooperative founded in 1889 in Sauðárkrókur. The company in its current form was formed out of a merger of several dairy cooperatives in the 90s to reduce cost of production. MS",
"title": "Mjólkursamsalan"
},
{
"idx": 35,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "beer based on the former's Salty Caramel Truffle ice cream flavour, which was brewed in a bock style and contained caramel and milk chocolate flavours. In the summer of 2018, the company began offering edible candy spoons as a way to reduce waste and benefit the environment. Kawartha Dairy Company Kawartha Dairy Company is a Canadian family owned and operated dairy based in Bobcaygeon, Ontario in the City of Kawartha Lakes. The company was founded in 1937 and it remains family owned. Kawartha Dairy produces a line of milk and cream products, which are sold both wholesale and in its",
"title": "Kawartha Dairy Company"
},
{
"idx": 36,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Dairy cattle Dairy cattle (also called dairy cows) are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cows generally are of the species \"Bos taurus\". Historically, there was little distinction between dairy cattle and beef cattle, with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production. Today, the bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk. Dairy cows may be found either in herds or dairy farms where dairy farmers own, manage, care for, and collect",
"title": "Dairy cattle"
},
{
"idx": 37,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Kawartha Dairy Company Kawartha Dairy Company is a Canadian family owned and operated dairy based in Bobcaygeon, Ontario in the City of Kawartha Lakes. The company was founded in 1937 and it remains family owned. Kawartha Dairy produces a line of milk and cream products, which are sold both wholesale and in its own retail stores. While Kawartha Dairy milk and cream are available primarily in its home area of Central Ontario, its well-known brand of ice cream can be found throughout Ontario. The company also operates ten of its own retail stores in the province. In 1937 Jack and",
"title": "Kawartha Dairy Company"
},
{
"idx": 38,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "its dairying practices which emphasizes keeping animals on open pastures instead of concrete barn floors. Their regular cow cheeses include Thomasville Tomme, Georgia Gouda, and Asher Blue. A few special cow cheeses are Clayburne, Black Swan, Heat, Cyprus, Harvest, and Lil' Moo. Sweet Grass Dairy announced in September 2011 that it will no longer produce goat's milk cheeses. Sweet Grass Dairy Sweet Grass Dairy is a company located in Thomasville, Georgia, United States, which produces old world handcrafted cheeses. Founded in 2000, by Al and Desiree Wehner, Sweet Grass Dairy creates artisan cheeses (including the award winning Green Hill) and",
"title": "Sweet Grass Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 39,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "The key point of the Congress was stabilization of the Russian dairy market and taking measures to stimulate the development of the industry in 2010 – 2012, as well as government measures supporting the dairy industry and systems of interaction between SOYUZMOLOKO and the regional unions and associations. During the Congress, participants signed the Agreement on general principles of cooperation between producers and processors of milk within the National Dairy Producers Union. SOYUZMOLOKO aimed at stabilizing and developing the dairy industry of Russia and determining the orientation of pricing for raw milk. The congress brought together more than 500 delegates",
"title": "National Dairy Producers Union (of Russia)"
},
{
"idx": 40,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "milk intensified with \"new consumers in China, India and Indonesia\" raising the price by 50 percent. With the supply management system, processors of dairy, poultry, and eggs benefit from predictable supply from the system, while having to pay higher prices for their inputs, which can generally be passed on to the consumer. However, this means they are at a disadvantage on the international market, because their inputs are comparatively expensive. Total dairy exports in Canada amount to only 5% of production. New Zealand by contrast, which has phased out subsidies and does not have supply management, 95% of dairy is",
"title": "Supply management (Canada)"
},
{
"idx": 41,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact The Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact was an agreement among the six New England states to support the farm price of milk at a higher level than under federally mandated minimum prices in the region. The compact created a Northeast Dairy Compact Commission, based in Montpelier, Vermont, charged with setting prices and regulating bulk milk handlers. From 1997 until its expiration on September 30, 2001, the Northeast compact required processors in the region to pay dairy farmers at least $16.94/cwt. for farm milk used for fluid consumption. The six New England states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New",
"title": "Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact"
},
{
"idx": 42,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "into milk products, such as butter or cheese. In New Zealand English the singular use of the word \"dairy\" almost exclusively refers to a corner shop, or superette. This usage is historical as such shops were a common place for the public to buy milk products. As an attributive, the word \"dairy\" refers to milk-based products, derivatives and processes, and the animals and workers involved in their production: for example dairy cattle, dairy goat. A dairy farm produces milk and a dairy factory processes it into a variety of dairy products. These establishments constitute the global dairy industry, a component",
"title": "Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 43,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Maine's Own Organic Milk Company Maine’s Own Organic Milk Company, L3C, or MOOMilkCo, (http://www.moomilkco.com) was a low-profit, partly farmer-owned, L3C corporation set up to help Maine organic family dairy farms maintain a market and achieve profitability. It was established with 10 organic dairy farms that were dropped by H.P. Hood, a large dairy product distributor. The company allocated 90% of profits back to the farms as payment for their milk, and \"the remaining 10% will be retained for the business end of the company, which is a joint effort of the Maine Farm Bureau and the Maine Organic Farmers and",
"title": "Maine's Own Organic Milk Company"
},
{
"idx": 44,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Milk Company (MOOMilk) has been documented by Pull-Start Pictures in the documentary, \"Betting the Farm\". Maine's Own Organic Milk Company Maine’s Own Organic Milk Company, L3C, or MOOMilkCo, (http://www.moomilkco.com) was a low-profit, partly farmer-owned, L3C corporation set up to help Maine organic family dairy farms maintain a market and achieve profitability. It was established with 10 organic dairy farms that were dropped by H.P. Hood, a large dairy product distributor. The company allocated 90% of profits back to the farms as payment for their milk, and \"the remaining 10% will be retained for the business end of the company, which",
"title": "Maine's Own Organic Milk Company"
},
{
"idx": 45,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "raise welfare concerns by citing undercover footage showing abusive practices at factory farms. Dairy cattle Dairy cattle (also called dairy cows) are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cows generally are of the species \"Bos taurus\". Historically, there was little distinction between dairy cattle and beef cattle, with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production. Today, the bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk. Dairy cows may be found either in",
"title": "Dairy cattle"
},
{
"idx": 46,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Dairyland Canada Dairyland is a dairy business that operates in Burnaby, British Columbia and is now owned by Saputo Dairy Foods Canada. Its products are sold across Canada. Dairyland was originally an operating arm of BC dairy farmers' cooperatives and was legally named Agrifoods International Cooperative Ltd. at the time of the sale of the majority of its assets to Saputo Incorporated. Dairyworld Foods, a Canadian-based dairy cooperative, was purchased by Saputo Inc. in 2001. Dairyworld Foods (previously known as Agrifoods International Cooperative Ltd.), produces milk and a range of dairy and other food products which are sold across Canada",
"title": "Dairyland Canada"
},
{
"idx": 47,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Banas Dairy Banas Dairy ()(Banaskantha District Cooperative Milk Federation, Palanpur) is a dairy based in Banaskantha district of Gujarat, India and is Asia’s No.1 in milk production. It was founded in 1969 according to the 1961 rule of the National Dairy Development Board under Operation Flood. Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel played an important role in the foundation of the dairy. It is headquartered at Palanpur. Banas Dairy collects an average of around 50 lakh liters of milk everyday. Banas Dairy produces under brand names Amul, Sagar and Banas. It includes following :- Above products are marketed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing",
"title": "Banas Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 48,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Desa Cattle Desa Cattle (Sabah) Sdn Bhd (doing business as Desa Cattle) is the main dairy product company in the state of Sabah, Malaysia since 1980. Owned by Desa Cattle (Sabah) Sdn Bhd, it is the main dairy product producer in Borneo. The company feature a 199-hectare cattle dairy farm at Mesilau in Kundasang, with an estimate 150,000 litres fresh milk produced each month, as well a cattle feedlot for meat production in Lok Kawi and Penampang with young cattle from the farm are fed with specially formulated feed to average 420 kg weight before being slaughtered at Meat Technology",
"title": "Desa Cattle"
},
{
"idx": 49,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "equity. The Shonga Farms Holding Nigeria Limited, through its subsidiaries engages in mixed, dairy, and poultry farming. It produces commercial crops such as maize, rice, cassava, ginger, soya bean, milk and poultry meat. The company is an independent entity of its own, separate from the state government. The Shonga farms have greatly enhanced food production in Kwara State. Currently, the Farm’s chicken processing plant produces 2,500 processed frozen chickens per day, but at full operational capacity will produce 10,000 chickens per day. Also the dairy farm has the capacity to process up to 50,000 liters of milk per day. The",
"title": "Shonga Farms"
},
{
"idx": 50,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Mexico's coal reserves are found in Coahuila, which is the country's top mining state. Torreón has Met-Mex Peñoles, a mining company. The city is the world's largest silver producer and Mexico's largest gold producer. It also has Lala, a dairy products company, which produces 40% of Mexico's milk consumption. Saltillo also has a growing automobile industry, hosting General Motors and Chrysler assembly plants. As of 2005, Coahuila's economy represents 3.5% of Mexico's total gross domestic product or US$22,874 million. Coahuila's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. maquiladora / INMEX). As of 2005, 221,273 people are employed",
"title": "Coahuila"
},
{
"idx": 51,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "head of its milk business division, Gary Romano. The bacteria were ultimately found not to be a botulism-causing strain. Based in New Zealand, Fonterra Cooperative Group is the world's fourth largest producer of dairy products, with a turnover of nearly NZ$ 20 billion (US$15.7 billion). The company was formed in 2001 following the merger of the country's two largest dairy cooperatives, and controls 95% of New Zealand's dairy market. New Zealand produces 15 million tonnes of dairy products annually, of which 5% is consumed domestically and 95% is exported to other countries. Dairy exports contribute NZ$11 billion directly to the",
"title": "2013 Fonterra recall"
},
{
"idx": 52,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "milk daily, on two production lines. The factory, which cost $13 million (about Shs46.8 billion) to build, is jointly owned by Vital Capital Fund, an Israel-based private equity firm and Tomosi Dairy Farms of Uganda. The processing plant was commissioned in November 2016 and produces yoghurt and UHT milk under the \"Milkman\" brand. Vital Tomosi Dairy Limited Vital Tomosi Dairy Limited is a dairy processing company in Uganda. The main office and factory of the company are located in the town of Rushere, Kiruhura District, in Uganda's Western Region, approximately , southwest of Kampala, the capital and largest cit in",
"title": "Vital Tomosi Dairy Limited"
},
{
"idx": 53,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Dairy Production Stabilization Act of 1983 (P.L. 98-180, Title I) authorized the program. The program is administered by the National Dairy Promotion and Research Board (Dairy Board), a group of 36 dairy farmers appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to staggered three-year terms. Dairy Promotion Program The Dairy Promotion Program is a US commodity checkoff program for dairy product promotion, research, and nutrition education as part of a comprehensive strategy to increase human consumption of milk and dairy products and to reduce dairy surpluses. It provides primary funding for Dairy Management Inc. Dairy farmers fund this self-help program through a",
"title": "Dairy Promotion Program"
},
{
"idx": 54,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "parts of the country. In the Midwest, frozen custard is a household name. Ted Drewes spread the popularity of frozen custard around from St. Louis to Kansas City and beyond. There are schools designed especially to teach pupils how to run their frozen dessert businesses. Dairy mix is typically packaged in bags, jugs or half gallon cartons. Most dairies place these in milk crates or boxes, depending on where or how they ship their product. These products are pasteurized under State and Federal guidelines. Dairy mix A dairy mix is the blend of milk, cream, sugar, stabilizers, and vanilla packaged",
"title": "Dairy mix"
},
{
"idx": 55,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "annual liters and eggs, about 650 million dozen. Their production, as well as that of related dairy industries (half a million tons of cheese, particularly), was favored by the 2002 devaluation of the Argentine peso, as this placed production costs well below the international price. This increased milk and dairy product exports; but has also raised their local prices. Vegetables, mainly potatoes, onions and tomatoes, are cultivated all over the country, almost exclusively for the domestic market. Other important products include sweetpotato, pumpkins, carrots, beans, peppers and garlic. An approximate area of 3.000 km² produces over five million tonnes of",
"title": "Agriculture in Argentina"
},
{
"idx": 56,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Parsi Dairy Farm Parsi Dairy Farm is a dairy business in Mumbai that was established in 1916. The dairy produces milk, ghee, pasteurized white butter, lassi, kulfis and Indian sweets. Some people who are accustomed to the dairy's products are nostalgic about it. Nariman Ardeshir, a Parsi entrepreneur, established the Parsi dairy farm in 1916. It continued to serve south Bombay households and other districts of Mumbai. The branches are at Dadar, and several districts of Bombay. Parsi milk dairy has reduced from supplying 15,000 litres of milk a day to barely 2,000 litres today. The major bulk of the",
"title": "Parsi Dairy Farm"
},
{
"idx": 57,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Japan, a dairy product called \"so\" was made from layers of milk skin during the 7th-10th centuries. So was further processed to make \"daigo\". The dairy usage in Japan dwindled during the Heian era, and the technique was later adopted to produce yuba from soy milk. In Nepal this skin is referred to as \"turr\" or \"chhali\" and many people enjoy consuming the skin along with the milk. Some people prefer to use in making curd for it produces higher amount of \"nauni\" (butter) while stirred with the help of \"madani\". The milk skin is referred to as \"penka\" (\"little",
"title": "Milk skin"
},
{
"idx": 58,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Ymer (dairy product) Ymer is a Danish soured milk product which has been known since 1930. It is made by fermenting whole milk with the bacterial culture \"Lactococcus lactis\". When producing fermented milk products such as yogurt, ymer, filmjölk, skyr, qvark and A-38, and also when producing cheese, one can add lactic acid bacteria which convert milk sugar in the milk into lactic acid and other substances. Acidity makes the milk thicker, gives it a tart flavor, and increases the shelf life by several days. Ymer is named after the primordial being Ymir in Norse mythology. In 1937, dairy farmer",
"title": "Ymer (dairy product)"
},
{
"idx": 59,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "York. Ultra Dairy started as a 40,000 square foot ultra pasteurization facility, but in 2008, Byrne Dairy invested 28 million dollars to more than double Ultra Dairy's production capacity and abilities. Byrne Hollow Farm, the yogurt/cultured products plant, began production in 2014. Since then, the Byrne Hollow Farm brand has expanded their line of products to include Greek Yoghurt (non-GMO, artificial growth hormone free/rBST-free), organic milk, and grass-fed organic milk. The Byrne Hollow Farm brand holds the following certifications: USDA Organic, Non-GMO Project Vertified, Kosher Dairy, New York State Grown & Certified, Farmers Assuring Responsible Management Program. Their product features",
"title": "Byrne Dairy"
},
{
"idx": 60,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "effort, which debuted at No. 48. On February 21, 2009, the band performed in Australia at the Soundwave Festival with bands such as Lamb of God and In Flames. After finishing their Melbourne show, they announced that their new album would be released August 11, 2009. The band also toured in the Midwest states in mid-May 2009 with bands such as Slipknot, 3 Inches of Blood and All That Remains before headlining the 'Thrash and Burn' Tour with Emmure, Despised Icon, MyChildren MyBride, Oceano, Kittie, and Thy Will Be Done amongst others. They also completed a European Tour with several",
"title": "DevilDriver"
},
{
"idx": 61,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "from the Bridge River known as the Mission Mountain Road, or a powerline road from D'Arcy at the farther end of Anderson Lake known as the High Line and in recent times dubbed the Douglas Trail, in reference to the old Douglas Road route from Harrison Lake to Lillooet. There is no road connection along Seton Lake, but that route is used by the British Columbia Railway (now CN); the Seton Lake First Nation operates a railbus, the Kaoham Shuttle, between the Seton communities, beginning at the Seton Portage railway station to and from Lillooet, which is at the farther",
"title": "Seton Portage"
},
{
"idx": 62,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a serious proposal. In a statement of 19 May 2010, the Swiss Federal Council recommended its rejection, describing the motion as a \"provocation\". It argued that its adoption would be considered an unfriendly act by the countries surrounding Switzerland, and that it would also be at odds with international law, which in the government's view does not provide for a right to secession except in exceptional circumstances. The topic attracted the attention of the European media The media went on to report a high level of apparent popular support for joining Switzerland in the territories in question (as reflected in",
"title": "Territorial evolution of Switzerland"
},
{
"idx": 63,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Quantum statistical mechanics Quantum statistical mechanics is statistical mechanics applied to quantum mechanical systems. In quantum mechanics a statistical ensemble (probability distribution over possible quantum states) is described by a density operator \"S\", which is a non-negative, self-adjoint, trace-class operator of trace 1 on the Hilbert space \"H\" describing the quantum system. This can be shown under various mathematical formalisms for quantum mechanics. One such formalism is provided by quantum logic. From classical probability theory, we know that the expectation of a random variable \"X\" is defined by its distribution D by assuming, of course, that the random variable is",
"title": "Quantum statistical mechanics"
},
{
"idx": 64,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Microman The core of the \"Microman\" line consisted of action figures which were known for their high number of articulation points relative to other toys of similar size/scale in the 1970s. The toyline also included vehicles, robots, playsets and accessories. Many of the \"Microman\" toys used interchangeable connectors and ports that allowed parts to be transferred and connected between different toys. The \"Microman\" toyline was licensed and released in the United States by Mego Corporation as the \"Micronauts\" from 1976–1980. Some of the transforming \"Microman\" toys and vehicles from the \"Micro Change\" series created within the 1980s \"New Microman\" toyline",
"title": "Microman"
},
{
"idx": 65,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Crema (dairy product) Crema, sometimes referred to as crema espesa (English: \"thick cream\"), and referred to as crema fresca (English: \"fresh cream\") in Mexico, is a Mexican dairy product prepared with heavy cream and buttermilk. Salt and lime juice may also be used in its preparation. Its fat content can range from 18 percent to 36 percent. In Mexico, it is sold directly to consumers by ranches outside large cities, and is available in Mexican and Latino grocery stores in the United States. Crema is used as a food topping, a condiment and as an ingredient in sauces. It is",
"title": "Crema (dairy product)"
},
{
"idx": 66,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Sheehy also became Secretary of the Queensland Butter Board, a position he combined with that of State Secretary (1928 to 1934) for the (Thomas) 'Paterson Plan', which levied butter production to pay a bounty on the exported product. In 1937 Sheehy became General Manager of Australia's Commonwealth Dairy Produce Equalisation Committee Ltd, retaining the post until his death. In 1943 the Australian Government appointed Sheehy controller of dairy products under the New Food Plan, and in 1952 he was appointed Chairman of the Australian Dairy Produce Board. In January 1951 Sheehy was appointed an Officer of the Order of the",
"title": "Christopher Sheehy"
},
{
"idx": 67,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "state product. The indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy can be measured in multiple ways, but its total impact, including agriculture-affiliated business, has been measured at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This is lower than the economic impact in Iowa of non-farm manufacturing, which accounts for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output. Iowa's main agricultural outputs are hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, eggs and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of ethanol and corn. Major Iowa agricultural product processors include Cargill, Inc., Pioneer Hi-Bred International,",
"title": "Secretary of Agriculture of Iowa"
},
{
"idx": 68,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "highway BR-153, which links Itumbiara with the state capital, Goiânia. The distance to Goiânia is 176 kilometers. Municipal boundaries are: The economy is based on agriculture and cattle raising, but Goiatuba has several large enterprises. The areas are diverse: poultry processing, automobile sales, dairy products, and agricultural equipment. There is an alcohol distillery—Goiasa (Goiatuba Álcool ltda.), a seed producer—Sementes Selecta, a bed clothing factory—Bouquet, a dairy—Laticínio Polenghi (which produces most of the ice cream sold by McDonald's in Brazil), and two fertilizer plants—Adubos Sul Goiano, Adubos Terra Verde. (Sepin/IBGE) Mayor: Reinaldo Cândido da Silva (January 2013) City council: 9 The",
"title": "Goiatuba"
},
{
"idx": 69,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Newens Sanitary Dairy Historic District The Newens Sanitary Dairy Historic District is located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. It consists of three buildings, the former dairy buildings and the Newens’ family home. The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003. The Newens family began the dairy around 1910. Lynn Newens ran the business out of his home on 26th Street. In 1913 the business moved to 2300-2306 University Avenue. Three years later it expanded to 2300-2312. In 1918 the dairy bought the last two lots on University. The Newens’ built a new building",
"title": "Newens Sanitary Dairy Historic District"
}
] | [
"milk"
] | [
"Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold at 15,221.8 kg."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7805 | What do thick boards require to resist plating failure? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
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"number": "",
"spans": [
"high Tg matrix"
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] | [
{
"idx": 0,
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"paragraph_text": "on SNARE proteins. SNAP25, a member of the SNARE protein family located in the membrane of cells, is cleaved by BoNT isotypes A, C, and E. The cleavage of SNAP-25 by these isotypes of BoNT greatly inhibits their function in forming the SNARE complex for fusion of vesicles to the synaptic membrane. BoNT/C also targets Syntaxin-1, another SNARE protein located in the synaptic membrane. It degenerates these Syntaxin proteins with a similar outcome as with SNAP-25. A third SNARE protein, Synaptobrevin (VAMP), is located on cell vesicles. VAMP2 is targeted and cleaved by BoNT isotypes B, D, and F in",
"title": "SNARE (protein)"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Spanish-language home of the New York Yankees, with Beto Villa as the play-by-play announcer. In 2010, the station became the Spanish language home of the New York Mets, with Juan Alicea and Max Perez Jimenez with the calls. On November 15, 2012 WQBU-FM changed their format to Spanish Tropical, branded as \"Mami 92.7\". On March 31, 2014; WQBU-FM switched to a news/talk format nationally syndicated by Univision America. This makes it the 10th station overall and the first FM station in Univision's portfolio to have the Univision America network. On October 22, 2014 WQBU-FM changed their format to regional Mexican,",
"title": "WQBU-FM"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Fetch (album) Fetch is the seventh album by the Japanese noise rock band Melt-Banana. It was released on October 1, 2013, on CD, LP and digitally. It was the band's first album of new material in six years, after \"Bambi's Dilemma\" in 2007. The recording sessions for the album had to be postponed due to the Tohoku earthquake and the aftermath of the subsequent meltdown at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The album was recorded as a duo, with the vocalist Yasuko Onuki and the guitarist Ichirou Agata opting to use synthesized backing music. Melt-Banana have been performing live as",
"title": "Fetch (album)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was originally on the books of Middlesbrough, however he was released and joined Carlisle. Newcastle United players Alan Shearer and Chris Waddle were his heroes growing up. He progressed through the youth ranks of Carlisle, making his debut at the age of 17 on 3 March 2008, in a 1–0 away win against Nottingham Forest, coming on as a substitute for Danny Graham in the 92nd minute. He went on to make 12 appearances that season, before signing a new three-year contract in June 2008. His first appearances of the following season came in the League Cup, a 1–0 win",
"title": "Gary Madine"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "as Israel's second promotion. The debut show, \"WrestleFest\", was held on 21 June in front of a sold out crowd of 600 fans. The show was sponsored and broadcast by Panet. On 21 November 2013 Joe E. Legend main evented the \"Autumn Fallout\" show which took place in Tel Aviv. On 29 May 2014 the promotion ran the first local professional wrestling show in Haifa, the show was taped and was broadcast on the Ego Total channel. \"WrestleFest III\" took place on 26 June 2014 and saw the debut of former WWE superstars Carlito and Chris Masters (who won the",
"title": "Professional wrestling in Israel"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "are applied to prevent the bath from coming in contact with the substrate. Typical stop-offs include tape, foil, lacquers, and waxes. The ability of a plating to cover uniformly is called \"\"; the better the throwing power the more uniform the coating. Initially, a special plating deposit called a \"strike\" or \"flash\" may be used to form a very thin (typically less than 0.1 μm thick) plating with high quality and good adherence to the substrate. This serves as a foundation for subsequent plating processes. A strike uses a high current density and a bath with a low ion concentration.",
"title": "Electroplating"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "thick. The conning tower had 10 in thick sides with a thick roof. The main battery gun turrets had thick faces and thick roofs, and the supporting barbettes had of armor plating on their exposed sides. The portion of the barbettes that were behind the belt armor were reduced to . Armor that was thick protected the secondary battery, and the lower half of the casemate armor was backed by coal bunkers, which increased the level of protection. Anti-splinter bulkheads that were thick were placed between each of the secondary guns to reduce the possibility of one shell from disabling",
"title": "Illinois-class battleship"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "on either end of the belt were 9 in thick forward and thick aft. The belt extended from main deck level ( above the waterline) to below the waterline. The ships' side plating forward of the belt was thick, while it was only aft of the belt. The ships were fitted with two armoured decks; the first was a flat deck that was thick, above the main deck, which was 2 in on the flat portion and increased slightly to 3 in on the sloped sides, where it connected to the belt armour. The ships' main battery turrets sides and",
"title": "Formidable-class battleship"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to the stern. In the forward part of the ship, the belt was reduced to and the bow only received splinter protection in the form of thick plate. The belt began below the waterline to above it. Directly above the main belt was a 250 mm thick strake of armor plating which extended up to the upper deck. The ships' armored deck was to have been thick forward, increased to amidships and aft. The ships were also to have had a forecastle deck that was thick. The ships were also protected by a torpedo bulkhead that was 50–60 mm thick.",
"title": "L 20e α-class battleship"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The plated object is completely dried or baked to obtain the full hardness of the plating. EN plating does not require electrical power, sophisticated jigs, or racks. The chemical replenishment is costly but can be monitored automatically, and complex filtration is not required. The lifespan of the chemicals, however, is limited. EN plating deposits an even coating of a desired thickness and volume, even in recesses and blind holes. The plating can have a matte, semi-bright, or bright finish. Because EN plating is porous, the quality of the material structure is inferior compared to electrolytic processes. The specific characteristics vary",
"title": "Electroless nickel plating"
}
] | [
"high Tg matrix"
] | [
"At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias. Below Tg the thermal expansion of the resin roughly matches copper and glass, above it gets significantly higher. As the reinforcement and copper confine the board along the plane, virtually all volume expansion projects to the thickness and stresses the plated-through holes. Repeated soldering or other exposition to higher temperatures can cause failure of the plating, especially with thicker boards; thick boards therefore require high Tg matrix."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6924 | What families rose to power in the 6th century? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Rajput families"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land. Bhils once ruled Kota. Meenas were rulers of Bundi, Hadoti and the Dhundhar region. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up resistance to the Islamic invasions with their warfare and chivalry for centuries. During the 12th century, the Turks and Afghans were able to get a firm grip on Punjab, Delhi and Bengal. The Rana's",
"title": "Rajasthan"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land. Bhils once ruled Kota. Meenas were rulers of Bundi, Hadoti and the Dhundhar region. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up resistance to the Islamic invasions with their warfare and chivalry for centuries. During the 12th century, the Turks and Afghans were able to get a firm grip on Punjab, Delhi and Bengal. The Rana's",
"title": "Rajasthan"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "for legal change.\" COYOTE provided safe spaces for sex workers to meet to talk about their experiences and find support. They had \"rap sessions\" which used feminist consciousness raising methods, and let the women know that they were not alone in their experiences. They gathered stories and facts about the injustices sex workers faced and launched a public education drive to highlight the racist and sexist biases of prostitution arrests. Meetings and events were advertised through underground newspapers. COYOTE organized educational programs and cultural events to raise money for other projects and held public demonstrations to protest entrapment. They also",
"title": "COYOTE"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Savonlinna Savonlinna () is a town and a municipality of () inhabitants in the southeast of Finland, in the heart of the Saimaa lake region. The Finnish name of the town means \"\"Castle of Savonia\"\" and the Swedish name means \"\"New Castle\"\". The city was founded in 1639, based on Olavinlinna castle. The castle was founded by Erik Axelsson Tott in 1475 in an effort to protect Savonia and to control the unstable border between the Kingdom of Sweden and its Russian adversary. During the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743), the castle was captured by Field-Marshal Peter Lacy. It was held by",
"title": "Savonlinna"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "directors member of the Canadian Booksellers Association. She is a member of Capital Crime Writers and the Ladies Killing Circle. Maffini is a frequent panellist at mystery conferences such as Bouchercon and Malice Domestic in the United States and Bloody Words National Mystery Conference in Canada. She lives in Ottawa, Ontario. Mary Jane Maffini Mary Jane Maffini is a Canadian mystery writer. She has created three mystery series and written 12 novels. Ladies Killing Circle & RendezVous Crime anthologies as well as Chatelaine magazine, Storyteller Magazine, and Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine have published her short stories. She has won two",
"title": "Mary Jane Maffini"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "County on 10 August 2010. He scored his first league goal in a 1–0 win over Portsmouth 11 days later, to take his run to three goals in three games. He made 26 appearances during the 2010–11 season, but managed to score only four goals during the season. Hayes had his contract terminated on 17 June 2011 and left the club. On 28 October 2010, Hayes returned to Barnsley on emergency loan until 1 January 2011, as part of a deal to extend Iain Hume's loan at Preston North End. He made seven appearances without scoring and returned to Deepdale",
"title": "Paul Hayes"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Dahr-al-Ain Dahr-al-Ain () is a village in the Koura District of Lebanon, with a Maronite and Greek Orthodox population. It attracted media attention in May 2010 when two brothers, Tony and Nayef Saleh, were shot by Hanna al-Bersawi on May 28, apparently for political reasons only days before the municipal polls. From recent subdivisions from larger parcels of land that was previously being used for olive harvesting, there have been numerous apartment buildings being built outside of the Dahr Al-Ain main village centre towards the Barsa side of the town (south and south east of the village). The new inhabitants",
"title": "Dahr-al-Ain"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "possible proto-Georgians\" by Ronald Grigor Suny (1994). At the same time, during the 13th to 9th centuries BC, the Nairi appear in Assyrian and Hittite records. The Battle of Nihriya (c. 1230 BC) was the culmination of Hittite-Assyrian hostilities. The Kingdom of Urartu rose to power in the mid-9th century BC and flourished for two centuries before it was absorbed into the Median Empire in the early 6th century BC, followed by the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire. The Northern Caucasus enters the historical record later, being in cultural contact with the Pontic steppe. The Koban culture (ca. 1100 to",
"title": "History of the Caucasus"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "disappearance into the desert has left a power vacuum, and his closest advisors struggle to determine what path his empire should take. \"The Winds of Dune\" rose to #15 on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list in its second week of publication. Great Schools of Dune is a prequel trilogy of novels written by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson, set in Frank Herbert's \"Dune\" universe. A sequel to the \"Legends of Dune\" trilogy (2002-2004), the series takes place nearly a century after the events of Brian Herbert and Anderson's \"\" (2004), in which the Army of Humanity finally",
"title": "Dune prequel series"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the kingdoms of the Idrisids in Morocco and the Rustamids in central Algeria. The family fell from power during and after the Fourth Fitna, when the traditional Arab families began to be increasingly sidelined by Caliph al-Ma'mun's Turkish and Iranian generals. One of the few members of the family who rose to prominence after that was Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi, the capable vizier of the 10th-century Buyid emir Mu'izz al-Dawla. Muhallabids The Muhallabids (Ar. \"al-Muhaliba\") were an Arab family who became prominent in the middle Umayyad Caliphate and reached its greatest eminence during the early Abbasids, when members of the",
"title": "Muhallabids"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "first name, making difficult to distinguish the family they belonged to. Houses of Visconti Visconti is the family name of at least four Italian noble dynasties of the Middle Ages. The first one (chronologically) in the Republic of Pisa in the mid twelfth century who achieved prominence first in Pisa, then in Sardinia, where they became rulers of Gallura. The second family rose to power in Milan, where they ruled from 1277 to 1447, and where several collateral branches still exist. Two other Visconti families were from Piacenza and Vercelli. Pope Gregory X, who reigned from 1271 to 1276, was",
"title": "Houses of Visconti"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "contemporary Apion III, was an honorary consul and \"patrikios\", as well as pagarch in the Heracleopolite and Arsinoite nomes. He was involved in the reconciliation of the Syrian and Egyptian Monophysite Churches in 616, but both he and his family disappear after the Persian conquest. The family originally belonged to the local municipal aristocracy (\"curiales\"), and rose to power and influence through imperial service. In this sense, the Apiones typify the phenomenon, attested across the late Roman world, of local aristocratic families using the opportunities opened up by the expansion of the state bureaucracy in the 4th century to secure",
"title": "Apion (family)"
}
] | [
"Rajput families"
] | [
"Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, two chiefships, and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princely states whereas Tonk was a princely state under a Muslim Nawab. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up a valiant resistance to the Islamic invasions and protected this land with their warfare and chivalry for more than 500 years. They also resisted Mughal incursions into India and thus contributed to their slower-than-anticipated access to the Indian subcontinent. Later, the Mughals, through skilled warfare, were able to get a firm grip on northern India, including Rajasthan. Mewar led other kingdoms in its resistance to outside rule. Most notably, Rana Sanga fought the Battle of Khanua against Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6855 | What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"conservatism"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981, was an acknowledged follower of Hayek. Hayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to \"The Constitution of Liberty\"), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking: \"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves\". Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it is because conservatism wants",
"title": "Friedrich Hayek"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981, was an acknowledged follower of Hayek. Hayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to \"The Constitution of Liberty\"), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking: \"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves\". Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it is because conservatism wants",
"title": "Friedrich Hayek"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "option. Higher profile 78 series radial ply tires replaced the previously used 70 series bias-plys. The interior of the Gran Torino Sport had more distinction from other models. The instrument package became a standard feature, but bucket seats remained an option. Bucket seats were revised to a low back design with separate head rests. Sport door panels, now vinyl rather than molded plastic, and seats were highlighted with coloured stripes, similar to the 1973 Luxury Décor Package interior. As a cost cutting measure, the \"Magnum 500\" wheel was revised with the formerly chrome plated wheel replaced by a polished trim",
"title": "Ford Torino"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "recording sessions, he played \"in big bands (especially Boyd Raeburn and Tommy Pederson), at jazz concerts, as a soloist in nightclubs [...] or jamming after hours.\" Raeburn's orchestra was a progressive group that used \"modern arrangements seeking to bridge the gap between bop and advanced European music\". Marmarosa made his first recordings as leader in 1946, with trio tracks that included Ray Brown on bass and Jackie Mills on drums, and in a quartet with saxophonist Lucky Thompson added. He also recorded his only vocal track, \"I've Got News for You\", in the same year. In 1947 Marmarosa led a",
"title": "Dodo Marmarosa"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Williamite War in Ireland). The Acts of Union 1800, instituted in reaction to the Irish Rebellion of 1798, created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the Ireland Act 1949, only that part of Ireland known as Northern Ireland remained part of a monarchy. The king's title in the Irish Free State, when it became a self-governing Dominion of the British Empire, and its constitutional successor from December 1936 to April 1949, was the same as elsewhere in the British Commonwealth, but it was unclear whether the President of Ireland was Irish head of state from 1936 to",
"title": "Monarchy of Ireland"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Underground Railroad beginning shortly after Caroline's birth. As a child, she attended Mrs. Gordon's Private School, The Friends' Raspberry Alley School, and the Institute for Colored Youth (now Cheyney University of Pennsylvania). Though these schools were costly, her father's lucrative coal industry position allowed him to afford a good education for his daughter. He believed very strongly in the value of education for his daughters and encouraged Caroline to pursue her education seriously. She finished her primary and secondary education at 16, whereupon she matriculated at Oberlin College, the only black student in her class. She earned her degree at",
"title": "Caroline Still Anderson"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the System/3, which was multi-user, the System/32 was not. Since the 1990s, when the client–server model of computing became predominant, computers of the comparable class are instead usually known as \"servers\" to recognize that they usually \"serve\" end users at their \"client\" computers. Midrange systems are primarily high-end network servers and other types of servers that can handle the large-scale processing of many business applications. Although not as powerful as mainframe computers, they are less costly to buy, operate, and maintain than mainframe systems and thus meet the computing needs of many organizations. Midrange systems have become popular as powerful",
"title": "Midrange computer"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "said: \"I am becoming a Burkean Whig\". However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay \"Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism\". His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of neoliberalism. A British journalist, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010 that \"Hayek's book [\"The Constitution of Liberty\"] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of",
"title": "Friedrich Hayek"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, \"The Constitution of Liberty\" and \"The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization\" (eventually the title for the second chapter of \"The Constitution of Liberty\"). He completed \"The Constitution of Liberty\" in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned that \"with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society\". Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as \"The Road to Serfdom\" had sixteen",
"title": "Friedrich Hayek"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Lawrie introduced the new constitution in Council on 12 April 1686; the Council voted \"that the same Did not agree with the (constitution) of these American parts--\", but nonetheless sent it to the General Assembly for reading. On 16 April, in response to Lawrie's inquiry as to the Assembly's action on the constitution, the lower house reported \"That they apprehended the same Did not agree with the (constitution) of this province and that they understood that the same were noe wise bindeing Except past into a Lawe by the Generall Assembly--\". With both houses concurring, the Fundamental Constitutions was defeated,",
"title": "Gawen Lawrie"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "by Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler, as oxymoronic. He argued against what he perceived as an overly loose and weak definition of libertarianism on the grounds that Thaler and Sunstein made no meaningful distinction between liberty and coercion. In failing to define the concepts of liberty and coercion as fundamentally dissimilar processes. Libertarian paternalism uses a hyperrational behavior model of human nature as a definition for libertarianism, and neglects alternative definitions such as those advanced by Adam Smith and F.A. Hayek. Daniel B. Klein Daniel Bruce Klein (born January 16, 1962) is an American professor of economics at George Mason",
"title": "Daniel B. Klein"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "not to offend some in the convention whose feelings were abhorrent to slavery; but we there entered into an agreement that slaves should be considered as property. Slavery would still have continued if no U.S. Constitution had been made. The U.S. Constitution does not prescribe the mode of reclaiming a slave, but leaves it to be determined by Congress.\" Justice George Thatcher told Chief Justice Parker that he agreed to many things that Parker said, however he did not completely agree with him. Thatcher said he agreed that the U.S. Constitution had not been violated, however, he believed that the",
"title": "Commonwealth v Griffith (MA 1823)"
}
] | [
"conservatism"
] | [
"Hayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, \"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\" Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to \"stand still,\" whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it \"wants to go somewhere.\" Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use \"liberal\" in its original definition, and the term \"libertarian\" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for \"its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism\" and its frequent association with imperialism."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4695 | What makes up the bodies of vascular plants? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "ferns and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts. The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends",
"title": "Botany"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "inauguración del Puente de María Cristina que se celebrará el día 20 del corriente, a las 3 de la tarde y al té que a continuaciónde la indicada ceremonia tendrá lugar en la Casa Consistorial. San Sebastián, 15 de Enero de 1905. El Alcalde Presidente del Excelentísimo Ayuntamiento. De levita o uniforme.\" The Caja de Ahorros of the municipality had funded the construction of the bridge with a credit to one hundred years without interest. Ribera and Zapata had been the authors of the project and Marcelo Sarasola and José de Goicoa, engineer and municipal architect, respectively. On the bridge",
"title": "María Cristina Bridge"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Side. The program was hosted by actor and New York native Tony Danza. For the first season Danza was joined by Ereka Vetrini as his co-host, with music provided by pianist Nadia DiGiallonardo. After the first season, Vetrini, who gained fame appearing on \"The Apprentice\", was let go from the program, and DiGiallonardo took over most of her co-hosting duties. On May 9, 2005, during a go-kart race with NASCAR Hall of Famer Rusty Wallace (who was a guest that day), Danza's kart flipped after Wallace accidentally bumped him. Danza suffered a concussion; neither he nor Wallace were wearing a",
"title": "The Tony Danza Show (2004 talk show)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1802 unmarried and without children. This last Francis Basset appears to have been the \"Colonel Basset\" who was master of the North Devon Staghounds (which became in 1837 the Devon and Somerset Staghounds) from 1775 t0 1784. Confusion however arises between this Francis Basset Esq. (c. 1740 – 1802) of Heanton Court and his contemporary and distant cousin (from a junior branch of the family) Francis Basset, 1st Baron de Dunstanville and Basset (1757–1835), of Tehidy in Cornwall, who is stated in his History of Parliament biography to have been Lt-Col. of the North Devon Militia from 1779. The mural",
"title": "Manor of Heanton Punchardon"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "unsatisfied with the pace of stadium renovations, folded the team. After sitting empty in 1997, the stadium got a new team for 1998: the Atlantic League's Newburgh Black Diamonds. However, poor attendance and the league's displeasure with Delano-Hitch's condition sealed Newburgh's fate, despite $150,000 worth of renovations. Minutes before Newburgh's home opener, league president Bud Harrelson announced the Black Diamonds would return in 1999, but only if the team built a new stadium. Instead, the franchise was sent wandering for several years after a proposed stadium in Easton, Pennsylvania was left unfinished after the builders went bankrupt; the team existed",
"title": "Delano-Hitch Stadium"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Poles were deported to any one of the German forced labour camps including over 30 \"Polenlager\" camps in Germany and in German-occupied territory. Mass deportations of Polish nationals using freight trains (but also lorries) took place during the ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna between November 1942 and July 1943, in which all branches of German police including Orpo and \"Sonderdienst\", as well as Wehrmacht and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police participated. Over 110,000 Poles were forcibly removed from liquidated villages in the General Government, including around 30,000 children most of whom were never found. In the second phase of the same plan",
"title": "Holocaust trains"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "following fertilization. High amounts of ROS activate Calcium ion channels in the pollen tube, causing these channels to take up Calcium ions in large amounts. This increased uptake of calcium causes the pollen tube to rupture, and release its sperm into the ovule. Pistil feeding assays in which plants were fed diphenyl iodonium chloride (DPI) suppressed ROS concentrations in \"Arabidopsis\", which in turn prevented pollen tube rupture. Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true vascular tissue and are therefore called \"non-vascular plants\". Some bryophytes do have specialised tissues for",
"title": "Fertilisation"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The pathogen targets the viability of the leaves, attacking them until they die and fall off of the plant. The disease returns annually, and this recurrence essentially makes the plants worthless – rarely do affected plants recover. Some strains have such a strong impact on the plants that the cultivation becomes unprofitable. You can start to see signs of the disease in the spring. Glandular bodies form on the top side of the leaves, even before they are entirely unfolded. Once fully mature, these bodies appear as black specks with chlorosis (yellowing) around them. To be clear, the glandular bodies",
"title": "Gymnoconia"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Fern A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, in having branched stems and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Like other vascular plants, ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds.",
"title": "Fern"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "plant groups to evolve, but the usage is imprecise, since both groups are polyphyletic and may be used to include vascular cryptogams, such as the ferns and fern allies that reproduce using spores. Non-vascular plants are often among the first species to move into new and inhospitable territories, along with prokaryotes and protists, and thus function as pioneer species. Non-vascular plant Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem. Although non-vascular plants lack these particular tissues, many possess simpler tissues that are specialized for internal transport of water. Non-vascular plants do not have a wide",
"title": "Non-vascular plant"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Tracheid Tracheids are elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that serve in the transport of water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of tracheary elements, vessel elements being the other. Tracheids, unlike vessel elements, do not have perforation plates. All tracheary elements develop a thick lignified cell wall, and at maturity the protoplast has broken down and disappeared. The presence of tracheary elements is the defining characteristic of vascular plants to differentiate them from non-vascular plants. The two major functions that tracheids may fulfill are contributing to the transport system and providing structural support. The",
"title": "Tracheid"
}
] | [
"stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves"
] | [
"The bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses, ferns and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6098 | When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"9,000 years ago"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "in the Indian subcontinent is the Palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal. The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the Indian subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semi-permanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. The Edakkal Caves are pictorial writings believed to date to at least 6,000 BCE, from the Neolithic",
"title": "History of India"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Jensen's study their concentration is on Asia and Latin America. In their study they sampled a small group from a metropolitan area, the difference between both generations varies as the children who were in high school which is 87.5% were stated to be civically engaged. Whereas for the parents they were not civically engaged in issues but developed \"bilcultural consciousness\" such as sending money back their original country of origin and these participants saw it as their duty in their current state of opportunity to be civically engaged. Civic engagement, interpersonal trust, and television use – Social capital has been",
"title": "Civic engagement"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "into Olympic competition. For the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional footballers were allowed to compete at the Olympics for the first time. Initially, European and South American teams were banned from playing players who had competed in the FIFA World Cup, but from the 1992 Summer Olympics eligibility for all nations was restricted to players aged under 23, except that three players of any age are allowed in the squad. Since 1992, the UEFA U21 Championship has acted as the qualifying tournament for the UEFA nations, which each of the Home Nations enter. On three occasions, teams from Great Britain have",
"title": "Great Britain Olympic football team"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Quéven Quéven () is a commune in the Morbihan department of Brittany in north-western France. During World War I , Quéven lost one hundred and one of its children. In January 1945, the city of Toulouse accepted , via its mayor the adoption of the wounded city and in consequence the sponsorship proposed 23 December 1945 by the Mayor, . In memory of this help the city of Quéven will inaugurate a \"Place de Toulouse\" and Toulouse a \"Rue de Quéven\". The city of Queven has been honoured 25 September 1949 with Cross of War 1929-1945 by the citation 11",
"title": "Quéven"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Chief Executive Officer (CEO, COO), • Dipl.-Ing. Wolf Waschkuhn (CRO) primacom has about one million connected households, most of them are upgraded to the highest standard of technology according to information of the company. The core of the network is the backbone installed by primacom. That is a redundant and automatically-controlled network controlled centrally from Leipzig. According to its own data, the turnover of the company is currently at about EUR 100 million with earnings before taxes, interest, depreciation and amortization of more than EUR 40 million. Besides general products of cable network operators the company currently offers a number",
"title": "Primacom"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "it is because of water that these areas of the crater have been darkened. In Garni Space Astronomy Institute under Grigor Gurzadyan have been created orbital Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories, over 40 Soviets cosmonauts have passed their pre-flight training there. In June 2001 a space museum was opened in the territory of the institute, in Garni, Armenia. The exhibit, which occurred on the 1700th anniversary of Armenia's adoption of Christianity, was dedicated to that event. In November 2015 the enriched exposition of the Space museum was reopened but in Yerevan, Armenia The museum includes various exhibits associated",
"title": "Garni (crater)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and is vested with most of the executive powers. Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh, and houses the Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the secretariat. The Madhya Pradesh High Court, located in Jabalpur, has jurisdiction over the whole state. The present legislature of Madhya Pradesh is unicameral. The legislative house, Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha consists 230 Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA) elected directly from single-seat constituencies and one nominated member. Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved. On 1 Feb, 2016 the Madhya Pradesh banned the use of English, effectively Hindi will be used for all",
"title": "Government of Madhya Pradesh"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Panna, India Panna is a town and a municipality in Panna district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is famous for its diamond mines. It is the administrative center of Panna District. Panna was a Gond settlement until the 13th or 17th century(cite reference), when the Gondi were defeated by the Chandelas they migrated to other parts of Madhya Pradesh. Until that date, there were many rulers of the area. The famous mandir of Padmavatipuri Dham, adorned with divine lustre, is located in Panna town at the centre of Vindhyachal in Madhya Pradesh. The itinerant sage Mahamati Prannath",
"title": "Panna, India"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a prominent Congress Leader from Madhya Pradesh, erstwhile member of Eighth Lok Sabha representing Bhopal parliamentary constituency of Madhya Pradesh and served Cabinet Minister in the Government of Madhya Pradesh from 1969 to 1972. For more information about shri Sahai follow link https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133334/http://shitlasahai.org/ Sheetla Sahai Sheetla Sahai (1932-2011) was a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a cabinet minister in Government of Madhya Pradesh. He represented Gwalior in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly. He died in 2011. He was elected MLA for the first time in 1967. He served as Opposition Leader and also as Cabinet Minister and held",
"title": "Sheetla Sahai"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "km² and of Baidhan river is 1504 km² in Madhya Pradesh. These two rivers originate in Satna District and Panna District and meet river Yamuna below Banda District. Tons River originates in Satna District. Total basin area in Madhya Pradesh is 11974 km². The river meets Ganges after flowing 246 km in Madhya Pradesh, 7 km making boundary between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and finally 67 km in Uttar Pradesh. Total land put to use for agriculture purpose in Tons basin is 8460 km² in the State for which 2244 hm of water is available for its use against",
"title": "River basins in Madhya Pradesh"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly The Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha or the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly is the unicameral state legislature of Madhya Pradesh state in central-India. The seat of the Vidhan Sabha is at Bhopal, the capital of the state. It is housed in the \"Vidhan Bhavan\", an imposing building located at the centre of the Capital Complex in the Arera Hill locality of Bhopal city. The term of the Vidhan Sabha is five years, unless dissolved sooner. Presently, it comprises 230 members who are directly elected from single-seat constituencies and one nominated member. The history of the Madhya Pradesh",
"title": "Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly"
}
] | [
"9,000 years ago"
] | [
"The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000–9000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6481 | Humans can control insects using what? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"insecticides"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyrid beetles communicate with light. Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides, and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves, fruits, or wood. Some species are parasitic, and may vector diseases. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for",
"title": "Insect"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyrid beetles communicate with light. Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides, and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves, fruits, or wood. Some species are parasitic, and may vector diseases. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for",
"title": "Insect"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Oxitec Oxitec (orig. Oxford Insect Technologies) is a British biotechnology company which develops genetically modified insects to assist in insect control. The company develops methods for control of insect populations, in which genetically modified insects are used as a \"living insecticide\". Thereby, insects which transmit disease to humans or which occur as pests in agriculture are controlled without the use of insecticides. According to the company, this method of population control is more effective than insecticides and more environmentally friendly. The method has similarities to sterile insect technique. Oxitec was started in 2002 by Oxford University's Isis Innovation technology transfer",
"title": "Oxitec"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "insectivores. The effects of DDT's use exemplifies how some insecticides can threaten wildlife beyond intended populations of pest insects. Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some insects, like wasps, bees, butterflies and ants, pollinate flowering plants. Pollination is a mutualistic relationship between plants and insects. As insects gather nectar from different plants of the same species, they also spread pollen from plants on which they have previously fed. This greatly increases plants' ability to cross-pollinate, which maintains and possibly even improves their evolutionary fitness. This ultimately affects humans since",
"title": "Insect"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "available for use in the management of adult \"C. bezziana\" include: ectopor, diazinon, nagasunt and coumaphos. When trying to prevent infestation of livestock and other animals, proper spraying and dipping with these insecticides can help in management control. The sterile insect technique (SIT), also known as sterile insect release method (SIRM), is a control method in which sterile insects are released to mate with other wild insects. Usually, the males are sterilized using radiation and then dispersed in a population to compete with wild males. If a sterile male mates with a wild female, she will produce no offspring, reducing",
"title": "Chrysomya bezziana"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "to limit the use of pesticides as far as possible. This can be achieved by monitoring the crop, only applying insecticides when necessary, and by growing varieties and crops which are resistant to pests. Where possible, biological means are used, encouraging the natural enemies of the pests and introducing suitable predators or parasites. In homes and urban environments, the pests are the rodents, birds, insects and other organisms that share the habitat with humans, and that feed on and spoil possessions. Control of these pests is attempted through exclusion, repulsion, physical removal or chemical means. Alternatively, various methods of biological",
"title": "Pest control"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "film produced and directed by an African American with an entire African American cast, and the first feature film produced by the Foster Photoplay Company of Chicago. The film is also notable because it is one of the first instances in black film where African Americans are not seen as representations of the negative stereotypes put upon them by Anglo Americans. Many of the actors showcased in \"The Railroad Porter\" were recognizable faces in days of black vaudeville. Lottie Grady, who was a former member of the Pekin stock company played the wife in the film. Cassie Burch Slaughter played",
"title": "The Foster Photoplay Company"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "crossing points between the provinces of Leinster and Connacht. It thus became a natural focus for many great historical buildings, including a 19th-century Martello Tower and a number of important castles around the town, which were built in the 14th and 15th centuries. The town used to be the focus of thriving river business and was an important stop on the Dublin to Limerick navigation. It supported a number of large industries, most notably a maltings and distillery, which are now defunct. Tourism has supplanted this to a certain extent with a modern marina providing support for river cruisers and",
"title": "Banagher"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "optic nerve dysfunction, meaning that he is considered to be legally blind. At the age of eight, he moved to Richmond, British Columbia where he still resides today. After trying a variety of sports, Wu finally settled with swimming. He wanted to swim \"because it was an individual sport; if you fail it's because of yourself; if you excel it's because of yourself\" Wu said. Since retiring from competition in 2004, Wu has given a speech at a local school part of the RCMP's Sports Event which brings athletes to schools to give inspiration. Wu also has a part-time job",
"title": "Walter Wu"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a friend and supporter of Edward Jenner. He was accepted to the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1810. He married a Miss Hammond but she died in childbirth in 1810. Their daughter, Anne Hammond Morgan, survived. With his daughter, he moved to Ireland after his wife’s death where he took a post as physician to the Marquis of Abercorn. Abercorn’s wife, the Marchioness Lady Anne Jane Gore, engineered an introduction to the Irish novelist Sydney Owenson (1776–1859) who had become famous for \"The Wild Irish Girl\" (1806). She was several years his senior. He was knighted in Ireland",
"title": "Thomas Charles Morgan"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Finsterhennen Finsterhennen is a municipality in the Seeland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Finsterhennen is first mentioned around 1220 as \"Freineshun\" and in 1453 as \"Veisten Hennen\". In French it was known as \"Grasse Poule\". The earliest trace of humans in Finsterhennen are some neolithic ceramics which were found at Steinacker-Büne. Other prehistoric tracces include prehistoric items at Moos, flints at Usserfeld, tumuli at (Ischlag-Outer Canal), wooden poles for stilt houses at Längäcker, graves in the gravel pit at Pfaffenholz) and graves with just bodies by the railroad tracks. From the Roman era, a cache of",
"title": "Finsterhennen"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "energy for these animals. The \"Escherichia coli\" that live in the human large intestine synthesizes vitamin B and releases it for human use. Bacteria can also be used in the place of pesticides in biological pest control. This commonly uses \"Bacillus thuringiensis\" (also called BT), a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium. This bacterium is used as a Lepidopteran-specific insecticide under trade names such as Dipel and Thuricide. Because of their specificity, these pesticides are regarded as environmentally friendly, with little effect on humans, wildlife, pollinators, or other beneficial insects. Some bacteria are harmful and act either as disease-causing agents (pathogens) both in",
"title": "Economic importance of bacteria"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "high frequency sound waves that are too high in pitch to be heard by the human ear (generally accepted to be frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz). Humans are usually unable to hear sounds higher than 20 kHz due to physiological limitations of the cochlea, though there is considerable variation between individuals, especially at such high frequencies. Some animals, such as bats, dogs, and rodents, can hear well into the ultrasonic range. Some insects, such as grasshoppers and locusts, can detect frequencies from 50,000 Hz to 100,000 Hz, and lacewings and moths can detect ultrasound as high as 240,000 Hz produced",
"title": "Electronic pest control"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "see it as good for keeping animal populations in control, like the squirrels and the mice.\" Unlike rural coyotes, urban ones have a longer lifespan and tend to live in higher densities but rarely attack humans and can be frightened away by arm waving or loud noises. The animals generally are nocturnal and prey upon rabbits, rats, Canada geese, fruit, insects and family pets, especially small dogs and domestic cats. Coyotes were reportedly living underneath decks in suburban Stamford, Connecticut and in some instances chasing after large dogs. Coyotes in all Canadian provinces can be attracted to food left out",
"title": "Urban coyote"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the intention of using them to attract insects and not have insects infest the other crops that are being grown. The insects can then be dealt with much more easily than if they were to have been spread throughout an entire field. Trap strips are very useful for dealing with the wheat stem sawfly. The sawflies will go only as far as they need to in order to plant their eggs. If solid stemmed plants are planted around the a crop field, then that’s where the sawflies will go and the sawflies’ larvae can’t survive in the solid stem. On",
"title": "Physical pest control"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "as the parasitoid wasps. These insects are known as entomophagous parasites. They can be beneficial due to their devastation of pests that can destroy crops and other resources. Many insects have a parasitic relationship with humans such as the mosquito. These insects are known to spread diseases such as malaria and yellow fever and because of such, mosquitoes indirectly cause more deaths of humans than any other animal. Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (\"e.g.\" lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods",
"title": "Insect"
}
] | [
"insecticides"
] | [
"Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_210 | What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Adolphe Gutmann"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's \"Hexameron\"; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's \"Hexameron\"; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Adolphe Gutmann Adolphe Gutmann (originally Wilhelm Adolf Gutmann) (12 January 1819 – 22 October 1882) was a German pianist and composer who was a pupil and friend of Frédéric Chopin. Gutmann was born in Heidelberg. He came to Paris in 1834, at the age of 15, to study with Chopin, becoming one of the composer's favourites. He performed in concert with Chopin, Charles-Valentin Alkan and Pierre-Joseph Zimmerman, Alkan's transcription of part of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony at a concert of 1838. Gutmann was also the dedicatee of Chopin's Scherzo, Op. 39, published in 1839. Gutmann acted as copyist for a number",
"title": "Adolphe Gutmann"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "(two of his studies are called \"Sea,\" and \"The Storm,\" and are respective replicas of the study No. 1, Op. 25, by Chopin, and the \"Révolutionnaire\"). All his works have been quite popular in their time; but faded thereafter. 4. Ewa Sławińska-Dahlig, \"Adolphe Gutmann - ulubiony uczeń Chopina\", Warszawa 2013. . Adolphe Gutmann Adolphe Gutmann (originally Wilhelm Adolf Gutmann) (12 January 1819 – 22 October 1882) was a German pianist and composer who was a pupil and friend of Frédéric Chopin. Gutmann was born in Heidelberg. He came to Paris in 1834, at the age of 15, to study with",
"title": "Adolphe Gutmann"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "to be published, and he often appeared in concerts with Liszt and Chopin. On 23 April 1837 Alkan took part in Liszt's farewell concert in Paris, together with the 14-year-old César Franck and the virtuoso Johann Peter Pixis. On 3 March 1838, at a concert at the piano-maker Pape, Alkan played with Chopin, Zimmerman, and Chopin's pupil Adolphe Gutmann in a performance of Alkan's transcription, now lost, of two movements of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony for two pianos, eight hands. At this point, for a period which coincided with the birth and childhood of his natural son, Élie-Miriam Delaborde (1839–1913), Alkan",
"title": "Charles-Valentin Alkan"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1950s Castle series of tests contributes only a small fraction of the contamination within the lagoon's sea life. Toke Atoll Toke Atoll or Taka Atoll (Marshallese: , ) is a small, uninhabited coral atoll in the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is one of the smaller atolls in the Marshalls and located at . It is visited regularly by the residents of nearby Utirik Atoll. The atoll is north of Majuro Atoll, the capital of the Marshall Islands, and southwest of Utirik Atoll. It comprises six islands with a combined land area of and a lagoon area of",
"title": "Toke Atoll"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Hollywood Stuntmen's Hall Of Fame. Originally from rural Indiana, Roberts moved to Southern California in the 1960s after serving in Okinawa with the United States Marine Corps. He worked as a carpenter on film sets at Universal Studios and, began competing in off-road desert motorcycle races during his spare time. When Roberts began his desert racing career in the early 1960s, most desert racers preferred heavy, ungainly, British parallel twin cylinder motorcycles. He was among the first desert racers to adopt lighter motorcycles with single cylinder, two-stroke engines. Despite the horsepower advantage of the larger motorcycles, Roberts' Husqvarna motorcycle weighed",
"title": "J.N. Roberts"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "For every type of fin, there are a number of fish species in which this particular fin has been lost during evolution. Bony fishes form a taxonomic group called Osteichthyes. They have skeletons made of bone, and can be contrasted with cartilaginous fishes which have skeletons made of cartilage. Bony fishes are divided into ray-finned and lobe-finned fish. Most fish are ray-finned, an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of over 30,000 species. It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. In the distant past, lobe-finned fish were abundant. Nowadays they are mainly extinct, with only eight living",
"title": "Fish fin"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Hans von Rosenberg Frederic-Hans von Rosenberg (26 December 1874 – 30 July 1937) was a German diplomat and politician. He served as \"Reichsaußenminister\" (Foreign Minister of Germany) in the cabinet of Wilhelm Cuno in 1922–1923. Rosenberg was born as Frederic (or Friedrich) Hans von Rosenberg on 26 December 1874 in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia (present-day Germany). In 1897, Rosenberg was awarded the degree of Dr.Jur. and entered the Prussian judicial service, in which he was promoted to \"Assessor\" in 1903. That year he transferred to the foreign service (\"Auswärtiges Amt\", AA). In 1910, Rosenberg became the head of the Balkans",
"title": "Hans von Rosenberg"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "mutually agreed to switch his focus at the station from the daily demands of hard news to specialty stories on the newsmagazine. Like Peter Mehegan before him, Everett left a permanent anchor post at \"NewsCenter 5\". His position was filled by Ed Harding, who thus became WCVB's new lead anchor beside Natalie Jacobson and shortly after with Liz Brunner, who was promoted to female lead anchor when Jacobson retired in July 2007. On March 25, 2010, WCVB announced that after 26 years, Mary Richardson would leave \"Chronicle\" and the station. Richardson's farewell broadcast aired on Friday, May 21, 2010; the",
"title": "Chronicle (U.S. TV program)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "hotel room or in a railway carriage in May 1864 during a disastrous concert tour through Canada. For a few hectic weeks in the autumn and winter of 1831, Frédéric Chopin considered becoming Kalkbrenner's pupil in earnest. Kalkbrenner, though, had demanded that Chopin study three years with him. Chopin's deliberations, whether he should or should not study with Kalkbrenner, caused a flurry of letters between Chopin's native Poland and Paris: The German-British pianist, conductor and founder of the Hallé Orchestra, Charles Hallé, had as a very young man of seventeen called on Kalkbrenner to inquire about lessons. At first he",
"title": "Friedrich Kalkbrenner"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "he had formed a homosexual relationship with another boy, they removed him. He transferred to Stamford School in Lincolnshire, where a decade previously Malcolm Sargent had been a pupil. Around this time Henry Tippett decided to live in France, and the house in Wetherden was sold. The 15-year-old Michael and his brother Peter remained at school in England, travelling to France for their holidays. Michael found Stamford much more congenial than Fettes, and developed both academically and musically. He found an inspiring piano teacher in Frances Tinkler, who introduced him to the music of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Chopin. Sargent",
"title": "Michael Tippett"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Railroad\" in 1928. Hyman said of Rovinsky, \"He was my most important teacher. I learned touch from him and a certain amount of repertoire, especially Beethoven. On my own I pursued Chopin. I loved his ability to take a melody and embellish it in different arbitrary ways, which is exactly what we do in jazz. Chopin would have been a terrific jazz pianist. His waltzes are in my improvising to this day.\" Dick's older brother, Arthur, introduced him to the music of Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, Teddy Wilson, and others. By high school, he was playing in dance bands throughout",
"title": "Dick Hyman"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Henry Lemoine Henry Lemoine (21 October 1786 – 18 May 1854) was a French music publisher, composer, and piano teacher. Lemoine was born in Paris, where he was a pupil of Anton Reicha, a successful piano teacher. In 1816 he took over his father Antoine Marcel Lemoine's music publishing business. His father had founded the company in 1772, and it still exists today under the name of Éditions Henry Lemoine. Lemoine was the publisher for Frédéric Chopin, among many others. In 1844 he also published Hector Berlioz's \"Traité d'orchestration\". He worked with Ferdinando Carulli to publish a solfège textbook by",
"title": "Henry Lemoine"
}
] | [
"Adolphe Gutmann"
] | [
"Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1731 | What was Nanjing's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"12th"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of electronics technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology. In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in",
"title": "Nanjing"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of electronics technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology. In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in",
"title": "Nanjing"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "utilised for the new Zeehan to Strahan road. Zeehan-Strahan Road Zeehan-Strahan Road (also known as the \"Strahan to Zeehan road\") is a road that links Strahan with Zeehan in Western Tasmania. It runs parallel to Ocean Beach for a distance and crosses the Henty River at the northern end of the beach, before turning inland. In the 1920s, the main means of transport between the main centres of the west coast was by the available railways. Between Zeehan and Strahan, the only form of track was via Ocean Beach otherwise the main mode was by the Strahan-Zeehan Railway. The feasibility",
"title": "Zeehan-Strahan Road"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was Erim M'Bagnick (Yérim Mbañik) and Béquio Malicouri king of the \"Royaume d'Oral\" was his vassal. The latter appears to have been succeeded by Fara Coro. In the 18th century the most famous \"Prince Bethio\" was Maalixuri (Malichouri) (Malikhuri Diop ) who was legendary for his cleverness, changes of strategy, and defiance in disputes with the Kingdom of Waalo and with the French at Saint-Louis, Senegal. Today, Abdoulaye Diop, the current Prince Bethio, lives at Ross-Bethio where he is a Senegalese political leader. The name also appears as Béco and appears synonymous with the \"Island of Becos\" in the river",
"title": "Bethio"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to a series of matches, culminating in a match at Fall Brawl that if Raven lost, The Flock would be able to disband. Saturn won with the help of Kidman, who also wanted to leave Raven's abuses. Without The Flock, Raven began a series of depressing interviews and walked out on several matches. In October at Halloween Havoc, Raven refused to wrestle Chris Jericho for the WCW Television Championship, but eventually was convinced to return to the ring. He lost the match and was not seen until 1999. On his return, a series of vignettes were shown in which a",
"title": "Raven (wrestler)"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "10 March 1967 8th TFW F-4s took part in the first attacks on the Thái Nguyên ironworks, losing 2 F-4s to antiaircraft fire. Beginning in late May 1967, new F-4D aircraft were delivered to Ubon, re-equipping the 555th TFS. The F-4D had improved radar-bombing capabilities and could deploy the AGM-62 Walleye television-guided bomb, but replaced the AIM-9 Sidewinder with the infra-red AIM-4 Falcon which proved to be inferior. On 11 August 1967, the 8th, 355th and 388th Tactical Fighter Wings conducted a raid on the Paul Doumer railroad and highway bridge in Hanoi. Thirty-six strike aircraft dropped 94 tons of",
"title": "Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "January 2012. After fifteen weeks of fluctuation around the top forty, \"One Thing\" rose from number 28 to 16, signifying its peak position. \"One Thing\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for sales of 7,500 units. The single bowed at number 32 on the Australian Singles Chart of 12 February 2012. \"One Thing\" peaked at number three in its tenth charting week, becoming One Direction's highest peaking single in the country at the time and their second top ten hit. One Direction became the second act of 2012 to have two singles simultaneously occupying",
"title": "One Thing (One Direction song)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "for their actions in the dual capitals Beijing and Nanjing. Of the twelve missionaries in China at the time (all Jesuit), four were banished to Macao and the remaining eight retired from public life and ceased publication of religious and scientific works until 1622. Nanjing incident of 1616 The Nanjing incident of 1616 or the Nanjing Church incident () was a set-back for Christianity in China after the initial success of Matteo Ricci and other members of the Jesuit China mission to use western science and technology to integrate themselves into the Ming Dynasty bureaucracy and scholarly culture. The incident",
"title": "Nanjing incident of 1616"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "New Democracy Party of China The New Democracy Party of China (NDPC; ) is a political party that started in the People's Republic of China, and is banned by the Chinese government. It was established by Mr. Guo Quan, a professor at Nanjing Normal University in 2007 after he published an open letter to the leaders of China. The second acting chairman is Mr. Cunzhu Zheng, who was also a student leader in Anhui Province in 1989's Tiananmen Square Protests. New Democracy Party of China was founded by Guo Quan, a former associate professor at Nanjing Normal University and the",
"title": "New Democracy Party of China"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and houses 16 cities, including Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Wuxi, Huzhou, Jiaxing, etc. In 2007, the GDP of this area was RMB 2877.5 billion, accounting for 21.1% that of China. The 16 cities grow by 15.6% annually: the highest 17.6% and the lowest 13.6%. The Yangtze River has made great contributions to boost the economic growth of China. Only in Wuxi where the China Wu Culture Expo Park is located, 37 of the world Top 500 companies have invested, including Mitsui, General Electric, Marubeni, Sumitomo, Siemens, Hitachi, Matsushita, Toshiba, Bayer, Bosch, Volvo, Roche, Rhone, Planck, Sharp, Akzo Nobel, Kodak,",
"title": "China Wu Culture Expo Park"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "based on its performance at the 2014 American Youth Olympic Games Qualifier. Mexico qualified 2 quotas in the boys' events and 2 quotas in the girls' events based on the team ranking after the 2013 Weightlifting Youth World Championships. Mexico qualified two athletes based on its performance at the 2014 Pan American Cadet Championships. Mexico at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics Mexico competed at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, in Nanjing, China from 16 August to 28 August 2014. Mexico qualified two archers from its performance at the 2013 World Archery Youth Championships. Mexico qualified 7 athletes to compete in",
"title": "Mexico at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "directed his army division commanders to discipline their troops for criminal acts, and was not responsible for their failure to carry out his directives. At trial, Matsui went out of his way to protect Prince Asaka by shifting blame to lower ranking division commanders. Kōki Hirota, who had been the Foreign Minister when Japan conquered Nanjing, was convicted of participating in \"the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy\" (count 1), waging \"a war of aggression and a war in violation of international laws, treaties, agreements and assurances against the Republic of China\" (count 27) and count 55.",
"title": "Nanjing Massacre"
}
] | [
"12th"
] | [
"In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_8218 | In which British group is Tuvalu a member? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Commonwealth of Nations"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Pacific Community (SPC) and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. It has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. It is a member of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Tuvalu maintains close relations with Fiji, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and the European Union. It has diplomatic relations with Taiwan; the country maintains the only resident embassy in Tuvalu and has a large assistance programme in the islands. A major",
"title": "Tuvalu"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Foreign relations of Tuvalu This article is about the foreign relations of Tuvalu. On 1 September 2000, Tuvalu became a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Since its independence in 1978, Tuvalu had been a special member of the Commonwealth, but without having any voting rights in the organisation that brings together 54 countries that are mostly former colonies of Great Britain. Tuvalu's admission as a full member was approved by the members of the Commonwealth unanimously earlier in the year. Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations on 17 September 2000. At present, the country's Permanent",
"title": "Foreign relations of Tuvalu"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Nations headquarters in New York. The vote was passed with 119 votes out of 193 in favour. A total of eight countries voted against the idea, including the U.S. and Tuvalu. Foreign relations of Tuvalu This article is about the foreign relations of Tuvalu. On 1 September 2000, Tuvalu became a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Since its independence in 1978, Tuvalu had been a special member of the Commonwealth, but without having any voting rights in the organisation that brings together 54 countries that are mostly former colonies of Great Britain. Tuvalu's admission as a full member",
"title": "Foreign relations of Tuvalu"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Tuvalu is also a member of the following organisations: ACP, ADB, AOSIS, Commonwealth of Nations, FAO, IBRD (also known as the World Bank), IDA, IFRCS (observer), ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, World Meteorological Organization. Tuvalu is notable for its absence of membership is several major international organisations. For example, it is one of only four UN members that do not belong to the International Civil Aviation Organization; the other three nations are Dominica, Liechtenstein (which has no airports at all), and Niue. Tuvalu is one of only 13 UN members that",
"title": "Foreign relations of Tuvalu"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Pacific Community (SPC) and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. It has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. It is a member of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Tuvalu maintains close relations with Fiji, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and the European Union. It has diplomatic relations with Taiwan; the country maintains the only resident embassy in Tuvalu and has a large assistance programme in the islands. A major",
"title": "Tuvalu"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The free routine has no restrictions other than time; this routine must last between 3 minutes 45 seconds and 4 minutes 15 seconds. For each routine, the team is judged by two panels of five judges each. One panel is the technical jury, the other is the artistic jury. Each judge gives marks of between 0 and 10. The highest and lowest score from each panel are dropped, leaving a total of six scores which are then summed to give the routine's score. The scores of the two routines are then added to give a final score for the team.",
"title": "Synchronized swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's team"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "William Z. Hassid Dr. William Zev Hassid (1899–1974) was a pioneer research scientist in sugar biochemistry, who announced the synthesis of sucrose in 1944. He received the Sugar Research Award of the National Academy of Sciences (jointly with Doudoroff and Barker) for this discovery in 1945. He also received the Charles Reid Barnes Honorary Life Membership Award of the American Society of Plant Physiologists (1964), and the C. S. Hudson Award of the American Chemical Society (1967). In 1972 he was recognized the Sixth International Symposium on Carbohydrate Chemistry as one of three outstanding senior American carbohydrate chemists. Hassid served",
"title": "William Z. Hassid"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "has turned the surrounding Queen's Square and Custom's House Square into attractive, modern public spaces with trees, fountains and sculptures. The clock was damaged in a Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb explosion outside nearby River House in High Street on 6 January 1992. To halt the worsening lean and repair damage caused by the elements and heavy passing traffic, a multimillion-pound restoration project was completed in 2002. During the project the wooden foundations were strengthened, the majority of the decaying carvings were replaced and the entire tower was cleaned. In 1947, the film \"Odd Man Out\" was filmed partly in",
"title": "Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of low-income earners and encourage spendings. The checks are distributed to people with a monthly salary lower than 15,000 baht during March 26 to April 8, 2009. 10.5 Million Government’s 2,000 baht check was issued and distributed to over 10 million low-income earners throughout the country who has registered with the Social Security Fund. The outcome of the policy is expected to boost the GDP by 0.2% and create 80,000 jobs. According to statistics, people who received the government check spend it on their daily expenses such as buying food, rent, and home appliances. In addition, The Government has asked",
"title": "People's Agenda"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "after those seen in \"Terra Prime\" in 2161, but are actually related in the holodeck on board \"Enterprise\"-D during the events of the \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" episode \"\". Following the Romulan war, \"Enterprise\" is diverted en route to Earth where is it due to be present for the signing of the Federation charter. The non-canon Shatnerverse novel \"Captain's Glory\" states that following its decommissioning, \"Enterprise\" was placed into the orbit of Pluto as a museum piece. \"Enterprise\" appeared in the video games \"\" and \"\", both released in 2006. It is the first vessel that the player controls",
"title": "Enterprise (NX-01)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of Assembly of the Colony of Tuvalu on 1 October 1977. The House of Assembly was dissolved in July 1978, with the government of Toaripi Lauti continuing as a caretaker government until the 1981 elections were held. Toaripi Lauti became the first Prime Minister on 1 October 1978, when Tuvalu became an independent nation. Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations. The \"Constitution of Tuvalu\" states that it is \"the supreme law of Tuvalu\" and that \"all other laws shall be interpreted and",
"title": "Tuvalu"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Parliament of Tuvalu The Parliament of Tuvalu, or \"Palamene o Tuvalu\" is the unicameral national legislature of Tuvalu. The islands of Tuvalu came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when the Ellice Islands were declared a British protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS \"Curacao\", between 9 and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as a British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and from 1916 to 1974 as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony. In 1974, the Ellice Islanders voted",
"title": "Parliament of Tuvalu"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Territories (BWPT), and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1976. A referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a consequence of the referendum, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony ceased to exist on 1 January 1976, and the separate British colonies of Kiribati and Tuvalu came into existence. Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations. The origins of the people of",
"title": "Tuvalu"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was the first player who received this honor. Tuvalu national football team The Tuvalu national football team is the international football team of Tuvalu. Football in Tuvalu is played at club and national team level. The Tuvalu national football team draws from players in the Tuvalu A-Division; with the national team training at the Tuvalu Sports Ground on Funafuti. The national team competes in the Pacific Games. The national team is controlled by the Tuvalu National Football Association (TNFA), which is an associate member of the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) but not a member of FIFA. Tuvalu is a member",
"title": "Tuvalu national football team"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Island Courts of Tuvalu (as of 2007) in comparison \"to the past where only one woman magistrate served in the Magistrate Court of Tuvalu.\" The Law of Tuvalu comprises the Acts voted into law by the Parliament of Tuvalu and statutory instruments that become law; certain Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom (during the time Tuvalu was either a British protectorate or British colony); the common law; and customary law (particularly in relation to the ownership of land). The land tenure system is largely based on \"kaitasi\" (extended family ownership). Tuvalu participates in the work of",
"title": "Tuvalu"
}
] | [
"Commonwealth of Nations"
] | [
"Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community, or SPC (sometimes Pacific Community) and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. Tuvalu has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. Tuvalu is a member of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. On 18 February 2016 Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF)."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_5386 | What paper did von Neumann produce in 1932? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself—realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\" Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac–von Neumann axioms, with his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set",
"title": "John von Neumann"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "for quantum mechanics in his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". In it, he provided a theory of measurement, where the usual notion of wave-function collapse is described as an irreversible process (the so-called von Neumann or projective measurement). The density matrix was introduced, with different motivations, by von Neumann and by Lev Landau. The motivation that inspired Landau was the impossibility of describing a subsystem of a composite quantum system by a state vector. On the other hand, von Neumann introduced the density matrix in order to develop both quantum statistical mechanics and a theory of quantum measurements.",
"title": "Von Neumann entropy"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "alternative way in which to represent the state of a quantum system, which could otherwise be represented using the wavefunction. The density matrix allows the solution of certain time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics. The von Neumann measurement scheme, the ancestor of quantum decoherence theory, represents measurements projectively by taking into account the measuring apparatus which is also treated as a quantum object. The 'projective measurement' scheme introduced by von Neumann, led to the development of quantum decoherence theories. Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", where he noted that projections on",
"title": "John von Neumann"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself—realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\" Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac–von Neumann axioms, with his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set",
"title": "John von Neumann"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics The book Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1932) by John von Neumann is an important early work in the development of quantum theory. The book was originally published in German in 1932 by Julius Springer, under the title . An English translation by Robert T. Beyer was published in 1955 by Princeton University Press. A Russian translation, edited by N. Bogolyubov, was published by Nauka in 1964. A new English edition, edited by Nicholas A. Wheeler, was published in 2018 by Princeton University Press. The book mainly summarizes results that von Neumann had published in",
"title": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "conflict between a wavefunction description and classical experience is called the problem of observation (see Measurement problem). In his 1932 book \"The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", John von Neumann argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the \"subjective perception\" of the human observer. In 1939, Fritz London and Edmond Bauer argued for the latter boundary (consciousness). In the 1960s, Eugene Wigner reformulated the \"Schrödinger's cat\" thought experiment as \"Wigner's friend\" and proposed that the consciousness of an",
"title": "Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Ebony Day Ebony Day (born March 21, 1993) is an English singer, songwriter and YouTube personality living in London, England. In 2013 Ebony won MTV's Brand New Artist competition previously won by Justin Bieber and Conor Maynard. Her boyfriend is David Gibbs who she recently got engaged to and had a baby girl with in January 2018. On 14 December 2009 Ebony uploaded her first cover onto YouTube which was a cover of Jason Derulo's \"Whatcha Say\". As she began uploading an increasing amount of music covers her view count kept getting bigger and her fan base kept growing. By",
"title": "Ebony Day"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the financial side of the Ross Hannah deal, despite Grimsby and Bradford agreeing fees, as Hannah had stalled on personal terms. Hannah completed his move to Grimsby on 10 January 2013, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Following two seasons with Grimsby, Hannah signed for National League club Chester on a one-year contract. He signed for Chester's National League rivals Barrow on 16 May 2016 on a two-year contract. On 31 May 2017, Hannah re-signed for Chester on a two-year contract, turning down offers from Wrexham and F.C. Halifax Town in the process. He moved on loan to",
"title": "Ross Hannah"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to their 1975 Grammy for Best Instrumental Arrangement for \"Rockford\", for \"Hunter\" the duo won a Broadcast Music Incorporated TV Music Award in 1989. The theme for the \"A-Team\" and \"The Rockford Files\" have also made appearances on other television programs and movies, including the pilot for David Chase's hit show on HBO, \"The Sopranos\" (1999), and the films \"Not Another Teen Movie\" (2001), \"\" (2003), \"Napoleon Dynamite\" (2004), and \"Miracle\" (2004). Carpenter died of lung cancer in Sherman Oaks, California at the age of 73. He was married to actress Maybeth Carr, the daughter of silent screen star Mary",
"title": "Pete Carpenter"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The Saints, Models, The Psycho-Surgeons, The Lipstick Killers, The Thought Criminals and Au-Go-Go Records, together with interviews with Ed Kuepper, Sean Kelly and Mark Taylor. Issue 2 included articles on The Scientists, The Birthday Party, Citadel Records and The Laughing Clowns and interviews with Kim Salmon, Rowland S. Howard and Ed Kuepper. Issue 3 had articles on Radio Birdman, The Visitors, New Race, Deniz Tek, New Christs, Fun Things and The Hitmen, as well as interviews with Rob Younger and Brad Shepherd. Issue 4, which was also the final issue, contained articles on Beasts of Bourbon, Died Pretty, The Moodists",
"title": "Ian McFarlane"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Crown to nominate the political leader whose party controls the Cortes can be seen as a royal endorsement of the democratic process, a fundamental concept enshrined in the 1978 constitution. By political custom, the king's nominees have all been from parties who hold the most seats in the Cortes. The king is normally able to announce his nominee the day following a General Election. The king's nominee is presented before the Cortes by the Speaker where the nominee and his political agenda are debated and submitted for a Vote of Confidence (\"Cuestión de confianza\") by the Cortes. A simple majority",
"title": "Monarchy of Spain"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "machine would have computed. Turing described such a construction in complete detail in his 1936 paper: Davis makes a persuasive argument that Turing's conception of what is now known as \"the stored-program computer\", of placing the \"action table\"—the instructions for the machine—in the same \"memory\" as the input data, strongly influenced John von Neumann's conception of the first American discrete-symbol (as opposed to analog) computer—the EDVAC. Davis quotes \"Time\" magazine to this effect, that \"everyone who taps at a keyboard... is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine,\" and that \"John von Neumann [built] on the work of Alan",
"title": "Universal Turing machine"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "taking advantage of their exponential growth. Von Neumann investigated the question of whether modelling evolution on a digital computer could solve the complexity problem in programming. Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology. Von Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper \"Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation\" in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment",
"title": "John von Neumann"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Bernard Koopman Bernard Osgood Koopman (1900 – August 18, 1981) was a French-born American mathematician, known for his work in ergodic theory, the foundations of probability, statistical theory and operations research. After living in France and Italy, the Koopmans immigrated to the United States in 1915. Koopman was a student of George David Birkhoff and his initial work concentrated on dynamical systems and mathematical physics. In 1931/1932, Koopman and John von Neumann proposed a Hilbert space formulation of classical mechanics, known as the Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics. During World War II, he joined the Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Research Group (ASWORG,",
"title": "Bernard Koopman"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "(\"v\",\"Av\") is a state on the C* algebra, so norm 1 vectors (up to scalar multiplication) give states. This is similar to Dirac's formulation of quantum mechanics, though Dirac also allowed unbounded operators, and did not distinguish clearly between self-adjoint and Hermitian operators. Dirac–von Neumann axioms In mathematical physics, the Dirac–von Neumann axioms give a mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of operators on a Hilbert space. They were introduced by and . The space \"H\" is a fixed complex Hilbert space of countable infinite dimension. The Dirac–von Neumann axioms can be formulated in terms of a C* algebra",
"title": "Dirac–von Neumann axioms"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and Mauchly were already aware of the limitations of the machine and began plans on a second computer, to be called EDVAC. By January 1945 they had procured a contract to build this stored-program computer. Eckert had proposed a mercury delay line memory to store both program and data. Later that year, mathematician John von Neumann learned of the project and joined in some of the engineering discussions. He produced what was understood to be an internal document describing the EDVAC. The term von Neumann architecture arose from von Neumann's paper, \"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC\". Dated",
"title": "John Mauchly"
}
] | [
"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics"
] | [
"Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac–von Neumann axioms, with his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized, in 1926, that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3023 | When did the FBI increase it's counter-terrorism role? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Between 1993 and 1996"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "system in 1924. Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted. But Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the",
"title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "system in 1924. Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted. But Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the",
"title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and helped return the French expeditionary corps back to France. She was then part of the training squadron in Toulon, cruising between Sardinia and Spain. \"Bretagne\" took part in the naval parade given in honour of Queen Victoria by Napoléon III in Cherbourg Roads on 5 August 1858. The French Emperor intended to prove to the British that the recent improvements to Cherbourg military harbour were not meant as a threat to Great Britain, and invited the British monarch, Prince Albert and a large British delegation to visit the installations, as a token of good faith. The visit was counter-productive,",
"title": "French ship Bretagne (1855)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with India three years prior. \"La Argentina\" headed toward the Philippines, weathering several storms in the Sunda Strait (that divides the islands of Java and Sumatra, and connects the Java Sea with the Indian Ocean) along the way. On 7 November Bouchard decided to land at Java in order to let his sick crew members recuperate. After leaving the island, \"La Argentina\" continued on its journey to the Philippines. Traveling through the region was fraught with danger due to the presence of Malayan pirates, and was compounded by the crew's weakened condition. The pirate ships were equipped with cannons in",
"title": "Hippolyte Bouchard"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Ng Yan Yee Wendy Ng Yan Yee (born 11 July 1993) is a Malaysian diver. Ng begin diving at the age of 13 at Bandar Tun Razak Swimming Pool. She was a rhythmic gymnast but her talent was spotted by the national coach, Yang Zhuliang due to her \"physical build was good for diving\". She competed 3 m springboard at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Ng finishes 11th in 3 metre springboard at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia and qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Ng went through the 3 metre springboard preliminary round at a ranking of",
"title": "Ng Yan Yee"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with respective scores of 73% and 77.67% at review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings. All alcohol and tobacco sponsors are censored. Formula One 2001 (video game) Formula One 2001 is a racing video game for the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 developed by Studio 33 (PS) and Sony Studio Liverpool (PS2) and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released on 20 April 2001 in Europe, 24 September in North America and 11 October in Japan. The PlayStation 2 version was the first game to support the Logitech GT Force racing wheel. \"Formula One 2001\" was the last simulation Formula One game",
"title": "Formula One 2001 (video game)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "In 2012, the Chao family donated US$40 million to Harvard Business School, supporting the US$35 million construction of the Ruth Mulan Chu Chao Center and US$5 million to endow a scholarship fund, the Ruth Mulan Chu and James Si-Cheng Chao Family Fellowship Fund, for students of Chinese heritage. Made on the 50th anniversary of Harvard's first acceptance of women into its MBA program, Harvard president Drew Gilpin Faust said the gift would remind people of the important role women have played in the history of Harvard Business School. At the dedication, Elaine Chao said that her mother \"believed that men",
