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- Economic Impact - Nano Network Assistant Professor and Program Director, Oregon Institute of Technology Microtechnology-Based Energy and Chemical Systems Dr. Robert Bass is an Assistant Professor and the Program Director of the Renewable Energy Systems Program at the Oregon Institute of Technology in Portland, Oregon. Dr. Bass joined the full-time faculty in September of 2005. Dr. Bass earned his Doctorate in Electrical Engineering from the University of Virginia in 2004 under the direction of Dr. Arthur Lichtenberger. His dissertation research centered on submillimeter-wave circuit design, cryogenics and unique sub-micron fabrication technologies for superconducting terahertz heterodyne receivers. After receiving his Masters in Electrical Engineering in 2000, he joined an internet start-up firm in San Francisco as the lead software and database engineer. He then worked at the Biomechanical Impact Lab with the University of Virginia’s Mechanical Engineering Department designing and building test equipment for cadaver-based impact research. Since receiving his doctorate, Dr. Bass has worked as a consultant, designing terahertz heterodyne receivers for the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Dr. Bass teaches courses in renewable energy and electrical engineering at OIT’s East Campus in Portland. He specializes in teaching courses in Fuel Cells, Power Electronics, Photovoltaics, Communication Systems, Semiconductor Devices, Microwave Circuits and Analog IC Design.

You might be as surprised as I was to learn that the three great world religions all contain prophecies of a towering, sinister world ruler in the end times. They are all looking for a man of unparalleled evil, an ultimate enemy, to emerge in the end times and take over the world. In Islam, the person is called the Dajjal, which in Arabic means "deceiver." According to Islamic teaching, he will be a young man with one eye who will possess supernatural powers. He will be the incarnation He will also claim to be God. He will gather seventy thousand Jewish followers, make a whirlwind tour of deception and destruction, set himself up as ruler in Jerusalem, and finally be slain by Jesus at the Lydda Gate when Jesus returns from heaven. The Dajjal's emergence on the world scene is one of Islam's ten key signs of the end times. Judaism teaches that a Roman ruler named Armilus will be a miracle worker who will lead his armies against Jerusalem. In the end, Armilus will be killed by Messiah ben David, or Messiah the Son of David, the true Messiah. For Christians, the evil, end-time world ruler is known by many different names and titles. As A. W. Pink, the great theologian, notes, "Across the varied scenes depicted by prophecy there falls the shadow of a figure at once commanding and ominous. Under many different names, like the aliases of a criminal, his character and movements are set before us." Here are the top-ten aliases for the coming world ruler predicted in the Bible. 1. The little horn (see Daniel 7:8) 2. A king, insolent and skilled in intrigue (see 3. The prince who is to come (see Daniel 9:26) 4. The one who makes desolate (see Daniel 9:27) 5. The king who does as he pleases (see Daniel 6. A foolish shepherd (see Zechariah 11:15-17) 7. The man of lawlessness (see 2 Thessalonians 2:3) 8. The son of destruction (see 2 Thessalonians 2:3) 9. The rider on the white horse (see Revelation 10. The Beast (see Revelation 13:1-9; 17:3, 8) Without any doubt, the most commonly used and most familiar title in Christianity for the sinister end-time world ruler is . Most people in America have heard this term and probably have at least some idea of what it means. But to make doubly sure that we know who we are talking about, before we go any further let's pull over and park and define the word is found only five times in the New Testament, all in the epistles of John (1 John 2:18, 22; 4:3; 2 John 7). In John's letters he is primarily concerned with the doctrinal error of denying the person of Jesus Christ. John states that even in his own day many "antichrists" (false teachers) had arisen who were denying the true Christ and deceiving many (see 1 John 2:18). The emphasis in John's epistles is on the immediate doctrinal error of his own day. However, the antichrists in John's day were only the initial "human embodiments" of the antichrist philosophy of Satan that was already working (1 John 4:3; 2 Thessalonians 2:7). John seems to look beyond his own day, and the many ), to the one supreme Antichrist ) who will appear as the ultimate manifestation of the lawless system that denies Christ and 1 John 2:18 says, "Children, it is the last hour; and just as you heard that antichrist is coming, even now many antichrists have appeared; from this we know that it is the last hour." John's readers knew about the predicted advent of the future, final Antichrist. They had heard that Antichrist was coming; in fact, John himself had probably taught them about the Antichrist, and they had certainly read about his coming in the Old Testament, in books such as Daniel. John's purpose was to warn his fellow believers about present-day false teachers who came in the spirit of Antichrist, displaying hostility toward the antican mean "against/opposed to" or "instead of/in place of." So the issue is, will the future Antichrist be "against" Christ or "in place of" Christ? That is, does antimean "opposition" or "exchange"? Will he be a false, counterfeit Messiah, or will he simply "work against" Christ Himself? Both of these meanings are undoubtedly included in the term . He will be the archenemy and the ultimate opponent of the Lord Jesus. The origin, nature, and purpose of Christ and Antichrist are diametrically opposed. This list of titles reveals the gaping chasm between Christ and His adversary. The Truth The Lie The Holy One The Lawless One The Man of Sorrows The Man of Sin The Son of God The Son of Destruction The Mystery of Godliness The Mystery of Iniquity The Lamb The Beast The total opposition of Antichrist to Christ is seen in these contrasting descriptions. Feature Christ Antichrist Origin Heaven Bottomless pit Nature The Good Shepherd The foolish shepherd Destiny To be exalted on high To be cast down into hell Goal To do His Father's will To do his own will Purpose To save the lost To destroy the holy people Authority His Father's name His own name Attitude Humbled himself Exalts himself Fruit The true vine The vine of the earth Response Despised Admired In every area that can be imagined, Christ and Antichrist will be fundamentally opposed. But the Antichrist will also be "in place of" Christ. He will be an amazing parody or counterfeit of the true Christ. He will be a substitute Christ, a mock Christ, a pseudo Christ, an imitation Christ. In John 5:43, Jesus said, "I have come in My Father's name, and you do not receive Me; if another comes in his own name, you will receive him." The one coming in his own name will be the world's final false messiah, the Antichrist. He will attempt to be the "alter ego" of the true Christ. As has often been pointed out, Satan has never originated anything except sin. He has always counterfeited the works of God. Antichrist is no exception. He is Satan's ultimate masterpiece-a false Christ and a forged replica of Jesus, the true Christ and Son of Here are twenty ways that Antichrist will mimic the ministry of the true Son of God. Miracles, signs, and wonders Miracles, signs, and wonders (see Matthew 9:32-33; (see Matthew 24:24; Mark 6:2) 2 Thessalonians 2:9) Appears in the millennial temple Sits in the tribulation temple (see Ezekiel 43:6-7) (see 2 Thessalonians 2:4) Is God (see John 1:1-2; 10:36) Claims to be God (see 2 Thessalonians Is the Lion from Judah Has a mouth like a lion (see Revelation 5:5) (see Revelation 13:2) Makes a peace covenant with Makes a peace covenant with Israel Israel (see Ezekiel 37:26) (see Daniel 9:27) Causes men to worship God Causes men to worship Satan (see Revelation 1:6) (see Revelation 13:3-4) Followers sealed on their forehead Followers sealed on their forehead (see Revelation 7:4; 14:1) or right hand (see Revelation 13:16-18 Worthy name Blasphemous names (see Revelation 19:16) (see Revelation 13:1) Married to a virtuous bride Married to a vile prostitute (see Revelation 19:7-9) (see Revelation 17:3-5) Crowned with many crowns Crowned with ten crowns (see Revelation 19:12) (see Revelation 13:1) Is the King of kings- Is called "the king" (see Revelation 19:16) (see Daniel 11:36) Sits on a throne- Sits on a throne (see Revelation 3:21; 12:5; 20:11) (see Revelation 13:2; 16:10) Sharp sword from his mouth Bow in his hand (see Revelation 19:15) (see Revelation 6:2) Rides a white horse (see Rides a white horse Revelation 19:11) (see Revelation 6:2) Has an army Has an army (see Revelation 19:14) (see Revelation 19:19) Violent death Violent death (see Revelation 5:6; 13:8) (see Revelation 13:3) (see Matthew 28:6) (see Revelation 13:3, 14) Second coming Second coming (see Revelation 19:11-21) (see Revelation 17:8) One-thousand-year worldwide Three-and-a-half-year worldwide kingdom (see Revelation 20:1-6) kingdom (see Revelation 13:5-8) Part of the Holy Trinity- Part of an unholy trinity-Satan, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit Antichrist, and False Prophet (see 2 Corinthians 13:14) (see Revelation 13) J. Dwight Pentecost aptly summarizes the meaning of the word . "Satan is seeking to give the world a ruler in place of Christ who will also be in opposition to Christ so that he can rule over the world, instead of Christ." There are three main places in the Bible that provide most of what we know about the coming world ruler: Daniel 7-12; 2 Thessalonians 2; and Revelation 13. Of these three passages, the one that sheds the most light on Antichrist is Revelation 13. In fact, we might call this the "Antichrist chapter" in the Bible. Revelation 13:1-10 contains five key words that provide a quick, concise, yet comprehensive look at the Antichrist. All five of these words begin with the Let's take a quick look at these five words as a summary of our introduction to the Antichrist. Wound(Revelation 13:3a, 12,14; 17:8) Several passages in the book of Revelation clearly speak of the Antichrist's receiving a violent, fatal wound and then coming back to life. I saw one of his heads as if it had been slain, and his fatal wound was healed. Revelation 13:3a And he makes the earth and those who dwell in it to worship the first beast, whose fatal wound was healed. Revelation 13:12 And he deceives ., telling those who dwell on the earth to make an image to the beast who had the wound of the sword and has come to life. Revelation 13:14 The beast that you saw was, and is not, and is about to come up out of the abyss and go to destruction. And those who dwell on the earth, whose name has not been written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, will wonder when they see the beast, that he was and is not and will come." Revelation 17:8 I believe this means that the Antichrist will be violently killed (probably assassinated) and will miraculously rise from the dead during the coming tribulation period. But any discussion of this issue always raises another question. Does Satan have the power to raise a dead person back to life? Many maintain that he does not. They think that the Antichrist will only appear to die and will then fake a resurrection to deceive the world. However, the words used to describe the "death" of the Antichrist are used in other places to describe a violent death. In Revelation 5:6, for instance, the same word is used of the death of Jesus Christ. Moreover, Revelation 17:8 says that, after the Antichrist is killed, he goes to the bottomless pit, or abyss, for a time before reappearing on earth. This doesn't seem to be describing someone who is faking his death. I cannot explain every detail of how this death and resurrection will occur, but I believe that these passages lead us to a startling conclusion: God will permit Satan to perform this marvelous feat to advance his nefarious parody of Christ and further deceive the For once, at least, Satan will have the power to raise someone from the dead. Wonder(Revelation 13:3b; 17:8) You can just imagine the overwhelming impact this event will have on the world. At the climax of history a great ruler will experience a healing that closely approximates the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Revelation 13:3-4 and 17:8 record the worldwide amazement and wonder at the death and resurrection of the Antichrist. And all the world wondered after the beast. (Revelation 13:3b, KJV) The beast that you saw was, and is not, and is about to come up out of the abyss and go to destruction. And those who dwell on the earth, whose name has not been written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, will wonder when they see the beast, that he was and is not and will come. (Revelation 17:8) This will be the greatest event in the history of the world as far as the people of earth are concerned. Imagine the assassination, the violent death, of the most charismatic, most effective politician the world has ever seen. The whole world will be in mourning. The collective angst will be profound. It will be similar to the death of JFK in 1963 or of Lady Di in 1997. Everyone watches the funeral procession on television. Networks show nothing else. But suddenly, as the decorated hearse arrives at the cemetery and the coffin is removed, the most incredible thing the world has ever seen transpires in front of the eyes of billions of people: The body rises up out of the coffin, the pallbearers recoil in terror and drop the casket, and the Antichrist walks calmly to the nearest microphone and begins to speak to a totally dumbfounded One cannot even begin to imagine the scene. Can't you just picture the world news networks reporting this story! And the whole world will be filled with Worship(Revelation 13:4, 8) Wonder will quickly turn to worship. Satan will use this great event to exalt the Antichrist and himself to worldwide worship.

Sheila Metzner installation at The Visual Arts Museum Three more days to catch the retrospective of Sheila Metzner’s work at the Visual Arts Museum at The School of Visual Arts. Metzner, who began photographing in the mid-1970s, has always been resolutely her own person whether her work was in fashion or not, and thirty years on her work seems even more distinctive and personal than ever. Working not so much in the Victorian style of photography but in the Victorian, Japonais inflections of Whistler and Sargent, Metzner has mastered most every genre of photography – portraits, floral abstraction, travel, the nude, fashion, urban landscapes, still life, and family pictures – to name a few. The show contains approximately 100 prints hung salon style and all made by the Fresson printing process - a rare method of color printing that renders characteristically diffused images with remarkable tonal range and color saturation. The process uses layered oil pigments in gelatin and requires between four to seven separate negatives, yielding luminous, glowing colors and a softened, painterly effect. With its chemistry a tightly held secret and production highly limited, Metzner is one of the few photographers in the world who has consistently used the process throughout her career. Of particular note are the photographs from one of Metzner’s latest series “36 Views of Brooklyn Bridge”, a response to the famous woodblock prints “36 Views of Mount Fuji” by the Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai. Shot in both black and white and color and from numerous vantage points, the bridge dissolves and coalesces before our eyes – as Metzner explores the infinite photographic possibilities. The one sad note in the show is that it quietly incorporates the photographer’s own memorial to her late husband, Jeffrey, a talented artist, teacher, and art director who died unexpectedly earlier this year. Metzner’s many portraits of her husband taken throughout her photographic career comprise their own loving “Views of a Modern Man” as Jeffrey – always the prototypical New Yorker – subjects himself to his wife’s inspection. His good nature and Sheila Metzner’s complete lack of cynicism are the twin spirits of this unusual and wonderful show.

miracle leads to another brilliant open-air museum we see today is in fact the result of a complex historical and artistic stratification. “The Ardea wheeled in the sky of Christ, over the Field of Miracles. flew over the nave and double aisles of the Duomo, the implicit garland of the Bell Tower tilted under the thrill of its bronzes, the tiara of the Baptistery, so light that it seemed about to fly away swollen with echoes”. Thus D’Annunzio in his novel Maybe yes, maybe no describes the vision that presents itself to two lovers flying over Pisa on board the aeroplane “Ardea”: the Cathedral, the Bell Tower, the Baptistery, flanked by the Cemetery, glowing like transparent alabaster in the sunset of a “mystic light” inspire the poet to invent the evocative name of “Field of Miracles”, which later became Piazza dei Miracoli. The harmony of the piazza is so perfect that one tends to believe that the white buildings were all created together, resting on the green turf, and to share Melville’s feeling, formulated at the end of the 19th century: “The four monuments blend into a single one - grass. Born of the ground, it comes over them like a garland of flowers crowning the architecture.” Even the rationalist architect Le Corbusier cannot escape the spell of this eternal unity: “The picture will be beautiful tomorrow, all marble buildings marvellously yellow with age, impeccably preserved and standing on a green field. the leaning tower has not worried me at all this evening (…) On the contrary, I find all this a display of genius and an eloquent the square as we see it now is the result of a series of historical stratifications and only took on its present aspect during the modern era. When the new cathedral was founded in 1064, seventeen centuries of history had already left their mark here, brought to light by excavations that began in 1949 to recover the scattered pieces of a great mosaic, from the age of the Etruscans to that of the Romans, when Pisa, then a seaside town, was already a busy port, as testified by the exceptional archaeological discovery of Roman ships not far from the piazza. site chosen by the canons of the Duomo was the same as the one where an early Christian cathedral and its baptistery once stood: at the time it was an area outside the town on the banks of the Auser, an ancient tributary of the Arno that no longer exists now but provided a natural defence at the time and above all a means of transporting the marble from Mount Pisano with which the piazza’s main monuments were built. new Cathedral became the symbol of Pisa’s might in a period in which the town’s victory over the Saracens brought Pisa to the height of its maritime and trading glory, making it the most important centre of the western Mediterranean. building itself bears traces of Pisa’s past: an inscription on the facade celebrates the town’s military triumphs - of which a bronze Arab griffin dominating the apsidal area provides eloquent proof - while the founding epigraph refers to the fabulously rich rewards of the sack of Palermo that made it possible to begin work on the cathedral. Another two inscriptions mention the architects: Buscheto, whose sarcophagus is set into the wall of the facade, was the new Daedalus who designed the original plan between 1064 and 1110, while Rainaldo was the “shrewd Workman and Master Builder” who extended the nave and aisles and the facade around the middle of the 12th century. Other marble from the Cathedral, ancient capitals and fragments from Roman times embedded in the walls, provide tangible evidence of Pisa’s status as “the new Rome”, while the lavish ornamentation of the apse, brightened by coloured intarsia decorations and embellished by Bonanno’s famous door, shows that this part of the building, the first to be built, was the perspective reserved to those entering from Via Santa Maria, that is from the town. the walls defending the Cathedral were built in the mid-twelfth century, the entrances to the piazza were not chosen by chance - on the contrary, they were so carefully thought out that by detecting them and locating the routes they proposed we can fully grasp the meaning and history of this complex of monuments with which the town has always identified. first door, guarded by the proud gaze of the marble lion that gave it its name, presented an immediate view of Rainaldo’s lavish facade, a declaration of Pisa’s nobility, and of the Baptistery founded in 1152 in line with the church, to which it was linked by proportional ratios and the decorative system with the typical loggias and dichromatic bands. background was to have been dominated by the Tower, begun in 1173 in harmony with the style of the other buildings, though the seventh storey was only finished in 1298 because of the inclination that conditioned and slowed down its completion. the new area, already defined by these three prestigious monuments and the walls, still lacked something to become a proper piazza. Towards the end of the 13th century two parallel buildings are built along the north and south sides: the Hospital and the Camposanto, a graveyard church invested with the crucial role of holy resting-place for the tombs - Roman sarcophagi used as sepulchres of illustrious Pisans - scattered around the Cathedral since ancient times and now considered an element of disturbance. Camposanto was adorned with fourteenth-century frescoes by the greatest artists of the time. After a pause due to the war against Florence, biblical stories were added between 1467 and 1484, painted by Benozzo Gozzoli and commissioned by the new lords of Pisa, the Medici, who took over after a fierce fight. Since the main entrance facing the proud declaration of the Duomo’s facade did not go with Pisa’s new status as a conquered town, another entrance was opened. Porta Nuova, surmounted by the Medici coat of arms, offers another view of the piazza centred on the newly-built Archbishop’s Behind the Tower, surrounded by a marble balustrade that concealed its sunken base, the church of San Ranierino, the House of Curates and the House of Canons were all lined up like a stage set, in perfect Florentine style, but the area was also crowded with buildings destined to humbler uses: the Customs house, where the excisemen controlled trade and taxes, the House of the Vegetable Gardener and even, from 1746, the Gravedigger’s House in the area between the Camposanto and the walls. in the 19th century Pisa, in obeyance to the concept of a Middle Ages idealised as “rebirth of the arts” and symbol of a civil and political identity, restored the piazza’s original layout: a special “Commission of embellishments” proceeded to the restoration, integration and reconstruction in the same style of the four celebrated all, it demolished the buildings added over the centuries, isolating the monuments and erasing every trace of functional and daily rediscovered courtly perception of the piazza, enhanced by the newly-created smooth turf, required a new entrance: after Via Santa Maria, Porta del Leone and Porta Nuova a street was opened - Via Torelli, now Via Cardinal Maffi - leading to the Tower from behind and offering a view of its maximum inclination. nineteenth-century interventions created the image of the piazza as we know it today and began the “museum” process that became definitive in the 20th century. 1845 Charles Dickens already described the complex as “the architectural essence of a rich old city, with all its common life and common habitations pressed out, and filtered away”. In this open-air museum, which in turn contains the Sinopia Museum - since 1979 in the old premises of the Spedale - and the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo - since 1986 in the palazzo that used to be the seminary - the four monuments are almost exclusively perceived as artistic the piazza, listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, still has an institutional and celebratory role: here where in 1312 the free city-republic of Pisa declared its loyalty to Henry VII and the emperor’s body was carried in a funeral procession to the tomb in the Cathedral, the Church still holds its solemn rites are received here when they visit the town and Pisa’s traditional festivities are held in this setting. has changed is daily life in the piazza: the people selling wheat or candles on the steps of the Cathedral since the 15th century, the solitary traveller on an aristocratic Grand Tour contemplating the “miracle” of the monuments have been replaced by an uninterrupted flow of tourists, mostly attracted by the famously eccentric Leaning Lucia Capitani, art historian

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City of Gary Expands ShotSpotter Gunshot Location System MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif.-The City of Gary and the Gary Police Department announce the expansion of their ShotSpotter Gunshot Location System® - Stationary Array (GLS-SA). The latest expansion was funded using $630,000 in COPS Technology Grant Funds through the Department of Justice. The system now covers an 8.5 mile area and includes the addition of a mobile software client which will allow the technology to be used directly by both 9-1-1 dispatch and patrol officers. Since its initial installation in 2005, the Gary Police Department has attributed dozens of apprehensions, weapon confiscations and arrests directly to the ShotSpotter GLS. The system is used to detect, locate, alert and track gunfire and other explosive events in near real-time. Each event is logged into a historical database for strategic and tactical crime analysis that reveals crime trends, patterns, and hot spots within a coverage area. ShotSpotter GLS data has also been used to corroborate and refute eye witness testimony, establish a timeline of events, and aid in crime scene reconstruction. “Building on the initial success of the system, the ShotSpotter GLS will provide us with critical actionable intelligence and more complete data on gun crime within our community,” said Police Chief Gary Carter. “Using system data, we will be able to enhance anti-crime strategies that are already in place and further reduce gun violence within the community.” “This technology is a vital tool in our arsenal and will play a valuable role in our efforts to combat Gary’s gun crime,” said Mayor Rudy Clay. “The end result will be improved safety for responding officers and the citizens of Gary.” “The Gary Police Department has continued to rely on the ShotSpotter GLS to give them previously unavailable gun crime intelligence. Their continuing commitment to deriving benefit from the system has allowed officers to better analyze, monitor and respond to gun-crime trends and build more targeted crime prevention strategies,” said Gregg Rowland, senior vice president of ShotSpotter, Inc. “The result has been safer neighborhoods and improved quality of life within the City of Gary.” Over 50 cities and counties around the world use ShotSpotter GLS data and analytics capabilities to drive intelligence-led policing and targeted anti-crime programs. Agencies using the ShotSpotter GLS report reductions in violent crime rates by at least 30 percent and gunfire rate reductions by as much as 60 to 80 percent after the first year of operation. About ShotSpotter, Inc. ShotSpotter, Inc. is the leading developer of mission-essential acoustic surveillance systems. Its flagship product, the ShotSpotter Gunshot Location System®-Stationary Array (GLS-SA), pioneered the use of wide-area acoustic surveillance coupled with audio analytics for public safety, homeland security, and military applications. For over a decade, our customers have relied on ShotSpotter GLS solutions to provide them with accurate event detection and actionable intelligence to aid their development of proactive anti-crime strategies and operations. Currently, ShotSpotter GLS solutions protect many cities and counties nationwide, consistently producing arrests and weapons confiscations. Information about ShotSpotter can be found at www.shotspotter.com. For ongoing news, please visit http://www.shotspotter.com/news/index.html.

Take advantage in Europe with core real estate investment, says LaSalle Real estate investors will continue to encounter low interest rates, muted inflation and sluggish growth in most of the world’s major real estate markets for at least the next couple of years, according to a report by LaSalle Investment Management. A multi-speed economy has seen low interest rates, low inflation and low growth in the developed world (Eurozone, UK, US and Japan) as opposed to higher inflation, high growth/urbanisation and rising interest rates in the developing world (Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia Pacific (ex-Japan)). However, LaSalle believes there are more reasons to be optimistic in 2013 with steady improvement in the world’s three largest economies (US, China, and Germany). Highly accommodative monetary policies are bringing relief to capital-intensive industries like real estate. At the same time, the low cost of debt, along with changes in the regulatory treatment of different kinds of debt, introduce new uncertainties into the real estate investment equation. LaSalle believes the uncertainties will include: distortions between unsecured and secured lending, uneven access to low-cost real estate credit between countries and within countries, exit uncertainty when unprecedented levels of support for credit markets are eventually withdrawn by central banks and timing/sequencing uncertainty, when monetary tightening occurs before a full recovery in the “real economy” has completely taken hold or is delayed. Jacques Gordon, global strategist at LaSalle, says: “These uncertainties should result in the vast majority of capital markets remaining extremely risk-averse. This situation is exacerbated by the deep pools of capital that are entering the ‘drawdown’ phase of their lifecycle. During this phase, investors will typically migrate from a long-term growth strategy to a more conservative income-generating one. Even if some investors are in the drawdown phase, where income distributions matter more, extreme risk aversion is no longer warranted. In fact, this approach could create its own set of portfolio risks. “Investors should look beyond the most risk-averse positions that have built up in their portfolios since the global financial crisis. Ironically, these ‘ultra-core’ positions may carry some of the biggest risks to portfolio performance in the years ahead, as the delayed economic recovery eventually takes hold. We continue to believe that the investment principles, which maintain portfolio diversification as well as ensure that risks are rewarded by appropriately higher returns, are the best way for investors to proceed in this challenging environment.” In Europe, LaSalle thinks that debt restructuring still needs a lot of hard work. This deleveraging process, while painful in the short run, is absolutely critical for healthy economic growth in the years ahead. The region continues to be beset by the largely unresolved sovereign debt crisis and the real estate occupier markets remain vulnerable but with certain markets weathering the uncertainty better than others. Equity investors are as reluctant as ever to venture far from core assets, while debt investors remain constrained. Outside of Germany, France and the UK, LaSalle believes lot sizes over EUR80m are often un-financeable by traditional means. Even development schemes with substantial prelets in undersupplied markets are being thwarted by the banks. Indeed the possibility of upward pressure on interest rates will impact real estate yields, further dampening the market. If inflation returns as a result of improving economic fundamentals, yields may remain unaffected. Gordon says: “We expect fierce bidding to persist for scarce prime assets in London, Paris, and the leading German cities; as a result, their expected returns will be squeezed. Most of today’s capital is likely to remain reluctant to move up the risk curve, despite the higher pro forma returns on offer, due to uncertain leasing prospects and fragile income profiles.” LaSalle cites mezzanine debt, prime assets, near-CBD submarkets and retail as the best opportunities in Europe.

Judge Haywood... the reason I asked you to come. Those people, those millions of people... I never knew it would come to that. YOU must believe it, YOU MUST believe it. Judge Dan Haywood: Herr Janning, it came to that the first time you sentenced a man to death you knew to be innocent. There was a fever over the land. A fever of disgrace, of indignity, of hunger. We had a democracy, yes, but it was torn by elements within. There was, above all, fear. Fear of today, fear of tomorrow, fear of our neighbors, fear of ourselves. Only when you understand that can you understand what Hitler meant to us. Because he said to us: 'Lift up your heads! Be proud to be German! There are devils among us. Communists, Liberals, Jews, Gypsies! Once the devils will be destroyed, your miseries will be destroyed.' It was the old, old story of the sacrifical lamb. What about us, who knew better? We who knew the words were lies and worse than lies? Why did we sit silent? Why did we participate? Because we loved our country! What difference does it make if a few political extremists lose their rights? What difference does it make if a few racial minorities lose their rights? It is only a passing phase. It is only a stage we are going through. It will be discarded sooner or later. 'The country is in danger.' We will 'march out of the shadows.' 'We will go forward.' And history tells you how well we succeeded! We succeeded beyond our wildest dreams. The very elements of hate and power about Hitler that mesmerized Germany, mesmerized the world! We found ourselves with sudden powerful allies. Things that had been denied us as a democracy were open to us now. The world said go ahead, take it! Take Sudetenland, take the Rhineland - remilitarize it - take all of Austria, take it! We marched forward, the danger passed. And then one day, we looked around and found we were in even more terrible danger. The rites began in this courtroom, swept over our land like a raging, roaring disease! What was going to be a passing phase became a way of life. Judge Dan Haywood: Janning, to be sure, is a tragic figure. We believe he loathed the evil he did. But compassion for the present torture of his soul must not beget forgetfulness of the torture and death of millions by the government of which he was a part. Janning's record and his fate illuminate the most shattering truth that has emerged from this trial. If he and the other defendants were all depraved perverts - if the leaders of the Third Reich were sadistic monsters and maniacs - these events would have no more moral significance than an earthquake or other natural catastrophes. But this trial has shown that under the stress of a national crisis, men - even able and extraordinary men - can delude themselves into the commission of crimes and atrocities so vast and heinous as to stagger the imagination. No one who has sat through this trial can ever forget. The sterilization of men because of their political beliefs... The murder of children... How easily that can happen. There are those in our country today, too, who speak of the protection of the country. Of survival. The answer to that is: survival as what? A country isn't a rock. And it isn't an extension of one's self. It's what it stands for, when standing for something is the most difficult. Before the people of the world - let it now be noted in our decision here that this is what we stand for: justice, truth... and the value of a single human being.

In a document dated 7.10.1325 Henry II granted Prince. his consent, that sold by Herman Rambow Rambow one hide to Wismar on the Holy Spirit House. A legally binding copy of it from the year 1350 is present in the book privileges. The wording of the document is also published in the Mecklenburg deed book (MUB) VII, No.. 4656. Before 1357 seems to be the property of the family in Rambow and Stieten to reach the city of Wismar be. Archive for July 2009 It would be interesting for researchers to pursue, which have funerals in the church and the convent of the spots Ilfelds place. Gives little information on this, it is the oldest church book and I would like to remind Ilfelds and simultaneously hold with little snapshots that will connect us forever Ilfeld – they are the ones that are already gone from us. In the sheltered location of the monastery, the monks built in 1223 The monastery church of St. Mary for the “Sojourners” the monastery. Außerhalb der Mauern [...] A very special jewel is this picture currently being browsed the internet works. It is handwritten and 331 Pages long. To the smallest detail is the Schaffgotsch described since its first appearance in history. First mentioned 1174 Hugo dictus Scof in Franconia. 1360 Gotsche Schoff is invested with the castle Kynast. After they had acquired the dominion Trachenberg, was the cousin of Adam Schaffgotsch as Barons Trachtenberg 1592 elevated to the peerage. 1627 Emperor Ferdinand II gave. the family the title Semper Free (Ritterbürtige) with[...] The headquarters of the sex of Auerswald was according to tradition, the Knight's Castle Auerswalda with the family estate near Chemnitz, is named as the builder of Kaspar Auerswalda in the middle of the fifteenth century. The sex itself is much older and goes to the indication of Saxon historians up to the early history of Meissen. Those who have been charged as an ancestor is first in the state of Meissen Noble, is not reported. The family had long flourished already in the country Meissner, as first Fabian von Auerswald from the[...] One of the oldest families in all of Germany, include Baron von Eichendorff. Luster and glory bestowed a member of this family, in which the German people the most talented poet of the Romantic school, the church one of its most loyal sons, State officials celebrated a deserved. The cradle of the Upper Silesian Eichendorff was located on the road between Opava and Beneschau German-Krawarn. This place, is one of the most populous villages of the district Ratibor, is also one of the oldest in the whole region. Krawarn already appeared 1224 at the time of[...]

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Sprint Cup drivers look to put the Indy tire debacle behind them while racing 500 miles today at Pocono. Jimmie Johnson has the poll the race, but Mother Nature came along later on in the race to have some fun. “Good in practice,” said David Gilliland. Clint Bowyer stated that he is looking for some big things. The green flag drops to start the race and we only go one turn before the first caution comes out for a Kevin Harvick spin with some help from Joe Nemechek. The next caution popped up on lap eight for a Kurt Busch spin. Racing continued until lap 21 for a competition caution due to no practice on Saturday. The leaders pit and Jimmie Johnson with two tires got the lead of the race. The led to the a long green flag run that saw a pass for the lead of the race on lap 37 by Mark Martin. Green flag racing continued and the first round of green flag pit stops occurred on lap 52. After the pit stops finished Mar Martin kept the lead of the race. The first debris caution of the day finally came out lap 66. Leaders pit this time and Mark Martin had a bad pit stop shuffling him back a bunch of spots. Carl Edwards was able to lead the race off pit road with Kasey Kahne in second. The next debris caution popped up at lap 87. Leaders pit again and Mark Martin wound up with another bad pit stop putting him back around seventeenth. This led to another long green flag run that saw Carl Edwards made the pass for the lead the of the race at lap 111. With 85 laps to go some dark clouds really showed up. Four more laps went by and a mess load of leaders came in for tires as fuel. After pit stops ended Carl Edwards had a 1.5 second lead. With 73 laps left the rain finally came in and caused the caution to fly out. A whole bunch of the cars on the lead lap come in including Carl Edwards and Jimmie Johnson. Dale Jr. who takes only fuel led the cars off pit road. Kasey Kahne, Matt Kenseth, and 20 other cars stay out playing some rain strategy. With 69 laps left the red flag comes out to try to dry off the one section of track where it is raining. After the cars stopped on the pit road it started to rain much harder and on more of the track surface. After a few more minutes the rain started to stop though. Around 30 minutes into the red flag drivers were called back to their cars to go racing again. Ten minutes later and the cars fired up, but other rain was in the area though. The race begins again with 65 laps to go and Mark Martin was able to pass a couple of cars quickly. So were Jimmie Johnson, Dale Jr., and Carl Edwards. Two more laps go by and the caution comes out as Joe Nemechek and Paul Menard get together. Leaders stay out and then the rain started to fall out on the backstretch again. A few extra caution flag laps go by and then the green flag drops with 55 laps left. At turn three Juan Pablo Montoya and his engine blows up, but he was able to make it back to pit road.’ With 46 laps left Kasey Kahne, Denny Hamlin, and Mark Martin pit. This left Greg Biffle in the lead for a while, then Kurt Busch led a couple of laps. With 39 laps left he ran out of fuel on the backstretch. Matt Kenseth then took the lead of the race, but pitted with 37 laps to go. This put Carl Edwards into the lead of the race again who then pits with 35 laps to go along with a whole load of other drivers. Winding up with a penalty for a uncontrollable tire is Jeff Burton. This put David Ragan into the lead for a couple of laps before he came into pit. This left Jamie McMurray in the lead for only a couple of laps and he pitted finally giving the lead back to Kasey Kahne with 29 laps left with Mark Martin in second. With 26 laps left Denny Hamlin comes in for his final stop of the day. Four more laps go by and Greg Biffle comes in. With 16 laps left Matt Kenseth comes in. One more lap goes by and Kasey Kahne comes in for two tires and fuel. Mark Martin then leads the race and comes down with only 14 laps left. This put Carl Edwards into the lead with Tony Stewart in second around six seconds back. With five laps left Carl was slowing it down to save fuel. With two laps left Kyle Busch comes in and gives up his top ten position. Carl Edwards though was able to have enough fuel left. Cars behind him though like Jeff Gordon and Jimmi Johnson were running out of gas. Carl Edwards said that he was arguing big time on weather to pit when the rain first came out. He also said that his crew chief Bob Osborn is a very smart man “My car was really really loose all day,” said Tony Stewart. “Just proud of where we finished.” After the end of the race Kyle Busch lost a big chunk of his lead. He now leads Dale Earnhardt Jr. by 158 points and moving into second place is Carl Edwards only 200 points back.