"title": "Ruth Mulan Chu Chao"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to combat money laundering. Anti-terrorism and homeland security intelligence is handled by the civilian intelligence agency — the State Security and General Intelligence Service under the Ministry of Justice. Four agencies have some anti-terrorism role: A new organization, OCAM/CODA (Organe de coordination pour l’analyse de la menace/Coördinatieorgaan voor de dreigingsanalyse), does terrorist threat analysis and coordinates intelligence and police activity. Individual components of homeland security, counter-terrorism, and emergency management responsibilities are spread throughout the government; different agencies look at various issues; for example, one group handles threat assessment, while another one is responsible for intelligence gathering, and border control and",
"title": "Counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism organizations"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "journalistic expert on terrorism\" The \"Los Angeles Times\" referred to Emerson as a terrorism expert, and as a Fox News commentator. Richard Clarke, former head of counter-terrorism for the United States National Security Council, said of Emerson, \"I think of Steve as the Paul Revere of terrorism ... We'd always learn things [from him] we weren’t hearing from the FBI or CIA, things which almost always proved to be true.\" Philip Jenkins, in his 2003 book, \"Images of terror: what we can and can't know about terrorism\" responded that certain groups criticize Emerson in order to silence and delegitimize his",
"title": "Steven Emerson"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the first Assistant Director of the newly formed Counter-terrorism Division at FBI Headquarters by FBI director Louis Freeh. In December 2001 Watson was named Executive Assistant Director for Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence. Watson retired from the FBI in 2002 to join the Washington D.C.-based consulting firm of Booz Allen Hamilton. Dale Watson (FBI) Dale L. Watson is the former Assistant Director for the Counterterrorism Division of the FBI, as such he headed the FBI investigation into the September 11, 2001 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks. Watson is a native of Central Florida. He graduated from Groveland High School before entering Florida State",
"title": "Dale Watson (FBI)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Office of Intelligence and Analysis. From 2001 to 2005, Levitt served the Institute as founding director of its Terrorism Research Program, which was established in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Previously, he provided tactical and strategic analytical support for counter-terrorism operations at the FBI, focusing on fundraising and logistical support networks for Middle Eastern terrorist groups. During his FBI service, Levitt participated as a team member in a number of crisis situations, including the terrorist threat surrounding the turn of the millennium and the September 11 attacks. Levitt has also lectured on international terrorism on behalf of",
"title": "Matthew Levitt"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "that government documents showed that both the CIA and the FBI had missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The primary reasons for the failures included: agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas; inappropriate incentives for promotion; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI, CIA and the rest of the United States Intelligence Community. The book blamed the FBI's decentralized structure, which prevented effective communication and cooperation among different FBI offices. The book suggested that the FBI had not evolved into an effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency, due in large part to",
"title": "Federal Bureau of Investigation"
}
] | [
"Between 1993 and 1996"
] | [
"Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted. Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents were found to be obstructed by agents within the Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the FBI was criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. It has settled a dispute with Richard Jewell, who was a private security guard at the venue, along with some media organizations, in regard to the leaking of his name during the investigation."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7356 | Why were ports better targets? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Ports were easier to find"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the \"Luftwaffe\" flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. To confuse the British, radio silence was observed until the bombs fell. X- and Y-\"Gerät\" beams were placed over false targets and switched only at the last minute. Rapid frequency changes were introduced for X-\"Gerät\", whose wider band of frequencies and greater tactical flexibility ensured it remained effective at a time when British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-\"Gerät\". By now, the imminent threat of invasion had all but passed as",
"title": "The Blitz"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the \"Luftwaffe\" flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. To confuse the British, radio silence was observed until the bombs fell. X- and Y-\"Gerät\" beams were placed over false targets and switched only at the last minute. Rapid frequency changes were introduced for X-\"Gerät\", whose wider band of frequencies and greater tactical flexibility ensured it remained effective at a time when British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-\"Gerät\". By now, the imminent threat of invasion had all but passed as",
"title": "The Blitz"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was demolished in the 1870s. He eventually came to financial ruin from a dispute with the Hospital de Tavera, where his father had left a major commission uncompleted. The affair ended with the seizure of his property. Jorge Manuel Theotocópuli Jorge Manuel Theotocópuli (1578, Toledo - 29 March 1631, Toledo) was a Spanish painter and architect. He was the only son of the iconic painter, Doménikos Theotokópoulos, called \"El Greco\". He learned his trade working in the studios of his father. Around 1603, he participated in creating custom altarpieces in Illescas; his first documented work. Later, in 1607, he began",
"title": "Jorge Manuel Theotocópuli"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Villars-sur-Ollon Villars-sur-Ollon, commonly referred to as Villars, is a village in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, part of the municipality of Ollon. Accommodation in the village consists largely of chalets. It is also known for its boarding schools, especially for Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil and Aiglon College, two of the most expensive schools in the world. Villars is served by the Chemin de fer Bex-Villars-Bretaye (BVB) railway, featuring an Abt rack system leading from the town center to a ski piste network. The Village of Villars overlooks the valley from altitude of 1300 m and views of Mont",
"title": "Villars-sur-Ollon"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "agreed on a substitute site, the monument was removed from the capitol grounds in 2015. In 2009, Oklahoma State Representative Mike Ritze sponsored a bill to have a monument to the Ten Commandments installed at the capitol. His family supplied $10,000 to fund the monument, which was installed in late 2012 after support by Oklahoma governor Mary Fallin. The monument since has been labeled \"a lightning rod of controversy\". It has been destroyed and re-erected once, and been the subject of both state and federal litigation. In 2014, a man deliberately rammed the newly installed monument with a car, knocking",
"title": "Ten Commandments Monument (Oklahoma City)"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Navarretia fossalis Navarretia fossalis is a rare species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name spreading navarretia. The plant is native to southern California and Baja California, where it is known only from vernally wet areas, such as vernal pools, ditches, and other areas that are wet or flooded during the rainy season and dry the rest of the year. Many of these habitat areas have alkali soils arranged in uneven mounds and depressions that collect water and drain slowly before drying up. The plant became a federally listed threatened species in the United States",
"title": "Navarretia fossalis"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "motive. However, even first and second cousins of the rabbi of Sanz are known to have borne the modified name, implying that the change was made at least two generations before him. Joseph Kwadrat believes that Halberstadt was modified to Halberstam (or, in one branch, to Halberthal) by members of the family then residing in Galicia to conform with the surname adoption laws of the Austrian Empire. Halberstam Halberstam (, ) is a Jewish surname, used by several branches of the Halberstadt family. Halberstam, meaningless in its current form, is altered from an older name, Halberstadt, used by many descendants",
"title": "Halberstam"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "control that better focussed its resources on high risk passengers. There were little or no IS resources dedicated to dealing with in-country immigration offenders before 1973 and the detection of potential deportees was seen as a matter for the police. The enforcement arm developed slowly in the 1980s and 1990s but, in the 2000s, underwent a transformation in terms of its remit, training and powers and, by 2006, removed more in-country offenders than were refused entry at UK ports for the first time. In 2007 IS Ports Directorate became a uniformed service for the first time. IS Enforcement Directorate was",
"title": "UK Immigration Service"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the ports and airfields against heavy attacks by the \"Luftwaffe\". By January the arrival of reinforcements allowed 52 AA Bde to concentrate on providing front line support for V Corps. The brigade was prepared to follow up any breakthrough towards Tunis. During January 1943, batteries of 72nd HAA Rgt were variously deployed: By mid-March 1943, the regiment's deployments included: As the fighting continued into April, the HAA guns in forward positions were increasingly used to fire on ground targets to supplement the medium artillery. When IX Corps came into the line for the 'dogfight' to penetrate the mountain passes near",
"title": "Hampshire Yeomanry"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the air force to destroy ten 12-story buildings in the Southern suburbs of Beirut for every rocket that fell on Haifa. The statement was denied by the IDF spokesperson. Large parts of the Lebanese civilian infrastructure, however, were destroyed, including 400 miles (640 km) of roads, 73 bridges, and 31 other targets such as Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport, ports, water and sewage treatment plants, electrical facilities, 25 fuel stations, 900 commercial structures, up to 350 schools and two hospitals, and 15,000 homes. Some 130,000 more homes were damaged. On 16 July, eight employees of the Israel Railways were killed",
"title": "2006 Lebanon War"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and from 1939 was normally partnered with the Chain Home Low system, or AMES Type 2, which could detect aircraft flying at any altitude over . Ports were covered by Chain Home Extra Low, AMES Type 14, which gave cover down to but at shorter ranges of approximately . In 1942 the AMES Type 7 radar began to take over the job of tracking of targets once detected, and CH was used entirely in the early warning role. Late in the war, when the threat of \"Luftwaffe\" bombing had ended, the CH systems were used to detect V2 missile launches.",
"title": "Chain Home"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) carrying out 60% of the sorties and the USAAF and US Navy covering 40%. Both British and American mines were used. Japanese merchant shipping suffered tremendous losses, while Japanese mine sweeping forces were spread too thin attending to far-flung ports and extensive coastlines. Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, who directed nearly all RAAF mining operations in CBI, heartily endorsed aerial mining, writing in July 1944 that \"aerial mining operations were of the order of 100 times as destructive to the enemy as an equal number of bombing missions against land targets.\" In March 1945, Operation Starvation",
"title": "Naval mine"
}
] | [
"Ports were easier to find"
] | [
"From the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. To confuse the British, radio silence was observed until the bombs fell. X- and Y-Gerät beams were placed over false targets and switched only at the last minute. Rapid frequency changes were introduced for X-Gerät, whose wider band of frequencies and greater tactical flexibility ensured it remained effective at a time when British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1154 | Where was the BBC's second studio located? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"16 Portland Place, London"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Baird's broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932. The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts",
"title": "BBC Television"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "seat in the 1987 double-dissolution election, and was subsequently elected. In 1990 due to the circumstances of an historic agreement forming a Coalition Senate ticket he was required to step out of Parliament for three years. In 1993 he was re-elected to the Senate on the Coalition Senate ticket. On 2 November 1989 McGauran introduced the End of War List (Private Members Bill) into the Senate. The Bill was passed unanimously in the Senate, and was aimed at recognising the \"unsung heroes\" of the Vietnam War. Although it was unsuccessful in the House of Representatives at the time, in 1999",
"title": "Julian McGauran"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reported that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as part of a sponsorship deal with the Swiss watchmaker. Nadal replaced Cristiano Ronaldo as the new face of Emporio Armani Underwear and Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection. This was the first time that the label has chosen a tennis player for the job; association football has ruled lately prior to Ronaldo, David Beckham graced the ads since 2008. Armani said that he selected Nadal as his latest male underwear model because \"...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive",
"title": "Rafael Nadal"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the name James Boylan. She has written thirteen books, including novels, collections of short stories, and her autobiography. She has also contributed to the op-ed section of \"The New York Times\". Her autobiography, \"She's Not There: A Life in Two Genders\", was praised by Scott Tobias of \"The A.V. Club\", who described it as a \"candid and exuberantly funny memoir of self-actualization.\" \"Publishers Weekly\" described the book as \"frequently poignant\" but complained that it too readily glossed over the difficult prejudice that transgender individuals must face, causing the book to feel \"incomplete.\" Boylan has made appearances via a variety of",
"title": "Jennifer Finney Boylan"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "sKids (Safe Kids In Daily Supervision) also provide safe after school supervision on the school site. Sports are also well catered for and supported by the staff. In 2007 SPARC (Sport & Recreation New Zealand) visited the school and helped run the schools own World Cup Tournament for Soccer which teams had been involved in over the space of two months. Each classroom represented a different country. Recently the school has been involved in the second Literacy professional development initiative run by the Ministry of Education and has achieved outstanding results. Currently the school is involved in the Papakura Achievement",
"title": "Kelvin Road School"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Bishop to a futures contract on January 4, 2016. He was released on May 2. In 2017, Bishop was hired by first-year coach Justin Wilcox to return to the California Golden Bears as an assistant coach for defensive quality control. Bishop's father Dennis played college football at Illinois. and professionally in the USFL. His younger brother Devin followed in his footsteps, also playing at San Francisco City College and transferring to Cal, where he was also linebacker on the football team, wearing his brother's former jersey number, 10. In high school, Bishop played against future Packers teammate Jarrett Bush, as",
"title": "Desmond Bishop"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "began recording some of his favourite punk bands wherever possible (studios ranging from bedrooms to rehearsal rooms and the occasional pro studio too). He eventually settled in his own residential studio, Holne Bridge Studios, which is where the majority of his recordings have been made. He moved from Holne Bridge in 2010 and has relocated to another, larger residential studio in East Devon, working alongside producer / engineer James Bragg who has helped engineer many of the records Peter has produced. The \"NME\" called him “a genuinely super producer“, and BBC Radio 1's Mike Davies called him a \"legend\". Peter",
"title": "Peter Miles (record producer)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the metropolitano (second division) of the league's three divisions. Montevideo BBC The Montevideo Basket Ball Club, commonly known as Montevideo BBC or simply Montevideo, is a Uruguayan basketball team that plays in the Uruguayan Basketball Federation (FUBB). The club was founded in December 1933 in the La Comercial neighborhood of Montevideo, where the head office is still located. A group of basketball fans formed the Montevideo Basket Ball Club in 1933, and named it in honor of the city of Montevideo. The first gym was located between the streets of Martin Garcia and Republica in Montevideo. The team has",
"title": "Montevideo BBC"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Footlights. Having had his interest in performing arts sparked, after graduation he joined the BBC as a sound studio manager, moving to BBC Television, Light Entertainment and then to Southern Television, the commercial television franchise for the south and south east of England. He and Jill moved to the Southern T.V. base in Southampton and after their marriage ended he remained in Southampton where he then shared a home with his second wife, Britt Allcroft with whom he had two children, from 1973 until the end of their marriage in 1997. At Southern Television he was a prominent member",
"title": "Angus Wright (producer)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Bigger than Us \"Bigger than Us\" is a song by English Indie rock band White Lies from their second studio album, \"Ritual\". It was released as the lead single on 3 January 2011 in the United Kingdom, where it debuted at number 42. A live version of the track was made available by the band for download. The single received its first airplay on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show on 16 November 2010. On 18 November 2010 the video premiered on the \"NME\"s website. The song is featured on the soundtrack of the 2010 video game \"\" and \"F1",
"title": "Bigger than Us"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Tracy) before being renamed again on 30 September 1963 as \"Spotlight South West\". An opt-out for the Channel Islands was introduced during the 1990s, beginning with short bulletins after the \"Nine O'Clock News\" on weeknights, presented from a small studio at the Frémont Point transmitter. The service was expanded on 16 October 2000 and now incorporates the first half of \"Spotlight\"'s main 6:30pm programme (under the name \"BBC Channel Islands News\") and the full late bulletin after the \"BBC News at Ten\" on weeknights. The service is now based at the studios of BBC Radio Jersey in St Helier. Following",
"title": "BBC South West"
}
] | [
"16 Portland Place, London"
] | [
"The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_244 | Chopin was noted as introducing music to what? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"sense of nationalism"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "well as exaggerated \"ritardandos\" ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\" With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November Uprising of 1830], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "well as exaggerated \"ritardandos\" ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\" With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November Uprising of 1830], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "hitchhiker who had previously taken shelter at the house. Magliore has Dawes' house checked for listening devices planted by the city and later agrees to sell him a load of explosives. Dawes gives half the money from the house sale to Mary and has Magliore invest most of the remainder on behalf of Olivia. In January 1974, with only hours remaining before he is required to leave the property, Dawes wires the whole house with the explosives and barricades himself inside. When the police arrive to forcibly evict him, he shoots at them, killing no one but forcing them to",
"title": "Roadwork"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Green Building on the Victoria Embankment, which would be renamed Scotland Yard. A competition was announced for architects to redesign the building prior to the Metropolitan Police moving to it in 2015. This building housed the Territorial Policing headquarters and is adjacent to the original \"New Scotland Yard\" (Norman Shaw North Building). In December 2014 the MPS sold 10 Broadway to the Abu Dhabi Financial Group, for £370 million. In December 2015 construction work on the exterior of the Curtis Green building was completed. On 31 October 2016, the Metropolitan Police staff left New Scotland Yard – when ownership of",
"title": "Scotland Yard"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "at 69.524 µm (4.3121 THz) was made in 1996 near Orion BN-IRc2. In 2001, three additional transitions of HO in were observed in the far infrared in Sgr B2; 2 − 1 transition at 100.577 µm (2.98073 THz), 1 − 1 at 181.054 µm (1.65582 THz) and 2 − 1 at 100.869 µm (2.9721 THz). Hydronium In chemistry, hydronium is the common name for the aqueous cation , the type of oxonium ion produced by protonation of water. It is the positive ion present when an Arrhenius acid is dissolved in water, as Arrhenius acid molecules in solution give up",
"title": "Hydronium"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Nicholl and Jonatan Johansson were placed in interim charge until the appointment of Steven Gerrard on 1 June. Nicholl joined St Mirren as their first team coach in November 2018. Manchester United Rangers Raith Rovers Cowdenbeath Jimmy Nicholl James Michael Nicholl (born 28 December 1956) is a Canadian-born former Northern Ireland international footballer who played for several clubs, including Manchester United and Rangers. He was mainly a right-back but could also play in other defensive roles. Nicholl won a total of 73 international caps for Northern Ireland, scoring one goal. After retiring as a player, he moved into coaching and",
"title": "Jimmy Nicholl"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "between the Picts and Dalriads in AD 731. It may also be the 'Muirbole Paradisi' mentioned by Adomnán. The ancient Mingary Castle is on the coast about 1 km east of the village. Examples of a type of igneous rock structure called a cone sheet are found at Kilchoan. Below the slope north-west of the village street is a chambered cairn, Greadal Fhinn. Ben Hiant is the highest point of the peninsula at 528 m and lies between the village and the coastal hamlet of Ardslignish. A regular Calmac ferry service runs from Kilchoan to Tobermory on the Isle of",
"title": "Kilchoan"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "noted for his recordings of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, his technical proficiency, unorthodox musical philosophy, and eccentric personality and piano technique. Zeyda Ruga Suzuki (born 1943, Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban-Canadian classical pianist and Juno Award nominee. Dang Thai Son (born 1958, Hanoi, Vietnam) is a classical pianist known for being the first Asian pianist to win the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition in 1980. He remains a well-known Chopin interpreter, and now resides in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Naida Cole (born 1974) has recorded music by Fauré, Chabrier, Satie and Ravel. Wonny Song Korean-Canadian pianist and professor. First",
"title": "Canadian classical music"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "5, 1992 in Warsaw, Poland. He started to take piano lessons in his age of five. He attended and finished the Zenon Brzewski music school in Warsaw under professor Joanna Ławrynowicz. He finished his education at Fryderyk Chopin University of Music under Alicja Paleta-Bugaj and Dr Konrad Skolarski. As a participant in the XVII International Chopin Piano Competition (2015), he performed in the semifinals. In 2016 he was honoured with a Commemorative Medal of Frederic Chopin University of Music in recognition of his artistic achievements. Krupiński gives concerts in many Polish cities as well as in Germany, Belgium, Norway, Spain,",
"title": "Łukasz Krupiński"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Festival at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, the 13th All Souls Jazz festival at the Chopin Theatre, the Chicago World Music Festival, and the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago. The \"Chicago Sun-Times\" has noted the quartet's \"energetic\" performances. According to the \"Chicago Tribune\" she and the group are primarily influenced by Eastern European folk, gypsy, Polish, and Greek music. Songs include \"Boleritza\", \"Mamo te Mera\", \"Cisza\", \"17_14\", and \"What I Desire\". Megitza was born on November 27, 1984 in Zakopane, Poland. In 2001, she migrated to Chicago, where she has continued the cultivation of her Polish heritage, but",
"title": "Megitza"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "time when these composers were not only unknown in the Soviet Union but effectively banned. And when she played Romantic music, it was impressive – except that she didn't play what was written. Liszt's \"Weinen und Klagen\" was phenomenal, but Schubert's B-flat major Sonata, while arresting as an interpretation, was the exact opposite of what it should have been, and I remember a performance of the Second Chopin Nocturne that was so heroic that it no longer sounded like a piano but a trumpet. It was no longer Schubert or Chopin, but Yudina. Among her friends were Boris Pasternak (who",
"title": "Maria Yudina"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Frédéric Chopin; \"The Archers\", which has \"Barwick Green\"; \"Desert Island Discs\" which has \"By the Sleepy Lagoon\", and \"The Rush Limbaugh Show\", which uses the instrumental from \"My City Was Gone.\" In talk radio, a different theme song is often used to introduce each segment, and the music (usually popular music of some sort) will often relate to the topic being discussed. John Batchelor is noted for his use of highly dramatic orchestral scores leading in and out of each segment of his weekly show. Many video games feature a theme song that is distinctive to the series. A popular",
"title": "Theme music"
}
] | [
"sense of nationalism"
] | [
"With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\""
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1015 | When did Brazzaville get its own local government? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"1946"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives. During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic. Following the revision of the French",
"title": "Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives. During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic. Following the revision of the French",
"title": "Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent and Surrey did not include those parts of the counties within the MPD and Middlesex did not have a county force. Similarly, boroughs in the MPD that elsewhere would have been entitled to their own police force did not have them. The MPD was originally defined in reference to civil parishes and in 1946 was altered to correspond to local government districts. The MPD has been used for other purposes during its existence, such as the boundary for coal tax and as a 'Greater London' statistical unit. When the ceremonial county of Greater London was officially created",
"title": "Metropolitan Police District"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and the honor of a triumph was granted to him. The following year, Purpureo was a deputy of the proconsul Publius Sulpicius Galba during peace talks with Macedonia and their ambassadors. Not much was achieved at this meeting and the Macedonians tried to convince the Aetolians, a Roman ally, to break their alliance and join Macedonia. This event ensured that no peace was concluded and both sides continued to fight. In 196 BC, Purpureo was Consul with Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Both assigned to Cisalpine Gaul, they, together and separately, forced the Boii and other native tribes into submission. On their",
"title": "Lucius Furius Purpureo"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Violet Fox dissolved, Rhoads formed various other short-lived bands such as The Katzenjammer Kids and Mildred Pierce. Rhoads' brother states that a July 11, 1971 Alice Cooper concert at the Long Beach Auditorium that the pair attended was a defining point in the guitarist's life. After the concert was over Kelle said \"Randy was mesmerized. He was catatonic just staring at the stage. Later that night Randy said \"I can do this. I can look like this. I can be this.\" Something clicked that night and I think that kind of showed him what he could do with his talent.\"",
"title": "Randy Rhoads"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "interactions between weaknesses and threats could be analyzed as a potential warning and advice for using a \"defensive\" strategy. One way of using SWOT is matching and converting. Matching is used to find competitive advantage by matching the strengths to opportunities. Another tactic is to convert weaknesses or threats into strengths or opportunities. An example of a conversion strategy is to find new markets. If the threats or weaknesses cannot be converted, a company should try to minimize or avoid them. As part of the development of strategies and plans to enable the organization to achieve its objectives, that organization",
"title": "SWOT analysis"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1913, at the insistence of the Grimaldos' relatives, the case was reopened. With the arrival in town of a new judge, Emilio Isasa Echenique, José Maria's family reported the case again. Once again an arrest warrant was served on the same suspects thus beginning a long ordeal for them. The Civil Guard began torturing and mistreating the detainees to obtain confessions from the accused about their culpability in the death of José María crime and to discover what they had done with the missing corpse. And so it continued November 11, 1913 when following the judge of Belmonte's order, the",
"title": "Crime of Cuenca"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Heather McDonald (playwright) Heather McDonald is an American playwright, director, librettist, and professor. Mcdonald is originally a Canadian citizen. She graduated from the University of Florida with a BFA in English. She is an MFA graduate of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. Heather McDonald has published eight plays, two screenplays, and a libretto. Her plays have been performed nationally and all over the world. She has attended the Sundance Institute twice, first as a director, and most recently as a playwright for the 2010 Playwrights Retreat at Ucross. McDonald has been a regular teacher at the Kennedy",
"title": "Heather McDonald (playwright)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Local government areas of Scotland Local government areas covering the whole of Scotland were first defined by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. As currently defined, they are a result, for the most part, of the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994. The 1889 Act created a country-wide system of local government based on pre-existing counties and burghs. Prior to this act burghs had their own elected local government councils but counties did not. The county and burgh system was abolished by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and replaced by a system of regions and districts and single-tier islands",
"title": "Local government areas of Scotland"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "District Council of Pirie The District Council of Pirie was a local government area in South Australia from 1892 to 1996. It surrounded, but did not include, the city of Port Pirie, which had its own municipal government as the City of Port Pirie. The District Council was proclaimed on 16 June 1892, when the portion of the Hundred of Pirie not included in the Corporate Town (later City) of Port Pirie, the Hundred of Wandearah and the northern portions of the Hundreds of Napperby and Howe was excised from the District Council of Crystal Brook and formed into its",
"title": "District Council of Pirie"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "mayor of Brazzaville, the first black elected mayor in French Equatorial Africa, with 23 seats compared to SFIO's 11 and PPC's 3. Support for Tchicaya's PPC collapsed almost entirely, leaving Opangault and Youlou as the main political contenders in the 31 March 1957 Moyen-Congo Territorial Assembly elections, held to elect a local government, in accordance with the Loi Cadre Defferre which had entered into force in 1956. Despite their earlier successes, the UDDIA's Vice-President Simon Kikounga N'Got quit the movement and founded his own party, the Groupement pour le progrès économique et social du Moyen-Congo (GPES) Simon Kikounga N'Got took",
"title": "Fulbert Youlou"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "local dialectal speech, the town is called \"Wolschde\". The name “Roßbach” has likewise undergone spelling changes: \"Ruosbach\" (1024), \"Roßbach\" or \"Ruspach\" (1544), \"Roßbach\" (1558). In the local dialectal speech, the village is called \"Roschbach\". The name “Reckweilerhof” has undergone some more pronounced changes: \"Regewilre\" (1200), \"Reckweiler\" (1509), \"Rögswiller\" or \"Röchswiller\" (1600), \"Reckweylerhof\" (1777/1778), \"Röckweilerhof\" (1917) and now Reckweilerhof, or in the local dialectal speech, \"Reckwillerhof\". Before the Reformation, Wolfstein belonged to the parish of Zweikirchen, whereas Roßbach belonged to the parish of Tiefenbach. Only about the middle of the 15th century did Wolfstein get its own church in the town",
"title": "Wolfstein, Rhineland-Palatinate"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the second largest battle in the history of Africa. UNITA and South Africa retreated after a 15-hour battle on March 23 and moved for negotiations. Brazzaville Protocol The Brazzaville Protocol (Official name; \"Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Cuba and the Government of the People's Republic of Angola for the Conclusions of the Internationalist Mission of the Cuban Military Contingent\") mandated the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, paving the way for Namibia's independence through the New York Accords. Representatives from the governments of Angola, Cuba, and South Africa signed the protocol on December 13, 1988 in",
"title": "Brazzaville Protocol"
}
] | [
"1946"
] | [
"During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7602 | What were the angiosperms up to by the late Cretaceous? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"dominated environments"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the eight main groups occurred around 140 million years ago. By the late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes, but large canopy-forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago or even later, at the beginning of the Tertiary. The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later. Yet, many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families (including beech, oak, maple, and magnolia) had already appeared by the late Cretaceous. It has been proposed that the swift rise of angiosperms to dominance",
"title": "Flowering plant"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the eight main groups occurred around 140 million years ago. By the late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes, but large canopy-forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago or even later, at the beginning of the Tertiary. The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later. Yet, many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families (including beech, oak, maple, and magnolia) had already appeared by the late Cretaceous. It has been proposed that the swift rise of angiosperms to dominance",
"title": "Flowering plant"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "guardian. Also in attendance at the luncheon was Wisconsin Governor Harrison Ludington. Upon his return to Chicago that same day, he attended a reception at Oriental Lodge No. 33, A.F. & A.M. On the morning of January 16, the royal party departed on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, bound for St. Louis, Missouri. General William Tecumseh Sherman, unable to attend the White House state dinner, visited with the king at a stopover in St. Louis on January 18. The reception at the train station included Sherman, various city officials, newspaper reporters, and a police escort. Due to a large crowd",
"title": "Kalākaua's 1874–75 state visit to the United States"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "rights ombudsman, Janusz Kochanowski, said on January 4, 2007, that there was evidence in the secret police archives that Archbishop Wielgus knowingly cooperated with the authorities of the Communist era. Archbishop Wielgus acknowledged that he signed a cooperation statement in 1978, but insisted that he did so only under coercion and disputed the length and characterization of his contact as described in the published reports. He made a public statement on January 4, 2007 indicating that he only provided information concerning his own academic work, and that the reports seriously distorted the truth. However, according to the Polish national newspaper,",
"title": "Clerical collaboration with communist secret services"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the country from west-southwest to east-northeast. Its highest point is the Mount Dzyarzhynskaya, named for Felix Dzerzhinsky, head of Cheka. Northern Belarus has hilly landscape with many lakes and gently sloping ridges created by glacial debris. In the south, about one-third of the republic's territory around the Pripiac River is taken up by the low-lying swampy plain of Palyessye, shared with Ukraine, Poland and Russia. Belarus's 3,000 streams and 4,000 lakes are major features of the landscape and are used for floating timber, shipping, and power generation. Major rivers are the west-flowing Western Dvina and Nyoman rivers, and the south-flowing",
"title": "Geography of Belarus"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "time, the class E 10 was seen as sufficient for express trains. The five prototypes of class E 10.0 were taken out of service between 1975 and 1978. Of these E 10 003 and E 10 005 were preserved as museum locomotives. The first serial units went into service in 1956 and started with number E 10 101 (class E 10.1). As opposed to class E 40 these units were equipped with a rheostatic/regenerative brake, which also accounted for the difference in the roof design between the two classes. Starting in December 1956 a total of 379 locomotives in several",
"title": "DB Class E 10"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "his tenure. His teams won 21 games or more in each of his last 12 seasons, a feat matched during that time by only Duke, Kansas and Gonzaga. In his career, Dambrot took the team to three NCAA Tournaments and five NIT appearances. On March 30, 2017, Dambrot was named the 17th head coach at Duquesne in the school's 101-year history. He signed a 7-year, $7 million contract. The Dukes had finished 10-22 the season before he took over as head coach. Keith Dambrot Keith Brett Dambrot (born October 26, 1958) is an American college basketball coach and the current",
"title": "Keith Dambrot"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "represent different sections of the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway dividing western and eastern North America during the Cretaceous, a broad coastal plain extending westward from the seaway to the newly formed Rocky Mountains. These formations are composed largely of sandstone and mudstone, which have been attributed to floodplain environments. The regions where \"Ankylosaurus\" and other Late Cretaceous ankylosaurs have been found had a warm subtropical/temperate climate, which was monsoonal, had occasional rainfall, tropical storms, and forest fires. In the Hell Creek Formation, many types of plants were supported, primarily angiosperms, with less common conifers, ferns and cycads.",
"title": "Ankylosaurus"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the diversity of the early plant eating, or phytophagous species increased. Most of the recent phytophagous species of Coleoptera feed on flowering plants or angiosperms. The Cretaceous () had much of the same insect fauna as the Jurassic until much later on. During the Cretaceous, the late-Paleozoic-to-early-Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its tectonic breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. Though",
"title": "Evolution of insects"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "ferns to predominantly angiosperms reflects an interesting evolutionary adaptation to the regional polar climate and quite possibly numerous other factors like sea-floor spreading rates, eustatic sea level and high global temperatures. Poleward displacement of the temperate zone during the Cretaceous significantly elevated terrestrial forest primary productivity. At high to mid paleolatitudes, forest productivity was estimated to be twice as much relative to lower paleolatitudes. Terrestrial productivity in the high paleolatitudes is strongly linked to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Results from the experiments on deciduous and evergreen tree growth under various carbon dioxide concentrations show differing impacts. There are four",
"title": "Polar forests of the Cretaceous"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "which started to break up in the early Cretaceous period (14566 million years ago). India was the first to break away, followed by Africa, and then New Zealand, which started to drift north. By the end of the Cretaceous, South America and Australia were still joined to Antarctica. Paleontologist Gilbert Brenner identified the emergence of a distinct southern Gondwanan flora by the late Cretaceous period in the cooler and humid southern hemisphere regions of Australia, southern South America, southern Africa, Antarctica, and New Zealand; it most resembled the flora of modern-day southern New Zealand. A drier northern Gondwanan flora had",
"title": "Antarctic flora"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Devonian the first shrub-sized to tree-sized lycopods appeared in Australia and Antarctica; they dominated the flora until the Early Carboniferous. In the mid- to Late Carboniferous, as Australia drifted from equatorial latitudes to polar latitudes, the lycopods waned and were replaced by seed-ferns, and the \"Nothorhacopteris\"-\"Fedekurtzia\"-\"Botrychiopis\" complex. Most of the modern Australian fauna had its origin in the Cretaceous. From pollen records from the Late Cretaceous it is proposed that the flora of the Cretaceous either evolved within the Austro-Antarctic region or entered Australia from Antarctica. Angiosperms evolved in the northern Gondwana/southern Laurasia during the Early Cretaceous and radiated",
"title": "Natural history of Australia"
}
] | [
"dominated environments"
] | [
"The great angiosperm radiation, when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record, occurred in the mid-Cretaceous (approximately 100 million years ago). However, a study in 2007 estimated that the division of the five most recent (the genus Ceratophyllum, the family Chloranthaceae, the eudicots, the magnoliids, and the monocots) of the eight main groups occurred around 140 million years ago. By the late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by ferns and cycadophytes, but large canopy-forming trees replaced conifers as the dominant trees only close to the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago or even later, at the beginning of the Tertiary. The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later. Yet, many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families (including beech, oak, maple, and magnolia) had already appeared by the late Cretaceous."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2973 | Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"bluesy"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on \"darker\" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal,",
"title": "Hard rock"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "from hard rock's sonic palette. For the first time, heavy metal became a true genre unto itself. Though Judas Priest did not have a top 40 album in the United States until 1980, for many it was the definitive post-Sabbath heavy metal band; its twin-guitar attack, featuring rapid tempos and a non-bluesy, more cleanly metallic sound, was a major influence on later acts. While heavy metal was growing in popularity, most critics were not enamored of the music. Objections were raised to metal's adoption of visual spectacle and other trappings of commercial artifice, but the main offense was its perceived",
"title": "Heavy metal music"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "\"ode to rock's progressive metamorphosis\" and \"the first hard rock domino\" for their future accomplishments: \"Its orchestration delves adventurously through hard rock and heavy metal with bluesy undertones that often cause the chords to weep poignantly as if struck with malice\". The album was described as a \"brilliant if heavy-handed blues-rock offensive\", by popular music scholar Ronald Zalkind. Martin Popoff argued that while the album may not have been the first heavy metal record, it did feature what was more likely to be the first metal song in \"Communication Breakdown\", \"with its no-nonsense machine gun between the numbers riff\". In",
"title": "Led Zeppelin (album)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Single-channel video Single-channel video is video art work using a single electronic source and presented and exhibited from one playback device. Electronic sources can be any format of video tape, DVDs or computer-generated moving images utilizing the applicable playback device (such as a VCR, DVD player or computer) and exhibited using a television monitor, projection or other screen-based device. Historically, video art was limited to unedited video tape footage displayed on a television monitor in a gallery and was contrasted with both broadcast television and film projections in theatres. As technology advanced, the ability to edit and display video art",
"title": "Single-channel video"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of 30, by defeating Constanza Zoilo . She next defeated Cintia Candela Faria. She won her first four fights, before losing to Gloria Castillo. Paloma Fabrykant Paloma Fabrykant (born ) is an Argentine female mixed martial artist and journalist, based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Fabrykant is from Buenos Aires she is the daughter of famous Argentine author Ana María Shua and Photographer Silvio Fabrykant. Whilst attending Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires Paloma Fabrykant began martial arts training at 13 practising judo and aikido, she began her career as a professional writer, publishing her first two books before her teens (Things",
"title": "Paloma Fabrykant"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "months later, leaving Cape Town on the SS \"Dilwara\" which arrived at Southampton in late October. In Dublin, he was a member of the Kildare Street Club. During the First World War Lord Longford commanded the 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade of the 2nd Mounted Division, a yeomanry formation, with the rank of Brigadier-General. The Division was initially based in Egypt but was sent dismounted to Suvla on the Gallipoli peninsula as reinforcements during the Battle of Sari Bair. On 21 August 1915 the Division was in reserve for the final attack on Scimitar Hill. When the initial attack by",
"title": "Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Institute College of Art, American University, and George Washington University. Molly Springfield Molly Springfield (born 1977) is an American artist whose work includes labor-intensive drawings of printed texts and visual explorations of the history of information and mediated representation. She graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. Springfield's art practice is unusual in that it combines meticulous, observational drawing with conceptual and historical investigations. Her drawings and installations are typically based on texts that reveal visionary moments in the history of how people experience, organize, and reproduce information. She is best known for delicate, faithful graphite-on-paper drawings of photocopied books.",
"title": "Molly Springfield"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "run the handful of arcade games Atari had already produced with simple playfields, like \"Tank\" and \"Pong\". In these cases the playfield data was typically laid out in the 2 kB ROM memory in the game cartridge. As each line used 20 bits of data, and there were 192 lines on an NTSC display, a display with a different layout on every line needed only 480 bytes (192 x 20 / 8) of the cartridge's 4 kB to hold a single hard-coded display. In this case the kernel simply advanced 20 bits through ROM for every line as the TIA",
"title": "Television Interface Adaptor"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Brain and Genghis Tron which borrows from electronic music. These groups built on the work of Agoraphobic Nosebleed, Enemy Soil and The Locust, as well as industrial metal. The Berzerker also appropriated the distorted Roland TR-909 kick drums of gabber producers. Many later electrogrind groups were caricatured for their hipster connections. Grunge is a fusion genre of punk rock, and heavy metal with elements of alternative rock, garage rock, noise rock, hardcore punk, hard rock, sludge metal and thrash metal. Grunge typically is characterized by its distorted riffs and angst filled lyric themes such as apathy, social alienation, and freedom.",
"title": "Heavy metal genres"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "taken up by a \"second generation\" of heavy metal bands into the late 1970s. Rainbow helped turn the genre into a form of arena rock; Judas Priest helped spur the genre's evolution by discarding much of its blues influence and Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility and an increasing emphasis on speed. Bands in the new wave of British heavy metal, such as Iron Maiden and Saxon, followed in a similar vein. Unlike progressive rock, heavy metal (already a minority sub-culture) was able to survive the rise of punk and electronic music intact. Despite a lack of airplay and very",
"title": "Music of the United Kingdom (1970s)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "riffing. Pioneering bands in the style are Born of Osiris, Meshuggah, Periphery, Animals As Leaders, TesseracT, and Textures. Space metal blends progressive metal with space rock. Arjen Anthony Lucassen's Star One is the main pioneer of this genre with their album, \"Space Metal\". Progressive metalcore (also called technical metalcore or ambient metalcore) is a fusion of progressive metal and metalcore characterized by highly technical lead guitar, \"atmospheric\" elements, and complex instrumentation. Some notable practitioners take influence from djent. Speed metal originated in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the new wave of British heavy metal, and was the",
"title": "Heavy metal genres"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "folk-rock singer. Vatreni Poljubac Vatreni Poljubac (trans. \"Fiery Kiss\") is a Bosnian and Yugoslav hard rock / heavy metal band, formed in 1977 by composer, lyricist, vocalist and guitarist Milić Vukašinović. The band is widely considered to be regional pioneers of the heavy metal genre and one of the most important rock bands of Sarajevo and former Yugoslavia pop-rock scene. In almost 40 years since its founding, the band has released 9 studio albums, the latest being 2011 reunion release \"Kad svira rock 'n' roll\", two singles and several compilation albums. Vatreni Poljubac were formed in 1977 in Sarajevo by",
"title": "Vatreni Poljubac"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "\"Half\", stating that the former is \"not a very good song\" while the latter \"is the virtual definition of a B-side.\" Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" said that \"\"Superunknown\" actually tries to broaden its audience by breaking heavy-metal genre barriers that Soundgarden used to accept.\" He added that \"Soundgarden ... want[s] something different from standard heavy metal.\" David Browne of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the album an A, saying \"Soundgarden is pumped and primed on \"Superunknown\", and they deliver the goods.\" He praised it as a \"hard-rock milestone—a boiling vat of volcanic power, record-making smarts, and '90s anomie and",
"title": "Chris Cornell"
}
] | [
"bluesy"
] | [
"In the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on \"darker\" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3462 | How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid. A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures",
"title": "Sexual orientation"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid. A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures",
"title": "Sexual orientation"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "by the Bolsheviks. The square around the monument later was also named after Karl Marx. The old sculpture was cast by \"Dvigatel\" Technical Association. The author of the monument was sculptor Vladimir Bibaev. The right hand of Marx was laid over the side of his coat, while the left one rested on a pile of books. On the pedestal there was a memorial plaque with the inscription: \"\"The monument was built by the workers of Nakhichevan district according to the resolution of the 2nd broad working conference issued on November 23, 1924\"\". During the Great Patriotic War, the monument was",
"title": "Karl Marx Monument (Rostov-on-Don)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2010–11 The West Indies cricket team is touring Sri Lanka from 10 November to 21 December 2010. The tour consists of one three One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Tests. A three-day tour match between West Indies and Sri Lanka Cricket president's XI was also played at the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground from 10–12 November. When the 3rd match of the Test series was played at Pallekele in Kandy, Pallekele International Cricket Stadium became the 104th Test venue in the world. The stadium is also Sri Lanka's eight. A five-match ODI series",
"title": "West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2010–11"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the executive committee of the Volunteer Aid Association, which did effectual work. In the year 1900, she was Vice-President at large of the Woman's Council. In 1900, Dyer organized the National Society of United States Daughters of 1812, State of Maine, of which she served as President. She also was Vice-President of the National Society. In December, 1870, she married Charles A. Dyer, then a successful merchant of Portland, Maine, who later engaged in gold-mining in California. He was the son of James and Lucy W. (Cushing) Dyer. Mr. Dyer's paternal grandfather, Paul Dyer, of Cape Elizabeth, was a soldier",
"title": "Clara L. Brown Dyer"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Ridley for “wackily throw[ing] in a monster, a clairvoyant and UFOs – the supernatural further debilitating credibility.” Kate Bassett's review for \"The Independent\" stated that the script was “like several hamfisted plays jammed into one” and that the dialogue was “unconvincing.” \"The Independent\"'s Paul Taylor, felt that some reviewers had misunderstood Ridley due to his supposed reputation of producing “provocative” work: “It is not Ridley who is desensitised; it is his attackers in their fixed and laminated indignation. They fail to take on board the generosity of spirit that impels his plays.” Michael Coveney felt that some critics had missed",
"title": "Shivered (play)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "committee). He also acts as a mentor for the Loran Scholars program. Gordon McBean Gordon McBean, , is a Canadian climatologist who serves as chairman of the board of trustees of the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences. He is a professor at the University of Western Ontario and Chair for Policy in the Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction. Previously he was the Assistant Deputy Minister of Meteorological Service of Canada. In 1995, McBean gave a speech to the World Meteorological Organization on global warming. In 2006, McBean, with Andrew Weaver and Ken Denman, authored an open letter, signed",
"title": "Gordon McBean"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "most mobile devices. Therefore, it is crucial that services and applications reflect this limitation by reducing information complexity to fit the parameters of the mobile device, without losing any substantial content. People who work in information systems are interested in investigating how people interact with information and technologies in an organisational, managerial, and business context. In an organisational context, information system professionals and researchers are interested in looking at ways in which mobile technologies and mobile applications can be used to make an organisation more effective in conducting its business on a day-to-day business. Mobile interaction design is part of",
"title": "Mobile interaction"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of security on the Internet and intranets, they proceeded to describe how they were able to gather enough information about their targets to have been able to compromise security if they had chosen to do so. They provided several specific examples of how this information could be gathered and exploited to gain control of the target, and how such an attack could be prevented. They gathered up all the tools they had used during their work, packaged them in a single, easy-to-use application, and gave it away to anyone who chose to download it. Their program, called Security Administrator Tool",
"title": "White hat (computer security)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "methods of antisepsis and asepsis when he realised that infection could be better avoided by preventing bacteria from getting into wounds in the first place. This led to the rise of sterile surgery. Lister introduced the Steam Steriliser to sterilize equipment, instituted rigorous hand washing and later implemented the wearing of rubber gloves. These three crucial advances – the adoption of a scientific methodology toward surgical operations, the use of anaesthetic and the introduction of sterilised equipment – laid the groundwork for the modern invasive surgical techniques of today. The use of X-rays as an important medical diagnostic tool began",
"title": "Surgery"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "programs together as the Board reorganized its internal structure amid drastic budget cuts from Indiana University. From 1995 to 2001, The Kinsey Institute operated a clinic for sexual health and menstrual problems under the directorship of John Bancroft. Research focus was placed upon the psychology of sexual behavior, hormonal effects on sex, and sexuality and well-being. Bancroft and Erick Janssen developed the Dual-control model of sexual arousal, a theory of sexual arousal involving inhibitory and excitation processes. In 1999, the website Kinsey Confidential (originally called Kinsey Institute Sexuality Information Service for Students) was started to provide research-based information regarding sexuality",
"title": "Kinsey Institute"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "release. However, the press release was criticized because it contained information that was not present in the report, included information that conflicted with the report, and minimized the Army Corps' involvement in the catastrophe. The press release stated, “Even without breaching, Hurricane Katrina’s rainfall and surge overtopping would have caused extensive and severe flooding—and the worst loss of life and property loss ever experienced in New Orleans.” Meanwhile, the ERP report stated that had levees and pump stations not failed, “far less property loss would have occurred and nearly two-thirds of deaths could have been avoided.” On 9 July 2007,",
"title": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies"
}
] | [
"to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information"
] | [
"Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4471 | Who did Brigham Young hope to educate via BYU? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"children of the Latter-day Saints"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country.\" Brigham Young Academy classes commenced on January 3, 1876. Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maeser's direction, the school educated many luminaries including future U.S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland and future U.S. Senator Reed Smoot. The school, however, did not become a",
"title": "Brigham Young University"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Harman worked as a Methodist circuit rider and teacher. Harman married Susan Scheuck in 1866. Although they had several children, only two survived and Susan died in childbirth in 1877. Harman left the ministry and began his involvement with eugenics and social reform following Susan's death. In 1881, Harman edited the \"Kansas Liberal\" newspaper in Valley Falls, Kansas. Harman has been credited as one of the founders of what became the eugenics movement. \"He gave the spur and start to this effort. Through his journals, \"Lucifer, the Light Bearer\", later renamed \"The Eugenic Magazine\", encouraged by a small circle of",
"title": "Moses Harman"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "public with her assertion that older women, who outlive men by an average of 8 years, could develop sexual relationships with younger men or each other. She also took a stance on Social Security, arguing that politicians had created an intergenerational war over federal funds in order to divert public attention from the real budgetary issues: overspending on the military and extravagant tax breaks for the rich. Kuhn criticized housing schemes for the elderly, calling them \"glorified playpens\". While acknowledging that they helped to keep seniors safe, she contended that they also segregated the elderly from mainstream society. During her",
"title": "Maggie Kuhn"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "battalions and embraced the policy of amalgamation, with French as a common tongue. It 1836, Bernelle organized an artillery battery and three squadrons of Polish Lancers. On 24 May 1836, Bernelle and his men, \" attacked Carlists threatening the garrison at Zubiri, northeast of Pamplona near . Fighting in heavy snow the Carlists were driven off with over 100 casualties, and 30 prisoners executed as a reprisal...\" On 26 April, they defeated another Carlist force at the Battle of Terapegui, and again at 2nd Zubiri. Despite his successes, Bernelle was withdrawn 'due to complains about the neglect of his men.",
"title": "Joseph Bernelle"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "She also leaves a note telling her family where she had gone, and tells them to send her cousin Anne to the place if she was willing to come. When Anne comes to Kirrin Cottage and asks for George, Aunt Fanny tells her about Timmy wearing the collar and George being annoyed. So she leaves for the common. She goes there, only to find nobody. Then suddenly George signals to her. They both discuss about the camp. Anne asks her where the camp is, and George says that she planned it near a cold spring and an old cottage. Next,",
"title": "Five on a Secret Trail"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "X-1, and Chilstrom would fly the performance, stability and control tests in the new XP-86. During his tour at Edwards AFB, Ascani flew a wide variety of research aircraft including the X-1, X-4, X-5, and the XF-92A. A highlight of his flying career occurred in 1951 when he flew an F-86E at the National Air Show in Detroit, Michigan, and established a new 100-kilometer closed course speed record of 635 mph. In September 1951, Colonel Ascani was named vice commander of the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards AFB. In 1953, Ascani left flight test for a time. He",
"title": "Fred Ascani"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "this style, including , \"BYU Studies Quarterly\", and \"Exponent II\". Some general authorities in the church did not like the New Mormon history style, and Arrington and his remaining staff were transferred to Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1982, where they worked in the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History. The institute continued to support scholarship in Mormon history until 2005, when the institute closed and employees transferred to the LDS Church Office Building. In the late 1980s and 1990s, several other incidents made BYU faculty reluctant to voice unorthodox ideas about church history. Around 1990, BYU professors were",
"title": "Mormon studies"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "L. John Nuttall (educator) Leonard John Nuttall (July 6, 1887 – April 18, 1944) was acting president of Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1926 and 1927 while President Franklin S. Harris was on a world tour. He also served as superintendent of multiple school districts in Utah. Nuttall was the grandson of L. John Nuttall, who was private secretary to Brigham Young, John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff as well as being closely connected with BYU during the early days when it was called Brigham Young Academy. The younger L. John was born in 1887 the son of L. John Nuttall,",
"title": "L. John Nuttall (educator)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "all sports, including softball, in 2012. The new member was Brigham Young University (BYU). In 2011, BYU left its former all-sports league, the Mountain West Conference (which sponsors softball) for the WCC (which at the time did not sponsor the sport). After playing the 2012 season in the WAC, BYU moved its softball program to the PCSC. BYU entered the PCSC with eight straight NCAA Tournament appearances under their belts. They also won four straight conference titles (MW 2008-2011, WAC 2012). Further developments in conference realignment led to the demise of the PCSC after the 2013 season. The University of",
"title": "Pacific Coast Softball Conference"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with the BYUtv feed. 2015 BYU Cougars men's volleyball team The 2015 BYU Cougars men's volleyball team represented Brigham Young University in the 2015 NCAA Division I men's volleyball season. The Cougars, led by fourth year head coach Chris McGown, played their home games at Smith Fieldhouse. The Cougars were members of the MPSF and were picked to finish sixth in the preseason poll. The Cougars finished the season 14–8 in conference play, good for fifth in the conference. They were eliminated in the first round of the MPSF Playoffs and did not make the NCAA Tournament. BYU Radio will",
"title": "2015 BYU Cougars men's volleyball team"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Piano Guys. In 2013, the Lyceum Philharmonic played in the Days of '47 annual concert. The group also played in the Muzart Foundation concert \"We are Hope\" in November 2013. The orchestra has played with renowned guest artists such as: Jenny Oaks Baker, The Five Browns, Paul Cardall, Alex Boye, David Archuleta, Peter Breinholt, Mark Wood, and Jackie Evancho, among others. Kayson Brown completed a master's degree in orchestral conducting from Brigham Young University (BYU). He has directed over 25 orchestras including the Omaha Symphony, Round Rock Symphony, all five orchestras at Brigham Young University, The University of Utah Philharmonia,",
"title": "American Heritage Lyceum Philharmonic"
}
] | [
"children of the Latter-day Saints"
] | [
"Brigham Young University's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall, which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. On October 16, 1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah in 1867. Hence, October 16, 1875 is commonly held as BYU's founding date. Said Young about his vision: \"I hope to see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country.\""
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3388 | Whose incomes did public concerts help support? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"performers' and composers'"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "reports indicate that a pair of figures was often placed under a village rain shelter to represent its founders. This evocation of a primeval couple has widespread resonance in African culture. Rare figures with exaggerated genitalia are probably linked to a magico-religious fertility appeal. Alternatively, they may have constituted a more general role, evoking or celebrating the fertility of the village/land, its founders or the forest from which the people made their living. The men of the Bete tribe travel outside of the village to find marriage partners. Choosing a partner within the tribe is not allowed because of the",
"title": "Bété people"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Soccer is currently one of the most played sports at the school. In recent years, Melbourne Grammar School has produced A-League footballers including Stefan Nigro (Melbourne Victory) who received Man of The Match on debut against Brisbane Roar and Yaren Sozer (Melbourne City FC) who played against EPL giants Manchester City. Furthermore, as of 2016, Old Melburnians have signed for overseas clubs in Spain. Salvatore Sitch won the \"MVP\" award for the First XI in 2015. Melbourne Grammar is an emerging force in the Victorian APS basketball competition, finishing third in 2012 and 2014. Recent noteworthy players include Dane Pineau",
"title": "Melbourne Grammar School"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "leaf pool was decreased, while lipid peroxidation and solute leakage were significantly higher than in ozone-free controls. The data indicated that ozone triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in citrus.\" Because of the strongly oxidizing properties of ozone, ozone is a primary irritant, affecting especially the eyes and respiratory systems and can be hazardous at even low concentrations. The Canadian Centre for Occupation Safety and Health reports that: \"Even very low concentrations of ozone can be harmful to the upper respiratory tract and the lungs. The severity of injury depends on both by the concentration of ozone and the duration",
"title": "Ozone"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "city rose up first, but expressing his opinion that Moscow may well rise up first. The Bolshevik Central Committee drafted a resolution, calling for the dissolution of the Provisional Government in favor of the Petrograd Soviet. The resolution was passed 10–2 (Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev prominently dissenting) promoting the October Revolution. The October Revolution was led by Vladimir Lenin and was based upon Lenin's writing on the ideas of Karl Marx, a political ideology often known as Marxism–Leninism. It marked the beginning of the spread of communism in the 20th century. It was far less sporadic than the revolution",
"title": "Russian Revolution"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "an actress since the age of eleven when she played a dwarf in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937). Like her husband she appeared in a number of television programmes, including \"Emergency Ward 10\" (1957), \"Hancock's Half Hour\" (1961), \"Dixon of Dock Green\" (1966) and \"Juliet Bravo\" (1981). Their youngest daughter Kate Dorning appeared in \"Rumpole of the Bailey\" (1979) \"The Professionals\" (1980) and \"Alice in Wonderland\" (1986). Family members would sometimes appear together within the same programme. In 1979 Kate, Stacy and their mother Honor all appeared within an episode of the television drama \"Dick Turpin\". Kate Dorning's",
"title": "Robert Dorning"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of Ancient Music in 1776 and returned there frequently through 1790. Abrams also appeared in various concert series organized by John Ashley, Venanzio Rauzzini, and Johann Peter Salomon and often performed in concerts and recitals with her sister Theodosia. The \"Public Advertiser\", while praising Harriett's work as a soloist, commented in 1783 that the \"Forte of the Sisters … lives manifestly in Duettos\". During the 1790s Harriet's public performances became infrequent and she mostly appeared in private concerts with both her sisters. She did, however, give annual benefit concerts open to the public in 1792, 1794 and 1795 which were",
"title": "Harriett Abrams"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of government and bureaucracy in which had been plagued by corruption and the narrow self interests of others. Moving toward a more ethical public service, then, required attention to the underlying values that support public service-and public servants-in any sector. The new public management(npm) did not offer public servants an alternative model to help them resolve emerging conflicts and tensions. Concepts of citizenship, democracy or public interest have evolved over time and they are continuing to evolve. Consequently, the role of government and the role of the public service are being transformed in ways that push beyond the constraints of",
"title": "New Public Administration"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "de Miraval, Pons de Capdoill, Guilhem Ademar, Cadenet, Peirol, Raimbaut de Vacqueiras, and many more. Some of this group were poor knights whose incomes were insufficient to support their rank, and took up poetry not merely for their own pleasure, but for the sake of the gifts to be obtained from the rich whose courts they frequented. A very different position was occupied by such wealthy and powerful people as William of Poitiers, Raimbaut d'Aurenga, the viscount of Saint Antonin, Guillem de Berguedà and Blacatz. The profession was entirely dependent on the existence and prosperity of the feudal courts. The",
"title": "Occitan literature"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "clean water, effective sanitation, medical support and disease prevention. Oxfam Canada’s emergency programs also support gender-based community development and the creation of livelihoods and incomes through training and support in for those affected by disaster. Domestically, Oxfam Canada’s activities involve fundraising, lobbying and public outreach. The organization attempts to influence the Canadian government, national and international organizations, and the public to prioritize social and humanitarian issues around the world. Oxfam Canada’s development programs emphasize the capability of people and communities to create change in their own societies. The organization’s work attempts to build the capacity for self-directed change, governed and",
"title": "Oxfam Canada"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "distribution, when used to model the distribution of incomes, says that the proportion of the population whose income exceeds any positive number \"x\" > \"x\" is where \"x\" is a positive number, the minimum of the support of this probability distribution (the subscript m stands for \"minimum\"). The Pareto index is the parameter α. Since a proportion must be between 0 and 1, inclusive, the index α must be positive, but in order for the total income of the whole population to be finite, α must also be greater than 1. The larger the Pareto index, the smaller the proportion",
"title": "Pareto index"
}
] | [
"performers' and composers'"
] | [
"As musicians depended more and more on public support, public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers' and composers' incomes. The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience. Handel, for example, epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London. He gained considerable fame there with performances of his operas and oratorios. The music of Haydn and Mozart, with their Viennese Classical styles, are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7388 | The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Liu"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings. By 157 BC, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned. After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies. Kings",
"title": "Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings. By 157 BC, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned. After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies. Kings",
"title": "Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "This injunction was violated by his widow, Empress Dowager Lü, who established several kingdoms with her own relatives as kings. They were destroyed after her death. The last king of the Western Han was Wu Zhu, King Jing of Changsha, who died without an heir in 157 BC. After that, there were no kings outside the royal clan until the end of the Han dynasty, when Cao Cao styled himself King of Wei in AD 216. The \"kings of the same surname\" (, \"tóngxìng wáng\") were members of the House of Liu, sons, brothers, or descendants of the Han emperors.",
"title": "Kings of the Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "to maintain their titles and lands. A few other kingdoms were also formed by Liu Bang for generals and favorites. Although nominally under the rule of the Han, these kings were \"de facto\" independent and held considerable power within their territories, which could span several prefectures. As these kingdoms proved unruly, Liu Bang gradually subdued them through conspiracies, wars, and political maneuvering. Many were thus deposed and their kingdoms annexed by Han. As he was dying, the emperor ordered his ministers to swear an oath that only members of the royal house of Liu would be created as kings thenceforth.",
"title": "Kings of the Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "emperor, the empress's position at court was not secure and she could be removed by the emperor. However, the empress did enjoy the submission of concubines as her subordinates, who advocated the elevation of their sons over the empress's at their own peril. In the early Western Han, imperial relatives and some military officers who had served Emperor Gaozu were made kings who ruled over large semi-autonomous fiefs, but once the non-related kings had died off, an imperial edict outlawed all non-Liu family members from becoming kings. The emperor's brothers, paternal cousins, brother's sons, and emperor's sons—excluding the heir apparent—were",
"title": "Society and culture of the Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Han, spread by missionaries from Parthia and the Kushan Empire of northern India and Central Asia. From its beginning, the Han imperial court was threatened by plots of treason and revolt from its subordinate kingdoms, the latter eventually ruled only by royal Liu family members. Initially, the eastern half of the empire was indirectly administered through large semi-autonomous kingdoms which pledged loyalty and a portion of their tax revenues to the Han emperors, who ruled directly over the western half of the empire from Chang'an. Gradual measures were introduced by the imperial court to reduce the size and power",
"title": "History of the Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "with support from the kings who surrendered to him. In the eighth month, Chu's capital, Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu), fell to a coalition force led by Liu Bang. When Xiang Yu received news that Liu Bang had occupied Pengcheng, he led 30,000 troops to retake Pengcheng. Liu Bang was caught off guard and his army suffered heavy casualties and his family members were captured by Chu forces. After the battle, Han lost its territorial gains in Chu and the support of its allies. After their defeat at Pengcheng, the strength of the Han forces decreased drastically. Liu Bang's family",
"title": "Chu–Han Contention"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "royal family of Northern Wei started to arrange for Han Chinese elites to marry daughters of the royal family in the 480s. Some Han Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei were married to Han Chinese elites, the Han Chinese Liu Song royal Liu Hui 刘辉, married Princess Lanling 蘭陵公主 of the Northern Wei, Princess Huayang 華陽公主 to Sima Fei 司馬朏, a descendant of Jin dynasty (265–420) royalty, Princess Jinan 濟南公主 to Lu Daoqian 盧道虔, Princess Nanyang 南阳长公主 to Xiao Baoyin 萧宝夤, a member of",
"title": "Heqin"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "as Prince of Baling. However Emperor He was killed. When the Liang dynasty Emperor Jing of Liang was overthrown by the Chen dynasty Emperor Wu of Chen, Emperor Wu enfeoffed Emperor Jing as Prince of Jiangyin. However Emperor Jing was killed. The Xianbei Tuoba royal family of Northern Wei started to arrange for Han Chinese elites to marry daughters of the royal family in the 480s. Some Han Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei were married to Han Chinese elites, the Han Chinese Liu",
"title": "Chinese nobility"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the realm and became extinct. The Crown Prince could be dismissed and this did indeed happen several times in the Han dynasty. Kings of the Han dynasty After Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and proclaimed himself emperor of the Han dynasty, he followed the practice of Xiang Yu and enfeoffed many generals, noblemen, and imperial relatives as kings (), the same title borne by the sovereigns of the Shang and Zhou dynasties and by the rulers of the Warring States. Each king had his own semi-autonomous kingdom. This was a departure from the policy of the Qin dynasty, which divided",
"title": "Kings of the Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "would set a precedent for the rest of the dynasty which he founded, and which managed to keep much of the political power in the hands of the Liu family: often this was implemented by allowing Liu family princes a great deal of autonomy in their local areas, thus encouraging the development of subsidiary royal courts, besides the main imperial court; and, in some cases, this encouraged princely patronage of literature and the arts, with some greater diversity and cross-fertilization of artistic genres and styles. Other important features of the Han era include the location of the capital in Chang'an",
"title": "Han poetry"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Wen of Wei. This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han. In the hierarchical social order, the emperor was at the apex of Han society and government. However the emperor was often a minor, ruled over by a regent such as the empress dowager or one of her male relatives. Ranked immediately below the emperor were the kings who were of the same Liu family clan. The rest of society, including nobles lower than kings and all commoners excluding slaves belonged to one of twenty ranks",
"title": "Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "classes. The Northern Wei started to arrange for Han Chinese elites to marry daughters of the Xianbei Tuoba royal family in the 480s. Some Han Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen were married to Han Chinese elites, the Han Chinese Liu Song royal Liu Hui 刘辉, married Princess Lanling 蘭陵公主 of the Northern Wei, Princess Huayang 華陽公主 to Sima Fei 司馬朏, a descendant of Jin dynasty (265–420) royalty, Princess Jinan 濟南公主 to Lu Daoqian 盧道虔, Princess Nanyang 南阳长公主 to Xiao Baoyin 萧宝夤, a member of Southern Qi",
"title": "Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "temples. Also from 460 onwards the emperor's started erecting huge statues of the Buddha carved near their capital Pingcheng which declared the emperors as the representatives of the Buddha and the legitimate rulers of China. The Northern Wei started to arrange for Han Chinese elites to marry daughters of the Xianbei Tuoba royal family in the 480s. Some Han Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei were married to Han Chinese elites, the Liu Song royal Liu Hui (刘辉), married Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主) of the",
"title": "Northern Wei"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Chu–Han Contention The Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC) was an interregnum between the Qin dynasty and the Han dynasty in Chinese history. Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty in 206 BC, Xiang Yu split the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. Two major contending powers emerged, Western Chu and Han, which engaged in a struggle for supremacy over China. Western Chu was led by Xiang Yu, while the Han leader was Liu Bang. Several minor kings also warred, but these were largely independent of the main conflict between Western Chu and Han. The war ended in 202 BC with",
"title": "Chu–Han Contention"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "phylogenies on 17 Drosophila Pseudo-obscura strains from the accumulation of chromosomal inversions observed from the hybridization of polyten chromosomes. Ernest Baldwin worked extensively on comparative biochemistry beginning in the 1930s, and Marcel Florkin pioneered techniques for constructing phylogenies based on molecular and biochemical characters in the 1940s. However, it was not until the 1950s that biologists developed techniques for producing biochemical data for the quantitative study of molecular evolution. The first molecular systematics research was based on immunological assays and protein \"fingerprinting\" methods. Alan Boyden—building on immunological methods of George Nuttall—developed new techniques beginning in 1954, and in the early",
"title": "History of molecular evolution"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "paid by new members joining the guild, from fines on those violating the code of conduct established by the guild, and levies on tools used for that art. The guilds also performed charity and gifted collective works of art by their members to temples and other social works. During festivals and social celebrations, each guild would contribute their own performance and pavilions with flags and emblems. Creative work and artists were granted the sanctions of a sacrament in ancient Indian culture, states Stella Kramrisch. An artist expresses the spiritual and holiness in his or her art. This belief continues to",
"title": "Shilpa Shastras"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "von Humboldt. Brown made large collections illustrative of Arctic adventure. His wife predeceased him, and he died in 1861, leaving three sons and two daughters. Attribution John Brown (geographer) John Brown (2 August 1797 – 7 February 1861) was a geographer, and was particularly interested in Franklin's lost expedition. Brown was born in Dover in 1797, and served for some time as a midshipman in the East India Company's service. In March 1819 he was forced to leave the sea because of poor eyesight. He went on to become a diamond merchant and made a fortune. He took a keen",
"title": "John Brown (geographer)"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "iconic scene in which the shotgunned head of the chrome terminator splits open and reseals. An unexpected post-production job of \"Gladiator\" was caused by the death of Oliver Reed of a heart attack during the filming in Malta, before all his scenes had been shot. British post-production company The Mill created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving his character Proximo by photographing a live action body-double in the shadows and by mapping a 3D CGI mask of Reed's face to the remaining scenes during production at an estimated cost of $3.2 million for two minutes of additional",
"title": "John Nelson (visual effects artist)"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Xyridaceae The Xyridaceae are a family of flowering plants. The botanical name has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the yellow-eyed grass family. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots. This treatment in APG II represents a slight change from the APG system of 1998, which had recognized the family Abolbodaceae for some of the plants included here; that family was unplaced as to order, but was assigned to this same clade (although",
"title": "Xyridaceae"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Friedrich Wilhelm Weidemann Friedrich Wilhelm Weidemann or Wiedemann (1668, Osterburg - 25 December 1750, Berlin) was a German painter. From 1702 he worked as court painter to Frederick William I, prince and later king of Prussia. He also produced portraits of several other members of the Prussian royal family Born in what is now Sachsen-Anhalt but what was then the Mark Brandenburg, Weidemann learned painting under the Dutch painter and architect Rutger van Langevelt, who had been working at Frederick William's court since 1678. He later also studied under Samuel Theodor Gericke and Langevelt's son Wilhelm van Langevelt. He completed",
"title": "Friedrich Wilhelm Weidemann"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "at the Swedish royal court when she lived in Sweden, and a separate Chief Court Mistress as Queen of Norway at the Norwegian royal court, who served in her post during the visits of the Swedish-Norwegian royal family to Norway. Presently, the \"overhoffmesterinne\" in Norway acts as a vice hostess at the Norwegian royal court when the queen and the other female members of the royal family are absent. In 1722, the Russian Imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of Peter the Great to Westernize Russia, and the old court offices of the Tsarina was replaced with",
"title": "Chief Court Mistress"
},
{
"idx": 22,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of Wusun\" while his brother, the son by a Han princess, was named \"Great King of Wusun\". Wusun was divided between the two kings and tensions in that region were eased. Feng Liao Feng Liao (馮繚) was China's first official female diplomat, who represented the Han Dynasty to Wusun (烏孫), which was in the Western Regions. It was a practice for the Imperial Court to foster alliances with the northern tribes via marriage, and two Han princesses had married Wusun kings. Feng Liao was the maidservant of Princess Jieyou (解憂公主), who was married off to a Wusun king. Feng herself",
"title": "Feng Liao"
},
{
"idx": 23,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a Confucian morality guidebook for women, describing appropriate behavior for a woman in accordance with Confucian ideals; with the exception of a few poems, this is the first known book written by a woman in Korea. Queen Insu Queen Sohye (7 October 1437 - 11 May 1504) (소혜왕후 한씨) was the only wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong of Joseon. She was a member of the Chongju Han family, a powerful \"yangban\" family with a long tradition of providing male family members to the royal administration offices and women members to the posts of royal consorts. She was given a high",
"title": "Queen Insu"
},
{
"idx": 24,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "as \"Prince Who Pacifies the West\" or \"King Who Pacifies the West\") with a fief in Yunnan by the Qing imperial court. It had been extremely rare for someone outside of the imperial clan, especially a non-Manchu, to be granted the title of \"Wang\". Those who were not members of the imperial clan and awarded the title were called \"Yixing Wang\" ( literally meaning \"kings with other family names\") or known as \"vassal kings\". It was believed that these vassal kings usually came to a bad end, largely because they were not trusted by emperors as members of the clan.",
"title": "Wu Sangui"
}
] | [
"Liu"
] | [
"At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings. By 157 BC, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned. After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies. Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff; this duty was assumed by the imperial court. Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes. The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2833 | Who was the first elected president of the Barcelona club? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Josep Lluís Núñez"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Santiago Bernabéu en route. He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona. In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president. The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "club win the 1973–74 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Santiago Bernabéu along the way. He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona. In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president.",
"title": "History of FC Barcelona"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Santiago Bernabéu en route. He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona. In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president. The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "change. For the supporters, FC Barcelona became synonymous with Catalonia, a feeling incorporated in the club's \"Més que un club\" motto (). The socio-political impulse \"Visca el Barça\" (Long live Barça), gradually evolved into \"Visca el Barça i visca Catalunya\" (Long live Barça and Catalonia) and was the same as a protest-song against the central government in Madrid. In 1975, the death of Franco marked the beginning of Spain's transition into a democracy and four years later, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona. Since then, the members of Barcelona, called \"socios\", have elected a club",
"title": "Supporters of FC Barcelona"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of fraud. Josep Lluís Núñez José Luis Núñez Clemente (Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain, 7 September 1931 – Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 3 December 2018), often known by the Catalanized form of his name used by the Catalan press, Josep Lluís Núñez i Clemente, was president of FC Barcelona between 1978 and 2000. He was elected club president, despite having no previous connection with the club. His main objectives were to establish Barça as a world class sports club and to give the club financial stability. Núñez and his wife, Maria Lluïsa Navarro, once owned the \"Núñez i Navarro\" construction company and",
"title": "Josep Lluís Núñez"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Josep Lluís Núñez José Luis Núñez Clemente (Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain, 7 September 1931 – Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 3 December 2018), often known by the Catalanized form of his name used by the Catalan press, Josep Lluís Núñez i Clemente, was president of FC Barcelona between 1978 and 2000. He was elected club president, despite having no previous connection with the club. His main objectives were to establish Barça as a world class sports club and to give the club financial stability. Núñez and his wife, Maria Lluïsa Navarro, once owned the \"Núñez i Navarro\" construction company and the \"Núñez",
"title": "Josep Lluís Núñez"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of the modernization of the Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Navigation in 1966. He was manager of the FC Barcelona from 1969 to 1977 under the presidency of Agustí Montal i Costa, and interim president of the club from 18 December 1977 to 1 July 1978 when the club's first democratic elections after Francisco Franco were held. Josep Lluís Núñez was elected. Also, he was a member of Unió Democrática de Catalunya (UDC) (though he never occupied a prominent position) and was a director and past president of Banca Catalana. He was also president of the Foundation Enciclopèdia Catalan from",
"title": "Raimon Carrasco"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "time it was formed by former Barca players gathered to play friendly tournaments and charity matches. Finally, the implementation of futsal in Catalonia led the bank president Josep Lluís Núñez to officially establish a team. The first stage of FC Barcelona futsal was playing in regional tournaments in Catalonia, where they made a good progression and won the regional title in 1980 . Although the club became champions in the first two seasons in that division, the Board agreed to dissolve the club in 1982/83. The club did not regain official futsal status until 1986, when they began to take",
"title": "FC Barcelona Futsal"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Africa's best state schools, and reinvented himself, he says, \"in the guise of a clever schoolboy\". Thereafter he went to Stellenbosch University, studying Latin and classics. Here he stayed at Wilgenhof Mens Residence. After this he attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. There he switched to law and earned a BA in Jurisprudence and the Bachelor of Civil Law, winning the Vinerian Scholarship. When he returned to South Africa he completed an LLB at the University of South Africa and was its best law graduate. Cameron's early career combined academia and legal practice. In 1982, while working as a",
"title": "Edwin Cameron"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "uses a static random access memory battery, allowing the player to save their progress. The game was designed with battery saving in mind from the beginning of production, as keeping track of all the data would prove extremely cumbersome with a password system. In the United States, \"The Huge Adventure\" sold 750,000 copies and earned $19 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 26th highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in that country. \"The Huge Adventure\" received generally favorable reviews from critics. Louis Bedigian",
"title": "Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "products, salt-resistant bacteria and sediment particles. The calcium and magnesium salts confer a faintly bitter overtone, and they make unrefined sea salt hygroscopic (i.e., it gradually absorbs moisture from air if stored uncovered). Algal products contribute a mildly \"fishy\" or \"sea-air\" odour, the latter from organobromine compounds. Sediments, the proportion of which varies with the source, give the salt a dull grey appearance. Since taste and aroma compounds are often detectable by humans in minute concentrations, sea salt may have a more complex flavor than pure sodium chloride when sprinkled on top of food. When salt is added during cooking",
"title": "Salt"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to the mat. Taylor began to take control of the match again, but Bigelow kicked him in the back of the head and then performed a headbutt from the top rope. Bigelow was unable to pin Taylor, however. Taylor climbed to the second rope, jumped off, and used his forearm to hit Bigelow. He then covered Bigelow to win the match. Shortly after WrestleMania, Diesel offered Shawn Michaels a rematch. Michaels blamed Sid for the loss and informed him that he would not be needed during the match. Sid got angry and attacked Michaels until Diesel saved him. Diesel and",
"title": "WrestleMania XI"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Frederick W. Stavely Frederick W. Stavely (1894-1976) was a researcher at the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company who in 1953, while investigating the reaction of butyl lithium on butadiene discovered that polymerization of isoprene with metallic lithium produced polyisoprene (dubbed \"coral rubber\" because of its appearance) with a high \"cis\" content. High \"cis\" content is associated with enhanced strain crystallization, important during World War II because other synthetics did not exhibit the crystallization effect. In 1950, Stavely served as chairman of the American Chemical Society Rubber Division. In 1972, Stavely received the Charles Goodyear Medal in recognition of this discovery.",
"title": "Frederick W. Stavely"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The process of electing a president of Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship. The new president's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch. His presidency was to last for 22 years, and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting go of such world-class players as Diego Maradona, Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands. On 16 May 1979, the club won its first",
"title": "History of FC Barcelona"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Arthur Witty Arthur Witty Cotton, also known as Don Arturo, was a footballer, club president and businessman. Witty played for FC Barcelona in the first Copa del Rey final and later served as club president between 1903 and 1905. He was also a successful trader and his family company, the Witty Group, continues to operate today. He is the older brother of Ernest Witty. Witty was the son of Frederick Witty, a British entrepreneur, who settled in Barcelona. Frederick, who belonged to a Yorkshire family, initially intended to emigrate to Argentina but was persuaded to go to Spain by friends.",
"title": "Arthur Witty"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble. In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 Club World Cup. Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Supercopa de España for a ninth time. After Laporta's departure from the club in June 2010, Sandro Rosell was soon elected as the new president. The elections were held on 13 June, where he got",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the cards of Honor, and pushed other initiatives. Paul Haas Paul Haas (born in 1873 in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland) was the third president of FC Barcelona, and the first who had not participated in the founding of the institution or been a Barça player. Haas, who was of German descent, took office on 5 September 1902, replacing Bartomeu Terradas. He led the club until 17 September 1903, when he was succeeded by Arthur Witty. His term as president was a transitional period marked by economic difficulties caused by club maintenance costs and disagreements with the Spanish Gymnastics Federation. The Federation sought",
"title": "Paul Haas"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Barcelona from extinction, finding the club struggling not just on the pitch, but also financially and socially, after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. He said in a meeting, \"Barcelona cannot die and must not die. If there is nobody who is going to try, then I will assume the responsibility of running the club from now on.\" Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm. One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income.",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
}
] | [
"Josep Lluís Núñez"
] | [
"In 1978, Josep Lluís Núñez became the first elected president of FC Barcelona, and, since then, the members of Barcelona have elected the club president. The process of electing a president of FC Barcelona was closely tied to Spain's transition to democracy in 1974 and the end of Franco's dictatorship. The new president's main objective was to develop Barcelona into a world-class club by giving it stability both on and off the pitch. His presidency was to last for 22 years, and it deeply affected the image of Barcelona, as Núñez held to a strict policy regarding wages and discipline, letting go of such players as Maradona, Romário and Ronaldo rather than meeting their demands."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_8141 | What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"the original text"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Frog\"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's \"Jumping Frog\" story. When a document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel \"The Saragossa Manuscript\" by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from",
"title": "Translation"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Frog\"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's \"Jumping Frog\" story. When a document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel \"The Saragossa Manuscript\" by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from",
"title": "Translation"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "functional equivalence. On the contrary, they represent a spectrum of translation approaches. Each is used at various times and in various contexts by the same translator, and at various points within the same text – sometimes simultaneously. Competent translation entails the judicious blending of formal and functional equivalents. Common pitfalls in translation, especially when practiced by inexperienced translators, involve false equivalents such as \"false friends\" and false cognates. A \"back-translation\" is a translation of a translated text back into the language of the original text, made without reference to the original text. Comparison of a back-translation with the original text",
"title": "Translation"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "that have emerged in the urban environment since the early 20th century. Among those, the most significant include variants of baseball, basketball, cricket, football, fuzzball, hockey and frizbee, which are practiced on a daily basis in every town and city on every continent in the world. Historical evidence suggests that prior to sports evolving into a professional and later commercial form and migrating to prescribed spaces, they originated culturally, embedded within the immediate surroundings where people lived in society. Commonly associated with ceremony or ritual, but equally with the recreational and creative desires of people, sports were a central aspect",
"title": "Street sports"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "home, Jacob doesn't take care of his wounded leg and refuses to let Andrea clean it out. Meanwhile, Rusty (skipping school) visits the neighbor, Iris Wheeler (Nita Talbot). He tells her about what he saw in the living room last night. She assumes that what Rusty saw was an evil force. It was afraid of Rusty and was trying to win him over. She says it would only go to their home because where it used to be is gone: \"It must find a new home.\" When Rusty gets home, Andrea and him go to Mrs. Tetmann's house to ask",
"title": "Amityville: It's About Time"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "In the first several months of 1944, Ismay spent almost all of his time planning for the Normandy Landings. As part of the planning, Ismay personally coordinated the plans for Operation Bodyguard and Operation Fortitude, which were designed to deceive the Germans about the planned Normandy landings. In March, Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law, told Ismay that Basil Liddell Hart, a noted strategist and historian, had somehow discovered the secret plans for the Normandy landings. This development had the potential to compromise the entire operation, so Ismay personally interviewed Liddell Hart, who claimed to have simply \"worked it all out for",
"title": "Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "self-titled EP consisting of 5 tracks, including \"Operating\" which had already been performed many times as Lady Danville. The band is fronted by Michael Garner and Dan Chang, but consists of a total of 6 band members, including Blake Straus. They toured between February and July 2013, promoting their new EP. In that time, they released a music video for \"End of the World,\" occupied a residency at the Bootleg Theatre for the month of March, appeared on Conan, and charted #1 on Billboard’s Next Big Sound Chart. Lady Danville Lady Danville was a Los Angeles-based indie pop band that",
"title": "Lady Danville"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and social problem film about free speech and personal responsibility, but even Kurosawa regarded the finished product as dramatically unfocused and unsatisfactory, and almost all critics agree. However, it would be Kurosawa's second film of 1950, \"Rashomon\", that would ultimately win him, and Japanese cinema, a whole new international audience. After finishing \"Scandal\", Kurosawa was approached by Daiei studios, which asked the director to make another film for them. Kurosawa picked a script by an aspiring young screenwriter, Shinobu Hashimoto, who would survive Kurosawa by 20 years and with whom he would eventually work on nine of his films. Their",
"title": "Akira Kurosawa"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to complete the translation are located in the synthesizer, a computer generated human appeared and would use ASL to sign the English text to the user. Only works that are original are subject to copyright protection, so some scholars claim that machine translation results are not entitled to copyright protection because MT does not involve creativity. The copyright at issue is for a derivative work; the author of the original work in the original language does not lose his rights when a work is translated: a translator must have permission to publish a translation. Machine translation Machine translation, sometimes referred",
"title": "Machine translation"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "has done his work exceptionally well\" and saying that it was potentially his best work. \"Final Fantasy VII\" has received some negative criticism. \"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine\" (\"OPM\") and GameSpot questioned the game's linear progression. \"OPM\" considered the game's translation \"a bit muddy\" and felt the summon animations were \"repetitive.\" RPGamer cited its translation as \"packed with typos and other errors which further obscure what is already a very confusing plot.\" \"GamePro\" also considered the Japanese-to-English translation a significant weakness in the game, and IGN regarded the ability to use only three characters at a time as \"the game's only",
"title": "Final Fantasy VII"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "individuals in a crowd, each of whom has been assigned a piece of the larger document. Parsing a document, in itself, is not collaborative translation, because there is no real collaboration happening. However, when those ten individuals use collaborative translation technology to work and communicate simultaneously amongst themselves and with other collaborators like subject matter experts, managers, proofreaders, etc., it becomes collaborative translation (that included a crowdsourcing phase). Cloud computing revolutionized the translation industry and introduced collaborative translation. Managers, translators, and proofreaders, who previously had traditional CAT tools installed on their desktops, could now login to the same system at",
"title": "Collaborative translation"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Aathichoodi The Āathichoodi () is a collection of single-line quotations written by Avvaiyar and organized in alphabetical order. There are 109 of these sacred lines which include \"Intend to do right deeds\", \"Never degrade learning\", \"Don't exaggerate what you saw\", \"Don't forget gratitude\" and many other insightful quotes expressed in simple words. It teaches good habits, discipline and doing good deeds. English translation of உயிர் வருக்கம் English translation of உயிர்மெய் வருக்கம் English translation of ககர வருக்கம் English translation of சகர வருக்கம் English translation of தகர வருக்கம் English translation of நகர வருக்கம் English translation of பகர வருக்கம் English translation of மகர",
"title": "Aathichoodi"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is a new technique made possible by cloud computing. The purpose of collaborative translation is to reduce the total time of the translation lifecycle, improve communications, particularly between translator and non-translator participants, and eliminate many management tasks. Crowdsourcing (in the translation industry) refers to the practice of assigning translation tasks to a group of individuals via a \"flexible open call\". The purpose of crowdsourcing in the translation industry is to simplify the translation assignment phase of the lifecycle, reduce translation rates, and in some implementations, get translation for free. For example, a crowdsourced document translation could be accepted by ten",
"title": "Collaborative translation"
}
] | [
"the original text"
] | [
"When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4159 | An expert commission was established under which chairman? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Werner Ernst"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "paragraph 1. In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for the two regions: the north and center-southwest. In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one",
"title": "States of Germany"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "paragraph 1. In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for the two regions: the north and center-southwest. In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one",
"title": "States of Germany"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "made by the writing staff have led to backlash by the audience. In particular, the Blaise-Jeremy pairing was seen as controversial to some, arguing that it is unrealistic and unwarranted, so the writers explained the rationale behind it: \"There's something significant in looking at how opposites attract. You see it in real life all the time. Nice girls date jerks. Straight-laced guys go after free-spirited girls. Sometimes we're secretly looking for that person who will push us beyond what we're comfortable with...The BlaiseBird thing is all so refreshingly simple. I think Blaise was fed up with drama and just went",
"title": "Cause of Death (video game)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "straight Gatorade state player of the year award for his play during the season and was named first-team all-state and the state defensive player of the year for the second straight season. Te'o was such a force that \"The Honolulu Advertiser\" considered just naming him the overall state player of the year. He is regarded as one of the most highly recruited athletes, both in football and for any sport, in the history of the state of Hawaii. In 2008, Te'o won the inaugural Butkus Award at the high school level, awarded to the best prep linebacker in the United",
"title": "Manti Te'o"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "World Horror Convention The World Horror Convention was an annual professional gathering of the World Horror Society and other interested parties. The annual World Horror Conventions had historically been held in the United States or Canada, usually alternating between east and west sides of the continent. In 2010, the convention was held outside North America for the first time, in Brighton, UK. The bids from potential committees are presented to the members of the board of directors of the World Horror Society, who then decide where future conventions will be held. Bids are usually made two years before the specific",
"title": "World Horror Convention"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Turksat. It was shut down under the emergency statutory decree issued in the aftermath of the July 15th failed coup d'état, alongside 11 other television and 11 radio stations, on 29 September 2016 when police raided the television station's headquarters in Istanbul. Hayat TV (Turkey) Hayatın Sesi TV is a Turkish nationwide TV channel established in 2007. It is one of the Turkish channels which gave extensive live coverage of the 2013 protests in Turkey; one of its reporters, Ismail Afacan, was injured by a water cannon. On 13 June 2013 the state media regulator RTÜK ordered Turksat to stop",
"title": "Hayat TV (Turkey)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to carry out its role as a support ship, they are able to support up to six small-sized patrol boats such as MCMV, FSC and PC. There are also various stores, containers, residences and workshops that enable the vessels to provide assistance as soon as possible to other vessels. KD \"Sri Indera Sakti\" is armed with one Bofors 57mm gun and two 20mm automatic cannon while KD \"Mahawangsa\" is armed with two Bofors 57mm guns and two 20mm automatic cannon. Both ships are able to accommodate one medium size helicopter. KD \"Mahawangsa\" has been dispatched to aid victims of the",
"title": "Sri Indera Sakti-class support ship"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Commission was constituted with a Chairman and 3 Members. With increasing work load, Government enhanced the strength of the Commission to Chairman and 5 Members in the year 1981 and later to Chairman and 7 Members in the year 1983. Government again reviewed the strength in 1994 and enhanced it to Chairman and 9 Members. This is the present strength also. Widely known as APPSC which is a part of Andhra Pradesh government The following are the Duties and functions :- The Public Service Commissions had been established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India. The functions of the",
"title": "Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Health Protection Agency. He has held a number of other high-profile appointments including: Architect of the Government's Technology Foresight Programme, which was launched in 1995 and Chairman of the Independent Expert Group on Mobile Telephones and Health, which reported in 2000. He is a biologist by training. He was Chairman of Tayside University Hospitals NHS Trust but resigned following a critical report from the Tayside Task Force. He has served on numerous advisory committees, including the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution and the Natural Environment Research Council. Stewart was Chief Executive of the Agricultural and Food Research Council, a former",
"title": "William Stewart (biologist)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Finance Commission The First Finance Commission (IAST: \"Vitta Āyoga\") was established by the President of India in 1951 under \"Article 280\" of the Indian Constitution. It was formed to define the financial relations between the central government of India and the individual state governments. The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951 additionally defines the terms of qualification, appointment and disqualification, the term, eligibility and powers of the Finance Commission. As per the Constitution, the Commission is appointed every five years and consists of a chairman and four other members. Since the institution of the First Finance Commission, stark changes in",
"title": "Finance Commission"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Erik Laykin Erik Laykin (born 1964, Los Angeles, California) is a computer forensics expert and cyber-crime investigator. Erik Laykin was a past President and Pacific Rim Director of the L.A. FBI Infragard program as well as Chairman of the Advisory Board of the EC-Council (Electronic Commerce Council). Laykin has served as an expert witness in court in technology investigations. Co-founder of Online Security, Inc. with Charlie Balot in mid-1990s. Established initial computer forensic capabilities on behalf of American investigative agencies Kroll Inc., Investigative Group International and Pinkerton Investigations. Established first commercial computer forensic labs in Los Angeles, Chicago and Hong",
"title": "Erik Laykin"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to their personal activities, no matter how the doctors, if one may call them so, try to rebut hundreds if not thousands of real facts, it is undoable. In 2004, Savenko stated that the passed law on the state expert activity and the introduction of the profession of forensic expert psychiatrist actually destroyed adversary-based examinations and that the Serbsky Center turned into the complete monopolist of forensic examination, which it had never been under Soviet rule. Formerly, the court could include any psychiatrist in a commission of experts, but now the court only chooses an expert institution. The expert has",
"title": "Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union"
}
] | [
"Werner Ernst"
] | [
"In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for both northern Germany and central and southwestern Germany. In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from Cuxhaven to Lüchow-Dannenberg) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). In the Center and South West either Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the Germersheim district but including the Rhine-Neckar region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2742 | What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"beer"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "biotin, chromium and B vitamins. Beer is sometimes referred to as \"liquid bread\", though beer is not a meal in itself. In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or rating beer. Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier, who informs restaurant patrons about beers",
"title": "Beer"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "and food pairings. Beer is considered to be a social lubricant in many societies and is consumed in countries all over the world. There are breweries in Middle Eastern countries such as Syria, and in some African countries. Sales of beer are four times those of wine, which is the second most popular alcoholic drink. A study published in the \"Neuropsychopharmacology\" journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject",
"title": "Beer"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "biotin, chromium and B vitamins. Beer is sometimes referred to as \"liquid bread\", though beer is not a meal in itself. In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or rating beer. Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier, who informs restaurant patrons about beers",
"title": "Beer"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "most countries of the world where a drinking culture exists. In countries where alcohol is illegal, similar non-alcoholic drinks are permitted. The definition of \"alcohol-free\" may vary from country to country. The term \"non-alcoholic\" (e.g., alcohol-free beer) is often used to describe a drink that contains 0.0% ABV. Such drinks are permitted by Islam and are popular in countries that enforce alcohol prohibition, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iran. However, most drinks advertised as \"non-alcoholic\" or \"alcohol free\" sold by countries with zero tolerance with state-run liquor monopoly, actually contain alcohol. Finland has a quite high ABV regulation for",
"title": "Non-alcoholic drink"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "plant, based in the production of barley melt of Shirak valley farms (with the capacity of 10 thousand tons of production). In 1985 was produced 6 million deciliters of beer. \"Popular Brands\" Armenian brandy ( \"konyak\"), known locally as \"konyak\" is perhaps Armenia's most popular exported alcoholic drink. It has a long history of production. Armenian brandy made by Yerevan Wine & Brandy Factory was said to be the favorite drink of British statesman Winston Churchill. It was the favorite alcoholic drink of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Churchill at the Yalta conference at 1945. The history of Armenian",
"title": "Armenian cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the most common beer is chicha, made from grain or fruits. Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Cider or cyder ( ) is a fermented alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice; apple juice (traditional and most common), peaches, pears (\"Perry\" cider) or other fruit. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% ABV to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, cider may be called \"apple wine\". Mead () is an alcoholic drink made by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops. The alcoholic content of mead may range",
"title": "Alcoholic drink"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "produced by the saccharification of starch and fermentation of the resulting sugar. The starch and saccharification enzymes are often derived from malted cereal grains, most commonly malted barley and malted wheat. Most beer is also flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The preparation of beer is called brewing. Beer is the world's most widely consumed alcoholic drink, and is the third-most popular drink overall, after water and tea. It is said to have been discovered by goddess Ninkasi around 5300 BCE, when",
"title": "Drink"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "end of the 16th century. By the 17th and 18th centuries, Polish vodka was known in the Netherlands, Denmark, England, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria and the Black Sea basin. Vodka was the most popular alcoholic drink in Poland until 1998, when it was surpassed by beer. Historically the most widespread non-alcoholic beverage among the peasantry was kvass, adopted later by Polish nobility also, mainly due to its supposed healing qualities. In contemporary times, tea is perhaps the most popular, drunk sometimes with a slice of lemon and sweetened with sugar. Tea came into Poland from England shortly",
"title": "Polish cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "El Salvador. Coconuts are sold at roadside estansas throughout the country. Typically, they are chopped with machetes and a straw is inserted so that the coconut water can be consumed. Adults drink coconut milk, mixed with vodka, as an aperitif. \"Vinagre de piña\" is a drink of trimmed pineapples mixed with piloncillo and water and set aside to ferment for a few weeks or even months. The most common alcoholic beverage in El Salvador is beer (\"cerveza\"). The most popular brand name is Pilsener (brand). Suprema is considered the premier local brew. Both of these and other popular beers are",
"title": "Salvadoran cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "is also important in countries such as Australia and South Africa, which while settled by European beer-belt peoples, also have warmer Mediterranean climates better suited for wine production. Alcohol belts of Europe The alcohol belts of Europe are regions in Europe which are considered to be divided by association with either beer, wine, or spirits. The alcohol belts refer to the traditional beverages of countries rather than what is most commonly drunk by the populace today, as in terms of drinking habits beer has become the most popular alcoholic drink in the whole world, including various parts of the wine",
"title": "Alcohol belts of Europe"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the most common standard drink size is 10g of pure alcohol, making a typical 330ml bottle of 4.8% ABV beer correspond to 1.2 drinks or a 500ml bottle 1.9 drinks; 100ml of 11% wine is 0.9 drinks, and a 40ml shot of 33% spirits equal 1.0 drink, while in countries that use 12g, those same servings are 1.0, 1.6, 0.7, and 0.9 drinks respectively. Studies have shown that most people find it difficult to understand and define exactly what a standard drink is, and consistently underestimate how much they drink. The amount of pure alcohol is stated in the table",
"title": "Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Alcohol belts of Europe The alcohol belts of Europe are regions in Europe which are considered to be divided by association with either beer, wine, or spirits. The alcohol belts refer to the traditional beverages of countries rather than what is most commonly drunk by the populace today, as in terms of drinking habits beer has become the most popular alcoholic drink in the whole world, including various parts of the wine and vodka belts. Being an informal term, the \"vodka belt\" has no established definition. However, the general definition tends to include the following states as significant producers and",
"title": "Alcohol belts of Europe"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "to make a frothy, bitter drink. The drink, called \"xocoatl\", was often flavored with vanilla, chile pepper, and \"achiote\". Alcoholic beverages from Mexico include tequila, pulque, aguardiente, mezcal, and charanda with brandy, wine, rum and beer also produced. The most common alcoholic beverage consumed with food in Mexico is beer, followed by tequila. A classic margarita, a popular cocktail, is composed of tequila, cointreau and lime juice. Like elsewhere in Mexico, corn is the dietary staple and indigenous elements are still strong in the cuisine. Along with a chile called simojovel, used nowhere else in the country, the cuisine is",
"title": "Mexican cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "yeast bread often flavored with cardamom. A traditionally popular drink called \"kali\"—similar to Russian kvass—is becoming more popular again. Mead or \"mõdu\", the drink that was most popular in ancient times, has almost completely disappeared. Birch sap (\"kasemahl\") beverages are also quite popular. Nowadays, locally brewed beer is the number one choice to accompany food; different juices or simply water being the main non-alcoholic choice. Wine is widely drunk, and although it is still not as popular as beer, it is becoming all the more common. There are also Estonian fruit wines made of apples or different berries. Estonians are",
"title": "Estonian cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "as are some yogurts and rye bread. Ethanol distillation is used to separate alcoholic drinks into what are advertised as non-alcoholic drinks and spirits; distilled wine produces low alcohol wine and brandy (from brandywine, derived from Dutch \"brandewijn\", \"burning wine\"), distilled beer may be used to produce low-alcohol beer and whisky. However alcoholic drinks cannot be further purified to 0.00% alcohol by volume by distillation. In fact, most drinks labeled non-alcoholic contain 0.5% ABV as it is more profitable than distilling it to 0.05% ABV often found in products sold by companies specializing in non-alcoholic drinks. Alcohol is legal in",
"title": "Non-alcoholic drink"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the most available, widely consumed, and widely abused recreational drug. Beer alone is the world's most widely consumed alcoholic beverage; it is the third-most popular drink overall, after water and tea. It is thought by some to be the oldest fermented beverage. Based on combined data from SAMHSA's 2004–2005 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health, the rate of past-year alcohol dependence or abuse among persons aged 12 or older varied by level of alcohol use: 44.7% of past month heavy drinkers, 18.5% binge drinkers, 3.8% past month non-binge drinkers, and 1.3% of those who did not drink alcohol in",
"title": "Alcoholism"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "expensive at bars. People tend to drink at home before going out. Beer was banned in Iceland until 1 March 1989 but has since become popular among many Icelanders as their alcoholic drink of choice. There are over 100 different bars and clubs in Reykjavík; most of them are located on Laugavegur and its side streets. It is very common for an establishment that is a café before dinner to turn into a bar in the evening. Closing time is usually around 4:30 am on weekends and 1 am during the week at the most well known hospitality venues. The",
"title": "Reykjavík"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Beer and breweries by region This is a list of articles and categories dealing with beer and breweries by region: the breweries and beers in various regions. Beer is the world's most widely consumed alcoholic drink, and is the third-most popular drink overall, after water and tea. It is thought by some to be the oldest fermented beverage. A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of beer, though beer can be made at home, and has been for much of beer's history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. The diversity",
"title": "Beer and breweries by region"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "produced from red and black currants. A national specialty would be multiple brands of flavored hard ciders (as in Sweden) and long drink mixes with the pet name lonkero, which was originally a gin and grapefruit soda long drink. The Finnish beer scene is dominated by pale lagers. The most popular local brands are Koff, Lapin Kulta, Karjala, Olvi and Karhu and their taste is rather similar to the Danish counterparts like Carlsberg and Tuborg; soft and a bit sweet. Non-alcoholic beer has also become a popular alternative during recent years. \"Kotikalja\" (similar to Russian kvass) is the traditional small",
"title": "Finnish cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "also known as Turkish coffee is the most well-known hot drink usually prepared in the morning at breakfast or in the evening. It is usually served for guests or after food. Arak, an alcoholic drink, is also a well-known beverage served mostly on special occasions. More examples of Syrian beverages include Ayran, Jallab, White coffee, and a locally manufactured beer called Al Shark. The most popular sports in Syria are football, basketball, swimming, and tennis. Damascus was home to the fifth and seventh Pan Arab Games, while Latakia, Syria's main port, was home to the tenth Mediterranean Games. Although the",
"title": "Culture of Syria"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "been supplanted by beer as the alcoholic drink of choice since the early 21st century. Residents of Finland and Sweden consume twice as much beer as vodka (in terms of pure alcohol). The Polish Beer-Lovers' Party (which won 16 seats in the Sejm in 1991) was founded on the notion of fighting alcoholism by a cultural abandonment of vodka for beer. And indeed in 1998, beer surpassed vodka as the most popular alcoholic drink in Poland. In Russia, annual consumption of beer has grown from 12 litres per capita in 1995 to 67 litres in 2006 (but still remains lower",
"title": "Alcohol belts of Europe"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Beer Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. Beer is brewed from cereal grains—most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included",
"title": "Beer"
},
{
"idx": 22,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "is very popular among exiles who live in India and Nepal. It is almost unknown in Tibet. Most likely, it was adopted from Indian culture. Dara is the Tibetan word for buttermilk. It refers to the yogurt drink. It is also used for Indian Lassi. Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism prohibited the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Beer mostly from barley, but rice, wheat, maize, oats and millet are also used in brewing. Chang is consumed through a thin bamboo straw. Alcoholic beverages include: Barley has been a staple food since the fifth century AD. It is made into a flour product called",
"title": "Tibetan cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 23,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "on the part of the rapist and the victim. These findings, combined with parental outcry led to a ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages in the United States. Tilt (drink) Tilt is an alcoholic beverage launched in the US market in August 2005. Its alcoholic content by volume varies and is higher than most American beer (commonly 3–6%), 10% in the lemon lime flavor, to 12% in the new Tilt Red variety, which is a blend of fruit flavors such as cherry, orange, grape, lime and tropical fruit. Tilt drink products are sold in 16 and 24 fluid ounce cans. Since",
"title": "Tilt (drink)"
},
{
"idx": 24,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Patrick's Day (\"Día de San Patricio\"), patron of Ireland, which is celebrated with abundant libations. The consumption of alcoholic beverages in Argentina is similar to that of the United States and somewhat lower than the Western European average. Argentines enjoy a variety of alcoholic beverages and Argentina can boast a varied array of \"elaboraciones\", whether industrial or artisanal. Besides beer and wine, Argentines frequently drink cider (here again, the heritage comes from Spain and Italy, more precisely from Asturias and Campania). Cider is the most popular beverage of the middle and lower economic classes at Christmas and New Year (the",
"title": "Argentine cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 25,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "licensed for the sale of alcoholic beverages and associated accommodation in an area. Thirty licencing trusts were established between 1944 and 1975. They were strongly supported by ministers Peter Fraser and Rex Mason. Beer is the most popular alcoholic drink in New Zealand, accounting for 63% of available alcohol for sale. New Zealand is ranked 21st in beer consumption per capita, at around 75.5 litres per person per annum. The vast majority of beer produced in New Zealand is a type of lager, either pale or amber in colour, and between 4%–5% alcohol by volume. The first commercial brewery in",
"title": "Alcohol in New Zealand"
},
{
"idx": 26,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "to be served with any other drink, alcoholic, or otherwise. Italy hosts a wide variety of different beers, which are usually pale lager. Beer is not as popular and widespread as wine (even though this is changing as beer becomes increasingly popular), and average beer consumption in Italy is less than in some other neighboring European nations, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and Austria. Among many popular brands, the most notable Italian breweries are Peroni and Moretti. Beer in Italy is often drunk in pizzerias, and South Tyrol (German-speaking region) is the area where beer is made and consumed",
"title": "Italian cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 27,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "popular in lunch restaurants as for the vast majority of people it is possible to drink one serving of it and still stay below the legal limits for drink driving. Sweet cider is also common. As of July 1, 2005, new rules established that only fermented juice from apple or pear is allowed to be called 'cider'. Before this change, any fruit-based drink could be called cider, meaning that what would be considered alcopop in other countries could be sold as cider in Sweden. Since the Middle Ages, beer was the staple drink in Sweden. Mead was a common delicacy.",
"title": "Alcoholic drinks in Sweden"
},
{
"idx": 28,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Costa Rica, but this is not guaranteed. The most commonly served alcoholic drink in Costa Rica is beer. Imperial and Pilsen' are the two most widely popular beers in the country. Imperial was founded in 1924, Pilsen in 1888. Imperial is known by the eagle on its label, which is emblazoned on shirts all over the country, and has a slightly lower alcohol content than Pilsen. Bavaria is another local beer, slightly more expensive and enjoyed by a smaller crowd. Microbrews are also increasingly available in Costa Rica, including those made by the Costa Rica Craft Brewing Company. \"Michelada\" is",
"title": "Costa Rican cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 29,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Tilt (drink) Tilt is an alcoholic beverage launched in the US market in August 2005. Its alcoholic content by volume varies and is higher than most American beer (commonly 3–6%), 10% in the lemon lime flavor, to 12% in the new Tilt Red variety, which is a blend of fruit flavors such as cherry, orange, grape, lime and tropical fruit. Tilt drink products are sold in 16 and 24 fluid ounce cans. Since at least December 2010, all flavors appear to have 12% alcohol/volume. Tilt was introduced as an energy drink containing alcohol and marketed as a \"Premium Malt Beverage\".",
"title": "Tilt (drink)"
},
{
"idx": 30,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "is sometimes called \"malta\" or \"wheat soda\", but that term is properly reserved for the non-alcoholic but similarly tasting soft drink. Several brands popularly referred to as \"Malzbier\" in Germany, Austria and Switzerland are actually types of Malta. The same is true for such Danish brands as Tuborg Supermalt and Powermalt. In the United Kingdom, Danish malt drinks have become popular amongst the South Asian community and have been sold in their dedicated supermarkets since the 1970s. After soft drinks, malt beer is one of the most popular beverages sold in Iceland. The two main brands are Egils Maltextrakt (1.2%",
"title": "Malt beer"
},
{
"idx": 31,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "reason behind the success was that at the time of its release there were only a couple of alcoholic beverages namely beer, soju and whiskey. This drink was perfect for those who wanted to drink but not get too drunk. Baekse-ju Baekseju (; sold under the brand name Bek Se Ju) is a Korean glutinous rice-based fermented alcoholic beverage flavored with a variety of herbs, ginseng most prominent among them. According to some, the name comes from the legend that the healthful herbs in baekseju will help you live to be 100 years old. The drink is infused with ginseng",
"title": "Baekse-ju"
},
{
"idx": 32,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "other brands of beer of various strengths, as well as a non-alcoholic malt beverage called \"Maltin Polar\", marketed at children and with a flavour similar to root beer. More recent years have seen the introduction of light beers such as \"Polar Light\" and \"Solera Light\", and a low-alcohol beer called \"Polar Zero\" (0.1% ABV). There is not a very high competition in the beer industry because most beers present in Venezuela are already too popular with the public and most of the competition is between Polar and Regional beers, with people preferring one brand even limiting themselves to drink beer",
"title": "Beer in Venezuela"
},
{
"idx": 33,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the White Snake as the substance which forces the snake to reveal her true form. The drink was thought to prevent disease and misfortune (particularly snake bites and digestive worms) and to promote health; although modern Chinese authorities discourage the practice, it is still legally available for consumption. Alcoholic drinks in China Alcoholic drinks in China seem to precede the earliest stages of Chinese civilization. They include rice and grape wine, beer, and various liquors including \"baijiu\", the most-consumed distilled spirit in the world. (\"jiǔ\") is the Chinese character referring to any drink containing appreciable quantities of ethanol. Its Old",
"title": "Alcoholic drinks in China"
},
{
"idx": 34,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of the total market share for the drink. It distributes the drink in 0.33-liter bottles for the Berliner Kindl Brauerei. Another popular brand is the \"Berliner Fassbrause\", distributed by Spreequell. Since August 2012 a caffeinated Fassbrause drink has also been distributed under the name \"Kreuzbär\". Fassbrause Fassbrause , literally \"keg soda\", is a non-alcoholic or alcoholic (depending on the brand) German drink made from fruit and spices and malt extract, traditionally stored in a keg. \"Fassbrause\" is a speciality of Berlin, where it is sometimes called \"Sportmolle\". (\"Molle\" used to be a term for \"beer\" in the Berlin dialect.) \"Fassbrause\"",
"title": "Fassbrause"
},
{
"idx": 35,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Beer in India In India, traditional beer has been prepared from rice or millet for thousands of years. In the 18th century, the British introduced European beer to India. Beer is not as popular as stronger alcoholic beverages like whiskey. The most popular beers in India are strong beers. Beer was well known in India before the arrival of Europeans. The Vedas mention a beer-like drink called \"sura\". It was the favourite of the god Indra. Sura is also mentioned in the Ramayana. Megasthenes has recorded usage of rice beer in India. Kautilya has also mentioned two intoxicating beverages made",
"title": "Beer in India"
},
{
"idx": 36,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Malt drink A malt drink is a fermented drink in which the primary ingredient is the grain, or seed, of the barley plant, which has been allowed to sprout slightly in a traditional way called \"malting\" before it is processed. By far the most predominant malt drink is beer (naturally fermented barley sugars flavoured with hops), of which there are two main styles: ale and lager. A low alcohol level drink brewed in this fashion is technically identical to \"non-alcoholic beer.\" Such a drink may be prepared by using a slightly altered brewing process that yields negligible alcohol (technically less",
"title": "Malt drink"
},
{
"idx": 37,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "was the most popular alcoholic drink in Berlin, with up to fifty breweries producing it. By the late 20th century, there were only two breweries left in Berlin producing the beer. The style has been given Protected Geographical Indication within the EU, where it may only be applied to beers brewed in Berlin. Although, there are many of American and Canadian brewers who make a beer of similar style and give their product the Berliner Weisse label. Most beer authorities trace the origins of Berliner Weisse to an unknown beer being produced in Hamburg which was copied and developed by",
"title": "Berliner Weisse"
},
{
"idx": 38,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in African American fraternal societies. This led to his editing of an early biography of William Washington Browne titled, \"The Black Lodge in White America: \"True Reformer\" Browne and His Economic Strategy\" (University Press of America, 1994). He published a related article in Ethnic and Racial Studies. Fahey also edited a posthumous collection of essays written by his friend Frank J. Merli, \"The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War\" (Indiana University Press, 2004). Since retiring, Fahey has often written about United States history, for example, \"Old-Time Breweries: Academic and Breweriana Historians,\" \"Ohio Histor\"y 116 (2009). In 2010 his",
"title": "David M. Fahey"
},
{
"idx": 39,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "worked there in various capacities such as the Assistant Professor and the Professor of Cardiology till he was appointed as the director of the institution in 2006. Manjunath is reported to have been the innovator of a new method of balloon mitral valvuloplasty. His researches have been published in several articles and scientific papers published in peer reviewed national and international journals; PubMed, an online repository of medical data has listed 73 of his articles. He is known to have performed over 26,000 interventional procedures and is credited with the highest number of balloon mitral valvuloplasties using Accura balloon catheter",
"title": "C. N. Manjunath"
},
{
"idx": 40,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "also Israel-Venezuela relations.) The two presidents declared an \"axis of unity\" against \"US imperialism\" in July 2007. On October 5, 2008, Venezuela's Foreign Minister Nicolas Maduro visited Ahmadinejad in Tehran. During the 2009 G-20 London summit, Chavez and Ahmadinejad held their own meeting which they called the \"G-2\" summit, at which the formation of a joint Iranian-Venezuelan development bank was announced, initially with US$200 million capital. During a visit to Iran in 2010 by Hugo Chavez, he condemned \"military attack threats against Iran by some countries. We know that they can never thwart the Islamic Revolution.\" He also said that",
"title": "Iran–Venezuela relations"
},
{
"idx": 41,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "eclectic soundtrack makes playing them all the more fun.\" IGN gave the Game Boy Advance version a score of 8.6. \"Official Nintendo Magazine\" gave it 76%, praising it \"faithful to the original\". In 2012, Whatculture wrote that \"\"Jet Set Radio\" is symbolic of a time in which Sega took more risks than anyone else in the industry\", citing \"Shenmue\" and \"Crazy Taxi\" as other innovative Dreamcast games. Reviewing the 2012 rerelease, \"Eurogamer\" wrote that it \"retains the power to astonish and amaze and bedazzle and beguile\" and is still \"one of the most striking games you could play on a",
"title": "Jet Set Radio"
},
{
"idx": 42,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "department led by city architect Heikki Aitola. The planners of the subsequent extension phases have been mostly building architect Seppo Ilmarinen from the city architectural department and his son, architect Petri Ilmarinen. Hämeenlinnan Jäähalli Oy, the company managing the arena, was founded on February 3, 1992. In the same year, a practice arena was finished and in 1996, the main arena was expanded based on the new requirements by SM-liiga. These requirements stated, that a league arena must hold at least 5,000 people. At the same time, ownership of the arena was switched to the management company. In 2002, a",
"title": "Ritari-areena"
},
{
"idx": 43,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "version of the astro pop was the most popular cocktail drink ordered by patrons. In addition to producing Astro Pop candy, Leaf Brands produces an Astro Pop soft drink in several flavors. Astro pop (cocktail) An astro pop cocktail is a layered cocktail, mixed drink or shooter so named because it resembles the Astro Pop lollipop candy brand. Various recipes exist that use liquor and liqueurs to produce the drink. A version of the drink exists that is layered with red, white, and blue colors and served in a shot glass. It is a popular alcoholic beverage in some drinking",
"title": "Astro pop (cocktail)"
},
{
"idx": 44,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Sake is a popular example of \"rice wine\". Sparkling wine like French Champagne, Catalan Cava or Italian Prosecco can be made by means of a secondary fermentation. A distilled drink or liquor is an alcoholic drink produced by distilling (i.e., concentrating by distillation) ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit, or vegetables. Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have an alcohol content of at least 20% ABV are called \"spirits\". For the most common distilled drinks, such as whiskey and vodka, the alcohol content is around 40%. The term \"hard liquor\" is used in North America to distinguish distilled drinks",
"title": "Alcoholic drink"
},
{
"idx": 45,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "or cassava by the natives of the Americas. Kvass was invented by the Slavs and became the most popular among East Slavs. The word \"kvass\" was first mentioned in the \"Primary Chronicle\", in the description of events of the year 996, following the Christianization of the Kievan Rus'. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Oxford English Dictionary the first mention of kvass in an English text took place sometime around 1553. In Russia, under Peter the Great, it was the most common non-alcoholic drink in every class of society. William Tooke, describing Russian drinking habits in 1799, stated that \"The",
"title": "Kvass"
},
{
"idx": 46,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "cocktails by drivers, pregnant women, and others who choose party drinks that are alcohol-free. Non-alcoholic mixed drink A non-alcoholic mixed drink (also known as virgin cocktail or mocktail) is a cocktail-style beverage made without alcoholic ingredients. Cocktails rose in popularity during the 1980s, and became increasingly popular in the 2000s. The use of cocktails has proliferated deep into the drinking culture. Those who did not drink alcohol found themselves in a situation where other drinks, by comparison with cocktails, were generic non-alcoholic drinks. Because of the demand for more visually and aesthetic appealing drinks than normal soft drinks, the concept",
"title": "Non-alcoholic mixed drink"
},
{
"idx": 47,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "absinthe had been published in numerous credible bartender guides. One of the most famous of these libations is Ernest Hemingway's \"Death in the Afternoon\" cocktail, a tongue-in-cheek concoction that contributed to a 1935 collection of celebrity recipes. The directions are as follows: \"Pour one jigger absinthe into a Champagne glass. Add iced Champagne until it attains the proper opalescent milkiness. Drink three to five of these slowly.\" Most categorical alcoholic beverages have regulations governing their classification and labelling, while those governing absinthe have always been conspicuously lacking. According to popular treatises from the 19th century, absinthe could be loosely categorised",
"title": "Absinthe"
}
] | [
"beer"
] | [
"In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or rating beer. Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier, who informs restaurant patrons about beers and food pairings."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3509 | What percentage of American prison inmates are African American? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
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"spans": [
"47"
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{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between \"1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted\". The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive: Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review. A similar process is available for prisoners sentenced to death by the judgment of a federal court. The AEDPA also provides an expeditious habeas procedure in capital cases for states meeting",
"title": "Capital punishment in the United States"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "as rain, with some snow in the adjacent months of May and September. Winters are typically very dry. Zavkhan has some of the coldest winter temperatures in Mongolia. It has even been known to snow in Summer. In Tosontsengel, the largest soum in Zavkhan, winter temperatures as low as −52.9 °C (−63.2 °F) have been recorded. The soum also holds the record for the highest barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth , measured on 19 December 2001. Aside from having massive livestock populations, Zavkhan's broad ecological regions and deep forests are home to a diverse population of wildlife: Gobi bears,",
"title": "Zavkhan Province"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "reaches the surface of the earth. No UVC radiation penetrates to the ground as it is absorbed in the ozone-oxygen cycle. However some longer-wave and less harmful UVB and most of the UVA is not absorbed as ozone is less opaque to these frequencies, so they penetrate to the ground level of Earth in higher quantities. The sources of light used may vary. Beside the direct sun light, the light from the clear sky, moon or stars may be used. The Dobson Spectrometer measures the total ozone by measuring the relative intensity of the UVB radiation that reaches the Earth",
"title": "Dobson ozone spectrophotometer"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Carolina. The event also demonstrated the willingness of both sides to deploy force for political ends.\" The Ellenton riot was reported to have started near Silverton in Aiken County. On September 15, Mrs. Alonzo Harley said two black men tried to attack her while her husband was working in the fields, but she grabbed her gun and drove them away. White citizens tracked down a man, Peter Williams, who was taken to the Hartleys for identification. When he tried to get away he was shot, but when Mrs. Hartley saw him, she said he was not the man who attacked",
"title": "South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "depicting a man and a woman engaged in a sexual act. Some scholars have suggested that spintria are brothel tokens, used to obtain entry to brothels or pay prostitutes. Many of London's Medieval brothels were located in the part of Southwark which fell under the jurisdiction of Winchester Palace, the residence of the Bishops of Winchester. In 1161 a parliament of Henry II introduced regulations allowing the Bishops to licence brothels and prostitutes in the area, which became known as the Liberty of the Clink. As a result, brothels multiplied in the Bankside part of the Liberty. They were popularly",
"title": "Prostitution in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "had particular significance for them. Many psalters were lavishly illuminated with full-page miniatures as well as decorated initials. Of the initials the most important is normally the so-called \"Beatus initial\", based on the \"B\" of the words \"Beatus vir...\" (\"Blessed is the man...\") at the start of Psalm 1. This was usually given the most elaborate decoration in an illuminated psalter, often taking a whole page for the initial letter or first two words. Historiated initials or full-page illuminations were also used to mark the beginnings of the three major divisions of the Psalms, or the various daily readings, and",
"title": "Psalter"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the War on Drugs. As a result of increased enforcement of 1970s-era drug laws, enhanced sentencing guidelines, and racial profiling, 40 percent of people incarcerated in the United States are now African American. The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. Inmates in 20 or more prisons across the United States participated in the largest prison strike to ever take place, resulting in financial loss for companies that take advantage of absolute minimum wages. The inmates involved in the strike feel the current prison system is dysfunctional. In prisons in Michigan, inmates receive wages from $0.75 to",
"title": "2016 U.S. prison strike"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "As compared to whites, African Americans are incarcerated 6.4 times higher for violent offenses, 4.4 times higher for property offenses and 9.4 times higher for drug offenses. African Americans comprise a majority of the prison reentry population, yet few studies have been aimed at studying recidivism among this population. Recidivism is highest amongst those under the age of 18 who are male and African American, and African Americans have significantly higher levels of recidivism as compared to whites. The sheer number of ex-inmates exiting prison into the community is significant, however, chances of recidivism are low for those who avoid",
"title": "Recidivism"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Awards. Stranger Inside Stranger Inside is a television drama film directed by Cheryl Dunye that premiered on cable television in 2001. The story primarily concerns African-American lesbians in prison. Michael Stipe, the lead singer of R.E.M., helped to produce it. In a 2004 issue of \"Feminist Studies\", Dunye stated that she worked with actual female inmates to produce the script. Treasure Lee (Yolonda Ross) learns that her biological mother Brownie (Davenia McFadden) is incarcerated in an adult prison, so she purposely gets into trouble in order to be transferred from a juvenile facility to an adult women's facility in order",
"title": "Stranger Inside"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "though a percentage of courses undertaken at a higher level must be paid for by the inmate. Inmates in the UK are able to access the government student loans for university that are available to the general public, as are those in Australia. Charity groups, like the Prisoners' Education Trust in the UK, can accept applications for grants from prisoners who cannot afford to finance their distance education. Prisons usually give inmates with lower rates of education and vocational skills higher priority for available seats in educational classes. Many prisons have mandated that educational programs should focus solely on basic",
"title": "Prison education"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to operate in 1984, but in March 2006 the hospital operating room was closed and in July 2007 the plan was \"to relinquish the license\" because the facility was not functioning as a hospital. On August 8, 2009, a prison riot broke out at CIM during which over 250 inmates were injured, and which ultimately took more than twelve hours to put down. The cause of the riot is under investigation. The riot broke out at 8:20 p.m. Although other races were involved the riot was mainly between Hispanic inmates and African American inmates. The prison's damages were severe, bathroom",
"title": "California Institution for Men"
}
] | [
"47"
] | [
"African Americans made up 41 percent of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 percent of the general population. (They have made up 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976.) However, that number is lower than that of prison inmates, which is 47 percent. According to the US Department of Justice, African Americans accounted for 52.5% of homicide offenders from 1980 to 2008, with whites 45.3% and Native Americans and Asians 2.2%. This means African Americans are less likely to be executed on a per capita basis. However, according to a 2003 Amnesty International report, blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers, yet 80 percent of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims. 13.5% of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent, while they make up 17.4% of the general population."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_8730 | In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"20.8%"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "combined with the lack of essential materials and equipment. Although, mortality rates for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are declining in the WHO European region, they are stagnating in Tajikistan. Tajikistan is currently not on target to meet the 2012 World Health Assembly’s target of a 25% reduction in premature death from NCDs by 2025 for member states. According to the World Health Organization, NCDs are estimated to account for 62 percent of total deaths in Tajikistan. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and the largest contributor to the gap in mortality between central Asia and industrialized countries, with rates",
"title": "Health in Tajikistan"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Centre and five for Tasca’s Right. Before the Lyon Congress in 1926, the Centre won almost all the votes in the absence of much of the Left, who were unable to attend as a result of fascist controls and lack of Comintern support. Recourse to the Comintern against this evident manoeuvre had little effect. The PCd’I as conceived by the Left terminated. The organisation continued with the support of the Comintern and a new structure and leadership. In 1922, the newspaper \"L'Ordine Nuovo\" was closed and in 1924 a new Centre newspaper, \"l'Unità\", edited by Gramsci, was founded. The Left",
"title": "Communist Party of Italy"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "buildings. which is towards last phase of construction. Cochin International Airport is listed among the 12 major airports of India. Its safety and security is handled by the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security through the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF). Cochin was the third international airport and the first private airport in the country to come under the cover of CISF in 2001, after the Central Government decided to hand over airport security to CISF in the wake of the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814. Security was handled by the Kerala Police; Special Branch of Kochi Police before the",
"title": "Cochin International Airport"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and he assumed command of that destroyer at her commissioning on 3 October 1942. He was awarded the Legion of Merit for exceptionally meritorious conduct as commanding officer of \"Maddox\" when she attacked and probably sank an enemy submarine on 6 May 1943. While acting as an escort for an Atlantic convoy, the destroyer made contact with the submerged enemy submarine. Lt. Comdr. Sarsfleld took prompt and effective action and, with great skill, delivered two accurate depth charge attacks. The submarine was damaged by the first attack; and, after the second attack, it appeared briefly on the surface upside down.",
"title": "Eugene S. Sarsfield"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 107.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.6 males. The median income for a household in the village was $35,956, and the median income for a family was $37,917. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,884. About 11.6% of families",
"title": "Mowrystown, Ohio"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "4 Michigan Poll, said, \"In my mind, if [Clinton] does not get a majority, then more voters were against her than with her.\" According to the poll, if the other major contenders were to appear in the ballot, Clinton would receive 46% of the vote, Obama would receive 23%, and Edwards would get 13% while 42% of the uncommitted vote would go to Obama. A question in the Michigan exit poll conducted by the news media asked the respondents how they would have voted if the names of Barack Obama, John Edwards and Bill Richardson were added to the ballot.",
"title": "2008 Michigan Democratic primary"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and media attention. Measurements by the University of Navarra indicated that throughout the month, Giuliani's amount of global media attention was a distant fourth among Republican candidates, trailing Huckabee, Romney, and McCain. Meanwhile, Giuliani's results in the early primaries and caucuses were very low: sixth place with 3% of the vote in the Michigan primary (where he had leading in polls as recently as mid-December), sixth place with 4% of the vote in the Nevada caucuses, and sixth place with 2% of the vote in the South Carolina primary (where he had been tied for the lead in polls as",
"title": "Rudy Giuliani 2008 presidential campaign"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2008 Nevada Republican caucuses The Nevada Republican caucuses, 2008 was held on January 19, the same day as the 2008 South Carolina Republican primary, with 31 delegates at stake. Mitt Romney was the winner in Nevada with 51% of the votes, with Ron Paul in second place. Half of Romney's votes came from Mormons, while two-thirds of the independent voters favored Paul. According to the Las Vegas Sun, Republicans crossed over in large numbers to vote Democratic; CNN exit polls indicated that Republican voters made up 4% of the Democratic caucus turnout. The Nevada Republican Party caucus is a closed",
"title": "2008 Nevada Republican caucuses"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "South Carolina primary. However, only Romney and Santorum seemed to project national strength, as Gingrich's only win after South Carolina would be his home state of Georgia. Ron Paul, who had been expected to perform much better than he did in 2008, only scored second-place finishes in contests such as New Hampshire and Virginia (where only he and Romney were on the ballot), and a narrow win in the popular vote in the U.S. Virgin Islands. However, he did have the most second-place wins overall. Romney maintained the upper hand throughout the primaries, winning most of the Super Tuesday contests",
"title": "Republican Party presidential primaries"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the popular vote. Arizona Senator John McCain won 7 of the delegates. Independent voters made up 44 percent of the New Hampshire electorate and could choose to vote in either this primary or the Democratic Party's contest held on the same day, but voters could not vote in both. In the days leading up to the primary, John McCain appeared to gain a slight lead over Mitt Romney. Average support from polls were McCain, 31.8%; Romney, 28.2%; Huckabee, 12.2%; Giuliani, 9.3%; Paul, 8.2%; Thompson, 2.2%. The official return was certified by the New Hampshire Secretary of State on 9 January.",
"title": "2008 United States presidential election in New Hampshire"
}
] | [
"20.8%"
] | [
"In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6040 | What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Tibetan empire"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script. Starting in 2001, the local deaf sign languages of Tibet were standardized, and Tibetan",
"title": "Tibet"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Songtsen Gampo Songtsen Gampo (, 569–649?/605–649?), also Songzan Ganbu( \"Sōngzàn Gānbù\"), was the 33rd Tibetan king and founder of the Tibetan Empire, and is traditionally credited with the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet, influenced by his Nepali and Chinese queens, as well as being the unifier of what were previously several Tibetan kingdoms. He is also regarded as responsible for the creation of the Tibetan alphabet and therefore the establishment of Classical Tibetan, the language spoken in his region at the time, as the literary language of Tibet. His mother, the queen, is identified as Driza Tökarma ( \"the Bri",
"title": "Songtsen Gampo"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Old Tibetan Old Tibetan refers to the period of Tibetan language reflected in documents from the adoption of writing by the Tibetan Empire in the mid-7th century to works of the early 11th century. In 816 CE, during the reign of Sadnalegs, literary Tibetan underwent a thorough reform aimed at standardizing the language and vocabulary of the translations being made from Indian texts, and this resulted in what we now call Classical Tibetan. Old Tibetan is characterised by many features that are lost in Classical Tibetan, including \"my-\" rather than \"m-\" before the vowels \"-i-\" and \"-e-\", the cluster \"sts-\"",
"title": "Old Tibetan"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script. Starting in 2001, the local deaf sign languages of Tibet were standardized, and Tibetan",
"title": "Tibet"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Tibetanised and, superficially at least, it is now difficult to discern their original non-Tibetan ethnicity. Amdo has been famous in epic story and in history as a land where splendid horses are raised and run wild. There are many dialects of the Tibetan language spoken in Amdo due to the geographical isolation of many groups. Written Tibetan is the same throughout Tibetan-speaking regions and is based on Classical Tibetan. The Ch'iang people were early users of iron and stories abound of them in their iron breast-plates with iron swords. From the seventh through the ninth century, the Tibetan Empire extended",
"title": "Amdo"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Amdo Tibetan probably took place in the 7th century CE. The area Baima people live in is the region that was previously called Jiandi Dao (湔氐道) before the Tibetan empire was established. Baima people The Baima people (), also called Baima Tibetans (), are a subgroup of Tibetans living in the southeast of Gansu and the northwest of Sichuan in China, especially in Pingwu and Jiuzhaigou Counties of Sichuan and Wen County, Gansu. Like the Songpan people of Tibet, Baima people call themselves \"Bai\". Unlike Standard Tibetan, the Baima language does not use a written script, although a hieroglyphic system",
"title": "Baima people"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The New Zealand Police is a member of Interpol and has close relationships with the Australian police forces, at both the state and federal level. Several New Zealand Police representatives are posted overseas in key New Zealand diplomatic missions. The Police also work closely with the Serious Fraud Office. New Zealand Police operate three communications centres that are responsible for receiving 111 emergency calls and general calls for service and dispatching the relevant response. The centres are: A police employee becomes a constable by swearing the oath under s 22 of the New Zealand Policing Act 2008. Upon doing so",
"title": "New Zealand Police"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "selection, he was cut by the Lakers during preseason. In 1957, Chambers returned to his alma mater to coach his former team after several years of highly successful high school coaching. Over the course of the next nine seasons (six of which were winning years), he compiled at 113–110 career record, a win total not surpassed by any other W&M men's basketball coach until Tony Shaver passed the mark in February 2013. The most notable win during his tenure was on January 30, 1960, when his unranked Tribe defeated No. 4 West Virginia University 94–86. The win broke the Mountaineers'",
"title": "Bill Chambers (basketball)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "McCulkin murders The McCulkin murders were the murders of Barbara McCulkin and her two daughters, Vicki and Leanne. On 16 January 1974, they disappeared from their home in Highgate Hill, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In October 2014, Vincent O'Dempsey and Gary Dubois were charged with their abduction and murder. On 28 November 2016, Dubois was found guilty of the murders. On 26 May 2017, O'Dempsey was found guilty of murder. Both were sentenced to life imprisonment on 1 June 2017. Following the sentencing, on 2 June 2017, Queensland Attorney-General Yvette D'Ath announced that the state government would re-open",
"title": "McCulkin murders"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in this regard, he came to Belur Math to work for Vivekananda and therefore had no further desire to stay after the latter's death. He became a wandering monk and visited various holy places, and spent his days in spiritual practices. He arrived in Haridwar to participate in Haridwar in 1903. There he met Swami Kalyanananda, another direct monastic disciple of Swami Vivekananda, who had already established the Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama in Kankhal, near Haridwar. Swami Vivekananda had explicitly instructed Swami Nischayananda not to accept food without providing some kind of service to the community. Therefore the latter joined Swami",
"title": "Nischayananda"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "as a monument to local tinkers who joined the Jacobite Rising of 1745, and weddings have been celebrated at the site since the mid-1800s. The Heart was removed during roadworks in 1928, but local protests forced its reinstatement. The monument's location was originally at the junction of the Strachar Road and the Hell's Glen, but this junction was bypassed by new road building in the 1970s, thus placing the monument in a field. In 2008, Argyll and Bute council proposed a programme of restoration work for the Heart, however local citizens objected to the cost (£34,500) and undertook to care",
"title": "The Tinkers' Heart"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "contact with Mongolic languages, Tibetan, and Chinese, and as a result has adopted a large amount of loanwords from these languages, as well as grammatical features. Chinese dialects neighboring the areas where Yugur is spoken have influenced the Yugur language, giving it loanwords. Personal markers in nouns as well as in verbs were largely lost. In the verbal system, the notion of evidentiality has been grammaticalised, seemingly under the influence of Tibetan. Grigory Potanin recorded a glossary of Salar language, Western Yugur language, and Eastern Yugur language in his 1893 Russian language book \"The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central",
"title": "Western Yugur language"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Tibetan Sign Language Tibetan Sign Language is the recently established deaf sign language of Tibet. Tibetan Sign is the first recognized sign language for a minority in China. The Tibetan Sign Language Project, staffed by members of the local deaf club, was set up under the supervision of Handicap International in 2001 to create a standardized language, based primarily on the existing sign language of Lhasa, as a replacement for the regional sign languages of Tibet. For example, the deaf of Nagqu have a well developed vocabulary for livestock, while those of Lhasa have more specialized vocabulary for urban life.",
"title": "Tibetan Sign Language"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in Ü-Tsang (Tibet proper), Khams Tibetan in Kham, Amdo Tibetan in Amdo, Ladakhi language in Ladakh and Dzongkha in Bhutan. Classical Tibetan was used for official and religious purposes, such as in Tibetan Buddhist religious texts like the Tibetan Buddhist canon and taught and learned in monasteries and schools in Tibetan Buddhist regions. Now, Standard Tibetan, based on the Lhasa dialect, serves as the high register in China. In Bhutan, the Tibetan Dzongkha language has been standardised and replaced Classical Tibetan for official purposes and education, in Ladakh, the standard official language learned are now the unrelated languages Hindi-Urdu and",
"title": "Literary language"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Monguor language The Monguor language (; also written Mongour and Mongor) is a Mongolic language of its Shirongolic branch and is part of the Gansu–Qinghai sprachbund. There are several dialects, mostly spoken by the Monguor people. A written script was devised for Huzhu Monguor (Mongghul) in the late 20th century, but has been little used. A division into two languages, namely Mongghul in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County and Mangghuer in Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County, is considered necessary by some linguists. While Mongghul was under strong influence from Tibetan, the same holds for Mangghuer and Chinese, and local dialects",
"title": "Monguor language"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and television broadcasts. (It remains undetermined what kind of orthography is used for writing copy for those broadcasts; Yang Gyeltshen, p.c.) The official national language of Bhutan is Dzongkha, which is derived from the Tibetan spoken by Lama Shabdrung and his followers, who left Tibet to found the nation of Bhutan in the 1600s. Tshangla, however, is one of Bhutan’s many indigenous languages, and is the most widely spoken of the indigenous Sino-Tibetan languages. Tshangla is found scattered throughout eastern Himalayan ridges as well as the southern regions, spoken by around 175,000 people. Most of the Tshangla populace live in",
"title": "Tshangla language"
}
] | [
"Tibetan empire"
] | [
"Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3129 | How many of the Australian Football League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Nine"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "The sport's pre-eminent professional competition, the Australian Football League (AFL), is headquartered at Docklands Stadium. Nine of the league's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and Western Bulldogs. Melbourne hosts up to five AFL matches per round during the home and away season, attracting an average of 40,000 spectators per game. The AFL Grand Final, traditionally held at the 100,000 capacity MCG, is the highest attended club championship event in the world. The city is home to many professional franchises/teams in national competitions including: Twenty20 cricket clubs Melbourne",
"title": "Melbourne"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "The sport's pre-eminent professional competition, the Australian Football League (AFL), is headquartered at Docklands Stadium. Nine of the league's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and Western Bulldogs. Melbourne hosts up to five AFL matches per round during the home and away season, attracting an average of 40,000 spectators per game. The AFL Grand Final, traditionally held at the 100,000 capacity MCG, is the highest attended club championship event in the world. The city is home to many professional franchises/teams in national competitions including: Twenty20 cricket clubs Melbourne",
"title": "Melbourne"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Australian Capital Territory, and Northern Territory are the only states or mainland territories not to have AFL clubs although games are regularly played in each of those areas. The current 18 teams are based across 5 states of Australia. The majority (10) still remain in Victoria, including nine teams located in the Melbourne metropolitan area. The states of New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, and South Australia have two teams each. Since the AFL commenced in 1897 as the VFL, only one club has left the competition, the Melbourne University Football Club. It last competed in 1914 and withdrew because,",
"title": "Australian Football League"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "History of the Australian Football League The Australian Football League is the top professional Australian rules football league in the world. The league consists of eighteen teams: nine based in the city of Melbourne, one from regional Victoria, and eight based on other Australian states. The reason for this unbalanced geographic distribution lies in the history of the league, which was based solely within Victoria from the time it was established in 1897, until the time the league expanded through the addition of clubs from interstate to the existing starting in the 1980s; until this expansion, the league was known",
"title": "History of the Australian Football League"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Western Australian Rugby League The Western Australian Rugby League (WARL) is responsible for administering the game of rugby league football in the state of Western Australia mainly the Perth metropolitan competition. The WARL administers all forms of the game in Western Australia and runs the main Perth metropolitan competitions. This includes nine clubs in the Perth metropolitan competition, sponsored as the Harvey Norman Premiership, as well as representative teams that compete in interstate competitions. Formed in 1948 as the Western Australian Amateur Rugby League, foundation clubs were Cottesloe, Fremantle, Perth and South Perth. Representative rugby league football in Western Australia",
"title": "Western Australian Rugby League"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Big Brother 4 (Bulgaria) Big Brother 4 was the fourth season of the reality show Big Brother in Bulgaria. It was aired on Nova Television and Nova+. The show launched on 22 September 2008, 20:00 h and continued for 3 months (12 weeks), ended on 14 December 2008, lasted for 84 Days - the shortest regular \"Big Brother\" season so far in Bulgaria (although \"Big Brother 3\" was just one day longer). Milen Tsvetkov was the host of Big Brother 4. The money prize was 300 000 leva, which was the highest in the history of Big Brother Bulgaria (winners",
"title": "Big Brother 4 (Bulgaria)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the form of traditional mansions or newer large residences on significant-sized estates, owned by Melbourne's wealthy and social elite. The architectural style of the mansions is predominantly Italianate and colonial. The premier residential streets of Toorak are generally considered by local real estate agents to be St. George's Road, Lansell Road, Hopetoun Road, Albany Road and Clendon Road. It is not unusual for Toorak houses to have extensive facilities, such as swimming pools and tennis courts behind solid gates and high walls to preserve the privacy of the residents. There are also extant stands of attached housing (13.5%), including terraces,",
"title": "Toorak, Victoria"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "resistance and unity. It still working on art and social issues and it is located in Dr. Villada 46, Colonia Doctores, Mexico City. Taller de Gráfica Popular The Taller de Gráfica Popular (Spanish: \"People's Graphic Workshop\") is an artist's print collective founded in Mexico in 1937 by artists Leopoldo Méndez, Pablo O'Higgins, and Luis Arenal. The collective was primarily concerned with using art to advance revolutionary social causes. The print shop became a base of political activity and abundant artistic output, and attracted many foreign artists as collaborators. The Workshop was founded in 1937 following the dissolution of the Liga",
"title": "Taller de Gráfica Popular"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is assumed that activities exceed normal asset management specific knowledge of the individual -> if the individual is a professional trader, the personal transactions will be seen as taxable income sooner than if the individual doesn't have specific knowledge or experience. work which is invested in the asset -> if maintenance of a property is taken care of by an external party the activities may be seen as normal asset management, if the owner does all the maintenance himself and even the renovations the tax authorities will argue that this is no longer normal asset management. So it depends on",
"title": "Capital gains tax"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "had parted ways with ForeFront Records and would be releasing a new worship album in April 2011 via Beach Street/Reunion Records. Her ninth studio album, \"I Will Praise You\", was released on 5 April 2011. It was preceded by the single \"Shine Your Glory Down\", which was released to Christian radio on 11 February. The album was met with positive reviews from Christian music critics and was highly successful, debuting at No. 18 on \"Billboard\"'s Hot Christian Albums chart and later peaking at No. 9. It also peaked at No. 153 on the \"Billboard\" 200, her highest charting effort after",
"title": "Rebecca St. James"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the formerly all-Victorian Victorian Football League (VFL) competition had undertaken a large expansion program which saw the league expand from being a state-based competition (centred around the inner suburbs of Melbourne) to a national competition. The decision to undertake this expansion was in response to elite national leagues being run by other sporting codes (for example the Australian Rugby League, the National Basketball League, and the National Soccer League), which threatened to undermine interest in football at both a junior and elite level. The VFL expansion included new teams from Perth, Adelaide, and Brisbane, in addition to the relocation of",
"title": "Melbourne Hawks"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Australian Football Harmony Cup The Australian Football Harmony Cup is an amateur Australian rules football competition featuring teams drawn from Melbourne's migrant communities. The tournament is coordinated by Australian Football International. It was first held in 2004 in Melbourne around National Harmony Day. Australian Football is also known for a high participation rate amongst migrants, particularly amongst Europeans. Many such players reach the highest levels and some like Ron Barassi, Stephen Silvagni, Robert DiPierdomenico and Alex Jesaulenko are legends of the game. Some Australian Football League clubs, such as Carlton are renowned for the high number of players of Mediterranean",
"title": "Australian Football Harmony Cup"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "be found in the season structure section of this article. AFL Women's operates on a two-table conference system, having previously operated with no divisions, conferences nor promotion and relegation from other leagues. The competition's 10 teams are based across 5 states of Australia. Half are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area. The states of New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland and Western Australia have one team each. Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, and Northern Territory are the only states or mainland territories not to have AFL Women's clubs, though in Tasmania's case have a formalised partnership with the state which enables",
"title": "AFL Women's"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Geelong Baseball Association The Geelong Baseball Association (GBA), is an Australian baseball association and league based in Geelong, Victoria. It runs the Geelong Winter League, one of the premier winter competitions in Victoria. The GBA is affiliated with Baseball Victoria. In 1889, the first match of interest played at Geelong between Melbourne and Geelong Baseball Clubs. Melbourne won the game 25–15. Established over seventy years ago, in 1937 the GBA offers senior and junior competitions to clubs and teams from metropolitan Geelong, Colac, Werribee, Bacchus Marsh, Lara and Ballarat. Since the Waurn Ponds Baseball Centre was opened in , Geelong",
"title": "Geelong Baseball Association"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "football, due to the configuration of the baseball diamond spectators are not permitted beyond the outfield fence and capacity is generally restricted to around 10–15,000 for ABL games still making it easily the largest capacity venue in the league. For the 2016–17 season the Adelaide Bite moved from Norwood Oval to the purpose built Diamond Sports Stadium. Expansion teams to represent the Gold Coast and Wollongong are being considered for future seasons, as well as the possibility of second teams from Melbourne and Sydney. There is further potential for teams to be based overseas, with New Zealand and Japan having",
"title": "Australian Baseball League"
}
] | [
"Nine"
] | [
"Australian rules football and cricket are the most popular sports in Melbourne. It is considered the spiritual home of the two sports in Australia. The first official Test cricket match was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877. The origins of Australian rules football can be traced to matches played next to the MCG in 1858. The Australian Football League is headquartered at Docklands Stadium. Nine of the League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area: Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Hawthorn, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, and Western Bulldogs. Up to five AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne, attracting an average 40,000 people per game. Additionally, the city annually hosts the AFL Grand Final."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_178 | During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"30"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter—in the last 18 years of his life—he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter—in the last 18 years of his life—he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "movement grows out of the cello’s opening statement, and certain theme-shapes appear in all its movements. The last three movements were first publicly performed by Franchomme and Chopin at the composer's last public concert, at the Salle Pleyel on 16 February 1848. The composition consists of four movements: It takes around 30 minutes to perform. Cello Sonata (Chopin) The Cello Sonata in G minor, Op. 65, was written by Frédéric Chopin in 1846. It is one of only nine works of Chopin published during his lifetime that were written for instruments other than piano (although the piano still appears in",
"title": "Cello Sonata (Chopin)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Ann Cornwell. This book became a play and her estranged husband, John Whiteman, sued over its content. Hume resided in London for a few years and then moved to the Essex countryside where he lived in Thundersley for 30 years. Eventually he produced more than 100 novels and short stories. Hume did not seek publicity and little is known of his personal life. The writer of the obituary notice in \"The Times\" stated that he was a very religious man who during his last years did much lecturing to young people's clubs and debating societies. He died at Thundersley on",
"title": "Fergus Hume"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Norbert Növényi Norbert Nottny Növényi (born 15 May 1957) is a Hungarian light heavyweight wrestling Olympic champion of the 1980 Summer Olympics, two times kick-boxing world champion and currently an actor in Hungary. In January 2009, he became the oldest WFCA mixed martial arts world champion. Növényi was born in Budapest. He appeared in a minor role in the Hollywood film \"Red Heat\", which starred Arnold Schwarzenegger. He played a Moscow thug named Sasha who was smuggling cocaine in his artificial leg. He played a longer role in Péter Tímár's satire \"Zimmer Feri\" in 1997. He also attended a drama",
"title": "Norbert Növényi"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is currently unknown who was responsible. On July 25, 2016, Energizer Brands LLC filed a federal lawsuit, saying that the name Batteriser violates a variety of its trademarks on the word \"energizer\". The lawsuit said that \"... despite advertisements, solicitation, and pre-orders, Batteroo has not delivered a single Batteriser product to a consumer in the ordinary course of business.\" According to the lawsuit, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ruled June 27 in favor of Energizer and refused registration of the Batteriser and Batterise marks. According to Energizer, Batteroo also tried to falsely implicate Energizer in the product delays of",
"title": "Batteroo Boost"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "support for Holloway. Riser was the heavy favorite to win and McAllister was thought to have little chance of pulling off an upset. Riser raised and spent more money than McAllister, who largely self-financed his campaign. While Riser was backed by both the Republican establishment and the Tea Party, McAllister boasted endorsements from the stars of the television show \"Duck Dynasty\". During the campaign, McAllister ran to Riser's left, particularly on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Riser spoke only of repealing the law whereas McAllister argued that with a Democratic majority in the Senate, repeal had no chance",
"title": "2013 Louisiana's 5th congressional district special election"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "were unable to pay upfront for the localization work. Instead, Novectacle proposed that all revenue from Japanese \"The House in Fata Morgana\" sales would go to paying for the localization. As the Japanese sales on the Playism platform were much too low to finance the localization, Playism considered either waiting and seeing if Japanese sales would pick up pace, or launching a crowdfunding campaign. Playism was still working towards a localization in late March 2014, when they released a localized demo. During the Otakon convention in August 2014, the visual novel publisher MangaGamer announced that they had acquired the license",
"title": "The House in Fata Morgana"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Getting increasingly disturbed by the visions around the mansion, with Zhao Yitang's absence around the house at night, Xu Ruoqing started getting suspicious that Zhao Yitang might actually be having an affair with Liu Li. The scene cuts back to the past, where Lu Dieyu was shown to be pregnant with Huo Lianqi's child on the night of their consummation. Despite being married to the deceased second son of the family, the family thought that it is strange that she is pregnant as the physician deduced that the child was supposedly conceived on the night of marriage. The eldest son,",
"title": "The House That Never Dies"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Arthur Hedley Arthur Hedley (12 November 19058 November 1969) was a British musicologist, scholar and biographer of Polish-French composer Frédéric Chopin. Arthur Hedley was educated at Durham and at the Sorbonne, and he devoted much of his life to the study of the composer Frédéric Chopin and his music. 1947 saw the publication of Hedley's biography of Chopin, as part of The Master Musicians series. Having lived in Poland for several years, Hedley learned Polish and was able to translate and edit many of Chopin's letters, which had been collected and annotated by Bronislaw Edward Sydow, and which were published",
"title": "Arthur Hedley"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "appointment by the piano department, which he eventually directed until 1999. During his studies Gekic won prizes at many international piano competitions (F.Liszt in Parma, Italy, Viana Da Motta in Lisbon, Portugal), but it was after he earned his master's degree in 1985 -the year of his appearance at the Chopin Competition in Warsaw, Poland, that marked a turning point in his career. He began receiving invitations to perform abroad, including several from the Chopin Society of Hannover, Germany which had awarded him a special prize for best sonata performance at the competition. A recording of his Warsaw performances sold",
"title": "Kemal Gekić"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "schools are rare. However, the first public Montessori high school in the country, Clark Montessori located in Cincinnati, Ohio, was started in 1994. Several pilot Montessori junior high schools have opened based on writings by Montessori on Erdkinder, German for \"children of the land\", which was a term Montessori coined for children ages 12 through 18. The last few years have seen the advent of infant and toddler Montessori programs. Many schools offer \"mother and child\" programs in which parents can learn about Montessori and how to apply the philosophy to their child-rearing practices. In many other schools, the demand",
"title": "Montessori in the United States"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament—\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzymała. Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "by the National Academy for the best picture painted by an American woman of any age. The winning painting, titled \"An Interlude to Chopin\", has since been lost. She traveled to Europe periodically between 1890 and 1895, painting alongside her father in England, Ireland and Scotland, and studying at Académie Julian in Paris. In 1896, she relocated to London where she lived for nine years, keeping a public studio in Chelsea and exhibiting four times at the Royal Academy of Arts. Brewster illustrated several publications in collaboration with her mother Anna Matlack throughout the 1890s, including \"A New Alice in",
"title": "Anna Richards Brewster"
}
] | [
"30"
] | [
"At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2992 | What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Hybridization and introgression"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "and ornamental plants, that their own indigenous fauna/flora may be outnumbered. For example, the introduction of kudzu from Southeast Asia to Canada and the United States has threatened biodiversity in certain areas. Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more",
"title": "Biodiversity"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "and ornamental plants, that their own indigenous fauna/flora may be outnumbered. For example, the introduction of kudzu from Southeast Asia to Canada and the United States has threatened biodiversity in certain areas. Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more",
"title": "Biodiversity"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "after TheStreet. On March 6, 2000, Dani Levy sent out the first edition of DailyCandy. At this time, the company was based out of Levy's West Village apartment. The initial send list consisted of 700 people, mostly journalist friends and people in Levy's personal rolodex. By 2003, the subscriber list grew to 285,000 people and Bob Pittman, the former President and COO of AOL bought controlling interest for $3 million. By 2008, the subscriber list grew to over 2.5 million people and the company was earning $25 million in revenue. Comcast offered to purchase DailyCandy for $125million and the deal",
"title": "DailyCandy"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Company owned. Following this meeting, Standard Oil shut down its Pittsburgh refineries in March 1877, depriving the Pennsylvania Railroad of 65 percent of its oil traffic. A strike in July 1877 destroyed millions of dollars of Pennsylvania Railroad property. In discussions that largely excluded Potts, A.J. Cassatt of the Pennsylvania Railroad and Standard Oil agreed to a sale price of $3,500,000 in October 1877. Empire Transportation Company The Empire Transportation Company was a multimodal freight transportation company founded and operated by Joseph D. Potts in 1865. It owned a small fleet of boats on the Great Lakes which collected grain",
"title": "Empire Transportation Company"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "brought as captives to Constantinople. This opened the route to the Principality of Antioch, where Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch, and Joscelin II, Count of Edessa, recognized themselves as vassals of the emperor in 1137. Even Raymond II, the Count of Tripoli, hastened northwards to pay homage to John, repeating the homage that his predecessor had given John's father in 1109. There then followed a joint campaign as John led the armies of Byzantium, Antioch, and Edessa against Muslim Syria. Aleppo proved too strong to attack, but the fortresses of Balat, Biza'a, Athereb, Maarat al-Numan, and Kafartab were taken",
"title": "John II Komnenos"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "particular hummingbird, he states that it was a species so rare that in five years of research he collected only two specimens. Descourtilz was an interested and meticulous observer, concerned about the accuracy of his notes which concisely described the habits and appearance of each species. His poetic and flowery text was in keeping with the period, and was invariably accompanied by colour plates of the species studied. \"Ornithologie Bresilienne ou Histoire des Oiseaux du Bresil\" describes and figures 164 species of Brazilian birds, 15 species and 1 genus new to science. Four parts of the work appeared, each with",
"title": "Jean-Théodore Descourtilz"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "still bitterly resented in some parts of Britain that suffered from the aftermath of pit closures. In popular culture this is reflected in Billy Elliot the Musical, a hit play based on the 2000 film Billy Elliot. British Coal (the new name for the national Coal Board), was privatised by selling off a large number of pits to private concerns through the mid-1990s. Because of exhausted seams and high prices the mining industry disappeared almost completely, despite the militant protests of some miners. In 2008, the South Wales Valleys last deep pit mine closed with the loss of 120 jobs.",
"title": "History of coal miners"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear. Betahydroxyfentanyl β-Hydroxyfentanyl (Fentanol) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. β-hydroxyfentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling each drug individually as they appeared. β-hydroxyfentanyl has similar effects to fentanyl. Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl",
"title": "Betahydroxyfentanyl"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to the retina. Serious side effects are rare. Posterior capsular opacification is common and occurs following up to one in four operations, but these rates are decreasing following the introduction of modern intraocular lenses together with a better understanding of the causes. Vitreous touch syndrome is a possible complication of intracapsular cataract extraction. Age-related cataracts are responsible for 51% of world blindness, about 20 million people. Globally, cataracts cause moderate to severe disability in 53.8 million (2004), 52.2 million of whom are in low and middle income countries. In many countries, surgical services are inadequate, and cataracts remain the leading",
"title": "Cataract"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "on rats found that cabergoline reduces voluntary alcohol consumption, possibly by increasing GDNF expression in the ventral tegmental area. Relatively little is known about the effects of this medication during pregnancy and lactation. In some cases the related bromocriptine may be an alternative when pregnancy is expected. Side effects are mostly dose dependent. Much more severe side effects are reported for treatment of Parkinson's disease and (off-label treatment) for restless leg syndrome which both typically require very high doses. The side effects are considered mild when used for treatment of hyperprolactinemia and other endocrine disorders or gynecologic indications where the",
"title": "Cabergoline"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in regulation of the skin (e.g., sebum production), and antiandrogens are known to be associated with skin changes. Skin-related side effects, which included dry skin, itching, and rash, were reported at a rate of 2% in both monotherapy and clinical studies of bicalutamide in men. Combination of bicalutamide with medical (i.e., a analogue) or surgical castration modifies the side effect profile of bicalutamide. Some of its side effects, including breast pain/tenderness and gynecomastia, are far less likely to occur when the drug is combined with a analogue, while certain other side effects, including hot flashes, depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction,",
"title": "Side effects of bicalutamide"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "group argues that these toxins can cause autism, ADHD, brain damage, and cancer, among other serious side effects. In response to medical and scientific research that shows few side effects to most vaccines, Dorey argues that doctors are very hesitant to report adverse reactions and thus the data is highly skewed. These claims are false: while minor side effects such as soreness, swelling, and fever are not uncommon, no large scale scientific study has found evidence of more serious reactions and the purported link to autism is refuted. Former president Meryl Dorey claimed that most doctors are not fully informed",
"title": "Australian Vaccination-risks Network"
}
] | [
"Hybridization and introgression"
] | [
"Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more abundant ones. The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool. This problem is not always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) observations alone. Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved. However, hybridization with or without introgression may, nevertheless, threaten a rare species' existence."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1505 | What countries are testing this? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "be transported. There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water. Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons",
"title": "Hydrogen"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2014 Music City Bowl The 2014 Music City Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on December 30, 2014 at LP Field in Nashville, Tennessee. The 17th edition of the Music City Bowl began at approximately 2:00 p.m. CST and was broadcast nationally by ESPN. It featured the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, and the LSU Tigers from the SEC. It was one of the final 2014-15 bowl games of the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Franklin American Mortgage Company and is officially known as the Franklin American Mortgage Music City Bowl. Notre Dame",
"title": "2014 Music City Bowl"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. \"Mixed doubles\" \"Mixed doubles\" Mixed doubles results with Liliyana Natsir against Super Series finalists, Worlds Semi-finalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists. Tontowi Ahmad Tontowi Ahmad (born 18 July 1987) is an Indonesian badminton player. He resides in the Central Java province. He plays for PB. Djarum, a badminton club in Kudus, Central Java and joined the club in 2005. Tontowi Ahmad rose to prominence in the world badminton in 2010 when he paired with the established mixed doubles star Liliyana Natsir. With Natsir he won the 2016 Olympic gold medal in the mixed",
"title": "Tontowi Ahmad"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was coined by Immanuel Kant in direct conjunction with the term cosmotheology, \"in order to distinguish between two competing types of 'transcendental theology'.\" The word's origin is often, mistakenly perhaps, associated with Heidegger who used the term quite frequently. At the broadest level Kant had distinguished two general types of theology: that which comes from reason and that of revelation. Within the category of reasoned theology he distinguished two further types, \"natural theology\" and \"transcendental theology\". Within natural theology, Kant differentiated between \"physico-theology\" and an ethical or moral theology. Transcendental theology or reasoned-based theology, he divided into ontotheology and cosmotheology.",
"title": "Ontotheology"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Celebrate Recovery Celebrate Recovery is an American Christian twelve-step program designed to facilitate recovery from a wide variety of troubling behavior patterns. Celebrate Recovery is a recovery program aimed at all \"hurts, habits, and hang-ups\", including but not exclusive to: high anxiety; co-dependency; compulsive behaviors; sex addiction; financial dysfunction; drug and alcohol addictions; and eating disorders. Celebrate Recovery is one of the seven largest addiction recovery support group programs. Promotional materials assert that over 3.5 million people have participated in a Celebrate Recovery step study in over 29,000 churches Approximately two-thirds of these participants are in recovery for something other",
"title": "Celebrate Recovery"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Crooked X Crooked X was a hard rock band from Coweta, Oklahoma, U.S., consisting of members Kevin Currie (lead vocals/rhythm guitar), Jesse Cooper (lead guitar/backing vocals), Boomer Simpson (drums, backing vocals), and Bradd Johnson (bass guitar). The band is now defunct and has not performed since 2011. The band struggled to find further success after founding members Forrest French (lead vocals/rhythm guitar) and Josh McDowell (bass guitar) left the band in 2010 to finish high school. After practicing and writing music in a garage, Crooked X submitted a video of themselves for a segment entitled \"Living Room Live\" on the",
"title": "Crooked X"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "range of stress factors. When the appropriate model is not known in advance, or there exist multiple accepted models, the test must estimate what model fits best based on the context of the test and results from testing. Even if two models fit data at high stresses equally well, they may differ by orders of magnitude at lower stresses. This issue can be approached by more tests at a greater range of stresses however the cause of failure must remain unchanged. A possible pre-experiment approach to minimize this is to estimate what data you expect from testing, fit a model",
"title": "Accelerated life testing"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "American Society for Nondestructive Testing The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. or ASNT is a technical society for nondestructive testing (NDT) professionals. ASNT evolved from \"The American Industrial Radium and X-Ray Society\" which was founded in 1941. Its headquarters is located in Columbus, OH, and there are 70 local sections in the United States and 14 local sections in other countries. ASNT is a nonprofit organization, which is governed by the Board of Directors and the national officers. There are four councils within ASNT: ASNT publishes and maintains an important standard, SNT-TC-1A, which, with the addition of Codes of",
"title": "American Society for Nondestructive Testing"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "testing\" is a way to test software functions even when certain components (for example a file or database) increase radically in size. \"Stress testing\" is a way to test reliability under unexpected or rare workloads. \"Stability testing\" (often referred to as load or endurance testing) checks to see if the software can continuously function well in or above an acceptable period. There is little agreement on what the specific goals of performance testing are. The terms load testing, performance testing, scalability testing, and volume testing, are often used interchangeably. Real-time software systems have strict timing constraints. To test if timing",
"title": "Software testing"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "more on the English level of their employees. Especially in South Korea since the 1990s, companies are using different English language testing to evaluate job applicants, and the criteria in those tests are constantly upgrading the level for good English. In India it is even possible to receive training to acquire an English accent, as the number of outsourced call centres in India has soared in the past decades. Meanwhile, Japan ranks 26th out of 63 countries in a 2014 English Proficiency Index, amid calls for this to improve in time for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Within multiracial countries such",
"title": "Multilingualism"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "defects in (or indeed intended features of) the testing tool. There are metrics being developed to measure the effectiveness of testing. One method is by analyzing code coverage (this is highly controversial) - where everyone can agree what areas are not being covered at all and try to improve coverage in these areas. Bugs can also be placed into code on purpose, and the number of bugs that have not been found can be predicted based on the percentage of intentionally placed bugs that were found. The problem is that it assumes that the intentional bugs are the same type",
"title": "Software testing controversies"
}
] | [
"France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA"
] | [
"There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2291 | What term is interchangeable with "sapwood"? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"alburnum"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "exists as to whether the wood dies during heartwood formation, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once. Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants that do not form heartwood, which may lead to confusion. Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its",
"title": "Wood"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "exists as to whether the wood dies during heartwood formation, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once. Heartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants that do not form heartwood, which may lead to confusion. Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its",
"title": "Wood"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Middletown Alms House The Middletown Alms House is a historic building at 53 Warwick Street in Middletown, Connecticut, constructed in 1813-1814. It was originally used as a poorhouse and is the oldest surviving building built for housing the poor in Connecticut, as well as one of the oldest such in the United States. One of the largest structures of the Federal period in Middletown, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The Town of Middletown built the Alms House in 1814 to house the town's poor. Many of the people housed there were required to",
"title": "Middletown Alms House"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Direction: Lyle R. Wheeler, Leland Fuller and Paul S. Fox and for Best Costume Design: Charles LeMaire and Renié. Charlton Heston played Andrew Jackson once again in \"The Buccaneer\". The President's Lady The President's Lady is a 1953 biographical film of the life of American president, Andrew Jackson, and his marriage to Rachel Donelson Robards. The film was made by 20th Century Fox, directed by Henry Levin, and produced by Sol C. Siegel with Levin as associate producer. The screenplay was by John Patrick, based on the 1951 novel by Irving Stone, the music score by Alfred Newman, and the",
"title": "The President's Lady"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Fort Smith and run south to the Red River, claiming the land had little timber and poor soil. Despite protests from Henry Conway, President James Monroe signed the bill into law on January 20, 1825. Arkansas's regions are defined using many different criteria. Distinct natural regions of Arkansas include The Ozarks, Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas River Valley, Gulf Coastal Plain, Crowley's Ridge, the Arkansas Delta, Arkansas Timberlands, and Central Arkansas. Arkansans usually identify as being from one of five regions: northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas. These directional regions are not specifically defined by county. Northwest Arkansas contains the southern",
"title": "Geography of Arkansas"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "polymerase, L. Viruses in the \"Paramyxoviridae\" family are also antigenically stable, meaning that the glycoproteins on the viruses are consistent between different strains of the same type. There are two reasons for this phenomenon. The first is that the genome is non-segmented and thus cannot undergo genetic reassortment. In order for this process to occur, segments are needed as reassortment happens when segments from different strains are mixed together to create a new strain. With no segments, nothing can be mixed with one another and so there is no antigenic shift. The second reason relates to the idea of antigenic",
"title": "Paramyxoviridae"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "(pink or white in some cultivars). They bloom in July through August or September, depending on where in their range they are located. Under cultivation it is found under many names including button snakewort, Kansas gay feather, blazing star, Liatris callilepis. Full sun is best and well-drained soil is preferred to prevent rot, though the plants do prefer moist soil. However, the plants do not tolerate wet soil in winter. The plants can tolerant some shade as well as drought but need regular watering during the first growing season to build strong roots. Plants can be grown from corms (similar",
"title": "Liatris spicata"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a winning direction is down selected for further development. Once a satisfactory design is established on paper (the term paper is a generalization that can include traditional hand renderings, digital artwork or CAD drawings), then full scale modeling begins to realise the design in tangible 3D form. Often used as an interchangeable term with \"design\", styling is in fact just one component of the design process. Typically, styling is developed through sketches, renderings and illustrations then realised in 3D form using automotive styling clay, specialised industrial modeling foams such as Sibatool, Renshape or Epiwood, or in increasingly limited cases plaster",
"title": "Motorcycle design"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of water-conducting cells and associated cells which are often living, and is usually pale in colour. It transports water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the tree. The oldest, inner part of the sapwood is progressively converted into heartwood as new sapwood is formed at the cambium. The conductive cells of the heartwood are blocked in some species, and the surrounding cells are more often dead. Heartwood is usually darker in colour than the sapwood. It is the dense central core of the trunk giving it rigidity. Three quarters of the dry mass of the xylem",
"title": "Tree"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Golah Golah is a Hebrew term that is used to refer to the Jewish diaspora community. While sharing the same Hebrew letters as the term galut, the terms are not interchangeable: while \"golah\" refers to the practice of residing in diaspora (and thus, to those who do reside in such a state), the term \"galut\" refers to the process of residing in diaspora (that is, to be extricated, or to make voluntary yerida, from the region of Israel), and is mostly synonymous with the English word \"exile\". The terms \"golah\" and \"galut\", however, enjoy controversy within Jewish literature and Jewish",
"title": "Golah"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "it ironical that recent students suppose them interchangeable terms.\" Dever agreed that the terms were not interchangeable, but claimed that \"'Syro-Palestinian archaeology' is not the same as the 'biblical archaeology'. I regret to say that all who would defend Albright and 'biblical archaeology' on this ground, are sadly out of touch with reality in the field of archaeology.\" In recent decades, the term Levantine archaeology has generally replaced Syro-Palestinian archaeology. Electronic database results reveal an \"overwhelming adoption\" of the term ‘Levant’ when compared to ‘Syria-Palestine’ for archaeological studies. This is primarily due to the strong cultural and geographic continuity of",
"title": "Levantine archaeology"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of the Confederacy, the term was interchangeable with white supremacy, notably in \"White Supremacy and Negro Subordination, Or, Negroes a Subordinate Race and (so-called) slavery its normal condition\" (1861). In \"Subgeneation: the theory of the normal relations of the races; an answer to miscegenation\" (1864) Van Evrie created the words \"subgen\" to describe what he considered to be the \"inferior races\" and \"subgeneation\" to describe the ‘normal’ relation of such inferior races to whites, something which he considered to be the \"very corner-stone of democracy\"; but these words never entered the dictionary. The racial term \"Untermensch\" originates from the title",
"title": "Master race"
}
] | [
"alburnum"
] | [
"Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to conduct water, all xylem tracheids and vessels have lost their cytoplasm and the cells are therefore functionally dead. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. The more leaves a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required. Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees (of species that do form heartwood) grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm or more in diameter, before any heartwood begins to form, for example, in second-growth hickory, or open-grown pines."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4796 | What did the United adopt in reference to Burma annually until 2005 ? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus."
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Wikileaks leaked cables, Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified Surface-to-Air Missile facility. Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights. In January 2007, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa",
"title": "Myanmar"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2009 Shute Shield season The first matches of the season will be played on 28 March 2009 with the season ending in the Grand Final, played on 26 September 2009. Twelve Teams will complete in the 2009 Shute Shield season from Sydney. Official Home Grounds Additional Venues Used Finals Rd1 match 1 Finals Rd1 match 2 Semi-final 1 Semi-final 2 Finals Rd1 match 1 Finals Rd1 match 2 Semi-final 1 Semi-final 2 Finals Rd1 match 1 Finals Rd1 match 2 Semi-final 1 Semi-final 2 Finals Rd1 match 1 Finals Rd1 match 2 Semi-final 1 Semi-final 2 Finals Rd1 match 1",
"title": "2009 Shute Shield season"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "facility in the late 1950s - early 1960s by local developer and entrepreneur Mack Slye \"Jack\" Crippen Jr, the former owner of Roer's Safari.. In 1965, James S. Mott and his wife Marguerite were denied entry to the park because they were black. Mott sued Lake Fairfax under the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and Lake Fairfax was enjoined from refusing entry to people on account of their race. At the end of 1965, the Fairfax County Park Authority expressed interest in purchasing the facility, and Crippen sold Lake Fairfax to the authority in 1966 for $1.7 million. Lake Fairfax Park",
"title": "Lake Fairfax Park"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "then produced and acted in the gangster film \"Aacharya\" (2006) and a critic stated, \"for Vignesh, it is a comeback vehicle and he has done his best\". Vignesh (actor) Vignesh (born 9 April 1971) is an actor from Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. He has acted in several films including \"Kizhakku Cheemayile\", \"Kaadhali\", \"Raman Abdullah\", \"Velai\", \"Appu\", \"Ennai Thalatta Varuvala\", \"Soori\" and \"Aacharya\". Even though he has acted in several films, he was unable to get a breakthrough, and notably turned down an offer to star in Bala's \"Sethu\", which went on to catapult Vikram to stardom. Vignesh got selected to",
"title": "Vignesh (actor)"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "McGoohan. Maher also served as a stuntman / stunt coordinator / stunt arranger on a number of other TV programmes, including: \"Blake's 7\", \"The Persuaders!\", \"The Champions\", \"Robin Hood\", \"The Saint\" and \"Space 1999\". On \"The Saint\" (1962–69), he replaced Les Crawford as Roger Moore's double. Moore nicknamed him \"Mrs Maher\" because of his very careful planning of each stunt sequence. He also worked as the fight arranger in the first of the BBC Northern Ireland Billy Plays \"Too Late to Talk to Billy\" in 1982, in which Billy was played by Kenneth Branagh. In the late 1970s and early",
"title": "Frank Maher (stuntman)"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Darenzia Darenzia is the stage name of an American latex fetish and fashion model who resides in New York City. She started fetish modelling full-time after being laid off from \"Penthouse\" in November 2003 - initially with a bright-blue mohawk and facial piercings, placing her somewhere between the mainstream and alt porn, as she has no tattoos. Darenzia has appeared in \"Penthouse\". She has been photographed by Steve Diet Goedde, Holly Randall, and Ellen Stagg, and has appeared in \"Playboy\". She has also appeared in several GiantessZone videos, portraying giant or shrunken women appealing to those with the macrophilia or",
"title": "Darenzia"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "any of the Indian languages in the 16th or 17th century. This Indian name \"Barma\" may derive from colloquial Burmese \"Bama\", but it may also derive from the Indian name \"Brahma-desh.\" Early usage of the English term Burma varies: In 1989, the military regime of Burma set up a commission in charge of reviewing the place names of Burma in the English language. The aim of the commission was to correct the spelling of the place names of Burma in English, to discard spellings chosen by British colonial authorities in the 19th century, and adopt spellings closer to the actual",
"title": "Names of Myanmar"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of Romsey in the County of Southampton (1947). Both of these titles, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, have the same special remainder as the Earldom. \"Lord Romsey\" was the courtesy title by which Lady Mountbatten's eldest son and heir was known until he succeeded his father as the 8th Baron Brabourne in 2005. Subsequently, with the death of his mother on 13 June 2017, Lord Brabourne became the 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma. As consequence, both the peerage title Baron Brabourne (created in 1880 for Liberal politician Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen) and the Knatchbull Baronetcy (created in 1641 for politician",
"title": "Earl Mountbatten of Burma"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1967 anti-Chinese riots in Myanmar The 1967 anti-Chinese riots in Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) () were a number of days of conflict between Chinese expatriates in Burma and Burmese nationals. The trouble flared in Rangoon on 26 June 1967. The cause of the trouble was the spread of China’s cultural revolution ideology amongst Chinese expatriates in Burma. The riots caused a deterioration in Sino-Burmese relations which did not normalize until 1970. Burma was the first non-communist country to recognize the People's Republic of China after its founding on the 21 September 1949. Burma and China settled their border disputes",
"title": "1967 anti-Chinese riots in Myanmar"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "I have to chuckle because I was there sometimes until 1 in the morning working with the man.\" From 2002 to 2005, Thompson was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, DC. In March 2003, Thompson was featured in a commercial by the conservative nonprofit group Citizens United that advocated the invasion of Iraq, stating: \"When people ask what has Saddam done to us, I ask, what had the 9/11 hijackers done to us -- before 9/11.\" Thompson did voice-over work at the 2004 Republican National",
"title": "Fred Thompson"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "backed by the British assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members. On 4 January 1948 at 4.20 am, the nation became an independent republic, named the \"Union of Burma\", with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu as its first Prime Minister. Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories, it did not become a member of the Commonwealth. Independence Day (Myanmar) Independence Day () is a national holiday observed annually in Myanmar every 4 January. The date celebrates Myanmar's Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom on 4 January 1948. In the 19th century, following",
"title": "Independence Day (Myanmar)"
}
] | [
"Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus."