Recognized Argentine architects like Julián García Núñez & Alejandro Christophersen helped build Recoleta Cemetery and were buried there as well. But surprisingly few burial sites for major architects are known today. Perhaps they shared a similar fate as that of Julio Dormal… Born in 1846 in Liège (Belgium), Jules Dormal Godet arrived in Argentina after studying architecture in Paris. Early business deals failed but after settling in Buenos Aires in 1870, Dormal’s timing & contacts could not have been better. Sarmiento hired him to design a new park—Parque 3 de Febrero—previously occupied by the estate of the President’s arch-enemy, Juan Manuel de Rosas. Many more projects followed. In fact, Dormal was responsible for several landmarks still visible today in Buenos Aires. He designed the tomb to house the remains of General San Martín inside the cathedral (top photo above). After the assassination of architect Victor Meano, he continued construction of the National Congress: Meano also left the Teatro Colón incomplete, so Dormal took over as well & designed much of the interior: In following years, Dormal completed or executed from start to finish many of the aristocratic mansions in the northern sector of the city. The Palacio Pereda now houses the Brazilian embassy: Unfortunately many of those grand houses have since been demolished. But the residence for Julio Peña still stands on Calle Florida, now occupied by the Sociedad Rural Argentina. Non-members can get a peek at the luxury inside by going for lunch at the restaurant: Not limited to only Buenos Aires, Dormal also built several notable structures in other cities. Perhaps his most emblematic work outside the capital is the very afrancesado Casa de Gobierno in La Plata: Dormal passed away in 1924 & was buried in Recoleta Cemetery inside the mausoleum belonging to his wife, Elena Sosa Díaz. But his remains were cremated in 1989 and, according to cemetery records, were likely placed inside the Dolmas Arévalo vault. Why? No one knows. However, neither the Sosa Díaz tomb nor that of Dolmas Arévalo exist today. Hopefully Jules Dormal continues to rest in peace wherever he may be. Photos of the Casa de Gobierno in La Plata courtesy of Marcelo Metayer.

i'm still having a bit of a problem trusting him fully Visitor's Question from a 21-30 year old Female my husband and i are married nearly 8 years, and are together for 10. i used to love him in a head over heals kind of way. about two months ago i caught him cheating on me. he appologized and said that it was meaningless and that it was a mistake etc. right now i'm still having a bit of a problem trusting him fully and every once in a while, when he goes to the bathroom with his cell phone i panick 'what if?'. part of the reason for that is probably due to the fact that he locks his phone with a password (is that a normall thing for a husband to do, by the way?) and in generall over the years he has become more secretive, although, now he seems to be trying real hard to be open with me about life in general. I HAVE TWO QUESTIONS, IF YOU CAN PLEASE ADDVISE ME I WOULD BE GREATFULL. 1. IS IT POSSIBLE FOR A MAN TO MAINTAIN TWO RELATIONSHIPS AT THE SAME TIME; BE AN AMAZING HUSBAND (EVERY GIRLS DREAM MAN - THAT'S HOW HARD HE IS WORKIN), AND HAVE ANOTHER WOMEN ON THE SIDE? 2. EVERY TIME I SEE HIM TALKING TO ANOTHER WOMEN NOW, (ESPECIALLY THIS MUTUAL FRIEND OF OURS THAT HE HAS TOLD ME SHE IS GORGEOUS ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS) I GET JEALOUS AND FEEL LIKE A NOTHING AND A WOMEN THAT'S NOT ENOUGH FOR HIM - HOW DO I GET OVER IT? p.s. sexually we're a great team - he's always said so and i know it. I can certainly understand how you have trouble believing your husband, and you have every right to be jealous and concerned that he would do this again. He has some major apologizing to do. Your questions -- 1. Is it possible to maintain two relationships? Yes, it is very possible. In some ways, it makes life easier to have someone on the side because you have a break, an out from the responsibilities of each day. Imagine being able to go to Florida one day a week. It's that sense of a breather, a mini-vacation. But it's cheating. You're not allowing your partner the same break that you're getting. You're not giving to your partner all that energy. That's why it's so horrible. But yes, it's possible. 2. How does someone get over jealousy? We sell an ebook on how to get over feeling jealousy: http://www.romanceclass.com/ebooks/jealousy_f.asp It will help you because it walks you through the steps toward feeling better about yourself and therefore better about the relationship. This problem's a little more complicated than generic jealousy. This time around, you have reason to be suspicious of him. He has to open up all the way to any question you might have. He should unlock his phone or give you the code for it. He has no right to privacy anymore until you are confident that he is not cheating on you. He blew it bigtime and he needs to make amends for it. You both would benefit from some couples counselling. You need to reshape your relationship so that both of you are happy with it. Right now, I would bet things are not comfortable at home. You need to be clear about the direction your marriage is going and how to achieve your goals. You could do it on your own, but it's a lot easier when you have an impartial third person looking at it and guiding you through it. -- from Jenn One of Your Friendly Advisors at RomanceClass.com |Sparkly Irridescent Glitz Gel| Going to a party or special event? What to feel special no matter what you're doing? Roll on some glitz! Perfect for adding a special bit of sparkle to your day or evening. Buy Glitz Gel at EclecticLady.com Bookmark this site so you can reference it any time you need romantic / relationship info in the future!

PROF. CHARLES F. PATTERSON, principal of the high school at Greenwood, is a native of Tipton County, this state, born June 6, 1862. He was the son of Benjamin F. and Lydia E. (Plummer) Patterson. His father was born in Fayette County, Ind., September 6, 1838, and grew to manhood in Fayette and Shelby counties. At sixteen years of age he removed to Tipton County, where he afterward pursued the vocation of a farmer and stock-dealer. He was married there September 5, 1861, to Miss Lydia E. Plummer, of which marriage the subject of this sketch was the only issue. The lady who became his wife was born in Rush County, this state, August 23, 1844. She was the daughter of Hiram and Lydia (Vickrey) Plummer, who removed to Tipton County when she was but four years old. There her father pursued the vocation of a farmer until his death in 1866. Her mother continues to occupy the old homestead in Tipton County. Benjamin F. Patterson died at his home in Tipton County, October 24, 1880. His surviving widow now resides with her only child, the subject of this sketch. The latter spent his boyhood on his father's farm in his native county. At twelve years of age he became a student in Spiceland Academy, in Henry County, Ind., in which institution he completed an academic course. Later on he entered the Central Normal College, of Ladoga, Ind., in which he completed both the scientific and classical courses, graduating in 1879. Since then he has completed a course in pedagogy, and has passed the examinations of Wabash College. He labored as an instructor in the schools of Tipton County, for several years, during two of which he was principal of the high school at Sharpsville, and, during three of which, he was principal of the high school at Tipton. In 1886, he accepted the principalship of the high school at Greenwood. Prof. patterson was married October 10, 1884, to Miss Melva M. Avis. She is a native of Greenfield, Hancock County, Ind., born March 6, 1862, and was the daughter of James F. and Lucy J. (Lineback) Avis, the former of whom was born in Greencastle, Ind., and the latter in Greenfield, Ind. They are at present residents of Tipton. Prof. Patterson and wife are members of the Christian Church. The former is a member of the K. of H. lodge, and in politics, he is a democrat. He is admirably adapted for the duties of his chosen profession, and, though young, his reputation as a successful educator is already well established. Transcribed by Cheryl Zufall Parker Banta, D.D. History of Johnson County, Indiana. Chicago, IL: Brant & Fuller, 1888.

You may find that the unique thing about these venues is that Wandsworth and Westminster councils, unlike other councils, havent quite worked out how to square the circle of charging the organisers of 'paid for' events in their parks whilst at the same time not charging parkrun for regular free events. My old club used to organise small monthly 10ks in Regents Park but from what I can recall there were a lot of restrictions, and I think we were only allowed to do it in the winter months. No harm in asking though. Park run have come to me as they are looking into having a park run in Southwark park. We've got a number of people in our club that are happy to volunteer so we're in talks with them now. Curly if you'd like to join a club that doesn't cost anything then just turn up to www.londoncityrunners.com whenever you want. It's 6k each Tuesday 11k each Sunday. The Royal Parks are ruled out apparently - from the London representative: "it has simply been impossible to get permission to use the parks". Looks like I'll be running on my own then Visit the official Runner's World page Follow Runner's World on Twitter Other Natmag-Rodale Sites Run For Charity About Runner's World Runner's World is a publication of Hearst Magazines UK which is the trading name of The National Magazine Company Ltd, 72 Broadwick Street, London, W1F 9EP. Registered in England 112955. All rights reserved. Website powered by: Immediate Media Company Ltd. | © Runner's World 2002-2013 |

(THE SEVENTH DEGREE IN THE ORDER OF ISRAEL.) Plate 78.--TABLET OF FONECE. [Begin at 1, and read downward; then at 2, etc.] 1. MASTER: Who art thou? 2. PUPIL: A Son of Light. Behold the sign and emblem. 3. What sawest thou in the light? 4. The altar of Eolin. 5. What was the fashion thereof? 6. The altar of incense and altar-fire rose up before me. The wind ascended and the stars shone in the firmament. A tree grew by the battlement and the black evil crossed the south-west. In the midst stood the cross of Eolin, studded with pearls and diamonds. 7. What more sawest thou? 8. In the south-east floor of the temple, satan, black with the smoke of blood and war, demanded my surrender. And he drew forth the flaming sword. 9. What didst thou? 10. I said, I pray to none but the Ever Present Creator. In Him I have faith. Thou I fear not. 11. What next? 12. I came to the chamber of industry and I was taught a useful trade. After that I traveled north-west. 13. And was honored for thy good work and love of peace, I suppose? 14. Nay, Master. I was confronted by a crowned king. He bade me halt, and ordered me to pray to the God he served. I remonstrated, saying: I only pray to the Great Spirit, trusting only in good works done unto all men. Thereupon he flew into a rage, saying: Thou art the worst of men; thy soul shall feed the fires of hell. With that he hurled a javelin at me. 15. I escaped and traveled north, and came to a country most rich and prosperous, where many Israelites had gone before me. 16. Why didst thou not tarry there? 17. I did, for a season, but warriors came and possessed the land and drove the Israelites away. 18. What next? 19. I fled to the north-east, and came amongst savages, where I barely escaped being slain and feasted upon. 20. Which direction, then? 21. I traveled east and came into a country old in religion and philosophy. They had great riches for the rich and great poverty for the poor. Their philosophers wasted their time in reading the ancients. 22. Why didst thou not remain with them? 23. I was too poor to live with the rich, and too ambitious to live with the poor, who were little better than slaves. 24. Whither next didst thou travel? 25. Toward the north part of the middle kingdom, where I came amongst magicians and necromancers. 26. What of them? 27. They consulted the stars, and the moon, and the palms of their hands, and called up the spirits of the dead, who did appear before them. There was no industry amongst them, and I could find no employment with them. Neither did they assist one another. 28. Where next? 29. I went further south, where I came to an uninhabited country, the most favored under the sun. It was a place of joy and praise, filled with beautiful rivers, forests, plains and valleys, and countless singing-birds, all things raising up the ceaseless voice of glory to Great Eolin. Here I sat down and wept. 30. What, wept in so fair a place? 31. Alas, I remembered the crowded cities and warring empires. Here there were no people, and I could not live alone, so I traveled still further south. 32. And certainly found a good place next? 33. Alas, me. The country was good, the climate warm, and all things grew abundantly without labor. 34. And why not most excellent? 35. Voluptuousness was an ocean for them to bathe in. And for all sins, their priests taught them, that, if before they died, they called on Daeves, Son of the sun and Savior of men, they would ascend to the upper heavens on the third day after death. Not myself loving indolence nor lust, I departed out of that country. 36. Whither next? 37. Toward the south-east, coming into a land afflicted with priests, soldiers and beggars. So I fled further east. 38. And what then? 39. I came to a small settlement of Israelites where I was received by warm hands. Here I prepared to settle down in peace during all my days. But the state soon became attractive by its places of learning and the beauty of the gardens and glory of its manufactories. There being no idle people nor beggars amongst us, the idolaters of Hemah, Savior of men, accused us falsely and then declared war on us, and with a powerful army marched upon us, taking all our possessions. I escaped and turned westward once more. 40. Thy fate hath been hard. Why smilest thou? 41. Because, however hard hath been my fate, it is nothing to that which I saw had once befallen another people where I came next. 42. What of them? 43. This was a country once rich in ancient temples and monuments, but now ruined and desolate. Broken pyramids and colonnades, tumbling walls, and thorns and wolves, marked the once habitable places of mighty kings and high priests. By the tablets on the moldering walls I read that these people in ancient times long past were worshipers of idols and of Gods who professed to save the souls of men. And I saw that their pride and glory lay in ships of war and mighty weapons of death. Having myself learned the trade of a potter, I took up an p. 616 ancient, ruined pot, and read this inscription on it: Because I am a Faithist in the Great Spirit, Eolin, I am enslaved by these idolaters. Alas, what is my crime? [Read downward, beginning with column 1. Refer to Se'moin and the other tablets.] 44. Most pitiful place! Whence then? 45. I met a friend whose head had been compressed in infancy in order to make him a prophet. He took me into his private habitation and taught me how the brain and nerves of flesh could be changed in infancy by pressure to make the grown-up man of any character desired. Next he taught me the monotony of sound that brings on the prophetic spell and power to see the unseen. Thus did he expound the philosophy of miracles, even to dying and coming to life again. 46. Wonderful philosophy. Wilt thou show me some of these miracles? 47. I will, O Master, but the secret of their workings I can not show. (The pupil exhibits.) 48. It is true, O friend! Surely, too, thou hast taught this wisdom to the world? 49. Nay; my teacher sent me south, to a school of prophets, where I learned the mysteries of invocation and prayer. 50. For what purpose hast thou visited my temple? 51. To make pots. 52. What, with all thy wisdom? 53. A useful employment is the highest service to the Maker of all. 54. Thou and thy people shall be my people; my harvests shall be thine; and my gardens and orchards; for He whose eye seeth all, is upon me, and I am His servant. 55. There are three more chambers in my temple: The first preserveth the wisdom of the ancients. The second is the chamber of industry and inventions. 56. In the third and last chamber are the secrets of the fullness of worship. The name of this chamber is Om, because it is here the recipients repose in spirit from all the cares of the earth. (Signs and pass-words, and form of initiation, withheld from publication, because the rites are still practiced.)

June 21, 2002 Regina M. Callery Ret. Bank Teller, 89 Regina M. Callery of Monticello, a retired bank teller for the Bank of New York and a lifelong area resident, died Monday, June 17, 2002, at the Seelig Division of the Catskill Regional Medical Center in Harris. She was 89 years of age. The daughter of the late Patrick and Catherine Purcell Callery, she was born August 22, 1912, in Monticello. A graduate of Monticello High School and Drake Secretarial School in New Jersey, she worked on the voting board as a Democrat. Her father was a former Mayor of Monticello. Miss Callery was a member of St. Peter's Church in Monticello. She is survived by many cousins and area friends. She was predeceased by a brother Gerald Callery. A Mass of Christian Burial was offered Thursday at St. Peter's Church in Monticello with the Rev. Robert Ginel officiating. Burial was made in St. Peter's Cemetery in Monticello. Memorial contributions may be made to St. Peter's Church, 10 Liberty St., Monticello, N.Y. 12701. Funeral arrangements were made by the VanInwegen-Kenny Funeral Home in Monticello. Margaret R. Coburn Ret. Tel Oper., 72 Margaret R. Coburn of Monticello, a retired telephone operator for the New York Telephone Company in Monticello and a lifelong area resident, died Tuesday, June 18, 2002, at her home. She was 72 years of age. The daughter of the late Ernest and Pearl Hillriegel Froehlich, she was born January 15, 1930, in Callicoon. Mrs. Coburn was a member of St. Thomas Aquinas R.C. Church in Forestburgh, the New York Telephone Pioneers, the Ladies Auxiliary of the Ruddick Trowbridge Post of the American Legion in Monticello and the Monticello Senior Citizens. She is survived by her husband of 54 years, Robert Coburn, at home; a daughter, Jane Coburn Farina, and her husband, Charles, of Niskayuna; a sister, Agnes Coburn of the state of Florida; a sister-in-law, Judith Froehlich of Honesdale, Pa.; a brother-in-law, Mac Coburn of Callicoon; and a granddaughter, Caroline Jane Farina of Niskayuna. She was predeceased by a brother, Joseph Froehlich. A Mass of Christian Burial was offered on Thursday at St. Thomas Aquinas R.C. Church in Forestburgh with the Rev. Ivan Csete officiating. Burial was made in St. Thomas Aquinas Cemetery in Forestburgh. Memorial contributions may be made to St. Thomas of Aquinas R.C. Church Memorial Fund, Forestburgh, N.Y. 12777 or to Hospice of Orange and Sullivan, 800 Stony Brook Court, Newburgh, N.Y. 12550. Funeral arrangements were made by the Ramsay's Funeral Home in Monticello. Ret. Truck Driver, 71 Raymond "Bud" Bauernfeind of Hortonville, a retired self-employed truck driver and lifelong area resident, died Tuesday, June 18, 2002, at his home. He was 71 years of age. The son of the late Floyd and Meta Esselmann Bauernfeind, he was born November 4, 1930, in Callicoon. A United States Air Force veteran, he served during the Korean War. He is survived by his wife, Lillian Smith Bauernfeind, at home; a son, Ted Bauernfeind of Hortonville; a sister, Marion Swords of State College, Pa.; a brother, Richard Bauernfeind of Callicoon; and several nieces and nephews. Friends may call at the Stewart-Murphy Funeral Home in Callicoon on Friday from 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. Services will be held at the funeral home on Saturday at 11 a.m. Burial will be made in the Bauernfeind Cemetery in the Beechwoods Section of Callicoon. Memorial contributions may be made to the Hortonville Volunteer Fire Department, P.O. Box 71, Hortonville, N.Y. 12745. Robert C. Toretto Robert C. Toretto of Monticello, a bartender at Kutsher's Country Club in Monticello and a longtime area resident, died Sunday, June 16, 2002, at the Seelig Division of the Catskill Regional Medical Center in Harris. He was 65 years of age. The son of the late Joseph and Frances Czajkowski Toretto, he was born October 27, 1936, in New York City. Mr. Toretto was a veteran of the United States Air Force, serving in the 1950s. He is survived by a brother, Ralph Toretto of New York City; and several area friends. Graveside services and burial will be held at 10 a.m. Friday at the Sullivan County Veterans Cemetery, Sunset Lake Rd., Liberty. Funeral arrangements were made by the VanInwegen-Kenny Funeral Home in Monticello. Peter W. Piatt Ret. Conrail Engr., 74 Peter W. Piatt of Matamoras, Pa., a retired Conrail engineer and a lifelong area resident, died Monday, June 17, 2002, at the Campbell Hall Health Care Facility. He was 74 years of age. The son of the late Floyd L. and Anna C. Hermann Piatt, he was born October 12, 1927, in Port Jervis. He was the widower of Helene McDonough Piatt who died September 4, 1989. Mr. Piatt was a member of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. In a family statement, it was said, "He was a loving companion, father and grandfather who will be sadly missed by his family and many friends. Pete was a warm and generous man. He loved to cruise the countryside and travel. And in his spare time he was an accomplished carpenter." He is survived by his companion, Martha Frisbie, at home; seven daughters and four sons-in-law, Mary K. and John Shimer of Glen Spey, Laura Fredericks of Glen Spey, Patricia and Arthur Aumick of Sparrowbush, Judith A. and Mark Barila of Glen Spey, Margaret Horner of Port Jervis, Susan Anderson of Jackson, Ark., and Linda and John Driscoll of White Lake; two sons and daughters-in-law, Michael J. and Karolyn Piatt of Matamoras, Pa., and Thomas J. and Joanne Piatt of Seymour, Md.; 19 grandchildren; five great-grandchildren; and several nieces and nephews. He was predeceased by a son, Ronald Piatt Reil. Services were held Thursday at the Gray-Parker Funeral Home in Port Jervis with the Rev. Dan Kantenwein officiating. Burial was made in St. Mary's Cemetery in Port Jervis. Memorial contributions may be made to the American Cancer Society, 407 E. Main St., Middletown, N.Y. 10940. Marta Klofac of Livingston Manor, a homemaker and a longtime area resident, died Saturday, June 15, 2002, at St. Luke's Hospital in New York City. She was 92 years of age. The daughter of the late William and Juliana Halbhuber Kocher, she was born January 10, 1910, in Czechoslovakia. She was the widow of Vaclav Kofac who died October 12, 1992. Mrs. Klofac is survived by two daughters, Jana Szabo of Parksville and Marta Nivon of New York City; four grandchildren, Kim and Katrina Szabo and Lucas and Thomas Nivon; and a great-granddaughter, Kaitlin Nicole Rooney. A Memorial Mass was offered Tuesday at St. Peter's Church in Liberty with Monsignor Edward Straub officiating. Cremation was private. Funeral arrangements were made by Ramsay's Funeral Home in Liberty. Lidia Dopilka of Ellenville, a homemaker, died Monday, June 17, 2002, at St. Agnes Hospital in White Plains. She was 77 years of age. The widow of Walter Dopilka, she was born August 4, 1924, in White Russia. Mrs. Dopilka was a member of the Holy Trinity Ukrainian Catholic Church in Kerhonkson. She is survived by three children, Roman Dopilka of Fairfield, Conn., Myron Dopilka of Ellenville and Maria Dopilka of Mongaup Valley; six grandchildren, Stephanie, Maria, Paul, Michael, Ryan and Ashley; and three great-grandchildren, Alexandria, John and Haylee. The Holy Sacrifice of the Divine Liturgy will be celebrated at 10 a.m. Friday at Holy Trinity Ukrainian Catholic Church, 211 Foordmore Rd., Kerhonkson, with the Rev. Iura Godenciuc officiating. Interment will be made in the Holy Spirit Ukrainian Catholic Cemetery in Hamptonburg. Funeral arrangements were made by the Colonial Memorial Funeral Home in Ellenville. Michael G. McHenry Parts Director, 51 Michael G. McHenry of Livingston Manor, a 15-year area resident and a parts director for Suresky Chrysler in Goshen, died Wednesday, June 19, 2002, at the Arden Hill Hospital in Goshen. He was 51 years of age. The son of David H. McHenry and the late Ruth Nevin McHenry, he was born September 20, 1950, in New Castle, Pa. Mr. McHenry was a past T-Ball coach for the Livingston Manor Little League and a past leader of the Livingston Manor Boy Scouts. He is survived by his wife, Kathleen M. McHenry, at home; a daughter and son-in-law, Jody and Jeff Gadley of Girard, Pa.; two sons, David M. McHenry of Middletown and Christopher M. McHenry, at home; his father and his special friend, Valentine Bitting, both of Erie, Pa.; three brothers and two sisters-in-law, Stephen and Gloria McHenry of Erie, Pa., Christopher McHenry of Fort Worth, Tex., and Mark and Susan McHenry of Erie, Pa.; two sisters and brothers-in-law, Ellen and Dr. Samuel Garloff of Orwigsburg, Pa., and Melissa and Larry Beahm of Bethlehem, Pa.; and a granddaughter, Dillian Gadley. There will be no visitation. Cremation was private at the Cedar Hill Crematory in Middle Hope. Funeral arrangements were made by the Herbert C. Bryant Funeral Home in Livingston Manor. Ret. Seamstress, 99 Mildred L. Frisbie of East Branch, a retired seamstress with Katz Apparel in Honesdale, Pa., and a longtime area resident, died Tuesday, June 18, 2002, at the Roscoe Community Nursing Home in Roscoe. She was 99 years of age. The daughter of the late Royal and Nettie Daniels Kimble, she was born October 21, 1902, in Hoadleys, Pa. An avid hunter and fisherman, Mrs. Frisbie enjoyed these sports into her 80s. Mrs. Frisbie was a longtime member of the East Branch Community Church. She was a member and past president of the defunct Ladies Auxiliary to the Livingston Manor Memorial Post No. 6081; a past president of the Ladies Auxiliary to the Sullivan County Council; a past president of the Ladies Auxiliary to District No. 10 in Pennsylvania and an honorary member of the Past District Presidents Club of District 2, Department of New York. She is survived by two sons and daughters-in-law, Daniel J. and Judy Frisbie of Roscoe and Richard and Deborah Chapman of St. Augustine, Fla.; two step-children, John Frisbie and his wife, Pauline, of Intercession City, Fla., and Ruth Black of Florida; two sisters, Marjorie Frisbie of Cortez, Pa., and Frances Jones of Lake Ariel, Pa.; two grandchildren, Tawny Meres and Daniel H. Frisbie; two great-grandchildren, Christopher and Sierra; and several nieces and nephews. She was predeceased by a son, Earl, and two stepchildren, George Frisbie and Gertrude Schaffer. Services will be held at 1 p.m. Friday at the Harris Funeral Home, Railroad Ave., Roscoe, with the Rev. Paul Cicio officiating. Burial will be made in Bible Protestant Cemetery in South Canaan, Pa. Memorial contributions may be made to the East Branch Community Church, East Branch, N.Y. 13756. Ret. Bus Driver, 86 Joseph Szawiola, a ten-year resident of Mileses and a retired bus driver for Red Tan Bus Lines in North Vale, N.J., died May 30, 2002, at the Horton Medical Center in Middletown. He was 86 years of age. The son of the late Michael and Josephine Szawiola, he was born August 11, 1915, in Connecticut. He was the widower of Isabelle Szawiola. Mr. Szawiola is survived by a son and daughter-in-law, Brian and Bonnie Szawiola of Mileses; and a granddaughter, Naomi and her husband, Aaron Houghtaling, of Damascus, Pa. He was predeceased by a daughter, Laura Binaghi. Friends are invited to attend a memorial service at the Szawiola home in Mileses on Sunday, June 23, at 1:30 p.m. with the Rev. David McCarthy of the Liberty Free Methodist Church officiating.

With sad tidings we announce the untimely death of our mother, Shirley May Marie Timmer, age 85 of Paradise, Michigan. She was born on December 1, 1926 in Saginaw to Kenneth and Mildred Grigware. She died on October 16, 2012 at McLaren Northern Michigan Hospital in Petoskey. Shirley was still in high school at the beginning of World War II. She wanted to help with the war effort so she decided to quit school in 11th grade to work at the Pier Marquette Railroad Yard in Detroit. She went back to obtain her high school diploma and graduated with the class of 1971 at Wayne Memorial High School in Wayne, Michigan. Shirley firmly believed in giving back to the community and was a strong advocate for volunteer work. It started early on in her life as she always found time to volunteer while raising her five children and continued on well after retiring to the community she loved, Paradise. Not only was she a great wife, a wonderful mother and a loving grandmother, she loved this country and was a true patriot. Shirley is survived by her five children: Ben (Laura) Timmer of Kincheloe, Denise (Dan) Mitchell of Kincheloe, Debbie Timmer of Warsaw, Missouri, Larry (Lisa) Timmer of Lutz, Florida, Timothy Timmer of Wayne, Michigan; sixteen grandchildren and twenty-two great-grandchildren. She is also survived by sisters: Joan Hainey of St. Petersburg, Florida and Bonnie (Bob) Klotz of Glenville, West Virginia. She will be missed by the many friends whose lives she touched. She was preceded in death by her husband of 62 years, Benjamin Timmer; her parents: Kenneth and Mildred Grigware; her brother-in-law, King Hainey and two great-grandchildren: Brooklyn and Bristol. Funeral services will be held at 3 p.m. on Saturday, October 20, at the Paradise United Methodist Church in Paradise, Michigan. Preceding the service, visitation will be between 1-3 p.m. Immediately following the funeral service, we will gather to celebrate Shirley’s life, and a meal will be provided by her friends, the Paradise Seniors Citizens Club, at the Whitefish Township Community Center. In lieu of flowers, the family requests that donations be sent to the Whitefish Township Community School System, Paradise, Michigan. P.O. Box 58, 7221 N. M-123, Paradise, Michigan 49768, in her name. Arrangements are being handled by C.S. Mulder Funeral Home. Condolences may be left online at www.csmulder.com

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Inspiring families that creativity can be simple, fun and resourceful. Bringing creative encouragement, networking opportunities, and creative educational resources to the family. Creative Families is providing an outlet for questions and answers to the homeschool mom!See More "haha Funny you should say that because I literally shudder at the thought of how it used to be when all my kids were going to regular school. Awful! My 7yo is actually still attending a Christian private school... but being in the province, the…" "That's great to know, I often see people comment on how difficult it is to motivate or "control" their teenagers... & what a blessing to have such a good example for the rest of your sons. I've noticed that my girls work well…" "Hi Riva! My oldest went to PS through 5th grade then we pulled him out when son number two was starting K. The other 4 have always been home schooled. We haven't had any teenage troubles here. Everyone keeps telling me I'm heading for…" I just joined THL and think this may be the 3rd time I've introduced myself on here haha I was so excited that I ran off to join a group before saying hello to everyone in general.Anyway, I'm talkative, super friendly, and homeschool 3 kids.I have a 13yo, 9yo, and 7yo, all daughters. We are a mixed family (British/Filipino and American stepdad) living in the Philippines... I welcome conversations, questions, enjoy helping out or motivating where I can, so don't hesitate to say hi. :)See More I am 33 years old, am British/Filipino by Nationality but American by schooling... it's all mixed up and confusing- or I should say, I'M mixed up and confused. ;) I am a full time homeschooling mommy, but I am also the executive director of an NGO that focuses on environment, health, and indigenous peoples. I have 3 daughters aged 13, 9, and 7. I homeschool my 13 and 9 year old... my 7 year old will begin homeschooling after her school year ends this March. Their stepdaddy is 24 years old and American... yup, almost 9 years younger than me. :) He gave me the support and encouragement I needed to be able to choose homeschooling for my children. We live on a beach in our small, family-owned resort in the Philippines... we live far from the city, which is both fortunate and unfortunate. Nothing has changed much since the 80's in this small province town we live in... that is also both fortunate and unfortunate. haha! What: We are a Christian family that use the A.C.E. curriculum. We are enrolled at School Of Tomorrow, Philippines for accreditation. I homeschool because the quality of education in the province we live in is extremely poor. Scariest decision I ever made, but also the very best thing I have ever done. I'm here because: Well, same reason everybody else is here but also because it is difficult for me to find anybody I can relate with in person. Most people around me are completely different in culture, language, and life experiences. One set of friends have never traveled much beyond this province much less the country, whereas I have lived in many different countries and have done a lot of traveling. On the other spectrum, I have a lot of friends from the modeling/entertainment industry who, even if not single, spend a lot of time partying and pursuing shallow interests such as fashion, beauty, makeup, spas, etc. Which is fine but this is pretty much ALL they care about. So, SIGH. I am kind of smack dab not in the middle of any of this. haha! My interests are art, photography, anthropology, psychology, the environment, stuff like that... while I do have friends with these similar interests, they all live in other countries. In any case, I just want a place to be able to talk about anything and everything homeschooling or whatever it is, once in a while. :)

4:24 pm, September 24th | by Colette McIntyre “Butter is the best motherf%@king thing you’ve had!” 11:00 am, April 3rd | by Sarah Devlin In episode 6 of “And Then They Make Out” Carly and Sarah take on the…challenging Ashton Kutcher/Bernie Mac vehicle Guess Who, which inexplicably still airs on television despite a premise that had to have seemed bizarre and tone deaf even when the film originally premiered in 2005. Listen in as they discuss why anyone thought making a reverse remake of Guess Who’s Coming To Dinner was a good idea, the Ashton Kutcher Hair Length/Hotness scale, and the right age to give up on finding a man. 11:45 am, March 21st | by Sarah Devlin “And Then They Make Out” Episode 4 covers Brittany Murphy’s early-aughts romantic comedy Little Black Book, a dark indictment of what happens when sociopaths and the generally mentally ill collide. Or, you know, about one woman’s obsessive quest to break into her boyfriend’s Palm Pilot. Tune in for a rousing discussion of Murphy’s Face Acting®, reality tv garbage vs. scripted garbage, and the first documented case of Gavin Rossdale syndrome. 1:30 pm, February 27th | by Sarah Devlin Because we have a doozy for you. After putting together our Valentine’s Day themed roundup of movie depictions of career gals who don’t deserve love (that is, until the right man comes along to teach them a thing or two), we thought it might be fun to have a weekly discussion of the way that pop culture depicts love and romance, and how romantic comedies reflect our society’s expectations for women, for better or for worse, back to us. (We also thought it would be enjoyable to make fun of a new romantic comedy every week.)

|Barnett expects gay marriage issue soon| Guardian Staff Reporter Published: Feb 18, 2013 Chief Justice Sir Michael Barnett has predicted that the Bahamian courts will soon have to address the issue of same-sex marriages. “I have no doubt that it is only a matter of time when the courts of The Bahamas will address the issue of same sex marriage,” said Sir Michael at a Bar Association luncheon at the Sheraton Resort on Friday. “I also have no doubt that in deciding the issue we will have respect for the decisions that emanate not only from the Commonwealth countries like Canada and Australia, but also from decisions of the courts of the Unites States of America. “But our references to the views of justices of the United States are not limited to referring to those decisions in our own judgments.” Canada legalized same-sex marriage in 2005, while the Australian Parliament has proposed bills on the table to allow for same-sex marriages. Several states in the United States also allow same-sex marriages. Sir Michael noted that the U.S. and The Bahamas share many commonalities. “Based on its proximity to the United States, commerce, trade and tourism link our respective economies,” he said. “More and more citizens of both our countries are finding it necessary to resort to the courts of our countries to resolve the disputes that inevitably arise. “Ours is an ever shrinking global village. The problems that affect the lives of our citizens and the residents of our respective countries have more in common than there are differences. “Our respective countries both have written constitutions that protect our human rights. Our citizens and visitors look to us, the justices of court, to protect these rights. Little justice is served by reinventing the wheel. “Our task as justices is helped by looking to our colleagues of different countries to see how they have considered and dealt with the problems.” Sir Michael added that the increased use of the Internet makes that task of researching similar cases easy to achieve. Sir Michael’s comments came two weeks after Anglican Bishop Laish Boyd recommended the constitution be amended to reflect that no one should be discriminated against based on sexual orientation. Boyd, who presented his recommendations to the Constitutional Commission on February 1, also wants the terms of discrimination expanded under Article 26 (3) to include protection from discrimination on the grounds of language, disability or medical condition. However, Boyd said he does not believe same sex marriage should be included. While same sex marriages are not permitted in The Bahamas, some homosexual Bahamians have married abroad.