] | [
"Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights. In January 2007, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa also voted against the resolution."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4063 | Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"length"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as \"phonetically\" longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare \"zonne(n)\" (\"suns\") versus \"zone\" (\"zone\") versus \"zonen\" (\"sons\"), or \"kroes\" (\"mug\") versus \"cruise\" (\"cruise\"). Notes: Unique to the development of Dutch is the collapse of older \"ol\"/\"ul\"/\"al\" +",
"title": "Dutch language"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as \"phonetically\" longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare \"zonne(n)\" (\"suns\") versus \"zone\" (\"zone\") versus \"zonen\" (\"sons\"), or \"kroes\" (\"mug\") versus \"cruise\" (\"cruise\"). Notes: Unique to the development of Dutch is the collapse of older \"ol\"/\"ul\"/\"al\" +",
"title": "Dutch language"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "considered to be three closely related languages. Parec was probably a transitional dialect between Wemo and Wamorâ. The Kâte dialects formed a chain with the neighboring Mape dialects. All dialects of the chain are being supplanted by Wemo (Suter 2014: 19). Kâte distinguishes six vowels. The low back vowel \"â\" sounds like the vowel of English \"law\" or \"saw\" (Pilhofer 1933: 14). Length is not distinctive. The glottal stop, written \"-c\", only occurs after a vowel and Pilhofer first describes it as a vowel feature that distinguishes, for instance, \"bo\" 'sugarcane' from \"boc\" 'very' and \"si\" 'planting' from \"sic\" 'broth'.",
"title": "Kâte language"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of short vowels in stressed open syllables, which has led to contrastive vowel length that is used as a morphological marker. Dutch has an extensive vowel inventory. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness. Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic",
"title": "Dutch language"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Faroese phonology The phonology of Faroese has an inventory similar to the closely related Icelandic language, but markedly different processes differentiate the two. Similarities include an aspiration contrast in stop consonants, the retention of front rounded vowels and vowel quality changes instead of vowel length distinctions. As with other Germanic languages, Faroese has a large number of vowel phonemes; by one analysis, long and short vowels may be considered separate phonemes, with 26 in total. Vowel distribution is similar to other North Germanic languages in that short vowels appear in closed syllables (those ending in consonant clusters or long consonants)",
"title": "Faroese phonology"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "an automatic concomitant to vowel quality, with short and all other vowels (including nasal vowels) long. By the end of the Common Slavic period, however, various sound changes (e.g. pre-tonic vowel shortening followed by Dybo's law) produced contrastive vowel length. This vowel length survives (to varying extents) in Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Old Polish, but was lost entirely early in the history of Russian, with almost no remnants. (A possible remnant is a distinction between two \"o\"-like vowels, e.g. and , in some Russian dialects, that may partly reflect earlier length distinctions.) Proto-Slavic accentual distinctions (circumflex vs. acute",
"title": "History of the Russian language"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "sometimes also known as \"Ojibwemowin\". Ojibwe dialects tend to have 29 phonemes: 11 vowels (seven oral and four nasal) and 18 consonants. All dialects of Ojibwe have seven oral vowels. Vowel length is phonologically contrastive, hence phonemic. Although the long and short vowels are phonetically distinguished by vowel quality, recognition of vowel length in phonological representations is required, as the distinction between long and short vowels is essential for the operation of the metrical rule of vowel syncope that characterizes the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, as well as for the rules that determine word stress. There are three short",
"title": "Ojibwe phonology"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "consequence of the combination of the two changes, vowel length and consonant length came to be in complementary distribution: one of the two features is no longer distinctive but is predictable from the other. Many languages later shortened the long consonants. That had consequences for spelling, as consonant length was generally marked by doubling in the various Germanic languages, but vowel length was not. The doubled consonants then came to be used as an indicator for vowel length and, later, quality). That feature is seen in most Germanic languages today. Some Germanic varieties such as High Alemannic German have no",
"title": "Open syllable lengthening"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "background and formality, while it has an eight-vowel system, consisting of three short and five long vowels , in addition to two diphthongs . Consonant length and Vowel length are both distinctive in Hejazi. The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from the neighboring urban and rural dialects of the Arabian peninsula, is the constant use of full vowels and the absence of vowel reduction, for example 'I told you' (to a female), is pronounced or in Hejazi with full vowels but pronounced with the reduced vowel as or in Najdi. In general it also retains the distinction between",
"title": "Hejazi Arabic"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the vowel . However, upon observation one might also note a rise in pitch and intensity of the longer vowel. It could be said, also, that vowel lengthening—chronemic contrasts—nearly doubles Japanese's rather small inventory of vowel phonemes (though the occurrence of diphthongs also augments vowel counts). Due to native literacy practices, Japanese long vowels are often thought of as sequences of two vowels of the same quality (rather than one vowel of a greater quantity or length) since that is how they are sometimes written. In the case of consonants of Japanese, if treated phonemically, a medial consonant might appear",
"title": "Chroneme"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Ojibwe have two nasal consonants and ; one labialized velar approximant ; one palatal approximant ; and one of glottal stop or . All dialects of Ojibwe have seven oral vowels. Vowel length is phonologically contrastive, hence phonemic. Although the long and short vowels are phonetically distinguished by vowel quality, recognition of vowel length in phonological representations is required, as the distinction between long and short vowels is essential for the operation of the metrical rule of vowel syncope that characterizes the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, as well as for the rules that determine word stress. There are three",
"title": "Ojibwe language"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "other far-western Honshu and Kyushu dialects, wherein the close back vowel is slightly more rounded than in Tokyo Japanese. Additionally, the mid front unrounded vowel differs from standard Japanese in that it retains the Late Middle Japanese variation between palatalized and unpalatalized . The palatalization may spread to the previous consonant, so that the syllables might vary between and . This is similar to the palatalization observed with the vowel : . In Tanegashima, the mid back vowel still exhibits rounding in some words such as 魚 \"io\" \"fish\" or 塩 \"shio\" \"salt\". Vowel length remains contrastive in all regional",
"title": "Kagoshima dialect"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Close front unrounded vowel The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word \"meet\"—and often called long-e in American English. Although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as ) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong), some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound. A pure sound is also heard",
"title": "Close front unrounded vowel"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "but they have been largely replaced by the diphthongs and , respectively. In a 2003 survey of 350 speakers from Seoul, nearly 90% pronounced the vowel as . In 2012, vowel length is reported almost completely neutralized in Korean, except for a very few older speakers of Seoul dialect, for whom the distinctive vowel-length distinction is maintained only in the first syllable of a word. The distinction between and is lost in South Korean dialects but robust in North Korean dialects. For the speakers who do not make the difference, seems to be the dominant form. For most of the",
"title": "Korean phonology"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "they marked vowel length wrongly. Ray marked vowel shortness in stressed syllables. The various sound changes that the vowels and diphthongs undergo in the modern language also occurred in OKY. One change that occurred much more than in the modern dialects was that of \"ai\" monophthongisation to \"e\". The resulting \"e\" then often raised to \"i\" in open unstressed syllables. No change: Change: In the modern dialects, these forms are: The change of \"ai\" to \"ei\" appears to have been very common elsewhere in the dialect: One form shows optional i insertion: \"gassumu-, gassima-\": gasama- ~ gasœma- ~ gasima- 'catch,",
"title": "Kalaw Lagaw Ya"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "might change the spelling according to their pronunciation so becomes . Hejazi has eight vowel phonemes: three short , , and five long , , , and , with length as a distinctive feature, and two diphthongs and . Unlike other Arabic dialects, Hejazi did not develop allophones for the vowels and in the vicinity of emphatic consonants, and they are always pronounced as an open front or open central depending on the speaker, and retains most of the long and short vowels of Classical Arabic with no vowel reduction, though in a few number of foreign words the long",
"title": "Hejazi Arabic phonology"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "\"bǎ\" (\"to be better\": rising tone). However, the meaning is almost always unambiguous in the context so the words are usually all written \"ba\". There are ten vowels: the five oral vowels (, , , , ) and their nasalized counterparts. There is slight variation, both allophonic and dialectal. Vowel length is phonemically distinctive. There are a number of combinations of a vowel with a semivowel or , the semivowel being initial or final. The combinations and usually have some palatal quality to them and may even be interchangeable with and in the speech of many people. All consonants may",
"title": "Zarma language"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the tower. It is the only tower with double skin facade and it is covered entirely of glass in the form of flakes. On the upper deck there are 3 wind turbines, of 2.5 kW each, capable of producing wind energy for use in the building. Torre PwC The Torre PwC, formerly Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso, is a 52-floor, skyscraper, completed in 2008, located in Madrid, Spain. Torre PwC is one of four buildings in the Cuatro Torres Business Area. It was designed by Carlos Rubio Carvajal and Enrique Álvarez-Sala Walter and was built by Sacyr Sau. It houses the five-star",
"title": "Torre PwC"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "who will eventually crossover on to \"Chicago Fire\". On December 20, 2013, it was announced that both Eastwood and Raymonde had departed the series over creative differences. On September 2016, it was reported that series regular Jon Seda would move to the new spin-off \"Chicago Justice\" as regular. After \"Justice\"'s cancellation, in July 2017 it was disclosed that Seda would move back to \"Chicago P.D.\" as series regular for season 5 In May 2017, it was announced that Sophia Bush would depart the series after four seasons In July 2017, Tracy Spiridakos was promoted to series regular as Det. Hailey",
"title": "Chicago P.D. (TV series)"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "by profession held the reins of the municipal government. The early nineties saw the alternate changing of local governance between Rodulfo Sarmiento and Jose \"Cito\" Alberto II, the son of Congressman Jose Alberto. The municipality of Virac occupies the southern tip of the island province. It has a total land area of 18,778.4 hectares. Of its total, 9,359.15 hectares or 49.84% is forestland while 9,419.25 hectares are classified as alienable and disposable. Almost half of the area is rugged and mountainous, with hills and plains dotted with marshy land, rocky jutting cliffs and crags. The town is bounded on the",
"title": "Virac, Catanduanes"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Silverton Mountain Silverton Mountain is a ski resort near Silverton, Colorado USA that opened on January 19, 2002. Popular with skiers and snowboarders, Silverton Mountain has one chairlift that carries visitors into its terrain, which is for advanced and expert skiers or riders. Avalanche gear is required to ride the lift at all times due to the unpatrolled and ungroomed nature of Silverton. In addition to Silverton Mountain's 1,819 acres of lift accessed skiing, Silverton also serves as a base area for over 22,000 acres of helicopter accessed skiing. Uniquely, Silverton is only open Thursday through Sunday from December through",
"title": "Silverton Mountain"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "that their estate of Seven Springs, also there is the court house which gives the town its name, the Faulconer County Bank, the local school at which Major Thaddeus \"Pecker\" Bird teaches along with his wife Priscilla. Faulconer County Faulconer County is a fictional county in the state of Virginia, a setting in the Starbuck Chronicles by Bernard Cornwell set during the American Civil War. Faulconer County is the historical home of the Faulconer family, who in 1861 are headed by Washington Faulconer, his wife Miriam and their children Adam Faulconer and Anna, who is engaged to Ethan Ridley. The",
"title": "Faulconer County"
},
{
"idx": 22,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "assumed to have a phonetic value articulatory between the vowels and . In the Štokavian and Čakavian vowel systems, this phoneme lost a back vowel parallel; the tendency towards articulatory symmetry led to its merging with other phonemes. On the other hand, most Kajkavian dialects did have a back vowel parallel (a reflex of *ǫ and *l̥), and both the front and back vowels were retained in most of these dialects' vowel system before merging with a reflex of a vocalized Yer (*ь). Thus the Kajkavian vowel system has a symmetry between front and back closed vocalic phonemes: */ẹ/ (<",
"title": "Yat"
},
{
"idx": 23,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "it is able to successfully differentiate between the consonant \"w\" from the short vowel \"u\" by representing \"w\" with a []. It is also able to successfully differentiate between the consonant \"y\" from the long vowel \"î\" by representing \"î\" with a [] and the long vowel \"û\" can be represented with a [] or [] instead of double . A new sort order for the alphabet was recently proposed by the Kurdish Academy as the new standard, all of which are letters accepted included in the Sorani Unicode Keyboard: Note - The above sequences are read from right to",
"title": "Kurdish alphabets"
},
{
"idx": 24,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "consonant sound(s) with another or others of a similar place of articulation. Since English is commonly spoken as a second language in Kenya, they tend to follow the Swahili vowel system. This means they tend to follow a five vowel system rather than the twenty vowel system of English. The five vowel system mainly consists of /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/ and these vowels are never diphthongized like some English vowel sounds can be. An example of this can be seen between the words \"hat\", \"hut\", \"heart\" and \"hurt\". In Kenyan English, these words all appear very similar due",
"title": "Kenyan English"
},
{
"idx": 25,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "are no \"r\"-colored vowels. In non-rhotic dialects like Received Pronunciation (RP), historic is elided at the end of a syllable, and if the preceding vowel is stressed, it undergoes compensatory lengthening or breaking (diphthongization). Thus, words that historically had often have long vowels or centering diphthongs ending in a schwa , or a diphthong followed by a schwa. In most English dialects, there are vowel shifts only affecting vowels before , or vowels that were historically followed by . Vowel shifts before historical fall into two categories: mergers and splits. Mergers are more common, and therefore most English dialects have",
"title": "English-language vowel changes before historic /r/"
},
{
"idx": 26,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "from them), some imperative interjectives and, to a lesser extent, ideophones may be formed by simple morphological devices. Verb stems may be divided into four varieties: Regular verbs are those beginning with a consonant and ending in the vowel . The final may change into every vowel except the near-close back vowel () through inflexion or derivation. The verb root is the atomic part of the verb, which does not change (save for some \"purely phonetic changes\") and Bantu languages share numerous similar verb roots (with predictable sound changes between languages). Monosyllabic stems may be classified into several categories: Vowel",
"title": "Sotho verbs"
}
] | [
"length"
] | [
"Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] (\"suns\") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] (\"zone\") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] (\"sons\"), or kroes [krus] (\"mug\") versus cruise [kruːs] (\"cruise\")."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1545 | When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"February 2007"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "carried out in three steps: The first satellite, \"BeiDou-1A\", was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by \"BeiDou-1B\" on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, \"BeiDou-1C\" (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of \"BeiDou-1C\" also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system. On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second. In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, \"BeiDou-1D\" (sometimes called \"BeiDou-2A\", serving as a",
"title": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "carried out in three steps: The first satellite, \"BeiDou-1A\", was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by \"BeiDou-1B\" on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, \"BeiDou-1C\" (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of \"BeiDou-1C\" also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system. On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second. In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, \"BeiDou-1D\" (sometimes called \"BeiDou-2A\", serving as a",
"title": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "used for GLONASS navigation satellites. It operates in a Molniya orbit with a perigee of , an apogee of , and 65° inclination. The satellite entered service on 1 February 2007. By May 2009 it had failed. NPO-PM reported that an impact with a piece of debris had caused the spacecraft to malfunction. Meridian 1 Meridian 1 (), also known as Meridian No.11L, was a Russian communications satellite. It was the first satellite to be launched as part of the Meridian system, which will replace the older Molniya series. Meridian 1 was the first Russian Government satellite to be launched",
"title": "Meridian 1"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "orbit, which passes over Pyongyang at 11:22 each day, according to observations collected on the seesat-L mailing list. The program suffered a setback when Japan lost the second pair of satellites because of an H-IIA launch failure on 29 November 2003. Except the satellite which failed in launching, a second optical surveillance satellite IGS 3A was launched on 11 September 2006. A third optical satellite IGS 4A and a second radar satellite IGS 4B were launched on 24 February 2007. IGS 4A is a more advanced and experimental optical satellite. A fourth optical satellite IGS 5A was launched on 28",
"title": "Information Gathering Satellite"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "college in Pennsylvania earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading, or English. The school offers two academic sequences: career prep and college prep. College prep is for students planning on attending either two or four year college degree programs. This sequence offers the typical courses that would be encountered to prepare a student",
"title": "Central Columbia High School"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Hector begins to accept his loss and move onto a relationship with lawyer Jo Stanley. Jo's boss, Ronnie Bunter, Henry's old friend and Bannock Family Trust lawyer, gives Hector the details of the destruction of the entire Bannock family, in a novel written by Ronnie on Carl Peter Bannock, Henry's stepson (briefly mentioned in \"\"Those in Peril\"\"). Carl was born Karl Pieter Kurtmeyer, his biological father Heinrich was a German Gestapo officer, and despite being an acknowledged genius, no one was aware he was a cruel, twisted, sadistic monster. Henry married Carl's mother, Marlena, and takes both her and her",
"title": "Vicious Circle (novel)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "which are classified with high HDI. The states from the former Eastern Bloc that formerly had planned economy system and Turkey mark gradual economic growth each year, only the economy of Greece drops for 2012 and meanwhile it was expected to grow in 2013. The Gross domestic product (Purchasing power parity) per capita is highest in Slovenia (over $36,000), followed by Greece (over $29,000), Croatia and Romania (over $25,000), Turkey, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia ($10,000 – $15,000) and Bosnia, Albania and Kosovo (below $10,000). The Gini coefficient, which indicates the level of difference by monetary welfare of the layers, is",
"title": "Balkans"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Robert Joffrey Robert Joffrey (December 24, 1930 – March 25, 1988) was an American dancer, teacher, producer, choreographer, and co-founder of the Joffrey Ballet, known for his highly imaginative modern ballets. He was born Anver Bey Abdullah Jaffa Khan in Seattle, Washington to a Pashtun father from Afghanistan and a mother from Italy. Joffrey began his dance training at nine years old in Seattle as a remedy for asthma under instructor Mary Anne Wells. He later studied ballet and modern dance in New York City and made his debut in 1949 with the French choreographer Roland Petit and his Ballet",
"title": "Robert Joffrey"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Tongue map The tongue map or taste map is a common misconception that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different basic tastes. It is illustrated with a schematic map of the tongue, with certain parts of the tongue labeled for each taste. Although widely taught in schools, this was scientifically disproven by later research; all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue, although different parts are more sensitive to certain tastes. The theory behind this map originated from a paper written by Harvard psychologist D.P Hanig, which was a translation of a German paper, \"Zur",
"title": "Tongue map"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the market) were equipped to utilize Beidou. The third phase of the Beidou system (BDS-3) will include 3 GEO satellites, 3 IGSO satellites, and 24 MEO satellites which introduce new signal frequencies B1C/B1I/B1A (1575.42 MHz), B2a/B2b (1191.795 MHz), B3I/B3Q/B3A (1268.52 MHz), and Bs test frequency (2492.028 MHz). Interface control documents on the new open signals were published in 2017-2018. As of October 2018, 15 BDS-3 satellites have been launched , and the new global constellation is expected to become operational by 2020. BDS-3 satellites also include SBAS and SAR capabilities. Characteristics of the \"I\" signals on E2 and E5B are",
"title": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "OPS 5114 OPS 5114, also known as Navstar 4, GPS I-4 and GPS SVN-4, was an American navigation satellite launched in 1978 as part of the Global Positioning System development programme. It was the fourth of eleven Block I GPS satellites to be launched. OPS 5114 was launched at 03:59 UTC on 11 December 1978, atop an Atlas E/F carrier rocket with an SGS-1 upper stage. The Atlas used had the serial number 39F, and was originally built as an Atlas F. The launch took place from Space Launch Complex 3E at Vandenberg Air Force Base. OPS 5114 was placed",
"title": "OPS 5114"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "IRNSS-1D IRNSS-1D is a satellite in the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) constellation. The satellite is the fourth of seven in the constellation, launched after IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B and IRNSS-1C. The satellite is the only satellite in the constellation slated to provide navigational services to the region. The satellite will be placed in geosynchronous orbit. It was launched successfully on 28 March 2015 onboard ISRO's PSLV-C27 from Satish Dhawan Space Center, Sriharikota. The satellite will help in augmenting the satellite based navigation system of India which is currently under development. The navigational system so developed will be a regional one",
"title": "IRNSS-1D"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges. Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver. Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo",
"title": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Pakistan Armed Forces. Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of",
"title": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"
}
] | [
"February 2007"
] | [
"In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A, serving as a backup satellite), was sent up into space. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3202 | What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Bofors 40 mm"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37 mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the \"Bofors 40 mm\". The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were",
"title": "Anti-aircraft warfare"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37 mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the \"Bofors 40 mm\". The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were",
"title": "Anti-aircraft warfare"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Madoc. Thompson died in office in Madoc at the age of 58. Thomas Henry Thompson Thomas Henry Thompson (July 1, 1866 – May 17, 1925) was a merchant, undertaker and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Hastings East in the House of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1925 as a Unionist Party and then Conservative member. He was born in Madoc Township, Canada West, the son of Charles Thompson and Alice Brown, and was educated there. Thompson entered business as a furniture merchant and undertaker. In 1892, he married Susan L. Griffin. Thompson served on the council for",
"title": "Thomas Henry Thompson"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "E. D. Morel, until it petered out in the 1930s. Morel became a strong influence on Goldring's political thought. He witnessed the destruction in 1924 of the John Nash facades on Regent Street, leading to his later interest in the preservation of Georgian period architecture. He spent much of the 1920s on the French Riviera or in Paris. He taught in Gothenburg, Sweden from 1925 to 1927. He became known mostly as a travel writer. In the late 1930s Goldring came to prominence in two ways. He was Secretary of the Georgian Society, which he helped to found after writing",
"title": "Douglas Goldring"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "him studying the south coast of King William Island and Sherman Inlet. Fraser became a Fellow and director of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society in 1959. In 1982, he was appointed executive secretary, publisher and general manager. A new publisher arrived in 1988, but Fraser continued in his other two roles until 1990. In that same year, the Society established the Fraser Lectureship in Northern Studies program in his honor. He became a Fellow of the Arctic Institute of North America in 1960. In 1975, Fraser received the Award for Service to the Profession of Geography from the Canadian Association",
"title": "J. Keith Fraser"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "as part of repayment on that loan. In 1939, Rosenwald again support Rogge, this time going after income tax cases in Louisiana related to Governor Huey Long's \"Share Our Wealth\" program. Rogge planned to move to the state due to the anticipated length of the case. He cited Rosenwald (and Albert B. Teton) as an expert whose presence he sought to join him because of Rosenwald's \"experience in preparing income tax cases for trial.\" In April 1948, Rosenwald and John J. O'Niel were attorneys for a naval captain before the U.S. Supreme Court in \"United States of America ex. rel.",
"title": "Harold Rosenwald"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1794 and the city wall around London Gate was demolished around 1800. In other parts of Canterbury, the city walls became used for promenades by the more fashionable citizens. The Dane John Gardens were built between 1790 and 1803 by Simmons in the south-east corner of the walls, remodelling the old castle motte, and incorporating the Roman bank and the medieval wall-walk into the design. The ownership of the land was disputed, and the park was taken into the control of the city shortly after its construction. West Gate continued to be used as the city gaol, resulting in it",
"title": "Canterbury city walls"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "error signals that can quickly drive the antenna away from the target. However, because the rate is constantly changing, after a period the error will drop to zero again, potentially before the radar has moved completely off the target. The system is not as effective as inverse gain, which interrupts the tracking process once every scan compared to the once-every-so-often for SSW, but it provides some protection against any conical scanning or CORSO radar. Angle deception jamming Angle deception jamming is an electronic warfare technique used against conical scanning radar systems. It generates a false signal that fools the radar",
"title": "Angle deception jamming"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "stop a transmitter transmitting, hence jamming the receiver from ever hearing from its intended transmitter. Other jammers work by analysing the packet headers and depending on the source or destination, selectively transmit over the end of the message, corrupting the packet. During World War II, ground radio operators would attempt to mislead pilots by false instructions in their own language, in what was more precisely a spoofing attack than jamming. Radar jamming is also important to disrupt use of radar used to guide an enemy's missiles or aircraft. Modern secure communication techniques use such methods as spread spectrum modulation to",
"title": "Radio jamming"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "are often double-action and are manufactured using more modern methods. It remains in service throughout the world. As of 2017, the MK1 version remained the standard service pistol of the Canadian Armed Forces, with the SIG Sauer P226 being issued to specialised units along with the SIG Sauer P225. The weapon is the standard sidearm of the Belgian Army, Indian Army, Indonesian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, Argentine Army, Luxembourg Army, Israel Police, and Venezuelan Army, among others. The Irish Army replaced its Browning Pistols (known popularly as BAPs, or Browning Automatic Pistols) with the Heckler & Koch USP in",
"title": "Browning Hi-Power"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "radar jamming operations during the D-Day landings. The squadron aircraft also joined the heavy bomber raids over Germany but was equipped with advanced radar jamming equipment to disrupt the German air defences. In 1945 the Stirlings were exchanged for the Handley Page Halifax until the squadron was disbanded on 29 July 1945 at RAF North Creake. In 1951 the squadron was formed again at RAF Watton as part of No. 90 Signals Group to operate in the electronic countermeasures role with the Avro Lincoln and de Havilland Mosquito. The Mosquitos were replaced by the English Electric Canberra and the squadron",
"title": "No. 199 Squadron RAF"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "he signed and shared an online petition supporting the use of homeopathy to treat Ebola virus disease. Party co-leader Metiria Turei described Browning's actions as \"a mistake\", and said that the portfolio change was designed to reassure the public that the Greens \"take health issues seriously\". Browning said he did not oppose homeopathy on a personal level. On 15 December 2016, he announced alongside Catherine Delahunty that he will not be seeking re-election in the . Steffan Browning Steffan John Browning (born 3 July 1954) is a New Zealand politician of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand. He was",
"title": "Steffan Browning"
}
] | [
"Bofors 40 mm"
] | [
"After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1859 | Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"old boy network"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an \"old boy network\", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate. Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to",
"title": "Political corruption"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an \"old boy network\", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate. Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to",
"title": "Political corruption"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "battle, it is noteworthy that Bury, who does not believe the Battle of Chalôns to be of macrohistorical importance, characterizes Aetius' rule thus: \"From the end of the regency to his own death, Aetius was master of the Empire in the west, and it must be imputed to his policy and arms that Imperial rule did not break down in all the provinces by the middle of the fifth century.\" Bury thinks it clear that there was no one capable of taking Aetius' place. But he also considers that the Battle of the River Nedao was far more consequential to",
"title": "Battle of the Catalaunian Plains"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters The Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters ( or LLKS) or Movement for the Struggle for Lithuanian Freedom ( or LLKS) was a resistance organization of the Lithuanian partisans, waging a guerrilla war against the Soviet Union in the aftermath of World War II. The organization was established on February 10, 1949, during a meeting of all partisan commanders in Minaičiai village. Jonas Žemaitis (codename \"Vytautas\") was elected as the chairman of its presidium. On February 16, the 31st anniversary of the 1918 Act of Independence of Lithuania, the Union adopted a declaration proclaiming itself to",
"title": "Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "national team on his first stint was 2-1 win over American club Dallas Tornado at home in 1968 with practically the same squad that played in the 0–15 record lost to Japan in the Asian Olympic qualifiers. He also coached the Philippine team that participated at the 1968 AFC Youth Championship. The Philippines reached the quarterfinals, its best finish in the tournament. Florentino Broce took over as head coach of the national team from 1993 until 1994. The national team's poor performance at the 1974 Asian Games caused the Philippine Football Association to reappoint Cutillas. Cutillas coached until 1978. He",
"title": "Juan Cutillas"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "= \"Fusus cynara\" Röding, 1798 = \"Turbinella angulata\" (Lightfoot, 1786) ) is a junior homonym of \"Fusus\" Helbling, 1779. It has also been placed on the Official Index of the ICZN by Opinion 1765 and is an invalid name. The following species with specific epithets of species now placed in Colubrariidae, have been placed arbitrarily in the genus \"Fusus\" Helbling, 1779 Species within the genus \"Fusus\" Bruguière, 1789 include arbitrarily all the species that haven't been designated to \"Fusus\" Helbling, 1779:. Most species have been synonymized with a species in\" Fusinus\". Fusus Fusus is a genus of small to large",
"title": "Fusus"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "three week-long half-term breaks for each of the three terms, including one in the autumn term at the end of October, one in the spring term in mid-February and one in the summer term in late-May, although these breaks do not always coincide with state school breaks in the Autumn and Spring terms. The summer half-term break is determined by the break in public exams at the end of May. Some universities grant an extended \"exam leave\" to students which typically commences in early-April, so as to give students a good number of weeks to prepare for the summer exam",
"title": "Summer vacation"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "for political campaigns and personal enrichment. Corruption was cited among many issues that provoked the 2013 protests. Corruption reduced public investments in health, education, infrastructure, security, housing, among other essential rights, expanding social exclusion and inequality. All types of corruption exist. Clientilism, cronyism and nepotism are widespread in Brazil, and many critics mention how some of the members of Brazilian Supreme Court are seen openly mingling with politicians. Bribery (called \"propina\" or \"suborno\" in Portuguese) is also rife in the police force and throughout the Brazilian bureaucracy. But one of the most common types of corruption in Brazil is embezzlement",
"title": "Corruption in Brazil"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "difficulty levels, the clues get more cryptic. Users can also challenge their friends, other fans and the artists themselves. Say What?! was developed by interactive music company 8linQ, whose aim is to change the way people consume music, by making music interactive, engaging, challenging, social and competitive, which they believe will also help reduce the incidence of piracy. 8linQ is a joint venture between production company Music In Colour. (the ex DJ Hero team Ofei Sakyi and Chris Lee), mobile firm Reactify and recording studio firm Metropolis Group. Sony Music Entertainment has signed a 6‐month exclusive deal to provide tracks",
"title": "Say What?! (video game)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and send more open messages about themselves. As a result, personal information can be easily exposed to other persons. Twitter and Facebook are two of the biggest social networks in the world. Facebook is currently the largest social network in the world with more than 1 billion people using this website. This actually means that one in seven people on Earth use Facebook. Facebook users share their stories, images and videos in order to celebrate and commemorate events together. They can also play social games and like other Facebook pages. Moreover, there is also a section called \"News Feed\" where",
"title": "Tribe (Internet)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The episode, which would not premiere on TV until April 17, featured Johnny Depp as a guest star. Other celebratory actions taken by the network included the launching of a new website for the series (spongebob.com) and the introduction of new merchandising. A \"SpongeBob and water conservation-themed element\" was also added to Nickelodeon's pro-social campaign \"The Big Green Help\". In an interview, Tom Kenny said, \"What I'm most proud of is that kids still really like [\"SpongeBob SquarePants\"] and care about it ... They eagerly await new episodes. People who were young children when it started 10 years ago are",
"title": "SpongeBob SquarePants"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "when she was appointment in 2007. Both she and Lysbakken were forced to resign after issued related to cronyism. Two people have held the position twice: Bjerkholdt and Karita Bekkemellem. With a tenure of ten years, Bjerkholdt has held the position the longest. The following lists the minister, their party, date of assuming and leaving office, their tenure in years and days, and the cabinet they served in. <br> <br> <br> <br> Minister of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion The Minister of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion () is a Councilor of State and Chief of Norway's Ministry of Children,",
"title": "Minister of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion"
}
] | [
"old boy network"
] | [
"Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an \"old boy network\", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2732 | What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"homebrewing"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby. The purpose of brewing is to convert the starch source into",
"title": "Beer"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby. The purpose of brewing is to convert the starch source into",
"title": "Beer"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and Billy Ocean. She worked with many other famous singers, both as a session vocalist and sideman. She accompanied Luther Vandross whom she met through the mutual acquaintance of choreographer Bruce Wallace, who asked her to come to his agency for an audition. Fischer then traveled as a backup singer on his tours and sang on his albums until his death, in addition to other famous musicians, including Chaka Khan, Teddy Pendergrass, and Roberta Flack. Fischer maintained her career as a session singer and continues to accompany The Rolling Stones on every one of their tours since 1989. She worked",
"title": "Lisa Fischer"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Mitch Snyder Mitch Snyder (August 14, 1943 – July 3, 1990) was an American advocate for the homeless. He was the subject of a made-for-television 1986 biopic, \"Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder Story\", starring Martin Sheen. Snyder grew up in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, where at age 9 his father abandoned the family. After a stint in a correctional facility for breaking into parking meters, Snyder worked in job counseling on Madison Avenue in New York City, as well as selling appliances and construction work. In 1969 he left his wife and children and started hitchhiking west. Police found him in",
"title": "Mitch Snyder"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the HQ was responsible for the nearby Soltau-Lüneburg Training Area and its associated hutted camp at Reinsehlen. The signal squadron had three troops, two of which were armoured, using variants of the FV432 for telecommunication purposes. The soldiers were given the freedom of the town on 18 September 1982, and again after returning from the first Gulf War in 1991. They marched through the town to mark the occasion. The site of the British barracks was the first in Germany to be turned over to private hands in 1993, one year after the withdrawal of British troops. Today the old",
"title": "Soltau"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the first sets began to appear in the shops. However, the models were produced too quickly, without sufficient attention to detail and lacked realism. Without proper consideration to what the Canadian market demanded, the models were not popular although they sold well enough in the UK. Historically, train sets and individual models were imported into Canada from the UK; initially only the Transcontinental range of models. However, a number of special train sets were produced exclusively for the general Canadian market as well as some special train sets for the department store chains and / or mail order companies. No",
"title": "Tri-ang Railways"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "addicts. Frasier begs her not to tell Sam about their short-time affair. Suddenly, Sam arrives into the room and then, in order to be honest to her, confesses to Sheila that, at the day of their engagement, Sam slept with another woman twice. Then Sheila confesses that she slept with other two regular patrons: Paul (\"short, bald, fat\") and then Cliff Clavin. Though he forgives her dalliance with Paul, Sam is disgusted to learn about Cliff and breaks off his relationship with Sheila. (When she turns to Frasier for help, he is equally disgusted about Cliff.) At Frasier's car, Sam,",
"title": "The Show Where Sam Shows Up"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Farmhouse ale Farmhouse ale is an ancient European tradition where farmers brewed beer for consumption on the farm from their own grain, hops, and yeast. Most farmers would brew for Christmas and/or harvest time, but in areas where they had enough grain farmers would use beer as the every-day drink. This was in a time when it was safer to drink beer than water. Farmhouse ale has enormous variation in the ingredients and brewing process used, both of which follow ancient local traditions. Today many microbreweries make beers they market as farmhouse ale, but in most cases the connection with",
"title": "Farmhouse ale"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "such as the Germany, Austria, United States and Canada. Beer for home consumption is mostly sold in 0.5-litre bottles of deposit type (reused) and 0.33-litre glass bottles, as well as cans. Most breweries began packing their product in plastic Q-pack bottles of 1.5, 2 or even 2.5 litres. In bars and restaurants, beer is either served in 0.33 or 0.5L bottles, or as \"draught\" (\"točeno\"). Serbia ranks 38th by beer consumption per capita, with 60 litres a year. There are three main breweries in Serbia which combined, control 95% of market share (as of 2016). These are: Apatin Brewery, Heineken",
"title": "Beer in Serbia"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of beverage containers, support a well established network of recycling centres, providing significant environmental benefits as well as generating employment opportunities for unskilled workers. Beer in Australia Beer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. In 2004 Australia was ranked fourth internationally in per capita beer consumption, at around 110 litres per year; although, the nation ranked considerably lower in a World Health Organization report of alcohol consumption per capita of 12.2 litres. The most popular beer style in modern Australia is Pale Ale. The oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in Tasmania in",
"title": "Beer in Australia"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "tea. In some areas hot chocolate was consumed, but the most popular drinks (beside water) were beer and jenever. For most of the century beer was drunk in the southern part, where Catholicism dominated, and in Catholic enclaves in the other areas. Jenever consumption early in the nineteenth century was twice that of the equivalent consumption of distilled in neighboring countries. The modest and plain look of what is nowadays considered the traditional Dutch cuisine, appears to be the result of a fairly recent development. In the twentieth century, the new availability of mass education meant that a great number",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "liquor soju is preferred, beer comes second when it comes to consumption. Since the 1980s, beer has been within reach of ordinary North Koreans, though it is still rationed. Tourists, on the other hand, enjoy inexpensive beer without such limitations. The Japanese brought beer to Colonial Korea in the 1930s in the form of German lager beers. After WWII and independence, until at least 1960, all beer in North Korea was produced domestically. By the 1980s, beer was in such good availability that the common North Korean could drink it. Until the mid-1990s when the state rationing system started to",
"title": "Beer in North Korea"
}
] | [
"homebrewing"
] | [
"The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4907 | Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"reduce health and environmental risks"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides. Pesticides can be created that are targeted to a specific pest's lifecycle, which can be environmentally more friendly. For example, potato cyst nematodes emerge from their protective cysts in response to a chemical excreted by potatoes; they feed on the potatoes and damage the crop. A",
"title": "Pesticide"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides. Pesticides can be created that are targeted to a specific pest's lifecycle, which can be environmentally more friendly. For example, potato cyst nematodes emerge from their protective cysts in response to a chemical excreted by potatoes; they feed on the potatoes and damage the crop. A",
"title": "Pesticide"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "German torpedo boat Tiger (1928) Tiger was the third of six Type 24 torpedo boats built for the German Navy (initially called the \"Reichsmarine\" and then renamed as the \"Kriegsmarine\" in 1935) during the 1920s. The boat made multiple non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s. \"Tiger\" was sunk by a German destroyer in August 1939 which accidentally rammed her during night training. Derived from the preceding Type 23 torpedo boat, the Type 24 was slightly larger and faster, but had a similar armament. The boats had an overall length of and was long at the",
"title": "German torpedo boat Tiger (1928)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "In March 2018, it was reported that Rachelle Lefevre, Vincent Kartheiser, Riley Smith, Brian d’Arcy James, Clare O’Connor, and Nikki M. James had joined the main cast as series regulars. On June 1, 2018, it was announced that Kelsey Grammer had been cast to replace d'Arcy James in the role of Gore Bellows (previously Cole Bellows). In September 2018, it was reported that Elaine Hendrix and Laurie Holden had been cast in recurring roles. In October 2018, it was announced that Caitlin Mehner, Tembi Locke, Tiffany Dupont, and Catherine Lidstone had also joined the cast in a recurring capacity. On",
"title": "Proven Innocent"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "later. She played a murderer in \"Here Comes Mr. Jordan\" (1941) and a doomed wife in the RKO film noir \"They Won't Believe Me\" (1947). Johnson suffered injuries (attributed to a falling hair dryer) to her head and legs September 6, 1948, requiring brain surgery, causing her film career to come to a near complete stop. A newspaper article three years afterward reported, \"It took her a year to recover. Her left side was paralyzed temporarily, and for a while she couldn't walk.\" Her screen time in movies after that was limited due to her reduced mobility and powers of",
"title": "Rita Johnson"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and seemingly killing Venom in the process. Months later, Brock and Venom (who had somehow survived in Brock) have come to an agreement that Venom would only ever harm \"bad guys\" and the two kill a local gang member threatening Mrs. Chen (a shop owner who is a friend of Brock's) for protection money. At the end of the film, Brock is sent to interview an incarcerated serial killer named Cletus Kasady, who states that if (and when) he escapes, \"there's gonna be Carnage.\" Symbiote (comics) The Klyntar (colloquial: Symbiotes) are a fictional species of inorganic, amorphous, multicellular, extraterrestrial symbiotes",
"title": "Symbiote (comics)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "as my first abstract painting.\" In 1960, Smith began her formal art education in Washington state, earning an Associate of Arts Degree at Olympic College in Bremerton and taking classes at the University of Washington in Seattle. Her education, however, was interrupted because she had to support herself through various jobs as a waitress, Head Start teacher, factory worker, domestic, librarian, janitor, veterinary assistant, and secretary. In 1976, she completed a Bachelors degree in Art Education from Framingham State College, Massachusetts, and then moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to start graduate school at the University of New Mexico (UNM). Her",
"title": "Jaune Quick–to–See Smith"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "patient gets a \"facelift\", without any scalpel work and without any removal of skin. In the event that a patient is unhappy with the results, the threads can be readily removed and the patient's face thence returns to its position prior to treatment. Thus, Contour threads have negligible permanent \"biological cost\", as the effect is reversible. Effects last for a number of years, quoted as 2–5 years, after which time the positive effect is gradually lost and the patient's face returns to its state prior to treatment. Contour threads Contour threads are used in cosmetic/plastic surgery to vertically lift facial",
"title": "Contour threads"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "mice by increasing aerobic glycolysis. Derivatives of jatrorrhizine (notably 3-alkoxy derivatives, and specifically 3-octyloxy 8-alkyljatrorrhizine derivatives such as 3-octyloxy 8-butyljatrorrhizine) have been synthesized and found to have much stronger antimicrobial effects. Jatrorrhizine Jatrorrhizine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in some plant species, such as \"Enantia chlorantha\" (Annonaceae). Synonyms that may be encountered include jateorrhizine, neprotin, jatrochizine, jatrorhizine, and yatrorizine. Jatrorrhizine has been reported to have antiinflammatory effect, and to improve blood flow and mitotic activity in thioacetamide-traumatized rat livers. It was found to have antimicrobial and antifungal activity. It binds and noncompetitively inhibits monoamine oxidase (IC = 4 μM for",
"title": "Jatrorrhizine"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "theory introduced by Folger and Cropanzano 1998. The fairness theory suggests that when individuals face negative situations (such as being undermined by coworkers or supervision) they make cognitive comparisons known as counterfactual thoughts; i.e., they compare what actually happened to what might have been. The results show that social undermining is closely related to attitudes and behavior regarding one person being or feeling \"singled out\". While social undermining can affect a person's behavior and attitude on their job, it can also bring about envy. Envy can have a positive or negative effect: positive effects include increased performance or attempts at",
"title": "Social undermining"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is known that a passive layer, consisting of a complex between copper and benzotriazole, is formed when copper is immersed in a solution containing benzotriazole. The passive layer is insoluble in aqueous and many organic solutions. There is a positive correlation between the thickness of the passive layer and the efficiency of preventing corrosion. BTA is used in conservation, notably for the treatment of bronze disease. The exact structure of the copper-BTA complex is controversial and many proposals have been suggested. Benzotriazole derivatives have chemical and biological properties that are versatile in the pharmaceutical industry. Benzotriazole derivatives act as agonists",
"title": "Benzotriazole"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "forest fragment that ranges from 900–1300 m.a.s.l. As such, much of the research conducted here focuses on agroecology or studies of forest fragmentation. Las Cruces Biological Station The Las Cruces Biological Station / Wilson Botanical Garden is located in the southern Puntarenas province of Costa Rica, and is the newest of the three research stations operated by the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS). Las Cruces includes a biological research station, tourist facilities, and the botanical gardens started by Robert and Catherine Wilson, and bequeathed to OTS. Las Cruces is located in a mountainous region at an elevation of approximately 1,000",
"title": "Las Cruces Biological Station"
}
] | [
"reduce health and environmental risks"
] | [
"Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_8831 | About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"thirty-five million"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "for Shooting and Conservation says that over a million people per year participate in shooting, including game shooting, clay pigeon shooting, and target shooting. Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, \"beaters\" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called \"drives\". The open season for",
"title": "Hunting"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "for Shooting and Conservation says that over a million people per year participate in shooting, including game shooting, clay pigeon shooting, and target shooting. Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, \"beaters\" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called \"drives\". The open season for",
"title": "Hunting"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "became members of his social circle. He enjoyed friendships with other celebrities, including Duke and Duchess of Windsor and Bob Hope, a good friend who emerged from a giant cake at Cummings's eightieth birthday. As a collector, Cummings did not confine himself to the acquisition of blue-chip impressionist and 20th-century master paintings. He enjoyed contemporary art and delighted in new discoveries. He often acquired whole series of works by artists he liked, later distributing the works to friends or scattering them around the workplace. At one time he owned a fishing fleet and ensured that each of the fifteen boats",
"title": "Nathan Cummings"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of the Royal Botanical Gardens Petch was appointed Mycologist to the Government of Ceylon in 1905. He returned to England briefly to marry Edith Mary Plowright (b. 1875), Charles' daughter, in 1908. Petch held this position until 1924. After a leave to visit England, he returned to Ceylon as the founding director of the Tea Research Institute. In 1928 he retired to England, where he lived in North Wootton in the house formerly owned by his father-in-law, near King's Lynn. During his time in Ceylon Petch studied the fungal diseases of rubber, cocoanut palm, tea, pepper, tobacco, and other crops",
"title": "Tom Petch"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "about Steve Thompson, proclaiming \"I had a bad relationship with Steve but I didn’t speak to Massimo about him On 24 June 2015, it was announced that Salerno has joined Premier League side Watford F.C. as Consultant, and would oversee the recruitment of Watford's oversees players. On 16 January 2017, Salerno was appointed sporting director of U.S. Città di Palermo. He resigned on 11 April 2017. Nicola Salerno (sporting executive) Nicola Salerno, born in Matera, Italy, on August 3, 1956, is an Italian sporting director. Son of Senator Francesco Carmelo Salerno, former president of Matera, he started his football career",
"title": "Nicola Salerno (sporting executive)"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2) 152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2) () was a Soviet 152.4 mm heavy gun, produced in limited numbers by the Barrikady Plant in Stalingrad in the late 1930s. The most unusual feature of the gun was its tracked carriage, shared by a number of Soviet heavy artillery systems of the interwar period. Despite a number of drawbacks, most notably limited mobility and short service life of the barrel, the weapon was employed throughout the German-Soviet War; an upgraded variant with wheeled carriage, Br-2M, remained in service at least until the 1970s. Work on a long range",
"title": "152 mm gun M1935 (Br-2)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was dropped and now the company is known as Shearings Holidays. The merger included eight travel shops in Yorkshire, rebranded from Wallace Arnold Travel to WA Shearings. These kept the WA Shearings name until 2010, when they reverted to their original Wallace Arnold Travel name. Wallace Arnold was the largest operator of the Bedford VAL 3 axle coach. After becoming a large Leyland Leopard and Volvo B58 customer, in later years it standardised on Volvo B10M and Volvo B12Ms, mostly with Jonckheere and Plaxton bodies. Wallace Arnold Wallace Arnold was one of the UK's largest holiday motorcoach tour operators. Wallace",
"title": "Wallace Arnold"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "syndicate sharing costs, or have paid in the region of £25+ per bird for pheasants and much more for grouse. The total bag (number of birds shot) will be anywhere between 10 and 400, again dependent on the budget and quarry. The day may be very formal, and the head gamekeeper or a shoot captain will oversee proceedings. Great emphasis is placed on safety. Pickers-up with dogs are also employed to make sure all shot or wounded game is collected. On such estates, large numbers of pheasants, partridge and duck, but not grouse, are reared and released to provide sufficient",
"title": "Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "crane to the Levels, after an absence of 400 years. The birds' eggs were flown from Germany to the Slimbridge wetland reserve managed by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (a UK charity) at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, and reared to the age of five months before being released onto the Levels. The \"Great Crane Project\" aims to introduce around 20 of the birds each year until 2015. The work, which included collaboration with Pensthorpe Nature Reserve and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, was supported by a grant of £700k from Viridor Credits. The Levels contain 32 Sites of Special",
"title": "Somerset Levels"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the cinema.\" \"themortonreport.com\" offered a mixed review calling the film both \"frustrating\" and \"a visually interesting film from start to finish.\" \"Shock Till You Drop\" panned the film, saying that while they liked the idea of shooting the entire film on Super 8, there was little else they enjoyed about the feature. \"JoBlo.com\" and \"Bloody Disgusting\" both gave scathing reviews, with \"JoBlo.com\" saying that it \"fails on almost every discernible level\" and that they did not recommend it. I Am Zozo I am Zozo, released in the UK as Are you There?, is a 2012 horror thriller film that",
"title": "I Am Zozo"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "- 20 franc entrance fee Live pigeon shooting - 200 franc entrance fee Running game target A total of 72 shooters from 8 nations competed at the Paris Games: Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics At the 1900 Summer Olympics, 9 shooting events were included. Many other shooting events were featured in Paris at about the same time, but only 9 events are considered Olympic by the International Olympic Committee. The competitions were held from August 3, 1900, to August 5, 1900. Competitors in these events had to kill as many live pigeons as possible. Birds were released one at",
"title": "Shooting at the 1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is an example of a species migrating to reproduce. Every year pacific salmon travel upstream to mate and then return to the ocean. Temperature is also a driving factor of migration that is dependent on the time of year. Many species, especially birds, migrate to warmer locations during the winter to escape poor environmental conditions. Circadian Migration is where birds utilize circadian rhythm (CR) to regulate migration in both the fall and the spring. In circadian migration clocks of both circadian (daily) and circannual (annual) patterns are utilized to determine the birds’ orientation in both time and space as they",
"title": "Animal migration"
}
] | [
"thirty-five million"
] | [
"Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, \"beaters\" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called \"drives\". The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6541 | What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for "race specific" diseases? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"living conditions"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities. International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have \"race-specific\" treatments. Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice. In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend",
"title": "Race (human categorization)"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities. International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have \"race-specific\" treatments. Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice. In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend",
"title": "Race (human categorization)"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "that most people had black and white TVs at the time. The \"Star of Giants vs Mighty Atoms\" TV special reached the U.S and was renamed to \"Astro Boy vs. the Giants\". \"Kyojin no Hoshi (The Anime Super Remix)\" was released for the PlayStation 2 by Capcom on June 20, 2002. There were also a number of other games on the same platform. Star of the Giants The manga appeared in \"Weekly Shōnen Magazine\" about the actual baseball team Yomiuri Giants using fictional characters. It was launched by the \"Yomiuri Group\" which at the time owned not only the actual",
"title": "Star of the Giants"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "living in Smallville has been overwritten, so it is no longer possible to retrieve that information from the database. An official accessing the database on December 28, 1994 would be told that John lives in Bigtown. More technically: if a database administrator ran the query codice_4 on December 26, 1994, the result would be codice_5. Running the same query 2 days later would result in codice_6. Until his death, the database would state that he lived in Bigtown. On April 1, 2001, the coroner deletes the John Doe entry from the database. After this, running the above query would return",
"title": "Temporal database"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Beijing, Ouerdane competed for the second time in the women's 70 kg class. She received a bye for the second preliminary round, before losing out by a waza-ari to Netherlands' Edith Bosch. Because her opponent advanced further into the semi-finals, Ouerdane offered another shot for the bronze medal by defeating Fiji's Sisilia Nasiga, with an ippon and a sankaku gatame (arm crush triangular arm lock), in the first repechage bout. Unfortunately, she finished only in ninth place, after losing out the second repechage bout to United States' Ronda Rousey, who successfully scored an ippon and a kuzure-kesa-gatame (broken scarf mat",
"title": "Rachida Ouerdane"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "President Ulysses Grant as Minister to the United Kingdom, and he sailed for England in July 1871. As a member on the Alabama Claims Commission, he took part in settling the claims arising from the exploits of Raphael Semmes and his Confederate raider. In his book \"History of Monetary Systems\", historian Alexander Del Mar intimates on p. 488 and 489 that Schenck was instrumental in passing a bill denominating currency in only gold, whereas it had been previously redeemable in silver, as well. This is significant as it relates to the panic of 1873. At a royal party in Somerset,",
"title": "Robert C. Schenck"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and qualification to the UEFA Europa League. Mano represented Portugal at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, also appearing in other minor tournaments. In the competition held in Canada, in the round-of-16 defeat against Chile (0–1), he was going to be sent off by referee Subkhiddin Mohd Salleh for a foul, when teammate Zequinha stripped the judge of his red card, receiving his marching orders as well. Subsequently, both players were suspended from international football, Mano for three months. Mano won the first of two caps for the under-21 side on 23 March 2007, featuring the second half in the",
"title": "Mano (Portuguese footballer)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "has been widely documented and there is evidence that some interventions to improve health literacy have produced successful results in the primary care setting. More must be done to further our understanding of nutrition literacy specific interventions in non-primary care settings in order to achieve better health outcomes. Malnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused by poor access to a range of nutritious foods or inadequate knowledge.",
"title": "Nutrition"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to take race into account when treating disease because diseases and treatment responses tend to cluster by geographic ancestry. The discovery that more diseases than previously thought correlate with racial identification have further sparked the interest in using race as a proxy for bio-geographical ancestry and genetic buildup. Race in medicine is used as an approximation for more specific genetic and environmental risk factors. Race is thus partly a surrogate for environmental factors such as differences in socioeconomic status that are known to affect health. It is also an imperfect surrogate for ancestral geographic regions and differences in gene frequencies",
"title": "Race and health"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and their dog teams to Braeburn before continuing what became a competition. The 2004 race saw 31 mushers start the race and 20 finish, a drop-out rate of 35%. During the first 24 years of the competition, there were 776 starters and 513 finishers. Though 90 more mushers attempted the race in the first 12 years than in the next dozen runnings, there is little difference in the percentage that did not finish (35% in 1984–1995; 33% in 1996–2007). In 2005, first-time participant Lance Mackey broke Hans Gatt's three-win streak. Mackey finished in 11 days, 32 seconds. The victory was",
"title": "Yukon Quest"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "various other backgrounds including racism towards Native Americans, Asian Americans, and others while drawing comparisons between various incomes and ages. Race and health in the United States is a topic that has been researched many times over the years. There are various specific diseases that are more present among various races as well as different means for life expectancy. In biomedical research conducted in the U.S., the 2000 US census definition of race is often applied. According to the Census Bureau in 2000, race refers to one's self-identification with a certain racial group. The Bureau also specifies that race is",
"title": "Race and health in the United States"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "happier and functioning at a higher level in a variety of areas. When analyzing the level of differentiation within a family it is important to look at the difference in the level of responsiveness (including specific characteristics of warmth, sensitivity, and postivity), control, leniency, and negativity that are directed at each individual child. Differential parenting often leads to a non-shared environment, which is when siblings have different experiences growing up in the same household, and different personal outcomes based on their environment. In most families with more than one child, parents will adjust their parenting styles accordingly based on what",
"title": "Parenting styles"
}
] | [
"living conditions"
] | [
"Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities. International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have \"race-specific\" treatments. Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7910 | Who controled Indochina in 1940? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Vichy France"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "They were soundly defeated in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol by a mixed Soviet and Mongolian force led by Georgy Zhukov. This stopped Japanese expansion to the north, and Soviet aid to China ended as a result of the signing of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact at the beginning of its war against Germany. In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27",
"title": "Pacific War"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Khmer Issarak, began to develop in 1940 among Cambodians in Thailand, who feared that their actions would have led to punishment if they had operated in their homeland. After the Fall of France in 1940, Cambodia and the rest of French Indochina were ruled by the Axis-puppet Vichy France government and despite an invasion of French Indochina, Japan allowed French colonial officials to remain in their colonies under Japanese supervision. In December 1940, the French-Thai War erupted and despite French resistance against the Japanese backed Thai forces, Japan compelled French authorities to cede Battambang, Sisophon, Siem Reap (excluding Siem",
"title": "French Protectorate of Cambodia"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "middle of the following month, the French became heavily involved in repelling Japanese army assaults. Following the Fall of France in 1940, Thais perceived a chance to regain the territories they had lost years earlier. The collapse of Metropolitan France made the French hold on Indochina tenuous. After the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in September 1940, the French were forced to allow the Japanese to set up military bases. This seemingly subservient behavior convinced the Thai regime that Vichy France would not seriously resist a confrontation with Thailand. French forces in Indochina consisted of an army of approximately fifty",
"title": "History of the Armée de l'Air in the colonies (1939–1962)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "help and outside supplies. After the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in September 1940, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, the French were forced to allow the Japanese to set up military bases. This seemingly subservient behavior convinced the regime of Major-General Plaek Pibulsonggram, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand, that Vichy France would not seriously resist a confrontation with Thailand. In October 1940, the military forces of Thailand attacked across the border with Indochina and launched the French-Thai War. In March 1945 the Japanese staged a coup d'état in French Indochina and took control of Vietnam establishing",
"title": "Foreign relations of Vichy France"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Royal Horse Artillery, who had fought in the Indian Mutiny. He was educated at Harrow and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and in 1935 was commissioned into the Gordon Highlanders before being posted to Singapore in 1936. While there, Lyon spent much of his spare time sailing around South East Asia. In 1939, he married Gabrielle Bouvier, the daughter of a French official in French Indochina, and fathered a son, Clive. In mid-1940 Indochina became controlled by Vichy France and was occupied by the Empire of Japan later that year. As the prospect of war between the Allies and Japan",
"title": "Ivan Lyon"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "was elected its General Secretary. In 1936, Hà Huy Tập was appointed General Secretary instead of Lê Hồng Phong, who returned to the country to restore the Central Committee. The Second World War drastically weakened the grip of France on Indochina. The fall of France to Nazi Germany in June 1940 and the subsequent collaboration of Vichy France with the Axis powers of Germany and Japan served to delegitimize French claims of sovereignty. The European war made colonial governance from France impossible and Indochina was occupied by Japanese forces. At the beginning of the war, the Indochinese Communist Party instructed",
"title": "Communist Party of Vietnam"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of the Republic, did not resign from the presidential office when he moved to Vizille on 10 July 1940. By 25 April 1945, during Pétain's trial, Lebrun argued that he thought he would be able to return to power after the fall of Germany, since he had not resigned. In September 1940, Vichy France was forced to allow Japan to occupy French Indochina, a federation of French colonial possessions and protectorates encompassing modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The Vichy regime continued to administer them under Japanese military occupation. French Indochina was the base for the Japanese invasions of Thailand,",
"title": "Axis powers"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "in a parallel of Vichy France. As far as Vietnamese nationalists were concerned, this was a double-puppet government. Emperor Bảo Đại collaborated with the Japanese, just as he had with the French, ensuring his lifestyle could continue. From October 1940 to May 1941, during the Franco-Thai War, the Vichy French in Indochina defended their colony in a border conflict in which the forces of Thailand invaded while the Japanese sat on the sidelines. Thai military successes were limited to the Cambodian border area, and in January 1941 Vichy France's modern naval forces soundly defeated the inferior Thai naval forces in",
"title": "First Indochina War"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Tonkin. He was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour and listed in a French publication in 1943 that profiled prominent figures in French Indochina. After the outbreak of the Second World War, Japan continued its military conquest of Asia. It invaded and annexed Indochina into its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in 1940-1941. As France had fallen to Nazi Germany, the colonial administration in Vietnam of Admiral Jean Decoux was loyal to the Axis collaborationist Vichy France of Marshal Philippe Pétain. As Vichy France was nominally allied to Japan, the French administration was left in charge of the",
"title": "Trần Trọng Kim"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "forbidden to enter Indochina without Vichy consent. Vichy signed Joint Defense and Joint Military Cooperation treaty with Japan on 29 July. It granted the Japanese eight airfields, allowed them to have more troops present, and to use the Indochinese financial system, in return for a fragile French autonomy. The French colonial government had largely stayed in place, as the Vichy government was on reasonably friendly terms with Japan. The Japanese permitted the French to put down nationalist rebellions in 1940. The Japanese occupation forces kept the French Indochina under nominal rule of Vichy France until March 1945, when the French",
"title": "Collaboration with the Axis Powers"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "up military bases in Indochina. This seemingly subservient behaviour convinced Major-General Plaek Pibulsonggram, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Thailand, that Vichy France would not seriously resist a campaign by the Thai military to recover parts of Cambodia and Laos that had been taken from Thailand by France in the early 20th century. In October 1940, the military forces of Thailand attacked across the border with Indochina and launched the Franco-Thai War. Although the French won an important naval victory over the Thais, Japan forced the French to accept Japanese mediation of a peace treaty that returned the disputed",
"title": "Vichy France"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "front against Fascism and directed Communist movements around the world to collaborate with anti-fascist forces regardless of their orientation towards socialism. This required ICP to regard all nationalist parties in Indochina as potential allies. Hà Huy Tập was appointed General Secretary (instead of Lê Hồng Phong). The Second World War drastically weakened France's grasp on Indochina. The fall of France to Nazi Germany in May 1940 and Vichy France's subsequent collaboration with the Axis powers served to delegitimize French claims to ownership. Preoccupation with the European war made colonial governance from France impossible and the country was occupied by the",
"title": "History of the Communist Party of Vietnam"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "poor and marginalized and fostered civil courage to fight against the injustice they experience. He has received many death threats because of his work, and has received official letters of support from the Holy See and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 2005 Ramazzini received the Konrad Lorenz Award. The same year he testified before the International Relations Sub-committee on the Western Hemisphere of the United States House of Representatives. He was elected as the President of the Episcopal Conference of Guatemala in 2006. In 2011 he received the Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award, in honor",
"title": "Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "or similar to the English.\" It isnae me \"It isnae me\" is a poem by Sally Holmes which was set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar in 1930. The poem was first printed in \"Country Life\" magazine, and the song published in 1931 by Keith Prowse & Co. Ltd. London. It was written at Elgar's home \"Marl Bank\" near Worcester, dedicated to the young soprano Joan Elwes, whom he had admired at Three Choirs Festivals, and performed by her in October 1930 at a concert in Dumfries, Scotland. The poem is in the Scots language. \"Scots translations\" \"Other",
"title": "It isnae me"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Angel Sanctuary \"Angel Sanctuary\" is licensed by Viz Media for an English-language release in North America. Viz published it from March 2004 to June 2007. The manga was adapted into a three-episode original video animation (OVA) by Bandai Visual and Hal Film Maker. Originally licensed by Central Park Media, the OVA is currently licensed by Media Blasters. A series of drama CDs based on the other story arcs was also released. Beginning in late twentieth-century Japan, \"Angel Sanctuary\" focuses on Setsuna Mudo, a 16-year-old troubled high-school student who is in love with his 15-year-old sister Sara. While struggling with his",
"title": "Angel Sanctuary"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "stands outside the former hospital chapel. Knowle was formerly served by Knowle Halt Railway Station on the Eastleigh to Fareham and Meon Valley lines. The station closed on the 6 April 1964. Knowle, Hampshire Knowle is a village and civil parish in the City of Winchester district of Hampshire, England. It is in the civil parish of Wickham. Its nearest town is Fareham, which lies approximately 2.9 miles (3.5 km) south-east from the village. Knowle is built on land which, until 1849 was Knowle Farm. The farm was located between the town of Fareham and the villages of Funtley and",
"title": "Knowle, Hampshire"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "when the islanders suffered again from the Japanese piracy (왜구, [[Wokou]]) and thus, no one lived in Ulleungdo and Dokdo from then on. Regardless of the repatriation policy, however, a lot of people visited [[Ulleungdo]] and [[Dokdo]] for fishing and gathering [[namul]] (나물, edible grass or leaves) during [[King Sukjong]]’s reign. Particularly, the country reached its peak of natural disaster during the period of King Sukjong, and thus famine and epidemic diseases were prevalent throughout Korean peninsula. In order to overcome such hardships from outbreak of famine and epidemics, people came to Ulleungdo and Dokdo, islands in [[Sea of Japan|East",
"title": "An Yong-bok"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Franco-Thai War The Franco-Thai War (; ) (1940–1941) was fought between Thailand and France over certain areas of French Indochina. Negotiations with France shortly before World War II had shown that the French government was willing to make appropriate changes in the boundaries between Thailand and French Indochina, but only slightly. Following the Fall of France in 1940, Major-General Plaek Pibulsonggram (popularly known as \"Phibun\"), the prime minister of Thailand, decided that France's defeat gave the Thais an even better chance to regain the vassal state territories that were ceded to France during King Chulalongkorn's reign. The German military occupation",
"title": "Franco-Thai War"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "for the purpose of cutting off the supply route to the southern flank of the China Theater. From 1940 to March 1945, the French retained their administrative responsibilities, police duties, and even their colonial army, in exchange for allowing Japanese troops and material to pass through Indochina. By 1943, however, there were signs that the Japanese might lose the war. The United States had begun the island-hopping sweep through the South Pacific. A sea-borne Allied landing in Indochina, and an overland attack from China, became real threats to the Japanese. In addition, an upsurge of Gaullist sentiment in Indochina after",
"title": "August Revolution"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "continued for the brief remainder of the war. The Japanese occupation in Cambodia lasted from 1941 to 1945 and, in general, the Cambodian population escaped the brutalities inflicted on civilians by the Japanese occupiers in other countries of Southeast Asia. After the nominal French Indochina colonial government was overthrown in 1945, Cambodia became a pro-Tokyo puppet state until the surrender of Japan. The 1940–41 Franco-Thai War left the French Indochinese colonial authorities in a position of weakness. The Vichy government signed an agreement with Japan to allow the Japanese military transit through French Indochina and to station troops in Northern",
"title": "Japanese occupation of Cambodia"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Order of battle for the Japanese invasion of French Indochina This is the order of battle for the Japanese invasion of French Indochina (22–26 September 1940) during World War II. 5th Division - Lt. Gen. Akihito Nakamura [1] Indochina Expeditionary Army - Maj. Gen. Takuma Nishimura [1] Army Air Force 2nd Fleet IJN airforce: [4] Japanese warships and transports carrying Expeditionary Force lying off Haiphong in the Gulf of Tonkin. Hanoi - Général de Corps d'Armée Maurice Martin Haiphong Lang Son sector That Khe - 1 company of II/3rd Régiment de Tirailleurs Tonkinois (RTT) Nam Quam - 2 companies of",
"title": "Order of battle for the Japanese invasion of French Indochina"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and a British presence. The British assumptions were destroyed on 7 December 1941: the impact of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor denied substantial USN support to the British defence of the \"Malay barrier\" and made impossible the relief of American garrisons in the Philippines. Furthermore, Japanese capabilities exceeded expectations. After the fall of France in June 1940, Japanese pressure on the Vichy authorities in French Indochina resulted in the granting of base and transit rights, albeit with significant restrictions. Despite this, in September 1940, the Japanese launched an invasion of that country. The bases thus acquired in Indochina allowed",
"title": "Far East Fleet (United Kingdom)"
}
] | [
"Vichy France"
] | [
"In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three Axis Powers. In practice, there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944, by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2779 | What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"47%"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "his service, United presented him with a grant of £500 to commence a new business venture, a hire purchase warehouse unit in the Spital Hill area of Sheffield as well as becoming the landlord of several semi-detached houses in the Norton area of Sheffield. Blackwell was a committed Methodist and a practising lay-preacher meaning he would sometimes miss fixtures played on religious dates. He died, aged 70, in his home town of Sheffield. Ernest Blackwell Ernest Blackwell (19 July 1894 – 16 October 1964) was a footballer who played as a goalkeeper, spending the majority of his career at his",
"title": "Ernest Blackwell"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "\"A Description of the Providence of New Albion.\" The Dutch Commissioners in 1659 visited Secretary Philip Calvert in Maryland and argued that Lord Baltimore had no more right to the Delaware River than \"Sir Edmund Ploythen, in former time would make us believe he hath unto\". Calvert replied \"that Ployten has no commission, and lay in jail in England on account of his debts; that he had solicited a patent for Novum Albium [New Albion] from the King, but it was refused him, and he thereupon applied to the Vice Roy of Ireland, from whom he had obtained a patent,",
"title": "New Albion (colony)"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Ashes winning all three games. Ricketson scored two tries in the last test at the McAlpine Stadium in Huddersfield. He appeared on the fourth series on the Australian version of Dancing with the Stars. Ricketson is married to journalist Kate Waterhouse who is the daughter of horse trainer Gai Waterhouse. They have 2 children. Luke Ricketson Luke Ricketson (born 5 February 1973, in Forster, New South Wales ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer of the 1990s and 2000s. An Australian and Ireland international, and New South Wales State of Origin representative back-row forward, he played his entire",
"title": "Luke Ricketson"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "put to death. Yu also wanted to kill Yuan Yong, but Cui resisted, so Yuan Yong was only removed from his posts. Later in 515, however, Empress Dowager Hu assumed regency powers and quickly stripped Yu of most of his posts, making Yu the governor of Ji Province. As soon as Yu left the capital, most of his acts were reversed, and Yuan Yong accused him of crimes and asked that he be punished. However, Empress Dowager Hu, because Yu had saved her life before, refused to act against Yu, although she recalled Yuan Yong back to the administration to",
"title": "Yuan Yong"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "very close to me. They said: 'It's almost as though the Emmanuelle we know was up there on the screen.'.\" Béart's image in the media at the time was characterised by the near hysteria seen when she appeared naked on the cover of \"Elle\" in May 2003 after filming ended. The film illustrates Rivette's view that the act of watching cinema involves game-playing, day-dreaming and paranoid fantasy. He leaves aside the usual devices of the horror genre—no music, shock sound effects, special effects, or gore—evoking feelings and scenes verbally rather than showing them, yet he does employ Hitchcockian \"MacGuffins\" such",
"title": "The Story of Marie and Julien"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "resisted by staff unions who ran a highly personalised campaign against Schwartz. As a part of the repositioning of the university, the Department of Geography and Earth Sciences was closed and the staff that didn't leave were redeployed (and one accepted voluntary redundancy). Despite the depleted staff base, Geography was still deemed strong enough to be returned in the 2008 RAE when it received an average score of 2.15 out of a possible 5. Schwartz's changes were supposed to produce increased research output and RAE ratings, bolstering the economic viability of the university. Brunel moved up the university league tables,",
"title": "Steven Schwartz (psychologist)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "statistical analysis to determine the percentage of votes that would be voided for each candidate in ballot boxes deemed suspect. The week before, the ECC had stated that each candidate would lose votes in proportion to the number of fraudulent ballots cast for them in a random sampling of ballots boxes deemed suspect. Under the new ECC interpretation, the commission divides suspect ballot stations into six categories of reason for suspicion, and disqualifies the same percentage from each candidate's total ballots within each category. According to an Associated Press article: \"\"That means votes legitimately cast for a candidate could be",
"title": "2009 Afghan presidential election"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1968, Pope Paul VI abolished the honorary positions that had continued to exist until then, such as Quartermaster general and Master of the Horse. Vatican City State, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See. The Holy See itself has existed continuously as a juridical entity since Roman Imperial times and has been internationally recognized as a powerful and independent sovereign entity since Late",
"title": "Vatican City"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "main character in what was hoped to be a comeback for her, the film instead marked Jolie's final breakthrough in Hollywood. She won her third Golden Globe Award, her second Screen Actors Guild Award, and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. For \"Variety\", Emanuel Levy noted, \"Jolie is excellent as the flamboyant, irresponsible girl who turns out to be far more instrumental than the doctors in Susanna's rehabilitation.\" In 2000, Jolie appeared in her first summer blockbuster, \"Gone in 60 Seconds\", which became her highest-grossing film to that point, earning $237.2 million internationally. She had a minor role as",
"title": "Angelina Jolie"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology , formerly B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent University, is an deemed to be university located at the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Previously functioning under Madras University (1984–2001) and Anna University (2001–09) as Crescent Engineering College, the institute gained deemed status in 2008–09. It is located in Vandalur near Tambaram, a suburban area of Chennai, India. B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology was founded by Tamil businessman and philanthropist B. S. Abdur Rahman in 1984 as Crescent Engineering",
"title": "B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology"
}
] | [
"47%"
] | [
"The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26% of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading (4*) and a further 47% as being internationally excellent (3*). The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise also showed five subjects – Pure Mathematics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mechanical, Aeronautical and Manufacturing Engineering – were assessed to be the best[clarification needed] in terms of the proportion of internationally recognised research quality."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4738 | The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"43 AD"
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{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Domesday Book), ‘Aylesham’ in the 13th century, and later Haylesham, to its present spelling. The site of Hailsham has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic age. It was an Ancient British settlement that existed before the Romans invaded Kent and Sussex in 43 AD. The Anglo Saxons invaded Sussex in the year 477 AD. The Saxons are thought to have invaded at an original landing place at Selsey. According to the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\", in 491 AD they attacked and took the British stronghold of Anderida which was the fort that is believed to have been built by the",
"title": "Hailsham"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and re-elected eleven times. He served from March 4, 1923, until his resignation on October 24, 1945 (effective December 31, 1945), to become president of the American Plant Food Council, Inc. Considered a \"Southern Progressive\" in Washington, Woodrum bucked the powerful Senators Carter Glass and Harry F. Byrd and the Byrd Organization to become an ardent \"New Dealer.\" As a member of the United States House Committee on Appropriations, he steered federal money for the purchase of land for Roanoke's airport, originally called \"Woodrum's Field\" in his honor, and today known as the Roanoke–Blacksburg Regional Airport. He was also instrumental",
"title": "Clifton A. Woodrum"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "noting that the Negro vote played a role in Harding's victory. Still focused on the practice of lynching in the Southern states, Weldy added: \"The North would not have known there had been an election in Florida unless that old game of killing six or more Negroes for wanting to vote had been pulled off. When will 'Uncle Sam' allow the poor southern Negro 'life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.'\" When Fleetwood died in Cleveland in May 1924, Weldy and Thomas traveled to Cleveland and returned Fleetwood's remains to Steubenville in a casket costing $525. According to Fleetwood biographer,",
"title": "Weldy Walker"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the 1997 County Championship season Bovill was released by Hampshire. In 1998 he joined Buckinghamshire, representing the county in one-day matches in the NatWest Trophy before retiring from cricket at the end of the 1999 season. James Bovill James Bovill (born 2 June 1971 in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire) is a former English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Hampshire from 1993 to 1997. Bovill was educated at Charterhouse School and Durham University. He was a right-arm fast-medium bowler and a right-handed tail-end batsman. He joined Hampshire in 1993, and played 36 first-class matches and 18 one-day matches for the club.",
"title": "James Bovill"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "which made candy and chewing gum; Virginia Dare, which made wine and flavoring extract; and two of the largest olive-oil producers in the U.S., according to \"The New York Times\". On December 3, 1956, Industry City was the site of what might have been the largest explosion in New York City history. Dockworkers were using an oxyacetylene torch to perform routine maintenance work when, at about 3:15 p.m. that day, sparks ignited of ground foam rubber scrap. Employees abandoned initial efforts to control the blaze; twenty-six minutes later, the fire reached of Cordeau Detonant Fuse, setting off an explosion. Earlier",
"title": "Industry City"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Bardelys to soldiers. Bardelys, under the identity of Lesperon, is tried for treason. Châtellerault, who is the head judge, maliciously refuses to confirm his true identity and condemns him to death. Roxalanne, still in love with Bardelys and guilty at causing his imminent death, marries Châtellerault on his promise to remit the sentence, but he breaks his word. Bardelys, on the gallows, delays his execution until the king arrives and saves him. Bardelys goes to Châtellerault and forfeits the wager and his estate so he can propose to Roxalanne with a clear conscience. The two men fight and Bardelys repeatedly",
"title": "Bardelys the Magnificent"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Russian Empire as the latter invaded Qajar Iran during the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813). In the aftermath, Iran was forced to cede therefore almost all of what is nowadays Azerbaijan according to the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 to Russia. However, all this only came to be confirmed in the aftermath of the next and last war between Russia and Iran, the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828. In 1918, what is now Azerbaijan declared independence from Russia and established the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic under its leading Musavat party, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union",
"title": "Islam in Azerbaijan"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "I that Andriscus sought help for Demetrius was killed the previous year by Alexander Balas). Demetrius instead handed him over to the Romans, but Andriskos managed to escape from Roman captivity and raised a Thracian army. With this army, he invaded Macedonia and defeated the Roman praetor Publius Juventius in 149. Andriscus then declared himself King Philip VI of Macedonia. In 148, Andriscus conquered Thessaly and made an alliance with Carthage, thus bringing the Roman wrath on him. Later that year, in what the Romans called the Fourth Macedonian War, he was defeated by the Roman praetor Quintus Caecilius Metellus",
"title": "Andriscus"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "year, due to limited resources, half of the colonists returned to England. Late the next year, the remaining 45 sailed home, and the Plymouth company fell dormant. In 1609, with the abandonment of the Plymouth Company settlement, the London Company's Virginia charter was adjusted to include the territory north of the 34th parallel and south of the 39th parallel, with its original coastal grant extended \"from sea to sea\". Thus, at least according to James I's writ, the Virginia Colony in its original sense extended to the coast of the Pacific Ocean, in what is now California, with all the",
"title": "Colony of Virginia"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Edwin Sandys (died 1629) Sir Edwin Sandys ( ; 9 December 1561 – October 1629) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1589 and 1626. He was also one of the founders of the proprietary Virginia Company of London, which in 1606 established the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States in the colony of Virginia, based at Jamestown. The parish of Sandys, in Bermuda (the Virginia Company's second colony) is named after him. Sandys (pronounced \"Sands\") was born in Worcestershire, the second son of Edwin Sandys, Archbishop",
"title": "Edwin Sandys (died 1629)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "his post and moved across the river arriving in unorganized U.S. territory, four years before permanent settlement began in Iowa. He established the settlement of Nashville on the west bank of the Mississippi River in what is now Lee County, Iowa, where he practiced medicine and founded a trading post. He promoted Nashville as a future commercial center and when families joined the settlement, Galland hired a teacher and built a log house founding the first school in a what would become Iowa Territory. In the harsh frontier conditions, his wife died, leaving him with two very young children. In",
"title": "Isaac Galland"
}
] | [
"43 AD"
] | [
"Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_734 | Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what? | [
{
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"month": "",
"year": ""
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"number": "",
"spans": [
"text"
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{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Buddhist monasteries, with parallel Chinese translations, have provided a breakthrough. Among these is the Mahayana text \"Śālistamba Sutra\" which no longer exists in a Sanskrit version, but does in Tibetan and Chinese versions. This Mahayana text contains numerous sections which are remarkably the same as the Theravada Pali Canon and Nikaya Buddhism. The \"Śālistamba Sutra\" was cited by Mahayana scholars such as the 8th-century Yasomitra to be authoritative. This suggests that Buddhist literature of different traditions shared a common core of Buddhist texts in the early centuries of its history, until Mahayana literature diverged about and after the 1st century",
"title": "Buddhism"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "written a thesis on the History of Buddhism in Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Then he went on to study Indian Philosophy at Calcutta University and later studied Mahayana at the Sorbonne. It was during his time at the Sorbonne in the late 1950s that he produced \"What the Buddha Taught\", a highly regarded introductory text on Buddhism, for which he is best known. Walpola Rahula Thero is the first Buddhist monk to become a professor in a Western University. When he became Professor of History and Literature of Religions there were no Theravada Temples in the United States. He later became",
"title": "Walpola Rahula Thero"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Armageddon (Equilibrium album) Armageddon is the fifth studio album by German folk metal band Equilibrium. Guitarist, producer and songwriter René Berthiaume considers \"Armageddon\" a heavier effort with darker lyrics than previous Equilibrium albums. It also features a higher usage of lyrics in English. Berthiaume said the band concluded some songs would work better sung in English. The opening track \"Sehnsucht\" contains a quote from Albert Einstein about war and human warrior instinct. \"Katharsis\" contains lyrics which Berthiaume considers \"quite socio-critical\" and marks the band's first usage of a dobro. \"Heimat\" talks about how one may feel at home not only",
"title": "Armageddon (Equilibrium album)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "(1993). The cyclopes and lesser cyclopes appear in \"Legends & Lore\" (1990) for this edition. The desert cyclops appears for the Al-Qadim campaign setting appeared in \"\" (1994). The cyclopskin was detailed in \"Dragon\" #254 (December 1998), in the \"Ecology of the Cyclopskin\". The \"Deities and Demigods\" (2002) for this edition featured the greater cyclops and lesser cyclops. The cyclops appeared as a type of giant, as well as a player character race, for the Forgotten Realms setting in \"Shining South\" (2004). The cyclopean was detailed in \"Dragon\" #323 (September 2004), in \"Winning races - Cyclopeans\" by Eric Cagle. The",
"title": "Cyclops (Dungeons & Dragons)"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "found that wineries that involved women were often highly acclaimed – an indicator that women were able to succeed in this male-dominated field. Lucia Albino Gilbert Lucia Albino Gilbert is a psychologist known for her research on gender equality and feminist psychology, with a specific focus on families with dual careers. She is Professor Emerita of Educational Psychology at Santa Clara University. Gilbert has been honored with awards for teaching, mentorship, and research excellence. Gilbert received the Leona Tyler Award in 2012, and presented her award address on women pursuing careers. She received the Strickland-Daniel Award for Distinguished Mentoring in",
"title": "Lucia Albino Gilbert"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "mentioned in a 1353 deed, then a possession of the noble House of Waldstein (Valdštejn), ancestors of Albrecht von Wallenstein. The manor was called Hrubá Skála to differ it from nearby Malá Skála. Held by the Lords of Smiřice from 1515 onwards, the rebuilt Renaissance castle had become the centre of one of the largest Bohemian estates with more than 50 villages. Seized by Emperor Ferdinand II upon the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, it was again held by the Waldstein dynasty from 1630 and devastated by both Saxon and Imperial troops during the Thirty Years' War. In 1821, Franz",
"title": "Hrubá Skála"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to join the army of General Kearney in the war against Mexico, returning to Fort Leavenworth in the following year. It was during this time that he acquired a new species of bird, which was named the Abert's towhee in his honour. During the American Civil War, he served on the staffs of Robert Patterson, Nathaniel P. Banks and Quincy A. Gillmore. He was wounded during the Maryland Campaign, and retired from the Army in June 1864. After the Civil War, he became a professor of English literature, mathematics and drawing at the University of Missouri. His original watercolors are",
"title": "James William Abert"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been noted and church attendance (percentage wise of the total population by country) in northern and western Europe is typically in the single digits. European indigenous (or native) religions are still alive in small and diverse minorities, especially in Scandinavia, Baltic states, Italy and Greece. The recent influx of immigrants to the affluent EU nations has brought in various religions of their native homelands, including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and the Bahá'í Faith. Judaism has had a long history in Europe and has coexisted with",
"title": "Demographics of the European Union"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with its many mining concerns, and in Central Otago. The Catholic Church, while not particularly dominant in terms of pure numbers, became especially known throughout the country in the early and middle 20th century for its strong stance on education, establishing large numbers of schools. Beginning in the mid-1960s church membership and attendance declined, and in 2013 42% of the population said they had no religion. However, immigration since 1991 has seen the growth of new religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism growing rapidly. However, a large portion of the growth of these religions has occurred in Auckland. New",
"title": "Religion in New Zealand"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Cuisine in the early modern world Cuisine in the early modern world varied through the location and the resources available. There are many factors that play a part into an area's cuisine, with a few being religion, location, and status. Diets across the early modern world varied throughout time and location. The most prominent religions in the early modern era were Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity and each of these religions had their own views on what could be consumed. Trade and status also influenced the diet consumed in a particular region. Trade changed the available resources and allowed for luxury",
"title": "Cuisine in the early modern world"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "eastern Tarim Basin, Central Asian Buddhism survived into the later medieval period as the religion of the Uyghur Kara-Khoja Kingdom (see also Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves), and Buddhism became one of the religions in the Mongol Empire and the Chagatai Khanate, and via the Oirats eventually the religion of the Kalmyks, who settled at the Caspian in the 17th century. Otherwise, Central Asian Buddhism survived mostly in Tibet and in Mongolia. Central Asian missionary efforts along the Silk Road were accompanied by a flux of artistic influences, visible in the development of Serindian art from the 2nd to the 11th",
"title": "Silk Road transmission of Buddhism"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "an area of and a population of 48,846,800. According to a 2005 government survey, when the population stood at 47,041,000, the numbers of adherents of the predominant religions were: Buddhism, 10,726,000; Protestantism, 8,616,000; Roman Catholicism, 5,146,000; Confucianism, 105,000; Won Buddhism, 130,000; and other religions, 247,000. A total of 22,071,000 citizens did not practice any religion. The percentage of the population adhering to each religious tradition has remained approximately the same in recent years. There are no official figures on the membership of other religious groups such as Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Seventh-day Adventist",
"title": "Freedom of religion in South Korea"
}
] | [
"text"
] | [
"Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2271 | Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"MUSE"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "sub-Nyquist sampling encoding (MUSE) for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1035i/1125 lines). In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it \"a matter of national interest\" to introduce HDTV to the US. NHK taped the 1984 Summer Olympics with a Hi-Vision camera, weighing 40 kg. Satellite test broadcasts started June 4,",
"title": "High-definition television"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "sub-Nyquist sampling encoding (MUSE) for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1035i/1125 lines). In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it \"a matter of national interest\" to introduce HDTV to the US. NHK taped the 1984 Summer Olympics with a Hi-Vision camera, weighing 40 kg. Satellite test broadcasts started June 4,",
"title": "High-definition television"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commenced on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK television programming. Sony first demonstrated a wideband analog high-definition television system HDTV capable video camera, monitor and video tape recorder (VTR) in April 1981 at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers. The",
"title": "History of television"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "widely cited books in psychology. In an old \"Handbook of Experimental Psychology\", his work was mentioned on over eighty pages, which was more than all other scientists at the time. In previous issues of the \"Journal of Experimental Psychology\" and the \"Psychological Review\" over forty percent of the bibliographies included one or more of his writings. Hull advised and inspired a number of graduate students and psychologists that went on to revise his theories and make contributions to the field of psychology. Some of these important people influenced by Hull were Albert Bandura, Neal Miller, John Dollard, Kenneth Spence, and",
"title": "Clark L. Hull"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1920 inter-island flights were used for training purposes. Also, the first night flight over Oahu took place on 30 June 1920. In the early 1920s, air power began to take its place in the Hawaiian Department's military maneuvers. The growth of the Air Service in Hawaii and the sharing of facilities on Ford Island was, however, causing congestion and other issues. Another airfield was needed to accommodate the growth, and the first detachment of twenty men started clearing land south of Schofield Barracks for Wheeler Field in February 1922. The 6th Pursuit Squadron, along with the 19th Pursuit Squadron, was",
"title": "6th Weapons Squadron"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Lenin Arroyo Lenin Arroyo (born October 19, 1979 in San José, Costa Rica) is a former professional boxer who was based in Miami, Florida, in the United States. Through January 29, 2011 – Arroyo's last professional appearance – his record was 20-15-1 with 4 knockouts in 37 bouts. Arroyo aka \"Volcano\", made his professional debut on October 12, 2002 vs. Anolan Regal Del Valle (0-0) at the South Florida Fairgrounds in West Palm Beach, Florida. winning by UD4. After starting (2-3 1 NC), Arroyo went on to win 13 straight fights before meeting his first big test of his career",
"title": "Lenin Arroyo"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "etc.) to allow less expensive conversions. The sale of bitz has also become a significant market for independent online stores. Miniature conversion Miniature conversion refers to the practice of altering the appearance of a miniature or model so as to deviate from the standard version purchased in a boxed set. This practice is quite common amongst hobbyists who play miniature wargames such as Games Workshop's The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, \"Warhammer Fantasy Battles\" and \"Warhammer 40,000\", as well as many of the other games produced by other games and miniature manufacturers. In these circumstances, conversions generally consist",
"title": "Miniature conversion"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1 April 1906. In August 1986, it became the national anthem of the Sami. Arne Sørli set the poem to music, which was then approved at the 15th Sami Conference in Helsinki in 1992. \"Sámi soga lávlla\" has been translated into all of the Sami languages. Widespread Shamanism persisted among the Sami up until the 18th century. Most Sami today belong to the state-run Lutheran churches of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Some Sami in Russia belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, and similarly, some Skolt Sami resettled in Finland are also part of an Eastern Orthodox congregation, with an additional",
"title": "Sami people"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "concern. However, as computers rapidly improved in speed, and especially in size of core memory in which users' states were retained, the overhead of time-sharing continually decreased, relatively speaking. The first project to implement time-sharing of user programs was initiated by John McCarthy at MIT in 1959, initially planned on a modified IBM 704, and later on an additionally modified IBM 709 (one of the first computers powerful enough for time-sharing). One of the deliverables of the project, known as the \"Compatible Time-Sharing System\" or CTSS, was demonstrated in November 1961. CTSS has a good claim to be the first",
"title": "Time-sharing"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "first time since the first quarter of 2012. According to research firm Gartner, the growth mainly came from the business market while the consumer market experienced decline. Selling prices of personal computers steadily declined due to lower costs of production and manufacture, while the capabilities of computers increased. In 1975, an Altair kit sold for only around US$400, but required customers to solder components into circuit boards; peripherals required to interact with the system in alphanumeric form instead of blinking lights would add another $2,000, and the resultant system was only of use to hobbyists. At their introduction in 1981,",
"title": "Personal computer"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "first time in June 1964 and achieved its first successful tracking on 11 September 1964, repeatedly tracking and breaking lock on a balloon target over a 50-minute period. However, the system demonstrated very low reliability in the transmitter's travelling wave tube (TWT) amplifiers, which led to an extremely expensive re-design and re-installation. Once upgraded, MAR-I demonstrated the system would work as expected; it could generate multiple virtual radar beams, could simultaneously generate different \"types\" of beams for detection, tracking, and discrimination at the same time, and had the accuracy and speed needed to generate many tracks. By this time work",
"title": "Nike-X"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "first tour of continental Europe and the US. Despite being unpolished, these early live performances demonstrated the band's potential, as critics complimented their ambition and Bono's exuberance. The band faced several challenges in writing their second album, \"October.\" On an otherwise successful American leg of the Boy Tour, Bono's briefcase containing in-progress lyrics and musical ideas was lost backstage during a March 1981 performance at a nightclub in Portland, Oregon. The band had limited time to write new music on tour and in July began a two-month recording session at Windmill Lane Studios largely unprepared, forcing Bono to quickly improvise",
"title": "U2"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "which according to the SED leadership was not permitted to build a church owing to its status as a \"socialist city\", demonstrated this flexibility. The 10th Party Congress, which took place in April 1981, focused on improving the economy, stabilizing the socialist system, achieving success in foreign policy, and strengthening relations with West Germany. Presenting the SED as the leading power in all areas of East German society, General Secretary (the title changed from First Secretary in 1976) Honecker emphasized the importance of educating loyal cadres in order to secure the party's position. He announced that more than one-third of",
"title": "History of East Germany"
}
] | [
"MUSE"
] | [
"In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it \"a matter of national interest\" to introduce HDTV to the US."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1720 | What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"a humid subtropical climate"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Sierd Cloetingh Sierd A.P.L. Cloetingh (born 1950) is Professor of Earth Sciences at Utrecht University, since 2014 President of the Academia Europaea and since 2017 president of the COST Association. He published more than 300 papers in international peer-reviewed journals and has been promotor of more than 70 PhD students of 18 different nationalities. He served the Earth Science community in various functions, including Presidency of the European Geophysical Society. He is currently the President of the International Lithosphere Programme, Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal “Global and Planetary Change” and Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the ESF Large Scale",
"title": "Sierd Cloetingh"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Office and in the SS. Wendy Lower Wendy Lower (born 1965) is an American historian and a widely published author on the Holocaust and World War II. Since 2012, she holds the John K. Roth Chair at Claremont McKenna College in Claremont, California, and in 2014 was named the director of the Mgrublian Center for Human Rights at Claremont. As of 2016, she serves as the interim director of the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC. Lower's research areas include the history of Germany and Ukraine",
"title": "Wendy Lower"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Nota Schiller Nota Schiller (, born 1937) is an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem. He is an influential figure in the baal teshuva movement, having guided generations of students with little or no Jewish background to master the classical rabbinical texts and embrace an Orthodox lifestyle. He is widely regarded as an erudite Torah scholar in his own right. Schiller was born in 1937 and raised in Brooklyn, New York, where he attended the high school division of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin He graduated from Yeshivas Ner Yisroel in Baltimore. The 1960s and 1970s",
"title": "Nota Schiller"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and \"Puscina\" (upper part). The territory of Zancona includes also the village of Le Macchie and the hamlets of \"Case del Ponte\", \"Case Sallustri\", \"Giunco\", \"La Croce\", \"Le Case\", \"Mossa dei Cavalli\", \"Poggio Zancona\", \"Pratocupo\", \"Romitorio\", \"Rondinelli\", \"Torricella\", \"Vado di Capretto\". Zancona Zancona () is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Arcidosso, province of Grosseto, in the area of Mount Amiata. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 80. Zancona is about 56 km from Grosseto and 3 km from Arcidosso. It is situated along the river of the",
"title": "Zancona"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Fullerton found that recreational baseball players warming up with a light and normal weight bat produced faster bat velocity compared to weighted bat warm-ups. Most research studies have found that the weighted bat doughnut has a positive mental effect yet negative physical effect. The \"kinesthetic illusion\" created by the bat doughnut makes players believe they are swinging the standard bat post warm-up with the bat doughnut when the subsequent swings are in fact, slower. This effect influences batters hitting mechanics and timing of swing. The length of time between warming up with a baseball doughnut and swinging at a pitch",
"title": "Baseball doughnut"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Yuejiang Tower Yuejiang Tower (Enjoying-the-River Tower 阅江楼) is situated on the top of Shizishan (Lion Mountain) to the northwest of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. \"Yue\" is equivalent to \"Enjoying\" in Chinese while “River” refers to the world-famous Yangtze River. Ascending the tower, one can enjoy the Yangtze River extending far away to its north and the scenery of Nanjing to its south. In 1360, Zhu Yuanzhang defeated Chen Youliang’s 400,000 forces with his 80,000 army in Lu Longshan, which set up the basis for the reign of Ming Dynasty and for taking Nanjing as the capital. After proclaiming himself as",
"title": "Yuejiang Tower"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "enjoy. It receives winter rainfall from western disturbances and summer rainfall from monsoons. Cold winter and pleasant summer are the main attractions of this place. Many Tourist Melas are organized by the Tourist Department of J&K Govt to promote tourism in the area. Tourist Huts are also proposed to be constructed. It is served by bus service available from Basohli (tehsil HQ). A small town on Basohli-Dhar mahanpurIt is situated at a height of 3700 ft. It is a ridge flanked with thick CHIR, DEODAR and SHRUBS. It experiences temperate type of climate . Cold winter and pleasant summer are",
"title": "Basholi"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "that stipulated that such a government that does not enjoy the approval vote of the Knesset must act in \"restraint in using its authorities, in all matters that do not bear any particular urgency or necessity to act upon them\", has opened the door for legal controversies at times, as to what exactly does this legal determination mean. The position of Deputy Prime Minister (, \"Segan Rosh HaMemshela\") is an honorary title carried by an incumbent Minister in the Israeli Government under the Basic law:the Government, that states the follows: \"A minister may be a Deputy Prime Minister\" (but no",
"title": "Deputy leaders of Israel"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "educational approach at Quest University has attracted media attention. Additionally, as part of Quest, he started a course called \"Global Warming: What We Know and What We Don't Know\" focusing on a \"dispassionate\" approach to the subject. Helfand was motivated to develop the course because of what he believed to be \"a large amount of misinformation\" in the climate change debate. Helfand notably declined an offer of tenure from Columbia in the early 1980s due to his belief that the tenure system does more to deny academic freedom to those who do not have tenure than it does to protect",
"title": "David Helfand"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "buildings with three floors, normally one meal in the dining hall cost 5-10 RMB Yuan. High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University Jiangning Campus is one of the most expensive high school in Nanjing. Compare with a normal market price of US$200 of a public high school in Nanjing the school fee for a single semester of a Chinese citizen student is around $1500 if his or her performance in High School Entrance Examination does not meet the threshold for a much reduced tuition (USD 200). While school fee for a single semester of an international student is around $2500.",
"title": "High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University Jiangning Campus"
}
] | [
"a humid subtropical climate"
] | [
"Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon. The four seasons are distinct, with damp conditions seen throughout the year, very hot and muggy summers, cold, damp winters, and in between, spring and autumn are of reasonable length. Along with Chongqing and Wuhan, Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the \"Three Furnacelike Cities\" along the Yangtze River (长江流域三大火炉) for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime. However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the plum blossom blooming season in which the meiyu (rainy season of East Asia; literally \"plum rain\") occurs, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness. Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn. The annual mean temperature is around 15.46 °C (59.8 °F), with the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranging from 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) in January to 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −14.0 °C (7 °F) on 6 January 1955 to 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 22 August 1959. On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year, and the average annual rainfall is 1,062 millimetres (42 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August, the city receives 1,983 hours of bright sunshine annually."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_739 | Ananda was called upon to recite what? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"dhamma"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "that insight is often depicted in the Vinaya as the opening of the Dhamma eye, which sets one on the Buddhist path to liberation. In Theravada Buddhism, but also in Tibetan Buddhism, two types of meditation Buddhist practices are being followed, namely samatha (Pāli; Sanskrit: \"śamatha\"; \"calm\") and vipassana (insight). Samatha is also called \"calming meditation\", and was adopted into Buddhism from pre-Buddha Indian traditions. \"Vipassanā\" meditation was added by Buddha, and refers to \"insight meditation\". Vipassana does not aim at peace and tranquillity, states Damien Keown, but \"the generation of penetrating and critical insight (panna)\". The focus of Vipassana",
"title": "Buddhism"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the opening of AMBYC. WAY seeks to propagate the dhamma through spiritual friendship and practice-focused interest groups: The Wat Ananda Youth comes with the following appointments: Wat Ananda Youth The Wat Ananda Youth is a Buddhist youth organisation for adolescents and young members interested in Buddhism based in Singapore. The President of the group as of 2014 is Phanom Sinth Suwanarat. Other patrons include Tee Koon Tiong and Kweh Soon Han. Wat Ananda Youth was formerly known as the Ananda Metyarama Buddhist Youth Circle (AMBYC). It was born on 23 November 1966 and was the first Buddhist Youth Circle in",
"title": "Wat Ananda Youth"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "several individuals. The total cost was almost £2m. Mill Meadow is also used by Wakehurst F.C.. Mill Meadow was also used to host the 2011-12 and 2012-13 Irish Intermediate Cup and Irish Junior Cup finals. In September 2012 the ground hosted 2 fixtures in a UEFA Under 17 Ladies' Mini Tournament - England v Israel and N.Ireland v Italy. Mill Meadow Mill Meadow is a football stadium in Castledawson, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is the home stadium of local football team Moyola Park F.C.. It hosted its first competitive match on 16 January 2010, when Moyola Park hosted Lurgan",
"title": "Mill Meadow"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Tim Qualls, The Adamant 2011: Taking Back Sunday, Vertical Horizon, Oh, Sleeper, Phil Pritchett, Vice Verse Us, The Last Great Assault 2012: Ludacris, The All-American Rejects, Eve 6 2014: Wiz Khalifa, Capital Cities 2015: Panic! At the Disco, Cassadee Pope, Mary Lambert 2016: T.I., Josh Turner Starting in 2011, the Kat Comedy Showcase event was also added. 2011: Gabriel Iglesias 2013 (Spring): Mike Epps 2013 (Fall): Aziz Ansari, Nick Kroll 2014: Nick Swardson, Judah Friedlander 2015: Damon Wayans, Jay Pharoah, Damon Wayans, Jr. Bernard Johnson Coliseum Bernard Johnson Coliseum is a 6,110-seat multi-purpose arena in Huntsville, Texas. It was built",
"title": "Bernard Johnson Coliseum"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "acquired the lease for five years. On 14 May 2011 a new Woodgreen Community Shop was opened after more than four years of campaigning and fundraising by the local community. Two thirds of the parish is an area of woodland, heathland, acid grassland, scrub and valley bog, supporting a richness and diversity of wildlife. One mile to the south of the village are the earthwork remains of Castle Hill, comprising an oval ring motte with an outer bailey. The castle may have been a siege castle recorded in 1148. Woodgreen was originally an extra-parochial area of the New Forest, reckoned",
"title": "Woodgreen"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Night Club from Moldova. Moldova Agroindbank is the Codru hotel's current owner, and it announced that the hotel will become the bank's headquarter. Plahotniuc is seen as an oligarch in Moldova, and was nicknamed \"The puppeteer\" (), being accused for traffic of influence over all Moldovan political class. In June 2015, former Prime Minister of Moldova Ion Sturza, stated in a TV talk-show that \"\"[...] Republic of Moldova is a captured state, and it is controlled by Plahotniuc [...]\"\". In October 2015 Petru Bogatu, a Moldovan op-ed columnist, wrote hard criticism in Plahotniuc's address, stating that he [Plahotniuc] \"\"has usurped",
"title": "Vladimir Plahotniuc"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "24, was charged with murder by pushing Rex Wood off a cliff. Rex Wood Rex Wood (6 April 1906 – 1970) was a South Australian artist who lived for many years in Portugal. Thomas Percy Reginald Wood (known as Rex Wood) was born in Laura, South Australia on 6 April 1906. His birth was registered at Clare, South Australia. He was the eldest of four boys born to Rev. Tom Percy Wood (1880-1957) and Fannie née Newbury (1880-1969). He was brother to Jack Newbury Wood (8 November 1907 - 1989), Dean Charlton Wood (8 July 1910 - 27 February 1998)",
"title": "Rex Wood"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Rabbi Meir, stated that it was the duty of every Jew to recite one hundred \"berakhot\" every day (Men. 43b). The Mishnah of tractate Berakhot, and the gemara in both Talmuds contain detailed rabbinical discussions of \"berakhot\", upon which the laws and practice of reciting blessings are founded. \"Berakhot\" typically start with the words \"Blessed are You, Lord our God...\" One who hears another recite a \"berakhah\" answers with \"amen;\" but one who is engaged in prayer may at certain points be forbidden from other speech, including responding \"amen.\" With few exceptions, one does not respond amen to his or",
"title": "Berakhah"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "kitchen called Ganga and Yamuna. There are a total of 56 varieties of naivedhyas offered to the deities, near \"Ratnabedi\" as well as in \"Bhoga Mandap\" on five particular \"Muhurta.\" The most awaited \"Prasad\" is \"Kotho Bhoga\" or \"Abadha\", offered at mid-day at around 1 pm, depending upon temple rituals. The food after being offered to Jagannath is distributed in reasonable portions as Mahaprasad, which is considered to be divine by the devotees in the Ananda Bazar (an open market, located to the North-east of the Singhadwara inside the Temple complex). There are elaborate daily worship services. There are many",
"title": "Jagannath Temple, Puri"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "usually place it slanting. The procedure is to hold the \"mezuzah\" against the spot upon which it will be affixed, then recite a blessing: Any Jew can recite the blessing provided he or she is old enough to understand the significance of the \"mitzvah\". After the blessing, the \"mezuzah\" is attached. Whenever passing through the doorway, many people touch a finger to the mezuzah as a way of showing respect to God in a simpler fashion than saying the prayer. When affixing several \"mezuzot\", it is sufficient to recite the blessing once, before affixing the first one. Many observant Jews",
"title": "Mezuzah"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "story, he is in the fourth grade where he makes a lot of friends. His mother is now married to Dave, but Asa has difficulty accepting Dave as his stepfather. One day at school, Asa is assigned to recite a poem called \"Little Blue Boy\" with his friend Joel. He does not like the poem, so he plans to recite \"The Highwayman.\" Joel agrees to recite the longer, more difficult poem. At first, Joel is excited, but he has difficulty remembering the lines. Joel's mother and Asa agree on Asa's reciting the poem alone while Joel's mother takes him away,",
"title": "What Hearts"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Ananda Hamangoda Major General Ananda Hamangoda RWP, RSP, USP, Msc, Psc, SLA (1 November 1950 – 4 July 1996) was a Sri Lankan soldier, and former Commanding Officer of 51-2 Brigade based in Jaffna. Born on 1 November 1950, Kalutara north, Sri Lanka, Ananda Hamangoda is a proud product of Maliyadeva College, Kurunagala, Sri Lanka. A son of a prominent police officer, Ananda Hamangoda had 3 brothers and a sister. Ananda Hamangoda's wife Indrani Hamangoda is a teacher by profession, and he was a father of 2 daughters (Buwani Hamangoda & Maheshni Hamangoda) and one son (Dulshan Hamangoda). Ananda Hamangoda's",
"title": "Ananda Hamangoda"
}
] | [
"dhamma"
] | [
"According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma. These became the basis of the Tripitaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in the last century BCE. Both the sūtras and the vinaya of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Gautama Buddha's previous lives, and various other subjects."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4871 | What was the title of the front page story on Contostavlos? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Tulisa's cocaine deal shame"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended.\" Promoted as \"an unapologetic celebration of England\", the special issue of \"The Sun\" ran to 24 pages. On 2 June 2013, \"The Sun on Sunday\" ran a front-page story on singer-songwriter Tulisa. The front page read: \"Tulisa's cocaine deal shame\"; this story was written by \"The Sun On Sunday\"s undercover reporter Mahzer Mahmood, who had previously worked for the \"News of the World\". It was claimed that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other \"Sun\" journalists) to a drug",
"title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended.\" Promoted as \"an unapologetic celebration of England\", the special issue of \"The Sun\" ran to 24 pages. On 2 June 2013, \"The Sun on Sunday\" ran a front-page story on singer-songwriter Tulisa. The front page read: \"Tulisa's cocaine deal shame\"; this story was written by \"The Sun On Sunday\"s undercover reporter Mahzer Mahmood, who had previously worked for the \"News of the World\". It was claimed that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other \"Sun\" journalists) to a drug",
"title": "The Sun (United Kingdom)"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "(of verse) in praise of love or wine; amatory or convivial Thomas Clerke (songwriter) Thomas Clerke was a Sunderland singer/songwriter and poet from the seventeenth and/or eighteenth century. Thomas Clerke was said to be a “Gentleman of powerful convivial talents and the author of several spirited, and Anacreontic¹ songs” many of which are now attributed to others. He was said to be always cheerful and an outgoing member of society. His works were poetical and full of ready wit and sparkling humour. His works include :- ¹ Anacreontic = in the manner of the Greek lyric poet Anacreon (?572–?488 BC),",
"title": "Thomas Clerke (songwriter)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Arndt–Eistert reaction The Arndt–Eistert synthesis is a series of chemical reactions designed to convert a carboxylic acid to a higher carboxylic acid homologue (i.e. contains one additional carbon atom) and is considered a homologation process. Named for the German chemists Fritz Arndt (1885–1969) and Bernd Eistert (1902–1978), Arndt–Eistert synthesis is a popular method of producing β-amino acids from α-amino acids. Acid chlorides react with diazomethane to give diazoketones. In the presence of a nucleophile (water) and a metal catalyst (AgO), diazoketones will form the desired acid homologue. While the classic Arndt–Eistert synthesis uses thionyl chloride to convert the starting acid",
"title": "Arndt–Eistert reaction"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "yet to achieve sufficient \"critical-to-success\" intellectual, healthcare, and socioeconomic resources and infrastructures for a comprehensive wholesome liberation—a truly Africanized self-governance. Whilst spearheading campaigns against a myriad of disease epidemics and parasitological epidemiology research—in the rustic and urbanite regions across East and Central Africa—he’d come face-to-face with the abominable high rates of poverty among the native populations and the ensuing undue repugnant healthcare and hygiene woes borne by those communities. This shattering firsthand experience led him to explicate that excessive emphasis was being placed on political fulcrum at the detriment of critical socioeconomic, healthcare, and intellectual infrastructural rudiments. This experience caused",
"title": "Blasio Vincent Ndale Esau Oriedo"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Advisors, led by Fuld, had grown to about two dozen employees. The firm focuses on small and medium-sized enterprises, advising clients on a range of matters, from opening product distribution channels to completing mergers and acquisitions and sourcing private equity and venture capital funding. Also in mid-2015, Fuld put up for auction his 71-acre estate in Sun Valley, Idaho. The property was estimated to sell for $30 to $50 million in August 2015, but sold at auction in September for just over $20 million. In 2006, Fuld was named No. 1 CEO in the Brokers & Asset Managers category, by",
"title": "Richard S. Fuld Jr."
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in Spanish. Six months later, in January 2008, it became a Fox Sports Radio affiliate and adopted the slogan \"National Sports with a Shore View.\" WADB mostly broadcast Fox Sports Radio programming. The station also broadcasts Lakewood Blue Claws minor league baseball along with sister station WOBM. The station held the WJLK call sign until November 4, 1996, and was called WADB from that date until September 18, 2008. Millennium Radio then renamed the station WBUD before changing the name back to WADB on June 4, 2009. For most of the period since 1952, the WBUD call letters were used",
"title": "WADB (AM)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Takvim Takvim is a Turkish daily newspaper. Founded by Dinç Bilgin in 1994, \"Takvim\" was acquired by Çalık Holding's Turkuvaz Media Group in 2008, as part of its $1.1bn purchase of the \"Sabah\"-ATV group. On 18 June 2013 \"Takvim\" devoted its front page to a fake \"interview\" with CNN's Christiane Amanpour, in which Amanpour supposedly confesses that CNN's coverage of the 2013 protests in Turkey was motivated by \"the express interest of destabilizing Turkey for international business interests\". The paper included a small disclaimer in the story, saying \"This interview is not real, but what you will read here is",
"title": "Takvim"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of seeds in the spring and the summer so you can capitalize on it. If you have a story that's going to hit in the middle of September, middle of October, what you really want to do is build several things that come off of the story so that it's not just a one-day hit. If the story runs on the front page of a major paper, you also want to set it up so that it hits some of the television morning shows, and from there you want to have surrogates out the next day, so that you get",
"title": "Chris Lehane"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "getting the real perpetrator, Inez Cordoza, to confess to the crime. Forced to admit Ellen is a good reporter, he finally wins her hand. The film's working title was \"Women Are Born Newspapermen\". The plots of the 1937 release \"Back in Circulation\", allegedly based on a story by Adela Rogers St. Johns, and the 1938 Torchy Blane film \"Blondes at Work\" are very similar to \"Front Page Woman\". The Warner Bros. release was one of three 1935 films co-starring Bette Davis and George Brent. The two were paired on-screen a total of thirteen times. This was the fourth collaboration for",
"title": "Front Page Woman"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "about the program, Alex Barris tells an anecdote about what guest panelist Bennett Cerf said to challenger Jesse Owens about Adolf Hitler during a 1958 episode. This is one of the episodes that does not survive. Front Page Challenge Front Page Challenge was a Canadian panel game about current events and history. Created by comedy writer/performer John Aylesworth (of the comedy team of Frank Peppiatt and John Aylesworth) and produced and aired by CBC Television, the series ran from 1957 to 1995. The long-running series featured notable journalists attempting to guess the recent or old news story with which a",
"title": "Front Page Challenge"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and has three separate editions (Barrow, Ulverston and Millom), though the only difference is the story on the front page. Before changes to printing arrangements it had four - Barrow Early, Barrow Late Final, Ulverston and South Lakes, and Millom: although the only difference was on the front page and page six; the remainder of the paper was the same throughout. Articles typically range between important local news items (such as major council decisions, local business news, etc.), to more personal stories about residents of the area. \"The Mail\" is printed and published by Furness Newspapers Ltd., a subsidiary of",
"title": "The Mail (Cumbria)"
}
] | [
"Tulisa's cocaine deal shame"
] | [
"On 2 June 2013, The Sun on Sunday ran a front page story on singer-songwriter Tulisa Contostavlos. The front page read: \"Tulisa's cocaine deal shame\"; this story was written by The Sun On Sunday's undercover reporter Mahzer Mahmood, who had previously worked for the News of the World. It was claimed that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a £800 deal. The subterfuge involved conning the singer into believing that she was being considered for a role in an £8 million Bollywood film."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1452 | What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"1988"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island. The Development and Economic Planning Department (which still operates) was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena. In 1989, Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS \"St Helena\" to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff–Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout. The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor, Commander-in-Chief, and an elected executive and legislative",
"title": "Saint Helena"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "for duty. The ship was involved in supporting minesweeper operations but the volunteers were refused South Atlantic Medals. Prince Andrew began his relationship with St Helena in 1984 with a visit to the island as a member of the armed forces. The 1987 census showed that the island population stood at 5,644. The Development & Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of St Helena by planning and managing sustainable economic development through education, participation and planning, improving decision making by providing statistical information and by improving",
"title": "History of Saint Helena"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island. The Development and Economic Planning Department (which still operates) was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena. In 1989, Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS \"St Helena\" to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff–Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout. The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor, Commander-in-Chief, and an elected executive and legislative",
"title": "Saint Helena"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "a technician, he began pursuing a master's degree in Renmin University. Ning joined the Communist Party of China in June 1985. He earned his doctorate in economics in 1988, after which he joined the National Planning Commission, a central economic planning agency. In November 1998, he joined the planning department of the National Development and Reform Commission. Beginning in 2001, Ning began specializing in the development strategy of China's far western regions. In April 2007, he joined the State Council Research Office, rising to become its director in August 2013. In August 2015, Ning was transferred laterally back to the",
"title": "Ning Jizhe"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, sought to study consciousness as experienced from a first-person perspective, while Martin Heidegger drew on the ideas of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Husserl to propose an unconventional existential approach to ontology. Phenomenologically oriented metaphysics undergirded existentialism—Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Albert Camus—and finally post-structuralism—Gilles Deleuze, Jean-François Lyotard (best known for his articulation of postmodernism), Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida (best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction). The psychoanalytic work of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and others has also been influential in contemporary Continental thought. Conversely, some philosophers have",
"title": "Western philosophy"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Deviant Records Deviant Records was a London-based record label founded by publisher and music producer Rob Deacon in the mid 90s, releasing electronic works that were at the cutting edge in their field - Pentatonik, Node (Flood, Ed Buller, Mel Wesson & Dave Bessell), Schematix, The Orb, Humate, Phat Gecko (Luke Corradine), Spooky and Witchman. It evolved into a bestselling dance label after it championed the little-known Paul Van Dyk, now one of the world's most successful DJs, and DJ Sammy, who went on to reach number one. With the increase in downloads and yet more corporate consolidation in the",
"title": "Deviant Records"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "have discovered a supernova. Moore is currently majoring in Political Science at Georgetown University. She was born and raised in Warwick, NY. To make the discovery she spent almost 7 months sifting through Puckett Observatory Supernova Search (POSS) images. Incredibly, she made her discovery using a relatively small, low-powered telescope. In July 2009, she discovered her second supernova named SN2009he. From young, Moore had practiced amateur astronomy with the assistance of her father. Early on she was very familiar with telescopes because of her scientific upbringing. She even converted her tree house into an observatory. Following her discovery, Moore was",
"title": "SN 2008ha"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "annulled after being blocked by the German Cartel Office. After this, GN announced that it intended to keep the two companies but filed an appeal against the court ruling. The case is still pending. The blocked deal, however, left GN challenged to the extreme with two underperforming businesses, a thin product pipeline, a heavy debt position and facing a highly adverse macroeconomic environment. Nonetheless, with comprehensive restructuring and management efforts the company managed to survive. Since then, GN has gradually fought its way back. In 2009, GN Audio (then GN Netcom) made a decision to globally market all its products",
"title": "GN Store Nord"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "are modeled on the Feast of the Exaltation (September 14), and include bringing the cross to the holy table at little vespers and with solemnity out into the center of church at matins, albeit without the ceremony of the Exaltation of the Cross, for veneration by the faithful. It remains in the centre of the church for nearly a week (the Fourth Week of Great Lent). On the Monday and Wednesday of that week, a veneration of the Cross takes place at the First Hour (repeating a portion of the service from matins of the previous Sunday). On Friday of",
"title": "Feast of the Cross"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of the Government’s Economic Cabinet. She was the Senior Advisor toe Provincial Planning Cabinet, Benguela, Angola, Head of Investments Department, Ministry of Planning of Angola from 1986 – 1997 and the National Director of the Investment Department. Lourenco was the Vice Minister and Minister of Planning of Angola from 1997 to 2012. Lourenço has been in the Ministry of Planning since 1997, first as Deputy Minister of Planning from 1997 to 1999 and national Minister of Planning from 1999 to 2012. Since September 30, 2006, she has been the chairperson of the Southern African Development Community. Lourenço was the sixth",
"title": "Ana Dias Lourenço"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Minister of Planning and Economic Affairs of the Republic of Liberia. In August 2008, Mr. Konneh was sworn in as Liberia's Minister of Planning and Economic Affairs. He also served concurrently as the National Coordinator of the Liberia Reconstruction and Development Committee and the National Authorizing Officer of the European Development Fund for Liberia. Under his leadership, the implementation of the three year Lift Liberia Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS I) was accelerated resulting to a successful conclusion. Mr. Konneh is a core member of President Johnson Sirleaf's Economic Management Team and is credited with helping to stabilize the Liberian economy",
"title": "Amara Mohamed Konneh"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was organizing sessions on regional development at its annual conference. At the 1950 American Economic Association meeting, Isard met with 26 other like-minded economists and came up with a clearer idea of what the newly emerging field of regional science should look like: it would be interdisciplinary, and it required some novel concepts, data, and techniques. As part of the effort to develop regional science Isard found himself at the center of a network of scholars from economics, city planning, political science, sociology, and geography. In 1953 Isard moved to MIT, taking a position in the Department of City and",
"title": "Walter Isard"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Other groups critical to the project's planning phase include the New York City Department of Transportation, the Department of Parks and Recreation, the Economic Development Corporation, the Department of City Planning and other agencies and groups. $137 million was secured with the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, and work began on a \"pilot section\" in 2009 between John Street and Wall Street. According to the Department of City Planning, the overall plan is listed as: The FDR Drive viaduct will be clad, and South Street will be narrowed for much of its length to make room for additional sidewalk space. The",
"title": "East River Greenway"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with a Mark of Distinction, in 1969. Lazonick spent one year as a graduate student at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva before entering the PhD program in economics at Harvard University in 1970. For his doctoral thesis, he studied the applicability of Karl Marx's theory of capitalist development to the British Industrial Revolution, the experience that formed the empirical basis for Marx's arguments. In 1975 Lazonick was hired as an assistant professor in the Harvard Economics Department, where he taught comparative economic development, economic history, and the history of economic analysis, all from a perspective that was",
"title": "William Lazonick"
}
] | [
"1988"
] | [
"The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies as British Dependent Territories. The islanders lost their right of abode in Britain. For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island. The Development and Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7676 | IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"unpleasantness"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "or other severe injury. Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus. Insensitivity to pain may also",
"title": "Pain"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "or other severe injury. Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus. Insensitivity to pain may also",
"title": "Pain"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "however Louise was furious with Katy when Louise found out Katy already knew that Warren killed Sean. As revenge on Katy, Louise exposed Katy's affair with Zak to Warren and Katy was furious when Louise agreed she would be an alibi for Warren on the night of Sean's death as Louise did not want Warren to go to prison and claimed she still loved Warren although Katy wanted Warren to hand himself in to the police and pay for his crimes. Katy then verbally attacked both Warren and Louise saying \"Oh this will be one to tell the children, oh",
"title": "Katy Fox"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of a new secular self-affirmation of culture against the Christian tradition.\" Wolfhart Pannenberg, a student of Löwith, has continued the debate against Blumenberg. Charles Taylor in \"A Secular Age\" challenges what he calls 'the subtraction thesis' – that science leads to religion being subtracted from more and more areas of life. Proponents of \"secularization theory\" demonstrate widespread declines in the prevalence of religious belief throughout the West, particularly in Europe. Some scholars (e.g., Rodney Stark, Peter Berger) have argued that levels of religiosity are not declining, while other scholars (e.g., Mark Chaves, N. J. Demerath) have countered by introducing the",
"title": "Secularization"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "deduced was a composite of four redactions with other insertions. \"The Corries\" sang a truncated version, consisting of the first eight verses down to the fall of Percy, with the title \"Lammas Tide\". The Battle of Otterburn (ballad) \"The Battle of Otterburn\" (or \"Otterbourne\") is a Scottish ballad, catalogued as Child Ballad 161, Roud 3293. It is an account of the Scottish victory at the Battle of Otterburn in 1388. This battle also inspired \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\", an English version, but the Scottish version is more historically accurate. The lead verse of the ballad is: \"It fell about",
"title": "The Battle of Otterburn (ballad)"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Republican Press in Durban. Associated Magazines in Cape Town acquired \"Femina\" in the late 1980s, and published their first issue in April 1988. The magazine was later published by Raphaely Kuhnel Publishing (also of Cape Town), which sold it in 2006 to Media24 (part of the media conglomerate Naspers). At the time of \"Femina\"s closure, Media24 was the predominant publisher of consumer magazines in South Africa. Its other women's magazines included \"Fair Lady\", \"Sarie\", and \"True Love\". As of 1992, editor-in-chief Jane Raphaely was also chief editor of the South African edition of \"Cosmopolitan\". Features editor and columnist Laura Twiggs",
"title": "Femina (South Africa)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "\"the Hopi no longer live as they are described here\" and \"the attitude of female superiority is fading\". Schlegel said the Hopi \"were and still are matrilinial\" and \"the household ... was matrilocal\". Schlegel explains why there was female superiority as that the Hopi believed in \"life as the highest good ... [with] the female principle ... activated in women and in Mother Earth ... as its source\" and that the Hopi \"were not in a state of continual war with equally matched neighbors\" and \"had no standing army\" so that \"the Hopi lacked the spur to masculine superiority\" and,",
"title": "Clan Mother"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "International Association for Suicide Prevention The International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) is an international suicide prevention organization. Founded by Erwin Ringel and Norman Farberow in 1960, IASP, which is in an official relationship with the World Health Organization, is dedicated to preventing suicidal behaviour and providing a forum for mental health professionals, crisis workers, suicide survivors and other people in one way or another affected by suicidal behaviour. The organization now consists of professionals and volunteers from over 50 countries worldwide. The IASP also co-sponsors World Suicide Prevention Day on September 10 every year, with the World Health Organization.",
"title": "International Association for Suicide Prevention"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "dysfunctional, people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high, reported that pain interfered with much of their lives, reported a higher degree of psychological distress caused by pain, and reported low levels of activity; (b) interpersonally distressed, people with a common perception that significant others were not very supportive of their pain problems; and (c) adaptive copers, patients who reported high levels of social support, relatively low levels of pain and perceived interference, and relatively high levels of activity.\" Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their IASP five-category pain profile is recommended for deriving the",
"title": "Pain"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "biofeedback and cognitive behavioral therapy. Pain can have many causes and there are many possible treatments for it. In the nursing profession, one common definition of pain is any problem that is \"whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does\". Different sorts of pain management address different sorts of pain. Pain management includes patient communication about the pain problem. To define the pain problem, a health care provider will likely ask questions such as these: After asking questions such as these, the health care provider will have a description of the pain. Pain",
"title": "Pain management"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "International Association for the Study of Pain The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) is an international learned society promoting research, education, and policies for the understanding, prevention, and treatment of pain. IASP was founded in 1973 under the leadership of John J. Bonica. Its secretariat, formerly based in Seattle, Washington is now located in Washington, DC. It publishes the scientific journal \"PAIN, PAIN Reports\" and \"PAIN: Clinical Updates.\" IASP currently has more than 7,200 members from 133 countries and in 94 chapters worldwide. IASP supports 20 Special Interest Groups (SIGs) which members may join to network and",
"title": "International Association for the Study of Pain"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Definition of music A definition of music endeavors to give an accurate and concise explanation of music's basic attributes or essential nature and it involves a process of defining what is meant by the term \"music\". Many authorities have suggested definitions, but defining music turns out to be more difficult than might first be imagined and there is ongoing debate. A number of explanations start with the notion of music as \"organized sound\" but they also highlight that this is perhaps too broad a definition and cite examples of organized sound that are not defined as music, such as human",
"title": "Definition of music"
}
] | [
"unpleasantness"
] | [
"Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2954 | Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"John J. Pershing"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention. Wilson called up the state militias (National Guard) and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition. Villa fled, with the Americans in pursuit deep into Mexico, thereby arousing Mexican nationalism. By early 1917 President Venustiano Carranza had contained Villa and secured the border, so Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw. The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914. However, it insisted on its right as a neutral",
"title": "Military history of the United States"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Zealand. He was funded by National science museum for his trip to Antarctica in 1961. He studied lichens for several years in Antarctica and published a book ‘Lichen Flora of the Antarctic Continent and Adjacent Islands in 1973. Dodge also studied about subterranean sporophores. Research articles related to Rhizopogonaceae, \"Gauiteria,\" \"Arcangeliella,\" \"Gymnomyces\" and Macromanites, \"Leucogastor\" and \"Leucophlebs\" were found during his early academic life. Carroll William Dodge died in July 21, 1988 in Vermont. In 1931, Dodge was head of the International Association of Plant Taxonomists Section on Lichens and in 1950, he was Vice-President for Medical Mycology of the",
"title": "Carroll William Dodge"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "has received some criticism from the transgender community for supporting the casting of a man, Matt Bomer, to play a transgender woman in the film \"Anything\", of which Ruffalo was an executive producer. In 2008, Ruffalo expressed concern that gas companies were eyeing his family's land in Callicoon, New York. After doing his own investigation, \"New York\" magazine wrote, he becomes \"anti-fracking's first famous face.\" On October 4, 2010, Ruffalo appeared on \"The Rachel Maddow Show\" to discuss hydraulic fracturing and the FRAC Act of 2009. He claimed in the December 2010 issue of \"GQ\" magazine that after he organized",
"title": "Mark Ruffalo"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "but returned to service after just two months' convalescence. In March 1916, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General. In 1917, the Frontbeweging, a Flemish Movement group, became important in the 1st Army Division and Bernheim was attacked by \"Flamingant\" soldiers for his attempts to suppress it. In September 1918, he was placed in command of a group of three army divisions on the Yser during the Belgian advance in the Hundred Days' Offensive. Berheim's units were notably involved in the capture of the important forest at Houthulst. After the end of the war, he was promoted Inspector General",
"title": "Louis Bernheim"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of the Berlin Wall opened the way for the ILA to return to its birthplace in Berlin. The ILA’s main display sections include commercial aviation, aerospace, military aviation and military technology, equipment and engines, and general aviation and helicopters. The new multi-purpose exhibition area, called Berlin ExpoCenter Airport adjacent to the BER was finished in time for ILA 2012. The main section of the grounds cover approximately 250,000 square metres. The site is situated southeast of Germany's capital city Berlin. All previous attendance records had been broken at ILA2006. More than 250,000 visitors (2004: 201,500, +25%) were recorded at the",
"title": "ILA Berlin Air Show"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1979 Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 1979 Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held February 27–March 3; the first rounds were played on campus sites and the final was contested at the Hulman Center at Indiana State University in Terre Haute, Indiana. Led by future Basketball Hall of Fame member Larry Bird, top-seeded Indiana State defeated in the title game, 69–59, to win their first MVC tournament title. The Sycamores subsequently received an automatic bid to the 1979 NCAA Tournament, where they would advance to the national championship game. Even without any new Missouri Valley members, the",
"title": "1979 Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of staff for operations and intelligence at Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe. In October 1981 he became assistant chief of staff for operations, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe, Mons, Belgium. He became commander of Allied Air Forces Southern Europe and deputy commander in chief, U.S. Air Forces in Europe for the Southern Area, Naples, Italy, in October 1984. He assumed his vice command of the Tactical Air Command in October 1986. Brown is a command pilot with more than 5,000 flying hours. His military decorations include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of",
"title": "James R. Brown"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to reinforce LANDSOUTH were: Allied Land Forces Southern Europe Allied Land Forces Southern Europe (LANDSOUTH) was a military command of NATO's Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) command. Based in Verona in Northern Italy LANDSOUTH was tasked with defending Italy north of the Apennine mountains against a Warsaw Pact or Yugoslavian invasion. Activated in 1951 under an Italian Army four-star general, the command was disbanded in 2004. Commander, Allied Land Forces Southern Europe was a NATO Principal Subordinate Commander. Following the creation of NATO in 1949, the Italian military was integrated into NATO's Allied Forces Southern Europe command and prepared for",
"title": "Allied Land Forces Southern Europe"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "difficult for the advancing UN forces. During this time 3 RAR had a platoon of American M4 Sherman tanks attached and a battery of field guns in direct support. The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade subsequently moved from Kumchon, with the Argylls capturing Sariwon on 17 October, killing 215 North Koreans and taking many prisoners for the loss of one man killed and three wounded. The brigade then passed to the command of the US 24th Infantry Division on 21 October, under the overall command of Major General John H. Church, while the US 1st Cavalry Division remained in Pyongyang to",
"title": "Battle of Kujin"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Joint Force Command Naples. The deputy commander is currently Vice Admiral Lisa Franchetti, who concurrently serves as the Sixth Fleet commander. The earliest presence of U.S. Navy forces in Europe was the Mediterranean Squadron, the European Squadron following the American Civil War, the forces were combined as part of the North Atlantic Fleet in 1906. In 1917, United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters developed as a command under the leadership Admiral William S. Sims to overses the European aspects of United States Navy operations during World War I. His principal subordinates were Rear Admirals Henry B. Wilson in",
"title": "United States Naval Forces Europe - Naval Forces Africa"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "find an arrangement that would satisfy all three major powers with forces in the Centre - the United States, United Kingdom and France - because their views on the proper relationship of air and ground power differed significantly. Drawing upon his Second World War experience, Eisenhower decided to retain overall control himself and did not appoint a CINC for the Central Region. Instead there would be three separate commanders-in-chief (for Allied Air Forces Central Europe, Allied Land Forces Central Europe and Flag Officer Central Europe (FLAGCENT)), all reporting directly to SACEUR. Vice Admiral Robert Jaujard of the French Navy was",
"title": "Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum"
}
] | [
"John J. Pershing"
] | [
"By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or \"doughboys\" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6334 | For what purpose were RLVs popular? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded. The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators. Pioneer also produced a rewritable LaserDisc",
"title": "LaserDisc"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded. The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators. Pioneer also produced a rewritable LaserDisc",
"title": "LaserDisc"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "big Army-Navy game. The game, however, shows that Tony cannot follow the coach's directions and gets benched. After the game, Jim introduces his brother to his longtime girlfriend, Peggy Lord (Diana Lynn), and a rivalry soon develops over her affections. With the Korean War looming on the horizon, during training, Jim and Tony are assigned to the same aircraft carrier. Jim continues to look out for his younger brother, even risking his own life. During a maneuver at sea involving helicopter and naval jets, Tony's aircraft plummets off the deck in an aborted takeoff and he is knocked unconscious. Jim",
"title": "An Annapolis Story"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Balm-Boyette Scrub Nature Preserve The Balm-Boyette Scrub Nature Preserve is a preserve located in Hillsborough County, Florida. It was purchased through joint funding from the County's Environmental Lands Acquisition and Protection Program (ELAPP) and the State of Florida's Conservation and Recreation Lands (CARL) Program. While it consists largely of abandoned phosphate pits, it has a large area of undisturbed scrub habitat. Natural habitats within the site include sand pine scrub, xeric oak scrub, pine flatwoods, hardwood hammock, wet prairie, freshwater marsh, cypress swamp, and hardwood swamp. During the 1960s (and prior) the land was pitted with phosphate mines. The natural",
"title": "Balm-Boyette Scrub Nature Preserve"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a document from 1312, the community crops up under the name \"Emminchem\". In old Dutch documents (16th to 19th century), and even today in the Low Saxon dialects, Emlichheim is called \"Emmelkamp\". Council’s current composition (19 seats in total): (State: municipal election by 11. September 2011) The firm Emsland-Stärke, with its location in Emlichheim, is one of Europe’s starch producers. Over a million metric tons of potatoes delivered from within a region with a radius of some 150 km are processed here every year, thereby making Emsland-Stärke the community’s largest employer. Some 8 km west of Emlichheim lies the border-straddling",
"title": "Emlichheim"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "crabs every right but the right to condemn him. He claims his exemption as a witness for the defense. Leni objects: \"Challenge their competence, I beg you; it's your only weakness. Tell them \"You are not my judges,: and you'll have no one to fear - either in this world or the next.\" Leni later addresses the crabs directly: \"...you will condemn us outright, but I couldn't care less.\" \"...I forbid [Franz] to plead my cause. I have only one judge - myself - and I acquit myself. Oh, witness for the defense, testify before yourself. You will be invulnerable",
"title": "The Condemned of Altona"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "armed attack that day, as ordered by Williams Régala; Dominique and the other journalists stood on the roof throwing rocks and bottles as the army fired machine guns and grenades. Dominique was an early supporter of the Lavalas movement and Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the parish priest and outspoken proponent of liberation theology. Radio Haiti covered the September 11, 1988 massacre in which attachés under the orders of Port-au-Prince mayor Franck Romain massacred parishioners at Aristide's St. Jean Bosco church, and interviewed Aristide several times as a priest and as a presidential candidate, and, finally, after his victory in Haiti's first democratic",
"title": "Jean Dominique"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "formalized, regulated martial endeavor did something to restore its reputation. When its advantages and purpose eventually declined and weapon carrying ceased, the dagger was saved from obsolescence by its retention as a field sports gadget. In the nineteenth century the custom of wearing a general purpose knife practically ceased and the hunting knife became a specialized instrument. However, its combat and military traditions were incorporated in the bayonet weapon which has continued in use until the present day. Daggers are a popular form of what is known as the \"art knife\", due in part to the symmetry of the blade.",
"title": "Dagger"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "pessimistic take on the marriage prospects of professional women, drawn from popular studies and personal experience. The book was initially conceived with the title \"Overqualified for Love\". Whelan's second book, \"Marry Smart: The Intelligent Woman's Guide to True Love\", was published by Simon & Schuster on December 30, 2008. Whelan's third book, \"Generation WTF: From “What the #%$&” to a Wise, Tenacious, and Fearless You\", was published by Templeton Press in February 2011. Whelan's fourth book, \"The Big Picture: A Guide to Finding Your Purpose in Life\", was published in May 2016. Whelan has frequently appeared as an expert commentator",
"title": "Christine Whelan"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with millions of followers: Chondogyo, Tenrikyo, Cao Đài, and Seicho-No-Ie. New religions typically have unique explanations for the meaning of life. For example, in Tenrikyo, one is expected to live a Joyous Life by participating in practices that create happiness for oneself and others. \"What is the meaning of life?\" is a question many people ask themselves at some point during their lives, most in the context \"What is the purpose of life?\". Some popular answers include: The mystery of life and its true meaning is an often recurring subject in popular culture, featured in entertainment media and various forms",
"title": "Meaning of life"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1N400x general-purpose diodes The 1N400x (or 1N4001 or 1N4000) series is a family of popular 1 A general-purpose silicon rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common household appliances. Its blocking voltage varies from 50 volts (1N4001) to 1000 volts (1N4007). This JEDEC device number series is available in the DO-41 axial package, and similar diodes are available in SMA and MELF surface mount packages (in other part number series). The 1N540x (or 1N5400) series is a similarly popular family of diodes for higher-current 3 A applications. These diodes are typically available in the larger DO-201AD axial package to",
"title": "1N400x general-purpose diodes"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "what is strange, but what is familiar, and in this respect it has much in common with James Joyce in \"Ulysses\". He describes the prose as astonishing. Orwell rejects another popular comparison with Céline's \"Journey to the End of the Night\" which is a book-with-a-purpose, but introduces a comparison with Walt Whitman whose literature is one of \"acceptance\" of life as it is rather than a struggle to change it. It is because he is passive to experience that Miller is able to get nearer to the 'ordinary man'. This is out of key with the times when writers had",
"title": "Inside the Whale"
}
] | [
"making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators"
] | [
"The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6955 | Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"phenomenalism"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "materialism. Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. Idealism as a philosophy came under heavy attack in the West at the turn of the 20th century. The most influential critics of both epistemological and ontological idealism were G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, but its critics also included the New Realists. According to \"Stanford Encyclopedia",
"title": "Idealism"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "materialism. Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. Idealism as a philosophy came under heavy attack in the West at the turn of the 20th century. The most influential critics of both epistemological and ontological idealism were G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, but its critics also included the New Realists. According to \"Stanford Encyclopedia",
"title": "Idealism"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Mise en abyme In Western art history, Mise en abyme (; also mise en abîme) is a formal technique of placing a copy of an image within itself, often in a way that suggests an infinitely recurring sequence. In film theory and literary theory, it refers to the technique of inserting a story within a story. The term is derived from heraldry and literally means \"placed into abyss\". It was first appropriated for modern criticism by the French author André Gide. A common sense of the phrase is the visual experience of standing between two mirrors, seeing as a result",
"title": "Mise en abyme"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Frognal Frognal is a small area of Hampstead, North West London in the London Borough of Camden. Frognal is reinforced as the name of a minor road, which goes uphill from Finchley Road and at its upper end is in the west of Hampstead village. The first reference to Frognal is as a tenement in the 15th century, probably on the site of the later Frognal House (now 99 Frognal). By the mid-eighteenth century it was a significant settlement, sought after by eminent lawyers, and infill development continued through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Frognal has a diverse architecture, with",
"title": "Frognal"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Vulcana Women's Circus Vulcana Women's Circus is an Australian circus, created with the aim of training women and girls in the circus arts. The company was founded in 1995 at West End in Brisbane, by Antonella Casella in Brisbane, Australia, the company was named after the famous British strongwoman Vulcana. The company has three main activities, which often overlap. The company's inaugural production was \"A Girl's Own Adventure\", performed in December 1995 at the Princess Theatre in Annerley, Brisbane. The second production in 1996 was \"Volt\", a low-budget production for the Brisbane Festival. In 1997, Casella and Gough directed \"Life",
"title": "Vulcana Women's Circus"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton John Harington, 1st Baron Harington (1539/40 – 23 August 1613) of Exton in Rutland, was an English courtier and politician. He was the eldest son and heir of Sir James Harington (c. 1511–1592) of Exton, by his wife Lucy Sidney (c. 1520 – c. 1591), daughter of Sir William Sidney by his wife Anne Pagenham. His family was said to have held 'the most extensive estates in Rutland during the late sixteenth century'. He entered the Inner Temple in 1558, and was elected a Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1571. He was",
"title": "John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Karantina Island Karantina Island (, literally \"Quarantine Island\") is an island in the Gulf of İzmir, Turkey. The island is a part of Urla ilçe (district) of İzmir Province at . Its surface area is and its distance to mainland (Karaburun Peninsula of Anatolia) is only .There is an artificial connection between the mainland and the island. The ancient history of the island is related to that of the ancient site Klazomenai. During the 19th century the island was equipped with the up to date medical instruments and it was used as a quarantine island. In 1950, the buildings were",
"title": "Karantina Island"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "such as religion, scholastic thought and the Church. Major modern philosophers include Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant. 19th-century philosophy is influenced by the wider movement termed the Enlightenment, and includes figures such as Hegel a key figure in German idealism, Kierkegaard who developed the foundations for existentialism, Nietzsche a famed anti-Christian, John Stuart Mill who promoted Utilitarianism, Karl Marx who developed the foundations for Communism and the American William James. The 20th century saw the split between Analytic philosophy and Continental philosophy, as well as philosophical trends such as Phenomenology, Existentialism, Logical Positivism, Pragmatism and the Linguistic turn.",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Peter Strawson. The later Ludwig Wittgenstein is ordinary language philosophy's most celebrated proponent outside the Oxford circle. Second generation figures include Stanley Cavell and John Searle. Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage, refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe. This sense of the term originated among English-speaking philosophers in the second half of the 20th century, who used it to refer to a range of thinkers and traditions outside the analytic movement. Continental philosophy includes the following movements: German idealism, phenomenology, existentialism (and its antecedents, such as the thought of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche),",
"title": "20th-century philosophy"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "phenomenal God, morality, and free will \"might\" exist in the noumenal realm, but these possibilities have to be set against its basic unknowability for humans. Although he saw himself as having disposed of metaphysics, in a sense, he has generally been regarded in retrospect as having a metaphysics of his own, and as beginning the modern analytical conception of the subject. Nineteenth century philosophy was overwhelmingly influenced by Kant and his successors. Schopenhauer, Schelling, Fichte and Hegel all purveyed their own panoramic versions of German Idealism, Kant's own caution about metaphysical speculation, and refutation of idealism, having fallen by the",
"title": "Metaphysics"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Ernst Cassirer Ernst Alfred Cassirer (; ; July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German philosopher. Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School, he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science. After Cohen's death, Cassirer developed a theory of symbolism and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture. Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical idealism. His most famous work is the \"Philosophy of Symbolic Forms\" (1923–1929). Born in Breslau in Silesia (modern-day southwest Poland), into a Jewish family, Cassirer studied",
"title": "Ernst Cassirer"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a sensing, feeling human being incarnate—embodied—in a concrete world. Although Jean-Paul Sartre adopted the term \"existentialism\" for his own philosophy in the 1940s, Marcel's thought has been described as \"almost diametrically opposed\" to that of Sartre. Unlike Sartre, Marcel was a Christian, and became a Catholic convert in 1929. In Germany, the psychologist and philosopher Karl Jaspers—who later described existentialism as a \"phantom\" created by the public—called his own thought, heavily influenced by Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, \"Existenzphilosophie\". For Jaspers, \"\"Existenz\"-philosophy is the way of thought by means of which man seeks to become himself...This way of thought does not cognize",
"title": "Existentialism"
}
] | [
"phenomenalism"
] | [
"Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy. This tradition, which emphasized the mental or \"ideal\" character of all phenomena, gave birth to idealistic and subjectivist schools ranging from British idealism to phenomenalism to existentialism. The historical influence of this branch of idealism remains central even to the schools that rejected its metaphysical assumptions, such as Marxism, pragmatism and positivism."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_207 | In what city did Frédéric achieve celebrity status? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Paris"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,",
"title": "Frédéric Chopin"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "dozen works for piano and orchestra, a duo-sonata for piano and violin on a Mazurka by Chopin, a duo for two pianos on two of Mendelssohn's \"Lieder ohne Worte\", and much more. All this found a very abrupt end, after Liszt on June 1, 1835, left Paris, travelling to Basel. Most of the works he had composed from summer 1832 to May 1835 were neither published nor performed. In a \"Baccalaureus-letter\" to George Sand, published in the \"Revue et Gazette musicale\" of February 12, 1837, Liszt vowed to consign them to the fire. As an integral part of the usual",
"title": "Life of Franz Liszt"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Castlecary rail accidents Two rail accidents have occurred near Castlecary, Scotland. One of these was in 1937 and one in 1968. Both events involved rear-end collisions, and caused the deaths of 35 and 2 people respectively. On 10 December 1937 at 4.37pm, the 4.03pm Edinburgh Waverley to Glasgow Queen Street express train collided at Castlecary station with the late-running 2.00pm express train from Dundee to Glasgow Queen Street on the Edinburgh to Glasgow main line of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), killing 35 people. At the time of the accident, whiteout conditions prevailed due to a snowstorm. The",
"title": "Castlecary rail accidents"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Warrior\" about the downsizing of the U.S. Army at the end of the Cold War. McCormick is a Trustee of the Aspen Institute and Carnegie Mellon University, and he is the Chairman of the International Advisory Board of the Atlantic Council. He is a member of the Trilateral Commission, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Aspen Strategy Group, and the Defense Policy Board. He has four children and lives in Connecticut. David McCormick David Harold McCormick is an American business executive. He is the Co-CEO and a member of the Management Committee at Bridgewater Associates, a global macro investment firm",
"title": "David McCormick"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was appointed in late Summer 2018. \"ITV News Meridian\" airs on ITV Meridian seven days a week. <br> Upon launch of the three regional news services in 1993, Meridian made the decision that all three programmes would share the same titles, music and name. Upon the launch of \"Meridian Tonight\" in 1993 until c.1996, the programme titles featured a large translucent Meridian logo flipping over to reveal and yellow and blue map of the region. Accompanied by a trumpeted fanfare the region lights up with several dots, marking Meridian's news-gathering centres, and three pulses marking, Southampton, Maidstone and Newbury: the",
"title": "ITV News Meridian"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "did not support a significant difference on sports and handicraft performance. However, another study found that unusual motor coordination scores at 7 years of age were associated in adulthood with both those with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings, while unusual movements at ages 4 and 7 predicted adult schizophrenia but not unaffected sibling status. A birth cohort study in New Zealand found that children who went on to develop schizophreniform disorder had, as well as emotional problems and interpersonal difficulties linked to all adult psychiatric outcomes measured, significant impairments in neuromotor, receptive language, and cognitive development. A retrospective study found",
"title": "Causes of schizophrenia"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "did not receive the same critical acclaim as its predecessor, but still went straight in at number 1, famously beating \"Pop Idol\" runner-up Gareth Gates's debut album \"What My Heart Wants to Say\" to the summit and selling nearly 150,000 copies in its first week of release. It went on to achieve platinum status within a year, eventually being certified four times platinum overall, and was the second-biggest selling album by a UK artist in 2002, behind \"Pop Idol\" winner Will Young's debut album \"From Now On\". \"A New Day at Midnight\" produced two further UK Top 30 hits in",
"title": "David Gray (musician)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the show's twentieth anniversary and Lola will interact with Ric. Of her return D. Clarke stated \"I was very proud to bring her to life and be a part of the Holby family. I’m so excited to be treading the wards again, and seeing what Lola will be getting up to for Holby’s 20th Anniversary. Hey, Ric, Lola’s back in town!\" For her portrayal of Lola, D. Clarke won the \"Female Performance in TV\" accolade at the 2007 Screen Nation Film and Television Awards. Mark Lawson from \"The Guardian\" branded the character \"a powerful woman\". Jane Simon from the \"Daily",
"title": "Lola Griffin"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "such as weekly Sunday parades through the streets of Los Angeles, along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, as well as what is now known as Life Pacific College adjacent to it, on the northwest corner of land that she owned in the middle of the city. McPherson's celebrity status continued after her death, with biopics such as the 1976 Hallmark Hall of Fame drama \"The Disappearance of Aimee\" depicting her life, as well as the 2006 independent film \"Aimee Semple McPherson\", which particularly focused on her month-long disappearance in May–June 1926",
"title": "International Church of the Foursquare Gospel"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the band popular overseas, this being mainly the United Kingdom, Sweden and Australia. In 2003, Tenacious D released their first concert DVD - The Complete Master Works, which went on to achieve gold and platinum status by the RIAA. In November 2006, they starred in their own film \"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny,\" released by New Line Cinema, with Epic Records releasing the soundtrack as their second album, \"The Pick of Destiny.\" The film cost $20 million to produce, though only grossed $13.9 million at the box office and suffered poor reviews from critics. Following several years of",
"title": "Tenacious D"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "other. Dead Celebrity Status Dead Celebrity Status is a Canadian hip-hop group originating in Sudbury, Ontario. Rappers Yas Taalat and Bobby McIntosh, both former members of the rock/rap band Project Wyze, teamed up with onetime DMC World Champion DJ Dopey to form Dead Celebrity Status in 2003. Following the breakup of Project Wyze, Yas and Bobby began writing and recording new material under a new label, Bodog Music. Dead Celebrity Status had been created, but the MCs felt that there was a missing component. They called upon DJ Dopey, an internationally renowned DJ to complete the group. They partnered with",
"title": "Dead Celebrity Status"
}
] | [
"Paris"
] | [
"In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6543 | Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Norman Sauer"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains (e.g. cranial measurements) to aid in the identification of the body, including in terms of race. In a 1992 article, anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as a valid representation of human biological diversity, except for forensic anthropologists. He asked, \"If races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?\" He concluded: Identification of the ancestry of an individual is dependent upon knowledge of the frequency and distribution of phenotypic traits in a population. This does not necessitate the",
"title": "Race (human categorization)"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains (e.g. cranial measurements) to aid in the identification of the body, including in terms of race. In a 1992 article, anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as a valid representation of human biological diversity, except for forensic anthropologists. He asked, \"If races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?\" He concluded: Identification of the ancestry of an individual is dependent upon knowledge of the frequency and distribution of phenotypic traits in a population. This does not necessitate the",
"title": "Race (human categorization)"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "compatible with our finding that, even when the most distinct populations are considered and hundreds of loci are used, individuals are frequently more similar to members of other populations than to members of their own population\". This is similar to the conclusion reached by anthropologist Norman Sauer in a 1992 article on the ability of forensic anthropologists to assign \"race\" to a skeleton, based on craniofacial features and limb morphology. Sauer said, \"the successful assignment of race to a skeletal specimen is not a vindication of the race concept, but rather a prediction that an individual, while alive was assigned",
"title": "Race and genetics"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "insinuated himself into a quarrel between the acting president of the Chinese Republic, Li Zongren, and Chiang Kai-shek, who had resigned from the presidency in January 1949. Although Chiang had resigned, many officials and generals remained loyal to him, and Chiang retained over US$200 million, which he did not allow Li to use in order to fight the Communists or to stabilize the currency. The ongoing power struggle between Li and Chiang seriously disrupted the larger effort to defend Nationalist territory from Communist forces. Yan focused his efforts on attempting to promote greater cooperation between Li and Chiang. On one",
"title": "Yan Xishan"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was created by king Chandrabhan Gujar and his grandson Madan Singh, Gurjar, governors of the state of Datia. Samthar Samthar is a city and a municipal board in Jhansi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. census, Samthar had a population of 20,227. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Samthar has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 66%, and female literacy is 43%. In Samthar, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. Samthar was formerly known as Samshergarh. Samthar State was an independent",
"title": "Samthar"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "climate. Subsequent extension of these models has led to the development of \"Earth system models\" (ESMs) that include facets such as the cryosphere and the biosphere. As an integrative field, Earth system science assumes the histories of a vast range of scientific disciplines, but as a discrete study it evolved in the 1980s, particularly at NASA, where a committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983. The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, \"Earth System Science: Overview\" (1986), and the book-length \"Earth System Science: A Closer View\" (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth",
"title": "Earth system science"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "confirm similarities in its facial features. The images analyzed corresponded to one that circulated on the Internet, one that was from an I.D. card the drug lord took at Sam's Club under the alias Fernando Canalles Villanueva, one from his Baja California driver’s license under the name Fernando Canales Villanueva, one from his passport under the name Fernando Canales Villanueva, one from the DEA's database, and the one taken during his arrest. On 27 June 2014, Sánchez Arellano was transferred to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (also known as \"Altiplano\") maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of",
"title": "Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "rejoin them on their Spring 2009 North American tour. Both Matthews and Reynolds have an open taping policy that additionally extends to TR3. Reynolds and Matthews performed on a 2008 album called \"Songs for Tibet\", an initiative to support Tibet, Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso and to underline the human rights violations allegedlly committed against Tibet by China. On 4 October 2009 Reynolds performed with Matthews in St. Louis, Missouri to support Farm Aid in 2009 and again in Hartford, Connecticut on 22 September 2018. Reynolds has a son Josef, born in February 1982 with his wife, Linna. In 1995, he",
"title": "Tim Reynolds"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the desired result, alone determines the occurrence of that result.\" In the early 1960s, the anthropologists Murray and Rosalie Wax put forward the argument that scholars should look at the \"magical worldview\" of a given society on its own terms rather than trying to rationalize it in terms of Western ideas about scientific knowledge. Their ideas were heavily criticised by other anthropologists, who argued that they had set up a false dichotomy between non-magical Western worldview and magical non-Western worldviews. The concept of the \"magical worldview\" nevertheless gained widespread use in history, folkloristics, philosophy, cultural theory, and psychology. According to",
"title": "Magic (supernatural)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Alpine race The Alpine race is a historical race concept defined by some late 19th-century and early 20th-century anthropologists as one of the sub-races of the Caucasian race. The origin of the Alpine race was variously identified. Ripley argued that it migrated from Central Asia during the Neolithic revolution, splitting the Nordic and Mediterranean populations. It was also identified as descending from the Celts residing in Central Europe in Neolithic times. The Alpine race is mainly distinguished by its cranial measurements, such as high cephalic index. The term \"Alpine\" (\"H. Alpinus\") has historically been given to denote a physical type",
"title": "Alpine race"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "certain conventional contrast sets is essential to basic socialization: for example, calendrical units, musical notes, and elements of writing systems like numerals and the alphabet. These contrast sets frequently become the subject of synesthesias. Linguistic anthropologists Harold Conklin and Charles Frake were the first to work out the concept of the contrast set in the 1950s, and the concept was described in detail in Frake's article \"The ethnographic study of cognitive systems.\" The Google Sets program attempts to generate a list of the members of a contrast set given a few starter members. In recent years, the term contrast set",
"title": "Contrast set"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the election had Hochul leading by four and six point margins. In a Washington Post article, it was noted that in the face of a possible victory by Hochul, there was already a \"full blown spin war\" about the meaning of the results. The article went on to say that, for Democrats, the close race was a result of \"House Republicans' budget plan authored by Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan — and, in particular, his proposal to turn Medicare into a voucher program.\" For Republicans, it was the result of millionaire Jack Davis, who spent \"millions to pull votes away from",
"title": "Kathy Hochul"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "opposing view; the writers obliged by adding a character who had lots of children and who was content with their choice. This episode is notable for having Rue McClanahan and Bea Arthur share the screen together, as a precursor to their work as co-stars on The Golden Girls. The Chicago tribune described this episode as a watershed moment that \"brought the battle over choice into the prime-time arena\". According to a 1992 Chicago Tribune article A 1972 New York Times article noted that two Illinois CBS affiliates, WCIA in Champaign and WMBD-TV in Peoria, refused to air the two-part episode",
"title": "Maude's Dilemma"
}
] | [
"Norman Sauer"
] | [
"Similarly, forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains (e.g. cranial measurements) to aid in the identification of the body, including in terms of race. In a 1992 article, anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as a valid representation of human biological diversity, except for forensic anthropologists. He asked, \"If races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?\" He concluded:"
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7406 | What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Confucianism"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. He abolished all academic chairs or erudites (\"bóshì\" 博士) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC. Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius, or Kongzi (551–479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual,",
"title": "Han dynasty"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of Emperor Wu the \"high point\" of \"Modernist\" (classically justified Legalist) policies, looking back to \"adapt ideas from the pre-Han period.\" His policies and most trusted advisers were Legalist, favouring adherents of Shang Yang. However, despite establishing an autocratic and centralised state, Emperor Wu adopted the principles of Confucianism as the state philosophy and code of ethics for his empire and started a school to teach future administrators the Confucian classics. These reforms had an enduring effect throughout the existence of imperial China and an enormous influence on neighbouring civilizations. The personal name of Emperor Wu was Liu Che (刘彻).",
"title": "Emperor Wu of Han"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "\"sinologists were more confused than clear about the school of thought known as Huang-Lao.\" Sima Qian's \"Records of the Grand Historian\" says many early Han thinkers and politicians favored Huang-Lao doctrines during the reigns (202-157 BCE) of Emperor Wen, Emperor Jing, and Empress Dou. Sima cites Han Fei, Shen Buhai, and Shen Dao as representative Huang-Lao philosophers, advocates that sagely rulers should use \"wu wei\" to organize their government and society. However, after Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141-87 BCE) declared Confucianism the official state philosophy, Huang-Lao followers dwindled and their texts largely vanished. The \"Huangdi sijing\" texts provide newfound",
"title": "Huangdi Sijing"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "differences in quality and demand, are set at exactly the same, unchanging price. The short founder Qin Dynasty, where Legalism was the official philosophy, quashed Mohist and Confucianist schools. Legalism remained influential during the early Han Dynasty under the Taoist-Realist ideology Huang-Lao until Emperor Wu of Han adopted Confucianism as official doctrine. Confucianism and Taoism became the determining forces of Chinese thought until the introduction of Buddhism. Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements. He also",
"title": "Chinese philosophy"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "case of tie ballot, the eldest one shall be chosen. Porto Alegre Book Fair The Porto Alegre Book Fair is a book fair held annually, between late October to mid-November, in Porto Alegre, Brazil. It is the biggest open-space book fair in Latin America and the most important cultural event in Porto Alegre. The Porto Alegre Book Fair has been hosted in Porto Alegre downtown since its first edition. Nowadays, the Fair sprawls itself between the Alfândega Square, the Sepúlveda Avenue and some docks at Porto Alegre Harbor. The Porto Alegre Book Fair was an idea from Say Marques, then",
"title": "Porto Alegre Book Fair"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "International PEN. It was largely due to her efforts that international meetings organised by Slovene PEN began, an annual event that continues to date. She died in Ljubljana in 1985. Mihelič's first novels \"Obraz v zrcalu\" (Face in the Mirror) (1941) and \"Tiha Voda\" (Quiet Waters) (1942) are descriptions of life in the comfortable world and aristocratic atmosphere of family traditions where a culture of fairly earnt wealth, respect and pride prevails. She then soon discovered her own personal view of the descriptive world of literature in which she juxtaposes respect with irony, enthusiasm with repulsion, class allegiance with attempts",
"title": "Mira Mihelič"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "his school. He eventually moved to New London, Connecticut, in 1911, where he continued teaching, but due to health reasons he was forced to leave to Pasadena, California. He eventually opened his school in his home in Pasadena in 1917. In 1886, he took a position as a faculty to teach comparative anatomy and orthodontia at the University of Minnesota. He at the same time maintained his private practice of dentistry in Minneapolis. Angle's original interest was in prosthodontics, and he taught in that department in the dental schools at Pennsylvania and Minnesota in the 1880s. In 1887, he published",
"title": "Edward Angle"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to place into any combination of genres (let alone one), but is consistently referred to as experimental, lo-fi alternative rock. Their choice of instruments (see link below: members/instruments) is also likely the reason they are also often considered alt-country or progressive country with old gospel influences. For reasons not yet explained by the band, their MySpace page defines their style as simply thrash. They have been compared to bands such as South San Gabriel, Castanets, My Morning Jacket, Phosphorescent, and Band of Horses. \"References\" \"References\" The Low Lows (band) The Low Lows is an American avant-garde Americana/Alternative country band currently",
"title": "The Low Lows (band)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "can be compared to professional shows. Many competitions include a preliminary round and a finals found. The finals round commences after the preliminary awards are complete, where the top groups perform again in order to compete for the title of Grand Champion of the contest. The number of performing groups in the finals round is up to the hosting school, but typically 5-6 choirs participate. Those groups are sometimes given the opportunity to take suggestions, either from scoring judges or separate experts called in to give suggestions made during the preliminary round, and make adjustments to their finals performance in",
"title": "Show choir"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Eastern Han dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. On 23 September 221, Cao Pi awarded Sun Quan the title \"King of Wu\" (吳王) after the latter pledged allegiance to him and agreed to become a vassal of Wei. However, in November 222, Sun Quan broke ties with Cao Pi and proclaim himself an independent ruler of his Wu state. He continued to rule under the title \"King of Wu\" and did not declare himself emperor until 229. In October 222, the Wei emperor Cao Pi sent a naval fleet to attack the Wu position",
"title": "Quan Cong"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "households (Chinese:万户侯) without any difficulty\". Li Guang first distinguished himself during the Rebellion of the Seven States, where he served under the Grand General Zhou Yafu. However, Emperor Jing was unhappy that he had accepted a seal given by Liu Wu, Prince of Liang, Emperor Jing's brother; Emperor Jing had been wary of the Prince of Liang, as Liu Wu had ambitions to place himself as Emperor Jing's successor, over Emperor Jing's own sons. This stance was also supported by Empress Dowager Dou, their mother. Thus, Li did not get promoted to a marquisate despite his anti-rebellion achievement. However, Li",
"title": "Li Guang"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "their independence, naming their state Xia (known in history as Western Xia) and invaded Song. Wen Yanbo suggested to Emperor Renzong that marshals in the front line should be given independent authorities to discipline subordinate generals for desertion and cowardice. The rule had been that marshals needed permission from the imperial court first, in order to carry out such orders. Wen argued that this rule may only be implemented during peaceful times, because during times of war, enforcement of military law and concentration of military power is of utmost importance to military commanders. Emperor Renzong took his advice and praised",
"title": "Wen Yanbo (Song dynasty)"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "In 1126, Emperor Huizong abdicated in favor of his son, Emperor Qinzong, the elder brother of Gaozong. In 1127, the capital of Kaifeng was captured by the Jurchen during the Jin–Song Wars. The Emperor Qinzong was deposed, and him, as well as his predecessor Emperor Huizong and most of the Imperial family and court, over 3000 people, was captured and exiled to Manchuria in what was called the Jingkang Incident. They were first taken to the Jurchen capital, many of them dying on the way. The Imperial consorts, concubines, palace women and eunuchs who were taken captured, were distributed among",
"title": "Empress Wu (Song dynasty)"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in modern Anyang, Henan). Liu Wu was initially obedient to the imperial government, and continued to be after he was transferred to Zhaoyi Circuit in 820, by which time Emperor Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong was emperor. However, after an incident where the imperial eunuch monitor of the army, Liu Chengjie (劉承偕), conspired with Liu Wu's subordinate Zhang Wen (張汶) to seize control of Zhangyi, Liu Wu killed Zhang and arrested Liu Chengjie. While, under the counsel of his staffer Jia Zhiyan (賈直言), Liu Wu returned Liu Chengjie to the imperial government, he subsequently began to rule Zhaoyi semi-independently from the",
"title": "Liu Congjian"
}
] | [
"Confucianism"
] | [
"The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism, Huang-Lao Daoism, and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. He abolished all academic chairs or erudites (bóshì 博士) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC. Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius, or Kongzi (551–479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual, filial piety, and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies. Much to the interest of the ruler, Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe. The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD. A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns, where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3697 | For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"adhesive"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three groups used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water, possibly poisoning those who drank the water. Asphalt",
"title": "Asphalt"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was revealed Williamson had postponed elbow surgery. Williamson returned with a second round knockout of Cerrone Fox on 9/18/08 at the Centro de Convenciones Figali in Panama City, Panama. Williamson stopped Carl Davis in August 2009 in St. Louis, Missouri. Davis was game, but Williamson sent him to the mat with a sweeping left hook in the fourth round. Davis took a knee early in the fifth following another right hand, before being floored with a picture-perfect right that caused the referee to halt the bout at 2:52 of the fifth round. Williamson fought Ray Austin on October 31, 2009.",
"title": "DaVarryl Williamson"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is an unmitigated evil as it is in childhood that all the habits are formed which are to determine what a man or woman will be disposed to do, or will be able to do, when grown. A child reared into an adult without participating in productive work is more often spoiled than benefited by the exemption. The discussion was more of a judicious and instructive study than hyper-fervid diatribes. The real question she probed was how early in life does productive labor become essential to the best growth of body, mind and ability. Alzina Stevens Alzina Stevens (May 27,",
"title": "Alzina Stevens"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "conclusions, and it may behave rather differently. Consider the function formula_107 – it oscillates increasingly rapidly between formula_108 and formula_109 as \"x\" approaches 0. Consider then formula_110 – this oscillates increasingly rapidly between 0 and formula_111 as \"x\" approaches 0. If one extends this function by formula_112 then the function is continuous and everywhere differentiable (it is differentiable at 0 with derivative 0), but has rather unexpected behavior near 0: in any neighborhood of 0 it attains 0 infinitely many times, but also equals formula_111 (a positive number) infinitely often. Continuing in this vein, formula_114 oscillates between formula_115 and formula_116",
"title": "Fermat's theorem (stationary points)"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the \"CAD and 3D\" category at NeXTWORLD EXPO held in San Francisco in June 1993. In 1996, Quaroni interviewed during SIGGRAPH in New Orleans for a position at Pixar and in January 1997, he moved to the United States to start working on \"Toy Story 2\" (1999). He worked initially as a generalist Technical Director on \"Toy Story 2\" by performing, modeling, articulation, shading, and special effects tasks. In 2000, he was promoted as a sequence supervisor for the movie \"Monsters, Inc.\" (2001) focusing on dynamic simulations and special effects. Upon completion of the movie in 2001, Quaroni moved to",
"title": "Guido Quaroni"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to conceive his designs in three dimensions, unlike the flat design of traditional architecture. He used to say that he had acquired this spatial sense as a boy by looking at the drawings his father made of the boilers and stills he produced. Because of this spatial conception, Gaudí always preferred to work with casts and scale models or even improvise on-site as a work progressed. Reluctant to draw plans, only on rare occasions did he sketch his works—in fact, only when required by authorities. Another of Gaudí's innovations in the technical realm was the use of a scale model",
"title": "Antoni Gaudí"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "roofing was not surfaced. Mineral-surfaced, asphalt-prepared roofing appeared in 1897. The first asphalt shingles, mineral-surfaced, were made in 1901, and about this time slate grain less were first used as a surfacing material. Asphalt shingles did not come into general use until about 1911. During 1939, thirty-two manufacturers, representing about 95 percent of the asphalt-prepared roofing industry, produced 34,225,187 squares ^ of prepared roofing. Almost one third of this, 11,173,856 squares, was in the form of asphalt shingles, which are used principally for roofing dwellings. The shingles produced in 1939 were sufficient to cover more than 1,000,000 dwellings, assuming an",
"title": "Asphalt roll roofing"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Paver (vehicle) A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is a piece of construction equipment used to lay asphalt on roads, bridges, parking lots and other such places. It lays the asphalt flat and provides minor compaction before it is compacted by a roller. The asphalt paver was developed by Barber Greene Co., that originally manufactured material handling systems. In 1929 the Chicago Testing Laboratory approached them to use their material loaders to construct asphalt roads. This did not result in a partnership but Barber Greene did develop a machine based on the concrete pavers of the day that",
"title": "Paver (vehicle)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of private property for public use. The dispute with local business owners went through the court system to the New York State Court of Appeals. Although several lower courts refused to hear the merchants' cases, they also ruled that the World Trade Center did not serve a \"public purpose\" and that the plan had caused harm to Radio Row merchants, contrary to what Tobin had claimed. In response, Tobin announced that the lower courts had ruled on the constitutional question of \"public purpose\", prompting an appellate judge to issue a public rebuke for Tobin's \"extramural misrepresentation\" of the outcome. Tobin",
"title": "Construction of the World Trade Center"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "dominated production. Trade beads are also found in the United States and Canada, and throughout Latin America. The bead designs were varied. North American Indians sought beads of particular color, size and form. The frequency of archaeological discovery of each type indicates their popularity. Large blue beads were favoured early in the trade although details of when European trade with native American Indians began remains elusive. The production of slave (trade) beads became so popular that literally tons of these beads were used for this purpose. Beads were used as ballast in slave/trade ships for the outbound trip. The beads",
"title": "Trade beads"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the river or Route 31 on the west side. The trail crosses the river in several places and between Batavia and North Aurora the trail splits and runs parallel along both sides. Some of the trail is dedicated-use on the former right of way of the A.,E.&F.R.E.Co. interurban railroad and the C.&N.W.Ry. railroad, but some has been purpose-built along the riverbanks. Using the railroad right of ways allows long sections with little grade change and wide curves, while the purpose-built sections can be closer to the river. Dedicated-use sections are asphalt paved. Limited portions require a user to travel across",
"title": "Fox River Trail (Illinois)"
}
] | [
"adhesive"
] | [
"The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7685 | What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"political"
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}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment. Woolf suggests three classes of pain: The nature or meaning of physical pain has been diversely understood by religious or secular traditions from antiquity to modern times. Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or",
"title": "Pain"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "this system has been criticized by Clifford J. Woolf and others as inadequate for guiding research and treatment. Woolf suggests three classes of pain: The nature or meaning of physical pain has been diversely understood by religious or secular traditions from antiquity to modern times. Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or",
"title": "Pain"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "arithmetic\" of bitterness, jealousy, and love exposed as the characters confront the past, reconcile their feelings about one another, and struggle to move on. Reviewing the TIFF début of the film, Rocchi writes: \"Emotional Arithmetic\" plays out in a series of fairly predictable scenes — resentments simmer, past pain comes to light, rapprochements are formed. \"Emotional Arithmetic\" tries to paint a picture of the long-term emotional effects of political atrocities, which is certainly an important topic. But, again, it feels like a film that was made to be about an important topic — it's a little too obvious, a little",
"title": "Emotional Arithmetic"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Expositio in Matthaeum Evangelistam Exposito in Matthaeum Evangelistam (\"Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew\") is a work by the ninth-century Benedictine monk Christian of Stavelot. As its name implies, it is a commentary on the Gospel of Matthew. In the preface, Christian promised to produce commentaries on the other gospels, but wrote only two brief works on the Gospel of John and the Gospel of Luke, neither of which is as comprehensive or complete. The traditional date given for the composition of this work is 864; however, some scholars have questioned this and maintained that Christian actually lived decades earlier.",
"title": "Expositio in Matthaeum Evangelistam"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and \"I Listen to Mozart on Wednesdays\" (\"Suyoil ein Mochareuteu leul deudneunda\"). These works describe the dreams of city dwellers frustrated by powers beyond their control, but are narrated in a style close to that of popular romantic or detective novel. The more popular his novels became, however, the more Park resented being characterized as an author catering to public taste. In 1993, with over 20 years of best-selling literature to his name, Park suddenly announced in a newspaper article that he was unable to continue writing his novel, then in progress. The author, whose two suicide attempts as a",
"title": "Park Bum-shin"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the National Salvation Junta. On March 19th 1975, President Costa Gomes officially calls an election to elect members to write a new Constitution. The electoral system adopted, set by the electoral law approved on November 15, 1974, establishes the election of members of parliament by proportional representation according to the D'Hondt method, known to benefit the parties that come first. The law fixes the number of one deputy per 25,000 inhabitants and one more per fraction of 12,500. Deputies were elected in twenty-three constituencies, namely the eighteen metropolitan districts, Horta, Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, Funchal, Mozambique, Macau, and the",
"title": "1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Exterminator set that was released nationally. However, card 42 featuring \"Captain Jack\" had a picture change in the national set. Test set cards are recognized as they did not include the icon, in the bottom left of the card, which would subsequently be used to identify common, rare, super rare and ultra rare cards. Also, test set information cards had a lightning icon within a triangle above the information box. This was amended for the national release to an oval shape. This can be seen, for example, in the Ultra Rare cards in the series and also the test set",
"title": "Doctor Who – Battles in Time"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "believed that these were all of English origin Jacobite Reliques Hogg's Jacobite Reliques is a two volume collection of songs related to the Jacobite risings, compiled by the Scottish poet and novelist James Hogg on commission from the Highland Society of London in 1817. Most of the songs in the collection are Jacobite, and a minority are Whig. A number of the songs were written or adapted by Robert Burns and scholars speculate as to how many of them were authored or at least substantially altered by Hogg himself. The first volume was published in 1819 under the title Jacobite",
"title": "Jacobite Reliques"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "identified: the aspartic protease-hemoglobinase APR-1, the cysteine protease-hemoglobinase CP-2, and a glutathione S-transferase. The term \"hookworm\" is sometimes used to refer to hookworm infection. A hookworm is a type of parasitic worm (helminth). Hookworm infection Hookworm infection is an infection by a type of intestinal parasite known as a hookworm. Initially, itching and a rash may occur at the site of infection. Those only affected by a few worms may show no symptoms. Those infected by many worms may experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and tiredness. The mental and physical development of children may be affected. Anemia may result.",
"title": "Hookworm infection"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "behavior is repeated. The pain and harm being avoided by this type of denial is more of the effort needed to change the focus from a singular event to looking at preceding events. It can also serve as a way to blame or justify behavior (see above). This form of denial attempts to divert pain by claiming that the level of awareness was inhibited by some mitigating variable. This is most typically seen in addiction situations where drug or alcohol abuse is a factor, though it also occasionally manifests itself in relation to mental health issues or the pharmaceutical substances",
"title": "Denial"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Psychological torture Psychological torture is a type of torture that relies primarily on psychological effects, and only secondarily on any physical harm inflicted. Although not all psychological torture involves the use of physical violence, there is a continuum between psychological torture and physical torture. The two are often used in conjunction with one another, and often overlap in practice, with the fear and pain induced by physical torture often resulting in long-term psychological effects, and many forms of psychological torture involving some form of pain or coercion. The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment",
"title": "Psychological torture"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "congenital. Symptoms of dyspareunia may also occur after menopause. Diagnosis is typically by physical examination and medical history. Underlying causes determine treatment. Many women experience relief when physical causes are identified and treated. Even when the pain can be reproduced during a physical examination, doctor and patient must acknowledge the possible role of psychological factors in either causing or maintaining the pain. Globally, dyspareunia has been estimated to affect between 8–21% of women, at some point in their lives. Women who experience pain with attempted intercourse describe their pain in many ways. This reflects how many different and overlapping causes",
"title": "Dyspareunia"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "physics can be characterized by the use of algebraic concepts to interpret and solve physical problems involving combinatorics. It gives rise to a particularly harmonious collaboration between mathematicians and physicists. Among the significant physical results of combinatorial physics, we may mention the reinterpretation of renormalization as a Riemann-Hilbert problem, the fact that the Slavnov–Taylor identities of gauge theories generate a Hopf ideal, the quantization of fields and strings and a completely algebraic description of the combinatorics of quantum field theory. The important example of editing combinatorics and physics is relation between enumeration of Alternating sign matrix and Ice-type model. Corresponding",
"title": "Combinatorics and physics"
}
] | [
"political"
] | [
"Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In some cultures, extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_5518 | What company did Comcast sell its interest in QVC to in 2004? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Liberty Media"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "main reason for the buyout attempt was so that Comcast could acquire Disney's 80% stake in ESPN, which a Comcast executive called \"the most important and valuable asset\" that Disney owned. In 2004, Comcast sold its QVC shares to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion. On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and created an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania,",
"title": "Comcast"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "main reason for the buyout attempt was so that Comcast could acquire Disney's 80% stake in ESPN, which a Comcast executive called \"the most important and valuable asset\" that Disney owned. In 2004, Comcast sold its QVC shares to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion. On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and created an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania,",
"title": "Comcast"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "overnight hours, otherwise known as the \"graveyard shift.\" Because of this, the non-white hosts were paid considerably less than the white hosts. In July 2003, Comcast sold its majority share to Liberty Media. On September 23, 2007, QVC U.S. rebranded itself, changing its logo on-air and online. The rebranding was accompanied by an advertising campaign with the tagline \"iQdoU?\" (\"I shop QVC, do you?\") that had preceded the rebrand with billboards in major U.S. cities. The iQdoU? campaign also included a \"teaser\" website. QVC was the first shopping network to offer a native high-definition simulcast channel in May 2009. The",
"title": "QVC"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "was Home Sports Entertainment, which shared time with QVC (owned at the time by Comcast; and now, ironically, owned by former Prime parent Liberty Media) on some cable providers, mainly in Texas. QVC usually transmitted from about 3:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on a given day, with the regional Prime outlet taking over the channel slot after a brief sign-on/ID sequence and a rundown of the day's schedule (normally superimposed over a decorative sports-related background, such as a basketball court). Some providers that carried it as a premium channel (in a manner similar to the short-lived Sports Time in the",
"title": "Prime Network"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "to sell the local television rights to the City Series telecasts for the 1996–97 season (with some of the games airing on The Comcast Network). Then on October 4, 1996, the day before its season home opener, the Flyers reached a one-year contract extension with SportsChannel and PRISM, which would pay $5 million for the rights. On June 30, 1997, Fox/Liberty Networks (a joint venture between News Corporation and Liberty Media) purchased a 40% interest in Cablevision's sports properties for $850 million; the deal was primarily struck to acquire SportsChannel Philadelphia and its seven SportsChannel sister networks to expand the",
"title": "SportsChannel Philadelphia"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Sports Net, a group of regional sports networks formed the previous year through News Corporation's partial acquisition of Prime through a joint venture with that network's parent Liberty Media. News Corporation subsequently purchased a 34% ownership interest in HTS. CBS Corporation, which remained majority owner, eventually merged into Viacom in 1999, in a deal worth $91 billion. Shortly after Viacom completed its merger with CBS, on June 10, 2000, Viacom announced that it would sell Home Team Sports and Minneapolis-based regional sports network Midwest Sports Channel. One month later on July 11, Comcast agreed to acquire a 75% ownership stake",
"title": "NBC Sports Washington"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "116.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $72,083, and the median income for a family was $71,250. Males had a median income of $49,792 versus $40,605 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,746. None of the families and none of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64. Womens Bay, Alaska Womens Bay is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 719, up from 690 in 2000. The name is",
"title": "Womens Bay, Alaska"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a climactic event, Prince Rurik realizes the battle is lost, and beseeches the king to give the kingdom up and escape alive to the neighboring human kingdom of \"Kryta\". The stalwart King Adelbern—his father—sees no merit in Rurik's plea, and banishes the prince for daring to suggest abandoning his country. A few refugees, including the protagonists and player characters, follow the now-exiled Rurik to Kryta; during the trip, Rurik is trapped and slain by the \"Stone Summit\" dwarves, a xenophobic faction who seek to control the passes through the \"Shiverpeak Mountains\" and are waging civil-war against the other human-allied \"Deldrimor",
"title": "Guild Wars (video game)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "American Musical Theatre of San Jose The American Musical Theatre of San Jose (AMTSJ), previously known as the San Jose Civic Light Opera (SJCLO), was a major professional nonprofit musical theatre company in San Jose, California. Founded in 1934 as the San Jose Light Opera Association, it became the second largest theatre company in the Northern California (exceeded only by the American Conservatory Theatre), with an annual budget of $9.8 million and an attendance exceeding 150,000, including 15,000 season ticket holders. The company performed at the 2,677-seat San Jose Center for the Performing Arts. The organization incurred debts after a",
"title": "American Musical Theatre of San Jose"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "One of the primary-school teachers in his charge was Robert Mugabe. Though he had no formal medical training, Todd and his wife, Grace, set up a clinic where he delivered hundreds of babies and treated minor injuries. His ranch, Hokonui, was named after the hills in his home province of Southland. In 1948 Todd won election to the colonial parliament. He succeeded Sir Godfrey Martin Huggins as leader of the United Rhodesia Party and Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia in 1953 when Huggins became the inaugural Prime Minister of the newly established Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1953. At",
"title": "Garfield Todd"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "sexual positions: just as Telamonian Ajax sits with an expression that declares his anger, and the barbarian mother \"(Medea)\" has crime in her eyes, so too a wet Venus dries her dripping hair with her fingers and is viewed barely covered by the maternal waters. The pornographic \"tabella\" and the erotically charged Venus appear among various images that a connoisseur of art might enjoy. A series of paintings from the Suburban Baths at Pompeii, discovered in 1986 and published in 1995, presents erotic scenarios that seem intended \"to amuse the viewer with outrageous sexual spectacle,\" including a variety of positions,",
"title": "Sexuality in ancient Rome"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "selling the mop at trade shows and in local stores on Long Island, she sold 1,000 units on consignment to QVC. It sold modestly at first, but once QVC allowed Mangano to go on-air to sell it herself, she sold 18,000 mops in less than a half hour. Mangano incorporated her business as Arma Products, later renaming it Ingenious Designs. She sold Ingenious Designs to USA Networks, the parent company of the Home Shopping Network, in 1999. By the year 2000, her company was selling $10 million worth of Miracle Mops per year. Huggable Hangers – velvet-flocked, no-slip hangers whose",
"title": "Joy Mangano"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC, as well as Universal Studios, with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, \"The New York Times\" reported Comcast had moved closer to",
"title": "Comcast"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "acquisition of radio station operator Wireless Group), and violations of British news broadcasting regulations connected to Sky's former carriage of Fox News Channel in the country. However, a bidding war ensued over the company; in September 2018, Comcast won a regulator-mandated auction with a bid of £17.28 per-share. On September 26, 2018, 21st Century Fox subsequently announced its intent to sell all of its shares in Sky plc to Comcast for £12 billion. On October 4, 2018 21st Century Fox completed the sale of their stake to Comcast, giving the latter a 76.8% controlling stake. The Kingdom Holding Company, owned",
"title": "21st Century Fox"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "sister station) WTVJ. In March 2007, NBC Universal announced that it would restructure Telemundo's entertainment division in an effort to narrow Univision's ratings dominance. The company also announced its intention to sell the original Telemundo station in Puerto Rico, WKAQ-TV, and Spanish independent station KWHY (channel 22, now a MundoMax affiliate) in Los Angeles in order to help finance its acquisition of Oxygen Media. On December 21, 2007, NBC Universal announced that it would no longer seek a buyer for WKAQ-TV, indicating that Telemundo Puerto Rico would remain within the NBC corporate umbrella. In 2010, Comcast announced that it would",
"title": "Telemundo"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Broadnet Holdings BV Broadnet Holdings BV (\"Broadnet\") was the holding company of the Broadnet group of companies with its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. Broadnet assembled a portfolio of national wireless broadband internet licences in Europe in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The company offered its services to SME and Enterprise markets. The genesis of Broadnet dates back to 1996, when Robert Condon and Declan Ganley began purchasing wireless spectrum licences through their company European Telecoms Holdings. In 1998, Comcast Corporation mada a substantial investment in the company and Broadnet Holdings BV was formed. Following the Comcast investment, Comcast owned",
"title": "Broadnet Holdings BV"
}
] | [
"Liberty Media"
] | [
"In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With five other media companies, the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel. Following a bid in 1994 for $2.1 billion, Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5% of stock to a majority, in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS. Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3371 | What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"1715"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Age of Enlightenment The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the \"Century of Philosophy\". French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 (the year that Louis XIV died) and 1789 (the beginning of the French Revolution). International historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. \"\" () of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffee houses and in printed books",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Age of Enlightenment The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the \"Century of Philosophy\". French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 (the year that Louis XIV died) and 1789 (the beginning of the French Revolution). International historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. \"\" () of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffee houses and in printed books",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "18th-century French literature 18th-century French literature is French literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798, the year of the coup d'État of Bonaparte which brought the Consulate to power, concluded the French Revolution, and began the modern era of French history. This century of enormous economic, social, intellectual and political transformation produced two important literary and philosophical movements: during what became known as the Age of Enlightenment, the \"Philosophes\" questioned all existing institutions, including the church and state, and applied rationalism and scientific analysis to society; and a very different",
"title": "18th-century French literature"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization \"was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority\". There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment, though the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the \"Siècle des Lumières\" (\"Century of Enlightenments\"), between 1715 and 1789, from the beginning of the reign of",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the year was asked if they wanted to take part in the television series, and 10 students, who were thought to be outgoing and resilient to the pressures of filming, were chosen by the BBC. Each of the 10 medical students was filmed regularly and about 300 hours of film accumulated in total. The series was one of the nominations for the best factual series at the 1992 British Academy Television Awards, although it did not win an award. An update, \"\", was first broadcast on BBC Four in 2007. The series focused on 10 medical students who enrolled",
"title": "Doctors to Be"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Bluewater, California Bluewater is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 172 at the 2010 census, down from 265 at the 2000 census. Bluewater is located at (34.180214, -114.250531). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land and of it (33.58%) is water. This area has a large amount of sunshine year round due to its stable descending air and high pressure. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bluewater has a mild desert climate, abbreviated \"Bwh\" on climate maps. The 2010",
"title": "Bluewater, California"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "St. Thomas Celts St. Thomas Celts is the name given to the sports teams of the University of St. Thomas based in Houston. The University of St. Thomas competes with teams in the following sports: The Celts currently compete in the Red River Athletic Conference of the NAIA. On February 14, 2018, UST announced it would become the Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference's 10th member after completing an exploratory year in NCAA Division III. Pending acceptance into Division III after that, SCAC competition would begin in the 2019-2020 season. As Division III and the SCAC require a minimum of 12 sports,",
"title": "St. Thomas Celts"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Klaus Hommels Klaus Hommels is a venture capitalist based in Zurich, Switzerland. He focuses on seed and early-stage investments and has founded his own venture capital fund by the name Hommels Holding through which he has been investing mainly in Internet businesses. He has been involved in successful internet investments such as Skype, Facebook and Xing. He studied for a Master of Science in Business Administration and PhD in Finance at the University of Fribourg in Fribourg, Switzerland. He worked as Managing Director in business development, content and advertising for AOL Germany (1995–1999). After that he started at Apax Partners",
"title": "Klaus Hommels"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Kuzum studied economy in Ankara Gazi University for one year. But he gave up to study economy. Boran Kuzum Boran Kuzum (born 1 October 1992) is a Turkish actor. He graduated theater at Istanbul University State Conservatory in 2015. His father, Bora Kuzum was deputy manager of . His mother, Fatma Zehra, graduated from Fine Arts. Until his graduation, he has performed major roles of various genres for the theater of conservatory. At the same year, he played a protester named pharmacist Suat in 6 episodes of period drama \"Analar ve Anneler\" alongside Okan Yalabık and the Mad Sultan Mustafa",
"title": "Boran Kuzum"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "elections. This was to begin a long tradition of British radicalism. In contrast to England, the French experience in the 18th century was characterized by the perpetuation of feudalism and absolutism. Ideas that challenged the status quo were often harshly repressed. Most of the philosophes of the French Enlightenment were progressive in the liberal sense and advocated the reform of the French system of government along more constitutional and liberal lines. Montesquieu wrote a series of highly influential works in the early 18th century, including \"Persian letters\" (1717) and \"The Spirit of the Laws\" (1748). The latter exerted tremendous influence,",
"title": "History of liberalism"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of scholarly interest, he engages prior historical and literary studies with fairness. In his view rationalism in religion became the deistic philosophy that some historians associate it with the high Enlightenment. In \"Radical Enlightenment\", Jonathan Israel presents a history of the European Enlightenment in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries considering philosophical, political, and geographical complexity. The large-scale thesis of the work concerns the scope of the Enlightenment. The most traditional way of looking at the movement is to see it primarily as a French or English Phenomenon but Israel focuses on the philosophical and scientific developments in two countries in",
"title": "Deism in England and France in the 18th century"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "La Plata territory to seems to be inspired more in the Anglosaxon enlightenment than from the French The ideology Artigas is partially taken from the U.S. legal texts. The American political liberalism exerted strong influence on Artigas. Other Hispanic independence leaders, however, were more influenced by the French Revolution and the authors of France. Some historians such as Eugenio Petit Muñoz and Ariosto González, have shown that some paragraphs of the artiguist documents were taken directly from \"\"The independence of the mainland justified by Thomas Paine, thirty years ago\"\" published by Paine in Philadelphia in 1811 and translated immediately into",
"title": "Artiguism"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "interrupt him.’” In subsequent accounts this Napoleonic quote would go through various changes until it became: “Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake.” Napoleon did not succeed in defeating the Allied army as thoroughly as he wanted, but historians and enthusiasts alike recognize that the original plan provided a significant victory, comparable to other great tactical battles such as Cannae. Some historians suggest that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a \"personal Napoleonic one\" after the battle. In French history, Austerlitz is",
"title": "Battle of Austerlitz"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "society which had no state, laws, prisons, priests or private property as being in anarchy. William Blake has also been said to espouse an anarchistic political position. Modern anarchism sprang from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment, particularly Jean-Jacques Rousseau's arguments for the moral centrality of freedom. As part of the political turmoil of the 1790s in the wake of the French Revolution, William Godwin developed the first expression of modern anarchist thought. According to Peter Kropotkin, Godwin was \"the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name",
"title": "History of anarchism"
}
] | [
"1715"
] | [
"French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2169 | How many people were affected by the 2008 cholera epidemic? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"14,222"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "or had access to antimalarial drugs. Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries, cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths. A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under-5 mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of",
"title": "Health in Guinea-Bissau"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "he was named as the prior for the San Flavio convent in Caltanissetta. He held that position until 1858 when the General Chapter at Perugia named him as the abbot for the San Nicolò l'Arena convent. But he no longer could hold that position as of 15 October 1866 after the Italian kingdom was established with the state confiscating all religious properties. He was appointed Archbishop of Catania in 1867 and he received his episcopal consecration on 10 March in the Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura in Rome from Antonio Saverio De Luca. Pietro Giannelli and Giuseppe Maria",
"title": "Giuseppe Benedetto Dusmet"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Star Cinema produced, \"In The Name of Love\". The film achieved moderate success. The film opened its first week with a P23 million gross receipts, according to Box Office Mojo. Its total gross is P44.73M. Forever and a Day (2011 film) Forever and a Day is a 2011 Filipino romance film starring Sam Milby and KC Concepcion. The film was released by Star Cinema. The film premiered on June 15, 2011. Eugene (Sam Milby) arrives in Bukidnon with only one intention: to forget his problems at work. But when he meets Raffy (KC Concepcion) and as they travel and go",
"title": "Forever and a Day (2011 film)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The \"Bande a Cavallo\" were native units commanded by Italian officers. Amedeo Guillet succeeded in recruiting thousands of Eritreans. His \"Band\", already named in the history books as \"Gruppo Bande Guillet\" or \"Gruppo Bande Amahara a Cavallo\", was distinguished for its absolute \"fair play\" with the local populations. Amedeo Guillet could boast at never being betrayed, and 5,000 Eritreans knew perfectly well who he was and where he lived. It was during this time in the horn of Africa that the legend of a group of Eritreans with excellent fighting qualities, commanded by a notorious \"Devil Commander\", was born. Guillet's",
"title": "Amedeo Guillet"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "A friar went to preach and beg in a marshy region of Yorkshire called Holderness. In his sermons he begged for donations for the church and afterward he begged for charity from the local residents. The Friar interrupts the story, calling the Summoner a liar, but is silenced by the Host. The friar in the story continued to beg house by house until he came to the house of Thomas, a local resident who normally indulged him, and found him ill. The friar spoke of the sermon he had given that day, commenting on the excellent way he had glossed",
"title": "The Summoner's Tale"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.09. In the city the population was spread out with 29.1% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years.",
"title": "Ruidoso Downs, New Mexico"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and Kambia districts have been targeted to effectively deal with the epidemic. The IFRC has funded health promotion activities and assistance to affected families, including the preparation of oral rehydration solutions and construction of suitable toilets, but the organisation has stated that the level of aid coverage remains \"very low.\" Oral cholera vaccines have the potential to shorten cholera outbreaks, and hence reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with outbreaks have not been deployed in Sierra Leone. The large international institutions IFRC as well WHO have shied away from large mass vaccination campaigns despite the fact that oral cholera vaccines",
"title": "2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "cholera\", and 12 of the prisoners from the incident died in jail. In Malawi 104 deaths were recorded since January, making it the worst outbreak since 2001–02 where 960 people died. Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, DRC, and Ghana have had unrelated cholera outbreaks with between 10–100 deaths in 2009 as of February. After the 2008 epidemic was declared a national emergency, the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOHCW) collaborated with several other departments, governments, and non-governmental organizations to create a Cholera Command and Control Centre. This Centre works to prevent cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe by addressing broader societal factors that",
"title": "2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "center for shipbuilding and commerce on Lake Erie. It was named after Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, naval commander during the War of 1812. In 1833, Perrysburg contained a courthouse, jail, schoolhouse, two stores, two taverns, two physicians, two lawyers, about 60 houses, and 250 inhabitants. In 1854, an epidemic of cholera decimated the population. The town closed down for two months in that summer, trying to contain the epidemic at a time when people did not understand how it was transmitted. More than 100 people died. Other towns along the Maumee also suffered high losses from the epidemic, and Providence,",
"title": "Perrysburg, Ohio"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "were infected in 1858 and Korea in 1859. In 1859, an outbreak in Bengal contributed to transmission of the disease by travelers and troops to Iran, Iraq, Arabia and Russia. Japan suffered at least seven major outbreaks of cholera between 1858 and 1902. The Ansei outbreak of 1858–60, for example, is believed to have killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people in Tokyo alone. An outbreak of cholera in Chicago in 1854 took the lives of 5.5% of the population (about 3,500 people). In 1853–4, London's epidemic claimed 10,738 lives. Throughout Spain, cholera caused more than 236,000 deaths in 1854–55. In",
"title": "Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "(see miasma theory). These problems were compounded during the summer of 1849, when a massive cholera epidemic swept through St. Louis and claimed the lives of more than 4,000 people. With existing cemeteries running out of space to expand, and with many residents fearing that fumes from nearby cemeteries could cause them to fall ill en masse once again, this epidemic further underscored the need for a new rural cemetery for St. Louis. In 1849, the Rural Cemetery Association purchased the former Hempstead family farm located five miles northwest of the city, with the intent to turn it into a",
"title": "Bellefontaine Cemetery"
}
] | [
"14,222"
] | [
"Despite lowering rates in surrounding countries, cholera rates were reported in November 2012 to be on the rise, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths. A 2008 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_8830 | Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "and Judaism places an extreme emphasis on the value of human life. Islamic Sharia Law permits hunting of lawful animals and birds if they cannot be easily caught and slaughtered. New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals",
"title": "Hunting"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "and Judaism places an extreme emphasis on the value of human life. Islamic Sharia Law permits hunting of lawful animals and birds if they cannot be easily caught and slaughtered. New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals",