FERNANDEZ DE SANTA ANA, BENITO FERNÁNDEZ DE SANTA ANA, BENITO (1707–1761). Father Fernández de Santa Ana was born Benito Fernández y Rana at Berán, in the province of Orense, Spain, on June 4, 1707. He entered the Franciscan order and was ordained a priest, probably in Spain; shortly afterward he was sent, in 1731, as a member of the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro, to San Antonio de Valero Mission in Texas. Between the Rio Grande and Mission San Antonio on June 25, 1731, a band of Apache Indians robbed him and Brother Estevan Zaes Monge of all their baggage and horses and killed two of the five soldiers who accompanied them. Three years later, at the age of twenty-seven, Fernández succeeded Father Gabriel de Vergara as president of the Texas missions of the College of Querétaro and the principal missionary at Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña Mission in San Antonio. In 1739 the Canary Islanders in the villa of San Fernando obtained from viceroy archbishop Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Equirreta a decree permitting them to hire mission Indians on their farms. Father Fernández wrote a memorial in which he refuted false statements and accusations made in the petition of the Canary Islanders, and as a result in 1741 the viceroy Duque de la Conquista revoked the decree of 1739. However, in 1743–44 two agents sent to Mexico by the cabildo of Villa de San Fernando succeeded in having a second decree, similar to the one of 1739, issued by Viceroy Conde de Fuenclara. Fernández then appeared in person before this viceroy in January of 1745 and persuaded him to rescind the decree of 1744. After a severe epidemic in 1739, Fernández began the construction of permanent buildings of stone and mortar at Concepción Mission, including the twin-tower church that is still standing. To Father Mariano de los Dolores y Vianaqv's project of founding three new missions, with a presidio, on the San Xavier (San Gabriel) River, Father Fernández gave his full support, despite persistent objections by the governors and presidio commanders in Texas (see SAN XAVIER MISSIONS). After Dolores y Viana had officially founded Mission San Francisco Xavier in 1748, Fernández personally founded San Ildefonso and Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria missions in 1749. To correct the misstatements in a report of Governor Pedro del Barrio Junco y Espriellaqv, Fernández made a second trip to Mexico City and successfully presented to Viceroy Conde de Revillagigedo a long memorial, of fifty-nine sections, on November 11, 1749. In February of the following year he also presented his plans for the establishment of Apache missions on the Pedernales River, which included the transfer of San Antonio de Béxar Presidio to this river. Though his plans were not accepted, they led to an investigation that culminated in the choice of the San Saba River for an Apache mission with a new presidio. Like his predecessor, Vergara, Fernández had always disapproved of military punitive campaigns against the Apaches as a means of putting an end to their raids. He believed that, like the other Indian groups, the Apaches could be induced to settle in missions, and that this would be a more effective means of establishing peace in Texas. He deplored the enslavement of Apaches who were taken prisoner in Capt. José de Urrutia's campaign in 1739, and after the campaign in 1745, in which he accompanied Capt. Toribio de Urrutia, he asked the viceroy to turn the Apache prisoners over to him, "so that they can help me to win the others." Though the fear of their enemies, the Comanches, was one reason why the Apaches finally agreed to a peace treaty with the Spaniards on November 28, 1749, this achievement was due in great measure to the consistent conciliatory policy of Father Fernández. Shortly after February 1750 Fernández became ill and had to retire to the college in Querétaro, and Father Dolores was appointed his successor as president of the Texas missions. Fernández died at the college in late March or early April 1761. News of his demise was received at the College of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Zacatecas on April 12, 1761. See also FRANCISCANS, SPANISH MISSION SYSTEM. Herbert Eugene Bolton, Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1915; rpt., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970). Benedict Leutenegger, trans. and ed., Letters and Memorials of the Father Presidente Fray Benito Fernández de Santa Ana, (San Antonio: Old Spanish Missions Historical Research Library at Our Lady of the Lake University, 1981). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Marion A. Habig, O.F.M., "FERNANDEZ DE SANTA ANA, BENITO," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ffe12), accessed December 05, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

MCKINNEY, ANDREW TODD MCKINNEY, ANDREW TODD (1838–1931). Andrew Todd McKinney, son of Nancy W. (Todd) and Samuel McKinney, was born on March 18, 1838, in Randolph County, Illinois. In 1850 he moved with his family to Huntsville, Texas, where he attended Austin College, of which his father was president. After graduating from Princeton University in 1858, he studied law with his uncle, Judge Robert J. McKinney, in Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was admitted to the bar. He did educational work in Louisiana and served briefly with a Louisiana regiment in the Confederate Army before he began to practice law at Huntsville in January 1866. His public career began with membership in the Constitutional Convention of 1875. He was a member of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first, and Thirty-second Texas legislatures. He served on the committees on education and on investigation of the International-Great Northern Railroad. McKinney was a member of the original board of regents of the University of Texas and president of the board of directors of Sam Houston Normal College (now Sam Houston State University). On September 16, 1882, McKinney married Mary Louise Hill; they had four children. McKinney died on May 7, 1931, in Huntsville, where he was buried in Oakwood Cemetery. He was an active Presbyterian, a Mason, and in 1875 was grand master of Texas Odd Fellows. Frank W. Johnson, A History of Texas and Texans (5 vols., ed. E. C. Barker and E. W. Winkler [Chicago and New York: American Historical Society, 1914; rpt. 1916]). E. H. Loughery, Personnel of the Texas State Government for 1885 (Austin: Snyder, 1885). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Martha Beresford, "MCKINNEY, ANDREW TODD," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmc71), accessed December 05, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

KLAAS TJEPKES HEERINGA/TRIJNTJE DOUWES WIEGERSMA Marriage certificate of Klaas Tjepkes Heeringa and Trijntje Douwes Wiegersma on May 13, 1813 in Holwerd: In the years one thousand eight hundred and thirteen, the 13-th of the month May, in the afternoon at 2 o'clock, appeared for us, "Maire" [*French word for "Mayor"], Officer of the Registrar's Office of the Municipality Holwerd, "Canton" Holwerd, "Departement" Vriesland, Klaas Tjepkes Heeringa, 26 years old, without having a factory, of aged son of the deceased Tjepke Gosses Heeringa, during his life farmer in Holwerd, and there deceased some years ago, and of Japke Sakes, female farmer, living in the area of Holwerd, giving here her maternal permission; and Trijntje Douwes Wiegersma, 23 years old, without having a factory, born and living in Holwerd, of aged daughter of Douwe Pieters Wiegersma, Master Black Smith, and of Trijntje Jans, Married People, living in Holwerd and have given here their parental permission. Etc., etc.,... Of which [*marriage] we made a certification in the presence of Sake Tjepkes Heeringa, 30 years old, Merchant, Brother of the Bridegroom, and Bieme(?) Jakobs IJpma, 35 years old, Master Baker, Brother by marriage of the Bridegroom, of Douwe Pieters Wiegersma, 51 years old, Master Black Smith, Father of the Bride; all living in Holwerd, and Pieter Lieuwes Westerbaan, 47 years old, teacher of the youth, Uncle of the Bride, living in [*the Frisian village] Blija, who undersigned this after reading it to them, including us and the Appearers. Signatures: Klaas T. Heeringa, S. T. Heeringa, B. IJpma, Trijntje Douwes Wiegersma, P. L. Westerbaan, D.P. Wiegersma and the "Maire" H.J. Biersma. Frisian Pelmulder and Heeringa Family accounts from the Leeuwarden Archives TRESOAR. Graphics by Lynn Waterman, ©2004

The Natural History of Autumn 09/13/2004 - 12/18/2004 Thursday & Sunday 06:30 PM - 09:00 PM Science Tower 137 Special Schedule: Saturday - Wednesday, October 16-20 This field course focuses on ecological interactions and life history events characteristic of autumn. Our study topics include acorn ecology, seed dispersal by fruit-eating birds, fall wildflowers, color change and abscission of leaves, food storage and pre-winter behavior of mammals, migration of hawks and waterfowl, autumn activities in vernal pools, and the evening insect chorus. Autumn will be highlighted as a period when most organisms make dramatic shifts in the mode and tempo of life processes. Course requirements include an individual field project and weekly written reports that detail our class field studies. Assignments emphasize objective observational procedures and the reporting of first-hand field observations in a scientifically useful manner. To allow opportunities for daytime and evening observations, our meetings are divided between Thursday evenings and Sunday mornings. On a few occasions we meet on Thursday evening and Sunday morning of the same week. This course entails a substantial amount of long-distance walking and physical exertion, usually in hilly terrain lacking comfort facilities. Enrollment is limited to 14 students. Geoffrey Hammerson (B.S. University of California, Berkeley; Ph.D. University of Colorado, Boulder) is a research zoologist at NatureServe and is author of more than 70 reports and publications, most recently, The conservation status of the world's reptiles (Biological Conservation, 2013, with M. Bohm et al.) and Rapid assessment of plant and animal vulnerability to climate change (in Wildlife Conservation in a Changing Climate (University of Chicago Press, 2012, with Young et al.) Click here to read an article about Geoff and his GLS courses. Consent of Instructor Required: No |Level: GLSP||Credits: 3||Enrollment Limit: 14| Texts to purchase for this course: Geoffrey Hammerson, CONNECTICUT WILDLIFE (University Press of New England), Paperback READING MATERIALS AVAILABLE AT BROAD STREET BOOKS, 45 BROAD STREET, MIDDLETOWN, 860-685-7323 |Register for Courses| Contact [email protected] to submit comments or suggestions. Copyright Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, 06459

The School of Business and Economics at Humboldt-Universität is a research-oriented organization. The hiring profile calls for the intense use of quantitative methods in economic research. International publications in top journals are expected of all professors and new appointments. BusinessIn Business Administration, this orientation has led to research with foundations in micro-theoretic methods and models. EconomicsIn Economics, there is an emphasis on microeconomic as well as macroeconomic theory and their implementation. The clear research orientation of the School of Business and Economics is also visible in the interdisciplinary research centers that have been created: Collaborative Research Center 649 "Economic Risk" (established in 2005) Transregio 15 "Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems" (established in 2004) Collaborative Research Center 373 "Quantification and Simulation of Economic Processes" Center for Applied Statistics and Econometrics (CASE) - Doctoral program "Distributed information systems" Doctoral program "the Applied Micro-economics graduate school" Extensive joint projects coordinated by the faculty complete the research spectrum. the Berlin Research Center in Internet Economics ("InterVal - Internet and Value Chains") funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research as well as Ko-RFID (on collaboration in RFID-enabled supply chains) a project on collaboration in RFID-enabled supply chains, funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics

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CSUEB Emeritus Professor Paul Staudohar published "Baseball's Best Short Stories" in April 2012. (Photo: Amazon.com) Podcast with CSUEB emeritus professor Paul Staudohar on his new baseball anthology - September 10, 2012 5:00am Paul Staudohar, emeritus professor of business at Cal State East Bay, first published a collection of Baseball’s Best Short Stories in 1995. He recently followed up with a new edition in April 2012 and conducted a podcast with Ron Kaplan’s Baseball Bookshelf to explain how a university business professor came to edit an anthology of baseball stories. Listen to the podcast. In the new edition of Baseball’s Best Short Stories (Chicago Review Press; 2012), Staudohar edited 34 short stories about the nation’s favorite pastime written by some of America’s favorite writers, including Zane Grey, James Thurber, Tobias Wolff, George Plimpton, Robert Penn Warren, T. Coraghessan Boyle, and Michael Chabon, among others. Known as a practiced anthologist, Staudohar has researched and published several other sports-related story collections, including Football's Best Short Stories, Golf's Best Short Stories, Hunting’s Best Short Stories, Boxing’s Best Short Stories, and Fishing’s Best Short Stories. - © Copyright California State University, East Bay. California State University, East Bay is the San Francisco East Bay Area's high-access public university of choice. CSUEB serves the region with campuses in Hayward and Concord, a professional development center in Oakland, and an innovative online campus. With an enrollment of more than 14,000, the University offers a nationally recognized freshman year experience, award-winning curriculum, personalized instruction, and expert faculty. Students choose from among more than 100 professionally focused fields of study for which the University confers bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as an Ed.D. in education. Named a "Best in the West" college, as well as a Best Business School, by the influential Princeton Review, Cal State East Bay is among the region's foremost producers of teachers, business professionals and entrepreneurs, public administrators, health professionals, literary and performing artists, and science and math graduates.

Tuesday February 28, 2012 Isabel Lara 202-633-2374 Frank McNally 703-572-4040 Public information: 202-633-1000 Web site: http://newsdesk.si.edu/kits/space-shuttle-discovery The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum is offering a series of activities to celebrate the acquisition of the space shuttle Discovery. The event will begin when the orbiter arrives in the Washington metro area Tuesday, April 17, weather permitting. Discovery will be transferred from NASA to the museum in a public ceremony April 19 at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy center in Chantilly, Va. The ceremony will kick off a four-day festival of space-related activities, performances, appearances by space pioneers, films and displays. The "Welcome Discovery" festival is presented in cooperation with NASA. Support for the transfer ceremony is generously provided by the Boeing Company and Lockheed Martin Corporation. All activities are offered free of charge but there is a $15 parking fee at the Udvar-Hazy Center. There will be more than 25 special exhibits, programs and activities for every age group, from pre-K youngsters to older adults. The history and achievements of the 30-year space shuttle program will be showcased, with several Discovery space pioneers making special appearances to discuss their experiences. The festival will also focus on the future of space exploration. Activities will explore current events on the International Space Station, how people are learning to live and work in space and preparation for journeys farther into the solar system. Many of the offerings will be interactive, enabling visitors to experience aspects of spaceflight and space sciences. Throughout the festival, specialists from the museum and NASA will be doing post-flight work on Discovery in the space hangar; the public is invited to watch and ask questions. "When NASA transfers Discovery to the National Air and Space Museum, the American people will gain a major icon of space history and an educational treasure to be valued now and for years to come," said Gen. J.R. "Jack" Dailey, director of the museum. "We invite the public to help us welcome Discovery to the collection of the Smithsonian Institution." The National Air and Space Museum operates two buildings in the Washington, D.C., area: the flagship building on the National Mall and the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Va., near Washington’s Dulles International Airport. Both facilities are open daily from 10 a.m. until 5:30 p.m. (closed Dec. 25).

Live Discussion: The Cell Cycle and Alzheimer’s Disease—Let's Unite for Division! Inez Vincent led this live discussion on 7 August 2002. Readers are invited to submit additional comments by using our Comments form at the bottom of the page. See diagram from Inez Vincent View Transcript of Live Discussion — Posted 29 August 2006View Comments By: Inez Vincent — Posted 15 May 2002 Tennore Ramesh — Posted 29 May 2002 Paul Coleman — Posted 29 May 2002 Tennore Ramesh — Posted 31 May 2002 Nathaniel Milton — Posted 29 August 2006 Benjamin Wolozin — Posted 29 August 2006 By Inez Vincent A fascinating mechanism for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease has evolved in the last 5 years, namely that an inappropriate reactivation of the cell cycle is an early and important event in the development of AD. It defies all that we have believed about the terminal differentiation status of the neuron in mature brain. It implicates molecules that were thought to function exclusively as regulators of the cell division cycle and are not typically found in the largely non-proliferative brain. This historic view was challenged recently on two fronts. First, studies of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and related disorders have indicated a resurgence of cell-cycle activity in degenerating, but not healthy, neurons. Second, techniques for detecting DNA synthesis in vivo and for unequivocal identification of newborn neuronal cells have demonstrated continued neurogenesis in normal adult brain. This newfound ability of adult brain to generate neurons from stem cells residing within the brain is being pursued intensely for its potential in replacing neurons lost to degeneration. However, we must realize that the neurogenic capacity of normal brain is quite distinct from the disease-associated reappearance of cell-cycle regulators, which takes place in neurons that have been postmitotic for decades since their origin in development. Two major observations have helped establish the cell-cycle hypothesis for AD neurodegeneration. First, activation of cell-cycle regulators generally precedes formation of degenerative lesions, such as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and the regulators and their downstream effectors eventually become incorporated into NFTs. Thus it has been postulated that cell-cycle regulators initiate and mediate the neurodegenerative process. Second, with the exception of karyo- and cytokinesis, markers from every phase of the cell cycle, and duplicated chromosomes, have been described in degenerating neurons. This has led to the hypothesis that vulnerable neurons re-enter the cell cycle and proceed through S phase, but then abort somatic division and eventually degenerate. I have been engrossed with this issue ever since our initial observations. Many questions preoccupy my mind: - What triggers this 'final cycle,' and when? - Are neurons truly postmitotic, or do they cycle very, very slowly? - Is this unscheduled, inappropriate 'division' of postmitotic neurons akin to the dysregulated division of non-neuronal cells that culminates in neoplasia? - Are neurodegeneration and neoplastic transformation - despite their opposite outcomes - driven by the same cellular mechanism? - Are mutant AβPP, PS1 and PS2 neuro-oncogenes? - Is neurodegenerative disease a 'cancer' of neurons? A potential benefit of establishing such a connection is that it creates the opportunity for applying to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease a spectrum of candidate drugs being developed against cancer. Such a "joint venture" might provide a means for curbing two of the most costly health problems in our society. If you are intrigued by this story, join us for our live online chat on May 20th, noon Eastern. To fuel our discussion, I have posited below some of the popular ideas pertaining to the cell-cycle hypothesis for AD neurodegeneration, along with data pro and con these ideas. Having chosen only a few sample references to support the arguments, I apologize to many who are not acknowledged. I am grateful to everyone who has contributed to establishing this new and exciting research area. Postmitotic Neurons Degenerate Because of Inappropriate Cell Cycle Activation |Cell cycle markers increased in affected neurons in AD. (Rev by McShea, 99; Zhu, 99; Nagy 00; Arendt, 00; see Neurobiol. Aging ,21, 00) G0-G1: mitogenic/trophic factors and receptors, downstream signaling, increased pRb and E2F1 (Jordan-Sciutto, 02) G1-S: cdk4, cyclins E and A, PCNA, p105, Cdc25A, duplicated chromosomes. G2-M: cdc2, cyclin B1, Cdc25B, Wee1, cdk7, polo kinase, increased mitotic phosphorylation of nucleolin, RNA pol II, tau, Wee1, Cdc25A and B. Mitotically phosphorylated proteins are incorporated into NFT. Pin1 is sequestered in NFT and depleted in neurons, promoting mitosis (Lu, 1999). Increased mitochondria. AβPP and tau undergo cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation in dividing cells (Suzuki, 94; Preuss, 98; Zhang 00). Forced expression of oncogenes in neurons, (Feddersen, 95) and other postmitotic cells (Crescenzi, 95), leads to cell cycle re-entry followed by death. |Neuroscience dogma: terminally differentiated neurons incapable of division (Rakic, 85) Increased cdk inhibitors p15, p16, p21, in AD (Arendt 96; McShea, 97) inconsistent with cdk activation. Cdks and their regulators restricted to neuronal cytoplasm, while DNA synthesis and mitotic initiation occurs in nucleus (Husseman, 00) No evidence for karyo- or cytokinesisSimultaneous increases in G1 and M of Cdk activity is inconsistent with exquisite control of temporal fluctuations in normally dividing cells. Chromosomal reduplication may simply increase with aging (Goldberg, 84; Medvedev, 86; Borsatto 98; Fujisawa, 98; Wagner 01).Aneuploidy in neurons of mature mouse brain (Rehen, 01), has never been studied in human brain What We Need: In vivo models to establish the role of cell-cycle regulators and progression of each cell-cycle phase in neurodegeneration. Technical Caveat: Differentiated neuroblastoma and primary neuron cultures are quick and easy, but are not sustainable without cell-cycle aberrations. Neuroblastoma are transformed cells, often with gross chromosomal and checkpoint abnormalities. Primary neurons do not down-regulate cell cycle genes until 4-5 days in culture but most transfection experiments are initiated before this time. Primary neurons do not down-regulate cyclin B1 expression until about 10 days in culture! These systems are not truly postmitotic. They are OK for one-step relationships (e.g. does ectopic cdc2 expression generate mitotic phosphoepitopes,) but not for unraveling cell cycle mechanisms, signaling pathways, cellular phenomena. In AD, Non-Neuronal Cells Also Have a Cell Cycle Defect |Failure of proliferation control in blood lymphocytes, low responsiveness to mitogenic compounds (Steiler, 01), higher sister chromatid exchange compared with young adults (Melaragno, 91), decreased responsiveness of lymphocytes to G1 inhibitors (Nagy, 02), increased proliferation of lymphoblasts (Urcelay, 01) ||No changes in T lymphocyte subsets or proliferation (Leffell, 85), no change in mitogenic response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concavalin A, and staph protein A (Araga, 90) The Known Etiologic Factors AβPP, PS1/2 Are Consistent With the Hypothesis |Extracellular AβPP enhances proliferation of CNS-derived neural stem cells (Hayashi, 94; Ohsawa, 99), induces mitosis of Schwann cells (Alvarez, 95) is trophic for fibroblasts, epithelial (Pietrzik, 97) and epidermal basal cells (Hoffmann, 00), lymphocyte proliferation (Trieb, 96), PC12, neurons (Yamamoto, 94), Intracellular AβPP in colon carcinoma cells (Meng, 01). Overexpression of wild-type AβPP and FAD mutant AbPP-induced DNA synthesis in primary cortical neurons (Neve, 00) mediated by AβPP-BP1.Aβ induces cell cycle signaling and neuronal death (Copani, 99; Giovanni, 0l ;Wu, 00). PS-1 promotes neurogenesis in Xenopus (Paganelli, 01); PS1 deficiency increases cyclin D1 and entry into S phase, reversed by PS1 reexpression, but not by FAD mutants (Soriano, 01), PS-1 deficiency in cancer cells leads to tumor suppression, suggesting that PS-1 is required for tumor formation (Roperch, 98). 2 FAD mutations predispose to chromosome missegregation (nondisjunction) as evidenced by increased chromosome 21 trisomy mosaicism (Geller, 99), and an increase in association of a PS-1 intron 8 polymorphism in mothers of Down syndrome patients with meiosis errors (Petersen, 00); cdc2 binds and phosphorylates Aβ (Milton, 01). Cdk inhibitor blocks neuronal apoptosis in AbPPswe/ PS1-A246E mice (Xiang, 02) |No in vivo evidence exists that AbPP or FAD mutations causes cell cycle activation in neurons.Aβ inhibits endothelial cell replication in vitro (Grammas, 95). Overexpression of PS-1, PS-2, in HeLa cause G1 arrest in HEK2293 cells in S phase (Jeong, 00), and FAD mutants potentiate arrest (Janicki, 00) - does not affect levels of p21. No evidence for direct effects of PS-1 or 2 on cell cycle activation in mature brain.Brain PS-1 expression is downregulated in p53 deficient mice (Amson, 00). What We Need: Examine cell cycle markers in the brains of mutant AβPP, PS, and AβPP/PS double transgenic mice; study effects of AβPP, PS, and ApoE4 on expression of specific cell cycle genes in differentiated primary neurons or neuroblastoma cells. Cell Cycle Regulators Mediate Apoptosis, Not Cell Cycle Entry/Progression |(Rev Cotman, 00; Shimohama, 00; Yuan 00) DNA damage and fragmentation is increased in AD neurons, morphological apoptotic changes evident (Andersen, 01; Broe, 01). Cdk4 is an obligatory mediator of Bax- and caspase3-driven neuronal apoptosis, and could trigger apoptosis Caspases 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, and 12 are implicated in Aβ-induced neuronal death in vitro, in animal models of neurodegen. diseases, and in AD brain (Roth, 01). Caspase cleavage products fodrin (Cotman, Rohn, 01), Bax, ZIP kinase, Bim/BOD, Bcl-2 and p21 (Yuan, 00; Engidawork, 01)are increased. 14-3-3 (Fountoulakis, 99), G1 cdks and cyclins are activated in in-vitro and in-vivo models for neuronal apoptosis, (Freeman, 94; Padmanabhan, 99; Liu, 01; Osuga, 00; Katchanov, 01; Chopp, 01) |(rev Raina 01; Roth 01) Frequency of DNA fragmentation in neurons too high to account for continuous, slow, neuronal loss over protracted disease period (Perry, 98) Increased cell cycle activity and NFT in neurons with intact nuclear membrane, no chromosomal condensation, no blebbing (Bancher 97; Husseman, 00; Raina 01) MAP kinase-phosphorylated c-Myc does not colocalize with caspase-3 activation in AD (Ferrer, 2001). What We Need: Double labeling of AD brain sections with cell cycle and apoptotic markers to determine temporal and spatial overlap, analyses of cell cycle markers in transgenic mouse models displaying apoptosis Activation of Cell Cycle Regulators Is a Regenerative Response |Increased Neuritic sprouting in AD. Extracts from AD brain stimulate branching of neurites in PC12 cells (Kittur, 92). Increased embryonic a-tubulin mRNA in AD (Miller 90).Increased 'fetal' tau phosphoepitopes in AD (Hasegawa, 93; Bramblett, 93; Goedert, 93). Increased levels of growth-associated proteins GAP-43 (Martzen 93; de la Monte, 95), spectrin, (Masliah, 91), MARK (Drewes, 98) in AD. Brain injury can promote neurogenesis:Increased cyclin D, cdk4, neurogenesis in response to ischemia (Chopp, 01, Osuga, 00; Jiang, 01; Kernie, 01), andincreased NSE and NF-positive mitotic figures after partial cortical ablation in adult rat (Huang, 90) |No evidence supporting a role for cell cycle regulators in regenerative neuritic sprouting in AD or any model. No evidence for activation of cell cycle mechanisms in postmitotic neurons following injury What We Need: Double labeling for cell cycle markers and sprouting markers to illustrate presence in same neurons. Cell Cycle Regulators Have Diversified Roles in Neurons |Cdc25A and B, and Wee1 are constitutively active in normal postmitotic neurons of brain (Ding 00; Tomashevski 01; Vincent 01). Cyclins A and B1 are commonly expressed in postmitotic neurons of middle aged and elderly humans (Pae and Vincent, unpublished), as are cyclin H (Jin, 99), andanaphase-promoting complex (Gieffers, 99). |Expression of cell cycle genes is generally not detected by whole brain Northern blot or PCR analysis. (However, the brain is not a homogeneous organ. If expression is localized to specific neuronal populations or brain regions, it may be missed by these methods)| What We Need: Systematic demonstration of such molecules by immunohistochemistry, western blot, in situ hybridization, PCR, in different regions of autopsy and biopsy brain from human/other primates; direct demonstration of the functions of these proteins in postmitotic neurons in vitro and in vivo. Comment by Thomas Arendt How do Cycling Neurons and AD Fit into the Big Scheme of Things?—Posted 14 May 2002 We understand a thing if we understand how it develops. This applies to both Alzheimer´s disease and the human brain. Alzheimer´s disease is a chronic disorder with progressive neurodegeneration associated with a typical pathology: amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangle formation. While amyloid pathology is more uniformly distributed throughout the brain, tangle formation in different brain areas follows a particular sequence and always affects some areas earlier than others. Understanding this selective neuronal vulnerability to tangle formation is the key issue to understand Alzheimer´s disease. Those brain areas and neuronal types that are highly vulnerable to tangle formation also differ from the rest of the brain in several other regards that might give us hints: They exhibit a particularly high degree of synaptic plasticity (and probably synaptic turnover), they have been acquired late during phylogenetic development (or have been completely re-organized during recent phylogenetic development), and they mature rather late during ontogenetic development. Neurons are different from most other cells in the body in that they are highly polar and, thus, are probably the most differentiated cells in the true sense of the word. After proliferation, migration, and differentiation, they become integrated for a lifetime in a neuronal network. This integration requires intercellular communication that is largely regulated through synaptic plasticity. The neuron runs into problems, as cell connectivity and attachment are mechanisms that, during evolution from single-to multicellular systems, were acquired to control proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. For the differentiated, non-proliferative neuron, however, these mechanisms have become part of its genuine, plastic function. It is a common principle of evolution to re-use, at a certain phylogenetic point, a regulatory mechanism for a new biological function. For the neuron, controlling its synaptic plasticity is a great achievement, yet to do so at the expense of differentiation control may also put it at a permanent risk. Those neurons acquired late during brain evolution, for example cortical associative circuits that subserve typically human, higher cortical functions including learning, memory, reasoning, consciousness etc, need a particularly high degree of synaptic plasticity. This makes them supremely sensitive to lose differentiation control (and die?). While this appears like an evolutionary dead end, there is no selective pressure on this dead end as diseases associated with it, such as Alzheimer´s, occur after the reproductive period has ended. Understanding Alzheimer´s disease and neurodegeneration within the framework of cellular differentiation and cell division control is an old idea. It first came up early in the 20th century (Cajal, 1928; Bouman´s theory of 'hyperdifferentiation,' 1934) and was repeatedly emphasized afterwards. Neurotrophic agents were suspected of exacerbating the pathologic cascade of Alzheimer´s disease, including its "aberrant neuronal growth". (Butcher and Woolf, 1989; Arendt, 1993; Heintz, 1993). It then became increasingly clear that mitogenic pathways in neurons are activated during early Alzheimer´s disease (Saitoh et al., 1993; Gärtner et al., 1995). More recently, insight into cell cycle control has seen major advances, been awarded a Nobel Prize, and the cell cycle itself came into direct focus of Alzheimer Research. And still, we do not know how cellular differentiation is controlled in a neuron. Clearly, Alzheimer research might gain much if it learned from cancer biology and especially from developmental neurobiology. I suggest these critical issues need to be tackled: - How is neuronal differentiation regulated, and how is the differentiated stage fixed for a lifetime? - What is the relationship between synaptic plasticity and neuronal differentiation? How do neuronal attachment, (synaptic) connectivity, and mitogenic stimulation come into these processes? - Mechanisms known to mediate mitogenic effects during development: What are they doing in the adult brain (e.g. activation of the p21ras/MAPK pathway)? - Is it possible to stabilize a neuron in its differentiated stage? Is this neuroprotective? Is this bad for synaptic plasticity and, thus, a restriction for higher brain function? Thomas Arendt, University of Leipzig, Germany. Ramon y Cajal S., 1928. Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system. Oxford University Press, London. Bouman L., 1934. Senile plaques. Brain 57, 128-142. Arendt T, 1993. Neuronal dedifferentiation and degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 374, 911-912. Live discussion held 20 May 2002 at 12 noon. Participants: Inez Vincent, Zsuzsanna Nagy, Rachael Neve, Karl Herrup, Nathaniel Milton, Mark Smith, Ben Wolozin, Yuzhi Chen, Kung Ping Lu, June Kinoshita, Gabrielle Strobel, Jan Hallows, Robert Bowser, Douglas Feinstein, Craig Atwood, Ken Note: The transcript has been edited for clarity and accuracy. Gabrielle Strobel: Hi everyone, and welcome to today’s chat on a fascinating hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. I am managing editor at the Alzheimer Research Forum and will be moderating today. Why don’t we start by asking Inez Vincent to restate her hypothesis and say what is most needed now to further test it. Inez Vincent: I would like to start by welcoming everyone to this discussion on the cell cycle and Alzheimer's disease. Let’s cycle! The basic hypothesis is that entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle, followed by an uncoordinated progression through the cycle, leads to degeneration of neurons in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. As far as advancing the theory, well, this is the million-dollar question! There are several ways to attempt it: 1. Better studies of human brain, both normal and those afflicted by other degenerative disorders, using rapid post-mortem tissue. 2. Development of models based on findings in human brain. Zsuzsanna Nagy: One of the problems with rapid post-mortem analysis is that, most of the time, the brain is not normal. The same goes for biopsy tissues. Karl Herrup: How does the mitotic re-entry fit in with other theories? For example, what about the inflammation hypothesis? Nathaniel Milton: Or what about the amyloid hypothesis? How does Aβ fit in? Mark Smith: Without tying the cell cycle in with our current understanding, we don’t have a clue! Zsuzsanna Nagy: I think the mitotic re-entry is not restricted to Alzheimer's disease. I think it might be a common path to degeneration that occurs in several different diseases. Karl Herrup: I agree with Zsuzsanna. Mark Smith: Zsuzsanna, then do you think cell-cycle re-entry is a late event in neurodegeneration, or at least a non-specific event? Zsuzsanna Nagy: I don’t think it is late, I just think that mitotic re-activation on its own is the way neurons degenerate in general. What follows after re-entry turns the various conditions into specific diseases. Ben Wolozin: OK, so we have three possible suspects: inflammation, Aβ, and presumably oxidation. What is the temporal progression? Mark, don't you think the cell cycle events come first? Mark Smith: Ben, yes I do, and have evidence that the cell cycle comes first (at least before your proposed initiators). Rachael Neve: Mark, what's your evidence that the cell cycle comes first? Mark Smith: Rachael, we and others (Inez, Karl, etc.) have looked at temporal progression, and cell cycle events are early. Karl Herrup: Inez, I like the track you're on. I've been thinking, though, that there may be post-mortem events that skew the details of the message we're after (and that means I agree with Zsuzsanna). Inez Vincent: Our studies of different degenerative disorders have revealed that entry into the cell cycle is not a universal mechanism for degeneration. Karl Herrup: Of course it's not universal, but it's not unique to AD, either. Inez Vincent: There is specificity in NFT and other tau-associated disorders. Gabrielle Strobel: Zsuzsanna, several groups, including yours, have found cell-cycle aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes in AD patients. Is this connected to AD? Or is this just a reflection of older people’s increasing risk of loss of checkpoint control? Zsuzsanna Nagy: Interesting question, Gabrielle. We are working on it. However, since my control and AD groups were age-matched, the effects seem to be AD-related rather than a consequence of age. Ping Lu: I think that the cell cycle might be related to tauopathy. Inez Vincent: That's an interesting idea Ping: Perhaps tau is the most vulnerable substrate? Zsuzsanna Nagy: I must disagree with Inez. Temporal lobe epilepsy is not a tauopathy and has no AD-like features but neurons still degenerate via the cell cycle. Gabrielle Strobel: Ping, could you give us an example of how conformational changes after phosphorylation fit into the cell-cycle hypothesis of AD? After phosphorylation of certain Ser/Thr-proline bonds, Pin-1 changes their conformation and then what happens? Could you explain your hypothesis? Ping Lu: I think that Pin1-induced conformational changes are important for the cell cycle, oncogenesis, and neurodegeneration, such as tauopathies. Karl Herrup: But I'm with Mark. You can pick up cell cycle changes in the absence of phopho-tau. Robert Bowser: I agree with Mark and Karl. Cell cycle changes can occur independently of tau phosphorylation. Zsuzsanna Nagy: It appears that Karl and I agree on the phospho-tau and cell cycle relationship (or the lack of it). Ping Lu: Tau phosphorylation is a result of cell cycle, through mitotic activation. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Ping, you’ve got it right, I think. Mark Smith: I think the cell cycle has two direct consequences: phosphorylation and oxidative stress. Both of these events lead to accumulation of phospho-tau and this (somehow) protects cells. Remember that most neurons that die have no phospho-tau! Craig Atwood: Yes. Karl Herrup: Do we think that phospho-tau is a necessary consequence of cell cycle activation? Nathaniel Milton: If the cell cycle comes first, then phosphorylated tau and Aβ could be a close second. These may not be essential for all types of neurodegeneration, but maybe for AD. Ping Lu: Pin1-induced conformational change is required for dephosphorylation of many MPM-2 epitopes, which may be linked to tau hyperphosphorylation. Inez Vincent: I would have to refer to Thomas Arendt’s idea of neuronal activity-driven processes that may lead to cell cycle activation. He has suggested that degree of plasticity (a good thing) might eventually lead to activation of the cell cycle and death (a bad thing). Ben Wolozin: I would like to throw out a simple hypothesis that might explain much of these phenomena. Intracellular accumulation of Aβ (or tau) leads to proteasomal inhibition. All of the cell cycle-regulated proteins are also controlled via proteasomal degradation. Hence, as proteasomal inhibition increases, the activity of the cell cycle regulators increase and the neurons go into a state reminiscent of mitosis. Thus, anything that inhibits the protease might cause this. Inez Vincent: Any idea, Ben, why this might not happen in the transgenic mouse models that produce abundant Ab? Ben Wolozin: These animals produce lots of Aβ, but it is extracellular, and the neurons are not damaged until late. Jan: Ben, but what leads to the initial activation of the cell cycle prior to the accumulation of tau or Ab? Ben Wolozin: Jan, I think the simplest explanation is that small Aβ oligomers or oxidative stress cause the proteasomal inhibition. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Ben, how do you explain the cell cycle-related death in neurodegenerative disorders that do not have tau or amyloid accumulation? Ben Wolozin: Many things cause proteasomal inhibition—oxidative stress, aggregated proteins. Hence, one can get to the same phenotype from many directions. Karl Herrup: I like the proteasome idea in general, but wouldn't this kill a neuron pretty fast? Mark Smith: I think the inhibition of the proteasome comes secondary to oxidative stress. Zsuzsanna Nagy: I second that, Mark. Robert Bowser: Inflammatory responses may also activate cell cycle kinases. Zsuzsanna Nagy: can you elaborate on that, Bob? Robert Bowser: Inflammation activates signaling pathways that can regulate the activity of kinases involved in cell cycle regulation. Inez Vincent: Clearly, proteasome activity is critical for cell cycle progression. Douglas Feinstein: Could there be a relationship between this proteasomal inhibition, chronic NFkB suppression, and the activation of the cell cycle? Rachael Neve: I think you're on to something there, Douglas. Douglas Feinstein: Perhaps this brings together aspects of inflammatory activation and the role of NFkB in promoting (or inhibiting) cell proliferation? Ben Wolozin: Douglas, the connection with the proteasome and NFkB is easy, since IkB, which inhibits NFkB, is regulated by the proteasome. However, one could also easily explain NFkB effects independently of the proteasome because there is so much inflammation in AD. Nathaniel Milton: Ben, isn't AD the phenotype arrived at from many directions? Ben Wolozin: Nathaniel, I am not proposing that proteasomal inhibition causes AD, just the specific hypothesis that proteasomal inhibition could explain changes in cell cycle proteins. Douglas Feinstein: Ben, I absolutely agree. But there could also be long-term, chronic buildups in some other NFkB-related proteins... Ben Wolozin: Definitely. Inez Vincent: Based on the plascticity/neuronal activity idea, it might be toxic metabolites, oxidative damage, DNA damage, or other undetermined factors that may signal this special pathway in selective neurons. Mark Smith: We have the classic chicken-and-egg situation: what causes what? We have tried oxidative stress, tau phosphorylation, and proteasome inhibition as initiators but do not see the appearance of all the other aspects. However, once neurons leave the G0 phase of the cell cycle, then we see all aspects appearing in a temporal progression. Craig Atwood: Cell cycle re-entry also could explain the mitochondrial abnormalities (increased mtDNA and Cox1) seen in pyramidal neurons, and hence oxidative stress. Rachael Neve: Mark, what model system are you using to look at temporal progression? Primary neuronal cultures? Ping Lu: Can oncogenes be involved in activation of the cell cycle? Karl Herrup: Ping, I think the answer is "not likely" since this would seem to necessitate an early genetic change and would be difficult to explain in terms of the large number of neurons that die. Cell Cycle and Cell Specificity Inez Vincent: I wonder if it is possible that only certain neurons might be susceptible to using cell cycle-driven mechanisms in degeneration—for instance pyramidal neurons—whereas neurons of the substantia nigra, cerebellum, etc. do not? Gabrielle Strobel: Inez, might that have to do with differences in activity/plasticity? How would you test that? Inez Vincent: Gabrielle, possibly. Robert Bowser: Inez, degenerative selectivity is probably related to plasticity, though cell cycle activation may only push the neuron towards a more susceptible state, whereby other factors (Aβ, etc.) may then ultimately lead to its demise. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Bob, one wonders whether the neuronal populations that enter the cell cycle depend on personal susceptibility or maybe on the nature of the mitogenic stimulus… Inez Vincent: Yes, Bob. However, cell cycle activation is prominent in certain other degenerative disorders, such as Niemann-Pick disease, that totally lack amyloid deposition. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Inez, we found that granule cells with Pick bodies also follow the cell cycle path. Craig Atwood: Inez, has not amyloid been shown to deposit with cholesterol in Niemann-Pick disease? Nathaniel Milton: Inez, don't forget the glial cell cycle. Karl Herrup: Let's not forget that the evidence for this cell cycle thing goes way back to the beginnings of the CNS. The breadth of applications to neurodegeneration is thus potentially much wider. Ping Lu: I agree with Inez. It seems that neurons in certain regions are activated, but not others. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Ping Lu, I think the neurons involved vary from one disease to another. Maybe individual sensitivities will determine which person gets what type of neurodegeneration. Mark Smith: Inez, do you think that the initiating event is specific for certain neurons or that only pyramidal neurons develop the phenotype…? Gabrielle Strobel: Current transgenic mice in AD (AβPP, PS, tau, ApoE) are all partial models. Have any of them been crossed with transgenic mice used in cell cycle and cancer research to see if that recapitulates AD more fully? Mark Smith: Gabrielle, a nice thought, except that cancer involves successful division, this is something else. Inez Vincent: Yes, Gabrielle, but it is impossible to ignore the selectivity. And here, activity and perhaps other biochemical features may be important, such as the amount of tau. Douglas Feinstein: Inez, is there any correlation about which types of neurons are most affected, where they are, what transmitters they express? Mark Smith: Douglas, I think people are 'gun shy' of this after the acetylcholine story... Douglas: Right, Mark, but it might be nice to know. How about Cox2 survival versus cell cycle entry? Cell Cycle Interaction with Other Processes Ping Lu: Pin1 may be a factor linking cell cycle, AD, and cancer. Karl Herrup: Ping, perhaps you need to spell out your Pin1 idea a bit more for those of us who have just heard it here. Ping Lu: Pin1 is critical for controlling G1/S and mitosis. It is required for dephosphorylation of many epitopes of the MPM-2 antibody. Pin1 is overexpressed in cancer but its function is inhibited in AD. Nathaniel Milton: Mark, is the AD brain we all look at the survival success? Mark Smith: To some extent yes, at least those neurons with pathology. Rachael Neve: I'd like to propose that AβPP is intimately involved in this cell cycle process. We've shown that AβPP interacts with the cell cycle protein AβPP-BP1, and that activation of AβPP-BP1 can cause neurons to enter the cell cycle. Perhaps as we age, the interaction between AβPP and AβPP-BP1becomes unregulated. Due to oxidative stress or inflammation, maybe? Just to add to this, we also have evidence that NFkB activation inhibits AβPP-BP1’s ability to push neurons into the cell cycle, showing that NFkB is neuroprotective in this process. Craig Atwood: Rachael, yes, AβPP-BP1 needs to be further explored. Inez Vincent: Since Ping mentioned 'oncogenes' earlier, I wanted to draw everyone’s attention to the fact that the cdc2 gene lies in the new AD susceptibility region on chromosome 10! Karl Herrup: Inez, I'd love the connection, but cdc2 is pretty late in the cell cycle, no? June Kinoshita: Inez, that's interesting! Have you talked to any of the geneticists about this? Nathaniel Milton: Gene differences in cdc2 have not been linked to AD yet. We’re still searching. Inez Vincent: Great, Nathaniel! Ping Lu: Plk1 is another oncogene involved in AD. Karl Herrup: How is it involved? Ping Lu: Plk1 is amplified and hyperactivated in cancer, it is also known to be activated in AD. Ken Maiese: To add a little more fuel to the fire, especially with neuronal vulnerability, we have found that attempted cell-cycle regulation impacts both the early (membrane asymmetry) and late stages of neuronal injury (genomic DNA injury). Rachael Neve: Ken, can you elaborate on that? Have you published it? Ken Maiese: Yes, see Lin et al., 2001. We have shown that exposure to toxic injuries, such as free radicals, leads to progressive neuronal injury over 24 hours. This is accompanied by the rapid induction of the initial phase of programmed cell death that involves the exposure of membrane phosphatidylserine residues. Using the cell cycle markers bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), we have illustrated that the progressive exposure of membrane phosphatidylserine residues occurs in concert with the attempt by post-mitotic neurons to enter the cell cycle. This ill-fated attempt occurs only in the same population of neurons that have begun the initial stages of programmed cell death, suggesting that attempted induction of a latent cell cycle in post-mitotic neurons correlates with the early stage. Mark Smith: Far be it from me to defend the amyloidists, but let’s remember that neuronal injury/stress of any kind increases AβPP/Aβ, so it might be involved in so-called "non-amyloid" conditions. Inez Vincent: That’s correct, Mark, and brings the presenilins into the fray as well! Rachael Neve: Mark, to support your statement: A simple increase in AβPP levels causes neurons to enter the cell cycle. We've shown that in our primary neuronal culture model, where overexpression of AbPP by way of HSV vectors causes DNA synthesis. Inez Vincent: Rachael, do you think that post-mitotic neurons would behave differently than primary neurons? Rachael Neve: Inez, our primary cultures are largely postmitotic. Karl Herrup: I still think a neuron that is driven into the cycle will die rather than divide. This implies that the specificity (at least to this type of death) must be in the signal, not in the neuron. Inez Vincent: I agree, Karl. Ping Lu: So do I, neurons will die if driven to divide. I think this is a major difference between cancer and AD. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Rachael, did your neurons actually divide and, if so, what is the time required for cycle completion? Rachael Neve: Our neurons don't divide; they die after showing DNA synthesis. We've shown that inhibitors of DNA synthesis don't prevent the death, but inhibitors of the G0-S phase transition do. Robert Bowser: Zsuzsanna, the nature of the mitogenic stimulus will define the intracellular pathways activated and thus the presence of any cell cycle proteins activated. Karl Herrup: Bob, I agree. Inez Vincent: One thing we must then keep in mind is how this 'mitogenic' stimulus is propagated to different neurons and brain regions in AD. Ken Maiese: We have found that a small percentage of neurons enter the cell cycle but do not succumb to injury. Any thoughts? Robert Bowser: Ken, I think that a neuron’s susceptibility will depend on how far into (if at all) the cell cycle it truly progresses. Karl Herrup: Ken, I think GABAergic neurons are spared this rule. Does anyone else find that GABAergic neurons in (cortical) cultures behave differently with regard to the cycle? Inez Vincent: That’s interesting, Ken and Karl. Rachael Neve: Is that right, Karl - do you find that GABAergic neurons aren't susceptible to cell cycle entry? Karl Herrup: They are susceptible to cell cycle entry, just not to cycle-induced death. Rachael Neve: That's very interesting. I assume you've determined that in a primary neuronal culture, using ICC coupled with BrdU labeling? Karl Herrup: Yes, the results are from culture. Inez Vincent: This would certainly need to be followed up with other neurotransmitter-specific lines. Karl Herrup: I've been trying to find out from a number of pathologists whether GABA neurons are known to be specifically spared or targeted in AD. No answers so far. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Karl, I don't think it has been looked at yet. Ken Maiese: Actually, some believe that those neurons that enter the cell cycle but are not injured represent a "greater plasticity" and may function along the same lines as embryonic stem cells. Karl Herrup: Ken, I think you are on to something. I wonder if these cells aren't the source of the neurospheres that everyone seems to culture out of adult brain. Ken Maiese: Karl, that is a possibility. Many questions still exist. We also know that in neuronal models, attempted cell cycle regulation accounts for approx 40-50 percent of the neurons injured, so other more downstream cellular pathways also play a role. Yuzhi Chen: Dr. Herrup, I like your idea about signaling and neuronal death, and it may be through AbPP. Cell Cycle Models of Disease States June Kinoshita: Are there any mouse models in which cell cycle regulators are expressed in postmitotic neurons. Ping Lu: June, we may have a mouse model. Rachael Neve: Pray tell, Ping! June Kinoshita: Yes! Zsuzsanna Nagy: What have you got, Ping? Ping Lu: The pin1-related mouse model. Rachael Neve: What do you mean by that? Inez Vincent: In Niemann-Pick disease type C, we have found that Purkinje neurons contain hyperphosphorylated tau and mitotic proteins. These cells die very early in the disease, but never form NFT. I believe a similar mechanism operates in them, and they die but without forming NFT. (paper under review). Craig Atwood: Inez, for amyloid in Niemann-Pick Type C cells, see Yamazaki et al., 2001 Karl Herrup: Inez, have you looked at Ataxia-telangiectasia? Inez Vincent: I'd love to look at ATM, but no time! But June, producing a cell cycle model in brain is going to be difficult, and may have to be approached sort of wildly! Robert Bowser: June, I have looked at changes in retinoblastoma and E2F1 in AβPP and SOD1 transgenic mice. We haven't seen any changes in the AβPP transgenic mice, and little neuronal cell death occurs in these animals. However, we did see changes in the SOD1 mice prior to the onset of motor neuron cell death. Ken Maiese: Bob, I definitely agree with you. We find, though, that the cells appear to stop prior to G1, similar to several other published reports. June Kinoshita: Bob, just to be clear, you did see cell cycle gene expression in SOD1 mice prior to neuronal degeneration? Robert Bowser: June, yes, prior to and concurrent with mitochondrial vacuolation. We are currently following up these observations and hope to better define the temporal pattern and relationships (if any) to cell death. Inez Vincent: Some of you may hate me for saying so, but it really is not possible to use neuronal cultures (even if they are 'differentiated') as models for cell cycle-mediated degeneration per se. Primary neurons and neuronal cell lines are sustainable in cell culture primarily because of their cell cycle abnormalities. It would be far too difficult to interpret results obtained with these cultures in the context of cell cycle mediated events in mature, differentiated neurons of brain. This does not mean that neuronal cultures are not useful for studying many other aspects of neuronal death, for example cytoskeletal abnormalities, oxidative damage pathways, and other signaling pathways. Zsuzsanna Nagy: I agree with Inez there, unfortunately. Glenda Bishop: Inez, if neuronal cultures are not good models, what would be? Karl Herrup: Inez, I think the problem is not with the culture per se but with the fact that we use embryonic neurons as the source of our cultures. Nathaniel Milton: Inez, we need the right mouse model for AD. AβPP transgenics aren't perfect. Karl Herrup: If we could culture adult, isolated neurons we might make new progress. Inez Vincent: I agree with Nathaniel and Karl. Ken Maiese: Inez, I agree all models have their drawbacks, but we use primary cultures, not cell lines. Obviously, the knowledge gathered from cultures must be translated into animal models. Rachael Neve: I think neuronal culture models give a good first approximation, which can then be tested in vivo. Ping Lu: I think mouse models will be a better choice. Gabrielle Strobel: Towards better in vivo models: Would it be useful to modify expression of various cell cycle genes in tau-transgenic drosophila to make a more faithful model of neurodegeneration? Or create other drosophila models? Zsuzsanna Nagy: I don't like the drosophila idea. Gabrielle Strobel: Why not? Zsuzsanna Nagy: I think it is a bit far away from what we are trying to find. Call me old-fashioned! Mark Smith: Greg Brewer has a technique to culture adult neurons. He claims even to get them to divide...the data/video are spectacular! ( Brewer, 1999.) Zsuzsanna Nagy: Karl, what about the Brewer method? Have you tried it? Karl Herrup: We have tried the Brewer technique without success. I’ve seen the video and wonder if these are the GABA neurons. Zsuzsanna Nagy: We didn't have much luck with the method either. That's why I asked. Inez Vincent: The Brewer technique works but only because the cells are not truly post-mitotic. How then, can one study cell cycle-associated mechanisms in such cells? The real challenge is turning on the cell cycle in a real post-mitotic neuron in vivo! Nathaniel Milton: A leading journal editor suggested I use cdc2 knockouts - any better ideas? Ping Lu: A cdc2 knockout is likely lethal? Gabrielle Strobel: I noticed an interesting letter by David Smith, Zsuzsanna, and others reporting that cyclin E is upregulated in hippocampus in people with elevated homocysteine and AD. Any thoughts? Inez Vincent: This is a great study. I hope there will be a follow up? Zsuzsanna Nagy: I am working on it... Karl Herrup: Gabrielle, Mark and I talk about the difference between a toxic response and a protective one. Both will come up in a disease state but you only want to inhibit the latter. Mark Smith: Inez, I think there is a big difference between a conventional cell cycle and a cell cycle in a post-mitotic neuron. To study AD, we should look only at the latter and therefore need post-mitotic cells. Ping Lu: Mark, I agree that an AD cell cycle is different from the conventional cell cycle. Zsuzsanna Nagy: I agree with Mark, but then we are back to the initial question: how to look at it? Inez Vincent: The best, but also most difficult system to study is a post-mitotic neuron in brain. Karl Herrup: Ping, Mark, I think the early cycle events are perfectly traditional, they just hit a road block and can't move on. Mark Smith: If that's so then why do we see G1 markers simultaneously with S markers? Ping Lu: I don’t think early cell cycle events are all normal. Ken Maiese: Ping, I agree. It appears that induction of the cell cycle in neurons can lead to other events associated with caspase activation. Inez Vincent: Our work supports Karl’s explanation. Neurons simply cannot get through mitosis. Craig Atwood: Why the roadblock? Problems with cytokinesis? Zsuzsanna Nagy: Craig, I think cytokinesis is the final block only. Karl Herrup: Craig, DNA breaks are my guess (which might please the oxidation folks). Gabrielle Strobel: Craig, or accumulated DNA damage and impaired ability to repair? Physiological Role for Cell Cycle Proteins in Post-Mitotic Neurons June Kinoshita: There's an assumption that the expression of cell cycle genes in postmitotic neurons is an ectopic event, but do we know that for sure? Has the possibility that they have some other function (perhaps at a lower level of expression) in postmitotic neurons been ruled out? Rachael Neve: June, that's a very good point. I wonder if these cell cycle proteins that are in neurons aren't involved in normal neuronal plasticity. Quite a bit of evidence coming out to support that idea. Ben Wolozin: Rachael, I agree. Understanding this is essential because it helps to determine whether one wants more cell cycle activation or less. The answer is not clear. June Kinoshita: Rachael caught the subtext of my question. Any thoughts from others? Mark Smith: June, always a possibility since cell cycle proteins have other functions. Not clear. Karl Herrup: June, I've not heard of any use for mitotic events in post-mitotic neurons. But I could be persuaded. Rachael Neve: Karl, for example, there are data showing that there is increased neurogenesis with learning; also, some forms of plasticity such as ischemia and drug abuse cause changes in cell cycle proteins. Karl Herrup: True Rachael, but the increased neurogenesis is in a normally dividing stem cell population. I don't know the drug abuse data. Rachael Neve: The drug abuse data are out of Eric Nestler's lab. Inez Vincent: My response to June’s comment is that we need to launch a serious study of cell cycle proteins in normal human brain so we better understand the picture in a normal neuron. These proteins have not been previously studied in brain, and so we know nothing about what they might be doing in normal neurons. Rachael Neve: I agree. Jan: Perhaps the roadblock to actual mitosis is that activation of cell cycle proteins does not occur in a coordinated fashion. Mark Smith: Agreed. Nathaniel Milton: Nuclear versus cytoplasmic actions of cell cycle kinases need to be assessed. Rachael Neve: And actions at the synaptic terminal, as well! Robert Bowser: Cell cycle proteins in the nucleus likely participate in regulating not only gene expression but also chromatin structure. Therefore changes in nuclear cell cycle proteins could also modify chromatin structure and make neurons more susceptible to DNA injury. Karl Herrup: Nathanial and Bob, I think this is getting down to it. A lot may ride on localization of these compounds. Mark Smith: Bob, chromatin remodeling is certainly an issue that we are looking at closely. Gabrielle Strobel: But aren't many of the observed cell cycle proteins in the cytoplasm, not in the nucleus? Inez Vincent: That’s correct, Gabrielle. Karl Herrup: We find them there in postmortem material, but where were they in the pre-agonal state? Nathaniel Milton: Phosphorylated Aβ and tau are cytoplasmic events. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Exactly, it appears that while they relate to cell cycle events when localized in the nucleus, the cytoplasmic localization may actually be related to something else, such as tau phosphorylation. Robert Bowser: Karl and Nathaniel, there are definitely changes in subcellular distribution of many of these proteins, some of which are not typical for cell cycle functions. So further defining function versus distribution is important to determine how these proteins function in protective versus degenerative pathways. Gabrielle Strobel: Chromatin remodeling is also being looked at intensely in Huntington's. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Gabrielle, yes, but I personally take extreme care to make sure we only look at nuclear localization in relation to cycling. Rachael Neve: What do you mean by that, Zsuzsanna? Zsuzsanna Nagy: I mean that cdks might drive cell division in the nucleus, but if they do not translocate there, they might go on phosphorylating whatever is at hand in the cytoplasm. Craig: When a cell divides, what happens to the nuclear membrane? Karl Herrup: Craig, in normal division the nuclear membrane dissolves in M phase. Craig: Maybe it has dissolved earlier? Inez Vincent: Craig, the nuclear membrane typically dissolves and reforms once cytokinesis is complete. There are no such signs of nuclear membrane changes in AD brain, even in neurons containing full-blown NFT. Craig: Well, something must be wrong! Or are the data artifactual? Nathaniel Milton: If tau and Aβ phosphorylation are behind AD pathology, we need chemicals which only block these events and not cell cycle, i.e. substrate specific-inhibitors. Mark Smith: Nathaniel, only if tau and Aβ Nathaniel Milton: Phosphorylated Aβ ; is BAD, very very BAD. Mark Smith: I continue to smile! Nathaniel Milton: Mark, you obviously don't have any phosphorylated Aβ June Kinoshita: To elaborate on Ben's simple scenario [mentioned a while back], perhaps a neuron under stress is expressing cell cycle proteins to carry out some plasticity-related functions, but they build up because Aβ is gumming up the proteasomal system, and reach a level where they drive the neuron into mitosis? Mark Smith: June, I respectfully disagree with your sequence of events. Ping Lu: June, that is a good summary. Karl Herrup: June, I'm not sure I can buy into this one completely. There still needs to be a trigger and a source of specificity. Rachael Neve: I like your thought, June, all except for the Aβ Inez Vincent: I'm with Rachael! Ben Wolozin: Rachael, why don't you like the Aβ Rachael Neve: Ben, you made me laugh out loud! Nathaniel Milton: Aβ could be an effect, not the cause. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Nathaniel, I like that one. June Kinoshita: Well, I'm trying to mediate between all the camps. Everyone gets to play a role, but not everyone can be the star! Gabrielle Strobel: Zsuzsanna, your diagnostic test based on G1/S control in lymphocytes, at what stage is that? Is a company developing it? Zsuzsanna Nagy: Gabrielle, there is no definite answer to that one yet. Are you interested? Gabrielle Strobel: I'll be interested in taking it in 20 years! In the test, are AD and control groups completely separate, or do they overlap somewhat? Zsuzsanna Nagy: There is a small overlap. We are trying to figure that one out. It might have to do with the age-related changes we talked about earlier. To be useful, the test will have to have an age correction, somehow. Rachael Neve: Which of the mouse models have been studied extensively for evidence of DNA synthesis? All of them? All without positive data? Inez Vincent: I haven't seen any studies of DNA synthesis in vivoβvery difficult to do! Rachael Neve: Karl's done it! Nathaniel Milton: Zsuzsanna, but what is the cause? Cdc2 ? Zsuzsanna Nagy: Nathaniel, It might be cdc2 or cdk2. That is what I believe, anyway. Nathaniel Milton:Cdc2 is on chromosome 10 in the AD region. That’s my choice. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Nathaniel, yes I heard Inez Vincent mention it before. I am looking forward to some reprints. Inez Vincent: Karl mentioned earlier that it probably does not start with cdc2. At least in the cell cycle, gene expression is often coordinated. Whether this is true of neurons needs to be determined. June Kinoshita: Zsuzsanna, you mentioned that cell cycle regulators are expressed in epileptic neurons. The mouse models for epilepsy should be pretty good. Has anyone looked at them? Zsuzsanna Nagy: June, I think there were some studies but I haven't followed them closely. Gabrielle Strobel: A basic question: Neuronal loss in AD starts in the entorhinal cortex and then proceeds in a fairly predictable anatomical pattern. Does the expression of cell-cycle markers match this pattern? Inez Vincent: We looked at the brains of Huntington’s disease victims. Did not find any cell cycle aberrations. We have unfortunately not had access to the entorhinal region. If someone is willing to send me the tissue I would love to do that! Mark Smith: Gabrielle, the cell cycle precedes in my opinion. Gabrielle Strobel: Mark, I understand, but do cell cycle aberrations also proceed through the brain in the anatomical patterns seen for the neurodegeneration? Zsuzsanna Nagy: Gabrielle, I don't know of a systematic study but in Down’s syndrome brains we find the cell cycle-related protein expression in areas where AD will develop for sure later. Ken Maiese: Zsuzsanna, that is very interesting. Can you elaborate on the time frame of this? Zsuzsanna Nagy: Ken, Downs’ patients develop AD when they are about 30-40 years. The cell cycle markers appear when they are in their teens. Karl Herrup: Zsuzsanna, is this published? That's a great finding. Ken Maiese: Zsuzsanna, how do you know that there exists a specific causal relationship. I realize, at this time, this is more of a hypothetical question, but as I mentioned before, we do not find that all cell cycle induction in neurons leads to injury. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Ken, I think that depending on the age of the rat, you might find differences in neuron behavior and survival after mitogenic stimulation. Inez Vincent: Zsuzsanna brings up a good point. The duration of the changes make it very difficult to study prospectively! Zsuzsanna Nagy: Sorry Ken, I missed so much because I am a slow typist. What model did you use? Ken Maiese: We use primary rat neurons. June Kinoshita: Everyone, this has been very lively and informative. Can you propose some priority research questions to move this whole area of inquiry forward? Karl Herrup: June, I think what we need are models. Culture or on the hoof. Right now our mice are letting us down when it comes to neuron death. Ben Wolozin: I agree with Karl 300 percent (or $100,000 worth of agreement). One cannot study this issue in a causative, hypothesis-driven model unless there is a good animal model that recapitulates the cellular changes in AD. The P301L tau x Aβ model might be the best. Then one can ask what happens if the cell cycle changes are blocked. Inez Vincent: I would like to suggest sharing tissues so a variety of different markers may be followed in the same cases and the results more meaningfully interpreted. I wish Steve Snyder were around to make an offer either of organizing this or paying for it! Mark Smith: Inez, I can help you on this. Inez Vincent: Awesome, Mark! Nathaniel Milton: If we knockout the cell cycle inhibitors do we increase, reduce, or have no effect on neurodegeneration? Karl Herrup: Nathaniel, good question Ping Lu: Some cell cycle inhibitors have been knocked out. Some sections of brain are bigger (p27). Inez Vincent: Next step: let’s get together to discuss a more comprehensive model for studying cell cycle changes in vivo. I have a few ideas and am working on some. Gabrielle Strobel: As we have reached the end of the hours I want to thank everyone for participating before people start to drop out. Please do continue, though, for as long as you like. June Kinoshita: Yes, thank you all very much for attending today's chat! Karl Herrup: This was fun. I just wish I could type faster. Bye all. Ping Lu: Thanks. It is a great discussion Rachael Neve: Thanks! I really enjoyed this! Mark Smith: June, seems from this and other discussions, that keeping up with references is getting harder and harder. Could you list references under subjects that people could download or otherwise use? This subject could be a great start. June Kinoshita: Yes, in the transcript we dig up citations referred to in this discussion as best we can and also include all that you send us. Ben Wolozin: I am signing out. Very interesting. Zsuzsanna Nagy: Yes, it was good to 'see' you all. Bye Robert Bowser: Bye all. Craig Atwood: Great chat, bye. Mark Smith: Thanks for a great chat.. Ken Maiese: Thank you for a great discussion. Take care everyone!!! Inez Vincent: I had fun. June, Gabrielle, and Nico-thanks for taking the initiative in organizing this chat! ||Comments on Live Discussion Comment by: Inez Vincent, ARF Advisor Submitted 15 May 2002 Posted 15 May 2002 |Reply from Inez Vincent Definitely, this would be worthwhile. Recent data supports the idea that phosphorylation of APP at the thr668 site alters its interaction with Fe65, and beta-amyloid production (Ando K,01). What needs to be determined is which kinase(s) phosphorylate(s) this site in vivo, especially in AD. Present evidence has implicated cdk5 (Iijima K, 00), cdc2 (Suzuki T, 94; Milton, 01 & 02), GSK-3β (Aplin AE, 96), stress-activated protein kinase 1b (Jun N-terminal kinase-3) (Standen CL, 01) and a novel kinase (Isohara T, 99). One way to approach this problem is to inhibit specific kinases in amyloid producing transgenic mice and determine whether this has any effect on amyloid production, and another would be to examine APP processing in many of the transgenic mouse models over expressing one of the proline-directed kinases, or mice deficient in activity of one of them. View all comments by Inez Vincent Comment by: Tennore Ramesh Submitted 29 May 2002 Posted 29 May 2002 I wanted to join this the very interesting discussion but was unable to do so. As researcher at ALS-Therapy Development Foundation, I am involved in discovering new drugs to treat ALS. I propose a model that may explain the transition of neurons into the cell cycle and their eventual death. It goes like this: 1. Proteasomal dysfunction affects degradation of various cell-cycle regulators. 2. We believe polyamines are among the main players in this cell-cycle dysregulation. 3. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the enzyme that converts ornithine to the polyamine precursor putrescine, is regulated at the post-translational level by the proteasome. 4. The polyamine-inducible protein antizyme and ODC interact, and proteasomal inhibition alters the proteasomal breakdown of ODC by antizyme. 5. This can lead to ODC accumulation and high polyamine levels in cells. 6. High polyamine levels can signal cells to enter the cell cycle by chromatin and histone destabilization and other mechanisms. 7. The conflicting proliferation and inhibitory signal can drive cells into apoptosis/death. - Tennore Ramesh, ALS Therapy Development Foundation, Newton, Massachusetts. 1. Toth & Coffino, 1999 Demonstrates that proteasome inhibition prevents ODC degradation 2. Chattopadhyay et al., 2001 Demonstrates that ODC is upregulated in neurons during aging and in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. 3. Virgili et al., 2001 4. Bernstein & Muller, 1999 5. Bernstein & Muller, 1995 Demonstrates that deregulation of ODC can affect neuronal differentiation. ODC inhibition is required for neuronal differentiation 6. Salzberg et al., 1996 View all comments by Tennore Ramesh Comment by: Paul Coleman, ARF Advisor Submitted 29 May 2002 Posted 29 May 2002 Inez Vincent's background text is excellent. I would make one detailed comment about the part where she refers to , as showing an increase in GAP-43. In this paper we showed what we presumed to be a move of phospho GAP-43 between a cytosolic compartment and a membranous compartment. In fact, other papers from my lab have shown decreased expression of GAP-43 in AD homogenates of frontal association cortex (e.g. et al., 1992 ). Subsequently we showed that GAP-43 message was decreased in NFT neurons relative to adjacent NFT-free Callahan et al., 1994 ), suggesting that the decrease we saw in homogenates was largely (not wholly - see next paragraph) due to those neurons with NFT rather than an equivalent decrease in all neurons. We cannot ignore the fact that papers exist in which immunohistochemical evidence indicated local GAP-43 immunoreactive sprouting. I believe these data and ours may be compatible if one assumes that although there may be some local sprouting, when looked at more globally in affected regions there is a net loss of GAP-43 expression. In one of our papers, we also showed no change in expression of GAP-43 in cerebellum in AD (Cheetham et al., 1996 A paper in press in Neuropath Exptl Neurol., using double immunohistochemistry (for NFT and for several phospho tau sites as well as in-situ hybridization for synaptophysin message, now shows convincingly that synaptophysin message decreases depending on phospho tau immunoreactivity. Phospho serine 396/404 does not seem to affect synaptophysin message expression in the cell body, but phospho serine 262 does (both the former occur in the absence of frank NFT). Formation of frank NFT results in a further reduction of synaptophysin message expression. Incidentally, these single neuron data were almost precisely the same regardless of whether the sections sampled came from Braak 5-6 or Braak 2-3 AD, suggesting that a tangle neuron is a tangle neuron and a phospho-tau neuron is a phospho-tau neuron without regard to disease state. In other words, within neuron types (e.g. pyramidal, stellate, etc., and regional location) cells with similar immunohistochemically-defined phenotypes are similar with respect to other variables, too, regardless of the disease stage of the brain. What makes the difference in overall disease status is the number of neurons in state X. View all comments by Paul Coleman Comment by: Tennore Ramesh Submitted 31 May 2002 Posted 31 May 2002 |Reply by Tennore Ramesh I agree with Dr. Wolozin. Many cell cycle proteins are regulated by the proteasome and that may be a simple starting point. CDk5 is shown to be altered in ALS. P35, the neuron-specific activator of CDK5, is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway and its half life is prolonged by proteasomal inhibition. Other pathways involved in cell cycle, such as the Jak-Stat pathway, are also regulated by the proteasome. Jak3 kinase inhibition significantly extended the life of SOD1 G93A mice, suggesting that modulation of these pathways may be a viable strategy in ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.View all comments by Tennore Ramesh Comment by: Nathaniel Milton (Disclosure) Submitted 15 May 2002 Posted 29 August 2006 The Cdc2 kinase phosphorylates amyloid-beta (Milton NGN. NeuroReport 12, 3839-3844, 2001) suggesting that cell cycle abnormalities may influence the plaque formation and neurodegeneration associated with elevated amyloid-beta. The amyloid-beta peptide also activates cdc2 directly and binds to cyclin B1(Milton NGN. Neurosci. Lett. 322, 131-133, 2002). Perhaps it is time to look at phosphorylated amyloid-beta as a causative agent rather than the normal unphosphorylated form. This form may also provide a more useful marker for neurodegenerative changes. View all comments by Nathaniel Milton Comment by: Benjamin Wolozin, ARF Advisor (Disclosure) Submitted 29 May 2002 Posted 29 August 2006 |Reply by Benjamin Wolozin I was pleased to see Dr. Ramesh's comment on the importance of the proteasome, and want to reiterate that proteasomal inhibition provides a simple explanation for the cell cycle connection to AD. Proteasomes regulate many cell cycle proteins, which certainly includes ODC, however I don't think that there is compelling evidence to suggest whether there is a particular cell cycle protein that triggers the entire process observed in AD. Thus, ODC is likely to be regulated by the proteasome, but whether it is the central protein in required for activating the cell cycle in AD brain remains unclear. View all comments by Benjamin Wolozin

Good morning. I am sitting here with my darling puppy, Bonnie, while we write our new blog for this wonderful day. Of course, I have the TV playing. For some people that may be a distraction, but I find it comforting. No, it’s not Matt and Meredith, but Law and Order:SUV. That’s right, crime, apprehension and punishment. That’s my cup of tea. The soothing voices of the Detective Benson and partners. Genealogy is a lot like a murder mystery. Well, it is like an investigation, anyway. Who came from where and what did they do and who did they do it with. Unfortunately for the genealogist the case is cold and I mean real cold. For instance, I was searching for information on Mr. Walter Chiles (Childes) and Henry Childes and I found a link which I have provided below. In that link, I discovered that a Mr. John Price Posey set a fire at New Kent County in 1787 and destroyed many records. The following counties information was in that office in 1787: King and Queen 1654-1691 King William County 1654-1691 Hanover County 1654-1721 Louisa County 1654- 1728 And Part of Caroline County 1654-1691 New Kent Courthouse suffered another fire in 1864 destroying the records from 1787 to 1864. I discovered a book about the Posey family which details the story about the villain that burnt down the courthouse. It is extremely interesting reading. Mr. Posey’s father and family were friends of President George Washington. It seems that Mr. Posey had fallen on much hard luck and was thrown into jail after an altercation with the sheriff. Mr. Posey escaped from the jail with two black slaves, but for some odd reason returned and burned down the jail and the courthouse. For this, Mr. Posey was hanged. The two slaves were not hung. The reason for Mr. Posey’s foolhardy gesture maybe the economic depression of the time. With the depression came the lowering of produce prices for the small farmer which brings more debt for the small farm and then foreclosures. It may well have been he had read of other instances where attempts had been made to burn courthouses and he decided to made a statement of his own. For whatever the reason, the poor sod died for it. If you would like to read more about Mr. Posey and his family and their connections, read the book General Thomas Posey: son of the American Revolution by John T. Posey. So as you can see that being a genealogist is a lot like an investigation. Sometimes, the genealogist finds pertinent information to their family’s background and then other times they just discover more interesting and exciting facts about the era and the people. In any case, it’s just great fun.By the way, that is my pretty Bonnie in the corner picture. Hope you like it.

Raizen, M. G. and Orozco, L. A. and Xiao, Min and Boyd, T. L. and Kimble, H. J. (1987) Squeezed-state generation by the normal modes of a coupled system. Physical Review Letters, 59 (2). pp. 198-201. ISSN 0031-9007. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:RAIprl87 See Usage Policy. Use this Persistent URL to link to this item: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:RAIprl87 A new regime for the generation of squeezed states of the electromagnetic field is described for a collection of atoms within a high-finesse cavity. The process responsible for squeezing is a coupling-induced splitting in the normal-mode structure of the atom-field system. A theoretical analysis is presented that predicts large degrees of squeezing for modest operating conditions. An experimental investigation of this regime has produced noise reductions of 30% relative to the vacuum noise level. |Additional Information:||©1987 The American Physical Society. Received 26 March 1987. This work was supported by the Venture Research Unit of British Petroleum, by the National Science Foundation, and by the Office of Naval Research. One of us (L.A.O.) is supported by an IBM Graduate Fellowship. We gratefully acknowledge interactions with H. J. Carmichael and D. F. Walls which stimulated the current research program.| |Usage Policy:||No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.| |Deposited By:||Tony Diaz| |Deposited On:||07 Jun 2006| |Last Modified:||26 Dec 2012 08:54| Repository Staff Only: item control page

Johann Conrad Beissel Facts Johann Conrad Beissel (1690-1768), German-American pietist, was the founder of the Community of Seventh-Day Baptists at Ephrata, Pa. He was also a prolific hymn writer. Johann Beissel was born in April 1690 in Eberbach, Germany. His father was an alcoholic baker who died 2 months before his son was born; his mother died when Johann was 8. As a boy, he was apprenticed to a baker who also played the fiddle; from him Beissel received his musical education. Beissel was a diminutive person who may have felt all the more inferior in that he grew up in sordid circumstances without education. He showed genuine musical ability and early displayed compelling religious fervor. A conversion experience at the age of 27 convinced him that celibacy was a prerequisite to holiness. Later in life he thanked God for preserving him from female allurements. After being expelled from the district where he worked as a journeyman baker because of his religious beliefs, Beissel and two friends went to America. He arrived in Boston in 1720 and proceeded to the Anabaptist community in Germantown, Pa., where he spent a year studying weaving with a Baptist pastor, Peter Becker. In 1721 Beissel organized a community of Seventh-Day Baptist monks at Muelbach in Lebanon County, Pa. His disciples, unable to stand the rigidity of Beissel's asceticism, gradually deserted the colony. In 1725 Beissel underwent apostolic immersion at the hands of Becker, assuming the rebirth name of Friedman Gottrecht. Beissel founded the cloister at Ephrata on Cocalico Creek, 65 miles west of Philadelphia, in 1732. The community thrived, and by midcentury he was directing 100 converts, Spiritual Virgins, Solitary Brethren, and married couples pledged to celibacy. Several prominent people joined the cloister: Conrad Weiser, a Lutheran elder; Peter Miller, a theologian; and Frau Christopher Sauer, who deserted her distinguished printer husband to answer the call and later became a prioress. The congregation wore hooded monks' habits and, in addition, the women were veiled. Each of the brethren wrote a weekly confessional which Beissel read to the assembled congregation. The colony excelled in making books and illuminated manuscripts. The community kept alive some of the enormous number of choral works and hymnals composed by their founder. Beissel's 1747 hymnal (in German), The Song of the Solitary and Deserted Turtledove, Namely the Christian Church, numbered 900 pages. His musical compositions had as many as seven parts, the lowest for instruments and the rest for voices. A choir of up to 25 men and women rehearsed 4 hours in the evening, and in processions at sunset and midnight concertized skillfully with soft, precise intonation; either Beissel or his song leader, Sister Anastasia, had perfect pitch. His choral compositions present primitive realizations of the harmony of paradise, which Beissel claimed he received from angels. He relied mainly on women's voices, had little sense of meter, and avoided dissonance on accented words—the reverse of universal practice. As a relief from the full chorus, he employed antiphonal sound. He went so far as to set the entire Song of Songs twice for this "aeolian-harp" singing. Only 441 of his "thousands" of choral works are extant. When Beissel died, Peter Miller became leader of the declining community. Further Reading on Johann Conrad Beissel The basic materials on Beissel are found in Brothers Lamech and Agrippa, Chronicon Ephratense (1786; trans. 1889), and Julius F. Sachse, The Music of the Ephrata Cloister (1903). The latter includes Beissel's preface to the Turtledove hymnal. The most important modern assessment is Hans T. David, "Ephrata and Bethlehem in Pennsylvania: A Comparison, " in Papers of the American Musicological Society, 1941 (1946). Robert M. Stevenson, Protestant Church Music in America (1966), gives a good brief discussion. Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus (1948) contains a surprising passage on Beissel's music. □

So the NFL Draft is quickly approaching and I'm left to wonder what is the Mangini Regime doing to improve the Cleveland Browns? It is no secret that we as fans are not impressed with his signing several Jets players, none of which excel at any particular position. Mangini clearly believes he is Belicheck reincarnated. We have so many holes on both sides of the ball that when I'm asked who we might take in the draft I have a million different scenarios that could play out... I love Crabtree, but a great wide receiver means nothing if the offensive line can't protect the quarterback. We need a center, a running back, some really physical linebackers, and a whole slew of wide receivers. I'm reserving judgement on Mangini until after the draft, but so far we are not impressed here in Cleveland... Good luck Mangini, it's going to be a LONNNNNNNNNG season.

January 8, 2013 There are seven elected members on Asheville City Council, but that body relies on more than 250 people serving on 35 council-appointed Boards and Commissions to help guide policy for the City of Asheville. From the Downtown Commission to the Greenway Commission to the newly formed Neighborhood Advisory Committee, these are the groups that deliberate and advise on a wide range of issues facing Asheville. Citizen involvement is crucial in making decisions that affect the city, and the recommendations of Council’s Boards and Commissions play a big role in Council’s decisions. Some of the most influential policies in the City of Asheville have their beginnings in one of these bodies. With so many advisory bodies, seats frequently come up for consideration; in 2013, there will be openings on 22 City Council Boards and Commissions. To fill those seats, City Clerk Maggie Burleson sends out regular announcements of upcoming board vacancies. Asheville City Council selects and interviews applicants, and appoints members all in a public forum. A typical term is three years. There is a lot of great information about applying and serving on a Council Board or Commission here. But hopefuls don’t have to wait until a vacancy is announced. Applications can be submitted at any time and will be held for up to a year. Click here to download an application. To receive regular notifications of Board and Commission Vacancies, contact City Clerk Maggie Burleson at 259-5601 or [email protected]. Notices are also posted on the City of Asheville website and on the City of Asheville’s Facebook and Twitter accounts. Click here to see the upcoming Board and Commission vacancies for 2013 and early 2014. Click here to see the “Talent Scout” brochure.