"title": "Hunting"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Chester House. After the race Cumani admitted that he thought the filly had finished second, but paid tribute to his winner, saying that \"she has always been highly promising. You don't compile a record of wins like hers without being very good\". Eddery said: \"She's very honest and very game. They had her and she came back at them, just like she did in the Sun Chariot last year. She gave me everything and quickened all the way to the line.\" The riders of the first three finishers all received riding bans from the racecourse stewards for excessive use of",
"title": "One So Wonderful"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "him that Reade's body had been discovered he made a formal confession to Topping. He also issued a statement to the press, through his solicitor, saying that he too was prepared to help the police in their search. Brady was taken to the moor on 3 July, but he seemed to lose his bearings, blaming changes that had taken place in the intervening years, and the search was called off at 3:00 pm, by which time a large crowd of press and television reporters had gathered on the moor. Topping refused to allow Brady a second visit to the moors,",
"title": "Moors murders"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and size (up to 1280x960 72dpi), and the user can choose to save or print to a supported USB device. Compared with \"\", graphics are greatly improved with more detail on cars and tracks (despite running on the same PlayStation 2 hardware). The physics are also greatly improved, with the major upgrade that cars now experience body movement, such as pitching (forwards and backwards rolling) under braking. Barriers have considerably more friction to slow down the cars in GT4 (in an attempt to stop the use of \"wall riding\"), but there is minimal friction between cars, so the advantage obtained",
"title": "Gran Turismo 4"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "during his reigns. At the time of his death in 1749, Shahu made the Peshwas his successors under these conditions: Shivaji's descendants, who remained as the titular Raja of Satara, were called \"Swami\" (Marathi for the 'real owner') by the Peshwas who reported to them, and officially they were to seek guidance from the Raja. However, the Peshwa also became a ceremonial head of state after the battle of Panipat and the death of Madhavrao. The first Peshwa to receive the status of a pantpradhan was Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar in 1689 by Chhatrapati Rajaram. The first (Bhat) Deshmukh family",
"title": "Peshwa"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "examination of their considerable significance will demonstrate how they are actually very important. Among other things, teeth serve to: When an individual's mouth is at rest, the teeth in the opposing jaws are nearly touching; there is what is referred to as a \"freeway space\" of roughly 2–3 mm. However, this distance is partially maintained as a result of the teeth limiting any further closure past the point of maximum intercuspidation. When there are no teeth present in the mouth, the natural vertical dimension of occlusion is lost and the mouth has a tendency to overclose. This causes the cheeks",
"title": "Edentulism"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Urban revolution In anthropology and archaeology, the Urban Revolution is the process by which small, kin-based, nonliterate agricultural villages were transformed into large, socially complex, urban societies. The term \"urban revolution\" was introduced in the 1930s by V. Gordon Childe, an Australian archaeologist. Childe also coined the term Neolithic Revolution to describe the earlier process by which hunter-gatherer societies domesticated crops and animals and began a farming lifestyle. Childe was the first to synthesize and organize the large volume of new archaeological data in the early 20th century in social terms. Whereas previous archaeologists had concentrated on chronology and technology,",
"title": "Urban revolution"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Parrots of New Zealand New Zealand is geographically isolated, and originally lacked any mammalian predators, hence parrots evolved to fill habitats from the ground dwelling kākāpō to the alpine dwelling kea as well as a variety of forest species. The arrival of Māori, then European settlers with their attendant animals, habitat destruction and even deliberate targeting, has resulted in their numbers plummeting. Today one species is on the brink of extinction and three other species range from vulnerable to critically endangered. Further parrot species were not introduced by acclimatisation societies, but occasion releases, both deliberate and accidental, have resulted in",
"title": "Parrots of New Zealand"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "explains the tendency of humans to favor members of their own racial group by postulating that all animals evolve toward being more altruistic toward kin in order to propagate more copies of their common genes. \"The myth of common descent\", proposed by many social scientists as a prominent ethnic marker, is in his view often not a myth at all. \"Ethnicity is defined by common descent and maintained by endogamy\". To guard one's genetic interests, Frank Salter notes altruism toward one's co-ethnics: Regarding how this translates into politics and why homogeneous societies are more altruistic, Frank Salter writes: J. Philippe",
"title": "Ethnic nepotism"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "century were unsuccessful. Birds were released around Melbourne, Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington and Dunedin by various local acclimatisation societies, with none becoming established. There was a similar outcome in North America as birds failed to establish after being released in Long Island, New York in 1852, Oregon in 1889–1892, and the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia in 1908–1910. The robin is diurnal, although has been reported to be active hunting insects on moonlit nights or near artificial light at night. Well known to British and Irish gardeners, it is relatively unafraid of people and drawn to human activities involving the digging",
"title": "European robin"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to neuter and rehabilitate them to prevent further attacks while also cooperating with the Bahrain stray dogs society group. The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS) has been collecting statistics from Canadian animal shelters since 1993. A survey in 2013 included data from 100 of 186 humane societies and SPCAs. However, municipal animal services agencies were not included, hence \"the data in this report represents only a fraction of homeless companion animals in Canada.\" In 2012, the surveyed shelters took in just over 188,000 animals, and euthanized 65,423 animals, representing 35% of all intakes. Six times as many cats were",
"title": "Overpopulation in domestic pets"
}
] | [
"to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource"
] | [
"New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_387 | Because of the earthquake, how many people did not have housing? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"at least 5 million"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "incomplete as the officials were still tallying the final number. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities. The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm",
"title": "2008 Sichuan earthquake"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "radio studio, focusing on a program called Tu voz estéreo, Juventud en sintonía. The driver, Milena Orozco (Catalina Aristizabal), then Andrea Giraldo (Maria Jose Martinez) listened to young people and their problems. Andrea Milena not only listens, but help, along with first Alejo (Juan Pablo Espinosa) and then Felipe (Italo Londeros), to solve the problems that often become complaints. The January 21, 2008, opened the 300th episode and in January 2010, the number 1000, of the fourth season, which had guest stars. It is produced Tu Voz Stereo and continued releasing chapters every day of the week regular hours of",
"title": "Tu voz estéreo"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to connect.\" \"How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful\" was shortlisted for the 2015 Mercury Prize. It also received five nominations at the 2016 Grammy Awards, including Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Recording Package for the album, Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance for \"What Kind of Man\", and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance for \"Ship to Wreck\". \"The Odyssey\" was nominated for Breakthrough Long Form Video at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. \"How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful\" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 68,788 copies, earning the band their third",
"title": "How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Cruz as of 2011 worked as a passenger van driver plying the Mexico-Angeles route. As of 2014 he remains as a van driver. He offered services to his neighborhood such as clearing inconsistencies in birth certificate and passport application. He also ran as town councilor at an unspecified date under the Lakas-NUCD party with a platform focusing on the needs of Overseas Filipino Workers but lost. In 2011, he called for the lifting of ban of deployment of Filipino migrant workers to Iraq. Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz The Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz, a Filipino Overseas Filipino Worker working",
"title": "Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "grow about 33% larger with every molt until reaching adult size. During the breeding season, horseshoe crabs migrate to shallow coastal waters. A male selects a female and clings to her back. Often, several males surround the female and all fertilize together, which makes it easy to spot and count females as they are the large center carapace surrounded by 3-5 smaller ones. The female digs a hole in the sand and lays her eggs while the male(s) fertilize them. The female can lay between 60,000 and 120,000 eggs in batches of a few thousand at a time. In \"L.",
"title": "Horseshoe crab"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to Valencia CF from Spain in a season-long loan deal, moving alongside manager Nuno Espírito Santo. His maiden La Liga appearance took place 21 days later, in a 3–0 win at Getafe CF where he replaced Daniel Parejo in the 80th minute. During his spell at the Mestalla Stadium, he was very rarely played. For 2015–16, Filipe Augusto joined S.C. Braga in the Portuguese top division, still owned by Rio Ave. In October/November 2015 he scored rare goals (both from penalty kicks) to help oust Segunda Liga teams Académico de Viseu FC (3–0 away win) and S.C. Farense (1–0, also",
"title": "Filipe Augusto"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and their relationship to the food can be demonstrated as multiple meanings for them because they live off of it. These people include immigrant restaurant owners and mobile food vendors. Ellen Kossek and Lisa Burke did a research on “Developing Occupational and Family Resilience in US Migrant Farm Workers” which explained how the migrant workers in the agriculture industry face tough circumstances in their work and home environment. The other conditions besides low work wages include difficult working conditions, health problems, not well suited housing, family issues and children's lives impacted negatively. These conditions are categorized as 'acculturative stress' but",
"title": "Food studies"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Donald Roll correctly predicted the earthquake would have no aftershocks. He later said, \"That was kind of a safety valve. The pressure which has been built up has been released.\" He also described the earthquake as \"a very rare occurrence\". Millions in the area experienced the earthquake, the first major seismic event in decades. Following the tremor, businesses in the area emptied. Many residents did not believe that the earthquake was over magnitude 5. Others did not realize an earthquake was taking place, for example, some residents thought their furnaces had exploded, and one man thought that the shaking was",
"title": "1968 Illinois earthquake"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "residents faced. \"The police, by acting in the brutal fashion that they did, managed to link a small group of crazies to the legitimate sentiments of opposition to gentrification,\" said Valerio Orselli, director of the Cooper Square Committee, a nonprofit housing group. \"Now the issue has become police brutality, not housing. It's set everyone back.\" Many people relished the neighborhood as a home for society's outcasts. Getrude Briggs, owner of East 7th Street store \"Books 'n' Things\", and a resident of forty-one years: \"Of course [the East Village] still attracts a lot of freaks, because it's still a place you",
"title": "Tompkins Square Park riot (1988)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2003 Bam earthquake The 2003 Bam earthquake struck the Kerman province of southeastern Iran at 01:56 UTC (5:26 AM Iran Standard Time) on December 26. The shock had a moment magnitude of 6.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (\"Violent\"). The earthquake was particularly destructive in Bam, with the death toll amounting to at least 26,271 people and injuring up to 30,000. The effects of the earthquake were exacerbated by the use of mud brick as the standard construction medium; many of the area's structures did not comply with earthquake regulations set in 1989. Following the earthquake the U.S.",
"title": "2003 Bam earthquake"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "by people. More severe earthquakes, around 5–6 on the Richter magnitude scale, occur every sixty years, on average. The most recent of the earthquakes occurred in 2010. This earthquake, known as the 2010 Central Canada earthquake although it caused some power outages and minor damage to older buildings, did not cause significant damage because buildings in the area are required to be earthquake resistant by government regulations. The earthquake caused significant panic amongst the population, though: office buildings were evacuated in Ottawa, transit routes shut down, and in the minutes after the quake, cell phone service was down, as it",
"title": "Eastern Ontario"
}
] | [
"at least 5 million"
] | [
"The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damages exceed US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_628 | How long are each of the subway systems? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"more than 35 km (22 mi)"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "church legislation of Justinian. This interpretation is followed by some early Greek Fathers such as John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia. However, this is not the phrase used here, where Paul refers simply to γυναῖκας [women]. Commentary on 1 Corinthians 9:5 ‘Have we not the right to take a woman around with us as a sister, like all the other apostles?’ by Clement of Alexandria (150 AD to 215 AD): Stromata Book 3, chap.6, 54, 3-4 “But the latter [the apostles], in accordance with their ministry [διακονια], devoted themselves to preaching without any distraction, and took women with them, not",
"title": "Deaconess"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "said Brian 'Bán' Mág Tighearnán (anglicized 'Blonde' Brian McKiernan) was chief of the McKiernan Clan of Tullyhunco, County Cavan, Ireland from 1588 until his death on September 4, 1622. In a visitation by George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes in autumn 1611, it was recorded, \"McKyernan removed to his proportion and is about building a house\". On March 23, 1615, Mág Tighearnán granted a lease on these lands to James Craig. On 14 March 1630, an Inquisition of King Charles I of England held in Cavan Town stated that \"Brian bane McKiernan\" died on September 4, 1622, and his lands",
"title": "Cornacrum"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "tune \"Bean At Met\" is also based on the changes of How High The Moon; this tune starts with simple riffs on the measures 1 to 8 and 17 to 24. The rest is filled up with solos. John Coltrane's composition \"Satellite\" is also based on the chords of \"How High the Moon\", which Coltrane embellished with the three-tonic progression he also used on his composition \"Giant Steps\". Jimmy Giuffre's composition \"Bright Moon\" is also based on the chords of \"How High the Moon\". Quincy Jones recorded it in 1957 on his second album, \"Go West, Man!\" How High the",
"title": "How High the Moon"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "involving energy consumption, quality and filtration of air, green cleaning detergents and materials, and a controlled laundry process designed to maximize the use of natural resources. Real estate in Puerto Rico As of 2012, the real estate industry in Puerto Rico constituted about 14.8% of the gross domestic product of Puerto Rico, about 1% of all of the employee compensation on the island and, together with finance and insurance (FIRE), about 3.7% of all the employment on the jurisdiction. A number of laws of the United States providing for real estate grants or subsidies extend coverage to Puerto Rico: Act",
"title": "Real estate in Puerto Rico"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "supported by multiple grants from the National Science Foundation, including a five-year NSF CAREER award and a two-year IBM Faculty Partnership Award. She was recently awarded a Google Research Award for studying individual approaches to management of diabetes and she has also received awards from IBM, NASA, the NSF, and Siemens. Other honorary awards include the 2001 College of Computing's Junior Faculty Research award and the 2003 College of Computing's Dean's Award. Her work in healthcare has led to invited lectures at Google, Cornell University, and IBM Research among others. Mynatt served as program chair for CHI 2010, the ACM",
"title": "Elizabeth Mynatt"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "R179 (New York City Subway car) The R179 is a class of 316 new technology (NTT) New York City Subway cars being built by Bombardier Transportation for the B Division. The cars are expected to retire all remaining R42s and some R32s. Originally, the R179 order was supposed to contain 208 cars that were each long. In the 2010–2014 Capital Program, the order was changed to 290 cars that were long, similar to the car lengths of the R143 and R160 orders, with options for up to 130 more cars. The majority of the R179s were supposed to be in",
"title": "R179 (New York City Subway car)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in 1949 and specifically intended for the Second Avenue Subway. They cost US$100,000 () each; the train became known as the \"million dollar train\". The cars featured porthole style round windows and a new public address system. Reflecting public health concerns of the day, especially regarding polio, the R11 cars were equipped with electrostatic air filters and ultraviolet lamps in their ventilation systems to kill germs. In 1949, Queens and Lower Manhattan residents complained that the Second Avenue Subway would not create better transit options for them. A year later, a revised plan was devised that involved connections from Queens.",
"title": "Second Avenue Subway"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Munich. Its DT1 vehicles are largely the same design as the A cars found on the Munich U-Bahn, and both transport companies once lent each other trainsets as reserve rolling stock for major events (such as the Munich Olympics) at the time when both systems were quite new. Such swaps are now no longer possible, as the rolling stock on each system have developed in ways that would require modification for use on the other system. The newer Nuremberg trains (the DT3, for example) are incompatible with the Munich system. Plans for a subway in Nuremberg go back to 1925,",
"title": "Nuremberg U-Bahn"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "stairs go up to all four corners of that intersection (two to each corner). The eastern stairs serve the northbound platform, and the western stairs serve the southbound platform. Lexington Avenue–53rd Street on the IND Queens Boulevard Line opened on August 19, 1933 and has two tracks and one island platform. It was built below street level, as the line had to pass beneath all of the north–south subway lines that were built before it. As a result, long escalators and staircases are required to reach the mezzanine from the platform. There are no tiles, trim line, or mosaics on",
"title": "Lexington Avenue/51st Street (New York City Subway)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of the subway under Amity Street even though it would not serve them directly. The PSC's chief engineer wrote in a report that a combined 20,600 riders would use the Whitestone and Bayside lines each day in either direction, and that by 1927, there would be 34,000 riders per day per direction. The Third Ward Rapid Transit Association wrote a report showing how much they had petitioned for Flushing subway extensions to that point, compared to how little progress they had made in doing so. Negotiations continued to be stalled in 1917. Despite the line not having been extended past",
"title": "Flushing–Main Street (IRT Flushing Line)"
}
] | [
"more than 35 km (22 mi)"
] | [
"The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remain, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7370 | Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "music within the film. It was produced by Sam Shaw, directed by Martin Ritt from a screenplay by Walter Bernstein, and with cinematography by Christian Matras. \"Paris Blues\" was released in the U.S. on September 27, 1961. On his way to see Wild Man Moore (Louis Armstrong) at the train station, Ram Bowen (Paul Newman), a jazz musician, encounters Connie Lampson, (Diahann Carroll), a newly arrived tourist, and invites her to see him perform that night at Club 33. Connie isn't interested but her friend, Lillian (Joanne Woodward) insists they go to see him. After Ram finishes performing with his",
"title": "Paris Blues"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was also a member of the FFA. Later, Adkins attended Louisiana Tech University in Ruston. A walk-on offensive lineman on the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team, Adkins left the team after his freshman season due to a knee injury, without ever playing in a game. Adkins never graduated. After leaving college, he worked at an oil rig. He also worked as a pharmacy technician before pursuing a career in music. He lost the pinky finger on his left hand in an accident using a knife to open a bucket, and asked doctors to reattach the finger at an angle so",
"title": "Trace Adkins"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Division of Hindmarsh and is held by Steve Georganas of the Australian Labor Party, who won it from the Liberals in the 2004 election by a margin of just 0.1%. Key issues for the area included urban development and the maintenance of heritage, aged care and health. Glenelg, South Australia Glenelg is a beach-side suburb of the South Australian capital of Adelaide. Located on the shore of Holdfast Bay in Gulf St Vincent, it has become a tourist destination due to its beach and many attractions, home to several hotels and dozens of restaurants. Glenelg also became infamous for being",
"title": "Glenelg, South Australia"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "space of two months. The entry and initial start up of football game in Nepal during Rana regime in 1921. The game was introduced in Nepal by the young players who had learnt this game from other countries. This game was watched by a huge mass of audience and became very famous at that time. However, it is believed that the pioneer of this game in Nepal was Mr. Narayan Narshingh Rana of Thamel and Chandrajung Thapa of Naxal. There were some places, which were used as football ground for palace teams, such as Sujan Khanal and Mrigendra Shamsher Niwas",
"title": "Football in Nepal"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "into English by H.C. Erik Midelfort and published in 1998 by the University of Virginia Press. The reviews published in specialist academic journals were largely positive, with several reviewers remarking that Behringer had presented a more believable case than Ginzburg for the existence of visionary traditions in Early Modern Europe. From the 1960s onward, various historians studying the witch trials on continental Europe had begun arguing that in some areas, the image of the witch had been influenced by underlying local folklore about visionary journeys. Poc's book on Hungarian witchcraft and magic appeared in her native language in 1997, before",
"title": "Shaman of Oberstdorf"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Service (FWS) or National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) before taking any action that may threaten a listed species. Section 9 forbids the taking of an endangered species. The first amendment to the ESA was passed by the 95th United States Congress in 1978 to \"introduce some flexibility into the Endangered Species Act.\" The snail darter case was important for the ESA because it made Congress realize how powerful the ESA really was. In 1966, the Tennessee Valley Authority began construction on the Tellico Dam on the Little Tennessee River. For years, environmentalists tried to shut down the project, but their",
"title": "Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2006 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The purpose of the AERSM was to improve international collaboration and cooperation in order to protect the endangered species. These nations committed to implementing a \"strategic Action Plan for Asian elephants\" and codified that vision in “The Jakarta Declaration for Asian Elephant Conservation.” Hosted by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia, the AERSM was also facilitated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Asian Elephant Specialist Group (AsESG). The International Elephant Foundation facilitated this meeting and as well as provided support. Funding was also provided by",
"title": "International Elephant Foundation"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "car provided that the implied conditions about fitness for purpose were excluded. R&B argued that this was contrary to UCTA 1977 section 6, and United Dominions contended that R&B could not avail themselves of the Act because as a business they could not count as a consumer. Dillon LJ held that the exclusion clause would have passed the reasonableness test under UCTA 1977 section 6(3), section 11 and Schedule 2. In fact the company was dealing as a consumer, and therefore section 6(2) applied to make the SGA 1979 mandatory; exclusion was not a possibility. ‘In the course of business’",
"title": "R&B Customs Brokers Co Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "policy. According to a Reuters investigative report, \"The backgrounds of the coalition’s leadership are one sign of its pro-drilling bent. At least three of four chair-level members have links to the oil industry.\" In February 2018, Trump and Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke presented their recommendation for the 2019 budget. Their proposed budget does not grant any funding for state efforts for the recovery of endangered species. The Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund, a program authorized by the Endangered Species Act, supports conservation planning, habitat restoration, land acquisition, research, and education. To qualify for funding, a state or territory must put",
"title": "Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "under the Endangered Species Act. Around 100 years ago, they could be found in of streams in the White Mountains. By the late 1960s, their range had been reduced to around of these streams. Once the Endangered Species Act of 1969 was passed, they became one of the first species listed under it. When this act was replaced by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, they became one of the first fish species protected under the newer Act. Population numbers for this species are still rising. Today, the main risk to the Apache trout is its easy hybridization with the",
"title": "Apache trout"
}
] | [
"development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies"
] | [
"Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3006 | What code eventually became neglected? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as \"delete previous character\" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected. When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, \"transmit on\") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a \"handshaking\" signal warning a sender to",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as \"delete previous character\" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected. When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, \"transmit on\") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a \"handshaking\" signal warning a sender to",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "campaign for nuclear disarmament. Grothus predicted that there would be a nuclear holocaust in 2013. For a while Grothus sold cans of supposed \"organic plutonium\", affixing mushroom cloud wrappers to cans of soup. He mailed a free sample to the White House, earning him a visit from the Secret Service. When walking into the gymnasium sized warehouse filled with piles of old computers, function generators, lock in amplifiers, microscopes and piles of wires and cables, a sign on the door reads: Grothus is the subject of three documentaries. The first, \"Atomic Ed and the Black Hole\" was produced in 2002",
"title": "Ed Grothus"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "that had been in use since the 1980s on the uniforms was eliminated. The new road uniforms discards the navy pinstripes for a gray uniform with a script \"Minnesota\" on the front in navy with red and white trim. The franchise also wore a 1961 throwback uniform as part of the team's 50th season on Opening Day and all Saturday dates. The team donned a special Inaugural Season patch for Target Field on all home uniforms, and a Golden Anniversary season patch on their road outfits. Before spring training, the Twins parted ways with 2009 trade deadline acquisition Orlando Cabrera,",
"title": "2010 Minnesota Twins season"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "day in 2,808 locations playing on 3,500 screens, the second smallest release behind the first \"Saw\". The film earned $8,976,000 on its opening day, taking the number one spot from \"Paranormal Activity 2\". It grossed $22,530,123 its opening Halloween weekend, with 92% of tickets coming from more than 2,100 3D-equipped locations and 57% of the audience being under the age of 25. It had the fifth best opening weekend in the \"Saw\" series. After only four days of wide release, \"Saw 3D\" had out-grossed \"Saw VI\"s $27.7 million final domestic gross. On its second weekend, the film dropped 66% in",
"title": "Saw 3D"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "\"several characters have unexpected connections to the past in some very novel ways\". A UK-based remake of The Oaks, entitled \"Marchlands\" began airing on ITV1 on 3 February 2011. The UK version stars Alex Kingston. A second series called Lightfields began on ITV1 on the 27th February 2013. Featuring different families at a new house, the titular 'Lightfields', across the 40's, 70's and present. A France-based remake of The Oaks, entitled \"\", began airing on the Switzerland channel RTS Un on the 19th September 2015, on the Belgium channel La Une on the 22nd September 2015 and on the French",
"title": "The Oaks (TV pilot)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Game\", set on Dartmoor, charts the cataclysmic collapse of a woman's apparently perfect life when she finds that almost everything in it is based upon a lie. Published by \"Macmillan\", hardback, August 2013, paperback September 2013. Actress Amanda Barrie came out as bisexual in her autobiography, \"It's Not a Rehearsal\". Bonner and Barrie have been in a long term relationship, and on 12 September 2014 married. The couple live in homes in the Blackdown Hills, Somerset and London. Hilary Bonner Hilary Bonner (born 1949) is an English crime novelist, best known for her psychological thrillers. Almost all Bonner's novels are",
"title": "Hilary Bonner"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "at least 30 more years. In June 2018, Microsoft announced \"Halo Infinite\" at the Electronic Entertainment Expo. Bungie is a game development company started in 1991 by Alex Seropian. Seropian partnered with programmer Jason Jones to market and release Jones' game \"\". Focusing on the Macintosh game market because it was smaller and easier to compete, Bungie became the biggest Mac developer with games including the shooters \"Pathways into Darkness\" and \"Marathon\". What became \"Halo\" was originally code-named \"Monkey Nuts\" and \"Blam!\", and took place on a hollowed-out world called Solipsis. The planet eventually became a ringworld, and an artist",
"title": "Halo (franchise)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "user to win). Kaye reluctantly acceded to the request, but to his own delight, he got the test wrong, and the switch would instead cause the program to win every time (and the user to lose). Subsequent to Kaye's departure, Nather was asked to fix the bug. While examining the code, he was puzzled to discover that it contained what appeared to be an infinite loop, yet control did not remain inside the loop. Eventually he realized that Kaye was using self-modifying code to process elements of an array, and had coded the loop in such a way as to",
"title": "The Story of Mel"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "architectural firm, Phoroze Kudianavala and Associates as a Senior Consultant. Here he pioneered the concept and practice of fire safety in multi-storied buildings, then a much-neglected field in India. He initiated the use of smoke detectors, sprinklers, positive air pressure and other practices which are now prescribed by law for new buildings. Due to his extensive writing on cinema, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting placed him on the Advisory Board of the Film Censor Board where he drafted a liberalised and simplified censorship code which eventually formed the basis for the official film certification code. Later, he moved to",
"title": "Anil Dharker"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Siamese, it became the basic law of the empire. The Code was adapted into the later \"dhammathats\" of the successor states of the empire. In Siam, the Code coexisted alongside other Siamese legal codes, and became the core portion of the Siamese Legal Code of 1805. In Burma, the Code was revised \"to support Burmese customary law with explicitly Buddhist scriptural justifications\" by 1640. The \"dhammathat\" was compiled at the behest of King Wareru (Wagaru) of Martaban, 1290/91. Wareru, who had proclaimed king of what used to be the Martaban province of the Pagan Empire only since 1287, set out",
"title": "Wareru Dhammathat"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "In the above formulation, if the bit rate constraint is neglected by setting formula_86 equal to 0, or equivalently if it is assumed that a fixed-length code (FLC) will be used to represent the quantized data instead of a variable-length code (or some other entropy coding technology such as arithmetic coding that is better than an FLC in the rate–distortion sense), the optimization problem reduces to minimization of distortion formula_65 alone. The indices produced by an formula_42-level quantizer can be coded using a fixed-length code using formula_109 bits/symbol. For example, when formula_110256 levels, the FLC bit rate formula_64 is 8",
"title": "Quantization (signal processing)"
}
] | [
"code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)"
] | [
"Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control-G (BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as \"delete previous character\" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4030 | What book by Nick Hornby has twice been adapted for film? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Fever Pitch"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "themselves in the film and manager George Allison was given a speaking part. More recently, the book \"Fever Pitch\" by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular. Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s. The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988–89 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox. Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and \"boring\" side, especially",
"title": "Arsenal F.C."
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "themselves in the film and manager George Allison was given a speaking part. More recently, the book \"Fever Pitch\" by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular. Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s. The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988–89 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox. Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and \"boring\" side, especially",
"title": "Arsenal F.C."
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Fever Pitch (1997 film) Fever Pitch is a 1997 film starring Colin Firth, based loosely on Nick Hornby's best-selling memoir, \"Fever Pitch: A Fan's Life\" (1992). Hornby also wrote the screenplay. Hornby adapted the book for the screen and fictionalized the story, concentrating on Arsenal's First Division championship-winning season in 1988–89 and its effect on the protagonist's romantic relationship. Firth plays Paul Ashworth, the character based on Hornby, a teacher at a school in North London and his romance with Sarah Hughes (Ruth Gemmell), a new teacher who joins Ashworth's school. The film culminates with the real life events of",
"title": "Fever Pitch (1997 film)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "at Fulham's Craven Cottage stadium. In 2005, the film was remade in an American version also entitled \"Fever Pitch\" starring Jimmy Fallon and Drew Barrymore, with the 2004 World Series Boston Red Sox replacing Arsenal. To avoid confusion, this 2005 remake is known as \"The Perfect Catch\" in the UK. Fever Pitch (1997 film) Fever Pitch is a 1997 film starring Colin Firth, based loosely on Nick Hornby's best-selling memoir, \"Fever Pitch: A Fan's Life\" (1992). Hornby also wrote the screenplay. Hornby adapted the book for the screen and fictionalized the story, concentrating on Arsenal's First Division championship-winning season in",
"title": "Fever Pitch (1997 film)"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "being TOOFIF. Some consider that British football's image of a nasty working-class pursuit was changed into something far more respectable after \"Fever Pitch\", a memoir by Nick Hornby about his life as an Arsenal fan, was published. The book also provided Hornby's big break. It was later adapted very loosely into a film. Numerous films have been made including \"Bend It Like Beckham\", and \"The Football Factory\", based on the book by John King, dealing with hooliganism and its relationship to socio-economic realities in England. In Germany, \"The Miracle of Bern\" (2003) revived the euphoria of the national team's victory",
"title": "Association football culture"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "a vice president. In 2010 Nick Hornby co-founded Ministry of Stories, a writing charity based in Hoxton, east London. The charity was inspired by Dave Eggers' 826 Valencia model in San Francisco and aims to offer young people a chance to develop writing and literacy skills and develop a love of writing for pleasure. Hornby supports Arsenal Football Club. Nick Hornby Nicholas Peter John Hornby (born 17 April 1957) is an English writer and lyricist. He is best known for his memoir \"Fever Pitch\" and novels \"High Fidelity\" and \"About a Boy\", all of which were adapted into feature films.",
"title": "Nick Hornby"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "screenplay. In 2016, Hornby adapted Nina Stibbe's book \"Love, Nina: Despatches from Family Life\" into a television series. \"Love, Nina\" received its debut on BBC One on 20 May 2016, and ran for five episodes. Several of Hornby's books have made the jump from page to screen. Hornby wrote the screenplay for the first, a 1997 British adaptation of \"Fever Pitch\", starring Colin Firth. It was followed by \"High Fidelity\" in 2000, starring John Cusack; this adaptation was notable in that the action was shifted from London to Chicago. After this success, \"About a Boy\" was quickly picked up, and",
"title": "Nick Hornby"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Nick Hornby Nicholas Peter John Hornby (born 17 April 1957) is an English writer and lyricist. He is best known for his memoir \"Fever Pitch\" and novels \"High Fidelity\" and \"About a Boy\", all of which were adapted into feature films. Hornby's work frequently touches upon music, sport, and the aimless and obsessive natures of his protagonists. His books have sold more than 5 million copies worldwide as of 2018. In a 2004 poll for the BBC, Hornby was named the 29th most influential person in British culture. Hornby was born in Redhill, Surrey, the son of Sir Derek Peter",
"title": "Nick Hornby"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Hornby, the chairman of London and Continental Railways, and Margaret Audrey, Lady Hornby (\"née\" Withers). He was brought up in Maidenhead, and educated at Maidenhead Grammar School and Jesus College, Cambridge, where he read English. His parents divorced when he was eleven. Hornby published his first book in 1992, a collection of essays about American Writers such as Tobias Wolff and Ann Beattie, titled \"Contemporary American Fiction\". Hornby's second book, \"Fever Pitch\", also published in 1992, is an autobiographical story detailing his fanatical support for Arsenal Football Club. As a result, Hornby received the William Hill Sports Book of the",
"title": "Nick Hornby"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Highbury Stadium. The book was made a Penguin Modern Classic in August 2012. A 1997 film version of \"Fever Pitch\", with a screenplay adapted by Hornby, fictionalised the story, concentrating on Arsenal's First Division championship-winning season in 1988–89 and its effect on the protagonist's romantic relationship. Paul Ashworth, played by Colin Firth, the character based on Hornby, a teacher at a school in North London and his burgeoning romance with Sarah Hughes (Ruth Gemmell), a new teacher who joins Ashworth's school. The film culminates with Arsenal playing title rivals Liverpool in the final game of the season on 26 May",
"title": "Fever Pitch"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the pivotal point of the 1997 film \"Fever Pitch\", an adaptation of Nick Hornby's bestselling book of the same name. Hornby disagrees his book was responsible for gentrifying the sport, arguing \"the owner of an international media empire\" had more of a profound impact. Moore's goal call for Arsenal's winner (\"Thomas, it's up for grabs now!\") has become synonymous with English football and is one of the sport's most memorable lines. In 2002, it was selected as one of the top ten commentaries of all time by \"The Observer\", and the phrase \"It's Up For Grabs Now\" is used as",
"title": "Liverpool F.C. 0–2 Arsenal F.C. (26 May 1989)"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Fever Pitch (2005 film) Fever Pitch (released as The Perfect Catch outside the United States and Canada) is a 2005 romantic comedy film. It is directed by the Farrelly brothers, and stars Drew Barrymore and Jimmy Fallon. It is a remake of the 1997 film. Nick Hornby, who had written the original book and the 1997 screenplay adaptation, acted as an executive producer for the American remake. While both the book and the original 1997 film are about association football, the 2005 adaptation, aimed at the U.S. market, is about baseball. Both \"Fever Pitch\" films feature real-life dramatic or unexpected",
"title": "Fever Pitch (2005 film)"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "do next, she did not focus as much on genre as she did on good characters, scripts, and directors, which she said \"don't come around that often.\" For the scene in which her character hides under her bed covers, Strickland received a 2005 Teen Choice Award nomination for Choice Movie Scary Scene. In late 2004, Strickland embarked on what she called \"the craziest job I've ever had\": a role in the Farrelly brothers film \"Fever Pitch\", a baseball-themed romantic comedy starring Drew Barrymore and Jimmy Fallon (Strickland's \"Anything Else\" co-star) and based on the Nick Hornby book. Strickland said it",
"title": "KaDee Strickland"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "that no Red Sox fan would give up season tickets for love, but Red Sox Nation voted to award Fallon honorary membership for playing Ben so convincingly despite Fallon being a Yankees fan. Fever Pitch (2005 film) Fever Pitch (released as The Perfect Catch outside the United States and Canada) is a 2005 romantic comedy film. It is directed by the Farrelly brothers, and stars Drew Barrymore and Jimmy Fallon. It is a remake of the 1997 film. Nick Hornby, who had written the original book and the 1997 screenplay adaptation, acted as an executive producer for the American remake.",
"title": "Fever Pitch (2005 film)"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "released in 2002, starring Hugh Grant. An Americanized \"Fever Pitch\", in which Jimmy Fallon plays a hopelessly addicted Boston Red Sox fan who tries to reconcile his love of the game with that of his girlfriend (Drew Barrymore), was released in 2005. Johnny Depp purchased film rights to the book \"A Long Way Down\" before it was published. The book was made into the 2014 film of the same name starring Pierce Brosnan, Aaron Paul, Toni Colette and Imogen Poots. The film adaptation of Juliet, Naked was released in 2018 starring Rose Byrne, Ethan Hawke and Chris O'Dowd. \"High Fidelity\"",
"title": "Nick Hornby"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "in April 2017. Firth's first published work, \"The Department of Nothing\", appeared in \"Speaking with the Angel\" (2000). This collection of short stories was edited by Nick Hornby and was published to benefit the TreeHouse Trust, in aid of autistic children. Firth had previously met Hornby during the filming of the original \"Fever Pitch\". Colin Firth contributed with his writing for the book, \"We Are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples\", released in 2009. The book explores the cultures of peoples around the world, portraying both their diversity and the threats that they face. It features contributions from many Western",
"title": "Colin Firth"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the title track of which (a cover version of the Pet Shop Boys' song) was performed on \"The Andrew Marr Show\" in December 2012. State of the Union played their first gig at the 2011 Ely Folk Festival, and played at the Celtic Connections festival in January 2012. The album was released in April 2012 on Reveal Records and was followed by a tour. Hewerdine was invited by Nick Hornby to write music for the soundtrack of the 1997 \"film adaptation\" of his book \"Fever Pitch\". With Neill MacColl he also wrote music for the soundtrack of Shane Meadows' \"Twenty",
"title": "Boo Hewerdine"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "singing lessons. Osborne's father hailed originally from Devon and his mother was from Vienna, a fact to which he attributes his lifelong love of opera. He went to school locally, then studied at the University of Queensland. Osborne then worked in literary and musical journalism and in repertory theatre in Australia and Britain, where he settled permanently in 1953. He played the role of Front Gunner Foxlee in the film \"The Dam Busters\" (1955), and acted in many plays across the UK including \"Black Coffee\" by Agatha Christie, which he later adapted as a novel. From 1958, he was assistant",
"title": "Charles Osborne (music writer)"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Uglich, Yaroslavl). The inhabitants of them became his first models and his first critics. He studied the old architecture, items of folk crafts, old weapons, fabrics, tapestries, embroidery, icons, etc. He read ancient books, collected folklore. He took part in Peredvizhniki exhibitions in 1890, 1892 and 1894 but later broke with the movement. In the 1890s he lived and worked in the estate of his friend V.F. Tymenev in town of Lyuban (Novgorod gubernia, now Leningrad oblast). In 1901 he built a studio in a village of Didvino close to Lubvino and the estate of his friend I. Belyaev. His",
"title": "Andrei Ryabushkin"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "created in 2002 by a merger between the GCMC and the Mennonite Church. It has been a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities since 1991. The Mennonite church is an Anabaptist denomination committed to nonviolence, social justice, and voluntary service. However, since its founding, Bluffton has been open to non-Mennonites. In fact, members of the Mennonite denomination now make up a minority of students. Historian Perry Bush, in his centennial history of the college, argues that Bluffton's distinctive religious orientation has been to avoid both secularization and generic American evangelicalism. While many other denominational colleges adopted the",
"title": "Bluffton University"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "mosque is located right in the western part of the Klodran intersection adjacent to Bantul Regency Red Cross as well as a field where functions as parking spaces during large ceremonies. Agung Manunggal Bantul Mosque Agung Manunggal Bantul Mosque is a mosque located in Jenderal Sudirman st. no.1, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The mosque contains unique Javanese architectural style resembling Agung Demak Mosque, with characteristics such as mustaka (roof) which resembles Joglo, four saka (pillars) which are carved teak woods, and the entrance in the shape of Gunungan (Javanese iconic Wayang shape). The mosque can be reached by using private vehicles",
"title": "Agung Manunggal Bantul Mosque"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "While the predominant English spelling is , both the Government of Nunavut and the Government of Canada through Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada promote the Inuit-preferred spelling . A structure similar to an inuksuk is called an (, \"imitation of a person\", plural ); it is meant to represent a human figure. has become widely familiar to non-Inuit, and particularly found in Greenland. However, it is not the most common type of inuksuk. It is distinguished from inuksuit in general. The Hammer of Thor, located on the Ungava Peninsula, Quebec may be an inuksuk. Inuksuit continue to serve as an",
"title": "Inuksuk"
},
{
"idx": 22,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Weitz returned as executive producer on the film's two theatrical sequels. In 2002, the Weitz brothers co-wrote and co-directed \"About a Boy\", the Hugh Grant film based on the book by Nick Hornby. The film was originally set up at New Line Cinema with Robert De Niro producing, and the main character as an American. The brothers felt that it was important that the character is British. Inspiration came from the film \"The Apartment\" (1960). They were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Weitz has written and directed the well-received romantic comedy \"In Good Company\" and the",
"title": "Paul Weitz (filmmaker)"
},
{
"idx": 23,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the protagonist. She went on to gain a nomination from the Academy Awards, as did the film itself (for Best Picture) and Nick Hornby (for his Adapted Screenplay). On making the film, Scherfig has talked about her focus on the theme of being an American teenager examined throughout the story, saying, \"my guess is about America is that it’s this combination of innocence and freedom that attracts you. Here in Denmark, as well, it was more liberated than it is now, and was definitely more innocent and less dangerous. I mean, when I was a teenager, the world was a",
"title": "Lone Scherfig"
},
{
"idx": 24,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "this film. Where is Thompson's passion and commitment, or any hint of what she intended to achieve.\" Manohla Dargis in her review in \"The New York Times\" called \"Effie Gray\" \"The cinematic equivalent of a Brazilian wax, the movie omits much of the story's most interesting material to create something that's been smoothly denatured.\" Thompson's first film of 2015 was \"A Walk in the Woods\", a comedy adapted from the book by Bill Bryson, where she appeared opposite Robert Redford and Nick Nolte. She next starred with Robert Carlyle in his directoral debut \"The Legend of Barney Thomson\". Her role",
"title": "Emma Thompson"
},
{
"idx": 25,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Happiness\". It has been described, by Nick Duerden of \"The Independent\", as \"memorable\". In his book \"Filthy English\", linguist Peter Silverton asks \"Can you distinguish an utter twat from a complete prick? I think you can. An utter twat knows not what he or she does. A complete prick does.\" For the purposes of film certification, usage of the word is not considered as serious as many other swear words. It is listed by the British Board of Film Classification as an example of \"moderate language\" for the 12 certificate. However, the film \"Kes\" has been certified PG in the",
"title": "Twat"
},
{
"idx": 26,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and early 1980s, Awdry gladly adapted one to take the role of Thomas on his layout, the Ffarquhar branch. Despite Awdry's requests for models, to which Lines Brothers (later Triang-Hornby) responded with Meccano Percy in 1967, Hornby eventually adapted the tool to be Thomas when they started Railway Series models in the 1980s. Thomas was the only fictional character included in the \"Independent on Sunday's\" 2009 \"Happy List\", recognised alongside 98 real-life adults and a therapy dog for making Britain a better and happier place. Thomas has been referenced, featured and parodied in popular culture. In 1988, he was parodied",
"title": "Thomas the Tank Engine"
}
] | [
"Fever Pitch"
] | [
"As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain. They formed the backdrop to one of the earliest football-related films, The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939). The film centres on a friendly match between Arsenal and an amateur side, one of whose players is poisoned while playing. Many Arsenal players appeared as themselves and manager George Allison was given a speaking part. More recently, the book Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby was an autobiographical account of Hornby's life and relationship with football and Arsenal in particular. Published in 1992, it formed part of the revival and rehabilitation of football in British society during the 1990s. The book was twice adapted for the cinema – the 1997 British film focuses on Arsenal's 1988–89 title win, and a 2005 American version features a fan of baseball's Boston Red Sox."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_5020 | When are Zintl considered alloys? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"depending on bond types"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Alloy An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds). Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications. In some cases, a combination of metals may reduce the",
"title": "Alloy"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Alloy An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds). Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications. In some cases, a combination of metals may reduce the",
"title": "Alloy"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "February 2014, 44 written since November 2011. Robinson released his self-produced debut music CD in January 2012, \"It's About Time\", consisting of 20 original songs. Robinson plays guitar, ukulele, harmonica, banjolele, and provides lead vocals on all the tracks. The album was born out of Bruce's desire to leave a memory of his music for his kids and grandchildren. Originally intended to be a combination of cover songs and a few originals, Bruce wrote 14 songs the month prior to flying to Kansas City to devote a few days recording with a friend he had met at the National Association",
"title": "Bruce Robinson (baseball)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "roads. While the Board agreed that such jurisdiction did exist, it was limited and could not interfere with connecting undertakings. As Lord Porter declared: \"Winner\" effectively placed all commercial interprovincial and international motor vehicle traffic under federal jurisdiction. Rand J's comments relating to mobility rights of Canadians, while \"obiter\" in this case, have significantly affected Canadian jurisprudence. Winner v SMT (Eastern) Ltd Winner v SMT (Eastern) Ltd is the last case of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that affected Canadian constitutional jurisprudence. The Supreme Court of Canada case, from which it arose, is also notable for summarizing the",
"title": "Winner v SMT (Eastern) Ltd"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "magazines such as \"Wired\", \"Fast Company\", \"Futures\", \"Technological Forecasting and Social Change\", \"Foresight\", \"World Futures Review\", \"The Futurist Journal,\" and the \"Journal for Futures Studies\". APF is led by an international board of nine futurists from 4 continents along with key volunteers. It is incorporated in the State of Delaware, and is formed as a 501(c)(6) business league. It is considered exempt by the IRS as it is not organized for profit. APF's Twitter feed is @profuturists Association of Professional Futurists The Association of Professional Futurists (APF) is a global community of futurists advancing professional foresight. It was founded in",
"title": "Association of Professional Futurists"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Joseph Borie, a merchant and manufacturer, who settled in Philadelphia. His mother was Sophia Beauveau a Haitian refugee. Borie came from one of the oldest and most aristocratic families in Pennsylvania. Borie's father's ancestry came from Bordeaux, and were the leading merchants in Philadelphia. His mother was the daughter of a wealthy Haitian planter, who had fled Haiti during the violent Haitian Revolution. Borie attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated in 1825 at the age of 16. At the age of 24 Borie toured Europe and completed his studies in Paris. In 1828, after returning from Europe, Borie entered",
"title": "Adolph E. Borie"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "head is called a floret. In part due to their abundance along with being a generalist species, dandelions are one of the most vital early spring nectar sources for a wide host of pollinators. Many \"Taraxacum\" species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant. The species of \"Taraxacum\" are tap-rooted, perennial, herbaceous plants, native to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus contains many species, which usually (or in the case of triploids, obligately) reproduce by apomixis, resulting in many local populations and",
"title": "Taraxacum"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and copper, are heat-treatable alloys that soften when quenched (cooled quickly), and then harden over time. After quenching a ternary alloy of aluminium, copper, and magnesium, Wilm discovered that the alloy increased in hardness when left to age at room temperature. Although an explanation for the phenomenon was not provided until 1919, duralumin was one of the first \"age hardening\" alloys to be used, and was soon followed by many others. Because they often exhibit a combination of high strength and low weight, these alloys became widely used in many forms of industry, including the construction of modern aircraft. Alloy",
"title": "Alloy"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Zamak Zamak (formerly trademarked as ZAMAK and also known as Zamac) is a family of alloys with a base metal of zinc and alloying elements of aluminium, magnesium, and copper. Zamak alloys are part of the zinc aluminium alloy family; they are distinguished from the other ZA alloys because of their constant 5% aluminium composition. The name \"zamak\" is an acronym of the German names for the metals of which the alloys are composed: \"Zink\" (zinc), \"Aluminium\", \"Magnesium\" and \"Kupfer\" (copper). The New Jersey Zinc Company developed zamak alloys in 1929. Zinc alloys are popularly referred to as pot metal",
"title": "Zamak"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "carbide is already sequestered as niobium carbide. Aluminium-based alloys may be sensitive to intergranular corrosion if there are layers of materials acting as anodes between the aluminium-rich crystals. High strength aluminium alloys, especially when extruded or otherwise subjected to high degree of working, can undergo exfoliation corrosion (metallurgy), where the corrosion products build up between the flat, elongated grains and separate them, resulting in lifting or leafing effect and often propagating from edges of the material through its entire structure. Intergranular corrosion is a concern especially for alloys with high content of copper. Other kinds of alloys can undergo exfoliation",
"title": "Intergranular corrosion"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "could retain this when in service at high temperatures for long periods. The National Physical Laboratory began a series of experiments to study new aluminium alloys. Experimental series \"Y\" was successful, and gave its name to the new alloy. Like duralumin, this was a 4% copper alloy, but with the addition of 2% nickel and 1.5% magnesium. This addition of nickel was an innovation for aluminium alloys. These alloys are one of the three main groups of high-strength aluminium alloys, the nickel-aluminium alloys having the advantage of retaining strength at high temperatures. The alloy was first used in the cast",
"title": "Y alloy"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Plumbides can also be Zintl phase compounds, such as [K(18-crown-6)]KPb·(en). This is not a simple Zintl compound, but rather contains the organic molecules 18-crown-6 and ethylenediamine (en) in order to stabilize the crystal structure. Plumbide A plumbide can refer to one of two things: an intermetallic compound that contains lead, or a Zintl phase compound with lead as the anion. Plumbides can be formed when lead forms a Zintl phase compound with a more metallic element. One salt that can be formed this way is when cryptand reacts with sodium and lead in ethylenediamine (en) to produce [Pb], which is",
"title": "Plumbide"
}
] | [
"depending on bond types"
] | [
"An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds)."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_8495 | What god was the father of Romulus and Remus? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Mars"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin, in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father. Through divine intervention, the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars. She gave birth to twins, who were duly exposed by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events. Romulus and Remus regained their grandfather's throne and set out to build a new",
"title": "Religion in ancient Rome"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "himself. Rhea Silvia was made a Vestal Virgin by Amulius rendering her unable to have children on pain of death; however, she was forcibly impregnated by the god Mars. Romulus and Remus overthrew Amulius and reinstated Numitor as king in 752. Numitor In Roman mythology, King Numitor () of Alba Longa, was the maternal grandfather of Rome's founder and first king, Romulus, and his twin brother Remus. He was the son of Procas, descendant of Aeneas the Trojan, and father of the twin's mother, Rhea Silvia and Lausus. In 794 BC Procas died and was meant to be succeeded by",
"title": "Numitor"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "is from the late 3rd century BC. Possible historical basis for the story, as well as whether the twins' myth was an original part of Roman myth or a later development, is a subject of ongoing debate. Romulus and Remus were born in Alba Longa, one of the ancient Latin cities near the future site of Rome. Their mother, Rhea Silvia was a vestal virgin and the daughter of the former king, Numitor, who had been displaced by his brother Amulius. In some sources, Rhea Silvia conceived them when their father, the god Mars, visited her in a sacred grove",
"title": "Romulus and Remus"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin, in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father. Through divine intervention, the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars. She gave birth to twins, who were duly exposed by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events. Romulus and Remus regained their grandfather's throne and set out to build a new",
"title": "Religion in ancient Rome"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Vesta. As Vestal Virgins were sworn to celibacy for a period of thirty years, this would ensure the line of Numitor had no heirs. However, Rhea Silvia conceived and gave birth to the twins Romulus and Remus. She claimed that the god Mars was the father of the children. Livy says that she was raped by an unknown man, but \"declared Mars to be the father of her illegitimate offspring, either because she really imagined it to be the case, or because it was less discreditable to have committed such an offence with a god.\" When Amulius learned of the",
"title": "Rhea Silvia"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "center of Mars' worship was originally located outside the sacred boundary of Rome \"(pomerium)\", Augustus made the god a renewed focus of Roman religion by establishing the Temple of Mars Ultor in his new forum. Although Ares was viewed primarily as a destructive and destabilizing force, Mars represented military power as a way to secure peace, and was a father \"(pater)\" of the Roman people. In the mythic genealogy and founding myths of Rome, Mars was the father of Romulus and Remus with Rhea Silvia. His love affair with Venus symbolically reconciled the two different traditions of Rome's founding; Venus",
"title": "Mars (mythology)"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "gave birth to the twins. Since Rhea Silvia had been raped and impregnated by Mars, the Roman god of war, the twins were considered half-divine. The new king, Amulius, feared Romulus and Remus would take back the throne, so he ordered them to be drowned. A she-wolf (or a shepherd's wife in some accounts) saved and raised them, and when they were old enough, they returned the throne of Alba Longa to Numitor. The twins then founded their own city, but Romulus killed Remus in a quarrel over the location of the Roman Kingdom, though some sources state the quarrel",
"title": "Ancient Rome"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the pontifex maximus and later the seat of the Vatican and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the Religio Romana (literally, the \"Roman Religion\") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter, the most high, and Mars, god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus, according to tradition. Other gods and goddesses such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as Mithraism. Later, after St Peter and St Paul were martyred",
"title": "Rome"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "early Rome. The legendary founders Romulus and Remus were born from the rape of the Vestal Rhea Silvia by the god Mars. Romulus and his \"band of freebooters\" can transform their all-male settlement into a city only by the \"rape\" of the Sabine women, that is, by forcibly abducting the daughters of their Sabine neighbors to take as wives. The overthrow of the Roman monarchy and the establishment of the Republic was precipitated by the rape of the much-admired Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius, the king's son. The legend crystallizes the Roman view of unchecked \"libido\" as a form of tyranny.",
"title": "Sexuality in ancient Rome"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the 10th century BC. The site of Sant'Omobono Area is crucial for understanding the related processes of monumentalization, urbanization, and state formation in Rome in the late Archaic period. The Sant'Omobono temple site dates to 7th-6th century B.C., making these the oldest known temple remains in Rome. The origin of the city's name is thought to be that of the reputed founder and first ruler, the legendary Romulus. It is said that Romulus and his twin brother Remus, apparent sons of the god Mars and descendants of the Trojan hero Aeneas, were suckled by a she-wolf after being abandoned, then",
"title": "History of Rome"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "that she would never bear any sons that might overthrow him. However, she was raped or seduced by the god Mars, resulting in the birth of the twins. Rhea was thrown into prison and her sons ordered to be thrown into the river Tiber. The twins washed up onto dry land and were found by a she-wolf who suckled them. Later their mother was saved by the river god Tiberinus who ended up marrying her. Romulus and Remus went on to found Rome and overthrow Amulius, reinstating their grandfather Numitor as king of Alba Longa. Dionysius was a Greek historian",
"title": "Amulius"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Campus Martius The Campus Martius (Latin for the \"Field of Mars\", Italian \"Campo Marzio\"), was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about in extent. In the Middle Ages, it was the most populous area of Rome. The IV rione of Rome, Campo Marzio, which covers a smaller section of the original area, bears the same name. According to Rome's foundation myth, prior to the founding of the city, Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus, had her twin sons, Romulus and Remus, taken by the King of Alba Longa. The boys were later discarded in the swelling Tiber",
"title": "Campus Martius"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "a role in the founding of Rome by suckling the twins Romulus and Remus. According to Terry Jones, \"The Romans did not see [the tale of Romulus, Remus and the she-wolf] as a charming story; they meant to show that they had imbibed wolfish appetites and ferocity with their mother's milk\". The wolf was also considered sacred to Mars, and to see a wolf before going into battle was considered a good omen. The origin of the myth can be traced back to a wolf cult among the neighbouring Sabines. The Sabines had two words for wolf: \"hirpus\" (used in",
"title": "Italian wolf"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "by wild animals such as wolves, apes, monkeys, and bears. Famous examples include Romulus and Remus, Ibn Tufail’s Hayy, Ibn al-Nafis’ Kamil, Rudyard Kipling’s Mowgli, Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Tarzan, George of the Jungle and the legends of Atalanta and Enkidu. Roman legend has it that Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Rhea Silvia and Mars, were suckled by a she-wolf. Rhea Silvia was a priestess, and when it was found that she had been pregnant and had children, King Amulius, who had usurped his brother's throne, ordered her to be buried alive and for the children to be killed. The",
"title": "Feral child"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Philippine Navy until retired in 1989. \"Romulus\" earned one [Battle star#Navy warships|battle star]] during the Korean War. USS Romulus (ARL-22) USS \"Romulus\" (ARL-22) was laid down as a United States Navy but converted to one of 39 s that were used for repairing landing craft during World War II. Named for Romulus (along with Remus, one of the legendary twin sons of Mars and the Vestal Rhea Silvia), she was the only US Naval vessel to bear the name. \"LST-962\" was laid down on 17 October 1944, at Hingham, Massachusetts, by the Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard; launched 15 November 1944; and",
"title": "USS Romulus (ARL-22)"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the enemy to secure a Roman victory. Father Mars is the regular recipient of the \"suovetaurilia\", the sacrifice of a pig \"(sus)\", ram \"(ovis)\" and bull \"(taurus)\", or often a bull alone. To \"Mars Pater\" other epithets were sometimes appended, such as \"Mars Pater Victor\" (\"Father Mars the Victorious\"), to whom the Roman army sacrificed a bull on March 1. Although \"pater\" and \"mater\" were fairly common as honorifics for a deity, any special claim for Mars as father of the Roman people lies in the mythic genealogy that makes him the divine father of Romulus and Remus. In the",
"title": "Mars (mythology)"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month \"Martius\" was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. \"Martius\" remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months",
"title": "March"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "USS Romulus (ARL-22) USS \"Romulus\" (ARL-22) was laid down as a United States Navy but converted to one of 39 s that were used for repairing landing craft during World War II. Named for Romulus (along with Remus, one of the legendary twin sons of Mars and the Vestal Rhea Silvia), she was the only US Naval vessel to bear the name. \"LST-962\" was laid down on 17 October 1944, at Hingham, Massachusetts, by the Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard; launched 15 November 1944; and commissioned 9 December 1944, with Lieutenant George R. Hoell, USNR, in command. On 10 December \"LST-962\" shifted to",
"title": "USS Romulus (ARL-22)"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "are mainly associated to Mars, god of war and agriculture. The Capitoline Wolf nurses Romulus and Remus, sons of Mars and future founders of Rome. The twin babies were ordered to be killed by their great uncle Amulius. The servant ordered to kill them, however, relented and placed the two on the banks of the Tiber river. The river, which was in flood, rose and gently carried the cradle and the twins downstream, where under the protection of the river deity Tiberinus, they would be adopted by a she-wolf known as \"Lupa\" in Latin, an animal sacred to Mars. As",
"title": "Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "on 15 July, was herself decommissioned. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register 15 August 1946, she was sold to B. T. Jones for scrap 16 December 1947. USS Remus (ARL-40) USS \"LST-453\" was a United States Navy used in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II. She was converted at Brisbane, Australia, into an , shortly after commissioning, and used in the repairing of landing craft. She was later renamed for Remus (along with Romulus, one of the legendary twin sons of Mars and the Vestal Rhea Silvia), she was the only US Naval vessel to bear the name. \"LST-453\"",
"title": "USS Remus (ARL-40)"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "USS Remus (ARL-40) USS \"LST-453\" was a United States Navy used in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II. She was converted at Brisbane, Australia, into an , shortly after commissioning, and used in the repairing of landing craft. She was later renamed for Remus (along with Romulus, one of the legendary twin sons of Mars and the Vestal Rhea Silvia), she was the only US Naval vessel to bear the name. \"LST-453\" was laid down on 28 July 1942, under Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 973, by Kaiser Shipyards, Vancouver, Washington; launched on 10 October 1942; sponsored by",
"title": "USS Remus (ARL-40)"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "early on 16 May 1916, driving down two enemy aircraft within half an hour. He accounted for two more on 17 June, and another the following day, to bring his score to five and making him an 'ace'. He drove down his sixth on 19 July, then another four between 21 and 31 August to bring his total to ten, making him the joint-highest scoring pilot in this aircraft along with Patrick Langan-Byrne. For at least some of the time Wilkinson had an additional Lewis gun fitted to his aircraft, DH.2 No.5966, known as \"Wilkie's Bus\", until ordered to remove",
"title": "Alan Wilkinson (RAF officer)"
},
{
"idx": 22,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "major rebuilding. Previously the station had a single island platform serving both tracks; the station was rebuilt with a much more spacious ticket office, escalators and an additional side platform. Hillhead is one of the stations mentioned in Cliff Hanley's song \"The Glasgow Underground\". The song reflects the traditional local pronunciation of the name, \"Hillheed\". There are three automated ticket machines located in the entrance way, which leads up to an information centre where passengers may buy tickets of longer duration and get more information on transport in Glasgow. Then there is the ticket office which is manned by one",
"title": "Hillhead subway station"
},
{
"idx": 23,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the middle of sentence, such as might be indicated by a comma in writing, the speaker's voice will rise on the syllable just before the pause. This rising tone is called a boundary tone. A boundary tone is typically used after the topic of a sentence, at the end of a dependent clause, after items on a list, and so on. The illustration included here of the sentence \"Mwamúna, ámulamúlá amáyi\" ('A man, he rules women') clearly shows the rise in the voice on the last syllable of the word \"mwamúna\", which is here taken to be the topic of",
"title": "Chichewa tones"
},
{
"idx": 24,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Hungarian-made Ikarus 280, the articulated version of the Ikarus 260, of which 60,993 buses were manufactured between 1973 and 2002, mostly for Soviet bloc customers. (This type accounted for two-thirds of the articulated buses built in the 1970s.) Puller-type articulated buses are built in less numbers, but are still available in Scandinavia and South America. Examples being the Volvo B9S and Volvo B12M. The pusher bus needs a damping system in the joint to reduce the risk of jack-knifing and fishtailing. This was developed by the FFG Fahrzeugwerkstätten Falkenried in Germany. The production cost of the pusher bus was lower",
"title": "Articulated bus"
},
{
"idx": 25,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with Jana Hawkes (Emily O'Brien), which was well received by viewers and garnered a fan following, as well, with Chloe Mitchell (Elizabeth Hendrickson). Their romance has been subject to mixed reviews. Rikaart has been praised for his portrayal of the role; Michael Fairman of \"On-Air On-Soaps\" considers him to be \"one of the most talented and best young actors on daytime\". Rikaart won a Daytime Emmy Award for his portrayal in 2005. Kevin was introduced as an internet predator, and later committed multiple other felonies. After his criminal activity died down, Rikaart commented that, \"In a way, it's almost like",
"title": "Kevin Fisher (The Young and the Restless)"
},
{
"idx": 26,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Remus (moon) Remus is the inner and smaller moon of the main-belt asteroid 87 Sylvia. It follows an almost-circular close-to-equatorial orbit around the parent asteroid. In this respect it is similar to the other moon Romulus. Remus was discovered several years after Romulus on images taken starting on August 9, 2004, and announced on August 10, 2005. It was discovered by Franck Marchis of UC Berkeley, and Pascal Descamps, Daniel Hestroffer, and Jérôme Berthier of the Observatoire de Paris, France, using the Yepun telescope of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile. Marchis, the project leader, was waiting for the",
"title": "Remus (moon)"
},
{
"idx": 27,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the earliest silver coins ever minted in Rome. The Franks Casket, an Anglo-Saxon ivory box (early 7th century AD) shows Romulus and Remus in an unusual setting, two wolves instead of one, a grove instead of one tree or a cave, four kneeling warriors instead of one or two gesticulating shepherds. According to one interpretation, and as the runic inscription (\"far from home\") indicates, the twins are cited here as the \"Dioscuri\", helpers at voyages such as Castor and Polydeuces. Their descent from the Roman god of war predestines them as helpers on the way to war. The carver transferred",
"title": "Romulus and Remus"
},
{
"idx": 28,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "throne. Amulius was killed and Numitor was reinstated as king of Alba. The twins set out to build a city of their own. After arriving back in the area of the seven hills, they disagreed about the hill upon which to build. Romulus preferred the Palatine Hill, above the Lupercal; Remus preferred the Aventine Hill. When they could not resolve the dispute, they agreed to seek the gods' approval through a contest of augury. Remus first saw 6 auspicious birds but soon afterward, Romulus saw 12, and claimed to have won divine approval. The new dispute furthered the contention between",
"title": "Romulus and Remus"
},
{
"idx": 29,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1. The moon is named after Remus, twin of the mythological founder of Rome, one of the children of Rhea Silvia raised by a wolf. 87 Sylvia has a low density, which indicates that it is probably a rubble pile asteroid formed when debris from a collision between its parent body and another asteroid re-accreted gravitationally. Thus it is likely that both Remus and Romulus are smaller rubble piles which accreted in orbit around the main body from debris of the same collision. In this case their albedo and density are expected to be similar to Sylvia's. Remus' orbit is",
"title": "Remus (moon)"
},
{
"idx": 30,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a cloud-filled background that transitions to a cosmic scene, ending with a still shot of the singer. The official music video was released later the same day. It was directed by Dave Meyers and features a monologue by Madonna, where she paraphrases the version of Ezekiel 25:17 that appears in the movie \"Pulp Fiction\". The video pays homage to \"The Creation of Adam\", Romulus and Remus, astronomy, female genitalia, and other visual imagery similar to that of \"No Tears Left to Cry\", also directed by Meyers, as well as Greek mythology. The video has been viewed more than 100 million",
"title": "God Is a Woman"
}
] | [
"Mars"
] | [
"The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the Latin kings of Alba Longa) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been ordered by her uncle the king to remain a virgin, in order to preserve the throne he had usurped from her father. Through divine intervention, the rightful line was restored when Rhea Silvia was impregnated by the god Mars. She gave birth to twins, who were duly exposed by order of the king but saved through a series of miraculous events."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_10 | Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"South Bend"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was a clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist and anti-catholic movement, in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on May 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in",
"title": "University of Notre Dame"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "kind of interest group for average white Protestants who believed that their values should be dominant in their community and state.\" Moore says that they joined: Northern Indiana's industrial cities had attracted a large Catholic population of European immigrants and their descendants. They established the University of Notre Dame, a major Catholic college near South Bend. In May 1924 when the KKK scheduled a regional meeting in the city, Notre Dame students blocked the Klansmen and stole some KKK regalia. The next day the Klansmen counterattacked. Finally the college president and the football coach Knute Rockne kept the students on",
"title": "Ku Klux Klan"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana. Frs. Charles L. O'Donnell (1928-1934) and John Francis O'Hara",
"title": "University of Notre Dame"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "John D'Arcy of the Ft. Wayne-South Bend, IN diocese condemned the festival as \"an abuse of academic freedom.\" Storin responded in a written statement, which said: \"within reason, we would prefer that our students encounter the secular American culture, with all its faults, in the context of their Catholic education rather than attempting to cloister them till the time they graduate, only then to confront reality.\" Notre Dame Queer Film Festival The Notre Dame Queer Film Festival was founded in 2004 and ran in 2005 under the same moniker. In 2006, under pressure from a new administration led by University",
"title": "Notre Dame Queer Film Festival"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the rivalry was renewed from 1992 to 1995. When Northwestern stunned No. 8 Notre Dame 17–15 as a 28-point underdog in 1995, the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" billed it as the \"Upset of the Century.\" In 2014, the rivalry was renewed in a two-game series, with Northwestern winning 43–40 in overtime in South Bend. It gave Northwestern only their second winning streak against the Irish since they won four straight from 1959–62. Notre Dame traveled to Evanston in November 2018 for their first encounter on the Wildcats' home turf since 1976. The Fighting Irish got their revenge for the Wildcats overtime upset",
"title": "Northwestern–Notre Dame football rivalry"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was a clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist and anti-catholic movement, in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on May 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in",
"title": "University of Notre Dame"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Chicago theatre world or the University's own faculty and staff. A number of professional actors are also employed, as well as Notre Dame and Saint Mary's students and South Bend community members. The integration of professional actors and designers with students creates a unique opportunity for those students who wish to pursue theatre as a profession following their graduation. In recent years, students and professionals from other universities such as Ball State University, the University of Minnesota's BFA program affiliated with the Guthrie Theater, and Northwestern University have participated in NDSF. \"The Taming of the Shrew\", 2000 \"Much Ado About",
"title": "Notre Dame Shakespeare Festival"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Umphrey's McGee Umphrey's McGee is an American rock band originally from South Bend, Indiana. Formed by students at the University of Notre Dame in 1997, UM has continued to add members. The band experiments with many musical styles, including rock, metal, funk, jazz, blues, reggae, electronic, bluegrass, and folk. They have toured regularly and released several albums. Formed by students at the University of Notre Dame in December 1997, members were guitarist/vocalist Brendan Bayliss, bassist Ryan Stasik, keyboardist Joel Cummins, and drummer Mike Mirro. Umphrey's McGee combined members of Tashi Station and Stomper Bob, two Notre Dame rock bands. Early",
"title": "Umphrey's McGee"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "1983 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team The 1983 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Gerry Faust and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana. Notre Dame made it to the Liberty Bowl where they faced Boston College and their prized quarterback Doug Flutie. Boston College scored first on a 13-yard touchdown pass but missed the extra point. Notre Dame came back as Allen Pinkett and Chris Smith each rushed for 100-plus yards, while Pinkett scored",
"title": "1983 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Bunyan Trophy. Michigan leads the series 68–34–5. Michigan also enjoys a spirited rivalry with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Michigan leads the series 24–17–1. The two schools are among the top college football programs in all-time wins (Michigan first, Notre Dame third) and winning percentage (Michigan first, Notre Dame second) in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A), so it is perhaps fitting that when college football was in its infancy, students from the University of Michigan traveled to South Bend to teach the game to students there. The Wolverines also have a tradition-rich history with the",
"title": "Michigan Wolverines"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "draught beer lines, 70 bottle beer options, a large selection of craft and micro-brews, wine and spirits, a diverse menu, a timeline of Notre Dame sports history, and 14 High-Definition plasma TVs. Executive chef Giuseppe Macerata was featured multiple times on South Bend's WSJV Fox 28 news cooking segment \"Wake Up!\". The nightclub at Legends of Notre Dame is only open to Notre Dame, Saint Mary's College and Holy Cross College students and their guests. Every Thursday, Friday and Saturday night during the academic year the club offers free live entertainment in the form of concerts, comedy shows, nightclubs and",
"title": "Legends of Notre Dame"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team The 2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Brian Kelly and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana. They competed as an independent. They finished the season 10–3, an impressive turnaround from the season before, where the Irish finished with their worst record since 2007. They were invited to the Citrus Bowl where they defeated LSU. The Irish would finish the season with four wins over teams that",
"title": "2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "from the straight tube is connected to the top of the sealed chamber and the pipe from the small tubes is directed into the bottom inside the float. Since the pressure difference determines the vertical position of the float this is a measure of the wind speed. The great advantage of the tube anemometer lies in the fact that the exposed part can be mounted on a high pole, and requires no oiling or attention for years; and the registering part can be placed in any convenient position. Two connecting tubes are required. It might appear at first sight as",
"title": "Anemometer"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Women's Royal Air Force and the dairy millionaire Tony Vernon. It is now part of the TailorMade Venues collection, a group of exclusive venues for weddings and private functions. The Hawk Inn is on the main road through the village, and dates from the 17th century; it is a Grade II listed building. The pub boasts carved woodwork both inside and out, including various carved faces and a number of engraved phrases on the exterior beams. The pub was once used for stabling horses and highwayman Dick Turpin supposedly once stayed there. Almost directly across from The Hawk Inn is",
"title": "Haslington"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "including the Burgess, Wheeler and Maotianshan Shales Lagerstatten. Genera referred to the class include \"Leanchoilia\", \"Alalcomenaeus\", \"Oestokerkus\", \"Yohoia\", \"Fortiforceps\", \"Jianfengia\", \"Yawunik\" and \"Isoxys\". Megacheira Megacheira (\"great hands\") is an extinct class of predatory arthropods that possessed a pair of short enlarged appendages (the source of the class' name). They strongly resemble early chelicerates. Most of them were found in marine environments throughout the world from the lower to middle Cambrian. The group might also contain one species (\"Enalikter aphson\") described from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte of the United Kingdom, and one species (\"Bundenbachiellus giganteus\") known from the Early Devonian of",
"title": "Megacheira"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "York and New Jersey, ethnic Dutch descendants struggled to preserve their European standards and traditions while developing a taste for revivalism and an American identity. Some members owned slaves, the most famous of the slaves being Sojourner Truth, and the church did not support abolitionism. In rural areas, ministers preached in Dutch until about 1830–1850, then switched to English, at the same time finally dropping the use of many traditional Dutch clothing and customs. Although some ministers favored revivals, generally the church did not support either the First or the Second Great Awakenings, which created much evangelical fervor. Immigration from",
"title": "Reformed Church in America"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "scheduled the rematch again for Belfast. Shelbourne refused to comply and forfeited the Cup. Such was the anger over the issue that the Leinster Football Association broke away from the IFA and formed its own national association. Those behind the FAI believed that football should be regulated by a federation based in the Irish Free State's capital, Dublin; they also accused the IFA of neglecting the development of the game in the South. The IFA's supporters argued that the federation should be based where the game was mainly played – namely Ulster, and its principal city Belfast. Both associations claimed",
"title": "Irish Football Association"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Ksycewski (pronounced \"Sneeze.)\" Cardinals coach Dutch Bergman used a modified Notre Dame system by retaining the best features of the methods he learned from Notre Dame coach Knute Rockne and added some fancy ones of his own.\" As a result, commentators said, the \"Cardinal attack is much more deceptive than the customary Notre Dame attack.\" Had they gone undefeated, the Cardinals likely would have received invitations to the Orange Bowl, where they played in 1936, and to the Sugar Bowl, but they lost to Saint Anselm College at Fenway Park in Boston halfway through the season. St. Anslem did not",
"title": "1940 Sun Bowl"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "how the country reflects that heritage even as it evolves. The School of Architecture also provides high school students with the opportunity to study architecture at Notre Dame for two weeks in the summer. The Career Discovery program is intended to help participants decide whether or not they want to pursue architecture in college, and if so, how they should prepare during their junior and senior years of high school. Notre Dame School of Architecture The University of Notre Dame School of Architecture was the first Catholic university in America to offer a degree in architecture, beginning in 1898. The",
"title": "Notre Dame School of Architecture"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of M.\" Between 400 and 500 students watched the game. After the game, the Michigan team ate at the Notre Dame dining hall. The Notre Dame student newspaper reported on the gratitude of Notre Dame officials for Michigan's tutorial in the game of football: \"After a hearty dinner, Rev. President Walsh thanked the Ann Arbor team for their visit, and assured them of the cordial reception that would always await them at Notre Dame.\" Brother Paul arranged for carriages to take the team to Niles in time to catch the 3:00 train to Chicago. The Notre Dame paper reported: \"At",
"title": "1887 Notre Dame football team"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500. Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution. Women had graduated from Notre Dame every year since 1917, but it was mostly religious sisters and generally limited to graduate programs. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was",
"title": "University of Notre Dame"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "New Jersey Residents may take the COOP exam in place of the TACHS Exam. Notre Dame does not have a COOP code number. Letters of acceptance are mailed in the month of January and registration for incoming freshmen begin in the month of March. Notre Dame School is a private, Catholic secondary school for girls. The enrollment is 344 with a student-faculty ratio of 13:1. Since its founding in 1912, education at Notre Dame has been characterized by close, family-like relationships between students and faculty. The educational program at Notre Dame is college preparatory and directed towards the development of",
"title": "Notre Dame School (Manhattan)"
}
] | [
"South Bend"
] | [
"The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_486 | How many national newspapers out of the three are from New York? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"2"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria",
"title": "New York City"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "many of its live-action counterparts, \"Dragon\" delivers. And good thing, too, since DWA desperately needs another toon to cross the half-billion-dollar threshold.\" Elizabeth Weitzman of the \"New York Daily News\" gave the film three out of five stars, saying 'It's the unflinching edge that gives the film its unexpected depth'.\" Jocelyn Noveck of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying \"\"How to Train Your Dragon 2\" doesn't play it safe, and that's why it's the rare sequel that doesn't feel somewhat stale.\" Lou Lumenick of the \"New York Post\" gave the film three out of",
"title": "How to Train Your Dragon 2"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "actress, in the late 1930s while he was working as a press agent. Susann was impressed by his ability to place \"items\" about her in the theater and society pages of New York newspapers, and they were married on April 2, 1939. Susann gave birth to their only child, Guy Hildy Mansfield, on December 6, 1946. At the age of three, Guy was diagnosed as autistic. In an interview with \"People\" magazine in 1983, Mansfield described his son and how he found out his son was autistic: Guy was eventually institutionalized, although the Mansfields never revealed the true reason for",
"title": "Irving Mansfield"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "list are accounts in New York newspapers. The sources for this selective list are accounts in New York newspapers. Stefan Hirsch Stefan Hirsch (January 2, 1899 – September 28, 1964) was an American artist. Many of his paintings have the hard edges, smooth surfaces, and simplified forms of the precisionists and their typical subjects—cityscapes and industrial scenes—are sometimes also his, but in general his works have an emotional element and, as one critic as said, \"take on an otherworldly tone\" that sets them apart. In addition to work showing a personal version of precisionism, he produced paintings, drawings, and prints",
"title": "Stefan Hirsch"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Operation Delta Force Operation Delta Force is a telefilm and direct-to-video film series comprising 5 entries. All five films credit Danny Lerner as a writer and producer. David Sparling was involved in the writing of all but the final installment. Yossi Wein was the cinematographer for the first film, and he was the director of the second and fifth films. The actors starring in the film were Ernie Hudson, Jeff Fahey, Frank Zagarino, Todd Jensen, Joe Lara and Hal Holbrook. Focusing on the activities of an elite group of US soldiers (Delta Force), the film titles apparently attempt to capitalize",
"title": "Operation Delta Force"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Hollis and Eastern Railroad Hollis and Eastern Railroad is a shortline railroad which operated in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The railroad's tracks connected Duke to connections with the BNSF Railway, Farmrail and Wichita, Tillman and Jackson Railway at Altus, Oklahoma. The H&E line was originally constructed by the Altus, Wichita Falls & Hollis Railway and the Wichita Falls & Northwestern Railway in 1912. Both of these predecessor railroads were part of the \"Wichita Falls Route\" and were soon purchased by the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad (MKT). The Hollis & Eastern was incorporated on October 15, 1958, beginning operations on the former",
"title": "Hollis and Eastern Railroad"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Kastrioti (kephale) Kastrioti or Castriot of Kanina, who was a kephale of Kanina in 1368, was the first member of the Kastrioti family mentioned in historical documents. He was the father of Pal Kastrioti, grandfather of Gjon Kastrioti and great-grandfather of Skanderbeg. Some scholars believe that his first name was Branilo, while other scholars suggest that this belief is the result of misreading a historical document. Kephale Kastrioti was the first member of the Kastrioti family mentioned in historical documents. Kastrioti family is originally from western Kosovo, from where Kastrioti came to Kanina. It is assumed that Kastrioti (or his",
"title": "Kastrioti (kephale)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "his knee and the other great leaders, Nai Chan and Khun San died of wounds taken while trying to take the Burmese forts. The village was by now dispirited and hopeless, and faced a siege by the Burmese in the form of cannon fire, siege towers and tunnelling under the village walls. Eventually the village was overrun despite resistance to the end - five months after the first act of resistance and the only notable act of successful opposition by a Siamese force in a war characterized by the failure of Ayutthuya, its professional armies and its Generals. The historical",
"title": "Bang Rachan"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Charles J. Martin House The Charles J. Martin House is a house in the Lowry Hill neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The 1903 Renaissance Revival mansion and its grounds are a well-preserved example of an early-20th-century urban estate. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 for having local significance in architecture. The house was built for Charles J. Martin. He served for many years as the secretary and treasurer of the Washburn-Crosby Company, a predecessor of General Mills. Martin also promoted civic causes such as city parks, libraries, and art societies. The house",
"title": "Charles J. Martin House"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Eagle Newspapers (New York) Eagle Newspapers is composed of six community newspapers and several niche publications serving Syracuse, New York and Central New York. Owned by Community Media Group LLC, Eagle Newspapers includes the Baldwinsville Messenger, Eagle Star-Review (Liverpool, Clay, North Syracuse, Cicero, Salina), Cazenovia Republican, Skaneateles Press, Eagle Bulletin (Manlius, Fayetteville, DeWitt, Jamesville, Minoa, East Syracuse), Eagle Observer (Camillus, Marcellus, Jordan, Elbridge), Syracuse Parent, Syracuse Prime, Syracuse Woman Magazine, Excellence and the CNY Employment Guide. The award-winning weekly newspapers are available for home delivery, or can be purchased in their home communities at retail outlets. Syracuse Parent, CNY Employment",
"title": "Eagle Newspapers (New York)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "readers are omitted from international editions; in others, of interest to expatriates, significant national news is retained. As English became the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are printed for a local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach. Similarly, in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or many tourists, newspapers in languages",
"title": "Newspaper"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to state competition, the exact number depending on how many regions there are and how many teams compete. For example, in Ohio, the number of teams qualifying for the state tournament from each regional depends solely on the number of teams participating at that regional, whereas in New York the allocation system involved determining whether or not the winning team in a regional tournament had won the previous year (this method has since been discontinued). In most states, the top team advances from the state to the national competition. Some states with a larger number of teams are allotted a",
"title": "Science Olympiad"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "answer: \"Et tu, Brute.\" Allen's reply: \"How many pizzas did you eat, Caesar?\"); and dramatic comedy readings of real letters to the editor from New York City newspapers. The live Sunday night show's competition was \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" on CBS and \"Maverick\" on ABC. One of Allen's guests was comedian Johnny Carson, a future successor as host of \"The Tonight Show\". Among Carson's material during that appearance was a portrayal of how a poker game between Allen, Sullivan, and \"Maverick\" star James Garner (all impersonated by Carson) would transpire. Allen's programs also featured a good deal of music. He",
"title": "Steve Allen"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "interviewer that Jewish journalism has improved in quality over the last 20 years, but that there are constraints because many American Jewish newspapers are owned by Jewish federations, rather than being independent corporations. This problem, he said, is not different from the problems faced by other newspapers: \"Nobody at the Philadelphia Inquirer reports aggressively on Knight-Ridder Corp.\" He told an interviewer for the \"New York Times\" that \"My job as editor is to talk about things people are not willing to talk about.\" In the same article, the \"Times\" wrote that \"In his three-year tenure at \"The Ledger\", an independently",
"title": "Jonathan S. Tobin"
}
] | [
"2"
] | [
"More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_708 | In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Nikayas"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "to not experience the world and painful feelings. \"Dukkha\" ceases, or can be confined, when craving and clinging cease or are confined. This also means that no more karma is being produced, and rebirth ends. Cessation is \"nirvana\", \"blowing out,\" and peace of mind. By following the Buddhist path to \"moksha\", liberation, one starts to disengage from craving and clinging to impermanent states and things. The term \"path\" is usually taken to mean the Noble Eightfold Path, but other versions of \"the path\" can also be found in the Nikayas. The Theravada tradition regards insight into the four truths as",
"title": "Buddhism"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "per square mile (15.1/km²). There were 782 housing units at an average density of 22.6/sq mi (8.7/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 98.37% White, 0.15% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population. There were 496 households out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.6% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.3% were non-families. 12.7% of all households",
"title": "Munson Township, Stearns County, Minnesota"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "compiled by \"Siguranța Statului\" secret service stated allegations about his \"lack of respect\" for King Ferdinand I, his ridicule of \"our healthy customs\" and for tradition, his recourse to \"most detestable pornography\" and \"deranged sexuality\". The period also saw Aderca and other young modernists in conflict with historian Nicolae Iorga, the editor of \"Cuget Clar\" review and doyen of Romanian traditionalism, who branded Aderca as a purveyor of \"sick\" literature. At \"Cuvântul Liber\", he defended in effigy the classic of Romanian cosmopolitanism and literary realism, Ion Luca Caragiale, from attacks by the modern traditionalist, N. Davidescu (whom Aderca dismissed as",
"title": "Felix Aderca"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2001 with the Bank of the West logo. As of 2012 the building no longer features any exterior signage. Bank of the West Tower (Albuquerque) Bank of the West Tower is a highrise office building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is located on Central Avenue some east of Downtown. At , the 17-story tower was the tallest building in New Mexico when completed in 1963. It is now the fifth tallest building in the state, and the tallest outside of Downtown Albuquerque. The building was developed by the Del Webb Corporation and designed by the architectural firm of Flatow, Moore,",
"title": "Bank of the West Tower (Albuquerque)"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the repêchage round, beating his opponent Bilal Hussain Awad of Pakistan 4-0 there. That pushed him into the bronze medal match where he unfortunately lost 3-0 to Mamed Ibragimov of Kazakhstan. In honour of the Indian festival of Navratri, the 1st Rustam-e-International tournament was held in Katra, Jammu and ended on 22 October 2015. Participants from England, Belarus and Ukraine competed in the tournament which took place in the Vivekanand Stadium in Katra. Kadian was the 3rd Indian wrestler taking part in the tournament along with Binia Bin and Parvindra. The latter wrestlers beat Ukrainian wrestler Myhailo Datsenko and",
"title": "Satyawart Kadian"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "plight of the Biharis but could not allow them to emigrate to Pakistan. As of 2006, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) had not addressed the plight of the Biharis. On May 19, 2008, the Dhaka High Court approved citizenship and voting rights for about 150,000 refugees who were minors at the time of Bangladesh's 1971 war of independence. Those born in the country since the war also gained citizenship and the right to vote. Due to their initial pro-Pakistan stance, the Biharis were consistent in their wish to be repatriated to Pakistan. Initially, 83,000",
"title": "Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "texts is \"insisted on only in certain theoretical contexts\", while they use the terms \"atta, purisa, puggala\" quite naturally and freely in various contexts. The elaboration of the anatta doctrine, along with identification of the words such as \"puggala\" as \"permanent subject or soul\" appears in later Buddhist literature. \"Anattā\" is one of the main bedrock doctrines of Buddhism, and its discussion is found in the later texts of all Buddhist traditions. For example, the Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna (~200 CE), extensively wrote about rejecting the metaphysical entity called \"attā\" or \"ātman\" (self, soul), asserting in chapter 18 of his \"Mūlamadhyamakakārikā\"",
"title": "Anatta"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of 1857. A more recent variant that emerged in the 1980s is \"originalism\", the assertion that the United States Constitution should be interpreted to the maximum extent possible in the light of what it meant when it was adopted. Originalism should not be confused with a similar conservative ideology, strict constructionism, which deals with the interpretation of the Constitution as written, but not necessarily within the context of the time when it was adopted. In modern times, the term originalism has been used by Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia, former federal judge Robert Bork and some other conservative jurists to",
"title": "Conservatism in the United States"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "headed Buddhist monks of a later era. These should not be considered as Buddha's teachings in Ambedkar's view. These are other core doctrines of Buddhism. Anatta relates to no-self (no soul) concept. Ambedkar believed that there is an inherent contradiction between the three concepts, either Anatta is incorrect or there cannot be Karma and Rebirth with Anatta in Ambedkar's view. Other foundational concepts of Buddhism such as Karma and Rebirth were considered by Ambedkar as superstitions. A Bhikshu is a member of the monastic practice, a major historic tradition in all schools of Buddhism. According to Ambedkar, this was a",
"title": "Navayana"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Proof by assertion Proof by assertion, sometimes informally referred to as proof by repeated assertion, is an informal fallacy in which a proposition is repeatedly restated regardless of contradiction. Sometimes, this may be repeated until challenges dry up, at which point it is asserted as fact due to its not being contradicted (\"argumentum ad nauseam\"). In other cases, its repetition may be cited as evidence of its truth, in a variant of the appeal to authority or appeal to belief fallacies. This fallacy is sometimes used as a form of rhetoric by politicians, or during a debate as a filibuster.",
"title": "Proof by assertion"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Metaphysical solipsism Metaphysical solipsism is the variety of idealism which asserts that nothing exists externally to \"this one mind\", and since \"this mind\" is the whole of reality then the \"external world\" was never anything more than an \"idea\". It can also be expressed by the assertion \"there is nothing external to these present experiences\", in other words, no reality exists beyond whatever is presently being sensed. The aforementioned definition of solipsism entails the non-existence of anything presently unperceived including the external world, causation, other minds (including God's mind or a subconscious mind), the past or future, and a subject",
"title": "Metaphysical solipsism"
}
] | [
"Nikayas"
] | [
"Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really \"I\" or \"mine\"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions \"I have a Self\" and \"I have no Self\" as ontological views that bind one to suffering.[note 9] When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha refused to answer. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (skandhas) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_5834 | Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called \"The Sing-Off\" aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second, third and fourth season, won by Committed, Pentatonix and Home Free respectively. Each year,",
"title": "A cappella"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "dropped about 120,000 years ago and the crater became a swampy depression until 1 m of fill was added and drainage installed to make it a recreational sports field. Boggust Park Crater Boggust Park Crater is a volcano in Auckland, New Zealand. Located in the Favona area of the Mangere suburb, it is one of Auckland city's older volcanoes. It was first recognised as a volcano in 2011. The park in which it is located is named after Ralph Boggust, former superintendent of Manukau Parks Dept. The volcano has a 300–400 m diameter crater surrounded on three sides by a",
"title": "Boggust Park Crater"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "have proven to be a very reliable unit despite operating a variety of demanding services including Sligo. They were largely returned to their intended Commuter service since deliveries of 22000 Class DMUs commenced in 2007, which displaced them from Sligo line workings in 2008, though there are still services to and from Rosslare Harbour with the 29000 Class DMUs. However, they remained in their \"Commuter\" livery when working this long-distance line. The November 2009 timetable change finally saw the end of the 29000s running West of Dublin from Heuston Station to Newbridge/Kildare and Carlow. The services have been covered by",