The west coast of the United States, at the intersection of North America and the Pacific Ocean, runs northwest from the Mexican border that divides California from Baja California and San Diego from Tijuana to Point Conception and Point Arguello, then in a north-northwesterly direction past Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay and the Golden Gate until it reaches the bulge of Cape Mendocino. It then follows a mostly straight northerly course along Oregon and Washington, punctuated by Cape Blanco, the output of the Columbia River, and the openings into Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor, until it reaches Cape Flattery at the northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula. It then takes a dramatic turn eastward, along the northern end of the Olympic Peninsula along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and then includes the land surrounding the many inlets and bays of northwestern Washington State (the most famous of which being Puget Sound), and the land along the southeastern edge of the Strait of Georgia. It then takes a huge leap past Canada (which we'll ignore, because that's what we Merkins like to do) to the Alexander Archipelago along the panhandle of Alaska, from where it arcs to the northwest and then down to the southwest along the Gulf of Alaska and out to the end of the Aleutian Islands. If you're feeling especially ambitious, you could call Hawaii part of the "West Coast", but that would be rather silly. The west coast of the United States is positioned along the northeastern Pacific Rim, and the seismically active Ring of Fire. The coast is punctuated by such famous faults as the San Andreas Fault and the lesser known but potentially more dangerous Cascadia Subduction Zone. The faults along the coast have produced such famous earthquakes as the great San Francisco quake of 1906, the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, most recently the 2001 Nisqually Earthquake, and of course the 1964 Prince William Sound Earthquake in Alaska, which at 9.2 magnitude was the second largest quake ever recorded. Another notable feature of the Ring of Fire is the series of volcanos found generally around 150km inland, which include the famous Mount St. Helens, which erupted violently in 1980, and now sports a blown-off top. Other well-known volcanos in this chain include Mount Rainier, and Mount Hood, and numerous lesser-known volcanos line the coast, such as Three Sisters in central Oregon and Mount Spurr in Alaska, which erupted three times in the summer of 1992, releasing a great eruption (ash) cloud that dumped on and annoyed the citizens of Anchorage. The west coast of the United States is an emerging coast, as opposed to the submerging east coast. The west coast is thus considerably more rugged, and features fewer sloping coastal plains and no barrier islands. The topography of the west coast (excluding Alaska) is generally consistent. There is in many places a narrow coastal plain, which ends in the Coast Range, a generally low range of mountains with passes as low as about 600 meters and peaks as high as about 2000 meters, with very few mountains extending beyond the timberline, with the exception of the Olympic Mountains, which reach their peak of 2428 meters at Mount Olympus. These mountains tend to be extremely rainy, with annual rainfalls exceeding 600cm (240in.) in parts of the Olympic Mountains. On the east side of the Coast Range are found fertile valleys, such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. These valleys end in the east as they ascend into the great Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon] and the Sierra Nevada in California, with the highest peaks being Mount Rainier in Washington (4392m), Mount Hood in Oregon (3426m), and Mount Whitney in California (4418m). To the east of these mountains lies a great rain shadow and desert, with such interesting features as the Channeled Scablands in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon's high desert plateau, and Death Valley and the Mojave Desert in California. Most lands to the west of this rain shadow are relatively moist, as with all west coasts in temperate latitudes, with the exception of southern parts of California. Major cities on or very near the west coast of the U.S. include San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco and the Bay Area, Portland, and Seattle, Tacoma, and the Puget Sound area. Major drainages along the west coast include the Columbia River, the Klamath River, and the San Francisco Bay, fed by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Due to the prevailing westerly winds in the temperate zones, most west coasts are rather moist, and very few deserts are located immediately along a west coast. Notable exceptions to this include the Namib Desert in southwestern Africa in Namibia, and the Atacama Desert in South America in northern Chile. The Atacama Desert, trapped between the huge Andes mountains and the cold Humboldt Current in that part of the Pacific Ocean, is in fact the driest desert in the world, with some areas that have never had rain recorded.

Magnolia Town (マグノリア タウン Magunoria Taun) is a city located in Fiore. Magnolia has a population of 60,000 inhabitants, and is a merchant city that has been prosperous in Magic since the ancient era. Such reputation was supported by the fact that the town house the strongest Guild in Fiore, Fairy Tail. This was the case, however, only until Acnologia attacked Tenrou Island, which caused most of Fairy Tail's top members to disappear for seven whole years, prompting the remainder of Fairy Tail to move out of town, with its position being taken over by Twilight Ogre. Magnolia is located in the southeastern part of Fiore, with the sea and Hargeon Town not too far to the south, a series of minor built-up areas (namely Onibus, Kunugi, Oshibana and Clover Town) linked to it by a railway line to the north, and the state boundary with the nation of Bosco to the east. Magnolia possesses a large built-up area, extending over a large, rectangular surface to the shores of Lake Sciliora. Splitting the town vertically and horizontally is a series of large roads. The whole place is western in style, with its buildings being mildly reminiscent of neat Medieval ones. Located almost in the middle of the town, overlooking Central Path, a horizontal road where events and parades are held, is Kardia Cathedral, one of Magnolia's most important and distinctive landmarks. In the northernmost part of the city, sitting on the shore of Lake Scilliora, is Fairy Tail's building; to the west, on a hill overlooking the built-up area, is the Guild's female dormitory, Fairy Hills. In the southeastern section of the city is the train station, which, to the west, has the HalfCocor Hotel Bar, the Toy Store Tom and the Magic Store Lendis; north from the station, on the town's western border, is the entrance to the park. Magnolia Town is complete with technological mechanisms which allow most of its buildings to slide sideways and rise over platforms, leaving only a very large, straight road which leads from the city's entrance to Fairy Tail's headquarters. Such a peculiar measure was taken to make up for the absent-mindedness of Gildarts Clive, Fairy Tail's Ace member, who, after returning from his usual, long journeys, would accidentally walk through the town destroying private houses with his Crash Magic. The northernmost part of Magnolia, on the shores of Lake Sciliora, sees the final part of the Guild War which pitted Fairy Tail against Phantom Lord. In the end, Fairy Tail emerges victorious from the conflict. Later on, during Laxus Dreyar's attempt to be elected Fairy Tail's Guild Master, Magnolia becomes the battlefield for a "game" which pits Laxus and his Thunder God Tribe against the rest of Fairy Tail. At some point, the town is threatened by Laxus' Thunder Palace spell, a menace thwarted by the rest of Fairy Tail. During the battle which ensues in Kardia Cathedral between Laxus and Fairy Tail's Mages Natsu Dragneel and Gajeel Redfox, Magnolia is once again threatened when Laxus casts his Fairy Law spell; this, however, proves to be ineffective, due to Laxus, at heart, still caring for the guild and the townspeople. In the end, following the resolution of the conflict, the city's inhabitants are left unaware of what has happened, believing the "ruckus" Fairy Tail made to have stemmed from the sudden illness of Master Makarov Dreyar. Magnolia is later sucked into the dimension of Edolas through an Anima gate, and all of its citizens, including Fairy Tail's members, are turned into a gigantic Lacrima crystal meant to grant Edolas Magic supply. Following the events of Edolas, Magnolia is subsequently brought back in Earth Land through the very same Anima gate, all of the citizens and members of Fairy Tail safe and completely unaware of what happened to them, with the only ones retaining memories of the happening being Team Natsu and some of their allies. |Locations in Magnolia Town| |Events in Magnolia Town| - Magnolia is a genus of flowering plants, which matches the theme of Fiore (Italian word for "Flower") and some of its cities.

STEVEN KILGORE AND REBECCA SALYER KILGORE Steven Kilgore was born in Orange County, North Carolina between 1766-68 to Robert Kilgore and Winnie Clayton Kilgore of Western Steven Kilgore's name appears initially on the Russell County, Virginia Tax Roll in 1788 indicating that he probably had accompanied the Salyer brothers to the Copper Creek area in Russell County. Steven Kilgore married Rebecca Salyer around 1788, probably in Russell County. Steven Kilgore appears to have resettled in Marion County, Tennessee in 1808. He came down through what is now Bledsoe County where he stopped for awhile with a Joe Kilgore (This Joe Kilgore has not been identified as to his relationship to Steven Kilgore). He then continued down Sequatchie Valley to what is now Victoria in Marion County (Not a county until 1817). At that time the territory was Cherokee Indian land and the white people who came in were considered Steven and Rebecca Kilgore seemed to have had two or three sons when they came to Tennessee. Charles born 1790, William and Joseph born between 1800 and 1810.. When Steven came to Victoria he settled on what was known as the Cowan farm and adjacent property. Besides being a farmer he also practiced his profession as a preacher. He and Rebecca raised a family of eight children of which many decedents still live through out Sequatchie Valley and surrounding Steven died between 1844-45 in Marion County and was buried in the family burial place, Kilgore Cemetery on the foothills of Walden's Ridge in the Valley. Rebecca was still living at the age of ninety according to the 1860 census. She was living with a daughter Rebecca Layne. The exact time of her death is not known but she was buried by her husband in the family burial place. Source: Sayler Family History by Elizabeth Sayler Steven and Rebbecca Kilgore had eight and possible nine children as follows: Charles _ Kilgore/ born 1790's/, Hiram Kilgore/ born 1790'S/ William Kilgore/ born 1800/ Steven Kilgore/ born 1802/, John Kilgore/ born 1804/, Rebecca Kilgore/ born 1806/ Ester Kilgore/ born 1808/ Joe Kilgore/ born 1810 and Craven Kilgore/ born ?. Three of the children/ Hiram/ Ester and Rebecca married into the John and Barbara DeVault Layne family. John Layne was born in 1768 and married Barbara De Vault born 1770 in Washington Co. Virginia on July 31/ 1789. They were living in Marion County, Tennessee by the 1830 census, but if is known they had been in the County several years before. The children are as follows; David was born 1794 and died before 1842/ leaving a large family. William was born 1793-1800 married Polly ?. Elizabeth was born 1794 and married Daniel Luallen. Nancy was born 1798 and married Hiram Kilgore. Abraham was born about 1798-1800 and married Rebecca Kilgore . Margaret was born in 1802 and married Richard Bradford. John Lavne Jr. was born 1803 and married Ester Kilgore . Burrell was born 1804 and married Emily ?. Issac was born 1809 and married 1st Polly Steel/ 2nd Delphie Fults/ 3rd Mary Conast/ 4th Mary Maybe*?, 5th Mary Dempsey. Daniel married Anna Bryant. Mattie/ Lou/ Polly and Sally dates and marriages unknown. John Layne Jr. born 1803 and died 1900 and his wife Ester Kilgore born 1808 moved across the Plateau to Hollingsworth Cove (Pelham Valley - Grundy Co., TN) where he practiced the craft of wagon making. On Sundays he was a Methodist preacher. Layne descendants became so numerous that Hollingsworth Cove became known as The Kilgore family of Layne's Cove seems to have moved from Marion County with the Layne's when they crossed the Plateau into Pelham Valley. Steven A Kilgore (brother to Ester) and married to Jane Lovelace born 1805 were living in Laynes Cove when the 1860 census was taken. Hiram Kilgore (another brother who married Nancy Layne) was also living in Layne's Cove with his wife. John B/ Layne signed for Issac Kilgore (born 1845 & son of William Kilgore) to join the 1st Veditte Calvary under Col/ Brixey in 1863. Kilgore enlisted in Pelham. Marion Kilgore ( son of William & Polly Kilgore) 1st wife was Elizabeth ?. The Hollow in which they lived he named Liz Hollow. It is still called that today. Roy Kilgore (son of Marion Kilgore) operated a government still in Liz Hollow. Source: Marion County (TN) People & Places ~ Pelham Valley Bi-Centennial History Source: Layne-Lane- Lain Genealogy compiled and published by Floyd Benjamin Layne/ Los Angeles, Ca. Compiled by Mrs. Alma E. Dailey-Harings 08 Jan 2011

Now, before you take this as me nagging, let me say that the lure of Trainmaster was a major reason for me to pick back up RT3 and its derivatives. And so far I've not been disappointed. I have been working on a port of the Weidenthal map. I'm thinking it's best to start small. In doing so, however, I ran into two issues I wanted to share & run by people here. I figured I'd start a thread for that, since there'll be sure to be more questions where these came from. 1) I tried using the Theme Park. It did not demand or supply passengers when placed by event, and disabled in industries. So I made sure to enable it, and that all cargo it demands and supplies, other than passengers, finds suppliers and demanders. These cargoes now do show up in the Theme Park, but still no passengers. A station placed at an isolated Theme Park generated no passenger traffic. A second one, built manually after making the above changes, likewise behaved no differently. I ran the game for a year just to be sure. No pax. 2) I have tried in vain to get German express cars to show up. I've read every single instruction I could find on this board on that subject. They were sometimes appearing to be contradictory, but I covered all angles by placing the German_Express_Cars.pk4 in data/3d, .../poptopextracontent, AND .../userextracontent. The North American express cars pk4 has been banished to the subfolder 'Custom Packs', and yet those are the ones that keep showing up in game, exclusively. You said that this may be a matter of the era, so to be able to control for that, could you please post here what eras are covered by the German car sets (express and troops)?

Psalm 22:16 seems textually quite difficult. The NET for example reads: Yes, wild dogs surround me – a gang of evil men crowd around me; like a lion they pin my hands and feet. Yet, they note that ... Psalm 145 is an acrostic of the Hebrew alphabet, except that in most of the MT manuscripts verse 13b is missing along with therefore the letter nûn. The ESV renders it like this: Your kingdom is an ...

Blogging the evaluation process Blogging and other social media are often used as part of a communicating evaluation results – that is, once the evaluation is finished. However, blogging can also be useful to communicate the evaluation process – that is, as the evaluation is collecting data. I’ve recently been involved in a stakeholder consultation for the Joint Standards Initiative, where as part of communicating the progess of the consultation, myself and the other team members have been blogging “snapshots from the consultation” – from various and diverse locations such as Beirut, Juba and Richard Toll (Senegal). This we found useful to provide stakeholders with an update of our work and offer some insights into our initial findings. (The image above is taken from a discussion in Cairo by team member Inji El Abd)

Tue October 8, 2013 For Now, No War Crimes Charges Against Syrian Regime Originally published on Tue October 8, 2013 7:26 am RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST: It's MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. I'm Renee Montagne. STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: And I'm Steve Inskeep. Good morning. Syria's chemical weapons are very far from being removed, but authorities say they've made a start. Secretary of State John Kerry says he's pleased with the pace of what has happened so far. Last night, United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon laid out a plan to destroy Syria's chemical weapons program by the end of next June. But even if all the chemical weapons went, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad would remain, and that leaves many questions about how to resolve Syria's lengthening civil war. Assad is accused of using chemical weapons in August to kill more than 1,400 people. President Obama labeled that attack a crime against humanity. And that also leaves the question of whether Assad will ever face war crimes charges. NPR's Tom Bowman reports. TOM BOWMAN, BYLINE: Less than two weeks ago, the U.N. Security Council approved - by a unanimous vote - a resolution calling on Syria to give up its chemical weapons. Some Security Council members - including France and Great Britain, but not the U.S. - want a language in the resolution calling for the International Criminal Court in The Hague to look into possible war crimes. That section was taken out. Instead, the final text merely says that those responsible for any use of chemical weapons must be held accountable. So why was a war crimes reference taken out? Here's Samantha Power, the U.S. ambassador to the U.N., in a recent interview with NPR. AMBASSADOR SAMANTHA POWER: It's not a big secret the feelings that Russia and China have about the International Criminal Court. BOWMAN: Meaning both countries - Security Council members - would likely have vetoed a resolution that included any hint of a war crimes prosecution. Russian officials said prosecuting Assad was ill-timed and counterproductive and would not end the civil war. China, meanwhile, has reservations about international interference in a state's internal affairs. And then there's the U.S. SENATOR ROBERT MENENDEZ: I think that the United States would want to see Assad ultimately be designated a war criminal. BOWMAN: That's Senator Robert Menendez. He's chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee and an advocate of a war crimes trial. But he said the U.S. had to get what it could in the face of a Russian veto threat. MENENDEZ: And in that clash, the art of the possible, which was eliminating the chemical weapons, became a reality. BOWMAN: So, for now, the United States is not pushing for prosecution, but is taking some early steps to be ready, in case. Again, Samantha Power from that recent interview. POWER: We are, as a government, pursuing accountability of all kinds, supporting the gathering of evidence, supporting the commission of inquiry, supporting a range of measures that will insure when the day comes where Assad is in the dock, that the evidence will be there in order to ensure meaningful criminal accountability. BOWMAN: There are different routes to getting Assad in the criminal dock. Stephen Rapp is the State Department's ambassador-at-large for war crimes issues. He told Yahoo News that the Obama administration prefers to work with Syrians and the international community to create a special court for Syrian war crimes. STEPHEN RAPP: Enormous crimes have been committed that can be traced directly to the highest levels of the Syrian regime. BOWMAN: Similar courts were created in the 1990s for war crimes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Creating such a special court for Syria would still need approval from the Security Council, including Russia and China. Both countries have permitted such courts in the past, in part because the nations that create special courts get to write the rules. Kathryn Ammon is a law professor at the University of Georgia. KATHY AMMON: They get much more say about who are the judges on that court, what crimes they can pursue and what defendants they can pursue. If it goes to the International Criminal Court, that's a fully impartial and independent court, and powerful states have much less control over what it does. BOWMAN: When and if war crimes are investigated in Syria remains uncertain, because right now, those powerful states are focused on destroying those chemical weapons. Tom Bowman, NPR News, Washington. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

KRWG.ORG-The Region's Home Page Tue January 22, 2013 Las Cruces Senior Center Reopens Wednesday The Las Cruces Fire Marshal has authorized the re-opening of Munson Center operated by the City of Las Cruces. Munson Center provides meal services and recreational opportunities to senior citizens in the community. The center has been closed since January 7 due to the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) gas inside the building. City staff was allowed back into the building Tuesday afternoon. “Recreational activities will resume as normal Wednesday with a resumption of food services on Monday, January 28,” said Lori Grumet, Senior Programs Administrator. The center was closed after higher-than-normal levels of CO were detected. The primary source of the gas was from the building’s boiler system, which is used to heat the facility. Outside engineers and a representative of the company that manufactured the boiler fully inspected the system and made additional adjustments. During the time the building was closed, the range hood inside the kitchen was cleaned and serviced and the vent motor was replaced as a preventative measure and to ensure proper ventilation of the cooking appliances. Through the remainder of this week, Dial-a-Ride patrons who normally dine at the center will be transported to the Eastside Center, 310 N. Tornillo St. Patrons who drive themselves will be served at the Benavidez Center, 1045 McClure Rd. or the Eastside Center. Munson Center is located at 975 S. Mesquite St. in Las Cruces.

Raising Sides of an Equation to the 0 Power Date: 12/04/97 at 18:53:35 From: Mr. LaVergne's 6th Hour Algebra 2H class Subject: Raising sides of an equation to the 0 power If you raise both sides of an equation to the 0 power, will both sides then be equal to one? You could make three to 0 power equal to ten to the 0 power if this is true. Please enlighten us. Date: 12/16/97 at 12:06:21 From: Doctor Mark Subject: Re: Raising sides of an equation to the 0 power Hello, 2H Sure... The short answer to your question is, yes. The longer answer to your question is.... This is not really any different from a number of other things you could do: You could multiply both sides of an equation by 0 You could divide both sides of an equation by 0. But then there are two questions I would ask you: 1. Why would you bother? 2. What would you do with the result? Let me explain... Suppose we take some equation, say a *false* one like 1 = 2. Let's multiply both sides of this false equation by 0. Then we get: 1 x 0 = 2 x 0 -------> 0 = 0. Well, that's true isn't it? But so what? The fact that we *got* a true equation when we multiplied both sides of the equation by 0 doesn't mean that the original equation was true, right? I mean, we know that 1 is not equal to 2! Okay, you say, but what if we divide both sides of the false equation 1 = 2 by 0. Well, you know what happens, right? You can't divide by 0, so our false equation becomes one meaningless quantity = another meaningless quantity. What are we going to do with that? It's not true, nor is it false, since it has no meaning. So what happens if we take the 0 power of both sides of the false equation 1 = 2? We get: 1^0 = 2^0 ----------> 1 = 1. Well, that's true, but again, so what? The fact that if you get something true by doing something to the original equation doesn't make the original equation any truer than it was (or wasn't) originally. So the real point here is this: You *can* multiply both sides by 0, or divide both sides by 0, or take the 0 power of both sides, but the result of doing any of those things tells you *absolutely nothing* about the original equation. So why bother? Aha, you say: but what if I take an equation like 3x = 6. If I divide both sides by 3, I get x = 2. If I want that to be true, x better be (ahem!) 2, so that tells me that the original equation must be true for x being 2 also. Why does the fact that x = 2 being true for x taking the value "2" tell me that x taking the value "2" also makes the *original* equation (3x = 6) true? Didn't I say earlier that when you multiply both sides by 0 to get 0 = 0 (the equation I *got*), which is a true equation, that didn't mean that the *original* equation was true? So why does x = 2 (the equation I *got* when I divided by 3) being true mean that the *original* equation (3x = 6) is true? Aren't the two situations the same? No, they aren't. And here is why. When you divide the original equation by 3 to get x = 2, that is a *reversible* step: You could multiply both sides by 3 (the number you divided by) to get 3x = 6, the original equation, so if x = 2 is true, then 3x = 6 is true. When you multiply both sides by 0,to get 0 = 0, that is *not* a reversible step, since to reverse the step, you would have to *divide* both sides of the equation 0 = 0 by 0, and that's a Big No No. You don't get *anything*. In particular, you don't get 1 = 2! Similarly, if you were to divide both sides of the equation by 0, that is also not a reversible step, since to reverse it, you would have to multiply both sides by 0. That seems like it might be okay, but it isn't, since you *don't have anything to multiply by 0*, because (in the equation you got after you divided both sides by 0) both sides are meaningless. A similar argument holds for taking the 0 power of both sides of the equation; it's not reversible, since to reverse it, you would have to take the 0th *root* of both sides of 1 = 1, and what is meant by "taking the 0th root"? [Here's the analogy: If you square both sides of an equation, you "undo" that by taking the square root: that's the basis of solving a quadratic equation by completing the square, for example. If you cube both sides of an equation, you undo that by taking the cube root of both sides. So if you take the 0 power of both sides of an equation, you would have to undo that by taking the 0th root.] A really good question, 2H, and I am glad you asked it. I hope what I have said helps... -Doctor Mark, The Math Forum Check out our web site! http://mathforum.org/dr.math/ Search the Dr. Math Library: Ask Dr. MathTM © 1994-2013 The Math Forum

Update: This plugin addresses a bug seems to affect only some people who upgraded to Movable Type 3.2 from previous versions. I don't know what leads to the problem, but if you get a "You must define a Comment Pending Template" error message, this plugin can help. I previously thought (incorrectly) that the problem was due to a design flaw in Movable Type 3.2. In MT 3.2, a new feature was introduced that enabled blog authors to have comments held for moderation, or place in a junk folder, depending on settings and other criteria. In such cases, a message is shown to the commenter, notifying them that the comment is being held for moderation. This message is displayed via a new "Comment Pending Template". When you create new blogs with MT 3.2, it automatically creates this system template. The problem, which affects only certain installations (not sure why or how many), is that the upgrade process for MT 3.2 does not create a "Comment Pending Template" for existing blogs on the system, as it should ( blogs that were created with previous versions of MT). If you are affected by this issue, when comments get held for moderation, commeters get an ugly MT error screen, with the cryptic error message "You must define a Comment Pending template". This means nothing to commenters, of course, who cannot create such a template. Another challenge, it turns out that even blog owners/admins cannot define a "Comment Pending Template" from the MT admin interface. When you browse to System templates, there are no options to create this template. Googling for a solution, a found a message from a SixAparter saying that the only way to add this template is to use the TemplateRefresh plugin on the entire blog. This is BAD IDEA if you have many customized templates! While it does back up your customized templates, it creates a mess by replacing all your templates with the default ones, making a big mess for you to clean up later. Hence, the reason for this plugin. What this plugin does DefineCommentPending does exactly what it says, it defines a Comment Pending Template for a particular blog. The plugin creates a "Define Comment Pending Template" plugin action that will appear at the bottom of your template listing screens (when you click "Templates" from the MT menu). A single click of this link will create the Comment Pending Template and enable you to customize it, if desired. 1. Download Now: DefineCommentPending.zip else : ?> Membership required, please sign-in or register: 2. Expand the zip file and upload to the "plugins" directory within your MT directory. 3. In the MT admin interface, browse to the blog you want, then choose "Templates" from the menu. 4. Click the "Define Comment Pending Template" link that appears below the list of templates. 5. Repeat for each blog, as desired.

For me there was no surprise. From the very first day, I was convinced that Yasser Arafat had been poisoned by Ariel Sharon. I even wrote about it several times. It was a simple logical conclusion. First, a thorough medical examination in the French military hospital where he died did not find any cause for his sudden collapse and death. No traces of any life-threatening disease were found. The rumors distributed by the Israeli propaganda machine that Arafat had AIDS were blatant lies. They were a continuation of the rumors spread by the same machine that he was gay – all part of the relentless demonization of the Palestinian leader, which went on daily for decades. When there is no obvious cause of death, there must be a less obvious one. Second, we know by now that several secret services possess poisons that leave no routinely detectable trace. These include the CIA, the Russian FSB (successor of the KGB), and the Mossad. Third, opportunities were plentiful. Arafat’s security arrangements were decidedly lax. He would embrace perfect strangers who presented themselves as sympathizers of the Palestinian cause and often seated them next to himself at meals. Fourth, there were plenty of people who aimed at killing him and had the means to do so. The most obvious one was our prime minister, Ariel Sharon. He had even talked about Arafat having "no insurance policy" in 2004. WHAT WAS previously a logical probability has now become a certainty. An examination of his belongings commissioned by Aljazeera TV and conducted by a highly respected Swiss scientific institute has confirmed that Arafat was poisoned with Polonium, a deadly radioactive substance that avoids detection unless one specifically looks for it. Two years after Arafat’s death, the Russian dissident and former KGB/FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko was murdered in London by Russian agents using this poison. The cause was discovered by his doctors by accident. It took him three weeks to die. Closer to home, in Amman, Hamas leader Khaled Mash’al was almost killed in 1997 by the Mossad, on orders of Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu. The means was a poison that kills within days after coming into contact with the skin. The assassination was bungled and the victim’s life was saved when the Mossad was compelled, after an ultimatum from King Hussein, to provide an antidote in time. If Arafat’s widow, Suha, succeeds in getting his body exhumed from the mausoleum in the Mukata’a in Ramallah, where it has become a national symbol, the poison will undoubtably be found in his body. ARAFAT’S LACK of proper security arrangements always astonished me. Israeli Prime Ministers are tenfold better protected. I remonstrated with him several times. He shrugged it off. In this respect, he was a fatalist. After his life was miraculously preserved when his airplane made a crash landing in the Libyan Desert and the people around him were killed, he was convinced that Allah was protecting him. (Though the head of a secular movement with a clear secular program, he himself was an observant Sunni Muslim, praying at the proper times and abstaining from alcohol. He did not impose his piety on his assistants.) Once he was interviewed in my presence in Ramallah. The journalists asked him if he expected to see the creation of the Palestinian state in his lifetime. His answer: “Both I and Uri Avnery will see it in our life.” He was quite sure of this. ARIEL SHARON’S determination to kill Arafat was well known. Already during the siege of Beirut in Lebanon War I, it was no secret that agents were combing West Beirut for his whereabouts. To Sharon’s great frustration, they did not find him. Even after Oslo, when Arafat came back to Palestine, Sharon did not let up. When he became Prime Minister, my fear for Arafat’s life became acute. When our army attacked Ramallah during “Operation Defensive Shield” they broke into Arafat’s compound (Mukata’a is Arabic for compound) and came within 10 meters of his rooms. I saw them with my own eyes. Twice during the siege of many months my friends and I went to stay at the Mukata’a for several days to serve as a human shield. When Sharon was asked why he did not kill Arafat, he answered that the presence of Israelis there made it impossible. However, I believe that this was only a pretext. It was the US that forbade it. The Americans feared, quite rightly, that an open assassination would cause the whole Arab and Muslim world to explode in anti-American fury. I cannot prove it, but I am sure that Sharon was told by Washington: “On no condition are you allowed to kill him in a way that can be traced to you. If you can do it without leaving a trace, go ahead.” (Just as the US Secretary of State told Sharon in 1982 that on no condition was he allowed to attack Lebanon, unless there was a clear and internationally recognized provocation. Which was promptly provided.) In an eerie coincidence, Sharon himself was felled by a stroke soon after Arafat's death, and has lived in a coma ever since.) THE DAY Aljazeera’s conclusions were published this week happened to be the 30th anniversary of my first meeting with Arafat, which for him was the first meeting with an Israeli. It was at the height of the battle of Beirut. To get to him, I had to cross the lines of four belligerents – the Israeli army, the Christian Lebanese Phalange militia, the Lebanese army and the PLO forces. I spoke with Arafat for two hours. There, in the middle of a war, when he could expect to find his death at any moment, we talked about Israeli-Palestinian peace, and even a federation of Israel and Palestine, perhaps to be joined by Jordan. The meeting, which was announced by Arafat’s office, caused a worldwide sensation. My account of the conversation was published in several leading newspapers. On my way home, I heard on the radio that four cabinet ministers were demanding that I be put on trial for treason. The government of Menachem Begin instructed the Attorney General to open a criminal investigation. However, after several weeks, the AG determined that I had not broken any law. (The law was duly changed soon afterwards.) IN THE many meetings I held with Arafat since then, I became totally convinced that he was an effective and trustworthy partner for peace. I slowly began to understand how this father of the modern Palestinian liberation movement, considered an arch-terrorist by Israel and the US, became the leader of the Palestinian peace effort. Few people in history have been privileged to lead two successive revolutions in their lifetime. When Arafat started his work, Palestine had disappeared from the map and from world consciousness. By using the “armed struggle” (alias “terrorism”)’ he succeeded in putting Palestine back on the world’s agenda. His change of orientation occurred right after the 1973 war. That war, it will be remembered, started with stunning Arab successes and ended with a rout of the Egyptian and Syrian armies. Arafat, an engineer by profession, drew the logical conclusion: if the Arabs could not win an armed confrontation even in such ideal circumstances, other means had to be found His decision to start peace negotiations with Israel went totally against the grain of the Palestinian National Movement, which considered Israel as a foreign invader. It took Arafat a full 15 years to convince his own people to accept his line, using all his wiles, tactical deftness and powers of persuasion. In the 1988 meeting of the Palestinian parliament-in-exile, the National Council, his concept was adopted: a Palestinian state side-by-side with Israel in part of the country. This state, with its capital in East Jerusalem and its borders based on the Green Line has been, since then, the fixed and unchangeable goal; the legacy of Arafat to his successors. Not by accident, my contacts with Arafat, first indirectly through his assistants and then directly, started at the same time: 1974. I helped him to establish contact with the Israeli leadership, and especially with Yitzhak Rabin. This led to the 1993 Oslo agreement – which was killed by the assassination of Rabin. When asked if he had an Israeli friend, Arafat named me. This was based on his belief that I had risked my life when I went to see him in Beirut. On my part, I was grateful for his trust in me when he met me there, at a time when hundreds of Sharon’s agents were looking for him. But beyond personal considerations, Arafat was the man who was able to make peace with Israel, willing to do so, and – more important - to get his people, including the Islamists, to accept it. This would have put an end to the settlement enterprise. That’s why he was poisoned. |< Prev||Next >| Other articles in Analysis Concept of Blind Justice Negates Reality of Myopic Juries 05 December 2013 If nature were a bank... 04 December 2013 Child abuse in Australia 03 December 2013 Palestinian suffering 03 December 2013 Palestinian Day of Rage 02 December 2013 9/11 in the Academic Community 30 November 2013 Iraq and Saudi Arabia 29 November 2013 Concealment and Truth in Palestine and Beyond 28 November 2013 On Israel's collective amnesia 28 November 2013 Oslo 2.0? 26 November 2013

Jamaaladeen Tacuma is an underrated electric bassist who came up playing the unique harmolodic music of legendary saxophonist Ornette Coleman. On this album, he pays tribute to Coleman's influence with a set of wonderfully invigorating original music that plugs into the electric music Coleman created with his Prime Time band. Starting off with a touching spoken dedication to Coleman, the music then moves into a very fast improvisation which pulls off the great coup of having the master himself as a guest soloist on a few tracks. Joining Tacuma and Coleman are Tony Kofi on tenor saxophone, Wolfgang Puschnig on flute, Yoichi Uzeki on piano, Justin Faulkner on drums, David Fingers" Haynes on finger drums and Wadud Ahmad on spoken word. The opening track Journey" sets the tone for the music to follow with a scalding collective improvisation that hews to the harmolodic ideal of everybody solos, nobody solos" with the music developing in an empathatic nature. Tacuma Song" was written by Coleman and is a starkly beautiful peice of music centered around the leaders nimble bass guitar. The album also includes two versions of the suite Movement" which allow interlocking compositions and improvisations to give the musicians an opportunity to improvise at length in a structured, yet free environment. This was an excellent and every exciting album, fans of Coleman's music and free-funk in general will gain a lot of pleasure from listening to this challenging and thought provoking music. For the Love of OrnetteJamaaladeen Tacuma . Send comments to Tim View the original article...