"title": "IE 29000 Class"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Titanic Memorial, Belfast The \"Titanic\" Memorial in Belfast was erected to commemorate the lives lost in the sinking of the RMS \"Titanic\" on 15 April 1912. It was funded by contributions from the public, shipyard workers, and victims' families, and was dedicated in June 1920. It sits on Donegall Square in central Belfast in the grounds of Belfast City Hall. The memorial presents an allegorical representation of the disaster in the form of a female personification of Death, or Fate, holding a laurel wreath over the head of a drowned sailor raised above the waves by a pair of mermaids.",
"title": "Titanic Memorial, Belfast"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Liuato Tuitele, who had been Malae's running mate before he dropped out of the race, decided to pursue his own candidacy for Governor of American Samoa. Tuitele was the third candidate to announce his intention to run for governor in 2012. He chose Tofoitaufa Sandra King Young as his running mate for Lieutenant Governor. King Young, who served as the acting Director of the Office of Insular Affairs under President Bill Clinton, is the founder and CEO of the Pacific Islands Center for Educational Development. Tuitele ran against five other gubernatorial candidates in the election. In September 2012, the Tuitele",
"title": "Save Liuato Tuitele"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "de Giglan filz de messire Gauvain qui fut roy de Galles. Et de Geoffroy de Maience son compaignon, tous deux chevaliers de la Table ronde\" (Lyons, c. 1530). But Schofield found that 1539 edition was actually published by \"Hilles et Jaques Huguetan frères\" in Lyons. Plantin's version was later given an 18-page summary entitled \"Geoffroy de Mayence\" in the (1777) by the Comte de Tressan. A 16th century Spanish prose version also appeared, commonly referred to as \"\" in shorthand (first published 1513 under the full title: \"La coronica\" (sic.) \"de los nobles caualleros Tablante de Ricamonte y de Jofre",
"title": "Jaufre"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "can be used to keep certain information private from groups of people. For example, bands can reward loyal fans in exclusive circles by granting access to private information or content. Fans are encouraged to support their favorite artists in order to move up in their circles and “get closer” to the artist. \"Monetary Contributions\" Kroogi allows all users and projects to get compensated based on a “Pay What You Want” model. All content can be made available for downloads, and users can set up a money system to receive monetary contributions for all content and activity. Artists can also set",
"title": "Kroogi"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "player can avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining. The winners of chess tournaments are often rewarded with monetary prizes. Often, the chess tournament draws its prizes from a prize fund, from which all the winners in each section are rewarded. For example, the 2008 World Open chess tournament had a prize fund of $400,000. The winner of the open section was rewarded $30,000, while the winners of lesser sections were awarded subsequently smaller amounts. Other chess tournaments, such as the World Chess Championship, also reward the winners with a title, such as the \"World Chess Champion\". Lesser tournaments",
"title": "Chess tournament"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "had similar criticisms, saying of \"Excuse Me, Coach\" that \"I'm not sure what they were thinking, and I'm not sure I want to know\", and calling the spoken-word verses in \"Diary of a Teen Tragedy\" \"downright cringeworthy\": \"The reality remains that the Caterer brothers are not high schoolers. Hearing a man in his late 30s sing about how he can't get a prom date is a little off-putting.\" However, he called these \"small complaints\", concluding that \"Aside from a couple blunders, \"This Is Only a Test\" is a thoroughly enjoyable pop-rock album. At a brisk 10 songs totaling less than",
"title": "This Is Only a Test"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Mission: Composing Mission Winner: Kang Seung-yoon, Jang Jae-in, Huh Gak Reward: Call to love one, Free Time Performance: Michael Jackson Special Weekly Mission: Worldstar Performance Mission Winner: Huh Gak Reward: Headphones, Performance Order Performance: Judges Hit Remake Weekly Mission: Candid Camera Mission Winner: Huh Gak Reward: Digital Camera, Performance Order Performance: Audiences' Song Choice Weekly Mission: Commercial Mission Winner: John Park Reward: 100 boxes of Coca-Cola, 3D Laptop, Performance Order Performance: Free Performance & Title Song Performance Superstar K 2 Superstar K2 is a South Korean television show on Mnet. \"Superstar K2\" is season two of the Superstar competition series",
"title": "Superstar K 2"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "areas of (theoretical) mathematics and having figured importantly in the development of many of them. Paul Erdős posed hundreds, if not thousands, of mathematical problems, many of them profound. Erdős often offered monetary rewards; the size of the reward depended on the perceived difficulty of the problem. The end of the millennium, being also the centennial of Hilbert's announcement of his problems, was a natural occasion to propose \"a new set of Hilbert problems.\" Several mathematicians accepted the challenge, notably Fields Medalist Steve Smale, who responded to a request of Vladimir Arnold by proposing a list of 18 problems. Smale's",
"title": "Hilbert's problems"
}
] | [
"a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music"
] | [
"Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_8521 | What organization was Rome's official caretaker? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"the senate"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. \"In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans\". The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular",
"title": "Religion in ancient Rome"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. \"In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans\". The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular",
"title": "Religion in ancient Rome"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "included: an Education bill to improve standards in Scottish schools; land reform to give right of access to the countryside, a bill to abolish the feudal system of land tenure; and a bill to establish National Parks in Scotland. In April 2000, Dewar was admitted to hospital for tests on his heart, following a previous test where a minor irregularity was discovered. In May 2000, he had surgery to repair a leaking heart valve, and was forced to take a three-month break from Parliament, with Deputy First Minister Jim Wallace taking over as Acting First Minister. He returned to work",
"title": "Donald Dewar"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "cut a version for printer Girolamo Soncino, and other copies appeared in Italy and in Lyons. The Italians called the character Aldino, while others called it Italic. Italics spread rapidly; historian Hendrik Vervliet dates the first production of italics in Paris to 1512. Some printers of Northern Europe used home-made supplements to add characters not used in Italian, or mated it to alternative capitals, including Gothic ones. Besides imitations of Griffo's italic and its derivatives, a second wave appeared of \"chancery\" italics, most popular in Italy, which Vervliet describes as being based on \"a more deliberate and formal handwriting [with]",
"title": "Italic type"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2011. With regards to the album, Melissa Themeli of Our City Radio stated that \"Memory of a Melody has seamlessly shaped an album that boldly attacks the blandness of modern rock by wrapping pounding rhythms, and intricate guitar work around catchy, hard-edged vocals\" and that \"The diverse collection of songs masterfully demonstrates the band’s ability to pummel and thrash while fitting in perfectly with rock radio.\" In December 2013, the ensemble released a music video for \"Phantoms & Shadows\" starring Alyssa Onyx, Stephanie Galdos, and Audry Bond. Produced by Stephen Castro and the movie team from Will Scoville film \"Voice",
"title": "Memory of a Melody"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Fresco\" (2014) - \"Skinny Fresco Vol. 2\" (2014) - \"Skinny Fresco Vol. 3\" (2015) Fresh Moss Tysheef Moss (born October 3, 1989) better known by his stage name Fresh Moss is an African American rapper from Newark, New Jersey. He's an independent artist and member of the Hip-Hop collective LVLYSL INC. He is best known for his critically acclaimed Skinny Fresco mixtape series. On March 26, 2015 he released his sixth mixtape \"Skinny Fresco Vol. 3\". Growing up Fresh Moss lived in Newark, New Jersey. His debut mixtape \"New Jersey Drive\" hosted by DJ Spin King was released April 25,",
"title": "Fresh Moss"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "North Dakota from 1970 to 1981. He was a Grafton municipal judge from 1975 to 1981. He was the United States Attorney for the District of North Dakota from 1981 to 1987. Webb was a member of the United States Attorney General’s Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys and member of the Indian Affairs Subcommittee. He retired from the North Dakota Army National Guard J.A.G. Corps with the rank of colonel. Webb was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on May 5, 1987, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota vacated by Judge",
"title": "Rodney Scott Webb"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of the Papal States until 1870. In September 1870, what was left of the Papal States was overthrown. About five months later, in 1871, Rome became the capital of the new Kingdom of Italy. The palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy, though some monarchs, notably King Victor Emmanuel III (reigned 1900–1946) actually lived in a private residence elsewhere (Villa Savoia), the Quirinale being used simply as an office and for state functions. The monarchy was abolished in 1946 and the Palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic. Still,",
"title": "Quirinal Palace"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The Band of Honest Men The Band of Honest Men (original title: La banda degli onesti) is a 1956 black and white Italian comedy film. The film is known as \"Die Bande der Ehrlichen\" in West Germany, and \"Totó e as Notas Falsas\" in Portugal. It was filmed in Rome. Antonio Buonocore, caretaker of a building in Rome with a German wife, is to attend the passing of Mr. Andrea, an elderly tenant who, before dying, tells him to be in possession of a suitcase inside with a few original clichés of the Bank of Italy, of which he had",
"title": "The Band of Honest Men"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "broadcasts to Africa. While in Rome, he studied political science at the university of level. In February 1964, M. S. Samantar obtained his PhD in Political Science from the University of Rome La Sapienza and joined the Somali Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was ambassador to the European Economic Community in Brussels from 1964 to 1966, to Italy and the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) in Rome from 1969 to 1974, and to the French Government in Paris from 1974 to 1979. He was one of the main Somali architects and strategists for Djibouti's independence from France in 1977. He",
"title": "Mohamed Said Samatar"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the World Apostolate of Fátima held an official ceremony for the consignment of the decree and the approval of its statutes at the Pontifical Council for the Laity in Rome. The World Apostolate of Fátima is now headquartered in Fátima, Portugal. This organization was formed in 1949 in Louisville, Kentucky by Sylvan Mattingly, a Xaverian Brother who inspired by the message of Our Lady of Fátima decided to form a rosary making club. The organization started modestly, with $25 donated by an old couple for a typewriter and was based in the basement of St. Xavier High School. Sylvan Mattingly",
"title": "Catholic Marian movements and societies"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the activities of the Organization, to foster communication and the exchange of information amongst themselves and to promote the development of the Organization and its presence and influence. To accomplish those aims the Regional Secretariats organize activities intended to promote the Organization´s values and objectives. The OWHC has five official languages: English, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic. Of those English, French and Spanish are working languages. During the founding of the OWHC in 1993 the member cities defined the goals and mission the Organization should have in the future. At the fourth General Assembly in Evora (Portugal) in 1997",
"title": "Organization of World Heritage Cities"
}
] | [
"the senate"
] | [
"Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. \"In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans\"."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_5409 | What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"over 10 joules of energy"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit relatively high absorption, while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in flashtubes, television sets, and defibrillators, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere",
"title": "Capacitor"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit relatively high absorption, while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in flashtubes, television sets, and defibrillators, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere",
"title": "Capacitor"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The child died from respiratory complications, possibly the only death from the outbreak, but the cause of death may not have been chikungunya since the child was delivered prematurely . The Thai physicians gave a preliminary presumption that chikungunya virus might be transmitted from a mother to her foetus. Outbreaks in the Pacific Islands began in New Caledonia in 2011 and have since occurred in a number of Pacific countries. Fully 1/2 of the entire population of French Polynesia has come down with chikungunya Asian genotype (130,000 cases with 14 dead), exploding from a month earlier with 35,000 cases in",
"title": "Epidemiology of chikungunya"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "hit. Four men on the construction train died. One of the forced labourers was hanged on a burnt-out carriage for alleged theft. A memorial stone in front of the station building commemorates this incident. Train fares at the station are set by the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV). The station has a platform next to the entrance building and an island platform. It has a train dispatcher who operates the level crossing barriers and blocks passenger access to the island platform depending on the traffic situation. Großen Buseck is served by Regionalbahn services of the Hessische Landesbahn, which operate services on the Vogelsberg",
"title": "Großen Buseck station"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The sprinkler system will not operate unless there is sufficient heat acting on any sprinkler head (which are independent of each other and do not operate in unison). The only time when One Canada Square was fully evacuated was on 30 October 2001, during a test drill in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks. The test drill was unsuccessful as tenants were notified beforehand, hence evacuation was much quicker than expected by Canary Wharf Security. When the fire alarm activates on a floor, audio instructions tailored to each floor of the building sound. All floors will receive an evacuation",
"title": "One Canada Square"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a trade unionist he also became active in the Labour Party and was selected in 1928 to stand for the party in the London County Council elections in the safe seat of Rotherhithe. Herbert Morrison spotted him and in 1932 appointed him Chief Whip to the Labour Group, a job he retained until he became Leader. Hayward switched to representing Deptford in 1937, and sat until 1955; he served as an Alderman from 1955 until the LCC was abolished in 1965 - a record of 36 years unbroken service which was more than any other member in the LCC's history.",
"title": "Isaac Hayward"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "yachts; today Sutton Harbour has more than 450. The Marina is managed by Sutton Harbour Holdings PLC. The National Marine Aquarium is the largest marine aquarium in the United Kingdom, with around 400 marine species, including a deep tank holding 2.5 million litres (550,000 Imperial gallons) of water. The aquarium opened in 1998. Sutton Harbour Sutton Harbour, formerly known as Sutton Pool, is the original port of the City of Plymouth in Devon, England. It is still a busy fishing port and marina and is bounded on one side by the historic Barbican district. It is famous as the last",
"title": "Sutton Harbour"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "no triggering signal the charging circuit is re-connected to charge the capacitor. The amount of energy the CDI system can store for the generation of a spark is dependent on the voltage and capacitance of the capacitors used, but usually it is around 50 mJ, or more. The standard points/coil/distributor ignition, more properly called the inductive discharge ignition system or Kettering ignition system, produces 25mJ at low speed and drops off quickly as speed increases. One factor often not taken into consideration when discussing CDI spark energy is the actual energy provided to the spark gap versus the energy applied",
"title": "Capacitor discharge ignition"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Energy biofuels “emit less CO2, contain no sulphur compounds, and are generally more efficient due to their higher energy density”. The goals of the EU are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce their dependency on other nations for fossil fuels. For this resource to be considered renewable the EU has strict sustainability standards for the production of and use of biofuels. The 3 main criteria for biofuels to be sustainable and allowed for use are 1. Biofuels must achieve greenhouse gas savings of at least 35% versus fossil fuels, which then rises to 50% in 2017, then rises again",
"title": "Biofuel in the European Union"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "charge the flash capacitor immediately after power-up, and some even just by inserting the batteries. Merely inserting the battery into the camera can prime the capacitor to become dangerous or at least unpleasant for up to several days. The energy involved is also fairly significant; a 330 microfarad capacitor charged to 300 volts (common ballpark values found in cameras) stores almost 15 joules of energy. In the 1969 book \"The Andromeda Strain\" and the 1971 motion picture, specialized exposure to a xenon flash apparatus was used to burn off the outer epithelial layers of human skin as an antiseptic measure",
"title": "Flashtube"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to establish the dangerous probability of success that is the object of § 2's prohibition of attempts.\" \"The Court's decisions since \"Swift\" have reflected the view that the plaintiff charging attempted monopolization must prove a dangerous probability of actual monopolization, which has generally required a definition of the relevant market and examination of market power.\" The Courts of Appeals other than the Ninth Circuit have followed this approach. It is generally required that to demonstrate attempted monopolization a plaintiff must prove: \"In order to determine whether there is a dangerous probability of monopolization, courts have found it necessary to consider",
"title": "Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "just a capacitor (relying on parasitic resistance and inductance in the supply) or a capacitor-inductor network. An active power factor correction circuit at the input would generally reduce the harmonic currents further and maintain the power factor closer to unity. AC power Power in an electric circuit is the rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of power that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in",
"title": "AC power"
}
] | [
"over 10 joules of energy"
] | [
"Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material will show some level of \"dielectric absorption\" or \"soakage\". On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it, after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric. This effect can be objectionable in applications such as precision sample and hold circuits or timing circuits. The level of absorption depends on many factors, from design considerations to charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit very high absorption, while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in flashtubes, television sets, and defibrillators, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere from 0.01 to 20% of its original charge over a period of several minutes, allowing a seemingly safe capacitor to become surprisingly dangerous."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_811 | When did American Idol begin? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"2002"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18–34 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the seventh-season finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over the sixth season as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast",
"title": "American Idol"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "50 Singles (did not release until Mid-2003), number 60 on the Austrian Ö3 Austria Top 40, and number 62 on the Switzerland Singles Chart. The song, along with Robin himself, was featured in a 2002 commercial for Sprite with appearances by Paula Patton and Andre Harrell. The song received its most attention in the US in 2007, when \"American Idol\" runner-up Blake Lewis performed it during the top three. It has been a staple of other \"Idol\" productions as well, notably appearing on \"New Zealand Idol\" and \"Australian Idol\". This song was featured in the films \"The Rules of Attraction\"",
"title": "When I Get You Alone"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Clark states in his book, \"Initially no charges were filed against me, and I was refunded my $116.00 USD bond money after attending a November 11, 2002 court hearing back in Topeka.\" That December, after Clark had filled out his contracts for \"American Idol\" and was publicly named a semi-finalist on the show, the state district attorney elected to proceed with the case and filed charges against him. According to \"American Idol\"'s producers, Clark did not disclose his arrest record when joining the competition, although Clark maintains in Chapter 6 of his book entitled \"American Paulatics\" that he spoke with",
"title": "Corey Clark"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "judge Simon Cowell. On the April 21, 2010 \"Idol Gives Back\" special, the show went over its scheduled 2-hour slot to 10:24 PM EST. Seacrest did warn viewers at the end of the previous night's performance show that the episode would run overtime. Due to this, Tim Urban, the contestant that was eliminated that night, did not get to sing his final song. Immediately after winning \"American Idol\" on September 4, 2002, Kelly Clarkson was arranged to sing \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" by her then management company, 19 Entertainment, at a special commemoration the following week for the first anniversary of",
"title": "American Idol controversies"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "did not receive guaranteed audition spot since it was designated for the \"Cenla Idol\" winner. \"Natchez Idol\" competition held only one time.\" Cenla Idol Cenla Idol is a local singing talent contest, conducted each year by local Fox affiliate WNTZ-TV. The series of off-air singing competitions are based on the Fox television show \"American Idol\". The local competition began in late 2002 exclusively on local radio station KQID-FM, but eventually broadened with WNTZ-TV as the controlling partner (due to its Fox television affiliation), and a radio station {KHFX (2003); KQID (2004–2006, 2010-2011); KLAA (2009)} as the secondary partner. WNTZ legally",
"title": "Cenla Idol"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "renewed the revival series for another season. Perry, Bryan and Richie will return as judges, while Seacrest will return as host. Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of \"American Idol\". It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall. \"American Idol\" premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of",
"title": "American Idol"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the length of the river into the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (NWSRS). This environment also allowed Native Americans to settle in the river's basin as early as 10,000 years ago. Regulation of the river began in 1905 with the Cazadero Dam. In 1912, the River Mill Dam intercepted wood and coarse sediment. Later dams at North Fork, Oak Grove, Stone Creek, and Timothy Lake also intercepted wood sediment on the lower river. The Clackamas River arises on the western slopes of the Cascade Range near Olallie Butte, between Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson in the Mount Hood National",
"title": "Clackamas River"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "on it, he asked his sick friend to confirm it in writing. On 11 December 1749, Pakubuwana II signed an agreement in which the \"sovereignty\" of Mataram was given to VOC. On 15 December 1749, Hohendorff announced the accession of Pakubuwana II's son as the new king of Mataram with the title Pakubuwana III. However, three days earlier, Mangkubumi in his stronghold in Yogyakarta also announced his accession with the title Mangkubumi, with Mas Said as his patih. This rebellion got stronger day by day and even in 1753 the Crown Prince of Surakarta joined the rebels. VOC decided that",
"title": "Mataram Sultanate"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "10-inch howitzers; and mortars of 10- and 13-inches. Wartime additions to the Federal seacoast artillery inventory included Parrott rifles, ranging from 6.4-inch to 10-inch (300-pounder). New columbiads, developed by Ordnance Lieutenant Thomas J. Rodman, included 8-inch, 10-inch, and 15-inch models. The Confederates produced some new seacoast artillery of their ownBrooke rifles in 6.4-inch and 7-inch versions. They also imported weapons from England, including 7- and 8-inch Armstrong rifles, 6.3-tol2.5-inch Blakely rifles, and 5-inch Whitworth rifles. Seacoast artillery fired the same projectiles as siege artillery but with one addition - hot shot. As its name implies, hot shot was solid shot",
"title": "Armies in the American Civil War"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of the existing Budd's Lake Road were used between Budd Lake and Netcong. From Netcong the route used the old Morris Turnpike to Ledgewood and the Dover Turnpike to Dover, running into Dover on Blackwell Street. Blackwell Street led to Rockaway Road, becoming Main Street in Rockaway, from which it used the old Parsippany and Rockaway Turnpike to Denville. At Denville, Route 5 turned south, while Route 12 continued east along the Parsippany and Rockaway Turnpike to Pine Brook. The route left the old turnpike there to head northeast towards Paterson, starting with the Pine Brook Road (now Fairfield Road",
"title": "U.S. Route 46"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "house is the most important area where the dance takes place. Each maloca has two entrances, for men and for women. Married men and women sleep together, and unmarried men sleep separately, as do unmarried women. A maloca is traditionally surrounded with two gardens: the inner called the kitchen gardens (growing plants such as bananas, papaya, mango and pineapple) and the manioc gardens growing manioc (yuca). For many years, these long houses were Jesuit missionaries’ objects of attack. Maloca A maloca is an ancestral long house used by the natives of the Amazon, notably in Colombia and Brazil. Each community",
"title": "Maloca"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "relationship psychotherapist, and a pastor do their best American Idol impressions, break down the myriad problems couples are having during the act, will only make people more apprehensive when it comes to having sex. And what business does a pastor have lecturing people about his or her sexual performance? Religion is one of the driving forces behind this country’s prudishness to begin with.\" The \"Washington Post\" reviewed an early episode of the show, writing \"This show is therapeutic in so many ways. First, because the experts encourage the couple to talk to each other about their sexual problems, and that",
"title": "Sex Box (U.S. TV series)"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "are supposed to. The women begin to do the Kummi Adi, a folk dance done by Tamil village women in a circle, to appease the Goddess. During the dance, the idol of the Goddess falls flat on the floor. Horrified, the people at the temple try to carry the idol and put it back in place, but they feel that the idol was very light and hollow. Selvakannan and Ganga were there too, and they realize that the idol has been changed into a fake one and the real idol is elsewehere. They now understand that this was why the",
"title": "Thangam (TV series)"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "An American Idol Christmas An American Idol Christmas (also titled A Very Idol Christmas in Canada) is a Christmas television special for the television shows \"American Idol\", \"American Juniors\" and \"Canadian Idol\", but focused mostly on \"American Idol\"– the Canadian winner Ryan Malcolm was edited out in the American release, due to legal reasons. The special was broadcast on the Fox television network in the United States and CTV in Canada. It was first broadcast on November 25, 2003 in the United States. It featured some of the top finalists of American Idol's first season (Kelly Clarkson, Tamyra Gray, Christina",
"title": "An American Idol Christmas"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "New Zealand Idol NZ Idol, more commonly known as New Zealand Idol, was the New Zealand version of the Idol series originated as the hit British TV series \"Pop Idol\". New Zealand first saw the \"Idol\" format when TV2 aired \"American Idol 2\", which garnered impressive ratings. After \"Australian Idol\" also received good ratings in New Zealand, TVNZ decided to order the first season of \"NZ Idol\", which was broadcast on TV2. After the third season in 2006, TVNZ made a decision not to fund or broadcast a fourth season, thus placing \"New Zealand Idol\" on indefinite hiatus, with no",
"title": "New Zealand Idol"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "half of the TV series, though she was replaced in the second half by Stacey Williams. On American Idol, Tieri advanced to the Hollywood round, but was cut from the competition and did not make it to the \"Top 32\". After \"American Idol\", Tieri was offered an endorsement deal from Razor Scooters and the part of Maureen (originally played by Idina Menzel) in the Broadway musical \"Rent\", but could not accept either offer because of her American Idol contract. This was revealed on VH1's \"Reality TV Secrets Revealed 2\". She appeared at the Annapolis Octoberfest on October 2, 2005 where",
"title": "Nicole Tieri"
}
] | [
"2002"
] | [
"Since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6394 | What body of water borders Estonia on the west? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"the Baltic Sea"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Estonia Estonia ( ), officially the Republic of Estonia (), is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side, to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden to the west (Scandinavia to the far west and north), to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of , water , land area , and is influenced by",
"title": "Estonia"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, forest Land use: \"arable:\" 14.65% \"permanent crops:\" 0.14% \"other:\" 85.21% (2012) Irrigated land: 4.58 km Total renewable water resources: 12.81 km (2011) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): <br>\"total:\" 1.8 km/yr (3%/97%/0%) <br>\"per capita:\" 1,337 m/yr (2009) Geography of Estonia Between 57.3 and 59.5 latitude and 21.5 and 28.1 longitude, Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising East European Platform. It borders the Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia. Average elevation reaches only . The climate is maritime, wet, with moderate winters and cool summers.",
"title": "Geography of Estonia"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Estonia Estonia ( ), officially the Republic of Estonia (), is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side, to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden to the west (Scandinavia to the far west and north), to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of , water , land area , and is influenced by",
"title": "Estonia"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Lääne County Lääne County (), or Läänemaa (literally \"Western land\"; , ), is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in western Estonia and borders the Baltic Sea to the north, Harju County to the north-east, Rapla County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, and the island counties of Saare and Hiiu to the west. In January 2009 Lääne County had a population of 23,810 – constituting 2.0% of the total population in Estonia. The County Government () is led by a governor (), who is appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of",
"title": "Lääne County"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Geography of Sweden Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It borders Norway to the west; Finland to the northeast; and the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia to the south and east. Sweden has a long coastline on the eastern side and the Scandinavian mountain chain (Skanderna) on the western border, a range that separates Sweden from Norway. It has maritime borders with Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, and it is also linked to Denmark (southwest) by the Öresund Bridge. At , Sweden is the 55th largest country in the world. It",
"title": "Geography of Sweden"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "German conquest in 1227, Lääne County became the center of the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, an independent principality within the Livonian Confederation. Parts of Bishop's castle are still preserved in Haapsalu. Lääne County Lääne County (), or Läänemaa (literally \"Western land\"; , ), is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in western Estonia and borders the Baltic Sea to the north, Harju County to the north-east, Rapla County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, and the island counties of Saare and Hiiu to the west. In January 2009 Lääne County had a population of 23,810 –",
"title": "Lääne County"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Geography of Estonia Between 57.3 and 59.5 latitude and 21.5 and 28.1 longitude, Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising East European Platform. It borders the Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia. Average elevation reaches only . The climate is maritime, wet, with moderate winters and cool summers. Oil shale and limestone deposits, along with forests which cover 47% of the land, play key economic roles in this generally resource-poor country. Estonia boasts over 1,500 lakes, numerous bogs, and 3,794 kilometers of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits,",
"title": "Geography of Estonia"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Estonia–Latvia relations Estonia and Latvia, the two northernmost Baltic states, share 343 km of common borders. Both states share a long common history, having since the 13th century been ruled by the Livonian Order, Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and finally, until achieving independence in 1918, the Russian Empire. They were both re-occupied by the USSR between 1945 and 1991. Both countries reestablished diplomatic relations on January 3, 1992. Estonia has an embassy in Riga. Latvia has an embassy in Tallinn. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, NATO and the European Union. The two countries were",
"title": "Estonia–Latvia relations"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "step-sister the truth. Nina supports Ellen and accompanies her to collect her scan results. Ellen is then told she has cancer. Abs later discovers the truth. She asks him to keep her illness a secret and he agrees. Later in the story Ellen collapses while shopping and is taken to the ward she works on. Hoyle stated \"her colleagues realise what's going on and see her bald head for the first time.\" The actress believes the story actually had a positive effect on the character. She explained that \"Ellen was so excited when she thought she was pregnant. But her",
"title": "Ellen Zitek"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "essay questions. The final level exams comprise case studies and in-depth essays. The topics covered at both levels are: The National / Regional Exam is set by the individual societies and examines specific knowledge of local markets and standards. Topics covered: The CIIA is variously recognised as regards regulatory requirements or educational /exam exemptions: Certified International Investment Analyst Certified International Investment Analyst (CIIA) is a global finance designation offered by the Association of Certified International Investment Analysts (ACIIA) to financial professionals; candidates may be financial analysts, portfolio managers or investment advisors. The CIIA maintains standards both at the national and",
"title": "Certified International Investment Analyst"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a cushion over a wide parapet. A book (symbolizing the Holy Texts) lies next to him, together with a pear, an allegory of the original sin. Mary's appearance resembles that in Dieric Bouts' works, as well as those by Squarcione and Mantegna. It is likely that she is a portrait of Dürer's wife, Agnes Frey. The room behind Mary is rendered in wide angle perspective. It opens on another room, with St. Joseph's workshop, while a city landscape appears from a window. The upper part of the scene is populated by angels: some holds Mary's floating crown, while other are",
"title": "Dresden Altarpiece"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "disappeared by not taking advantage of the success of his series. He was not present at the end of the production of Oggy and the Cockroaches planned on France 3 in 1999, which he had created the character of a cat persecuted by three roaches, all in a very cartoon style. However, Oggy and the Cockroaches became a successful hit after many years airing episodes worldwide. It aired on channels such as Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, Teletoon and many more. Jean-Yves Raimbaud Jean-Yves Raimbaud (January 21, 1958 – June 28, 1998) was a well known French animator and screenwriter. He is",
"title": "Jean-Yves Raimbaud"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "would take Polaroids and stick them in my script, next to the scenes, so that when you came to do the studio, you just look at that photograph. It was the only way to do it, otherwise you were never, ever going to get it right. The smallest details, whether a top button was done up, if they wore rings on a different hand, if they had a watch on... the viewer notices, so it is a very tough job.\" The series 5 episode \"Two of a Kind\" was the last episode to be filmed at Television Centre. \"We moved",
"title": "All Creatures Great and Small (TV series)"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "7th Infantry Regiment (Estonia) The 7th Infantry Regiment, was one of the two fast deployment border-covering Estonian regiments created during the Estonian War of Independence, which lasted till the Soviet occupation of Estonia. The main task of these regiments was to delay the invading forces on the borders in order to win more time for the mobilization to be carried out. The \"7th Infantry Regiment\" staff was based in Võru and Petseri. The unit was made up by mainly active duty soldiers and officers. The 7th Infantry Regiment peacetime strength was a total 1714 soldiers and 80 horses. The unit",
"title": "7th Infantry Regiment (Estonia)"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "were made to the borders of counties after Estonia became independent, most notably the formation of Valga County (from parts of Võru, Tartu and Viljandi counties) and Petseri County (area acquired from Russia with the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty). During the Soviet rule, Petseri County was annexed and ceded to the Russian SFSR in 1945 where it became Pechorsky District of Pskov Oblast. Counties were again re-established on 1 January 1990 in the borders of the Soviet-era districts. Because of the numerous differences between the current and historical (pre-1940, and sometimes pre-1918) layouts, the historical borders are still used in",
"title": "Estonia"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Bohai Bay Bohai Bay () is one of the three bays forming the Bohai Gulf, the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea, in northeast China. It borders Hebei province and Tianjin Municipality. The three bays are Laizhou Bay to the south, Liaodong Bay to the north, and Bohai Bay to the west. It is the most southerly sea in the northern hemisphere in which sea ice can form. The Bohai Bay is the drainage of the Haihe and 15 other rivers. Due to these rivers' muddy runoff, the bay used to be a highly silty water body, but extensive damming",
"title": "Bohai Bay"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "edge of the water body of Bass Strait, and then Broughton Island before returning to Cape Horn. The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO's 1937 second edition of the \"Limits of Oceans and Seas\". The Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40° south between Cape Agulhas in Africa (long. 20° east) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia (long. 115° east), and extended to latitude 55° south between Auckland Island of New Zealand (long. 165° or 166° east) and Cape Horn in South America (long. 67° west). The Southern Ocean did not",
"title": "Borders of the oceans"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of Estonian Border Guard began with the formation of the Estonian Home Defence (), a volunteer organization, created in response to the attack on Toompea by the Intermovement on 15 May 1990. The guarding of borders was organized with volunteers. The situation with borders was dire - the border was unmarked, there was no communication equipment nor transport, not to mention work and living spaces. Furthermore, Soviet troops were still residing in Estonia. On 20 September 1990, the Minister of State Raivo Vare formed a commission, which was tasked with establishing control over Estonian borders. On October 1, training of",
"title": "Estonian Border Guard"
}
] | [
"the Baltic Sea"
] | [
"Estonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_5292 | What was Avicenna's birthplace? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Bukhara"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a mangrove genus \"Avicennia\". In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars. Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him. On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a mangrove genus \"Avicennia\". In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars. Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him. On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician). Avicenna was born in Afshana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Sitāra, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullāh, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain,",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "into Persian and English and other languages. Shams Inati and keven brown translate some parts of book to English. Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat Al-Isharat wa’l-tanbihat (, \"The Book of Directives and Remarks\") is apparently one of the last books of Avicenna which is written in Arabic . Avicenna was born in Afsanah at 980, a village near Bukhara. His father counted as ruler of a region by the name of keramaytan. Avicenna along with his family after moving to Bukhara, continued his studies. According to Nasr, Avicenna had many teachers including Nātelī physicians Abū Manṣūr Qomrī and Abū Sahl Masīḥī. Avicenna",
"title": "Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat Al-Isharat wa’l-tanbihat (, \"The Book of Directives and Remarks\") is apparently one of the last books of Avicenna which is written in Arabic . Avicenna was born in Afsanah at 980, a village near Bukhara. His father counted as ruler of a region by the name of keramaytan. Avicenna along with his family after moving to Bukhara, continued his studies. According to Nasr, Avicenna had many teachers including Nātelī physicians Abū Manṣūr Qomrī and Abū Sahl Masīḥī. Avicenna wrote nearly 250 works on diverse sciences in medieval period including long and short treatises such as the Daneshnameh",
"title": "Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Persian art forms and includes the statues of renowned Iranian scientists Avicenna, Al-Biruni, Zakariya Razi (Rhazes) and Omar Khayyam. The 1982 Soviet film \"Youth of Genius\" () by recounts Avicenna's younger years. The film is set in Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel \"The Walking Drum\", Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's \"The Canon of Medicine\". In his book \"The Physician\" (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world. The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before",
"title": "Avicenna"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Edward Craig Morris Edward Craig Morris (October 7, 1939 – June 14, 2006) was an American archaeologist who was best known for his Inca expeditions and creating a modern understanding of the Inca civilization. Morris was dean of science and chair of Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The New York Times called Morris \"a towering figure in Inca expeditions\" and said that he \"helped transform modern knowledge of the Inca civilization\". The National Academy of Sciences said",
"title": "Edward Craig Morris"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in her second year of high school, and also did tie-in modelling for Marui. She gained popularity when she became a finalist at the fourth All-Japan Anime Song Grand Prix. In an interview with Japanese entertainment website Nihongogo, Luna shares her inspiration behind her career \"In terms of TV and anime, I grew up watching and singing the songs from Sailor Moon. As for music artists, I was really inspired by Chiaki Ishikawa and also ALI PROJECT. When I watched them perform, I was really amazed by the power of music and song. This really inspired me to become a",
"title": "Luna Haruna"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "design distinguished it among other publications. \"huH\" stopped circulating in the late 1990s. HuH (magazine) huH was a popular music magazine in the United States during the 1990s. The magazine was published by Ray Gun Publishing, Inc. based in Santa Monica, California and owned by the Warner Music Enterprises, a subsidiary of Time Warner. It was launched in September 1994 as a new business venture concept in a mixed music sample marketing/publishing format. \"huH\" was edited by Ray Gun Publishing Editorial Director Mark Blackwell and was designed by Vaughan Oliver and Jerome Curchod. The magazine's editorial staff also included writer",
"title": "HuH (magazine)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "during the release of \"complete at the being studio\" compilation album series, the album is including two unreleased songs: Yuki's solo single and track \"Aimai\" which were exclusively released only for this album. Some of their music videoclips were released in 2012 at 2-disc DVD set \"Legend of 90's J-Rock Best Live & Clips\". In 2016, Masazumi appeared as a guest musician during Zard live tour \"Zard What a beautiful memory: Forever Best 25\". Presence of Yuki is unknown since 2000. During their career they have released five studio, two compilation, one remix albums and fourteen singles. Music Station: CDTV:",
"title": "Pamelah (band)"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "404 people, 160 households, and 104 families residing in the city. The population density was 128.6 people per square mile (49.7/km²). There were 183 housing units with an average density of 58.3 per square mile (22.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.84% White, 0.50% African American, 6.93% from other races, and 1.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.30% of the population. There were 160 households, of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no",
"title": "Sunnyside, Utah"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the argumentation:\" Is it not sufficient as regards your Lord that he is witness over all things\"(surah 41, verse 53). Avicenna focuses on the view that God is a necessary being in itself. This argument is based on contingency. The claim of Avicenna is that we can establish the existence of God directly by consideration of his existence itself. In other words in the proof of sincere, Avicenna tries to reach the existence of God just through an analysis of existence itself along with the supposition that God is the necessary existent. According to him, if we reflect on any",
"title": "Seddiqin argument"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "seems that for the first time applied the argument of Seddiqin. According to Muhammad Legenhausen little pay attention to Avicenna's proof of sincere.Avicenna described the argument as seddiqin( Borhane seddiqin) because this argumentation applies by those who are truthful. According to Avicenna, those who are truthful persons, their argument is pure truth while there is no symbols of untruthfulness in their argumentation. In other words, Seddiqin witness to existence of God and truth just only by one argument which is the essence of Truth and God. Avicenna refers to the argument as follows: Also Avicenna quotes the Quran to support",
"title": "Seddiqin argument"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "clearly than Aristotelianism the difference between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. This was first described by Avicenna's works on metaphysics, who was himself influenced by al-Farabi. Some orientalists (or those particularly influenced by Thomist scholarship) argued that Avicenna was the first to view existence (\"wujud\") as an accident that happens to the essence (\"mahiyya\"). However, this aspect of ontology is not the most central to the distinction that Avicenna established between essence and existence. One cannot therefore make the claim that Avicenna was",
"title": "Islamic philosophy"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Avicenna Directories The Avicenna Directory project was a public database of worldwide medical schools, schools of pharmacy, schools of public health and educational institutions of other academic health professions. The Avicenna Directory was maintained by the University of Copenhagen in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) in the years 2008-2015. In 2013, the Avicenna Directory was merged with the International Medical Education Directory (IMED) to create the World Directory of Medical Schools. This new directory was launched in April 2014. The project was named after Avicenna, a Persian physician and philosopher",
"title": "Avicenna Directories"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site The Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site is a state-owned property in Lamar, Barton County, Missouri, maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, preserving the -story childhood home of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. The future president was born here on May 8, 1884, in the downstairs southwest bedroom. The home was purchased by the state in 1957 and dedicated as a historic site in 1959 at a ceremony attended by Truman himself. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.",
"title": "Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site"
}
] | [
"Bukhara"
] | [
"In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi) north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him.[year needed] On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work.[citation needed]"
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7255 | What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"16 kV at 50 Hz"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "power supply network. The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds. The tests were a success so, from 1932 until the 1960s, trains on the Budapest-Hegyeshalom line",
"title": "Railway electrification system"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "power supply network. The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds. The tests were a success so, from 1932 until the 1960s, trains on the Budapest-Hegyeshalom line",
"title": "Railway electrification system"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "La tech opened up a six-point lead at the half. Alabama's All-American guard Niesa Johnson cut her hand on a locker room sink, which required seven stitches. Because it was such an important game, Johnson was bandaged and medicated and returned to the game. The Alabama team fought back from an eleven point deficit and cut the margin to two points with seconds to play. The plan was to get the ball to Betsy Harris to attempt a three-point play, but Harris stepped out of bounds. After a made free throw, they had one more chance with a three-point attempt",
"title": "1994 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Forest Theatre Guild in 1949. Guided by Cole Weston and Philip Oberg, the Forest Theater Guild began to produce plays by local authors, Shakespeare, and classic drama. In 1961, the original Forest Theater Guild ceased operations. In 1960, Herbert Heron finished his 50th year with the Forest Theater with his own play, \"Pharaoh\". By 1963 the theater had shown over 140 plays, including 64 premieres and dramatizations by California authors. Numbered among these productions were those by Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Greek tragedies, local history, children's plays, light operas and musical comedies. Following a brief illness Herbert Heron died",
"title": "Forest Theater"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "built a private practice in Flagstaff, Arizona, where he lived until 2004. In 1980 Verkamp was elected as Coconino County Attorney; he was re-elected twice and served a total of three terms, through 1992. While County Attorney, John was elected as President of the Arizona County Attorneys’ and Sheriffs’ Association in 1985-86. He was active in other related associations as well. In 1992 Verkamp ran for state office and was elected to the Arizona House of Representatives from the 2nd district. He was re-elected three more times, serving a total of four terms, until 2000. That year, he was elected",
"title": "John Verkamp"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "premiership success. As a result, along with fellow First Rate Junior powerhouse North Fremantle the Subiaco Football Club joined the then \"West Australian Football Association\" competition (known today as the West Australian Football League – WAFL) in 1901. However, it struggled so much that there were long debates as to whether it should continue after it won only eleven games in its first seven seasons but with the construction of Subiaco Oval on what was formerly called the “sand patch”, the club’s performances improved: very slowly at first, but very rapidly after the acquisition of two key forwards in Phil",
"title": "Subiaco Football Club"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "love with Shamapalatha (Kanchanamala), a Harijan girl and elopes with her in Calcutta where he teaches her to read and write. The two sects fight over water and work. After Shastri's wife is saved by the Harijans from a fire accident, his view of them changes. With the police and a few civilians, the situation in the village calms down while Nagaraju and Shampalatha are married with Shastri's blessings. Mala Pilla Malapilla or Mala Pilla (\"English:\"Girl from Mala caste) is a 1938 Indian Telugu-language Social Drama Film directed by Gudavalli Ramabrahmam. The film was produced by It is based on",
"title": "Mala Pilla"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "third rail appeared in 1900 in the main-line tunnel connecting the Gare d'Orsay to the rest of the CF Paris-Orléans network. Main-line third-rail electrification was later expanded to some suburban services. The Woodford haulage system was used on industrial tramways, specifically in quarries and strip mines in the early decades of the 20th century. This used a 250 Volt center third rail to power remotely-controlled self-propelled side dump cars. The remote control system was operated like a model railroad, with the third rail divided into multiple blocks that could be set to power, coast, or brake by switches in the",
"title": "Third rail"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "line and a stopping local line are separated, with each having a separate pair of tracks. Construction of new double tracks dedicated to high-speed rail alongside existing conventional double track used by regional and local passenger trains and freight trains is a form of quadruple track. It increases the capacity of that route significantly, and allows for significant increases in inter-city high-speed train frequency with reduced travel times. Long distance inter-city rail and freight trains are separated from short distance commuter rail. This helps to prevent delays on one service affecting the other, and is commonly seen in metropolitan areas.",
"title": "Quadruple track"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Girona commuter rail service. RG1 services began operating on after former R1 services between L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Maçanet-Massanes were extended northwards to Figueres. Since , some of these services have been extended further north to Portbou. , the service routes operating on the R1–RG1 are as follows: The line's activity gathers on the section between L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Mataró, where a peak-time frequency of 6 minutes has been offered since 26 June 2011, that is the highest on any line of the Rodalies de Catalunya system. The service frequency reduces as the line moves away from Barcelona,",
"title": "R1–RG1 (Rodalies de Catalunya)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Kennecott Utah Copper rail line The Kennecott Utah Copper rail line was an electric railroad in Salt Lake County, Utah. It was managed by the Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation and connected the Bingham Canyon Mine with its smelter at Garfield. The rail line has been replaced by a system of conveyors and a slurry pipeline. Current rail operations by Kennecott Utah Copper LLC only occur in the area of the smelter, on a remnant of what was a vast rail network. The electric rail line replaced the Bingham and Garfield Railway (opened in 1911) in 1948. That earlier line was",
"title": "Kennecott Utah Copper rail line"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "between El Prat de Llobregat and Barcelona Passeig de Gràcia stations, where they together offer an approximate peak-time service frequency of 8 minutes. The overall service frequency reduces as the line moves away from Barcelona, especially on the section north of Sant Celoni, where R2 Nord services only operate during the morning rush hour or at night. During the rest of the day, this section is served by regional rail line . Moreover, the services between Castelldefels and Granollers Centre only run on weekdays. , the approximate service frequencies on the R2 are as follows: The trains used on the",
"title": "R2 (Rodalies de Catalunya)"
}
] | [
"16 kV at 50 Hz"
] | [
"The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds. The tests were a success so, from 1932 until the 1960s, trains on the Budapest-Hegyeshalom line (towards Vienna) regularly used the same system. A few decades after the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to the Russian and later French 25 kV system."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6949 | When was Bertrand Russell born? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"1872"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (; 18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate. At various points in his life, Russell considered himself a liberal, a socialist and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had \"never been any of these things, in any profound sense.\" Russell was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom. In the early 20th century, Russell led the British \"revolt against idealism\". He is considered one of the",
"title": "Bertrand Russell"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought\". Bertrand Russell was born on 18 May 1872 at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire, into an influential and liberal family of the British aristocracy. His parents, Viscount and Viscountess Amberley, were radical for their times. Lord Amberley consented to his wife's affair with their children's tutor, the biologist Douglas Spalding. Both were early advocates of birth control at a time when this was considered scandalous. Lord Amberley was an atheist and his atheism was evident when he asked the philosopher John Stuart Mill to act as Russell's secular godfather. Mill died the year after Russell's birth,",
"title": "Bertrand Russell"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "(SSHAP). The Bertrand Russell Society has three aims (Bylaws, Article 2): The BRS motto is: \"The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge.\" -Bertrand Russell (1925) \"What I Believe\"; cited from p. 349 in \"The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell\" (Routledge Classics, New York: 2009). Founded in 1974, the Bertrand Russell Society seeks to foster a better understanding of the life, work, and writings of Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) and how his contributions relate to today's world. The Society has a regular annual meeting featuring scholarly and popular presentations about Russell and related subjects, a business meeting,",
"title": "Bertrand Russell Society"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "can be found in anthologies and collections, including \"The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell\", which McMaster University began publishing in 1983. By March 2017 this collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works included 18 volumes, and several more are in progress. A bibliography in three additional volumes catalogues his publications. The Russell Archives held by McMaster's William Ready Division of Archives and Research Collections possess over 40,000 of his letters. Footnotes Citations Primary references Secondary references Books about Russell's philosophy Biographical books Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (; 18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970)",
"title": "Bertrand Russell"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Viscount Amberley, the son of the former prime minister John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, and his wife Frances. Their first child, John Francis Stanley, was born the next year and followed by twins, Rachel Lucretia and her stillborn sister, in 1868. The couple's last child, Bertrand Arthur William, was born in 1872. Lady Amberley had a sexual relationship with the biologist Douglas Spalding, her children's tutor, with her husband's consent. Spalding was encouraged to do research in the Amberleys' home, with Lady Amberley as his assistant. He suffered from tuberculosis and was not fit for marriage. According to their younger",
"title": "Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "even suggestion that the guest select another fantasy instead. He would then inform his guests that he was powerless to stop a fantasy once it had begun and must allow the fantasy to play out until its ultimate conclusion. Despite this, on rare occasions, Roarke will appear halfway through a fantasy to offer a guest an opportunity to terminate their fantasy, warning the guest that continuing the fantasy may lead to serious consequences (possibly even death). However, at that point, the guest will decide on their own to see the fantasy to its end, either for selfless reasons (regarding someone",
"title": "Fantasy Island"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1 (See figure 1). There is no deamination step. Instead, the demethylation of the N-methyl group on sarcosine occurs directly. The reduced FADH from the first step then is oxidized by O to form HO. The demethylation of sarcosine catalyzed by sarcosine dehydrogenase can proceed with or without the presence of tetrahydrofolate. Under anaerobic condition and without tetrahydrofolate, however, a free formaldehyde is formed after the N-demethylation of sarcosine. The reaction with 1 mole of sarcosine and 1 mole of FAD, under this condition, yields 1 mole of glycine and 1 mole of formaldehyde (See figure 2 for mechanism). Under",
"title": "Sarcosine dehydrogenase"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of Ges Vorrutyer. Elena was placed in the care of one of the women in a village near the Vorkosigan country estate, Vorkosigan Surleau. Growing up, she became Miles Vorkosigan's playmate, first love, and, eventually, subordinate, in his mercenary fleet. During her childhood, Bothari saved every spare coin for her dowry, so she would make a good marriage when grown. When Cordelia married into the family, Bothari transferred his deepest loyalty to her, accompanying her on her mission to rescue her still-developing son Miles from the Imperial Residence while it was under the control of the rebel Count Vordarian. His",
"title": "Konstantin Bothari"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to buy U.S. savings stamps, a children's version of U.S. Savings bonds, to support the Vietnam War. In 1967, a one-minute film was created for the Central Office of Information. The information film was filmed in Kenning, London and showed Batman, played Adam West, taking a break from fighting crime to help children with their techniques of road safety. In 1966, due to multiple instances of UK children jumping from elevated locations attempting to emulate Batman, Adam West and Burt Ward recorded a short PSA to be shown prior to the airing of all episodes of \"Batman\" in the UK",
"title": "Batman (TV series)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the nickname \"Little Man Auggie\" among his peers. His play \"Leah the Forsaken\", adapted from the \"Deborah\" of Hermann Salomon Mosenthal, was a star vehicle for Margaret Mather. His Shakespeare productions were often severely criticized by George Bernard Shaw, who was active as a drama critic during those years. Shaw took Daly severely to task for cutting Shakespeare's plays and for presenting them in unorthodox ways. (Shaw was a strong believer in presenting Shakespeare's plays uncut.) Several of Shaw's criticisms of Daly's Shakespeare productions were reprinted in the anthology \"Shaw on Shakespeare\". Daly was a great book-lover, and his valuable",
"title": "Augustin Daly"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "August and September 1913, two British aristocrats, the socialite Lady Ottoline Morrell and the mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell—who were lovers at the time—recorded their impressions of the novelist. In her diary, Morrell wrote: A month later, Bertrand Russell visited Conrad at Capel House, and the same day on the train wrote down his impressions: Russell's \"Autobiography\", published over half a century later in 1968, confirms his original experience: It was not only Anglophones who remarked on Conrad's very strong foreign accent when speaking English. After he had made the acquaintance of French poet Paul Valéry and composer Maurice Ravel",
"title": "Joseph Conrad"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Great Reform Act in 1832. Lady Amberley was the daughter of Lord and Lady Stanley of Alderley. Russell often feared the ridicule of his maternal grandmother, one of the campaigners for education of women. Russell had two siblings: brother Frank (nearly seven years older than Bertrand), and sister Rachel (four years older). In June 1874 Russell's mother died of diphtheria, followed shortly by Rachel's death. In January 1876, his father died of bronchitis following a long period of depression. Frank and Bertrand were placed in the care of their staunchly Victorian paternal grandparents, who lived at Pembroke Lodge in Richmond",
"title": "Bertrand Russell"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of Meath. A member of the prominent Russell family, he was the third son of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. The first Earl was succeeded by his grandson the second Earl, the eldest son of John Russell, Viscount Amberley. He was one of the first peers to join the Labour Party and he held office under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald as Under-Secretary of State for India from 1929 to 1931. He was childless and was succeeded in 1931 by his younger brother, the third Earl, the famous philosopher and Nobel Prize winner universally known as Bertrand Russell. When he",
"title": "Earl Russell"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "John Russell, Viscount Amberley John Russell, Viscount Amberley (10 December 1842 – 9 January 1876), was a British politician and writer. He was the eldest son of John Russell, who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and father of the philosopher Bertrand Russell. Amberley is known for his unorthodox views on religion and for his active support of birth control and women's suffrage, which contributed to the end of his short career as Liberal Member of Parliament. John Russell was born on 10 December 1842 at Chesham Place, London, the first son of Lord John Russell, himself",
"title": "John Russell, Viscount Amberley"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Copleston–Russell debate The Copleston–Russell debate is a dispute concerning the existence of God between Frederick Copleston and Bertrand Russell in a 1948 BBC broadcast. The debate between Copleston and Russel would typify the arguments presented between theists and atheists in the later half of the 20th century, with Russell's approach often used by atheists in the late 20th century. The debate centers on two points: the metaphysical and moral arguments on the existence of God. In the 1948 BBC Radio Debate between Bertrand Russell and Frederick Copleston, Russell chose to assume the position of an agnostic as he thought that",
"title": "Copleston–Russell debate"
}
] | [
"1872"
] | [
"The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal, logically perfect, language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language. This gave rise to what they saw as metaphysical pseudoproblems and other conceptual confusions. By combining Frege's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies, they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions: the analytic (a priori) and the synthetic (a posteriori). On this basis, they formulated a strong principle of demarcation between sentences that have sense and those that do not: the so-called verification principle. Any sentence that is not purely logical, or is unverifiable is devoid of meaning. As a result, most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered pseudoproblems."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_5888 | What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "still defines Venezuela as a Federal Republic, it abolished the Senate, transferred competences of the States to the Federal Government and granted the President of the Republic vast powers to intervene in the States and Municipalities. Federalism in the Kingdom of Belgium is an evolving system. Belgian federalism is a twin system which reflects both the On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a",
"title": "Federalism"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "still defines Venezuela as a Federal Republic, it abolished the Senate, transferred competences of the States to the Federal Government and granted the President of the Republic vast powers to intervene in the States and Municipalities. Federalism in the Kingdom of Belgium is an evolving system. Belgian federalism is a twin system which reflects both the On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a",
"title": "Federalism"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "London. On 25 January, Members and guests meet to lay a wreath at the Burns monument on Embankment, London. Special celebrations are being planned for the Club's 150th anniversary in 2018, including publication of the Club's history by Past President, Dr Clark McGinn. This club was founded in 1805 and claims to be the world's oldest formally constituted Burns Club. It meets monthly during the winter in the cottage once owned by Robert Tannahill, Paisley's weaver poet and songwriter, founder and first secretary. The club owns its premises, donated to the Paisley Burns Club in 1933. Club membership is still",
"title": "Burns Clubs"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "George Terlep George Rudolph \"Duke\" Terlep (April 12, 1923 – May 17, 2010) was an American football player, coach, and general manager who was on a college national championship team at Notre Dame in 1943 and won another championship while playing for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) in 1948. Terlep also won two Grey Cup championships in the Canadian Football League (CFL), once as an assistant with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and once as the general manager of the Ottawa Rough Riders. Terlep grew up in Indiana and was a star on his high school's football team.",
"title": "George Terlep"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Chad Gracey Chad Alan Gracey (born July 23, 1971 in York, Pennsylvania, US) is the drummer for the bands Live and The Gracious Few. Live have sold over 20 million records, including the 8x platinum album \"Throwing Copper\". Gracey is a founding member of the band Live and has appeared on all their albums to date. He met his future Live bandmates in middle school in York. When vocalist Ed Kowalczyk left the band in 2009, Gracey formed the band The Gracious Few along with Patrick Dahlheimer and Chad Taylor of Live and Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy from the",
"title": "Chad Gracey"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is also dislikes both Durian and Lightning but has a liking on egg rolls. Her star sign is Aquarius. Bibi first met her in Episode 5 and befriended her despite her being an outcast. Later on, she and her friends learned that she is the guardian of the Vanilla Valley, which is a place filled with various kinds of herbs. Her ancestors and family guarded the valley for centuries before she's given the task. She is the fourth person to unlock her Cake Fairy abilities. Tiramisu Cavan () A Male Tiramisu Penguin, Tiramisu Cavan is Cake Village's genius gadgeteer. He",
"title": "Vary Peri"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Barthes, a classicist by training, perceived how some basic elements of rhetoric could be of use in the study of narratives, fashion and ideology. Knowledge of rhetoric was so dim in the early 1970s that his short memoir on rhetoric was seen as highly innovative. Basic as it was, it did help rhetoric regain some currency in avant-garde circles. Psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, his contemporary, makes references to rhetoric, in particular to the Pre-Socratics. Philosopher Jacques Derrida wrote on Voice. At the same time, more profound work was taking place that eventually gave rise to the French school of rhetoric as",
"title": "Rhetoric"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Two Piece Reclining Figure series. It can be read as one figure or two. I did the first one in two pieces almost without intending to. But after I had done it, then the second one became a conscious idea. I realised what an advantage a separated two- piece composition could have in relating figures to landscape. Knees and breasts are mountains. Once these two parts become separated you don't expect it to be a naturalistic figure; therefore you can justifiably make it look like a landscape or a rock. If it's a single figure, you can guess what",
"title": "Two-Piece Reclining Figure: Points"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "planning, landscape planning and urban planning. McHarg drew the layers on translucent overlays. Through the work of Jack Dangermond, Carl Steinitz, Henk Scholten and others the layers were modeled with Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The three components of this term each say something about its character. 'Geographical' implies that the layers are geographical (geology, soils, hydrology, roads, land use etc.). 'Information' implies a positivist and scientific methodology. 'System' implies the use of computer technology for the information processing. The scientific aspects of Geodesign contrast with the cultural emphasis of Landscape Urbanism but the two approaches to landscape planning share a",
"title": "Geodesign"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "listed above when experiencing change. It typically includes distinct descriptive and evaluative components. Guidance on the preparation of these assessments is given in \"Landscape Character assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland\" published by the Countryside Agency & Scottish Natural Heritage, April 2002. This assessment can be completed at the regional scale as well as district, city, or catchment scale. This process is used to determine where landscape management is required. The process consists of three stages: landscape description, landscape characterization, and landscape evaluation. The first step in completing an area-based assessment is to compile data in order to identify components",
"title": "Landscape assessment"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "we break it down into two components – “cylinder” and “handle”. This also works for more complex objects, which in turn are made up of a larger number of geons. Perceived geons are then compared with objects in our stored memory to identify what it is we are looking at. The theory proposes that when we view objects we look for two important components. In his proposal of RBC, Biederman makes an analogy to the composition of speech and objects that helps support his theory. The idea is that about 44 individual phonemes or \"units of sound\" are needed to",
"title": "Recognition-by-components theory"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "College was voted into the International Society of Military Sciences during the November 2011 meeting. Royal Military Academy (Belgium) The Royal Military Academy (, ) is the military university of Belgium. The school is responsible for the education of the officers of the four components of the Belgian defence (Army, Air Force, Navy, Medical). The school is located in Brussels in a building constructed by the architects Henri Maquet and Henri Van Dievoet. The courses are given in French, Dutch and English. There are two faculties The Royal Higher Institute for Defence, the highest military academic institute in Belgium is",
"title": "Royal Military Academy (Belgium)"
}
] | [
"the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels"
] | [
"On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a third component. This specific dual form of federalism, with the special position of Brussels, consequently has a number of political issues—even minor ones—that are being fought out over the Dutch/French-language political division. With such issues, a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise. This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism, and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_569 | What will the project named CASA 1000 do? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "several high-profile figures, government officials and artists. Ammar El Sherei Ammar Ali Mohamed Ibrahim Ali Al Sherei () or more commonly known as Ammar El Sherei (16 April 1948 – 7 December 2012) was an Egyptian music icon, performer and composer. Sherei was born blind on 16 April 1948 in the village of Samalot, 25 km from Minya in Upper Egypt, to a large family of Al Shereis. His father was the mayor of the village. His family moved to Cairo when he was five years-old. There he attended the Demonstration Centre for the Rehabilitationand Training of the Blind (DCRTB).",
"title": "Ammar El Sherei"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "ended in divorce in 1997. They had three children: Alyson, Matthew, and Tim. Vega was also the stepfather of Suzanne. Vega focused on writing since 1972 and published his first short story \"Wild Horses\" in \"Nuestra Magazine\" in 1977. He wrote fourteen novels and three story collections. He said that he often worked on several books at once and had no problem keeping track of them: Since my work is about people and my affection for them, I don't lose track of who they are just like I don't lose track of my children or other relatives and acquaintances. I",
"title": "Edgardo Vega Yunqué"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "his wife and his two daughters moved to Amsterdam. He opened a new architecture office with the name of 'Aalbers en De Waal, Architecten, Amsterdam-Bandoeng'. He put 'Bandoeng' in the name as a wish that someday he would be able to return to Bandung. His hope wasn't realized due to poor health and the unstable political circumstances in Indonesia. Albert F. Aalbers died in 1961. Much of his work still stands in Bandung, such as the DENIS bank and the Savoy Homann Hotel. Some villas he designed have been destroyed during the war and also damaged due to subsequent renovations.",
"title": "Albert Aalbers"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Maritime Security Regimes Maritime Security Regimes are codes and conventions of behavior agreed upon by coastal states to provide a degree of security within territorial waters and on the high seas. One of the best known International Maritime Regimes is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, or UNCLOS. While UNCLOS is only one of many regimes, or sets of rules, laws, codes and conventions that have been created to regulate the activities of private, commercial and military users of our seas and oceans, it provides the legal framework for further maritime security cooperation. Most maritime regimes,",
"title": "Maritime Security Regimes"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to come back from a 3–1 deficit. LeBron James became only the third player in NBA history to have a triple double in a Finals Game 7 and became the first unanimous Finals MVP after leading in all five categories of points, rebounds, assists, steals and blocks. On July 4, 2016, Oklahoma City Thunder superstar Kevin Durant signed with the Warriors in free agency. He averaged 25.1 PPG, 8.3 RPG, 4.8 APG, 1.1 SPG, and 1.6 BPG. After finishing 67–15, the first team in NBA history to win at least 67 games in three straight seasons, the Warriors went 12–0",
"title": "Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Casa Romuli The Casa Romuli (\"hut of Romulus\"), also known as the tugurium Romuli, was the reputed dwelling-place of the legendary founder and first king of Rome, Romulus (traditional dates 771-717 BC). It was situated on the south-western corner of the Palatine hill, where it slopes down towards the Circus Maximus, near the so-called \"Steps of Cacus\". It was a traditional single-roomed peasants' hut of the Latins, with straw roof and wattle-and-daub walls, such as are reproduced in miniature in the distinctive funerary urns of the so-called Latial culture (ca. 1000 - ca. 600 BC). Over the centuries, the \"casa\"",
"title": "Casa Romuli"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "sequences of 1000 individual people between 2008 and 2015, to better understand human genetic variation. , the number of classified green plant species is around 370,000. However, there are probably many thousands more yet unclassified. Despite this number, very few of these species have detailed DNA sequence information to date; 125,426 species in GenBank, , but most (>95%) have DNA sequence for only one or two genes. \"…almost none of the roughly half million plant species known to humanity has been touched by genomics at any level\". The 1000 Plant Genomes Project will produce a roughly a 100x increase in",
"title": "1000 Plant Genomes Project"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "I will wait for him tomorrow with a stone which I can hardly lift and when he prostrates himself in prayer I will split his skull with it. Betray me or defend me, let the Banū 'Abdu Manāf do what they like after that.\" The Qurayshi people said that they would never betray him on any account, and he could carry on with his project. When morning came Abu Jahl took a stone and sat in wait for Muhammad. The apostle rose to pray while Quraysh sat in their meeting, waiting for what Abu Jahl was to do. When the",
"title": "Amr ibn Hishām"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "lets say that he has a bill of $1,500...of which $1000 is hospital bills. This bill will pay that $1000 in hospital bills and then I believe, he and the effort he makes with his family can meet his other responsibilities. Now that does not seem such an extraordinary piece of legislation.\" ... \"they (the doctors) do not comprehend what we are trying to do.\" ... \"we do not cover doctor's bills here\"...\"we do not affect the freedom of choice, you can go to any doctor you want.\" The AMA then rented the Gardens and prime time television so that",
"title": "Edward R. Annis"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "earn points. Players with direct acceptance who do not play an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournament will be suspended from a subsequent ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event, which will be the next highest points earned ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event within the next 12 months. If an injured player is on site within the first three days of a tournament to conduct promotional activities over a two-day period, a suspension will not be enforced but a 0-pointer will be counted on a player's ranking. If a player does not play enough ATP 500 events and does not",
"title": "2012 ATP World Tour Finals"
}
] | [
"CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan"
] | [
"Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_2210 | The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"cerebral cortex"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "In mammals, the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or \"isocortex\". Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates. The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion (the",
"title": "Brain"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "neocerebellum) dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex, which has no counterpart in other vertebrates. The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The encephalization quotient (EQ) is used to compare brain sizes across species. It takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain-to-body relationship. Humans have an average EQ in the 7-to-8 range, while most other primates have an EQ in the 2-to-3 range. Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans, but nearly all other mammals have EQ",
"title": "Brain"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "in humans is by far the largest part, constitutes the cerebrocerebellum, also known as neocerebellum. It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the parietal lobe) via the pontine nuclei (forming cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways), and sends output mainly to the ventrolateral thalamus (in turn connected to motor areas of the premotor cortex and primary motor area of the cerebral cortex) and to the red nucleus. There is disagreement about the best way to describe the functions of the lateral cerebellum: It is thought to be involved in planning movement that is about to occur, in evaluating sensory information for action,",
"title": "Cerebellum"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "roles in the maturation of each area. Cortical patterning Cortical patterning is a field of developmental neuroscience which aims to determine how the various functional areas of the cerebral cortex are generated, what size and shape they will be, and how their spatial pattern across the surface of the cortex is specified. Early brain lesion studies indicated that different parts of the cortex served different cognitive functions, such as visual, somatosensory, and motor functions, beautifully assimilated by Brodmann in 1909. Today the field supports the idea of a 'protomap', which is a molecular pre-pattern of the cortical areas during early",
"title": "Cortical patterning"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Cortical patterning Cortical patterning is a field of developmental neuroscience which aims to determine how the various functional areas of the cerebral cortex are generated, what size and shape they will be, and how their spatial pattern across the surface of the cortex is specified. Early brain lesion studies indicated that different parts of the cortex served different cognitive functions, such as visual, somatosensory, and motor functions, beautifully assimilated by Brodmann in 1909. Today the field supports the idea of a 'protomap', which is a molecular pre-pattern of the cortical areas during early embryonic stages. The protomap is a feature",
"title": "Cortical patterning"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in turn has acted as a stepping stone to greater agricultural intensification as farmers become more receptive to new ideas. Throughout the developing world, immense tracts of farmland, grazing lands and forests have become degraded to the point they are no longer productive. Deforestation continues at an alarming rate. In Africa's drier regions, 74 percent of rangelands and 61 percent of rain-fed croplands are damaged by moderate to very severe desertification. In some African countries deforestation rates exceed planting rates by 300:1. Degraded land has an extremely detrimental effect on the lives of subsistence farmers who depend on it for",
"title": "Farmer-managed natural regeneration"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Hagansport, Texas Hagansport is an unincorporated community in Franklin County, Texas, United States. It is located at the junction of State Highway 37 and Farm Road 71, eleven miles northwest of the county seat, Mount Vernon. The name derives from an early settler by the name of Hagan, who established a crossing on the Sulphur River. Hagan's Port eventually became one word, Hagansport. This was the spelling of the name by the time the first post office was established in 1857. The community grew to around 150 by the 1880s and had a post office, school, gin, sawmill, and other",
"title": "Hagansport, Texas"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "contain links to the article on 1954 FIFA World Cup and the round in question. When there is a special article on the match in question, the link is in the column for \"round\". Budapest Honvéd entered the European Cup in 1956 and were drawn against Atlético Bilbao in the first round. Honvéd lost the away leg 2–3, but before the home leg could be played, the Hungarian Revolution erupted in Budapest. The players decided against going back to Hungary and arranged for the return with Atlético to be played at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium. Puskás scored in the",
"title": "Ferenc Puskás"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Nymeyer's career has been watched closely by members of her faith. Nymeyer married Chandler John, a former basketball player for Eastern Arizona College, on April 29, 2010, at the Mesa Arizona Temple. Nymeyer attended the University of Arizona, where she competed for the Arizona Wildcats swimming and diving team. During Nymeyer's senior year, the Wildcats won the 2008 NCAA Women's Swimming and Diving Championship. Nymeyer was a member of the 200-yard freestyle relay, 400-yard freestyle relay, 400-yard medley relay, and 800-yard freestyle relay, which all won first place. Additionally, Nymeyer is an",
"title": "Lacey Nymeyer"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory The Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory is the head of government in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of the British Indian Ocean Territory. The Commissioner is appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Commissioner does not reside in the territory, as it has had no native population since the forced depopulation of the Chagosian people in the 1970s, and the only population is the military of the United States and the United Kingdom at the joint base at Diego Garcia. The Commissioner's role",
"title": "Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "BrightFocus Foundation BrightFocus Foundation, formerly known as the American Health Assistance Foundation, is a nonprofit organization that supports research and provides public education on brain and eye diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration and glaucoma. Since its founding in 1973, BrightFocus Foundation has awarded more than $151.4 million in grants to scientists at universities, hospitals and medical centers on the world. BrightFocus Foundation is based in Clarksburg, Maryland. BrightFocus Foundation awards grants and produces educational materials through its three research programs: In 2012, BrightFocus Foundation partnered with three other nonprofit organizations as the 21st Century Brain Trust, which was the",
"title": "BrightFocus Foundation"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "normal brain is a good balance, like a sieve. This chapter focuses on the corpus callosum. The first story is one in which a man shoots himself in the head, but misses his brain completely, blowing part of his skull off and exposing his brain. He went to the doctor, who in turn pressed the man's brain with a spatula to get a reaction out of him, which he did. Paul Broca (language) is also discussed, a linguist and a neuroscientist. His relationship (business strictly) with one Gustave Dax is also discussed. A man named W.J. had what were called",
"title": "The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "posterior inferior portion of the cerebellum, the inferior cerebellar peduncle, the nucleus ambiguus, the vagus motor nucleus, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the solitary nucleus, and the vestibulocochlear nuclei. There is considerable variation in the size and shape of the cerebellum in different vertebrate species. It is generally largest in cartilaginous and bony fish, birds, and mammals, but somewhat smaller in reptiles. The large paired and convoluted lobes found in humans are typical of mammals, but the cerebellum is generally a single median lobe in other groups, and is either smooth or only slightly grooved. In mammals, the neocerebellum is the",
"title": "Anatomy of the cerebellum"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is essential in learning and remembering \"what\" an object is. It should be noted that the differences between these two differing visual abilities is due in large part because of different pathways of each of the abilities in the brain. The visual pathway in the brain that detects spatial representation of a person to and within their environment is the dorsal stream. The visual pathway that determines objects shapes, sizes, colors and other definitive characteristics is called the ventral stream. Each of these two streams runs independent of one another so that the visual system may process one without the",
"title": "Baddeley's model of working memory"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "compensate for a lack of vision. However, whilst blind adults' neural systems demonstrate heightened excitability and activity compared to sighted adults, it is still not exactly clear to what extent this compensatory hypothesis is accurate. Nevertheless, many studies have found that there appears to be a high activation of certain visual brain areas in blind individuals when they perform non-visual tasks. This suggests that in blind individuals' brains, a reorganization of what are normally visual areas has occurred in order for them to process non-visual input. This supports a compensatory hypothesis in the blind. Research has investigated how to improve",
"title": "Eyewitness memory"
}
] | [
"cerebral cortex"
] | [
"The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas. The superior colliculus, which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates, shrinks to a small size in mammals, and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion (the neocerebellum) dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex, which has no counterpart in other vertebrates."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_5505 | What is the unit of magentic properties of the electron? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"Bohr magneton"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "to obtain the following definition of \"e\" in terms of \"α\" and \"h\": The Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton are units which are used to describe the magnetic properties of the electron and atomic nuclei respectively. The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment which would be expected for an electron if it behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics. It is defined in terms of the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass, all of which depend on the Planck constant: the final dependence on \"h\" () can be found by expanding the variables.",
"title": "Planck constant"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "SI system, the atomic unit for magnetic field is and in the Gaussian-cgs unit system, the atomic unit for magnetic field is Other magnetism-related quantities are also different in the two systems. An important example is the Bohr magneton: In SI-based atomic units, and in Gaussian-based atomic units, Atomic units are chosen to reflect the properties of electrons in atoms. This is particularly clear from the classical Bohr model of the hydrogen atom in its ground state. The ground state electron orbiting the hydrogen nucleus has (in the classical Bohr model): The Schrödinger equation for an electron in SI units",
"title": "Atomic units"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Bohr magneton In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol \"μ\") is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by either its orbital or spin angular momentum. The Bohr magneton is defined in SI units by and in Gaussian CGS units by where The electron magnetic moment, which is the electron's intrinsic spin magnetic moment, is approximately one Bohr magneton. In general, and without reference to the electron's properties, the Bohr magneton may also be defined as in Gaussian CGS units, where \"q\" is any charge and \"m\" is its mass. The",
"title": "Bohr magneton"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Queensland National Bank, Charleville Queensland National Bank is a heritage-listed former bank and now museum at 87 Alfred Street, Charleville, Shire of Murweh, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1888 by A Anderson. It is now known as Historic House Museum. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. The former bank building was constructed in Charleville in 1888 as the premises of the Queensland National Bank, which had established a branch in the town in 1881. The town of Charleville was surveyed in 1867 following the surveying of",
"title": "Queensland National Bank, Charleville"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "about their origin or the cause of the dense and high temperature initial state of the universe. \"The Big Bang was \"small\"\": It is misleading to visualize the Big Bang by comparing its size to everyday objects. When the size of the universe at Big Bang is described, it refers to the size of the observable universe, and not the entire universe. \"Hubble's law violates the special theory of relativity\": Hubble's law predicts that galaxies that are beyond Hubble Distance recede faster than the speed of light. However, special relativity does not apply beyond motion through space. Hubble's law describes",
"title": "Big Bang"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "accredited by the Commission for Academic Accreditation of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (UAE) and are recognised by the Higher Education Council (HEC) in Bahrain. As of May 2016, the Institute offers accredited postgraduate courses in: The MSc in Leadership in Health professions Education is run jointly with University of Sharjah, UAE. The MSc in Organisational Change & Leadership Development was run in conjunction with Beaumont Hospital and Dublin City University 2010-2014. The Institute also accredits an MSc in Bereavement Studies and a Professional Certificate in Children and Loss which is run in conjunction with the Irish",
"title": "RCSI Institute of Leadership"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "you hand-pick one song and then skip to another. We want to bring back the feel of listening to an album. We have issues we feel need touching on, look at climate change, even its title had to be watered down due to political correctness, as people are too afraid to call it global warming. Look at our fat-cat politicians - they decided to round up all our homeless during the Olympics, so visitors couldn’t see the plight of our homeless. There are so many other issues out there that need to be touched on, but kids of today, prefer",
"title": "Do Ya (album)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to adults, adolescents, families, the elderly, children, and service providers, when the support is needed! The foundation of support companion services is relationship, and the methodology of contact is sociotherapy. Sociotherapists are constantly involved in creating and refining theories in group and socialization dynamics. For example, a sociotherapist in a nursing home may experiment on the various methods one might employ to lure an introverted resident to activities and thus reduce the resident's risk of social isolation, which may be linked to the continued progression of that resident's dementia. In this example, the sociotherapist would also use activities like games",
"title": "Sociotherapy"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "example, the contour of an edge, and not just upon one- or two-dimensional properties. The underlying limitations are the beam width and the wavelength of the electron beam (determining diffraction), determined, as already discussed, by the electron beam energy. The calibration of these scanning electron microscope measurements is tricky, as results depend upon the material measured and its geometry. A typical wavelength is and a typical resolution is about Other small dimension techniques are the atomic force microscope, the focused ion beam and the helium ion microscope. Calibration is attempted using standard samples measured by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nuclear",
"title": "Length measurement"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "power cogeneration, and for rectification, have been developed. The scientific aspects of thermionic energy conversion primarily concern the fields of surface physics and plasma physics. The electrode surface properties determine the magnitude of electron emission current and electric potential at the electrode surfaces, and the plasma properties determine the transport of electron current from the emitter to the collector. All practical thermionic converters to date employ caesium vapor between the electrodes, which determines both the surface and plasma properties. Caesium is employed because it is the most easily ionized of all stable elements. The surface property of primary interest is",
"title": "Thermionic converter"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "They reported the composition of alacranite to be AsS regarding to the electron-microprobe analyses. When they analyzed a mineral during seafloor sampling consisting of red and orange arsenic sulfides by X-ray diffraction, a mixture of realgar and alacranite was resulted and it was noticed that the mineral was identical to synthetic β-AsS supposed that the original chemical formula of alacranite (AsS) was incorrect. They argued that it is identical to alacranite because of the similarity of the physical properties and the unit-cell dimensions but further studies argue that it is different with respect to chemical formula and unit-cell volume. The",
"title": "Alacránite"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "transfer and results in charge-transfer insulators. Note that this is quite different from the Mott–Hubbard insulator model because there is no electron transfer between unit cells, only within a unit cell. Both of these effects may be present and competing in complex ionic systems. The fact that the Hubbard model has not been solved analytically in arbitrary dimensions has led to intense research into numerical methods for these strongly correlated electron systems. Exact treatment of the Hubbard model at absolute zero is possible using the Lanczos algorithm, which produces static and dynamic properties of the system. This method requires the",
"title": "Hubbard model"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the difference between the particle \"electron\" and the unit of charge \"electron\" was still blurred. Later, the name \"electron\" was assigned to the particle and the unit of charge \"e\" lost its name. However, the unit of energy electronvolt reminds us that the elementary charge was once called \"electron\". The maximum capacity of each pixel in a charge-coupled device image sensor, known as the \"well depth\", is typically given in units of electrons, commonly around 10 per pixel. In high-energy physics (HEP) Lorentz–Heaviside units are used, and the charge unit is a dependent one, formula_1, so that = 0.30282212088 .",
"title": "Elementary charge"
}
] | [
"Bohr magneton"
] | [
"The Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton are units which are used to describe the magnetic properties of the electron and atomic nuclei respectively. The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment which would be expected for an electron if it behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics. It is defined in terms of the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass, all of which depend on the Planck constant: the final dependence on h1/2 (r2 > 0.995) can be found by expanding the variables."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_8272 | Whites make up how much of Namibia's population? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"4.0 and 7.0%"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "as the Nama. In addition to the Bantu majority, there are large groups of Khoisan (such as Nama and San), who are descendants of the original inhabitants of Southern Africa. The country also contains some descendants of refugees from Angola. There are also two smaller groups of people with mixed racial origins, called \"Coloureds\" and \"Basters\", who together make up 8.0% (with the Coloureds outnumbering the Basters two to one). There is a substantial Chinese minority in Namibia; it stood at 40,000 in 2006. Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of",
"title": "Namibia"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "as the Nama. In addition to the Bantu majority, there are large groups of Khoisan (such as Nama and San), who are descendants of the original inhabitants of Southern Africa. The country also contains some descendants of refugees from Angola. There are also two smaller groups of people with mixed racial origins, called \"Coloureds\" and \"Basters\", who together make up 8.0% (with the Coloureds outnumbering the Basters two to one). There is a substantial Chinese minority in Namibia; it stood at 40,000 in 2006. Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of",
"title": "Namibia"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and listen to music anywhere! It's Weather-Resistant, plays on included rechargeable batteries up to 20 hours. SurroundCast - a wireless rear or side speaker amplifier system. It consists of a transmitter with speaker level inputs and an amplified receiver module with 60 watts of digital power and speaker level outputs. The system allows you to set up any brand of surround speakers without the need for front to back of room wires. The system has a low latency (15 ms) and is a quick and easy installation. No programming, no fuss. Just great audio. Note: SurroundCast is not compatible with",
"title": "Soundcast"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "formation prior to 1500 A.D. Neo-environmental determinism scholars debate how much the physical environment shapes economic and political institutions. Economic historians Stanley Engerman and Kenneth Sokoloff argue that factor endowments greatly affected \"institutional\" development in the Americas, by which they mean the tendency to more free (democratic, free market) or unfree (dictatorial, economically restrictive) regimes. In contrast, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson underscore that the geographic factors most influenced institutional development during early state formation and colonialism. They argue that geographic differences cannot explain economic growth disparities after 1500 A.D. directly, except through their effects on economic",
"title": "Environmental determinism"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "In the 16th century, the village was destroyed and later Ottoman defters mention Gornje Sajlovo as a heath that was inhabited by people, but not in the form of a settlement. In 1554, an Ottoman defter recorded that Sajlovo had three houses that paid taxes, while by 1570, the number of houses that paid taxes had increased to seven. However, since Ottoman defters did not record houses that were liberated from paying taxes, these records do not show the correct number of inhabitants in the area. The eastern border of Klisanski breg is ulica Profesora Grčića (Profesora Grčića Street), the",
"title": "Gornje Livade, Novi Sad"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Aztec cuisine Aztec cuisine is the cuisine of the former Aztec Empire and the Nahua peoples of the Valley of Mexico prior to European contact in 1519. The most important staple was corn (maize), a crop that was so important to Aztec society that it played a central part in their mythology. Just like wheat in much of Europe or rice in most of East Asia, it was the food without which a meal was not a meal. It came in varieties that differed in color, texture, size and prestige, and was eaten as corn tortillas, tamales or \"ātōlli\", maize",
"title": "Aztec cuisine"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Healthcare Act, 2017. There are similar practices in other religions like Prayopavesa in Hinduism, and Sokushinbutsu in Buddhism. The ancient and medieval scholars of Indian religions discussed suicide, and a person's right to voluntarily choose death. Suicide is broadly disapproved and discouraged by Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts. The \"Satapatha Brahmana\" of Hinduism, for example, in section 10.2.6 discusses the nature of cyclic life and rebirth, and concludes that \"therefore, one should not depart before one's natural lifespan\", states David Brick, an Indologist at the Yale University. However, for those who have renounced the world (sannyasi, sadhu, yati, bhikshu), the",
"title": "Sallekhana"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "York State has a population of 19,378,102, including 12,740,974 (65.7%) white, 3,073,800 (15.9%) black, 1,420,244 (7.3%) Asian, 8,766 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, and 1,441,563 (7.4%) of other races. 585,849 (3.0%) has two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of all races make up 3,416,922 (17.6%) of the state's population; non-Hispanic whites make up 58.3% of the state's population. According to 2004 estimates, 20.4% of the population was foreign-born. Among cities in New York State, 36% of New York City's population is foreign-born; this figure of approximately 3 million is a higher total number of foreign-born residents than any other U.S. city.",
"title": "Demographics of New York (state)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "\"In 2005, homicide victimization rates for blacks were 6 times higher than the rates for whites\". The report also found that \"94% of black victims were killed by blacks.\" AIDS is one of the top three causes of death for African-American men aged 25–54 and for African-American women aged 35–44 years. In the United States, African Americans make up about 48% of the total HIV-positive population and make up more than half of new HIV cases. The main route of transmission for women is through unprotected heterosexual sex. African-American women are 19 times more likely to contract HIV than other",
"title": "African Americans"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Namibia Commercial Aviation Namibia Commercial Aviation (NCA) is a Namibia-based charter airline that operates a Douglas DC-6B. The airline operates sightseeing charters. The airline is based at Windhoek Eros Airport. The predecessor airline of NCA was Hire and Fly, which was founded in 1977. Chris Schutte, a former station engineer with South African Airways, founded Hire and Fly, which operated single and twin-engine Cessna aircraft. In 1989, Hire and Fly expanded by taking over the Cessna fleet of Namib Air (now Air Namibia). By 1992, the airline was operating seven Cessna 210’s and up to eight twin-engined Cessna 310’s when",
"title": "Namibia Commercial Aviation"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "annum. One study using calculations based on National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data suggests that 47% of South Africans live below the poverty line: 56% of blacks live in poverty compared to 2% of whites, using an arbitrary income poverty line of R502 per capita. Although, it should also be noted that black South Africans make up the majority of the population at 79.2% while white South Africans make up only 8.9% of the population according to the Statistics South Africa census released in 2011. The United Nations Development Program's Human Development Index (HDI) ranked South Africa 110 out of",
"title": "Economy of South Africa"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "or entertained homosexual thoughts, from people who identified as lesbian or gay. (Older estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies.) The American Community Survey from the 2000 U.S. Census estimated 776,943 same-sex couple households in the country as a whole, representing about 0.5% of the population. A report by the U.S. Census Bureau projects a decrease in the ratio of Whites between 2010 and 2050, from 79.5% to 74.0%. At the same time, Non-Hispanic Whites are projected to no longer make up a majority of the population by 2042,",
"title": "Demography of the United States"
}
] | [
"4.0 and 7.0%"
] | [
"Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%)."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1419 | Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"$250,000"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "L. Crook that allowed Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman) employees to use up to $60 ($ when adjusted for inflation) every month to pay for educational costs for their children. As a result some Parchman employees sent their children to North Sunflower Academy, and the State of Mississippi used general support funds to pay for some of North Sunflower Academy's transportation costs, including school buses, bus drivers, and gasoline. According to a November 1974 \"Delta Democrat Times\" article, the State of Mississippi spent over $250,000 () when adjusted for inflation) in tuition costs and thousands of dollars in transportation costs for",
"title": "North Sunflower Academy"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1936, when he was transferred to SK Jugoslavija, one of the major national clubs. As a member of the Yugoslav national team, he is remembered as one of the best dribblers of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1936, ČSK entered to the Belgrade First A-League, which was one of the Yugoslav Second League´s at that time, but relegated after two years. The generational change in the squad is considered to be the reason for such a bad season, but after only one year, the club was back and won immediately the championship. However, in that season the club was merged with",
"title": "FK Čukarički"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Livingston was its chairman. It included the delegates to the first congress and also five new members. All counties other than Tryon, Gloucester, and Cumberland were represented. The scope of the Provincial Convention did not extend beyond electing delegates, and they dispersed on April 22. On April 23, news of the Battles of Lexington and Concord arrived. The First Provincial Congress was convened in New York City on May 22, 1775 with Peter Van Brugh Livingston as president. The first resolution adopted was obedience to recommendations made by the Continental Congress. The congress adapted a \"plan of Accommodation between Great",
"title": "New York Provincial Congress"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Faisalabad. Very few actually get the chance to go to superior universities and get higher education. The Arain are far ahead in this regard, as most of their caste members are highly educated only two families of the caste ibdi are in the village. The youngest ever advocate supreme court of Pakistan in the whole of Pakistan, Ch.Imtiaz Ahmad Kamboh ASC belongs to this village. Jagday has the biggest vegetable Market among nearby villages, where vegetables arrive fresh from the fields. A vegetable auction is held each afternoon, and then vegetables are transported to Faisalabad for sale in wholesale vegetable",
"title": "Jagdeo, Pakistan"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and oval though are the most common, in that order) but must have a diameter less than two inches in order to be distinguished simply from a small basket. Astronaut Daniel W. Bursch wove a set of miniature nesting baskets while at the International Space Station. Miniature Baskets are often put on thin chains and worn as necklaces by women. Nantucket Lightship Baskets are still made on Nantucket Island by local artisans such as Manny Dias and Timothy D. Parsons, and classes are still taught to local Nantucket children through programs run by The Lightship Basket Museum on Nantucket. Antique",
"title": "Nantucket Lightship Basket"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "OIRA had given or sold most of its weapons to the FWA as part of its turn away from political violence, leaving it defenceless when intercommunal violence erupted in Northern Ireland in August 1969. Scott Millar, coauthor of a history of the OIRA, writes that there was contact between the two groups (including FWA members training in Ireland) but no large-scale transfer of arms took place. In 2009 photos of the group's exercises taken by undercover police officers (and introduced as evidence at the 1969 trial) were brought out of storage and put on display in a museum exhibit. Free",
"title": "Free Wales Army"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Volta Laboratory and Bureau The Volta Laboratory (also known as the \"Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory\", the \"Bell Carriage House\" and the \"Bell Laboratory\") and the Volta Bureau were created in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. by Alexander Graham Bell. The Volta Laboratory was founded in 1880–1881 with Charles Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin, Chichester Bell, for the research and development of telecommunication, phonograph and other technologies. Using funds generated by the Volta Laboratory, Bell later founded the Volta Bureau in 1887 \"for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf\", and merged with the American Association for the Promotion and",
"title": "Volta Laboratory and Bureau"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "had been reserved, was ultimately settled by a mixed commission appointed by the two powers in February 1896, the total amount awarded to the British sealers being $473,151.26 - in excess of US$10 million in present-day inflation-adjusted dollars. Since the decision was in favor of Great Britain, in accordance with the arbitration treaty the tribunal prescribed a series of regulations for preserving the seal herds which were to be binding upon and enforced by both powers. They limited pelagic sealing as to time, place, and manner by fixing a zone of 60 miles around the Pribilof Islands within which the",
"title": "Bering Sea Arbitration"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Sjöberg Prize The Sjöberg Prize is an award aimed at individuals or research groups that have made significant contributions to cancer research. The prize, which is international, is planned to be awarded annually. It consists of a 100,000 US dollars of free disposal and 900,000 dollars to fund future research making up a total of one million US dollars. The prize money increases to counteract inflation. The Prize is funded by The Sjöberg Foundation, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is responsible for deciding upon the Sjöberg Laureates. The Foundation was founded in 2016, and the first prize was",
"title": "Sjöberg Prize"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Fund')\", and then in 1887 the \"'Volta Bureau',\" which later became the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (AG Bell). The prize was discontinued in 1888. The Volta prize was inspired on the earlier French Academy of Sciences prize \"\"prix du Galvanisme\"\" (Galvanism Prize) created by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801. A Grand Prize of 60,000 francs and a medal of 30,000 francs to be given for discoveries similar to those of Volta and Benjamin Franklin. The Grand Prize never found a deserving recipient. Only four recipients received the 30,000 francs \"prix du Galvanisme\": Additionally, the",
"title": "Volta Prize"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "1858) and Newfield (March 8, 1924). The township was named for Benjamin Franklin. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 56.466 square miles (146.246 km), including 55.907 square miles (144.799 km) of land and 0.559 square miles (1.447 km) of water (0.99%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Blue Bell, Downstown, Forest Grove. Franklinville, Fries Mills, Iona, Janvier, Lake, Malaga, Marsh Lake, Piney Hollow, Plainville and Porchtown. The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $74,327",
"title": "Franklin Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey"
}
] | [
"$250,000"
] | [
"In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his \"proudest achievement\", \"the photophone\", the \"optical telephone\" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_1899 | To what number did the size of the orchestra grow to? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"100"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100. Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400. European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward the end of the era, of nationalism in music (echoing, in some cases, political sentiments of the time), as composers such as Edvard Grieg, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Antonín Dvořák echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions. Prominent composers of this",
"title": "Classical music"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "up an octave. The orchestra size is determined from the music budget of the film. The orchestrator is told in advance the number of instruments he or she has to work with and has to abide by what is available. A big-budget film may be able to afford a Romantic music era-orchestra with over 100 musicians. In contrast, a low-budget independent film may only be able to afford a 20 performer chamber orchestra or a jazz quartet. Sometimes a composer will write a three-part chord for three flutes, although only two flutes have been hired. The orchestrator decides where to",
"title": "Orchestration"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "In 2013 he was elected as an Auckland Councillor, replacing the incumbent, Des Morrison, who had retired. He was appointed chair of the Auckland Council's rural advisory panel. In 2015 he became the chair of the Audit and Risk Committee and a member of the Political steering group for the Auckland Transport Alignment Project. He was re-elected unopposed in 2016. Following Phil Goff's election as Mayor of Auckland in 2016, Cashmore was picked as Deputy Mayor. As a result of his appointment, Cashmore was appointed to the Appointments and Performance Review, Civil Defence & Emergency Management, Community Development and Safety,",
"title": "Bill Cashmore (politician)"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "seconds against three Manila Beer defenders to send the game into overtime at 117-all. In the extension period, with the score at 127-125 in favor of Ginebra, Michael Young hit two of his 63 points in the last six seconds as he translate two errors by Ginebra playing coach Robert Jaworski to tie the count at 127-all, Young was fouled with one second remaining while attempting a three-pointer, sending him to the free throw line, Young converted his two charities and the game went into second overtime after Billy Ray Bates missed on an alley-hoop in the last offensive play,",
"title": "1986 PBA Open Conference Finals"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with 100th St. located along the southern edge of the county, and the numbers gradually increasing toward the northern tip of the county. North-south streets are named, generally indicating the name of the road in the Oklahoma City grid that the county road best aligns with. (\"e.g.\" Santa Fe Avenue would, if extended northward, eventually connect with the street of the same name in Oklahoma City.) In 2010, the EPA ordered local water utilities to begin the first nationwide tests for hexavalent chromium 6 (AKA The Erin Brockovich Chemical). From 2013 to 2015, utilities took more than 60,000 samples of",
"title": "McClain County, Oklahoma"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2010, which declared an intention to \"stop the top-down reorganisations of the NHS that have got in the way of patient care\". However, within two months a white paper outlined what the \"Daily Telegraph\" called the \"biggest revolution in the NHS since its foundation\". The white paper, \"Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS\", was followed in December 2010 by an implementation plan in the form of \"Liberating the NHS: legislative framework and next steps\". McKinsey & Company who have been influential in the British Department of Health for many years was heavily involved in the discussions around the Bill. The",
"title": "Health and Social Care Act 2012"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "placed a force there that posed a year-round threat to Athens. In the face of this army, the Athenians could only supply the city by sea. Athens was also weakened from the disastrous conclusion of the Sicilian Expedition and began to modify their walls in the summer of 413 BC and ultimately abandoned the Athens-Phaleron Wall, focusing on the two Piraeus Walls. The Long Walls, and the access to a port that they provided, were by now the only thing protecting Athens from defeat. Realizing that they could not defeat the Athenians on land alone, the Spartans turned their attention",
"title": "Long Walls"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "profit and use those resources to record what would be the total of 11 albums in a three-year span. With touring going on 9 months out of the year it did not leave a whole lot of time to record; studio schedules were hectic. On the other hand, the band had been playing together so much on the road they were musically familiar and close-knit with one another. As a unit, the quality of the Kenton orchestra on the December 1961\"Adventures In Jazz\" LP tracks is outstanding even with being expanded to an orchestra the size of 22 musicians to",
"title": "Adventures In Jazz"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "bond with the island, further increasing its size and stability. Eventually the island can grow to fill the entire substrate with a single large grain. The faster the atoms are deposited, the greater amount of atoms on the substrate before any large stable islands form. As these atoms meet, they will bond to their local neighbors before having the chance to migrate to a distant island. In this way a large number of separate islands are formed and can grow independently. Eventually the separate islands will grow to become separate grains in the final film. The island growth model is",
"title": "Island growth"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Involution (medicine) Involution refers to the shrinking or return of an organ to a former size. At a cellular level, involution is characterized by the process of proteolysis of the basement membrane (basal lamina), leading to epithelial regression and apoptosis, with accompanying stromal fibrosis. The consequent reduction in cell number and reorganization of stromal tissue leads to the reduction in the size of the organ. The thymus continues to grow between birth and puberty and then begins to atrophy, a process directed by the high levels of circulating sex hormones. Proportional to thymic size, thymic activity (T cell output) is",
"title": "Involution (medicine)"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "be undone since it does not need to house the fetus anymore. This process is primarily due to the hormone oxytocin. The completion of this period is defined as when the diameter of the uterus returns to the size it is normally during a woman's menstrual cycle. During pregnancy until after birth, mammary glands grow steadily to a size required for optimal milk production. At the end of breastfeeding, the number of cells in the mammary gland becomes reduced until approximately the same number is reached as before the start of pregnancy. Involution (medicine) Involution refers to the shrinking or",
"title": "Involution (medicine)"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL) which had been established in 1934. The popularity of records meant that live bands did not draw in the crowds that they once did, music halls were better to turn on the records rather than pay for a band. A the start of the 1970's the BBC was looking to reduce the size and the number orchestra which came as a blow to the MU. The Union asked the Government to get involved, and Ratcliffe was relieved that the Government was willing to help on this occasion, the BBC agreed not to fire large parts",
"title": "Musicians' Union (United Kingdom)"
}
] | [
"100"
] | [
"The family of instruments used, especially in orchestras, grew. A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear. Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the introduction of rotary valves made it possible for them to play a wider range of notes. The size of the orchestra (typically around 40 in the Classical era) grew to be over 100. Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8, for example, has been performed with over 150 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4949 | In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"1351"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "took 150 years for the European population to regain similar levels of 1300. As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners",
"title": "Late Middle Ages"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "authorities in Western Europe instituted wage controls. These governmental controls sought to freeze wages at the old levels before the Black Death. Within England, for example, the Ordinance of Labourers, enacted in 1349, and the Statute of Labourers, enacted in 1351, restricted both wage increases and the relocation of workers. If workers attempted to leave their current post, employers were given the right to have them imprisoned. The Statute was poorly enforced in most areas, and farm wages in England on average doubled between 1350 and 1450, although they were static thereafter until the end of the 19th century. Cohn,",
"title": "Consequences of the Black Death"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "that his speech urging Obama's assassination (\"Re: Obama fk the niggar , he will have a 50 cal in the head soon\" and \"shoot the nig country fkd for another 4 years+, what nig has done ANYTHING right???? long term???? never in history, except sambos\") was protected by the First Amendment. The prototype for Section 871 was the British Treason Act 1351, which made it a crime to \"compass or imagine\" the death of the King. The statute prohibiting threats against the President was enacted by Congress in 1917. The maximum fine it allowed was $1,000. The law was amended",
"title": "Threatening the President of the United States"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the D1GP UK Silverstone and D1GP Las Vegas 2006 Exhibition Matches. He has not adapted well to the new vehicle and finished the season down in 20th place. In , after the event of Formula D Japan, he made a comeback to D1 Street Legal after a 7-year absence which he picked up a sponsorship with Z.S.S. Racing. He is driving the S15 once again, starting in 2015. He has done very well for the season, earning 2nd overall. In , following his successful season of 2015, more luck shines on him when he managed to get his first D1SL",
"title": "Katsuhiro Ueo"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "for the inaugural League 1 Shield. \"*capacity for rugby league games may differ from official stadium capacity.\" (Q) = Qualified for Play-offs (S) = Secured spot in 2017 Championship (Q) = Qualified for Play-offs League 1 Shield Final Promotion Final Playoffs 2016 League 1 The 2016 League 1, known as the Kingstone Press League 1 for sponsorship reasons, was a semi-professional rugby league football competition played in England, the third tier of the sport in the country. The 2016 League 1 season was expanded to 15 teams with Toulouse Olympique rejoining the British game. At the end of the weekly",
"title": "2016 League 1"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "203,033 silver dollars were struck in 1795, but it is unknown exactly how many of those were of the Flowing Hair type, as the Draped Bust dollar succeeded it in October 1795; the Draped Bust dollar was designed by portraitist Gilbert Stuart at the behest of Rittenhouse's successor as Mint Director, Henry DeSaussure. Throughout its history, the 1794 dollar has widely been considered one of the rarest and most valuable of all United States coins. In a September 1880 issue of \"The Coin Journal\", the author noted that a good quality specimen of the 1794 dollar was valued at fifty",
"title": "Flowing Hair dollar"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "shaping the body plan during embryogenesis and occurs during gastrulation, neurulation, axis elongation, and organogenesis in both vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. In chordate animals, this process is utilized within a vast population of cells; from the smaller populations in the notochord of the sea squirt (ascidian) to the larger populations of the dorsal mesoderm and neural ectoderm of frogs (Xenopus) and fish. Many characteristics of convergent extension are conserved in the teleost fish, the bird, and very likely within mammals at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level. Convergent extension has been primarily studied in frogs and fish due to their",
"title": "Convergent extension"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Viotti Stradivarius The Viotti; ex-Bruce Stradivarius of 1709 is an antique violin constructed by luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona (1644-1737). It is one of only 700 known extant Stradivari instruments. The violin receives its name from its first known owner, violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti, who is said to have received it as a love token from Catherine the Great. Viotti is thought to have commissioned the construction of at least one replica of this violin. Subsequent owners include Mr. Menessier, 1824; Mr Brochant de Villiers; Mr Meunié, 1860; Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume; Pierre Silvestre, on behalf of William E. Hill & Sons,",
"title": "Viotti Stradivarius"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "California Administrative Procedure Act The California Administrative Procedure Act (APA) is a series of acts of the California Legislature first enacted that requires California state agencies to adopt regulations in accordance with its provisions. It predates the federal Administrative Procedure Act that was enacted almost a year later on . The act allows the public to participate in the adoption of state regulations in order to ensure that the regulations are clear, necessary, and legally valid. The act allows that, as long as a person is not limited by a statute, any interested person can petition a state agency to",
"title": "California Administrative Procedure Act"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "comprising as it does first the evaluation and then the application of enacted law. Statute law is written law enacted by a person or a body empowered by the Constitution or other legislation to do so. The Interpretation Act defines it as \"any law, proclamation, ordinance, Act of Parliament or other enactment having the force of law.\" The Constitution of South Africa, which has the force of supreme law, and as such sets the standards and requirements for the construction and construal of statutes, also provides a definition of statute law, distinguishing between national and provincial legislation: There are a",
"title": "Legal interpretation in South Africa"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "between persons in a manner that serves no constitutionally legitimate end. While a \"law enacted for broad and ambitious purposes often can be explained by reference to legitimate public policies which justify the incidental disadvantages they impose on certain persons\", it must nevertheless, at least, \"bear a rational relationship to a legitimate governmental purpose\". To understand the concept of rational basis review, it is easier to understand what it is not. Rational basis review is \"not\" a genuine effort to determine the legislature's actual reasons for enacting a statute, nor to inquire into whether a statute does in fact further",
"title": "Rational basis review"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Union of South Africa, and after the 1806 British annexation of the Cape, have mostly been repealed or incorporated into other legislation. Legislation enacted after 1910, but before the current constitutional dispensation, still forms a substantial—indeed predominant—part of the current body of statute law in South Africa. New-order legislation refers to the whole body statute law enacted in South Africa since 1994. It includes both the Interim Constitution and the current Constitution of 1996, under which all such legislation has been enacted, and with which all legislation must be compatible if it is to be valid. Before 1994 and",
"title": "Legal interpretation in South Africa"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Flag Protection Act Reacting to protests during the Vietnam War era, the United States 90th Congress enacted Public Law 90-381 (82 Stat. 291), later codified as 18 U.S.C. 700, et. seq., and better known as the Flag Protection Act of 1968. It was an expansion to nationwide applicability of a 1947 law previously restricted only to the District of Columbia (\"See\" 61 Stat. 642). In 1989, the 101st Congress amended that statute with Public Law 101-131 (103 Stat. 777). These amendments to the statute were in response to the United States Supreme Court's ruling that year in the case of",
"title": "Flag Protection Act"
}
] | [
"1351"
] | [
"As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_3641 | Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"a few months"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months. The development of drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases was a major focus of early research and development efforts; in 1900 pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea were the three leading causes of death in the United States and mortality in the first year of life exceeded 10%. In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed",
"title": "Pharmaceutical industry"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "their 250 TR. The race was held over 106 laps of the 5.888 mile, Autódromo Municipal-Avenida Paz, giving a distance of 624.162 miles (1,004.49km). Due to the lack of opposition as the Porsches were racing in a different class, it was left to Ferrari to battle amongst themselves. Sadly, the race was overshadowed by the fatal accident involving the American, Harry Blanchard, who’s Porsche 718 RSK had crashed on the first lap, overturned and hit several times by other cars. In the race, the Scuderia Ferrari of Hill and Allison, won ahead of their team-mates Ginther/von Trips. Car number 4,",
"title": "1960 1000 km Buenos Aires"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Fountain Avenue in the southwest. The Arlington and Cypress Hills branches of the Brooklyn Public Library serve this community. Cypress Hills housing projects demarcate the southernmost border of Cypress Hills. This neighborhood lies within the 37th City Council District of New York City and is demographically mixed: Latino-Americans, South Asian-Americans, Caribbean Americans, Caucasians and African Americans. The neighborhood is served by the United States Postal Service zip codes 11207 and 11208. The population is 17,089. The area of Cypress Hills is . Area schools include: Starrett City (also Spring Creek Towers) is a large subsidized apartment complex. Its boundaries, starting",
"title": "East New York, Brooklyn"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the European Union, began upgrading the road to grade II bitumen surface with shoulders, culverts, and drainage channels. The work was contracted to Reynolds Construction Company of Nigeria, at a cost of Sh230 billion (approx.€79 or US$104 million at that time). Masaka–Mbarara Road The Masaka–Masaka Road is a road in the Central and Western Regions of Uganda, connecting the towns of Masaka in Masaka District, Central Region and Mbarara in Mbarara District, Western Region. The road starts at Masaka and goes through Lyantonde, and ends in Mbarara, a distance of about . The road improvements involved road extensions making the",
"title": "Masaka–Mbarara Road"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Insidious: Chapter 3 Insidious: Chapter 3 is a 2015 supernatural horror film written and directed by Leigh Whannell in his directorial debut. It is a prequel to the first two films and the third installment in the \"Insidious\" franchise. The film stars Dermot Mulroney and Stefanie Scott, with Angus Sampson, Whannell, and Lin Shaye reprising their roles from the previous films. The film was released on June 5, 2015, received mixed reviews and grossed $113 million against a budget of $11 million. Several years before the Lambert haunting, teenager Quinn Brenner meets with retired demonologist Elise Rainier. Elise reluctantly agrees",
"title": "Insidious: Chapter 3"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the Presbyterian Church in America. The Reformed Church in America is another reformed denomination in the US with gay clergy serving congregations. \"Some RCA churches have gay pastors, but their ordination is from other denominations.\" The Church of Scotland discussed the issue at its 2009 General Assembly. This was in response to the induction of openly gay minister Rev. Scott Rennie, to serve at Queen's Cross Church, Aberdeen. The outcome was agreement that the induction, which had triggered the debate, should go ahead, but that no further such cases should be permitted until a commission on the subject has",
"title": "LGBT clergy in Christianity"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of all cases reported are children under 12 living in these conditions. When proper treatment is provided for patients with rat-bite fever, the prognosis is positive. Without treatment, the infection usually resolves on its own, although it may take up to a year to do so. A particular strain of rat-bite fever in the United States can progress and cause serious complications that can be potentially fatal. Before antibiotics were used, many cases resulted in death. If left untreated, streptobacillary rat-bite fever can result in infection in the lining of the heart, covering over the spinal cord and brain, or",
"title": "Rat-bite fever"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and a reduction of the production of acylcarnitines, which has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Because of its inhibitory effects on L-carnitine biosynthesis and its subsequent glycolytic effects as well as reduced acylcarnitine production, meldonium has been indicated for use in diabetic patients. In an animal models and a very small clinical trial, meldonium has been shown to reduce blood glucose concentrations, exhibit cardioprotective effects and prevent or reduce the severity of diabetic complications. Long term treatment has also been shown to attenuate the development of atherosclerosis in the heart. Its vasodilatory effects are stipulated to be",
"title": "Meldonium"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "information from the histories of patients who had already contracted syphilis but remained untreated for some time. The Tuskegee study group decided to build on the Oslo work and perform a prospective study to complement it. Researchers could study the natural progression of the disease as long as they did not harm their subjects. The researchers involved with the Tuskegee experiment reasoned that they were not harming the black men involved in the study because they were unlikely to get treatment for their syphilis and further education would not diminish their inherent sex drive. Even at the beginning of the",
"title": "Tuskegee syphilis experiment"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "If left untreated, the condition can lead to cataracts, increasing weakness in the legs (neuropathy), malnutrition, ketoacidosis, dehydration, and death. Diabetes mainly affects middle-age and older dogs, but there are juvenile cases. The typical canine diabetes patient is middle-age, female, and overweight at diagnosis. The number of dogs diagnosed with diabetes mellitus has increased three-fold in thirty years. In survival rates from almost the same time, only 50% survived the first 60 days after diagnosis and went on to be successfully treated at home. Currently, diabetic dogs receiving treatment have the same expected lifespan as non-diabetic dogs of the same",
"title": "Diabetes in dogs"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "achieved an SVR of 51%. In a second randomized controlled trial (REALIZE) of patients who had previously relapsed or had only a partial response, rates of SVR were higher in patients treated with telaprevir (83% to 88%) compared to 24% in controls. In a third trial (ADVANCE) for previously untreated patients, patients taking telaprevir had a SVR (69% to 75%) versus 44% in the control group. On April 28, 2011, the FDA Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee voted 18–0 to recommend approval telaprevir for people with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. The committee reviewed clinical trial data (including findings from the",
"title": "Telaprevir"
}
] | [
"a few months"
] | [
"A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_880 | Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"scavengers"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%). Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes. Although dogs are most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, the potential of feral and free-ranging dogs to compete with other large carnivores is limited",
"title": "Dog"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Bhairava. Yudhishthira had approached heaven with his dog, therefore among many Hindus, the common belief exists that caring for or adopting dogs can also pave way to heaven. The majority of both Sunni and Shi'a Muslim jurists consider dogs to be ritually unclean. It is uncommon for practising Muslims to have dogs as pets. They are viewed as scavengers. However, the majority of Muslims would touch and pet dogs if they are in no form wet to the touch as that is considered to bring out the impurities of the dog. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and",
"title": "Dogs in religion"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly \"As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly\" is an aphorism which appears in the Book of Proverbs in the Bible — ( \"Kəḵeleḇ šāḇ ‘al-qê’ōw; kəsîl, šōwneh ḇə’iwwaltōw.\"), also partially quoted in the New Testament, 2 Peter 2:22. It means that fools are stubbornly inflexible and this is illustrated with the repulsive simile of the dog that eats its vomit again, even though this may be poisonous. Dogs were considered unclean in Biblical times as they were commonly scavengers of the",
"title": "As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "type of police drama like \"The Sweeney\", ... Strangers and Killer.\" He also stated that: \"Eighty per cent of police work is ordinary and unsensational\". Ted Willis made some observations. He found that, in fact and fiction, characters akin to Jack Regan (\"\"The Sweeney\"\") were to be underplayed by the police who sought to restore their place in modern communities. The surviving episodes (with an emphasis on the latter years of the programme) which saw DVD releases allowed \"Dixon\" to be seen less deserving of its reputation as a \"cosy\" stereotype, and more as a programme that tells the stories",
"title": "Dixon of Dock Green"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a big hit with the audience. This wins him a lead role in the Ziegfeld Follies where he adds political commentary to his act and becomes famous as a \"cowboy philosopher\" known for witty remarks about politicians and issues of the day. Later, Will goes to Hollywood to work in films, meets Wiley Post and learns to fly, and goes on a European tour meeting heads of state. After the Great Depression hits, Will works long hours flying around the country to perform benefit shows lifting the spirits of the American people and raising funds for the poor. At the",
"title": "The Story of Will Rogers"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "convoys during the Second World War. Convoy ON 177 departed Cardiff on 4 April 1943 bound for New York. \"Belgian Captain\" was carrying a cargo of coal bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Convoy HX 241 departed New York on 25 May 1943 and arrived at Liverpool on 10 June. \"Belgian Captain\" was carrying a cargo of steel and lumber bound for London. She sailed from Halifax on 27 May and joined the convoy at sea on 29 May. Convoy ON 192 departed Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire on 8 July 1943 bound for New York. \"Belgian Captain\" was bound for Halifax, Nova",
"title": "SS Belgian Captain"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "a sacrificial gift to the other. Mimetic desire is often challenged by feminists, such as Toril Moi, who argue that it does not account for the woman as inherently desired. Though the centrality of rivalry is not itself a cynical view, it does emphasize the mechanical in love relations. In that sense, it does resonate with capitalism and cynicism native to post-modernity. Romance in this context leans more on fashion and irony, though these were important for it in less emancipated times. Sexual revolutions have brought change to these areas. Wit or irony therefore encompass an instability of romance that",
"title": "Romance (love)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the Ahujas. Pooja, at her engagement, sees a subtle chemistry developing between Uday and Anamika. Pooja now goes on a rampage as she wants to destroy Anamika totally, so that her love life with Uday can meet its happy end; however, Pooja realizes that Anamika is not so easy to defeat. In due course of time, Anamika becomes a favorite of not only Pooja's family but of the Ahujas too. At this point Pooja decides to go for the final kill. But the question remains that who is Anamika? Is she what she portrays to be or does she too",
"title": "Kayaamat"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "or demonstrate an approach response. Moreover, dogs show this tail-wagging behaviour upon presentation of their owner. Left-biased tail wags are ones biased to the left side of a dog’s body, as viewed from the rear. Dogs that were presented with a conspecific displaying this tail wagging behaviour were more stressed (revealed through heightened cardiac activity as well as behaviour) in comparison to dogs presented with conspecifics showing right-biased tail wagging behaviour. This increased emotional response suggest that left-biased tail wagging communicates negative feelings, or demonstrates a withdrawal response. Furthermore, dogs show this tail wagging behaviour in the presence of an",
"title": "Body language of dogs"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "which explains the emphasis of its use. In Ethiopian culture there are two main theories of the cause of disease. The first is attributed to God or other supernatural forces, while the other is attributed to external factors such as unclean drinking water and unsanitary food. Most genetic diseases or deaths are viewed as the will of God. Miscarriages are thought to be the result of demonic spirits. One medical practice that is commonly practiced irrespective of religion or economic status is female genital mutilation. Nearly four out of five Ethiopian women are circumcised. There are three levels of circumcision",
"title": "Health in Ethiopia"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Marx on religion in order for the CPC members to listen to his ideas. In July 1995, Ye was appointed director of the Bureau of Religious Affairs under the State Council of the People's Republic of China. One of his first tasks was to make sure that the 1995 CCTV New Year's Gala contained nothing offensive to religious people. When he saw that 100 children were set to dance with lanterns shaped as pigs' heads (pigs are ritually unclean in Islam), and that it was too late to change the routine, he ordered China Central Television to take only long",
"title": "Ye Xiaowen"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Islam and abortion Muslim views on abortion are shaped by the Hadith as well as by the opinions of legal and religious scholars and commentators. The Quran does not directly address intentional abortion, leaving greater discretion to the laws of individual countries. In Islam, the fetus is believed to become a living soul after four months of gestation, and abortion after that point is generally viewed as impermissible. Many Islamic thinkers recognize exceptions to this rule for certain circumstances. American academic, Azizah Y. al-Hibri, notes that \"the majority of Muslim scholars permit abortion, although they differ on the stage of",
"title": "Islam and abortion"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Islam Hadhari Islam Hadhari (Arabic الإسلام الحضاري) or \"Civilisational Islam\" is a theory of government based on the principles of Islam as derived from the Qur'an. It was founded in Malaysia by its first prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman in 1957 (but under a different name) , and has been promoted by successive Malaysian governments, in particular, by ex-Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Islam Hadhari should not be viewed as just the renewal of the old concept \"Islam Madani\" or \"Islam Hadhari\" as practised by the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions centuries ago. It should be viewed as the",
"title": "Islam Hadhari"
}
] | [
"scavengers"
] | [
"In Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers. In 2015 city councillor Hasan Küçük of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city. Islamic activists in Lérida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_993 | What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"aloe or aloe vera"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "progressive Labour Party led by Dr. Joseph Muscat who had personally campaigned for the introduction of Divorce legislation and other civil liberties. Cyrus Engerer joined and became highly involved in Labour Party. In July 2011, he became a board member of the party’s think-tank Fondazzjoni IDEAT and one of its delegates to the party. He also formed part of LGBT Labour. Within the party, Engerer also spearheaded the fight for Civil Rights. His involvement was particularly prominent in the 2013 Labour Party campaign for the General Elections, where he worked hard to encourage former Nationalist voters to vote Labour. Labour",
"title": "Cyrus Engerer"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Leixões SC, being released in June 2008 by the Spaniards without any official appearances and dropping down to the second level in his country by joining S.C. Beira-Mar. On 26 June 2009, Moreira underwent a trial at Heart of Midlothian alongside compatriot Zezinando. An eventual deal fell through, and he returned to Estrela after four years. Moreira left for Spain again in June 2010, agreeing to a one-year contract with UE Lleida in division three. He stayed in that country and tier for 2011–12 and joined Real Balompédica Linense, but was released by the latter in January 2012. On 18",
"title": "João Moreira (footballer, born 1986)"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "second half of 1242 he invaded Austria and forced Duke Frederick II to surrender the three counties ceded to him during the Mongol invasion. On the other hand, Venice occupied Zadar in the summer of 1243. Béla renounced Zadar on 30 June 1244, but Venice acknowledged his claim to one third of the customs revenues of the Dalmatian town. Béla set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols. He married three of his daughters to princes whose countries were also threatened by the Mongols. Rostislav Mikhailovich, a pretender to the Principality of Halych, was the first to marry, in 1243,",
"title": "Béla IV of Hungary"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "in the mid-twentieth century, Ghumari was accused of having ties to a foreign group. In 1961, he was sentenced to ten years in prison, likely due to his time spent in Egypt where the Brotherhood had formed. His older brother, Ahmad al-Ghumari, fell ill upon hearing of his younger brother's long sentence and died eight months later. Ghumari was known not only for the number of teachers which he had, but also the number of students. Salâh Ud Dîn At Tijânî and Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy is counted as one of Ghumari's more prominent students, as is Hassan al-Kattani. Abdullah",
"title": "Abdullah al-Ghumari"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "low passes provide major transportation routes through the Urals eastward from Europe. The highest peak, Mount Narodnaya, is . The Urals also contain valuable deposits of minerals. To the east of the Urals is the West Siberian Plain, stretching about 6 kilometers from west to east and about 670 kilometers from north to south. With more than half its territory below 200 meters in elevation, the plain contains some of the world's largest swamps and floodplains. Most of the plain's population lives in the drier section south of 77 north latitude. The region directly east of the West Siberian Plain",
"title": "Geography of Russia"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Allen and Hanburys was one of the first manufacturers of cod liver oil in Great Britain, and owned factories in the Lofoten Islands (Norway) as well as at Hull and Aberdeen taking cod directly from the North Sea. The Bethnal Green factory carried much of the administrative and scientific side of the business, which included research, analytical control, chemistry, pharmacy and pharmacology. In this plant, galenical preparations, pills, tablets, capsules and other classes of pharmaceutical and medical goods were prepared. The Bethnal Green plant also produced surgical instruments, mainly in stainless steel, and included \"Barts\" operating tables. Another product was",
"title": "Allen & Hanburys"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "for charter through SuperYachtsMonaco, a Monaco-based yacht brokerage company. However, according to \"Motor Boat & Yachting\" magazine, the yacht is not actually available for charter, and the charter listing is aimed to avoid European taxation (charter yachts are exempt from property tax). \"Eclipse\" travels to St. Martin in the Caribbean each winter to pick up guests who fly in to St. Martin's airport. The yacht then travels to Abramovich's home on nearby St. Barts. Eclipse (yacht) M/Y \"Eclipse\" is a luxury motor yacht built by Blohm+Voss of Hamburg, Germany. Her exterior and interior were designed by Terence Disdale. The yacht",
"title": "Eclipse (yacht)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "glass, the Murano glassmakers used quartz as their source for silica. Quartz pebbles were crushed into a fine powder. Two sources for sand were Creta and Sicily. Quartz pebbles were selected from the Ticino and Adige rivers in Northern Italy. Their source for soda was what they called \"allume catina\"—plant ash found in the eastern Mediterranean countries of the Middle East. Beginning in the 16th century, \"allume catina\" was also imported from Mediterranean coastal regions of Spain and France. The mixing and melting of the batch of ingredients was a two-stage process. First, nearly equal amounts of silica and flux",
"title": "Venetian glass"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "and has been described as one of the world's \"10 weirdest medical museums.\" The museum is located under the North Wing archway and is open from Tuesday to Friday from 10 am to 4 pm. Admission is free, but donations are welcome. The collections are searchable on the Barts Health NHS Trust online catalogue, which contains information on over 50,000 entries and covering an 800-year span. A chemical laboratory at Barts was the location of the initial meeting of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1887 novel \"A Study in Scarlet\". Barts was Watson's alma mater. This",
"title": "St Bartholomew's Hospital"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "with the Royal London Hospital and St Bartholomew's Hospital. On 17 April 2015 it closed due to a reconfiguration of specialist cardiovascular services in north and east London. This enabled the creation of the Barts Heart Centre, one of Europe's largest cardiac centres. Local campaigners opposed the closure which was approved by NHS England in October 2014. Barts Health announced in April 2015 that 'the hospital is no longer up to the demands of rigorous specialised 21st century medicine and is now closed.' Services moved from the London Chest Hospital (Barts Health) and The Heart Hospital (UCLH) to the Barts",
"title": "London Chest Hospital"
}
] | [
"aloe or aloe vera"
] | [
"Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_7257 | Why are disel trains still used on electrified routes? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"due to incompatibility of electrification standards"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Obviously, this requires that the economics of a particular connection must be more compelling and this has prevented complete electrification of many lines. In a few cases, there are diesel trains running along completely electrified routes and this can be due to incompatibility of electrification standards along the route. A problem specifically related to electrified lines are gaps in the electrification. Electric vehicles, especially locomotives, lose power when traversing gaps in the supply, such as phase change gaps in overhead systems, and gaps over points in third rail systems. These become a nuisance, if the locomotive stops with its collector",
"title": "Railway electrification system"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Obviously, this requires that the economics of a particular connection must be more compelling and this has prevented complete electrification of many lines. In a few cases, there are diesel trains running along completely electrified routes and this can be due to incompatibility of electrification standards along the route. A problem specifically related to electrified lines are gaps in the electrification. Electric vehicles, especially locomotives, lose power when traversing gaps in the supply, such as phase change gaps in overhead systems, and gaps over points in third rail systems. These become a nuisance, if the locomotive stops with its collector",
"title": "Railway electrification system"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Logistics costs are high in India relative to costs in developed countries. Logistics costs as a percentage of gross domestic product stood at approximately 13% in 2015. In comparison, the logistics cost in developed countries is approximately 8%–10%. In more specific terms, India’s road freight cost per ton-kilometer, adjusted for purchasing power parity, is ₹1.90 ($0.03), which is almost double that of the United States. Higher logistics costs in India are primarily driven by five key factors. One is an unfavorable inter-modal mix, with 60% of freight movement skewed toward road transport despite the lower freight cost of rail transport.",
"title": "Multi-Modal Logistics Parks in India"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "From 1974 to the late 1970s, over a million Portuguese citizens arrived from the former African overseas colonies, most as destitute refugees—the \"retornados\". After nearly a decade of economic troubles, during which Portugal received two IMF-monitored bailouts, in 1986 the country entered the European Economic Community (and left the EFTA). The European Union's structural and cohesion funds and the growth of many of Portugal's main exporting companies were leading forces in a new period of robust economic growth and socio-economic development which would last (though with a short crisis around 1992–94) to the early 2000s. In 1991, GDP per capita",
"title": "Economic history of Portugal"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The slang \"keffiyeh kinderlach\" refers to young Jews, particularly college students, who sport a keffiyeh around the neck as a political/fashion statement. This term may have first appeared in print in an article by Bradley Burston in which he writes of \"the suburban-exile kaffiyeh kinderlach of Berkeley, more Palestinian by far than the Palestinians\" in their criticism of Israel. European activists have also worn the keffiyeh. While Western protesters wear differing styles and shades of keffiyeh, the most prominent is the black-and-white keffiyeh. This is typically worn around the neck like a neckerchief, simply knotted in the front",
"title": "Keffiyeh"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Aldo Romano Aldo Romano (born 16 January 1941 in Belluno, Italy) is a jazz drummer. He also founded a rock group in 1971. Romano moved to France as a child and by the 1950s he was playing guitar and drums professionally in Paris, but he first gained attention when he started working with Don Cherry in 1963. He recorded with Steve Lacy and would go on to tour with Dexter Gordon among others. In the 1970s, he moved into rock-influenced forms of jazz fusion and in 1978 made his first album as a leader. In the 1980s, he returned to",
"title": "Aldo Romano"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Guinness World Record for the longest chain of attached straws. The chain consisted of 42,963 individual straws and was 4.57 miles in length. This was the seventh record the school's students achieved with the help of Brough, at the time holding all seven at once. Previous records included the world's longest chain of paper clips reaching 22.17 miles in length built in 2004; the world's largest loaf of bread baked in 1987, weighing 307 lbs; the world's fastest human conveyor belt set in 2005 with the use of 100 student bodies; and the world's longest chain of balloons made in",
"title": "Clayton Brough"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the electrified standard gauge stretch of the Deutsche Bahn Stralsund (Rügendamm)-Bergen-Sassnitz line (timetable route (KBS) 195), Lietzow-Binz (KBS 197), the non-electrified routes Bergen-Putbus-Lauterbach Mole of the PRESS (KBS 198) and the narrow gauge stretch () of the Rügen Resort Railway (\"Rasender Roland\"): Lauterbach Mole-Putbus-Binz-Sellin-Göhren (KBS 199). In addition to regional trains, there are also Intercity services from Binz via Bergen and Stralsund to Berlin, Hamburg Frankfurt, Stuttgart and the Ruhr. Night train services to Munich, Basle and the Ruhr area were deleted from the timetable on 9 December 2007, despite massive protests from the local hotel industry. The bus service",
"title": "Rügen"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "passenger trains still operated, due to the lack of a road connection. In May 2004 the local government requested that the line be maintained as a heritage railway, as more and more tourists became interested in it. In 2010 it was listed as national cultural heritage. Tickets for tourists cost ¥80, but locals are only charged ¥0.5. Initially converted lorries were used, later steam locomotives probably of the RJ type. After re-gauging larger ZM16-4-C2 steam locomotives were used. These are still being used on the non-electrified section. In 2001 the Numbers 07, 08, 09, 10 und 14 were still operational.",
"title": "Jiayang Coal Railway"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Trains call here every 10 minutes in each direction Monday to Saturday daytimes and every 30 minutes on Sundays. Kings Norton Station could see refurbishment of the island platform for passenger use, should the proposal to reopen the Camp Hill Line progress. This could see the introduction of 3 (possibly 4) trains per hour between Kings Norton and . Only the two outer railway lines at Kings Norton are electrified fully (platform 3 is electrified but as a terminal point only), however the type of cantilever used on the platform means the lines can quite easily be fully electrified should",
"title": "Kings Norton railway station"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "3s for use on high speed freight trains. Many of the Mark 3s are scheduled to be withdrawn by 2020. Great Western Railway and London North Eastern Railway sets will be replaced by Class 800, 801 and 802 sets. The East Midlands Trains sets were also scheduled to be replaced when the Midland Main Line was electrified, but the July 2015 deferment of this project may result in the HST sets being retained. Approximately 120 Great Western Railway Mark 3s are to be transferred to Abellio ScotRail in 2018 for use on Edinburgh/Glasgow to Aberdeen/Inverness and Aberdeen to Inverness, routes.",
"title": "British Rail Mark 3"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Leipzig or Erfurt. Added to this was an Interzonal train via Lubeck to Hamburg, a Rostock–Schwerin express train and some local passenger trains. As a result of the oil crisis in the 1970s, East German Railways electrified several lines in the early 1980s. Electrification of the Schwaan–Rostock section was extended to Güstrow on May 1985 and the rest of the line was electrified in 1986 and 1987. After German reunification a number of additional trains were introduced to Hamburg. In the first half of the 1990s InterRegio services operated on the Stralsund–Rostock–Hamburg and Rostock–Leipzig routes every two hours. The connection",
"title": "Bad Kleinen–Rostock railway"
}
] | [
"due to incompatibility of electrification standards"
] | [
"Additionally, there are issues of connections between different electrical services, particularly connecting intercity lines with sections electrified for commuter traffic, but also between commuter lines built to different standards. This can cause electrification of certain connections to be very expensive simply because of the implications on the sections it is connecting. Many lines have come to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards for different trains to avoid having to replace the existing rolling stock on those lines. Obviously, this requires that the economics of a particular connection must be more compelling and this has prevented complete electrification of many lines. In a few cases, there are diesel trains running along completely electrified routes and this can be due to incompatibility of electrification standards along the route."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6063 | How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"two"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "play preseason matches. Australian rules football has been introduced to a wide range of places around Australia and the world since the code originated in Victoria in 1859. Much of this expansion can be directly attributed to exhibition matches by the major leagues in regions and countries where the code has been played as a demonstration sport. Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually – the Advance Auto Parts Clash, held at Daytona International",
"title": "Exhibition game"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the Appalachian League. Former NASCAR driver Kelly Denton is from the city. On the Tennessee side, Bristol is home to Bristol Motor Speedway, the \"world's fastest half mile\", which hosts two races per year on the NASCAR Sprint Cup circuit, two races per year on the NASCAR Xfinity Series circuit, one race per year on the Camping World Truck Series circuit, and various other racing events. The complex includes the Bristol Dragway, nicknamed \"Thunder Valley\", referencing the hills that echo the engine noise back toward the crowd. Television: Newspaper: Radio: Bristol, Virginia Bristol is an independent city in the Commonwealth",
"title": "Bristol, Virginia"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series The 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 63rd season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 40th modern-era Cup series season. The season included 36 races and two exhibition races, beginning with the Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. The final ten races were known as 2011 Chase for the Sprint Cup. During the 2010 season, NASCAR announced several calendar changes, including race additions at Kansas Speedway and Kentucky Speedway, and the removal of one race each from Atlanta Motor Speedway",
"title": "2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Wallace. The network also implemented two announcers on each side of the track: Dave Moody in turns 1 and 2 and Kyle Rickey in turns 3 and 4. Alex Hayden, Winston Kelly and Steve Post were the network's pit lane reporters. The network's broadcast was also simulcasted on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio. 2016 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race The 2016 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race (XXXII) was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car exhibition race held on May 21, 2016 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. Contested over 113 laps, it was the second exhibition race of the 2016",
"title": "2016 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "2014 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race The 2014 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race (XXX) was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on May 17, 2014, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. Contested over 90 laps, it was the second exhibition race of the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. The race was 90 laps long, separated into five segments: four segments of 20 laps and a final segment of 10 laps. A mandatory pit stop was utilized between the final two segments, while pitting between the 20 lap segments was optional. Since the inaugural race in 1985, the",
"title": "2014 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "it's not that big of a deal.\" It's so cool to come out on top.\" 2014 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race The 2014 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race (XXX) was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on May 17, 2014, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. Contested over 90 laps, it was the second exhibition race of the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. The race was 90 laps long, separated into five segments: four segments of 20 laps and a final segment of 10 laps. A mandatory pit stop was utilized between the final two segments, while",
"title": "2014 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series The 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 61st season of professional stock car racing in the United States, the 38th modern-era Cup series, and the last Cup season of the 21st century's first decade, the 2000s. The season included 36 races and two exhibition races with the regular season beginning with the Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. The final ten races were known as 2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup. Rick Hendrick won the Owners' Championship, while Jimmie Johnson won the Drivers' Championship with",
"title": "2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "One driver Scott Speed and Max Papis, struggled to adjust to stock cars. 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series The 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 61st season of professional stock car racing in the United States, the 38th modern-era Cup series, and the last Cup season of the 21st century's first decade, the 2000s. The season included 36 races and two exhibition races with the regular season beginning with the Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. The final ten races were known as 2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup. Rick",
"title": "2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series The 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 62nd season of professional stock car racing in the United States, the 39th modern-era cup series, and the first Cup season of the 2010s, the 21st century's second decade. Beginning at Daytona International Speedway, the season included 36 races and two exhibition races. The season concluded with the 2010 Ford 400 at Homestead Miami Speedway. During the 2009 off season, NASCAR announced a few calendar changes, including a standardized start time. Rick Hendrick won the Owners' Championship, while Jimmie Johnson won the Drivers' Championship with a second",
"title": "2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Cook, managed to run only three races. 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series The 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 62nd season of professional stock car racing in the United States, the 39th modern-era cup series, and the first Cup season of the 2010s, the 21st century's second decade. Beginning at Daytona International Speedway, the season included 36 races and two exhibition races. The season concluded with the 2010 Ford 400 at Homestead Miami Speedway. During the 2009 off season, NASCAR announced a few calendar changes, including a standardized start time. Rick Hendrick won the Owners' Championship, while Jimmie Johnson",
"title": "2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "at least one race. 2011 matched 2001 with both modern era record accomplishments. () Bold – Pole position awarded by time. \"Italics\" – Pole position set by final practice results. * – Most laps led. 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series The 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 63rd season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 40th modern-era Cup series season. The season included 36 races and two exhibition races, beginning with the Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. The final ten races were known as",
"title": "2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Rule, except that pit lane is only closed to those cars that were waved around the safety car to allow the leaders to start at the front. According to Jayski.com, seven drivers have won a race being the beneficiary in NASCAR Sprint Cup alone, with two drivers doing it twice. Most beneficiaries accumulated in a race: NOTE: Kyle Busch was the beneficiary in five consecutive caution periods at the 2006 AMD at the Glen; the beneficiary rule was not used on road course events in 2004. The first driver not on the lead lap—no matter how many laps they are",
"title": "Beneficiary rule"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Chase race in 2013 at Chicagoland, NASCAR will now make the Air Titan available at all Sprint Cup Series races and accompanying races at no extra charge. The Air Titan has also been improved to Air Titan 2.0 shortening track drying time even further. In addition, starting in 2014, drivers have a winner's decal placed behind the driver's name on the side of the car for each race victory they earn during the season. The final calendar was released on October 15, 2013, comprising 36 races, as well as two exhibition races. The schedule also includes two Budweiser Duels, which",
"title": "2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "finished 3rd. Exhibition: NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race The second exhibition race of the season took place on May 18 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. In the Sprint Showdown (the race to determine the two drivers, and another that wins a fan vote, that will advance to the All-Star Race), Martin Truex, Jr. qualified on the pole but was passed by Jamie McMurray on the first lap. McMurray led all 40 laps, win both 20-lap segments, and advanced into the All-Star Race. Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. finished second to advance as well. Danica Patrick won the fan vote to advance after a 9th-place",
"title": "2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of the NASCAR All-Star Race, only winners of the previous season participated in this event. Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race The Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race, formerly known as The Winston from 1985 to 2003, the Nextel All-Star Challenge from 2004 to 2007, then the Sprint All-Star Race from 2008 to 2016, is an annual Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series stock car exhibition race between race winners from the previous season and the beginning of the current season, as well as all past event winners, and previous NASCAR Cup Series champions who attempted to run the entire previous season. Two",
"title": "Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "season, he participated in three Busch Series events, and two Nextel Cup Series (now Sprint Cup Series) events. He also participated in 19 Truck Series events, where he recorded two pole positions, one top-five and eight top-ten finishes. For the 2007 season, Ragan moved to the Nextel Cup Series as the driver of the number 6 Roush Fenway Racing Ford Fusion. He also participated for the NASCAR Rookie of the Year standings in both Nextel Cup and Busch Series, where he finished second in the Nextel Cup Series, while winning the award in the Busch Series. During the Cup season,",
"title": "David Ragan"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "en route to his second win of the season After being denied victory at Talladega in 2008, Regan Smith stayed out on older tires and held of points leader Carl Edwards for his and Furniture Row Racing's first Cup Series victory at Darlington Raceway. Making a last minute two-tire pit stop on the final pit stop, Matt Kenseth outran former teammate Mark Martin to take his second win of the season at Dover. At the second exhibition race of the season, the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race XXVII at Charlotte Motor Speedway, David Ragan and Brad Keselowski finished 1–2 in the",
"title": "2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race The Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race, formerly known as The Winston from 1985 to 2003, the Nextel All-Star Challenge from 2004 to 2007, then the Sprint All-Star Race from 2008 to 2016, is an annual Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series stock car exhibition race between race winners from the previous season and the beginning of the current season, as well as all past event winners, and previous NASCAR Cup Series champions who attempted to run the entire previous season. Two other ways to become eligible to race in the event are winning one of the",
"title": "Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Superspeedway, Sonoma Raceway and Watkins Glen International retained the cameras. After banning all testing on tracks where any of the three premier series sanction races in 2008, NASCAR announced on September 29, 2012, that they will implement limited testing at tracks which sanction a race on the schedule. However, NASCAR stated that each organization is only allowed to test four different times, with each test at a different track. Rookie of the Year participants were allowed one extra test session, while NASCAR chose two other events for extra testing during the race weekend. NASCAR changed the car inspection process as",
"title": "2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Grand Slam (NASCAR) The Grand Slam in NASCAR is the achievement of winning all of the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series majors in a calendar year. In 1984, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company announced at the Waldorf Astoria New York during the annual year end awards banquet two new events that would define NASCAR for years to come. The first was an invitation only, \"all-star\" exhibition race called The Winston (now known as the Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race). The other announcement was that they were formally elevating the sport's four majors (sometimes referred to as the \"crown jewels\") into",
"title": "Grand Slam (NASCAR)"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "and earn the 47 (or 48 if the driver leads the most laps) points for the win at Darlington to claim the $600,000 bonus. Grand Slam (NASCAR) The Grand Slam in NASCAR is the achievement of winning all of the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series majors in a calendar year. In 1984, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company announced at the Waldorf Astoria New York during the annual year end awards banquet two new events that would define NASCAR for years to come. The first was an invitation only, \"all-star\" exhibition race called The Winston (now known as the Monster Energy",
"title": "Grand Slam (NASCAR)"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "was crowned champion at season's end, making him only the second driver in NASCAR's top division to win three championships in a row, with the first being Cale Yarborough. All Sprint Cup races utilized the Car of Tomorrow (CoT) template. NASCAR announced on May 22, 2007, that the original timetable, which would have the full-time use of the single car template in 2009, was being abandoned as 80% of all owners were in favor of moving the full-time use of the CoT one year ahead so they would not race with two sets of rules for all but ten races.",
"title": "2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 22,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "main sponsor for the 2009 season of \"WindTunnel with Dave Despain\" on Speed Channel. Golden Corral also sponsored the No. 28 Yates Racing Ford of Travis Kvapil during select NASCAR Sprint Cup Series events in the 2009 season. Dave Blaney used Golden Corral as one of his sponsors for the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season. In 2011, Golden Corral sponsored two drivers for the Daytona 500; Blaney earned primary sponsorship for his Tommy Baldwin Racing entry, while Brian Keselowski received associate sponsorship after his surprise finish in the qualifying races. If a Golden Corral-sponsored driver finishes in the top",
"title": "Golden Corral"
},
{
"idx": 23,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "had become the state's largest landowner, owning property worth more than $10 million. Campau held a large percentage of the stock in Michigan Central Railroad and Bank of Michigan. Campau held multiple public office positions. He was City Trustee in 1802, City Treasurer, City Inspector of water barrels and City Assessor, appraiser, and over-seer of the poor. In 1802, he was an original trustee of Detroit and its incorporation. He served in the Michigan Territory Militia as captain in 1806. During the War of 1812, he was a major in the U.S. Army. With his nephew, John R. Williams, Campau",
"title": "Joseph Campau"
},
{
"idx": 24,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is moderate but typically occurs at night. Lake Erie's stabilizing effect continues to inhibit thunderstorms and enhance sunshine in the immediate Buffalo area through most of July. August usually has more showers and is hotter and more humid as the warmer lake loses its temperature-stabilizing influence. The highest recorded temperature in Buffalo was on August 27, 1948 and the lowest recorded temperature was , which occurred twice, on February 9, 1934 and February 2, 1961. Like most former industrial cities of the Great Lakes region in the United States, Buffalo is recovering from an economic depression from suburbanization and the",
"title": "Buffalo, New York"
},
{
"idx": 25,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "General Bonaparte, who supported his promotion. He was made a Rear-Admiral and given command of a squadron to supply the Army of Egypt, but in Ganteaume's expeditions of 1801, he engaged in months of complicated maneuvers to elude the Royal Navy and eventually failed his mission. He supplied the French forces of the Saint-Domingue expedition. During the Trafalgar Campaign, Ganteaume was to lead his squadron to the Caribbean to reinforce Villeneuve and Missiessy, but he was blockaded by British squadrons. Ganteaume held various offices during the late First French Empire, and gave his loyalty to Louis XVIII at the Bourbon",
"title": "Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume"
},
{
"idx": 26,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "minority Laotian individuals have adopted lowland Lao behavior and dress patterns, or intermarried with lowland Lao, and have effectively acculturated to lowland society. In some units, military service has also brought together Laotians of different ethnic groups, both before and after 1975. Since 1975, there has been more sense of national unity among most rural villagers. Precolonial governments depended more on a system of control at the district level with the chao muang (district chief) maintaining his own allegiance and tribute to the state. Administrative practices under the French and during the post-World War II period were confined primarily to",
"title": "Laotian society"
},
{
"idx": 27,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Orel would hear a sermon in church on Sunday, then proceed to have some sort of misadventure based on his attempts to live by his (usually warped) interpretation of the lesson. At the end of each episode, his father would sternly put a halt to the proceedings and \"correct\" Orel (by means of corporal punishment)—only to offer an even more warped interpretation (in the first season this would be one of the \"Lost Commandments\"). Before the end titles, Clay Puppington's trousers would fall down as a running gag, because he had removed his belt to \"correct\" Orel beforehand. Throughout the",
"title": "Moral Orel"
},
{
"idx": 28,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "was eliminated in the first round by Erica Enders. Kurt Busch Kurt Thomas Busch (born August 4, 1978), is an American professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 1 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Chip Ganassi Racing. He is the 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion. He is the older brother of 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion Kyle Busch. The brothers are second-generation racing drivers; their father, Tom, won several NASCAR-sanctioned events. Busch has also driven for Stewart-Haas Racing, Furniture Row Racing, Phoenix Racing, Penske Racing, and Roush",
"title": "Kurt Busch"
},
{
"idx": 29,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "FS1, and the final 20 events were shared between NBC and NBCSN. However, the Cheez-It 355 at Watkins Glen International was aired on USA Network due to NBC's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics. In Canada, TSN televised each race, including the qualifying races for the Daytona 500 and exhibition races, under the name \"NASCAR on TSN\". TSN also had coverage of practice and qualifying for each race. In Latin America, except Brazil, all races were broadcast by Fox Sports, on their Fox Sports 3 channel (previously known as SPEED Latin America). In Brazil, most races were broadcast by Fox",
"title": "2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series"
},
{
"idx": 30,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Holley Performance Products Holley Performance Products is an automotive performance company based in Bowling Green, Kentucky. When the company was based in Michigan it was a major producer of carburetors for many Detroit-built automobiles. Later they manufactured carburetors for both street and racing applications such as the Holley \"Double Pumper\" and \"Dominator\". Holley-style carburetors have powered every NASCAR Sprint Cup team and every NHRA Pro Stock champion until both series eventually switched to electronic fuel injection. NASCAR Sprint Cup engines still utilize a Holley throttle body and Holley EFI is the spec EFI system in NHRA Pro Stock. Holley's product",
"title": "Holley Performance Products"
},
{
"idx": 31,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "SA and has a budget of €24 million, provided 100% by AB Groupe. The programmes consist of practical documentaries about car ownership, whether precision (tuning) or general, but also show replays of motorsport events such as NASCAR, the DTM championships, Rally, Moto GP, etc. AB Moteurs shows live NASCAR Sprint Cup Series races uninterrupted with French (Pat Angeli and Philippe Chéreau) and Turkish commentary. Numerous clips of Sprint Cup Series races from recent seasons with Angeli's and Chéreau's excitable and enthusiastic commentary have been uploaded to YouTube. AB Moteurs was originally shown only on AB Sat, but is now available",
"title": "AB Moteurs"
},
{
"idx": 32,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "take control of the 24 crew. He recovered from his penalty by winning the season finale Ford EcoBoost 400 the next week for his 87th Sprint Cup victory of his career. Ironically, Bowyer finished in second-place behind Gordon. It was Gordon's (and Hendrick Motorsports') first win at Homestead-Miami Speedway, and heading into the 2013 season, leaves Kentucky Speedway as the only Sprint Cup track where Gordon has not won at least one race. In victory lane Gordon gave his public apology for his behavior at Phoenix but maintained that NASCAR should have tried to handle he and Bowyer's year-long feud",
"title": "NASCAR Cup Series career of Jeff Gordon"
}
] | [
"two"
] | [
"Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season. Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $1,000,000. NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_6010 | What is blocked due to local surface low pressure? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"air ascent"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "confined to the upper troposphere during the hottest periods. The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can not be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act",
"title": "Sahara"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "games. He died, just three years after his only first-class match, in September 1922 in Hanging Heaton, Yorkshire, aged 35. George Render George William Armitage Render (5 January 1887 – 17 September 1922) was an English first-class cricketer, who played one match for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1919. Born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England, Render was a right-handed batsman, who scored 5 batting at number five, in his only innings against Derbyshire at Bradford Park Avenue. His right arm medium fast bowling was not called upon. Yorkshire won the match by ten wickets. Render also played for the Heavy Woollen",
"title": "George Render"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "to that of the Riemann zeta function. For elliptic curves over the rational numbers, the Hasse–Weil conjecture follows from the modularity theorem. Hasse–Weil zeta function In mathematics, the Hasse–Weil zeta function attached to an algebraic variety \"V\" defined over an algebraic number field \"K\" is one of the two most important types of L-function. Such \"L\"-functions are called 'global', in that they are defined as Euler products in terms of local zeta functions. They form one of the two major classes of global \"L\"-functions, the other being the \"L\"-functions associated to automorphic representations. Conjecturally there is just one essential type",
"title": "Hasse–Weil zeta function"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer II' = Allee The Chinese Elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer II' or 'Emerald Vase' (selling name ) was cloned from a tree planted circa 1910 on the University of Georgia campus at Athens. can reach a height of about 15 m, with a more upright crown shape than its stablemate , its spread approximately 13 m, with arching branches bearing medium green, glossy leaves turning orange to rust red in autumn. The exfoliating, mottled bark has a puzzle-like pattern, and is considered attractive. The species and its cultivars are highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm",
"title": "Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer II' = Allee"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "chart in the US (it also reached number 5 in the UK). \"Autoamerican\" was digitally remastered and reissued with two bonus tracks by Chrysalis Records in the UK in 1994 which included the extended 12\" Special Disco Mix versions of \"Rapture\" and its B-side \"Live It Up\", from 1981. The album was again remastered and re-released by EMI-Capitol in 2001, again featuring the extended version of \"Rapture\" along with the full-length version of their number 1 hit \"Call Me\" (from the film soundtrack to \"American Gigolo\"), and also \"Suzy & Jeffrey\" which was originally the B-side to \"The Tide Is",
"title": "Autoamerican"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "the fall of 1941 starting at Hickam Field, Hawaii Territory. The Japanese, however, did not wait for the monsoon season to pass. After their air attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese ground forces quickly occupied the Philippines and began advancing through the Southwest Pacific threatening the newly constructed southern air ferry route. To counter this threat, the engineers constructed an easterly alternate route farther removed from Japanese advances by flying south from Christmas Island Airfield . South Pacific air ferry route in World War II The South Pacific air ferry route was initially established in the 1920s to ferry United States",
"title": "South Pacific air ferry route in World War II"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "there is no precipitation, implies there must be other mechanisms. 2) Isentropic draw-down (the draw-down of warmer, drier air from aloft): When the approaching winds are insufficiently strong to propel the low-level air up and over the mountain barrier, the airflow is said to be 'blocked' by the mountain and only air higher up near mountain-top level is able to pass over and down the lee slopes as foehn winds. These higher source regions provide foehn air that becomes warmer and drier on the leeside after it is compressed with descent due to the increase in pressure towards the surface.",
"title": "Foehn wind"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Surface condenser A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations. These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. Where cooling water is in short supply, an air-cooled condenser is often used. An air-cooled condenser is however, significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust pressure (and temperature) as a water-cooled surface condenser. Surface condensers are also used in applications and industries other",
"title": "Surface condenser"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "due to the vaporization of that liquid cause by an area of low pressure. This area of low pressure lowers the boiling point of a liquid allowing it to vaporize into a gas. Cavitation can take place in pumps, which can cause damage to the impeller that moves the fluids through the system. Cavitation is also seen in propulsion. Low pressure pockets form on the surface of the propeller blades as its revolutions per minute increase (IIMS, 2015). Cavitation on the propeller causes a small put violent implosion which could warp the propeller blade. To remedy the issue, more blades",
"title": "Marine engineering"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "is 17%. A positive pressure enclosure works by making sure that the methane present in the work area never approaches the 4.4% LEL. The operating pressure inside a typical isolation chamber is set only marginally above local pressure; typically only 0.05 kilopascals (about 0.007 pounds per square inch) above local atmospheric pressure. This is sufficiently low to be undetectable (a person sitting in a bathtub full of water is exposed to greater pressures) to operators working inside the enclosure, but due to the leaky nature of the unit, ensures that the volume of air inside is constantly and rapidly changing.",
"title": "Positive pressure enclosure"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "albedo (reflectivity) and low thermal inertia, indicating that the volcano and surrounding areas are covered with large amounts of fine dust. (See the Martian Surface.) The dust forms a mantle over the surface that obscures or mutes much of the fine-scale topography and geology of the region. Tharsis is probably dusty because of its high elevations. The atmospheric density is too low to mobilize and remove dust once it is deposited. The atmospheric pressure at the summit of Ascraeus Mons averages 100 pascal (1.0 mbar); this is only 17% of the average surface pressure of 600 pascal. Ascraeus Mons is",
"title": "Ascraeus Mons"
}
] | [
"air ascent"
] | [
"The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can't be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4462 | How many Model 400 fuel cell lies within New Haven? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
},
"number": "",
"spans": [
"three"
]
}
] | [
{
"idx": 0,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "being converted into lab space, and has been quite successful so far in attracting biotechnology and medical firms. Electricity for New Haven is generated by a 448 MW oil and gas-fired generating station located on the shore at New Haven Harbor. Pennsylvania Power and Light (PPL) Inc. operates a 220 MW peaking natural gas turbine plant in nearby Wallingford. Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable. There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven—one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente",
"title": "New Haven, Connecticut"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "being converted into lab space, and has been quite successful so far in attracting biotechnology and medical firms. Electricity for New Haven is generated by a 448 MW oil and gas-fired generating station located on the shore at New Haven Harbor. Pennsylvania Power and Light (PPL) Inc. operates a 220 MW peaking natural gas turbine plant in nearby Wallingford. Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable. There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven—one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente",
"title": "New Haven, Connecticut"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "by the non-profit Peter's Rock Association. Peter's Rock rises steeply above the surrounding landscape, with a high point of (est.) . It is roughly three quarters of a mile long by a quarter of mile (1,000 m × 400 m) wide. The peak lies within the town of North Haven, near the border of East Haven. The summit is open with a 360° view encompassing Long Island Sound, the Quinnipiac River estuary, New Haven Harbor, and the surrounding peaks of the Metacomet Ridge. The Metacomet Ridge continues west from the isolated Peter's Rock as East Rock, east as Totoket Mountain",
"title": "Peter's Rock"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "an even larger engine and produced as the PA-24-400. The PA-24-400 Comanche 400, was produced from 1964 to 1966. Only 148 PA-24-400s were built. Base price for a new 1964 model was $28,750. The Comanche 400 is powered by the 400-horsepower horizontally opposed eight-cylinder Lycoming IO-720 engine, an engine developed specifically for the model.. There have been cooling problems with the rear cylinders. The Comanche 400 has a three-bladed propeller and carries of fuel, or with optional extended tanks. Fuel burn was advertised as per hour, at 55%-75% power. The high fuel burn means that it is expensive to operate.",
"title": "Piper PA-24 Comanche"
},
{
"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "of Munich concluded that, even assuming local hydrogen production, \"investing in all-electric battery vehicles is a more economical choice for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, primarily due to their lower cost and significantly higher energy efficiency.\" A 2017 analysis published in \"Green Car Reports\" concluded that the best hydrogen-fuel-cell vehicles consume \"more than three times more electricity per mile than an electric vehicle ... generate more greenhouse-gas emissions than other powertrain technologies ... [and have] very high fuel costs. ... Considering all the obstacles and requirements for new infrastructure (estimated to cost as much as $400 billion), fuel-cell vehicles seem likely",
"title": "Hydrogen vehicle"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "only be available for 36 months at $600 per month. Honda FCX The Honda FCX (commonly referred to as \"Fuel Cell eXperimental\") is a family of hydrogen fuel cell automobiles manufactured by Honda. As of March 2007, there are more than twenty Honda FCX vehicles in the hands of customers, including the state of New York, cities of Las Vegas, Chula Vista, San Francisco and the South Coast Air Quality Management District in three different American states. Limited marketing of a latest fuel cell vehicle named FCX Clarity, based on the 2007 concept model, began on June 19, 2008 in",
"title": "Honda FCX"
},
{
"idx": 6,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "Honda FCX The Honda FCX (commonly referred to as \"Fuel Cell eXperimental\") is a family of hydrogen fuel cell automobiles manufactured by Honda. As of March 2007, there are more than twenty Honda FCX vehicles in the hands of customers, including the state of New York, cities of Las Vegas, Chula Vista, San Francisco and the South Coast Air Quality Management District in three different American states. Limited marketing of a latest fuel cell vehicle named FCX Clarity, based on the 2007 concept model, began on June 19, 2008 in Japan and the United States. Honda believes it could start",
"title": "Honda FCX"
},
{
"idx": 7,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "brakes and new Bosch MK-Motronic fuel injection to replace the Solex carburetors. Other modifications carried out at the same time included new, slimmer sports seats and a higher rear axle ratio. In mid-1988 (MY 1989) changes to the appearance were made, introducing twin round headlamps and a bigger front spoiler. Around the turn of the year between 1991 and 1992, GM's 4L80-E four-speed automatic transmission replaced the long running three-speed Turbo Hydramatic 400 throughout the Bentley/Rolls-Royce lineup, including the Turbo R. A \"New\" Turbo R model was introduced in 1995 for the 1996 model year. Changes included Zytek fuel injection",
"title": "Bentley Turbo R"
},
{
"idx": 8,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "method. Horizon's technology platform has three main parts: PEM fuel cells (micro-fuel cells and stacks) and their materials, hydrogen supply (electrolysis, reforming and hydrolysis) as well as hydrogen storage and pressure related devices. From this platform, stem several market-focused business units within the company, with their own lines of commercial products. Fuel cell stacks are offered in three ranges: Educational products and kits. Started in 2005 with a toy car used to demonstrate a newly invented thin-film micro-fuel cell. In 2010, Horizon won an international tender to supply the US National Science Competition with a fast-moving fuel cell car kit",
"title": "Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "is not exposed to high taxes at the pump. Fuel cell engines are two to three times more efficient than combustion engines, meaning that much greater fuel economy is available using hydrogen in a fuel cell. Hydrogen fuel Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel when burned with oxygen. It can be used in electrochemical cells or internal combustion engines to power vehicles or electric devices. It has begun to be used in commercial fuel cell vehicles such as passenger cars, and has been used in fuel cell buses for many years. It is also used as a fuel for the",
"title": "Hydrogen fuel"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "the need for a flight engineer, along with more fuel-efficient engines, an optional fuel tank in the horizontal stabilizer, and revised fuselage/wing fairings. The aircraft also features an all-new interior with upgraded in-flight entertainment architecture. As on the 747-300, passenger variants include a stretched upper deck as standard. The 747-400 can accommodate 416 passengers in a typical three-class layout, 524 passengers in a typical two-class layout, or a maximum capacity of 660 passengers in a high–density one-class configuration with the 747-400D variant, and can fly non-stop for up to with maximum payload, depending on model. Northwest Airlines first placed the",
"title": "Boeing 747-400"
},
{
"idx": 11,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "a possible increase in fatalities, estimated to be 1,300 to 2,600 increased fatalities in 1993, albeit with certain of the committee members dissenting. A plot of average overall vehicle fuel economy (CAFE) for new model year passenger cars, the required by law CAFE standard target fuel economy value (CAFE standard) for new model year passenger cars, and fuel prices, adjusted for inflation, shows that there has been little variation over the past 20 years. Within this period, there are three distinct periods of fuel economy change: before returning to 1986 levels in 1990. These are following by an extended period",
"title": "Corporate average fuel economy"
},
{
"idx": 12,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "manufacture and commercialize a large, stationary fuel cell system for use as a co-generation power plant in hospitals, universities and large office buildings. In recognition of the fuel cell industry and America’s role in fuel cell development, the US Senate recognized 8 October 2015 as National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Day, passing S. RES 217. The date was chosen in recognition of the atomic weight of hydrogen (1.008). Fuel cells come in many varieties; however, they all work in the same general manner. They are made up of three adjacent segments: the anode, the electrolyte, and the cathode. Two chemical",
"title": "Fuel cell"
},
{
"idx": 13,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "was given three 800 Hz pitches alternating with two 400 Hz pitches, while the left ear simultaneously heard three 400 Hz pitches alternating with two 800 Hz pitches. A 250 ms pause was added between each successive tone combination. Subjects were asked to report how many high tones and how many low tones they heard, and in which ears they heard the tones. The results were consistent with the initial experiment. In further experiments based on the same model Deutsch asked subjects to report whether the pattern was of the \"high-low-high-low\" type or the \"low-high-low-high\" type. From this it could",
"title": "Octave illusion"
},
{
"idx": 14,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "5kW output, as much as 50 times more power to on-board batteries than other fuel cells, the Model 1 could extend the range of electric vehicles like General Motors’ Chevy Volt or Nissan’s Leaf by two to three times. The OorjaPac Model 3 is similar to the Model 1, but it provides 1.5kW output. The OorjaPac Model T is a liquid fuel cell that is tailored to meet the needs of the telecommunication industry. Oorja Protonics also offers the OorjaRig™, a refueling system that stores and delivers methanol to the OorjaPac™ on-board charging system that is designed for indoor use",
"title": "Oorja Fuel Cells"
},
{
"idx": 15,
"is_supporting": true,
"paragraph_text": "all due to the enzymes’ tendency to move away from where they needed to be in order for the fuel cell to function. These difficulties led to an abandonment by biofuel cell researchers of the enzyme-catalyst model for nearly three decades in favor of the more conventional metal catalysts (principally platinum), which are used in most fuel cells. Research on the subject did not begin again until the 1980s after it was realized that the metallic-catalyst method was not going to be able to deliver the qualities desired in a biofuel cell, and since then work on enzymatic biofuel cells",
"title": "Enzymatic biofuel cell"
},
{
"idx": 16,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "degree to join \"Neighbours\" as country girl, Bronwyn Davies. Her casting was announced in June 1988 and Friend told \"The Sun-Herald\", \"I'm a bit overwhelmed by it all but I think I'm going to like working on \"Neighbours\".\" In 1990, Friend decided to quit the serial and acting. Bronwyn was born in Narrabri, New South Wales, to Gordon (Tim Robertson) and Katherine Davies. Katherine died when Bronwyn was fourteen and her aunt Edith Chubb (Irene Inescort) helped raise her and her sister, Sharon (Jessica Muschamp). Bronwyn moves to Erinsborough to begin a course in childcare. One day she finds toddler",
"title": "Bronwyn Davies"
},
{
"idx": 17,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "amount of interest that could be paid on other deposits. Several provisions of the 1933 Banking Act sought to restrict \"speculative\" uses of bank credit. Section 3(a) required each Federal Reserve Bank to monitor local member bank lending and investment to ensure there was not \"undue use\" of bank credit for \"speculative trading or carrying\" of securities, commodities or real estate. Section 7 limited the total amount of loans a member bank could make secured by stocks or bonds and permitted the Federal Reserve Board to impose tighter restrictions and to not limit the total amount of such loans that",
"title": "1933 Banking Act"
},
{
"idx": 18,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "teaching at the Cherry Point Air station, when a civilian cleaning crew accidentally started a fire in their building. Initially Laville escaped, but returned to the blaze after she heard others scream for help. Both Palowitch and Laville perished in the fire. Laville was posthumously cited for her bravery. At the end of the war, the task of demobilization fell to Colonel Katherne A. Towle, the second director of the Reserve. In December 1945, the Reserve was down to about 12,300 members, with expectations of reducing this number by 2,000 each month thereafter. The demobilization plan called for mandatory resignation",
"title": "United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve"
},
{
"idx": 19,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "or embryo sac), showing how nearly Brongniart anticipated Amici's subsequent (1846) discovery of the entrance of the pollen-tube into the micropyle, fertilizing the female cell, which then develops into the embryo. Of his anatomical works, those of the greatest value are probably the \"Recherches sur la structure et les fonctions des feuilles\" (\"Research on the structure and function of leaves\"), and the \"Nouvelles recherches sur 1'épiderme\" (\"New research on the epidermis\"), in which, among other important observations, the discovery of the cuticle is recorded; and, further, the \"Recherches sur l'organisation des tiges des Cycadées\" (\"Research on the organization of cycad",
"title": "Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart"
},
{
"idx": 20,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Havriliak–Negami relaxation Havriliak–Negami relaxation is an empirical modification of the Debye relaxation model, accounting for the asymmetry and broadness of the dielectric dispersion curve. The model was first used to describe the dielectric relaxation of some polymers, by adding two exponential parameters to the Debye equation: where formula_2 is the permittivity at the high frequency limit, formula_3 where formula_4 is the static, low frequency permittivity, and formula_5 is the characteristic relaxation time of the medium. The exponents formula_6 and formula_7 describe the asymmetry and broadness of the corresponding spectra. Depending on application, the Fourier transform of the stretched exponential function",
"title": "Havriliak–Negami relaxation"
},
{
"idx": 21,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "2008, a DOE sponsored partnership between Delphi Electronics and Peterbilt demonstrated that a fuel cell could provide power to the electronics and air conditioning of a Peterbilt Model 386 under simulated \"idling\" conditions for 10 hours. Delphi has said the 5 kW system for Class 8 trucks will be released in 2012, at an $8000–9000 price tag that would be competitive with other \"midrange\" two-cylinder diesel APUs, should they be able to meet those deadlines and cost estimates. Fuel cell auxiliary power unit A fuel cell auxiliary power unit (FC-APU) is a fuel cell based auxiliary power unit on a",
"title": "Fuel cell auxiliary power unit"
},
{
"idx": 22,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Kinetic-segregation model of T cell activation Kinetic-segregation model of T-cell activation is one of the TCR signaling models. It offers an explanation for how TCR binding to its ligand triggers T-cell activation, based on size-sensitivity for the molecules involved. Simon J. Davis and Anton van der Merwe, University of Oxford, proposed this model in 1996. Kinetic-segregation model was originally used to elucidate how binding of TCR to peptide-MHC-complex on APC is communicated across the T-cell membrane resulting in T-cell activation. However, its authors suggest it might be also applied to CD28 triggering by superagonistic antibodies (mitogenic antibodies). TCR signals by",
"title": "Kinetic-segregation model of T cell activation"
},
{
"idx": 23,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "fuel cell. His development of thin electrodes for fuel cells came soon thereafter. In 1967 he built a fuel cell/NiCad battery hybrid electric motorcycle. The motorcycle was featured in television commercials for the program \"21st Century\", hosted by Walter Cronkite. He relished telling people how he had to join the actors' union to ride in the commercials. It was fitted with a hydrazine fuel cell, capable of 200 miles to the U.S. gallon. In 1970 he fitted his own Austin A40 with a hydrogen fuel cell (ammonia being too hard to come by), and used the adapted vehicle as his",
"title": "Karl Kordesch"
},
{
"idx": 24,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "design is called a \"fuel cell stack\". The cell surface area can also be increased, to allow higher current from each cell. Within the stack, reactant gases must be distributed uniformly over each of the cells to maximize the power output. In the archetypical hydrogen–oxide proton exchange membrane fuel cell design, a proton-conducting polymer membrane (typically nafion) contains the electrolyte solution that separates the anode and cathode sides. This was called a \"solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell\" (SPEFC) in the early 1970s, before the proton exchange mechanism was well understood. (Notice that the synonyms \"polymer electrolyte membrane\" and \"proton exchange",
"title": "Fuel cell"
},
{
"idx": 25,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "trucks starting with model year 2013. The ruling includes new labels for alternative fuel and alternative propulsion vehicles available in the US market, such as plug-in hybrids, electric vehicles, flexible-fuel vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, and natural gas vehicles. The common fuel economy metric adopted to allow the comparison of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles is miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe). A gallon of gasoline equivalent means the number of kilowatt-hours of electricity, cubic feet of compressed natural gas (CNG), or kilograms of hydrogen that is equal to the energy in",
"title": "Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent"
}
] | [
"three"
] | [
"Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable. There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven—one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School, one at the mixed-use 360 State Street building, and one at City Hall. According to Giovanni Zinn of the city's Office of Sustainability, each fuel cell may save the city up to $1 million in energy costs over a decade. The fuel cells were provided by ClearEdge Power, formerly UTC Power."
] | [
""
] |
squad | single_squad_dev_4560 | Queen's song Now I'm Here reached what number on the British charts? | [
{
"date": {
"day": "",
"month": "",
"year": ""
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"spans": [
"eleven"
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"paragraph_text": "I'm Here\", a more traditional hard rock composition, was a number eleven hit in Britain, while the high speed rocker \"Stone Cold Crazy\" featuring May's uptempo riffs is a precursor to speed metal. In recent years, the album has received acclaim from music publications: In 2006, \"Classic Rock\" ranked it number 28 in \"The 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever\", and in 2007, \"Mojo\" ranked it No.88 in \"The 100 Records That Changed the World\". It is also the second of three Queen albums to feature in the book \"1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die\". In January 1975,",
"title": "Queen (band)"
},
{
"idx": 1,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "up after Roo becomes friends with a Heffalump named Lumpy. A sequel to this movie called \"Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie\", was later released. Lumpy the Heffalump later appears in the television program, \"My Friends Tigger & Pooh\", on the Disney Channel. He continues to appear as Roo's friend and joins the gang on many adventures. Heffalump A Heffalump is a type of elephant-like character in the Winnie the Pooh stories by A. A. Milne. Heffalumps are mentioned, and only appear, in Pooh and Piglet's dreams in \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" (1926) and seen again in \"The House at Pooh Corner\" (1928). Physically, they",
"title": "Heffalump"
},
{
"idx": 2,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring-like weather. The weather lore was brought from German-speaking areas where the badger (German: \"dachs\") is the forecasting animal. This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter. The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania, centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil, has become the most attended. \"Grundsow Lodges\" in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well. Other cities in the United States",
"title": "Groundhog Day"
},
{
"idx": 3,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "The attacks, largely unchallenged by Allied defenses, continued throughout the week, triggering an exodus of thousands from the city. As evacuees traveled to the countryside, food-grain dealers in the city closed their shops. To ensure that workers in the prioritised industries in Calcutta would be fed, the authorities seized rice stocks from wholesale dealers, shattering any trust the rice traders had in the government. \"From that moment,\" the 1945 report stated, \"the ordinary trade machinery could not be relied upon to feed Calcutta. The [food security] crisis had begun.\" The question as to whether the famine arose primarily from a",
"title": "Bengal famine of 1943"
},
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"idx": 4,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "Yulia Tymoshenko, Yuriy Lutsenko and Valeriy Ivaschenko. Since 2011, Kwaśniewski has served on the Leadership Council for Concordia, a nonpartisan, nonprofit based in New York City focused on promoting effective public-private collaboration to create a more prosperous and sustainable future. Kwaśniewski was also involved with the EU talks with the Ukrainian government about the association agreement with the EU that the Ukrainian parliament failed to ratify in November 2013. After the Maidan unrest had installed the transitional government under Yatsenyuk, who signed the EU association agreement for Ukraine in 2014, Kwasniewski took up in a director's post in the gas",
"title": "Aleksander Kwaśniewski"
},
{
"idx": 5,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "planned but that this plan was shelved because of the introduction of the second pound. See below for more detail. Banknotes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 dinars. The lowest three denominations were withdrawn on 1 January 2000 due to a concern that well-used notes could spread disease. Old pound notes also circulated alongside dinar notes. Rate against US$1995–2004. Sudanese dinar The dinar was the currency of Sudan between 1992 and 2007. Its ISO 4217 code is \"SDD\". The dinar replaced the first Sudanese pound (SDP) on June 8, 1992,",
"title": "Sudanese dinar"
},
{
"idx": 6,
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"paragraph_text": "having spent 38 weeks on the chart. \"That's What I Like\" was kept from the top spot on Canadian CHR/Top 40 and Hot AC charts. It was certified four times platinum by the Music Canada (MC), indicating shipment of 320,000 copies. It ended at number seven on the Year-End Charts in Canada. \"That's What I Like\" peaked at number 12, in the United Kingdom. The song was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting sales and streams equivalent to 600,000 copies. On the Belgium charts, the single debuted at number 34 on February 25, 2017, on the Ultratop",
"title": "That's What I Like (Bruno Mars song)"
},
{
"idx": 7,
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"paragraph_text": "50 in Flanders and reached a high point of number three for two consecutive weeks in April. On the Ultratop 50 in Wallonia the song debuted at number 34 on March 25, 2017, peaking at number eight in May. It was certified platinum by the Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA). The track peaked at number 7 on the Portuguese Single Charts. It shipped 20,000 copies, earning a platinum plaque by the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa (AFP). \"That's What I Like\" entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 26 on February 20, 2017. On its sixth week, the track reached its highest",
"title": "That's What I Like (Bruno Mars song)"
},
{
"idx": 8,
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"paragraph_text": "Now That's What I Call Music! 38 (U.S. series) Now That's What I Call Music! 38 was released on May 3, 2011. The album is the 38th edition of the \"Now!\" series in the United States. The album features six tracks that reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100: \"Born This Way\", \"S&M\", \"Hold It Against Me\", \"Grenade\", \"E.T.\" and \"Rolling in the Deep\". \"Now! 38\" debuted at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart with first week sales of 124,000. \"Now! 38\" is \"nothing if not timely\", says Andy Kellman of Allmusic, with eight songs in the",
"title": "Now That's What I Call Music! 38 (U.S. series)"
},
{
"idx": 9,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "of the song \"Idiota\"). \"Idiota\" (Idiot) was the first single of the record. Later editions of the album included a new version of \"Idiota\" produced by Carlos Jean and mastered in New York City. \"Idiota\" reached number 25 of the Spanish billboard charts. The second single was \"En que estrella estará\" (In What Star Will It Be). The song was selected to be the official theme for the \"Vuelta Ciclista a España\" (Spanish Cycling Tour) of 2006. \"En que estrella estará\" reached the number 1 position on the Spanish billboard charts for 5 weeks. Nena Daconte´s debut album went Gold",
"title": "Mai Meneses"
},
{
"idx": 10,
"is_supporting": false,
"paragraph_text": "I Need You Now (1954 song) \"I Need You Now\" is a popular song written by Al Jacobs and Jimmie Crane. The recorded version by Eddie Fisher, issued by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-5830, reached #1 on the Billboard and Cash Box charts in 1954. The song was also performed by Russell Arms on several 1954 episodes of the popular TV series Your Hit Parade. A kinescope of one of these performances survives and can be viewed online. The song had been written for Joni James and recorded by her in April 1953 for M-G-M Records. The songhad",
"title": "I Need You Now (1954 song)"
}
] | [
"eleven"
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"The single \"Killer Queen\" from Sheer Heart Attack reached number two on the British charts, and became their first US hit, reaching number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. It combines camp, vaudeville, and British music hall with May's guitar virtuosity. The album's second single, \"Now I'm Here\", a more traditional hard rock composition, was a number eleven hit in Britain, while the high speed rocker \"Stone Cold Crazy\" featuring May's uptempo riffs is a precursor to speed metal. In recent years, the album has received acclaim from music publications: In 2006, Classic Rock ranked it number 28 in \"The 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever\", and in 2007, Mojo ranked it No.88 in \"The 100 Records That Changed the World\". It is also the second of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die."
] | [
""
] |