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Adams Sentinel, The (Newspaper) - September 6, 1841, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania At if out paid the Resist with care the spirit ol innovation the principles ol your Government however specious the From the Lady's OUR BY IV E sweet when years are roiling fast And 03 ward hasten time To turn the volume of the past To prime And then to fee tho here And ever doomed to roam There is one spot to memory Our happy Lome Tao leat iic-rce upon our path And clouds obscure the day We view the tempest's The scathing For said she one star Beams bright in memory's dome Its light Our happy Here fond Remembrance loves to cast A view For this perchance of alt the past Alone brings pleasure new Our joys are hopes are lost While strangers here we roam Sut disappointment never Our happy The on the sea cf life Way trim each sail To meet he tens pest's strife The Sury of Bat when his bark the storm clear flow his ream i fore marriage constrained by the Coins to ibe There so extraordinary j AN HONOR OPPONENT e t f 1 f A 4 A f t I t Ok I f t I kl St irt ft IT I f t f mure than an ordinary share of ji said the of lie Is saiJ in throush poverty and riches and the over T i more tlie world hun ibe What the I more firmly will she stand bv him she dining and cupping j account thai twenty rive barrel I will be when you eat the same thing was of gunpowder exploded have slid from Her I be hi rock when lie has no im The existence of a the youth nhat the in place a secret or I 1 people with their and the men women and children would have crowded the I out would on the support she at the j cases at all resemble each other I t peop of world she will not i eat to support my life and nourish my 1 in ho is her all and in love body otherwise languish j nol r and die j are ether feelings to be forgotten No sacrifice will be cases are more parallel lhan vou i have run from them hate came a de I the no be regarded too tare aware rejoined the five burrels of 1.11 r f t quick as feeling un -s food is to the body ordinances are to the j ro It in a j sre at feeling and the natural life in the will j We have bid for a week or two I a very is sufficient i languish and decay unless we maintain j of secret preparations the or still the pain of it by the of God's providence j frontier for another heart and bring or happiness the divine the other will wither cal invasion of the territory and and unless our passions be of of munitions and moans for 1 t of ted bv the influence of grace j these incendiary and predatory Our fathers hsd a short and j does it happen then inquired i men is made at different points mode of doing unencumbered the many and j the young man that ail have not the j stealthily and some by actual theft as in i same in exercises while the of the cannon thai now hang round The all the same for their bodily deem it than an rv it presupposes thai I one who would not change opinions for the sake of being continued in office had a quick mode of settling I mistake the matter It is very looking into and should it turn out j who would are of favor e f 9 1 I r t it tc i following verdict of a jury which sat in j food e cusp in shows Tii answered the master s- i Was ibis quantity of ed in n carpenter's one of these de- This a point well worth ami whining the of office Mr like a man We like to with such AJJer an extract from leuer informing him of his he the above the public be apprised that I The of the remarkable curiosities of Middle described by a writer in the After passing through marshes and wet hammocks the party at length reached the river embarked in a boat ita waters Ho then goes on to say Picture to yourself a river leaping ont of the earth at a single bound and ning off like mad in a current a quarter of a mile wide and at the rate of four an hour And although your imaginary ani no Indian painting will come far short of the real ing business the Agency will apply to Mr Hamilton Fort Aa to the I would remark it is a one and will be to A to superseded scene vet it excite in you thing of the wonder with which one tually beholds The Our first sensations when from the reeds and which me to remark that I neither desired the margin were those of greas dizziness nor to be continued in the The water is so pure and clear that agency nor do I consider it toj felt suspended in air and clung to the have to ive place to the friends of the j boat much we may an It is but reasonable to expect they would call on their friends in aid in carrying oni the public service finds himself climbing when in sublimes flights The air abora vou is scarcely more transparent than the teas not one of those and had j below the thin of tha no claims to favor Being superseded 1 cloud are thrown a hundred feet below I matters of gave no is hoppu thai io delay Il is a our daily bread but when we j patriot in that part of asd shows how are sick it is entirely different we man values peace and welfare from any administration Clay lo the you and spread out at the bottom of the spring and the image of boat carried down with perfect fidelity and with its oars and rudder looks like some huge animal crawling with the wround The modest o o es have no sort of privacy and what is worse for them though better for the part of his noble speech on fisherman they have no safety You can Ei SANFORD taken care io provide ior is in n m not The first year of a young woman fa Here i de desires but relishes the exercises of i- mon ll ll exist without hotten I he nv the before temperance societies carae j but while the soul continues in sin ii U describes which I eaces we fashion i in a of disease having no j submitted to The editor and whi i Wf Subscribers for food it both the to be easily broken iisc o r after speaking of the buoyant ith which he had come to the Session and the exertions the s had made to pass such measures s would give relief to the country Mr Clay uttered the following elevated and say thai the dale of the coin is discernible watch the hook as it and can place the tempting bait within an inch of the abstracted and innocent nose The smallest silver coin is pre- at the very bottom and some ences studied the cha Jr i itl we tions sentiment aud exhortation to his have been j hich are may fet us do our duly appet iha Subscribers Appointed Jointly I for spiritual food it both rotten to be easily broken of Audit And a Com i and exercises of devotion fingers like a pipe stem It is said that j mtr duly this to the Country u cut i of tne Above I irom our parents issue of the other ser are no I Treal she wilh of I a eternal death which KO and exquisite those of own if they were might possibly be and we moment wieh 1 they were so but we shall restrain so fish a desire if vre reSect much more the wcr It renewal truth wrings will undermine the strongest n Of the JOHN TICE 23 Feb j consists in the exclusion of the soul from j presence and favor of an all-wise Creator Jin correspondent of the Baltimore Argus states there is now s in Somerset county Md in the lower district near the residence of the Saint Thomas Mrs Elizabeth letter said to have been to the records of her family ten years old March can see to read without the public domain of the United What nation ever possessed such a source of wealth t The estimated quantity of public land unsold and now subject to private entry lady named is j 13.183 acres tvno was i I he quantity and nol offered at public eale is 102 417 863 acres The which has been fold t m i i ii a uteri i j d vet talks t r i i t the earliest period of the sales is rt t A o rt 11 n f I m make bad for me ii Qn fection and a wife cannot be too j havs a commission in 1 whomsoever shall come have a sound her mind about matters of kind a great deal of dis- to disputes wpon she I have for the rebel indeed it Is the ever J of a rebel these are addressed not in the hope of j Meblan died at obtaining but to our a shorl ime inre aged We more lhan 30 lesrendanip and company of j d d hls so Steamer had rough weather J aSU acres hour of our from New j 703.727 acres The amount therefor by the chasers has been The granted to each StaJe and Territory of the has been 3 800 The quantity reserved from pale ex- tiie has been The estimated q of public n i r lo title has not been be the pleasing and for her j that my is so for of inst U blew great em- lh States and It fs impossible to had no connexion wiu the army j s and for Monroe OI sll the which mav nor can be proved thai I have hereto t ina She must for in fur county i took ut last week acres but that f did not see The aperture through which the river is about ieet in diameter the sides being formed of rough and edges of Ii is supposed that the water comes in under from the north and think that it is the outlet of Jackson a large body of water tint lies about twenty miles to the north Nothing was certainly to be determined by an examination so super- as The shadows cast by the rocks were too deep lo be by the eye and all we could make of it was a well about fifty feel in diameter and a hundred and twenty in depth ing forth a Rood of the purest water lhal ever blessed my eyes More Lynching We learn from Peoria HI Register that a few since a young man named George er of Henderson was taken out- of bed at night by a band of ruffians ona half of his head shaved his body tarred and feathered and then with his hands tied behind him put into a canoe and set adrift in the fiver with a threat that they would kill him if he cams ashore After floating a few miles Fisher contrived to free his hands and reach shore He immediately re- home and caused some of the to be apprehended who after due examination were bound over to pear at ibe next Court two of them in ivas to see a cable's i The to se j bonds of each the others Disease It elated j ln each The remaining four composed of ail ages anil 30 llave died in I made their escape to than three hundred n bearing a of Mass in the j ol succeeded in banner j course hours after were a mob who came over in a Important io Outers cf j rewarded bv Frenchman cf the of Tony now preference to herself she barely time to escape io ice be 0 of the saved j light ia her and his home To a woman i invented a new hom wa un who ioves her husband wish all the de of shoeing horses for which Uir plea happy fice 1 Total or boat and recaptured in the middle of the afternoon was taken some seventy yards from road tied with a chain and rope and a tacked account been of the cause the it is supposed 10 have occurred from the of the wild cherry tree t has Song been known to be to j of two men armed with neat In tiry when feed placed over him who told him ss farmers should be careful to I he hallooed instant death keep caule from the j portion Here ho remained till dark 1 s t 11 t ir j men and arms we're cur When when lie ivas taken to the is very danger of their i and by four imo welts lie was then IP of a to aign refusing lo do which who in Old a d nn snu u- o a conduct never shn love he once bore to the wife of there are when of for her will a Ct force to his heart to reap of wcr such injured wife must still be enshrined in the former limes A husband nve a a 22 his fault Jo and in measure whom he 130 exonerated in world if a relax in the of coronet In knows while on the contrary penile now lining 123 who f ence the snd a y oi the unobtrusive of the nss c: the clrf.'.-t he will deeply to his heart whom i- uie second 3 and do much to win liim back to for- and she s mer love and observance the vows at zee oi 82 G he breathed at tlie where hem new he was to to the from whom r on oi has wandered A kind look sn occasioned expression haif uttered i wife to his side and Even i hearts are w the Rev ern n such snin sre r f the rf I e 2 S nT a m r e in Of 3 1 iy which has been performing a most Dr Adam Clark's coJ jular freak among the tribe in county of The have taken the scarlet in A of five vears old aail in he are so MI town are than noticed in a paper f r XX il 4 Vp Mv hand freezes an ferer are ail found upon being ed to contain a of blood and matter This is a fart in the natural of these marine productions and deserves Our informant states that a Use no Old in fur ore f to turn lie io re- It wss of iKe jewels of he IV London bears bui 2500 si ume of the fori j seized them just before tha which the IP hst war and from its occurrence A on o the ladies that we are to have a is to be twenty j war with EnoJand hope the 1 than the one in and j wili be prophets this lime at she present time no than 4800 the cunce led n who on while lhal o Iron and stone says the iron and of already yield name Henry ft ere n a oe n have been re- was in the Never de the CUrk Ohio on n patch a them lias been calculated g inst smiles of encourage re the is lhan a on bark of in the J He san hf was from Point j and had been a sailor Ti is in we think it n i Mill ai N V turning carefully j merit ran fue reference her or nothing a mind me Uie report of Mr u Newark Daily Advertiser Capt 1300 steamers have been j mer lale commander of the U.S ship of them This will not be difficult for than insincere Ii Julm ler wuh KiO run w hich flour per m he United of which Cyane has been sentenced by a general has feeling must praises t i t i lo perform Uur love winch be- of Tall him hand barrels of flour five hundred been Musi nouri lo five of these boats were lust on- ilio western KHS of pay and rank for cruelty to I Ins crew more lhan per per annum The coal mines of England according the same yield of tons annually there never yet has bren mined in Pennsylvania more about a year It h a bad heart in which the of childhood producer no and he be truly whom their innocent and will not Once upon a time newspapers were our main source of information. Now those old newspapers are a reliable source for hundreds of years of history and secrets of the past. Now you can search for people, places, and events without the hassle of sorting through mountains of papers! Newspaper Archive is the world's largest online newspaper database featuring over 130 million newspaper pages. Plus our database expands by one newspaper page per second for a total of around 2.5 million pages per month! The value of your membership grows along with it. Those looking to find out more about their forefathers can empower their genealogy search with Newspaper Archive. Within our massive database, users can search ancestors' names for news stories and obituaries. We must understand our past to understand our future! 24 hours a day Monday-Saturday Your full introductory membership payment will be credited toward the cost of full membership any time you choose to upgrade! "It is amazing how easy and exciting it is to access all of this information! 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One sample. One lab. One report. NW Pathology is pleased to announce that HPV testing will now be performed in our Bellingham Lab. This will significantly reduce turnaround time on women's health co-testing results. Pap, HPV, 16/18 genotyping and Chlamydia/Gonorrhea (if ordered) can be tested off one ThinPrep specimen, and all results will be included in one report. Request an Account? If you are a provider and would like to request an account with us, click here to sign up. |Website Design by Montana Banana||© Copyright 2008 NW Pathology, PS|

Webber v. Virginia - 103 U.S. 344 (1880) U.S. Supreme Court Webber v. Virginia, 103 U.S. 344 (1880) Webber v. Virginia 103 U.S. 344 1. Letters patent granted by the United States do not exclude from the operation of the tax or license law of a state the tangible property in which the invention or discovery is embodied. 2. A statute of Virginia requires that the agent for the sale of articles manufactured in other states must first obtain a license, for which he is required to pay a specific tax for each county in which he sells or offers to sell them, while the agent for the sale of articles manufactured in that state, if acting for the manufacturer, is not required to obtain a license or pay any license tax. Held that the statute is in conflict with the commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States, and void. 3. Commerce among the states is not free whenever a commodity is, by reason of its foreign growth or manufacture, subjected by state legislation to discriminating regulations or burdens. This case comes before this Court on a writ of error to the Supreme Court of Appeals of the State of Virginia, and arose in this way: In May, 1880, the plaintiff in error, J. T. Webber, was indicted in the County Court of Henrico County in that state for unlawfully selling and offering for sale in that county, to its citizens, certain machines known as Singer sewing machines, which were manufactured out of the state, without having first obtained a license for that purpose from the authorities of the county, or having paid the tax imposed by law for that privilege. The indictment was founded upon the forty-fifth and forty-sixth sections of the revenue law of the state, which are as follows: "45. Any person who shall sell, or offer for sale, the manufactured articles or machines of other states or territories, unless he be the owner thereof and taxed as a merchant, or take orders therefor, on commission or otherwise, shall be deemed to be an agent for the sale of manufactured articles of other states and territories, and shall not act as such without taking out a license therefor. No such person shall, under his license as such, sell or offer to sell such articles through the agency of another, but a separate license shall be required from any agent or employee who may sell or offer to sell such articles for another. For any violation of this section, the person offending shall pay a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense." "46. The specific license tax upon an agent for the sale of any manufactured article or machine of other states or territories shall be twenty-five dollars, and this tax shall give to any party licensed under this section the right to sell the same within the county or corporation in which he shall take out his license, and if he shall sell or offer to sell the same in any other of the counties or corporations of this state, he shall pay an additional tax of ten dollars in each of the counties or corporations where he may sell or offer their agents, selling articles manufactured in this state, shall pay the specific license tax imposed by this section." Acts of Assembly 1875 and 1876, p. 184, c. 162, secs. 45, 46. To the indictment the accused pleaded "not guilty;" and on the trial it was proved that he had sold and offered to sell sewing machines in Henrico County, as charged, but that at the time he was acting as agent or employee of the Singer Manufacturing Company, a corporation created under the laws of New Jersey; that this company had a place of business in Richmond, Va., where it was licensed as a resident merchant, for the year beginning May 1, 1880, and had paid the required license tax, and where it kept a stock of machines for sale; that the machines sold by the accused were the property of the company, and were manufactured by it out of the state and in accordance with specifications of a patent of the United States, granted in 1879 to one W. C. Hicks, and by him transferred to the company. It also appeared that the accused had not taken out a license to sell the machines in Henrico County, and was not himself taxed as a merchant, and had not taken orders for the machines on commission or otherwise. On the trial. his counsel requested the court to instruct the jury that if they believed the Singer Manufacturing Company had paid for a general merchant's license for the year beginning May 1, 1880, and received such license, or that the machines sold were constructed according to the specifications of the patent held by the company, and that the accused was acting in the sales made only as its employee, he was entitled to a verdict of acquittal. The court refused to give these instructions, and, at the request of the attorney for the Commonwealth, instructed the jury in substance that if they believed the accused had, at different times within the year previous to the indictment, sold or offered to sell in Henrico County to its citizens Singer sewing machines manufactured beyond the state, and at the time he was neither the manufacturer himself nor the owner of them, and was not taxed as a merchant in the county, and had not taken orders therefor on commission or otherwise, and had not obtained a license to sell the same in the county, and had not paid to the proper officer the tax imposed by law for selling the same in that county, they should find him guilty. The jury found the accused guilty, and he was sentenced to pay a fine of fifty dollars and costs. On appeal to the circuit court of the county, this judgment was affirmed, and on further appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeals of the state, the judgment of the circuit court was affirmed. To review the latter judgment, the case is brought here on writ of error.

TINXSYS or Tax Information Exchange System is a centralized exchange of all interstate dealers spread across the various States and Union territories of India to help the Commercial Tax Departments of various States and Union Territories to effectively monitor the interstate trade. TINXSYS can be used by any dealer to verify the counter party interstate dealer in any other State. Readers were earlier informed how to know the dealers info using TINXSYS by online way. However , the government has also provided another quick way to find out delaers information without having an internet connection . That is by dialling a toll- free phone numbers. Steps to get dealer’s information from TINXSYS by toll free phone number Steps to be followed for TIN Verification : 1) Please dial the toll free number 1800 2200 17 from a BSNL / MTNL landline phone from anywhere in India. 2) Welcome message will be played by the Interactice Voice Response (IVR) System. 3) The system will prompt you to choose ’1′ for English ’2′ for Hindi”. 4) Select the required language. 5) The system will prompt you to enter the 11 digit TIN of the dealer you wish to verify. 6) Now enter the 11 digit TIN number. 7) The system will prompt you the dealer details of the corressponding TIN. Thus , the two methods of verification of dealer’s details -online and by phone- from TINXSYS is really very handy for businessmen who are required to transact across the states of India

An Interview With Merle Hoffman Merle Hoffman is the publisher/editor-in-chief of On The Issues Magazine and one of the most outspoken advocates for progressive and feminist issues. Merle established Choices Women’s Medical Center to provide abortion services shortly after New York State legalized abortion in 1971. Today, Choices has grown to become one of the most comprehensive and nationally well respected providers of a full range of gynecological services for women, including abortion to 24 weeks of pregnancy, birth control and pre-natal care. In 1983 Merle began On the Issues Magazine as a newsletter of Choices Women’s Medical Center to communicate with other health care providers, pro-choice activists and the reproductive health care community generally. Within a few years it had developed into On the Issues, the Progressive Woman’s Quarterly, gaining accolades as a motivating, challenging and controversial magazine of ideas and action. After ceasing publication in 1999, On the Issues Magazine was reborn as an online publication in Spring 2008 and publishes all-new, themed editions quarterly with new articles added weekly. How and when did you develop your passion for fighting for reproductive rights and women’s health in general? The process was very organic and came to me from the “ground up”. There was no such thing as “women’s health” when I started at 25 years old in 1971. New York had de-criminalized abortion three years before Roe. V. Wade-and the first patient that came to Choices was a married woman from New Jersey. She came to New York because abortion was still illegal in that state. I stayed with her –counseled her, held her hand throughout her abortion–and that profound intimate powerful connection was what catalyzed me thru these last 40 years. My commitment, passion an radicalism was born of the deepest experience. It seems that many young women today don’t always have a lot of perspective about our reproductive rights. How do you think things have changed in terms of the reproductive rights battle since you started CHOICES Women’s Medical Center in 1971? Where have we advanced and where do we still lag behind? We have advanced to the point where many young women view reproductive rights as an entitlement. There is an a-historical view that abortion rights are there-have always been as far as they can remember-and will remain so. Because of this it is necessary for the veterans of the struggles to educate, and insure that young women-all women understand that freedom is not free–that if we don’t defend reproductive rights will lose them. We have to be aware awake and active in countering the relentless assaults from the right. Considering the controversial nature of abortion and reproductive rights, how have you responded to critics of your work? What major challenges have you faced because of your work and how did you work through them? There are so many critics. I usually tell them to “take a number–that the line forms to the left!” There have always been and will always be opposition to me my work-and the struggle for reproductive freedom and justice. This is a long term power struggle and one has to not take it all that personally. I understand that I am a lighting rod for much of the misogynistic hatred-but it comes with the territory. And ultimately it is my belief in the justice and rightness of reproductive freedom that keeps me going. You were on the frontlines of the women’s health movement from its inception. Do you still believe there is still systemic sexism in health training / the health industry? What should teens and young women be aware of in terms of their health care? What do you think are the most important questions teens can ask when visiting their doctors or other healthcare professionals? At this point in time there is very little if any training in both family planning and abortion care in most of the medical schools in this country. In fact the group Medical Students for Choice is involved in attempting to integrate this training in medical school curriculums. The right wing anti-choice-anti-birth control movement has been quite effective in insuring that if abortion is not illegal–they will make it impossible for a majority of American women. Years ago I developed the concept of PATIENT POWER–when I realized that the power differential between patients(women and girls) and doctors (mainly men) resulted in many women experiencing unwanted pregnancies-because of doctors mis-information, or lack of it. Patient power postulated things like the right to question your doctor, the right to be informed of alternative treatments, the right to second opinions, etc. It actually was the precursor of what is now known as the Patient’s Bill of Rights. Now we have resources which were not available 40 years ago–publications like Our Bodies Our Selves which we have to take advantage of- We are responsible for our own health and have to insure that we are educated and knowledgeable–we should work to become partners with our physicians not remain passive dependant children. You recently wrote a memoir – Intimate Wars. Can you speak a little about what motivated you to write it and what you think young feminists specifically might take away from it? I was coming up on the 40th anniversary of Choices-which was quite a milestone. I needed to look back on the whirlwind of my life, to reflect and create a narrative not only for myself but for my daughter. She had not shared the majority of it–I would not share a majority of hers so I wanted to leave that testament for her. The lessons to be learned are many–how to gain and practice courage, how to keep going when all the world tells you its impossible, how to deal with being alone and being a pariah, what the real cost of political struggle and being a radical is, how nothing and no one can protect you, that you have to become your own support system. And finally, as I have been and am on the forefront this struggle, I hope this book is an inspiration to young women. I hope it encourages them to have the courage to follow their hearts because revolution at its core is driven by love. Read other posts about: abortion, abortion clinics, choice, CHOICES Women's Medical Center, famous feminists, feminist interviews, feminists, interviews, Intimate War, Medical Students for Choice, Merle Hoffman, reproductive rights, Roe v. Wade, women and health, women's health movement Post Your Comment

The Science & Engineering Library is pleased to present a lecture The last decade of this past century has been witness to a revolution in the development and application of mathematical techniques to origami, the centuries-old Japanese art of paper-folding. The techniques used in mathematical origami design range from the abstruse to the highly approachable. In this talk, I will describe how geometric concepts led to the solution of a broad class of origami folding problems – specifically, the problem of efficiently folding a shape with an arbitrary number and arrangement of flaps, and along the way, enabled origami designs of mind-blowing complexity and realism, some of which you’ll see, too. As often happens in mathematics, theory originally developed for its own sake has led to some surprising practical applications. The algorithms and theorems of origami design have shed light on long-standing mathematical questions and have solved practical engineering problems. I will discuss examples of how origami has enabled safer airbags, Brobdingnagian space telescopes, and more. More information here. |Date:||Wednesday, May 22, 2013| |Time:||2:00pm - 3:30pm| |Presenter:||Robert J. Lang| |Registration:||Registration has closed.|

Your brain -- and your search engine -- on Evernote The declared topic of Stephen Johnson's "Where Good Ideas Come From" is innovation, and how it happens. I read the book as an investigation into how to think better, smarter and more efficiently. Saying things like "it's one of the best books I've read this year" always feels trite, so perhaps I'll just say that it's the only one that has substantially changed my intellectual habits. Among Johnson's recommendations is to update the the 17th-century practice of keeping a commonplace book. Back then, the books were akin to intellectual journals: You carried them around and copied down interesting passages, quotations and insights you came across in your daily travels. This, Johnson argues, provided a way to let slow hunches build over time. Keeping your old hunches and provocations accessible allowed you to complete them with new information and insights later, a crucial channel for innovation. Johnson recommends the research program DevonTHINK as a more modern version of the commonplace book. I tried DevonTHINK and found it wanting in two respects: It was overly complex, and it only works on Apple computers. As I use a PC at work -- not my choice, I assure you -- that was a deal killer for me. But Evernote, the research program I tried after DevonTHINK, solves both problems -- and adds a game-changing feature. First, it works across all platforms: I can use it on my laptop at home, my iPhone, my work computer, and on the Internet. When I clip a Web page or write a note in one, it automatically syncs across all. Plus, it's dead simple to use (and, uh, free). It's Evernote's integration with Google, however, that sold me. If you're using Google's Chrome browser, you can add an Evernote search to your Google searches. So when I search "China economy" in Google, I don't just get whatever Google turns up: I get everything I've ever saved in Evernote that includes those words. That is to say, I don't just get what Google thinks best. I get everything that I've ever thought best. That turns Evernote from something I might search if I remember into something I'll search constantly without even trying. And that means I'm much likelier to be routinely confronted with old insights and facts that I might have forgotten. In that world, I don't need to rely on my memory of what I've read so much as the judgments I made when I was doing the reading. And I trust those a lot more. Posted by: 54465446 | November 30, 2010 11:07 AM | Report abuse Posted by: BHeffernan1 | November 30, 2010 11:52 AM | Report abuse

The Weekend and Beyond Here's some travel advice for the holiday weekend and on into the summer. You won't see much of it this weekend. Maryland and Virginia pull up the orange barrels at their short term work sites for high-traffic holiday weekends. Don't take it as a sign of the summer to come. There will be plenty of construction, so stay alert in the work zones, which can be as dangerous for motorists as they are for construction crews. Some streets in Washington will be closed Sunday for the annual Rolling Thunder motorcycle parade, part of the Memorial Day weekend commemorations. The event is from noon to 3 p.m. Most of the street closings end as the procession rolls on. Here's a map of the route. It starts at the Pentagon parking lot, goes over Memorial Bridge and around the national mall. Memorial Day Parade On Monday, watch for congestion around the national mall in conjunction with the holiday parade. The D.C. police announcement describes the parade route, street closings and parking restrictions. The switch replacement project at Mount Vernon Square is suspended for this weekend, so it won't cause delays on the Green and Yellow lines as it has for the past two weekends. It starts up again for May 30-June 1 and finishes up on June 6-8. This weekend, the Metro menu calls for maintenance and testing on the Red, Blue and Green lines, creating delays as trains take turns sharing one track to get around the work. Memorial Day Transit Metro's Web site lists the level of service available on the region's transit systems for the Monday holiday. A Warning For Drivers Officials at the U.S. Department of Transportation tell me you'll see greater enforcement of safety laws this summer. Don't get a ticket: Police programs across the nation are targeting seat belt use, aggressive driving, speeding in work zones and unsafe motoring around trucks. In many states, there's a new emphasis on protecting public safety and emergency personnel along highways. Many states now have "Slow Down, Move Over" laws, meaning they want you to move away from stopped emergency vehicles and if that's not possible, slow down. Fort Belvoir Gate The inbound lane at Fort Belvoir's Telegraph Gate (Telegraph Road at Beulah Street) is closed this weekend for construction of security enhancements. Motorists may use the J.J. Kingman Gate off the Fairfax County Parkway to enter the post. The gate will reopen at 5 a.m. Tuesday. D.C.Bridge Repair Postponed The start date for repair of Southwest Washington's 11th Street Bridge over D Street, the railroad and approach roadways has been rescheduled, the District Department of Transportation says. The new date is June 2. The 12th Street SW tunnel ramp will remain open until then. (This 11th Street Bridge is in the L'Enfant Plaza area. It's not the Anacostia River crossing that many of you commuters are familiar with.) This will be the big story of next weekend: Workers will be fiddling with the inner loop so those lanes can be redirected across the new span. By June 2, if the schedule holds, inner loop traffic will be using that span, the north one, while outer loop traffic continues to use the south span, the one that opened two years ago. It's a big deal, because it means that the entire new bridge will be open, but the immediate impact on traffic congestion will be limited. The main thing drivers will notice is that some of the highway bending will be gone, and the merge from I-295 onto the inner loop should be a lot easier. But the main thing you need to know is that the inner loop will be extremely congested next weekend when the lanes are being shifted onto the new span. Don't go there. Posted by: Woodley Park | May 23, 2008 11:54 AM | Report abuse Posted by: Anonymous | May 23, 2008 12:40 PM | Report abuse Posted by: Anonymous | May 24, 2008 9:32 AM | Report abuse Posted by: Great Falls | May 25, 2008 8:45 PM | Report abuse Posted by: Anonymous | May 27, 2008 1:25 PM | Report abuse The comments to this entry are closed.

Combining probability forecasts Clements, Michael P. and Harvey, David I.. (2011) Combining probability forecasts. International Journal of Forecasting, Vol.27 (No.2). pp. 208-223. ISSN 0169-2070Full text not available from this repository. Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2009.12.016 We consider different methods for combining probability forecasts. In empirical exercises, the data generating process of the forecasts and the event being forecast is not known, and therefore the optimal form of combination will also be unknown. We consider the properties of various combination schemes for a number of plausible data generating processes, and indicate which types of combinations are likely to be useful. We also show that whether forecast encompassing is found to hold between two rival sets of forecasts or not may depend on the type of combination adopted. The relative performances of the different combination methods are illustrated, with an application to predicting recession probabilities using leading indicators. (C) 2010 International Institute of Forecasters. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |Item Type:||Journal Article| |Subjects:||H Social Sciences > HB Economic Theory| |Divisions:||Faculty of Social Sciences > Economics| |Journal or Publication Title:||International Journal of Forecasting| |Page Range:||pp. 208-223| |Access rights to Published version:||Restricted or Subscription Access| Actions (login required)

Log In to Anagrammer Scrabble word: YUMMIEST In which Scrabble dictionary does YUMMIEST exist? Definitions of YUMMIEST in dictionaries: - noun - something delicious There are 8 letters in YUMMIEST: E I M M S T U Y All anagrams that could be made from letters of word YUMMIEST plus a wildcard: YUMMIEST? Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word YUMMIEST 8 letter words 7 letter words 6 letter words 5 letter words 4 letter words 3 letter words 2 letter words Images for YUMMIEST SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.

Morechi Family History & Genealogy Morechi family photos, ancestor biographies, and history created by you and the AncientFaces community. Latest photos on AncientFaces No one from the Morechi community has shared photos. Here are new photos on AncientFaces: Morechi Surname History Add to this page! This history of the Morechi last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. We do not have content for the following sections: - Morechi family history - Morechi country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity - Morechi last name meaning & etymology - Morechi spelling & pronunciation Click here to edit this page. Morechi Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity No one has submitted information on Morechi country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the Morechi country of origin. The following is speculative information about Morechi. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The nationality of Morechi is often very difficult to determine in cases which regional boundaries change over time, making the nation of origin a mystery. The original ethnicity of Morechi may be in dispute based on whether the name came about organically and independently in different locales; e.g. in the case of surnames that come from a profession, which can appear in multiple countries independently (such as the last name "Brewster" which refers to a female brewer). Morechi Meaning & Etymology No one has submitted information on Morechi meaning and etymology. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the meaning of Morechi. The following is speculative information about Morechi. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The meaning of Morechi come may come from a profession, such as the name "Archer" which was given to people who were bowmen. Some of these profession-based last names may be a profession in some other language. This is why it is essential to research the country of origin of a name, and the languages spoken by its ancestors. Many names like Morechi originate from religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Bible, the Quran, and so on. In many cases these surnames are shortened versions of a religious phrase such as "Favored of God". Morechi Pronunciation & Spelling Variations No one has added information on Morechi spellings or pronunciations. Add to this section No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Morechi. The following is speculative information about Morechi. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. In times when literacy was uncommon, names such as Morechi were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people's names were written in official records. This could have given rise misspellings of Morechi. Family names like Morechi vary in spelling and pronunciation as they travel across tribes, family unions, and countries across time. Researching misspellings and alternate spellings of the Morechi surname are important to understanding the etymology of the name. Last names similar to MorechiMorechouse, Moreci, Morecick, Morecile, Moreck, Morecka, Morecke, Mörecke, Mörecken, Morecki, Morecli, Moreclo, Moreco, MORECOCK, Morecomb, Morecombe, More comte de pontgibaud de, Moreconi, Morecook, Morecot Morechi Family Tree Here are a few of the Morechi biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more Morechis

Scocimaro Family History & Genealogy Scocimaro family photos, ancestor biographies, and history created by you and the AncientFaces community. Latest photos on AncientFaces No one from the Scocimaro community has shared photos. Here are new photos on AncientFaces: Scocimaro Surname History Add to this page! This history of the Scocimaro last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. We do not have content for the following sections: - Scocimaro family history - Scocimaro country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity - Scocimaro last name meaning & etymology - Scocimaro spelling & pronunciation Click here to edit this page. Scocimaro Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity No one has submitted information on Scocimaro country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the Scocimaro country of origin. The following is speculative information about Scocimaro. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The nationality of Scocimaro can be complicated to determine because country boundaries change over time, leaving the original nationality indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Scocimaro may be in dispute as result of whether the surname came about organically and independently in multiple locales; for example, in the case of surnames that come from a professional trade, which can appear in multiple countries independently (such as the surname "Dean" which may have been adopted by members of the clergy). Scocimaro Meaning & Etymology No one has submitted information on Scocimaro meaning and etymology. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the meaning of Scocimaro. The following is speculative information about Scocimaro. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The meaning of Scocimaro come may come from a trade, such as the name "Gardener" which was given to people of that profession. Some of these trade-based family names might be a profession in some other language. Because of this it is important to research the country of origin of a name, and the languages spoken by its early ancestors. Many modern names like Scocimaro originate from religious texts like the Quran, the Bible, the Bhagavadgītā, and so forth. In many cases these names are shortened versions of a religious sentiment such as "Worthy of praise". Scocimaro Pronunciation & Spelling Variations No one has added information on Scocimaro spellings or pronunciations. Add to this section No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Scocimaro. The following is speculative information about Scocimaro. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. Understanding spelling variations and alternate spellings of the Scocimaro family name are important to understanding the history of the name. Surnames like Scocimaro vary in spelling and pronunciation as they travel across communities, family lines, and languages over the years. In early history when few people could write, names such as Scocimaro were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people's names were recorded in government records. This could have led to misspellings of Scocimaro. Last names similar to ScocimaroScocimarra, Scocini, Scocinnorro, Scocisto, Scock, Scockaert, Scockart, Scocket, Scockey, Scockow, Scocks, Scoco, Scococroft, Scocor, Scocorra, Scocos, Scocoso, Scocossa, Scocossi, Scocotas Scocimaro Family Tree Here are a few of the Scocimaro biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more Scocimaros

Anita Rachelisvili was born in Tbilisi, Georgia in 1984. She first studied piano at the M. Machavariani School and then voice at the V. Sarajshvili Conservatory with Maestra Manana Egadze. In 2005 she received a study grant from the President of Georgia, M. Saakashvili and in 2007 she won the Paata Burchuladze Scholarship award. She appeared at the Conservatory as Maddalena in Rigoletto and as Olga in Eugene Onegin . From 2006 to 2007 she was a member of the Tbilisi Opera House and in 2007 she won Second Prize in the Georgian International Voice Competition. In 2007 she was accepted as a member of the Young Artists Program of the Teatro alla Scala in Milan where she appeared in supporting roles in a production of Il Trittico , conducted by Riccardo Chailly and in Pizzetti’s L’Assassino della Cattedrale under Donato Renzetti.. Other roles in her developing repertoire include Adalgisa in Norma , Marina in Boris Godunov , and Charlotte in Werther On December 7, 2009 Georgian mezzo soprano Anita Rachvelishvili starred in the title role of the new production of Carmen which opened the 2009/2010 season of the Teatro alla Scala. Partnered by Jonas Kaufmann as Don Jose and conducted by Daniel Barenboim, this performance was the young artist’s first leading role. Since then, she has been celebrated in the role internationally and has starred as Carmen for her North American debut with Canadian Opera Company in Toronto, her German stage debut in the same role at the Staatsoper Berlin, and for her debut in the summer 0f 2010 at the Arena di Verona opposite Marcelo Alvarez. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut in January 2011 opposite Roberto Alagna and in February of the same year at the BavarIan State Opera in Munich with Jonas Kaufmann. In the fall of 2011, Anita Rachvelishvili made her debut with the Seattle Opera as Carmen . She subsequently made her Carnegie Hall debut as the Principessa di Bouillon in a concert performance of Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur opposite Angela Ghoerghiu and Jonas Kaufmann. She then made her San Francisco Opera debut, again in the title role of Carmen. During the winter of 2012 Rachvelishvili returned to the Deutsche Oper Berlin for the same role. She adds Dulcinee in Massenet’s Don Quichotte to her repertoire at the Teatro Lirico di Cagliari and returns to the Arena di Verona in Carmen. The artist will perform in San Juan, Puerto Rico in a Gala Concert with Jonas Kaufmann featuring excerpts from Carmen, Adriana Lecouvreur . In the fall of 2012, she will return to the Metropolitan as Carmen. Future engagements include a new production of Rimsky Korsakov’s The Tsar’s Bride at the Berlin State Opera under Daniel Barenboim and Samson et Dalila at Choregies D’Orange and at the Deutsche Oper Berlin. Anita Rachvelishvili returned to La Scala in October of 2010 as Carmen and is now internationally recognized as one of the finest interpreters of the role in the world.She debuted as Carmen and the Metropolitan Opera In January of 2011 opposite Roberto Alagna, at the Bavarian State Opera in February, in the role, this time partnered once again by Jonas Kaufmann, and in April of 2011 at then at the Deutsche Oper Berlin. Rachvelishvili will sing her first performances of Isabella in L’Italiana in Algeri at La Scala this season. She made her Dutch debut in Amsterdam In a concert performance of Samson et Dalila at the Concertgebeouw in May 2011 and performed the title role in Orfeo ed Euridice at the 2011 La Perelada Festival. She also sang her first performances of the Verdi Requiem , first in Helsinki, and then in Bergen. In 2012, she will be performing Carmen at the Arena di Verona.

The First Junk Bond: A Story of Corporate Boom and Bust By Harlan D. Platt 2002/02 - Beard Books 1587981203 - Paperback - Reprint - 252 pp. Business people will find particularly enlightening details of the company's bankruptcy filing affected various stakeholders, the bankruptcy negotiation process, and the alternative post-bankruptcy structures that were considered. This engrossing book follows the extraordinary journey of Texas International, Inc. through its corporate growth and decline, debt exchange offers, and corporate rebirth. It is a case study of a company that exemplified the 1980s, complete with fascinating people, financial innovations, and successive rounds of high stakes poker, as the misfortunes of the company unfold. Detailed is the involvement of Drexel Lambert banking house and its guiding spirit Michael Milken, who secured fresh capital for the company through the issuance of a high-yield bond with an above-market rate of interest to counterbalance its elevated credit risk. From Turnarounds and Workouts, August 15, 2002 Only one in ten failed businesses is equal to the task of reorganizing itself and satisfying its prior debts in some fashion. This engrossing book follows the extraordinary journey of Texas International, Inc (known by its New York Stock Exchange stock symbol, TEI), through its corporate growth and decline, debt exchange offers, and corporate renaissance as Phoenix Resource Companies, Inc. As Harlan Platt puts it, TEI "flourished for a brief luminous moment but then crashed to earth and was consumed." TEI's story features attention-grabbing characters, petroleum exploration innovations, financial innovations, and lots of risk taking. The First Junk Bond was originally published in 1994 and received solidly favorable reviews. The then-managing director of High Yield Securities Research and Economics for Merrill Lynch said that the book "is a richly detailed case study. Platt integrates corporate history, industry fundamentals, financial analysis and bankruptcy law on a scale that has rarely, if ever, been attempted." A retired U.S. Bankruptcy Court judge noted, "(i)t should appeal as supplementary reading to students in both business schools and law schools… Even those who practice…in the areas of business law, accounting and investments can obtain a greater understanding and perspective of their professional expertise." "TEI's saga is noteworthy because of the company's resilience and ingenuity in coping with the changing environment of the 1980s, its execution of innovative corporate strategies that were widely imitated and its extraordinary trading history," says the author. TEI issued the first junk bond. In 1986 it achieved the largest percentage gain on the NYSE, and in 1987 suffered the largest percentage loss. It issued one of the first bonds secured by a physical commodity and then later issued one of the first PIK (payment in kind) bonds. It was one of the first vulture investors, to be targeted by vulture investors later on. Its president was involved in an insider trading scandal. It innovated strip financing. It engaged in several workouts to sell off operations and raise cash to reduce debt. It completed three exchange offers that converted debt in to equity. In 1977, TEI, primarily an oil production outfit, had had a reprieve from bankruptcy through Michael Milken's first ever junk bond. The fresh capital had allowed TEI to acquire a controlling interest of Phoenix Resources Company, a part of King Resources Company. TEI purchased creditors' claims against King that were subsequently converted into stock under the terms of King's reorganization plan. Only two years later, cash deficiencies forced Phoenix to sell off its nonenergy businesses. Vulture investors tried to buy up outstanding TEI stock. TEI sold off its own nonenergy businesses, and focused on oil and gas exploration. An enormous oil discovery in Egypt made the future look grand. The value of TEI stock soared. Somehow, however, less than two years later, TEI was in bankruptcy. What a ride! All told, the book has 63 tables and 32 figures on all aspects of TEI's rise, fall, and renaissance. Businesspeople will find especially absorbing the details of how the company's bankruptcy filing affected various stakeholders, the bankruptcy negotiation process, and the alternative post-bankruptcy financial structures that were considered. Those interested in the oil and gas industry will find the book a primer on the subject, with an appendix devoted to exploration and drilling, and another on oil and gas accounting. This is the comprehensive story of Texas International Inc., a small domestic oil and gas company, that needed new capital resources for growth. It turned to Drexel Burnham Lambert and Michael Milken who engineered the first junk bond issue at high interest rates. This book records the unusual events that befell the company, from its corporate growth and decline, debt exchange offers, and bankruptcy, to its corporate rebirth. Readers will find interesting background on the oil and gas industry as well as discussion of the financial wheeling and dealing that set the precedent for corporate financial innovations in the 1980's. Anyone interested in the 1990 financial issues of bankruptcy, exchange offers and corporate reorganization will find the book an illuminating case study. From Booknews, Inc. An account of the first company to approach Drexel Burnham Lambert and Michael Milken about floating high interest, minimally secured "junk bonds." Rich in detail, this story reminds us that a junk bond is only a high-yield security whose return compensates for the additional credit investors assume. A useful volume for college libraries where finance is an integral part of the curriculum. From Glenn Yago, CUNY [An] important contribution. ... The book provides important insights into how the biography of a firm (Texas International) intersected with the history of a market (the high yield market) to produce an entertaining and instructive chapter of American business history. From Judge Paul W. Glennon, Retired, US Bankruptcy Court, District of Massachusetts The book has a wide range of possibilities. ... as supplementary reading to students. ... And even those who practice in the areas of business law, accounting and investments can obtain a greater understanding and perspective of their professional expertise. From Martin s. Fridson, Merrill Lynch A richly detailed case study, Platt integrates corporate history, industry fundamentals, financial analysis and bankruptcy law on a scale that has rarely, if ever, been attempted. The book distills events that occurred over a number of years. Readers can imbibe lessons that would otherwise be inaccessible to all who had not lived through, and closely monitored, Texas International's ups and downs. In effect,The First Junk Bond is a valuable input into an expert system for securities ananlysts. Platt has provided a welcome dose of applied research in a field increasingly dominated by abstract theory. Other Beard Books by Harlan D. Platt

Specific and effective treatment is possible for many inborn errors due to advances in the understanding of their biochemical basis. Early clinical diagnosis is essential in ensuring that the affected infants will be benefited by these advances. Some of the modalities of treatment include regulation of substrate accumulation by restricted dietary intake (phenylalanine in phenylketonuria), regulation of endogenous production of substrate (NTBC treatment of hepatorenal tyrosinemia), acceleration of removal of substrate (dialysis or sodium benzoate in urea cycle disorders), replacement of products (thyroxine in inborn errors of thyroid hormone biosynthesis), enzyme replacement and gene transfer therapy. Treatment of diseases that occur due to mutation in the protein affecting the utilization or binding of a vitamin cofactor, with pharmacological doses of the vitamin, often results in correction of the metabolic defect and reversal of the signs of the disease. when treatment options are limited, there are benefits that follow an early diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis in a sick child avoids further unnecessary investigations, permits an accurate assessment of prognosis, and prevents the loss of an opportunity to make the diagnosis in the case of the death of the child. Furthermore, genetic advice can be offered to families with the prospect of prenatal diagnosis for future pregnancies, identification of other affected family members and carrier detection.

In summer 1858, at the height of this period of obscure tension, Dickinson began assembling her manuscript-books. She made clean copies of her poems on fine quality stationery and then sewed small bundles of these sheets together at the fold. Over the next seven years she created 40 such booklets and several unsewn sheaves, and altogether they contained about 800 poems. No doubt she intended to arrange her work in a convenient form, perhaps for her own use in sending poems to friends. Perhaps the assemblage was meant to remain private, like her earlier herbarium. Or perhaps, as implied in a poem of 1863, This is my letter to the world, she anticipated posthumous publication. Because she left no instructions regarding the disposition of her manuscript-books, her ultimate purpose in assembling them can only be conjectured. Dickinson sent more poems to her sister-in-law, Susan Gilbert Dickinson, a cultivated reader, than to any other known correspondent. Repeatedly professing eternal allegiance, these poems often imply that there was a certain distance between the twothat the sister-in-law was felt to be haughty, remote, or even incomprehensible. Yet Susan admired the poetry's wit and verve and offered the kind of personally attentive audience Dickinson craved. On one occasion, Susan's dissatisfaction with a poem, Safe in their alabaster chambers, resulted in the drafting of alternative stanzas. Susan was an active hostess, and her home was the venue at which Dickinson met a few friends, most importantly Samuel Bowles, publisher and editor of the influential Springfield Republican. Gregarious, captivating, and unusually liberal on the question of women's careers, Bowles had a high regard for Dickinson's poems, publishing (without her consent) seven of them during her lifetimemore than appeared in any other outlet. From 1859 to 1862 she sent him some of her most intense and confidential communications, including the daring poem Title divine is mine, whose speaker proclaims that she is now a Wife, but of a highly unconventional type. In those years Dickinson experienced a painful and obscure personal crisis, partly of a romantic nature. The abject and pleading drafts of her second and third letters to the unidentified person she called Master are probably related to her many poems about a loved but distant person, usually male. There has been much speculation about the identity of this individual. One of the first candidates was George Henry Gould, the recipient in 1850 of a prose Valentine from Dickinson. Some have contended that Master was a woman, possibly Kate Scott Anthon or Susan Dickinson. Richard Sewall's 1974 biography makes the case for Samuel Bowles. All such claims have rested on a partial examination of surviving documents and collateral evidence. Since it is now believed that the earliest draft to Master predates her friendship with Bowles, he cannot have been the person. On balance, Charles Wadsworth and possibly Gould remain the most likely candidates. Whoever the person was, Master's failure to return Dickinson's affectiontogether with Susan's absorption in her first childbirth and Bowles's growing invalidismcontributed to a piercing and ultimate sense of distress. In a letter, Dickinson described her lonely suffering as a terrorsince September[that] I could tell to none. Instead of succumbing to anguish, however, she came to view it as the sign of a special vocation, and it became the basis of an unprecedented creativity. A poem that seems to register this life-restoring act of resistance begins The zeroes taught us phosphorus, meaning that it is in absolute cold and nothingness that true brilliance originates. Though Dickinson wrote little about the American Civil War, which was then raging, her awareness of its multiplied tragedies seems to have empowered her poetic drive. As she confided to her cousins in Boston, apropos of wartime bereavements, Every day life feels mightier, and what we have the power to be, more stupendous. In the hundreds of poems Dickinson composed during the war, a movement can be discerned from the expression of immediate pain or exultation to the celebration of achievement and self-command. Building on her earlier quest for human intimacy and obsession with heaven, she explored the tragic ironies of human desire, such as fulfillment denied, the frustrated search for the absolute within the mundane, and the terrors of internal dissolution. She also articulated a profound sense of female subjectivity, expressing what it means to be subordinate, secondary, or not in control. Yet as the war proceeded, she also wrote with growing frequency about self-reliance, imperviousness, personal triumph, and hard-won liberty. The perfect transcendence she had formerly associated with heaven was now attached to a vision of supreme artistry. In April 1862, about the time Wadsworth left the East Coast for a pastorate in San Francisco, Dickinson sought the critical advice of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, whose witty article of advice to writers, A Letter to a Young Contributor, had just appeared in The Atlantic Monthly. Higginson was known as a writer of delicate nature essays and a crusader for women's rights. Enclosing four poems, Dickinson asked for his opinion of her versewhether or not it was alive. The ensuing correspondence lasted for years, with the poet sending her preceptor, as she called him, many more samples of her work. In addition to seeking an informed critique from a professional but not unsympathetic man of letters, she was reaching out at a time of accentuated loneliness. You were not aware that you saved my Life, she confided years later. Dickinson's last trips from Amherst were in 1864 and 1865, when she shared her cousins Louisa and Frances Norcross's boardinghouse in Cambridge and underwent a course of treatment with the leading Boston ophthalmologist. She described her symptoms as an aching in her eyes and a painful sensitivity to light. Of the two posthumous diagnoses, exotropia (a kind of strabismus, the inability of one eye to align with the other) and anterior uveitis (inflammation of the uvea, a part of the iris), the latter seems more likely. In 1869 Higginson invited the poet to Boston to attend a literary salon. The terms she used in declining his invitationI do not cross my Father's ground to any House or townmake clear her refusal by that time to leave home and also reveal her sense of paternal order. When Higginson visited her the next year, he recorded his vivid first impression of her plain features, exquisitely neat attire, childlike manner, and loquacious and exhausting brilliance. He was glad not to live near her. In her last 15 years Dickinson averaged 35 poems a year and conducted her social life mainly through her chiselled and often sibylline written messages. Her father's sudden death in 1874 caused a profound and persisting emotional upheaval yet eventually led to a greater openness, self-possession, and serenity. She repaired an 11-year breach with Samuel Bowles and made friends with Maria Whitney, a teacher of modern languages at Smith College, and Helen Hunt Jackson, poet and author of the novel Ramona (1884). Dickinson resumed contact with Wadsworth, and from about age 50 she conducted a passionate romance with Otis Phillips Lord, an elderly judge on the supreme court of Massachusetts. The letters she apparently sent Lord reveal her at her most playful, alternately teasing and confiding. In declining an erotic advance or his proposal of marriage, she asked, Dont you know you are happiest while I withhold and not conferdont you know that No' is the wildest word we consign to Language? After Dickinson's aging mother was incapacitated by a stroke and a broken hip, caring for her at home made large demands on the poet's time and patience. After her mother died in 1882, Dickinson summed up the relationship in a confidential letter to her Norcross cousins: We were never intimate Mother and Children while she was our Motherbut when she became our Child, the Affection came. The deaths of Dickinson's friends in her last yearsBowles in 1878, Wadsworth in 1882, Lord in 1884, and Jackson in 1885left her feeling terminally alone. But the single most shattering death, occurring in 1883, was that of her eight-year-old nephew next door, the gifted and charming Gilbert Dickinson. Her health broken by this culminating tragedy, she ceased seeing almost everyone, apparently including her sister-in-law. The poet died in 1886, when she was 55 years old. The immediate cause of death was a stroke. The attending physician attributed this to Bright's disease, but a modern posthumous diagnosis points to severe primary hypertension as the underlying condition.

The Internet is composed of thousands of ISPs that operate individual parts of the Internet infrastructure. ISPs engage in both formal and informal relationships to collectively and ubiquitously route traffic in the Internet. These relationships are usually realized in the form of business agreements that translate into engineering constraints on traffic flows within and across individual networks participating in the global Internet routing system. Accurate data on the structure of actual relationships among ASes is required for many research efforts concerned with performance, robustness, and evolution of the global Internet. Examples of both research and operational tasks that cannot neglect AS relationships include: - realistic simulations trying to model path inflation effects caused by routing policies; - understanding how packets are routed in the Internet and how to optimize Internet paths by analyzing existing deficiencies; - development of more scalable interdomain routing protocols and architectures, like HLP, that take into account the structure of AS relationships to optimize their performance; - evaluating how AS relationships affect the evolution of the Internet infrastructure and constructing economy-based models of the global Internet growth; - analysis of the spectrum of BGP configuration scenarios in order to develop more expressive routing protocols and configuration languages; - inference of AS paths in the Internet; - modeling the structure of routing tables and developing synthetic routing tables needed for simulations of routing table lookup algorithms; - development of better topology generators that account for the topological idiosyncrasies associated with AS relationships; - selection of data centers for server replicas by measuring the origin of traffic to existing servers and evaluating connectivity and AS relationships of candidate data centers; and - selection of peers or upstream providers based on connectivity and AS relationships of candidate ISPs. Although business agreements between ISPs can be complicated, the model introduced by Gao [GAO] abstracts business relationships into the following three most common types: customer-to-provider (c2p) (or if looked at from the opposite direction, provider-to-customer p2c), peer-to-peer (p2p), and sibling-to-sibling (s2s). The justification for this classification is that an AS must buy transit services for any traffic destined to parts of the Internet that this AS neither owns nor can reach through its customers. In Figure 1, where arrow directions reflect flows of money, ASes at lower levels pay ISPs at higher levels in exchange for access to the rest of the Internet. The customer ISP pays the provider ISP for transit. Links between a customer and a provider are c2p (p2c) links. In Figure 1, examples of c2p links are D->B, E->B, F->C, B->A, and C->A. A p2p link connects two ISPs who have agreed to exchange traffic on a quid pro quo basis. Peers exchange traffic only between each other and each other's customers. This relationship allows peering ISPs to save money on transit costs they would otherwise have to pay to their transit providers for such traffic. In Figure 1, B-C is a p2p link. Note the lack of direction of the link, indicating that neither B nor C is paying each other for the traffic they exchange. An s2s link connects two ASes administratively belonging to the same ISP. Such links usually appear as a result of mergers and acquisitions, or under certain network management scenarios. We also use the notion of money transfers between ASes to define valid and invalid AS paths. A valid path between source and destination ASes is one in which for every ISP providing transit (a transit provider), there is a payee. The payee of the transit provider must be its immediate neighbor in the path. An invalid path is one in which there is at least one transit provider not paid by a neighbor in the path. In Figure 2 the top two examples are valid paths, while the bottom two are invalid. In Example 1 the transit providers are A, B, and C. ISPs B and C pay to A, D pays to B, and F pays to C. In Example 2 the transit providers are B and C, and they are paid by D and F respectively. In contrast, in Example 3 the transit provider is B, but not only does no one pay B, but B itself pays both A and Z. Example 4 also illustrates a situation where nobody pays transit provider B. We conclude that a valid path must have the following valid path pattern: zero or more c2p links, followed by zero or one p2p link, followed by zero or more p2c links. In addition, s2s links can appear in any number anywhere in the path. History of inference algorithms Service providers consider the policy details of their business relationships as proprietary information and do not generally make them public. Therefore, Internet researchers have to rely upon indirect AS relationship inference algorithms in order to build a picture of Internet business structure. Gao's pioneering work [GAO] inspired many researchers to seek approaches to inferring ISP business relationships using information from publicly available BGP routing tables. Gao used the concept of valid paths as the basis for her inference heuristic and identified the top provider in a given path based on AS degree (the number of ASes connected to a given AS). Subramanian et al. [SARK] slightly relaxed the problem by not inferring s2s links, and provided a more elegant mathematical formulation based on the concept of valid paths. Assuming maximization of the number of valid paths as a natural objective, they formulated the AS relationship inference problem as a combinatorial optimization problem: given an undirected graph G derived from a set of BGP paths P, assign the edge type (c2p or p2p) to every edge in G such that the total number of valid paths in P is maximized. [SARK] called the problem the type-of-relationship (ToR) problem, conjectured that it is NP-complete, and provided a heuristic solution. Di Battista et al. [DPP] and independently Erlebach et al. [EHS] proved that the ToR problem is indeed NP-complete. EHS proved also that it is even harder, APX-complete. More importantly for practical purposes, both DPP and EHS demonstrated that p2p links cannot be inferred in the ToR problem formulation and developed mathematically rigorous approximate solutions to the ToR problem but inferred only c2p and p2c links. We note that neither [SARK] nor [GAO] technique offers a solution to the problem of reliable identification of p2p links due to their low accuracy as demonstrated by Xia et al. [XG]. In addition to its inability to infer p2p links, there are other issues with the ToR formulation that we identified in [DKH1]. In particular, for some links either relationship (c2p or p2c) results in the same number of invalid paths. As a result, ToR labels such links randomly, classifying them as c2p or p2c with 50%-50% probability. In some cases this approach leads to obviously incorrect inferences, e.g., well-known large providers are inferred as customers of small ASes. In [DKH1] we resolved this issue by using multiobjective optimization techniques incorporating both the notion of valid paths and AS importance as reflected in AS degree. In [DKH2] we introduce new improved algorithms to determine not only c2p but also p2p links. These improvements achieve high levels of accuracy of AS relationship inference as we demonstrate via direct validation with network administrators of a set of ASes. One useful view of the resulting relationship graph is to examine the customer cone -- the set of ASes that can be reached from each AS following only its customer links. The size of the customer cone of an AS reflects the number of ASes that pay, directly or indirectly for transit, and provides a better metric of the size of an AS than its degree. A naive method to maximize the number of valid paths creates Strongly Connected Components (SCC)s in the graph [HK]. By definition, an AS i can reach every other AS j in the SCC by following customer links, and hence it can also reach every AS in the customer cone of AS j. In all cases we examined this SCC eventually contains all Tier 1 ASes, making it impossible to differentiate between them. We are currently working on a new method which prevents the creation of an SCC, albeit at the cost of reducing the number of valid paths from 99.6% to around 97%. We implemented the following methodology of the relationship-based AS ranking: - Build an AS-level graph of the Internet from publicly available BGP table data and annotate links in this graph with inferred AS relationships. - Define the AS customer cone of an AS A as the AS A itself plus all the ASes that can be reached from A following only p2c and s2s links (but not c2p or p2p!). In other words, A's customer cone is A, plus A's customers, plus its customers' customers, and so on. - Rank ASes by the following three customer cone size metrics: the number of ASes in the cone, the number of unique prefixes advertised by these ASes, and the number of /24 blocks in the union of these prefixes. The size of the AS customer cone in terms of the number of ASes in the cone provides a coarse measure since individual AS sizes can differ drastically. ASes with larger customer cones have an especially important role in the Internet's capital and governance structure. At the top of this hierarchy are ISPs commonly known as Tier-1 ISPs. They do not pay for transit to upstream providers at all; instead they peer with each other to guarantee their connectivity to all destinations in the Internet. At the bottom of the hierarchy are customer ASes who do not have their own customers and pay providers to reach all destinations in the Internet. ISPs maintain a set of points-of-presence (PoPs) -- locations where ISPs have routers/servers and related equipment/personnel -- across the world. The refer to the set of these PoP locations as the ISP's geographic footprint . Geographic footprint is an important part of peer selection, as an ISP can only peer with other ISPs at locations where both ISPs have a PoP. To infer an ISP's geographic footprint, we start with the set of prefixes in the BGP tables from the Route Views project routeview2 node and RIPE NCC's rcc12 node. We then break down these prefixes into the smallest set of IP addresses which Netacuity maps to the same geographic location. We set this as the lower bound on the number of metro areas in which the ISP has presence. Although we know of no more rigorous empirical analysis of macroscopic Internet topology enriched with AS relationships, we recognize that resource limitations constrain the quality of the science we can do. - AS relationships are more complex than allowed for in our approach. The semantics of routing relationships between the same two ASes can differ by peering location or even by prefix; our model oversimplifies these cases by assigning a single relationship to each pair of ASes. - A truly accurate picture of the Internet topology would require collection of data from every AS, while our automated ranking procedure is limited to the measurement points publicly available at Route Views. - As in all analyses of massive datasets, our heuristics have a number of associated external parameters. We fine tune the values of these parameters based on our pre-existing (but limited) notion of the correct answer as well as experience with the algorithm that suggests auspicious ranges. More monitor points, more probing, cross-correlative analysis in conjunction with other sources of data, and more powerful data processing techniques to support larger topology samples would improve the integrity and utility of the relationship-based AS ranking. Download the AS links annotated with AS relationships Dataset Please cite this dataset as follows: The CAIDA AS Relationships Dataset, <date range used>. http://www.caida.org/data/as-relationships/ For more information, email [email protected]. Data is available from 2004 to present, with one file created per week in 2006 and one per month in prior years. Each file contains a full AS graph derived from RouteViews BGP table snapshots taken at 8-hour intervals over a 5-day period. The AS relationships available are customer-provider (and provider-customer in the opposite direction), peer-to-peer, and sibling-to-sibling. See the comments at the beginning of each file for details of the file format. The general procedure for creating a file is as follows: - Extract all AS links from RouteViews snapshots. - Infer customer-provider relationships, and annotate AS links. - Infer peer-to-peer relationships, and annotate AS links, possibly overriding customer-provider relationships inferred in step 2. - Heuristically fix suspicious looking inferred relationships (e.g., a low-degree AS acting as provider to a high-degree AS). - Infer sibling ASes (that is, ASes belonging to the same organization) from WHOIS, and annotate AS links, possibly overriding previous relationship annotations. - AS Relationships: Inference and Validation - Inferring AS Relationships: Dead End or Lively Beginning? - AS relationships are used to determine the ranking of ASes based on the size of customer cones. The rankings are available through the AS rank CGI. - In the paper Revealing the Autonomous System Taxonomy: The Machine Learning Approach, AS relationships play an important role in classification of ASes into the following broad categories: large ISPs, small ISPs, customer networks, university networks, Internet exchange points, and network information centers. An empirical AS taxonomy based on these categories is available for download at the Autonomous System Taxonomy Repository page. |[GAO]||L. Gao, On Inferring Autonomous System Relationships in the Internet, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, December 2001.| |[SARK]||L. Subramanian, S. Agarwal, J. Rexford, and R. H. Katz, Characterizing the Internet Hierarchy from Multiple Vantage Points, IEEE INFOCOM, 2002.| |[DPP]||G. Di Battista, M. Patrignani, and M. Pizzonia, Computing the Types of the Relationships between Autonomous Systems, IEEE INFOCOM, 2003.| |[EHS]||T. Erlebach, A. Hall, and T. Schank, Classifying Customer-Provider Relationships in the Internet, Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Communications and Computer Networks (CCN), 2002.| |[XG]||J. Xia and L. Gao, On the Evaluation of AS Relationship Inferences, IEEE Globecom, 2004.| |[DKH1]||X. Dimitropoulos, D. Krioukov, B. Huffaker, kc claffy, and G. Riley, Inferring AS Relationships: Dead End or Lively Beginning, International Workshop on Efficient and Experimental Algorithms (WEA), 2005.| |[DKH2]||X. Dimitropoulos, D. Krioukov, M. Fomenkov, B. Huffaker, Y. Hyun, kc claffy, and G. Riley, AS Relationships: Inference and Validation, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review (CCR), v.37, n.1, pp.29-40, 2007.| |[HK]||B. Hummel and S. Kosub Acyclic Type-of-Relationship Problems on the Internet: An Experimental Analysis , In Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC'2007), pages 221-226. ACM Press, New York, NY, 2007.|

Changsha Featured Food: Liu Defang Tangyuan (dumpling In Soup) Liu Defang Tangyuan is a famous snack of Changsha City. It is sold in Liu Defang Tangyuan Restaurant only, which was established in Daoguang Period (1812-1850) of Qing Dynasty. Liu Defang, nicknamed Liu San, was born in a poor family and sold tangyuan to make a living. Due to the good material and nice taste, his tangyuan was very famous. In 1852, Liu Defang went to buy flour and found that there was a sycee in the flour. So he went to buy six bags of flours and got another six sycees. With the silver, he bought a restaurant to run tangyuan. For the nice taste of its tangyuan, the restaurant has been very popular. Talk about Baozi (steamed stuffed bun), one must talk about Deyuan. Deyuan Baozi has thin skin and big stuffing. The sweet stuffing is made of candy, rose candy or sweet-scented osmanthus candy. The meat stuffing is made of pork, dried mushroom and jelly oil. Deyuan was built during Guangxu Period of Qing Dynasty. It got its name from "where there is morality; where there is happiness, there is endurance" from the ancient book "The Spring and Autumn with commentary". Originally, it was a small shop run by a couple. After several times of change of owners, there was no great success. In the beginning of the Republic of China, several unemployed official chefs bough Deyuan and moved it to the crossing of Fangxi Lane, Huangxinglu, offering the customers the dishes of feudal official. There were always some leftover of seafood and fresh foods, so they chopped these food and made the stuffing for baozi. To their surprise, the baozi with such stuffing was quite popular. Bean Curd With Odor The best bean curd with odor is at Huogongdian Restaurant, which has a history of one hundred years. 1958, Chairman Mao had bean curd with odor in Honggongdian Restaurant when he visited Changsha City. Bean curd with odor in Huogongdian Restaurant is made of Liuyang fermented soybeans and bittern which was made of winter bamboo shoot, dried mushroom and koji wine. The fried bean curd of odor is crispy outside and tender inside. It is so delicious to eat with capsicum oil, castor oil and sauce. Maren Crispy Duck Changsha Maren Crispy Duck is the masterpiece of Shi Yinxiang, the famous chef in Changsha. Fry the fat duck and pour oil to the skin until the skin is golden. Add some pepper power, sesame oil and cut to pieces. Put to the plate and decorate with head, wings, duck webs and caraway. Lobster is kind of big shrimp with crust propagating crazily in the lakes. With pepper, aniseed, fennel, garlic, gingers and other seasonings, stir-fry it with wine and cook it until done. It look red and quite delicious. It is so hot, but one cannot help eating it again and again. Page 1 of 1 First Previous 1 Next Last You might also be interested in: There are 0 comments on this topic Top Things to Do in Changsha Travel Confidently with Us 10,000 Satisfied Customers 50 Years in China Travel Industry Quick Response within 24 hours Secured Online Payment Group Tours with Solo Adventure No Hidden Fees and No Traps

Law Prof says Government plans will ‘unravel marriage’ Thu, 1 Nov 2012 Government plans to redefine marriage are “disingenuous” and marriage will “eventually unravel altogether”, a law professor has said. Professor Julian Rivers, an editor-in-chief of the Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, said the Government was being “disingenuous” by falsely claiming a distinction between civil and religious marriage. Prof Rivers said: “Marriage risks becoming any formalised domestic arrangement between any number of people for any length of time. On such a trajectory, marriage will eventually unravel altogether.” He warned that this “is too high a price to pay for a proposal which fulfils no practical legal need”. Prof Rivers, Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Bristol Law School, said: “Marriage affirms the equal value of men and women, and promotes the welfare of children. “Moreover, the logic of equal recognition and radical choice means that the boundaries of any new definition will be far more vulnerable. Challenges to its exclusivity, its permanence and even its sexual nature will be unavoidable.” He warned that the Government’s proposals seem “to rest on reasons of equality, stability and convenience” but that “on closer inspection” these reasons are “respectively incomplete, speculative and negligible”. Prof Rivers’ comments came in a report for the Jubilee Centre’s Cambridge papers. Prime Minister David Cameron is committed to introducing same-sex marriage by 2015. However, more than 600,000 people have signed a petition, by the Coalition for Marriage, calling for the divisive measures to be ditched. Earlier this month homosexual Conservative MP Conor Burns said there was “no clamour” for redefining marriage within the homosexual community. This content requires the Adobe Flash Player. Download Adobe Flash Player here.

Ok so I'm looking at buying an Antares breastplate but I can only find one site that has the one I'm looking for. I was hoping someone on here may know of other places I can find it. Heres a link to the one Im looking for, not the common elastic one..... But it is so beautiful and buttery soft! It's only been used once and has been oiled. I don't think I could part with it...even though it appears my horse won't be needing one anytime soon. I found mine on ebay. I just bought this one in March of this year - Greenhawk had to order it direct from Antares, I waited a couple of weeks for it. (mine is probably for sale end of October when we lease a new horse.,,, just saying!) My friend got hers from an Antares dealer a month or so ago. They have plenty. They usually come with a running attachment. Fear not! They are still out there. However they are pricey, perhaps that is why you are having difficulty finding them. You will probably want a 2 or even a 1; definitely not a 3. I have four of their breastplates, including the one the OP is looking for and they're all designed for broad shouldered horses. My eq horse is 17.3 and 1800 lbs and broad as the day is long and the 3 is still a tad big for him; I have it on the smallest settings! But they are all gorgeous and have held up beautifully through very hard use! Nine out of ten times, you'll get it wrong...but it's that tenth time that you get it right that makes all the difference.

Kosmer deserves your vote While it’s important for all of the candidates running for Otsego County representative to be well versed in the many issues facing Otsego County, there is one issue that dominates: hydrofracking and natural gas drilling. John Kosmer has shown real leadership on this grave matter since his co-founding of Sustainable Otsego. Our businesses, big and small, our crucial tourism revenue and our residential way of life would all be irreparably damaged with the advent of fracking and drilling. Though it’s fine to be a latecomer to the issue, opposing the will of the vast majority of the residents and their duly elected town board is not. John Kosmer was out in front of the major issue facing us all. For that alone, he deserves your vote. Sustainable Otsego candidates have foresight I write to endorse the candidacy of John Kosmer for county board of representatives from the town of Otsego, along with Bennett Sandler and Julie Huntsman for town board in the town of Otsego. All these candidates have been in the forefront of resistance to gas drilling in our area; they have provided an unprecedented service to our community by providing a forum for local residents to express their views via petitions and phone surveys to our local elected representatives. Through their efforts, it became clear that voters in the town of Otsego overwhelmingly opposed fracking. This is no opinion, but, thanks to them, a documented fact. Because of their efforts, the town of Otsego amended its Land Use Law to prohibited heavy industry, including fracking, in the town. What is important here is that these three people did not, like their opponents, put up a finger to see which way the wind was blowing. Instead they recognized a grave threat to our community and took steps to avert it. If things were left to their opponents, the town would be at the mercy of the frackers. Business as usual is no longer good enough. In a time of increasing scarcity of resources, and of decreasing reliability of state and federal governments to protect local interests, we need people in office who can provide real leadership in anticipation of problems. This leadership will be vital to a myriad of other town and county issues. Fortunately, the town of Otsego has an opportunity to elect Kosmer, Sandler and Huntsman, candidates with foresight and courage. Vote for them on Election Day, Nov. 8. Kosmer for county rep This is a letter of support for citizen John Kosmer for county representative. Look for Sustainable Otsego slate, and pull the levers. I had a visit the other day from a county rep asking me for his support. Why would I support county reps who have passed the buck on gas drilling? “The state does not give us authority,” he said.”We hired an engineering firm to look at the roads,” he added. That’s not good enough. Looking for someone else to protect that which is most dear to us right here is not good enough. John Kosmer for county rep, on the Sustainable Otsego line: he’s not looking for excuses.

Graphic Design B.F.A. Program Outcomes The Department of Art and Design serves the upper Midwest region as a vital resource for individuals seeking a comprehensive education in the visual arts. The department strives to tailor its programs to meet the specific and diverse needs of students pursuing careers in studio practice, art education, art history and graphic design. The department provides the setting for an investigation of the visual arts in practice, theory and critical discourse. Students and faculty contribute significantly to an enhanced cultural environment within our region and beyond, through ongoing scholarly research, exhibitions, collaborations and creative activities. The department is committed to maintaining the highest standards of achievement in the areas of academic excellence and professional practice in an atmosphere that promotes effective learning and the open exchange of ideas and information. Student Learning Outcomes With a BFA degree in Graphic Design our graduates will: 1. Understand the relationships among culture, society, business and design. 2. Know the basics of design history and theory, and recognize the connections and influences on contemporary practice. 3. Use an interdisciplinary design process that includes research, collaboration, spontaneous and experimental thinking, systematic thinking, iterative development, effective choice of materials and techniques, and presentation of finished work using the vocabulary of design. 4. Solve visual communication problems in 2D, 3D, and 4D using conceptual thinking, imagery, typography, and type-and-image combinations powerfully, effectively and responsibly, all with a high degree of usability. 5. Use current graphic design industry-standard software effectively. 6. Prepare and be able to present a portfolio of work. 7. Analyze, interpret, critique and evaluate graphic design taking into consideration issues including (but not limited to) impact, cultural relevance, effectiveness, ethics and ecological sustainability.

Internal Control Systems as a Point of Differentiation Current situation and optimization approaches Although the 8th Company Law Directive of the EU poses new challenges for European companies, it also opens up great opportunities. The study “ICS – Internal Control Systems as a Point of Differentiation” provides an overview of the objectives of the new regulations. It analyzes the degree of implementation in Germany and Austria and describes concrete points for beginning optimization. Companies can find tips here for improving their internal control system (ICS) as a way to set themselves apart proactively from the competition. Extensive balance sheet fraud and spectacular collapses of major companies such as Enron, Worldcom, or Lehman Brothers have repeatedly brought the topic of internal control systems to the forefront of discussions in recent years. In 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in the USA; it focuses in particular on the systematic uncovering and monitoring of risks in accounting processes. Now, more than four years after the passage of this act, the European Union has issued comprehensive corporate governance and compliance rules in the 8th EU Directive and the 4th and 7th EU Directives. These new legal regulations are generally expected to provide stricter monitoring and effectiveness of internal control, auditing, and risk management systems. The implementation of the directives in national law has begun in the various countries. The Company Law Amendment Act (URÄG) went into effect in Austria on 01/01/2009; application of the Balance Sheet Law Modernization Act (BilMoG) became mandatory for all companies in Germany for the first time on 01/01/2010. However, the implementation of the new regulations in corporations gives rise to gray areas. For example, the law requires the definition of “important features” of the company’s ICS and risk management system with respect to the accounting process. But lawmakers did not explain in greater detail what they meant by the term “important features”. So a continued lack of clarity in the legal requirements for the ICS creates uncertainty in companies regarding the scope of the necessary measures. This study was conducted by Detecon (Schweiz) AG. It briefly describes the current status of ICS implementation in Germany and Austria and provides insights into the degree of implementation of the requirements of the new directives. Moreover, it reveals potential for increasing efficiency and effectiveness within internal control systems and develops recommendations for further action. An effective and efficient design of the ICS and the related strengthening of corporate governance raises the competitiveness of companies, contributing to differentiation from competitors.Next page

Public Records Request All public records of the Employment Development Department (EDD) subject to disclosure under the provisions of the California Public Records Act, Government Code Sections 6250 et seq., are open to inspection. The EDD will make such records or information available for inspection during normal business hours. Under no circumstances may any original records be removed from any EDD office. The EDD will also provide a copy of identifiable public records upon request. The first 100 pages are free of charge, and thereafter there is a ten cents ($0.10) per page charge for duplication. Cost for electronic copies will be ascertained separately. Request for Public Records Any person wishing to inspect or request a copy of EDD public records can contact EDD verbally or in writing as follows: - Submit a request online through Ask EDD. Select the category “Public Records Request,” and then select the appropriate topic, “Request to Inspect EDD Public Records at an EDD Location,” or “Request a Copy of EDD Public Records,” or, - Make a request to any EDD public office, or, - Mail the request to the EDD Information Security Office, MIC 33, P.O. Box 826880, Sacramento, CA 94280-0001. Within 10 days from the date the request is received, the EDD will determine if the disclosable public records are in the possession of the EDD and notify the requester of its determination. In unusual circumstances, EDD will notify the requester in writing of the reasons for delay in making such determination. The EDD may request additional information if the record requested is not specific enough to permit identification. Public records in electronic form will be released in the format in which they are held unless otherwise prohibited. When the requested record exists in both hard copy and electronic form, the requester can choose the format in which the records will be provided. While the EDD will disclose identifiable and existing public records, the EDD is not required to synthesize, manufacture, or summarize records, (i.e., develop new records) in response to a request. The Legislature has established that certain categories of records may be exempt from public disclosure. These exemptions balance the public’s right to access public records against the individuals’ right of privacy and the need for government to competently perform its statutory duties. A list of statutory exemptions can be found in the California Public Records Act, Government Code Section 6254 and 6275. If the EDD has declined to provide access to the records, the requester may seek injunctive or declarative relief in any court of competent jurisdiction to enforce the right to inspect or to receive a copy of any public record under the California Public Records Act, Government Code Section 6258.

Summary of Branch Meeting - Feb 19 February 2012 A spirited & detailed debate - sadly in Jean's absence due to work commitments & unfortunate dental problems for Maggie! As usual tho we were not stuck for words - with comments as follows: "Women contribute 50 per cent of licence fee funding to the BBC. If we aren't 50 per cent of the faces on TV, I suggest we get a discount. The majority of roles are stereotypical whiny, teary woman or the "strong woman" - why can't female characters be as flawed, interesting & funny as the male ones?" We have seen this borne out in the fabulous "Scott & Bailey" - written, produced & directed by women but these are the exception. Mostly the median age for the lead female actors is somewhere in the 20's. There is sadly a somewhat sexist writing in Steven Moffat's Doctor Who which is therefore not spreading a good message to our younger viewers who will be the next generation writers, directors & producers. Worryingly it is worse within theatre than TV so depressing that The Bush Theatre's season was a ratio of 5 men to 1 women in their upcoming season: This is not just gender specific however - the problem of poor range of parts is indissolubly linked with that of few good parts for actors of middle age & older. One difficulty is that the manner in which emerging playwrights are recognised and supported creates a lot of the problem. Most festivals of New Writing specify that playwrights must be under (typically) 30 and/or not had public performance before. Many, if not most, doubtless in order to showcase the largest number possible (and sell tickets to all their friends) specify short pieces: 10. 20 mins. Some set a time limit on the writing/devising/rehearsal process, or limit the subject matter to a 'response' to a particular issue or play. Old Vic New Voices adds to these vices, an age limit in directors & cast. The result is that playwrights with limited life experience, utterly unaware that an age exists between their own and 'old, like my nan/grandad' are encouraged.pressurised/taught that the way to advancement is callow, uncrafted, underdeveloped squibs. The fact that very a very few achieve genuine quality under these circumstances is remarkable & admirable. In the meantime concientious, excellent developing playwrights are out to pasture or self-producing on the frings the minute the clock stops chiming on their 30th birthday, just as they are beginning to know enough about the world & people to write work worth performing & watching. The BIG question is what can we all do about it? ................ 1) Continue backing Equity's campaign for equality 2) Raise awareness at every opportunity 3) Need women in top jobs across the board in every job. 4) Be persistent & remind people in POWER 5) Continue with all equal pay campaigns - Womens wages are still 60% lower than men. On Forbidden Planet a few years ago - the actresses were paid £200 - £100 less than the male actors.

The International Code Council's Appeals Board unanimously found no wrong doing in the Sept. 21 vote on IRC Proposal RB64-07/08 mandating fire sprinklers in new single-family homes, according to Firehouse.com Contributor Michael O'Brian, who attended the meeting today (Dec. 11). The board's decision will be forwarded to ICC CEO Rick Weiland and voted on by its board of directors at a meeting scheduled for next Friday in Las Vegas. If the denial of the appeal is upheld by ICC's Board of Directors, the International Residential Code will required the installation of fire sprinklers in single family homes beginning Jan. 1, 2011. The IRC is the model code governing residential construction in 46 states plus the District of Columbia. Following the resolution's passing in September, the National Association of Homebuilders filed an appeal on Oct. 30, contending that the ICC failed to provide a balance of interest in voting. The letter of appeal stated the ICC did not "prevent a single interest group, specifically the fire service, from unfairly dominating the voting at the final action hearings." One argument made by the NAHB during the appeal hearing at the appeal hearing was that they didn't believe volunteer members of the fire service should have been allowed to vote, according to O'Brian. He said many career members of the fire service in attendance at the appeal hearing spoke out in support of the right of volunteer firefighters to vote during the final action hearing. While close to two thousand people were on hand for hearing held on Sept. 21 in Minneapolis, only approximately 50 people attended the appeal hearing, which took place at the Wyndam O'Hare in Rosemont, Ill. and lasted close to six hours. - National Association of Homebuilders Appeals Sprinkler Vote - Resolution Mandating Fire Sprinklers Passes - Group Pushes for Code Mandating Fire Sprinklers in Single-Family Homes - New Life Safety Codes Increase Safety - NFPA's Take: Study Provides Data in Argument for Home Fire Sprinklers - Understanding Residential Sprinkler Systems and Related Codes

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THE GOSHEN NEWS Vern and Vicky (Walston) Stroman, Goshen, are celebrating their 60th wedding anniversary. They were married July 30, 1953, at First Baptist Church in Elkhart by the Rev. Herbert Scott. Their children include Linda (Michael) Simmons, Howe, Cinda (Gary) Haney, Goshen, and Mark (Tara) Stroman, Bristol. They have seven grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren. The Stroman’s celebration plans include a family get-together at the home of their daughter and son-in-law in Howe, who will be celebrating their 40th anniversary. He served in the U.S. Navy 1951-1955 and owned and operated the family business, Troyer Seed Company in Goshen, until his retirement in 2000. She worked as a librarian at Model School for 10 years before joining the family business. She retired in 2000.

And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. (Matthew 6:12) Those who trust in the Lord Jesus Christ have received God’s pardon for sin and are saved from eternal hell. And since, as we have seen, this prayer is given to believers, the debts referred to here are those incurred by Christians when they sin. Immeasurably more important than our need for daily bread is our need for continual forgiveness of sin. Because man’s greatest problem is sin, his greatest need is forgiveness-and that is what God provides. Though we have been forgiven the ultimate penalty of sin, as Christians we need God’s constant forgiveness for the sins we continue to commit. We are to pray, therefore, forgive us. Forgiveness is the central theme of this entire passage (vv. 9–15), being mentioned six times in eight verses. Everything leads to or issues from forgiveness. Believers have experienced once-for-all God’s judicial forgiveness, which they received the moment Christ was trusted as Savior. We are no longer condemned, no longer under judgment, no longer destined for hell (Rom. 8:1). The eternal Judge has declared us pardoned, justified, righteous. No one, human or satanic, can condemn or bring any “charge against God’s elect” (Rom. 8:33–34). But because we still fall into sin, we frequently require God’s gracious forgiveness, His forgiveness not now as Judge but as Father. “If we say that we have no sin, we are deceiving ourselves, and the truth is not in us,” John warns believers. But, he goes on to assure us, “If we confess our sins, He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness” (1 John 1:8–9). Jesus gives the prerequisite for receiving forgiveness in the words, as we also have forgiven our debtors. The principle is simple but sobering: if we have forgiven, we will be forgiven; if we have not forgiven, we will not be forgiven. We are to forgive because it is the character of righteousness, and therefore of the faithful Christian life, to forgive. Citizens of God’s kingdom are blessed and receive mercy because they themselves are merciful (Matt. 5:7). They love even their enemies because they have the nature of the loving heavenly Father within them (5:44–45, 48). Forgiveness is the mark of a truly regenerate heart. Still we fail to be consistent with that mark and need constant exhortation because of the strength of sinful flesh (Rom. 7:14–25). We are also to be motivated to forgive because of Christp’s example. “Be kind to one another,” Paul says, “tender-hearted, forgiving each other, just as God in Christ also has forgiven you” (Eph. 4:32). John tells us, “The one who says he abides in Him ought himself to walk in the same manner as He walked” (1 John 2:6). Because it reflects God’s own gracious forgiveness, the forgiving of another person’s sin expresses the highest virtue of man. “A man’s discretion makes him slow to anger, and it is his glory to overlook a transgression” (Prov. 19:11). Forgiving others also frees the conscience of guilt. Unforgiveness not only stands as a barrier to God’s forgiveness but also interferes with peace of mind, happiness, satisfaction, and even the proper functioning of the body. Forgiving others is of great benefit to the whole congregation of believers. Probably few things have so short-circuited the power of the church as unresolved conflicts among its members. “If I regard wickedness in my heart,” the psalmist warns himself and every believer, “the Lord will not hear” (Ps. 66:18). The Holy Spirit cannot work freely among those who carry grudges and harbor resentment (see Matt. 5:23–24; 1 Cor. 1:10–13; 3:1–9). Forgiving others also delivers us from God’s discipline. Where there is an unforgiving spirit, there is sin; and where there is sin, there will be chastening (Heb. 12:5–13). Unrepented sins in the church at Corinth caused many believers to be weak, sick, and even to die (1 Cor. 11:30). But the most important reason for being forgiving is that it brings God’s forgiveness to the believer. That truth is so important that Jesus reinforces it after the close of the prayer (vv. 14–15). Nothing in the Christian life is more important than forgiveness-our forgiveness of others and God’s forgiveness of us. In the matter of forgiveness, God deals with us as we deal with others. We are to forgive others as freely and graciously as God forgives us. The Puritan writer Thomas Manton said, “There is none so tender to others as they which have received mercy themselves, for they know how gently God hath dealt with them.”

Ischemic myocardial necrosis usually resulting from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow to a segment A myocardial infarct, or heart attack, occurs when the blood supply to some part of the heart muscle (myocardium) is abruptly stopped. This is often due to clotting in a coronary blood vessel. Blood supplying the heart muscle comes entirely from two coronary arteries, both lying along the outside surface of the heart. If one of these arteries or any part of one suddenly becomes blocked, the area of the heart being supplied by the artery dies. The death of a portion of the heart muscle is a myocardial infarct, and the amount of the heart affected by the sudden occlusion will determine the severity of the attack. If the heart continues to function, the dead portion is eventually walled off as new vascular tissue supplies the needed blood to adjacent areas. As is discussed elsewhere, stress can be a contributing factor here too. The details of this relationship are not entirely clear, but may be due to the fact that stress increases the stickiness of blood and makes it more likely to clot. Anxiety, fear, and stress may bring on such attacks, as there is an increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline release at such times. These hormones increase the work of the heart, making it beat faster. The pain experienced is itself a stress; sufferers become afraid of having an attack and the heightened anxiety makes one more likely. Actions indicated for the processes behind this disease: Cardiac Tonic: will aid in the renewal of tissue and regaining as much cardiac function Peripheral Vaso-dilator: help the process of re-oxygenation of ischemic tissue as well as helping the prevention of another attack. Hypotensive: are often appropriate because of associated hypertension. They are usually indicated cardiac tonics as well. Nervine: will ease the stress component, which may be either causal or a result of experiencing The cardiovascular system needs all the tonic support it can get. Similarly the nervous system will have experienced a major shock. Post-infarctrecovery may be helped with the judicious use of adaptogens. Crataegus may be thought of as a specific here, as with many other myocardial problems. One possible prescription for post-infarct recovery: Broader Context of Treatment - Hawthorn -- 3 parts - Yarrow -- 1 part - Linden Blossom -- 1 part - Siberian Ginseng -- 1 part - Ginkgo -- 2 parts - to 2.5ml of tincture combination 3 times a day - Garlic should be used as a dietary supplement. Counseling support during the process of life-style re-evaluation is very important. Similar issues must be addressed as those already covered above.

- الموقع الجغرافي الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا - السن 5 Every once in a while a new voice emerges with the power to change the world. I.M.O.W. Global Council Member Zainab Salbi is such a voice. Ms. Salbi inspires and moves audiences with the passion of her personal experience as a survivor of war and her dedication to rebuilding communities after war, one woman at a time. She has raised her voice, and thousands of women have responded to the call, to help women survivors of war rebuild their lives through her organization, Women for Women International. Ms. Salbi survived the bombs and lies of living in the shadows of Saddam Hussein. She writes about those terrifying years in her memoir, Between Two Worlds: Escape from Tyranny: Growing Up in the Shadow of Saddam (Gotham, 2005). She escaped Iraq and through adversity began to help other women whose lives had been torn apart by war. Her personal story inspires; her passion moves. Since Salbi founded Women for Women International in 1993, tens of thousands of women have joined a quiet but strong movement to help women survivors of wars and civil strife to rebuild their lives. One by one, 55,000 women survivors of war have begun to contribute to the political and economic health of their societies. Salbi has dedicated her life to the belief that stronger women build stronger nations. She serves on the advisory boards of the Clinton Global Initiative, the Peter Gruber Foundation Women’s Rights Prize, World Pulse Magazine and the International Museum of Women. Salbi earned a Master Degree in Development Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science in 2001 and a Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology and Women’s Studies from George Mason University in 1996. تم تغيير المعروض بواسطة: اقرئي المناقشات التي في منتدى المجتمع ثم أضيفي صوتك. ابدئي طالعي التصرفات التي في معرض النساء، والسلطة، والسياسة أو قدمي مساهمتك.ابدئي ارفعي الوثائق كي تظهر في معلوماتك الشخصية. Curate your own exhibition of museum content! Add your favorite stories to your profile by navigating to the story page and clicking on the + sign in the right column.

After quite some time your solo film is coming? I don't think about these things. I don't look at it like that. I never think that I need to do solo films and solo scripts. In between I heard a couple of scripts but didn't take it up. But then Jolly LLB came and I liked it. How you do you balance between commercial films and other films? I don't think so hard in life at all. People send me scripts and I listen to everyone. If I am not interested I don't take it up. I am talking about big filmmakers as well and not only new comers. Lots of big films which came and died worked for me. Do you think the promotion is tougher when it is a solo film? Yes. Because when you are alone there is no one else, you have to do it yourself. When it's a multi starrer there are others. When there are so many actors, you have your own scenes. When I am shooting for a solo film, I didn't get a break. For Jolly LLB I didn't even have any days off. I just got two days off when I was not required. But that is no reason for not doing good film. You have portrayed many funny characters... do you think it is safe for you? If you really look at me, eight out of ten films have comedy. Humour is the safest bet. Not only me, Akshay, Salman everyone is doing comedy. You can't help it. The producer wants his money back and comedy people go and see. Drama they might think. But comedy they really see. Even in films like Special Chabbis there is humour. There are different types of comedies. Which one you enjoy? I don't like sex comedies or over the top. I like intelligent and smart humour. It is very easy to write sex comedies, its crap. Even over the top banana peel comedy, it's typical. What's difficult to write is an Angoor, Chashme Buddoor. You are not using anything else to make it funny...you have to rely on your intelligence. I prefer to do cleaner films. I was offered all these Kya Kool and all, but I refused...great it works; happy that people made money but I don't want my kid thinking what is my dad doing. According to you humour is a safe bet? Actors are the most insecure fragile people and everyone is hungry for a hit. Look at Mr Bachchan, he is so dignified, when you talk to him. See the work he does, his ads and all. Do you think he likes it, I am sure he doesn't but that's what works. That is what people want to see. They want to see you in funny attire doing silly things. Do you have any regrets in your career? Yes I do many. Don't want to talk about them. All of us do have regrets. We have all done things. It's just that if I was in a position to make choices, I would never do those things. So now I say no most of the times. This movie has clean comedy, not one double meaning line. It is humorous and you will not be embarrassed to watch it with your parents or anyone. I am happy with doing less work then thinking every day on the set about what I am doing. I'd rather not do that. Don't you like watching comedy? When you are an actor you do things because you are required to do that. Ask anyone, they will all have their own things which they want to do. Sometimes you get to do things which you want to do, but it doesn't happen all the time. I am lucky to do Jolly LLB. It's funny, smart and a great film. This doesn't happen too often. I go through so many scripts and then I come across a Jolly LLB. Any author backed role again you want to do? I never played a character again. Playing it again and again will make it lose its sanctity. People have to write author backed roles. The only person who is doing author backed roles is Salman. Because you are writing a script around how he is. He is like that, he says what he says; he does what he does and you are writing a film around it. Other than this, all actors are playing a character which is written by someone. And playing Circuit again and again is like abusing it. I will play it once I know for sure that Munnabhai will never be made again. I was asked in many ads to play it, but I refused. Who you think is good at comedy? Ask me who I think is really good at comedy, it's Akshay Kumar. He has his own niche; he makes me laugh. You have to be besharam while doing comedy. Salman has his own peculiar style. It is fun. But at the moment, Akshay is fabulous. What about your production house and the movie? Not at the moment because I have lots of work. I need to finish all that. Production takes a lot of time and it is a big headache. You have replaced Aamir in Chambal Safari? A: No I don't think anyone can replace Aamir. I am sure must have wanted Aamir in the film but I don't it is a big deal. It's a very good script Status of Dedh ishqiya? We are starting to shoot for it. It is a very good film. I am opposite Huma. I love Madhuri but I am not paired with her. I think Madhuri and I would have looked odd. In any near future are we going to see Arshad as director? I would love to direct a film, but I don't have the time at the moment. Maybe little later. I have too many projects. Sanjay is a friend and a very good actor. But there are so many good actors now.

$0.00 donated in past month The Dangers of Voting on Civil Rights Voting on other peoples civil rights is anti-Constitution and the beginning of a slippery slope. Today's majority could be tomorrow's minority fighting for its rights. Are people are arguing over same-sex marriage because they feel their voice doesn't count were it should such as war & peace and distribution of tax money? NEWS ITEM – Portland, ME, November 4, 2009 (AP) -- In an election that had been billed for weeks as too close to call, Maine's often unpredictable voters repealed a state law Tuesday that would have allowed same-sex couples to wed. Gay marriage has now lost in all 31 states in which it has been put to a popular vote — a trend that the gay-rights movement had believed it could end in Maine. The following is an excerpt from a column by Huffington Post Blogger Mike Alvear of Atlanta, GA: Sometimes I wonder how the framers of the Constitution would react to Maine’s vote this Tuesday on whether gay people should keep their right to marry. I’m pretty sure Jefferson would weep. And the others would share his hankie. For this must be the founding father’s nightmare: Seeing one group of Americans go into the voting booth to take away the rights of another..... ...No matter what side you’re on, no matter what the result of the final tally, voting is the enemy of equality. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said in 1958, “When any society says that I cannot marry a certain person, that society has cut off a segment of my freedom.” In Loving v. Virginia, a case involving the right of an interracial couple to wed——that the US Supreme Court reminded us in 1967 that: The freedom to marry has long been recognized as one of the vital personal rights essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men. Marriage is one of the "basic civil rights of man," fundamental to our very existence and survival. Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535, 541 (1942). See also Maynard v. Hill, 125 U.S. 190 (1888). The Supreme Court used Loving v. Virginia to strike down “anti-miscegenation” statutes barring interracial marriage as violating the 14th Amendment's guarantees of equal protection of the laws and due process. That decision is the constitutional foundation upon which gays and lesbians assert their right to marry. In 2007, at a celebration marking the 40th Anniversary of the Loving decision, the usually reclusive Mrs. Loving, by then a widow, allowed the reading, on her behalf, of a statement in favor of same-sex-marriage. Equal protection of the laws and due process are the pillars of civil rights jurisprudence in America. But those pillars are tottering in 2009. Consider that Maine's vote-down of same -sex marriage occurred just weeks after a justice of the peace in Louisiana refused to give a marriage license to an inter-racial couple. I would remind everyone who thinks that they are preserving freedom by displaying guns near presidential speeches, or opposing health care for all to spare us from socialism that voting on other people's rights in the name of democracy sets a dangerous precedent. It is very easy to shout “majority rules” and “the will of the people” when you are in the majority. You won't be so glib about that when you are in the minority. And someday you may be. Political passions wax and wane; majorities shift. Sometimes a nation is more liberal and sometimes it is more conservative. But if it ever a society in which some people have fundamental rights, such as the right to marry, and others don't, because in the politics of the day, a “majority”, out of ignorance or prejudice, has voted against those rights, it is not a nation at all, just a group of co-habitating factions, some of which have more power than others. As Malcolm X said: “If you have to fight for your civil rights, you are not a citizen.” Even when a group is successful in gaining civil rights at the ballot box, the cost in terms of social cohesion can be great. Consider the Women’s Suffrage movement. Women needed men to pass and then ratify the 19th Amendment. They got the votes via a campaign that was often racist and xenophobic. White women argued that if black men and immigrant men had the vote why should women who were both white and native born, and by implication superior to blacks and immigrants, be denied? The people of those 31 states that have voted down same-sex marriage ought not to be celebrating. They ought to be very frightened of what they have done...to themselves. For where does this end? Do these people mount an armed rebellion if this issue reaches the Supreme Court, as it probably will, and the justices, relying on the Loving precedent, strike down all the bigotry enshrined in the various anti-same-sex marriage laws voted by the people? Or, if their prejudice is judicially upheld, what right and what group will be targeted next? Will it be the right to own property, to be free of employment or housing discrimination, to access public accommodations or to enter certain jobs and professions? Will it be people of color, or women, or immigrants, even those here legally? Or will it be people who do not subscribe to certain religious beliefs or who belong to certain religious sects? One would have hoped that Mormons and Catholics, both historic victims of discrimination, would have not succumbed to the temptation of indulging in prejudice in the name of religion. And to their credit, individuals of both religions have not so succumbed. But institutionally, these religions have clothed prejudice in religiosity and have used the state to deny people civil equality in order to enforce their particular belief systems on people who are not members of their religions. Before they seek their next victims, they should remember that what goes around comes around. Are they so sure that they will be welcomed into the halls of power if the United States turns from democracy into theocracy? But there is one issue that is being overlooked in this debate on same-sex-marriage: The insistence on a public vote on same-sex marriage reflects, at least in part, public frustration over the fact that the people's voice does not count in so many other more properly public and voteable matters. The people want affordable, accessible health care; instead, they are getting bills in Congress that prioritize insurance company profits over people. The people want an end to the costly wars that politicians lied to get us into; instead, they are getting escalation of those wars. The people did not want their tax money given to the banksters while they are losing their homes and jobs; instead, the money flowed to Wall Street, not Main street. This sort of this has been going on for over ten years now. The people did not want Bill Clinton impeached, but he was. The people wanted Al Gore and John Kerry to be president, but it was George W. Bush who served two terms. I don't know if we ever have had a similar period in American history during which the will of the people has been so completely ignored on such a vast array of important public affairs for so long a time. Now the frustrated people have found an issue where they can vote and make the results stick. Only the issue is one of the civil rights of their fellow Americans, a matter that should not be voted on at all. And while the people argue--and vote--over same-sex marriage, they are being fleeced and killed in record numbers. “Yeah, we may be sick, bankrupt, out of a home and out of a job, but at least we made sure those fags can't get married!” The powers that be are laughing at you. Your fight over what consenting adults do in the bedroom is taking your eyes and your minds off their crimes. And that's just the way they like it.

Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2005-51 December 19, 2005 The purpose of this notice is to inform taxpayers that Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service intend to issue future guidance regarding the election under § 1361(c)(1)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code, which allows members of a family to be treated as a single S corporation shareholder (hereinafter, the election). The election was created by § 231 of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. No. 108-357, 118 Stat. 1418 (the Act), which was enacted on October 22, 2004. The guidance will provide that the election is made in a manner similar to that described in this notice. Until such guidance is issued, taxpayers may rely on this notice. Section 231 of the Act allows any family member to make an election under new § 1361(c)(1)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code to treat all members of the family as one shareholder of an S corporation for purposes of determining the number of shareholders of the corporation. The election is relevant only to the determination of whether the corporation has no more than 100 shareholders as required under §1361(b)(1)(A) and has no impact on any other existing requirement for qualification as an S corporation. The term “members of the family” is defined in §1361(c)(1)(B) to include (i) the common ancestor, (ii) the lineal descendants of the common ancestor, and (iii) the spouses (or former spouses) of the lineal descendants or of the common ancestor. The common ancestor may not be more than six generations removed from the youngest generation of shareholders who would be members of the common ancestor’s family (but for the six-generation limit for identifying the common ancestor). This test is applied as of the later of the effective date of § 1361(c)(1), as amended by the Act, or the time the S corporation election under § 1362(a) (the S corporation election) is made. The election may be made (except as provided in Treasury regulations) by any member of the family. The election does not affect the requirement under § 1362(a)(2) that an S corporation election must be consented to by all shareholders, whether or not "members of the family,” who are shareholders at the time of the S corporation election. The election may be made for taxable years of the S corporation beginning after December 31, 2004. The election will be effective as of the first day of the S corporation’s taxable year identified in the election as the first taxable year of the corporation for which the election is effective, and shall remain in effect until terminated as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary. A member of the family who is (or is treated under § 1361 and the regulations thereunder as) a shareholder of the S corporation may make the election. The election is made by notifying the corporation to which the election applies. The notification shall identify by name the member of the family making the election, the “common ancestor” of the family to which the election applies, and the first taxable year of the corporation for which the election is to be effective. For purposes of identifying the common ancestor (who does not have to be alive at the time the election is made) any spouse or former spouse of the common ancestor will be treated as being in the same generation as the common ancestor, and any spouse or former spouse of a lineal descendant of the common ancestor will be treated as being in the same generation as the lineal descendant to whom that spouse is or was married. For purposes of the election, the estate of a deceased member of the family will be considered to be a member of the family during the period in which the estate, or a trust described in § 1361(c)(2)(A)(iii), holds stock in the S corporation. Additionally, for purposes of the election, the members of the family will include: (1) Each potential current beneficiary of an electing small business trust (ESBT) who is a member of the family, (2) The income beneficiary of a qualified subchapter S trust (QSST) who makes the QSST election, if that income beneficiary is a member of the family, (3) Each beneficiary of a trust who is a member of the family, if the trust was created primarily to exercise the voting power of stock transferred to it, (4) The member of the family for whose benefit a trust described in § 1361(c)(2)(A)(vi) was created, (5) The deemed owner of a trust treated as wholly owned under subpart E of Part I of subchapter J of Chapter 1 of Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code, if that deemed owner is a member of the family, and (6) The owner of an entity disregarded as an entity separate from its owner under § 301.7701-3 of the Procedure and Administration Regulations, if that owner is a member of the family. If a corporation has two or more elections in effect and the members of one family for which the election has been made (the inclusive family) include all the members of another family for which the election was also made (the subsumed family), then the members of the inclusive family will be counted as one shareholder for purposes of § 1361(b)(1)(A) as long as the inclusive family’s election is in effect, and the members of the subsumed family will not be counted as a separate and additional shareholder. The election will be effective as of the first day of the corporation’s taxable year designated by the shareholder making the election. Any election will remain in effect until terminated as provided in regulations. Taxpayers may have already taken certain actions in order to make this election by various forms of notification to the corporation or to the IRS. In order for the election to be effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004, taxpayers will need to provide the information described in this guidance to the corporation (to the extent not already provided to the corporation). The corporation is required to keep records in accordance with § 6001 and the regulations thereunder. |More Internal Revenue Bulletins|

COLLISIONS OF DUALITY A New Dance School for the Moulin Rouge (Paris, France) DSGN3100 - Architecture Design Studio · Fall Semester 2009 · Professor Kentaro Tsubaki, RA · 12 weeks Collisions of Duality explore the notion of collisions inherent in the urban fabric of Paris, France and how those collisions can inform the Solid/Void relationship in architecture. The collision of Haussmann’s plan versus the medieval, organic layout of Paris informs the void space of the building, creating an axial public void. Public functions inhabiting the void space inform the semi-public and private solids of the school and vice versa. As in dancing, where the bodies of the dancers create void space between them, the void space can also inform the dancers in their movements. By breaking up the program into three solids representing a group of dancers, a glazed public void opens up allowing light to enter the school, a crucial concern for an urban infill project that typically only has access to light from one side.

Sixteen veterans indicted for separate acts to defraud the Department of veterans affairs A grand jury returned 16 separate indictments, each charging an individual with stealing from the United States related to the submission of false mileage statements for reimbursement, said Steven M. Dettelbach, United States Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio, and Gavin McClaren, United States Department of Veterans Affairs – Office of Inspector General, Resident Agent in Charge, Cleveland. Each of the individuals submitted false claims for travel reimbursement to the Veterans Affairs Office, utilizing false or no-existent addresses representing a greater distance of travel than he or she had actually traveled. “Theft from the public coffers will not be tolerated, whether it is a contractor inflating construction costs or citizens submitting false mileage reimbursements,” Dettelbach said. “This money should have been used for legitimate medical care for veterans, particularly our returning combat veterans,” McClaren said. The charged individuals and alleged inflated amount of mileage submissions are: Andre Baird, age 54, of Cleveland $8,780.71 Mandell Calvin, age 55, of Cleveland $3,459.49 Robert Daniels, age 54, of Warren $30,144.67 Rebecca Dickson, age 51, of Lakewood $6,712.82 Thurman Harris, age 59, of East Cleveland $12,575.70 Steven Holt, age 54, of Oakwood Village $11,925.34 Ivan Jackson, age 54, of Cleveland $13,477.88 Timothy Knotts, age 54, of Akron $9,326.53 Nathaniel Marshall, age 52, of Cleveland $8,052.54 Amm Pearson, age 55, of Euclid $8,257.37 Thomas Scott, age 49, of Roanoke, AL $22,104.35 James Sharpe, age 62, of Sandusky $19,210.58 Mark Sheline, age 54, of Lakewood $15,708.65 Scott Sheline, age 56, of Lakewood $36,979.40 Anthony Shumpert, age 54, of Akron $17,134.51 Raymond Williams, age 54, of Lakewood $17,455.57 Certain veterans who became disabled following their service and/or who meet certain income requirements can qualify for mileage reimbursements when driving to receive medical attention. Those charged are accused of submitting false mileage information for reimbursement, resulting in a combined loss of nearly $250,000. The indictment also charges Rebecca Dickson, Thurman Harris, Steven Holt, Ivan Jackson, Nathaniel Marshall, Amm Pearson, Thomas Scott, James Sharpe, Anthony Shumpert, and Raymond Williams with making a false statement to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. If convicted, each of the defendant’s sentences will be determined by the Court after review of factors unique to this case, including each of the defendant’s respective prior criminal record, if any, the defendant’s role in the offense and the characteristics of the violation. In all cases, the sentence will not exceed the statutory maximum and in most cases it will be less than the maximum. The case is being prosecuted by Assistant United States Attorneys Jason M. Katz and Arturo G. Hernandez, following investigation by agents of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs–Office of Inspector General, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development–Office of Inspector General, and the Veterans Affairs Police. An indictment is only a charge and is not evidence of guilt. A defendant is entitled to a fair trial in which it will be the government's burden to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Part-owner of Giants was a faithful fan Sue Burns, 58, a part owner of the San Francisco Giants who was a close friend of home run king Barry Bonds, died Sunday of complications from cancer, team spokesman Jim Moorehead said. She was diagnosed with the disease July 10. Nearly always dressed in orange, she was a fixture at the Giants' ballpark in the lower box seats near San Francisco's dugout. Burns, an Alaska native, often followed the team on the road and regularly went to spring training in Arizona. The Giants estimated that she attended at least 1,000 games over the last decade. Burns and her husband, Harmon, who died of heart failure in 2006 at age 61, were largely responsible for keeping the Giants in the Bay Area in 1992 rather than relocating to Florida. Bonds arrived the next year and went on to become baseball's career home run leader when he broke Hank Aaron's record in August 2007. The couple also were integral in building the team's 10-year-old waterfront ballpark at China Basin. The Giants didn't detail Burns' stake in the team but said she was the club's largest shareholder. However, she was never the controlling owner of the franchise. Bill Neukom took over as controlling owner in October 2008 from Peter Magowan, who headed the group that bought the team after the 1992 season. Actress, theater union figure Beverly Roberts, 95, who co-starred with Humphrey Bogart in the 1936 film "Two Against the World," died July 13 at her home in Laguna Niguel of natural causes, her second cousin Christina Baker said. Born May 19, 1914, in Brooklyn, N.Y., Roberts became a Warner Bros. contract player in 1935. She made her first film the next year with Al Jolson in the musical "The Singing Kid." She starred as a female lumberjack in "God's Country and the Woman" in 1937, replacing Bette Davis in the lead. She also appeared with Bogart and Pat O'Brien in "China Clipper" in 1936 and with Errol Flynn and Joan Blondell in "Perfect Specimen" in 1937. After leaving Warner Bros. in 1940, she toured the country as a singer with the Dorsey Brothers band. In 1950, she became administrator of Theater Authority, a union post she held for 25 years. Never married, she worked in watercolor painting in her later years. Dee Dee Bellson Singer, daughter of Bailey, Bellson Dee Dee Bellson, 49, the daughter of Broadway entertainer and singer Pearl Bailey and jazz drummer Louie Bellson who went on to craft her own singing career, died July 4 at her home in Charlottesville, Va., after a heart attack, according to her friend and producer Rod Nave. Bailey and Louis Bellson married in London in 1952 and later adopted two children, Dee Dee and Tony. The family settled in Northridge. Dee Dee, who was born April 20, 1960, often traveled with her mother on tour. She began singing as a youngster and sometimes appeared with Bailey on television variety shows. She attended Pierce College in Woodland Hills, then as a vocalist toured with various jazz groups. She sang on recordings by Weather Report and Wayne Shorter, among others. She also performed with her father's big-band ensemble at many venues across the Southland. He died in February; Bailey died in 1990. -- times staff and wire reports [email protected]

Dan Ray Blenis; Sept. 11, 2011Published 12:44pm Monday, September 12, 2011 Dan Ray Blenis, 78, of Huntsville passed away Sunday morning, Sept. 11 the Lord’s day. Dan was born in Amarillo, Texas, April 5, 1933, to Fritzi and Lee Blenis. He was a resident of Huntsville since 1970. He retired from NASA in 1988 as a program manager and then later from Northrop Grumman in 1994. Dan served in the U.S. Navy for four years and was a member of Willowbrook Baptist Church, where he served as chairman of the deacons and in many other leadership roles. Dan truly was a lucky man, meeting his sweetheart, Earlene, in high school and living out the rest of his days with her by his side. Dan was a man of many talents, and his passions were his church, family and gardening. Dan was preceded in death by his dad; and his sister, Tonya. He is survived by his wife of 60 years, Elizabeth Earlene Blenis; son, Michael Ray Blenis and wife Tricia, and their son, Casey; son, Shawn Lee Blenis and wife Gail, and their children, Daniel, Rachel, Matthew, Kari and Jennifer, and their four grandchildren; daughter, Belinda Beth Nave and husband Tim, and their son, Caleb; mother, Fritzi Blenis; brother, L.W. Blenis; and numerous nieces and nephews. Funeral services will be at 1 p.m. Wednesday, Sept. 14 at Willowbrook Baptist Church with visitation beginning two hours prior to services. Berryhill Funeral Home is assisting the family. In lieu of flowers, please consider donations to the Huntsville Botanical Garden, one of his many true loves.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Jack Fleming NASA Astronaut Suni Williams to Run Boston Marathon in Space Needham native will have earth support running on ground as she does 26.2-miles aboard the International Space Station. Boston, Mass. - For the first time, a Boston Marathon qualifier will run the race in space. NASA astronaut and Needham, MA, native Sunita (Suni) Williams (41) is planning on running the 26.2 mile race on a treadmill onboard the International Space Station (ISS) on Monday, April 16, the same day as the world's most prestigious marathon: the 111th Boston Marathon. Williams will be supported on the actual marathon course from Hopkinton to Boston by an Earth Support Unit, headed by her sister Dina Pandya, fellow Naval Academy alumnus Ronnie Harris and up to a dozen of her friends, and NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg. Today, the B.A.A. issued to Williams bib number 14,000, in honor of the Expedition 14 which she is currently executing. Boston Marathon Race Director McGillivray sent the bib electronically to NASA, who will forward it to Williams. Onboard ISS, more than 200 miles above earth, Williams will be harnessed to a specially designed treadmill with bungee cords. A NASA engineer came up with a treadmill vibration isolation system to lessen the pounding impact on the space station, but this makes for an uncomfortable running experience that pulls on the runner's hips and shoulders. She has had to slowly work herself up from a couple of miles per run since she arrived at the space station in December, to the marathon distance she is planning on completing in April. Williams grew up in Needham, MA, and graduated from Needham High School in 1983. Her parents Deepak and Bonnie Pandya reside in Falmouth, MA. Her sister Dina lives in East Falmouth and is employed at the Woods Hole Williams qualified for the 2007 Boston Marathon when she ran a 3:29:57 marathon in Houston, TX in 2006. This is her main motivation for running a marathon in space. "I considered it a huge honor to qualify and I didn't want my qualification to expire without giving it a shot," Williams said. Running a marathon also gives her a goal for the physical activity that is necessary to maintain bone and muscle density while in space. "In microgravity, both of these things start to go away because we don't use our legs to walk around and don't need the bones and muscles to hold us up under the force of gravity," Williams said. As a member of Expedition 14 and 15, she serves a six-month stint as a flight engineer onboard ISS. She recently set the record for women's space walking with more than 29 hours in space. Williams is set to return to earth this summer. Back on earth, Pandya and Harris are planning her support unit which will consist of runners from Delaware, Maryland and Houston, TX. A spectator support group will be within the 14th mile in Wellesley in honor of Williams' Expedition 14. Two NASA astronauts, Jeff Williams and Karen Nyberg, will be available during marathon weekend in Boston to help educate the public about the International Space Station and NASA in general. NASA will have a booth at the John Hancock Sports & Fitness Expo at the Hynes Convention Center on Friday, April 13, (noon to 6 p.m.), Saturday, April 14 (9 a.m. to 6 p.m.) and Sunday, April 15 (9 a.m. to 6 p.m.).

Eastern European born/raised, retired soccer player. I've been told that I'm spontaneous, witty, dependable, loyal...and more, but a real man doesn't brag about himself....however, I will say that I look and feel 10 years younger (garage kept)...Thanks Mom and Dad! No baggage, No drama, I am very blunt, what you see is what you get; I have a sense of style in many aspects...and also great with my hands(been told).... I think the "Ideal Man" for a woman should have the "7 S's": Strong, Smart, Sarcastic, Stylish, Seductive, Sensitive, Shrewd. What am I looking for....Hmmm.... Someone younger than me, yet mature, who knows how to carry herself, must have a sense of humor, confident, independent, happy with her innerself, and be able to keep up with me indoor & outdoors; I like women with oldschool traditions and newschool appearance (no mullets please)...lol Trust/Honesty...very important to me.............Ciao!

We all know that fried food is not good for us, but many of us indulge anyway. Now, new research adds to the mounting piling of evidence of the ways that fried food can harm our health. The study found that, among men who ate fried foods once a week, the risk for aggressive forms of prostate cancer increased by nearly 40 percent. The study was conducted using 1,549 men who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer and1,492 controls who were matched for age. The men were African American and Caucasian residents of the Seattle area, aged between 35 and 74 years of age. All of the men were asked to complete a questionnaire, which included questions about their intake of certain fried foods. The study found that men who ate doughnuts, fried chicken, fried fish and French fries at least once a week were more likely to suffer from prostate cancer than men who reported eating those foods less than once a month. That risk increased by 30 to 37 percent, and was also associated with a higher risk of the more aggressive forms of the disease. Researchers theorize that oil, when heated to the right temperature for deep frying foods, can create carcinogenic compounds, like aldehyde, a compound found in perfume, and acrolein, a chemical found in herbicides. Deep fried foods also contain high levels of advanced glycation endproducts, or AGEs, which have been linked to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. A deep-fried chicken breast cooked for 20 minutes contains nine times the amount of AGEs as that same chicken breast boiled for an hour. The researchers controlled for a variety of factors, including age, body mass index, family history of the disease, PSA screening history and race. Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer for men after skin cancer. The American Cancer Society reports that prostate cancer strikes over 238,000 men each year. Fried foods have been linked to a variety of cancers, including breast, esophagus, head and neck, lung and pancreas. The study was published in the journal The Prostate.

Questo annuncio ti piace? Vuoi essere informato quando il prezzo verrà modificato? Pedale TrueBypass Delay Operation Instruction for Mimic-Analog Delay: The Mimic is an all analog, Bucket Brigade based delay. Features: Time, Level and Repeat controls. Maximum delay time can be pre-set with a user adjustable trim pot located on the circuit board. Mock II- built with NOS Panasonic Bucket Brigades which give a 400ms maximum delay time. Powered via a single 9V battery (alkaline-highly recommended) or a 9V DC adapter. Input-Instrument in. Unplug when not in use to conserve battery life. Out-Out to amp. -9VDC jack-For use with -(Negative) center, 9VDC, filtered and regulated, CE or UL approved power supply. Time control-Adjusts the amount of delay time from 10ms up to 400ms (300ms on the Mock I) depending on where the internal trim pot is set.* Level control-Adjusts the level of delay signal. The delay is reduced to zero in the fully counterclockwise position and matches the volume of the dry signal in the fully clockwise position. Repeat control-Controls the number of repeats from only one at the minimum setting to infinite repeats in the fully clockwise position. Higher repeat settings may result in self-oscillation (really cool space ship sounds). On/Off-True bypass of effect. (Note: a small pop may occur when effect is switched on/off. This is normal and is a trait associated with true bypass). *Internal Trim Pot-(Located on the lower left hand side of the ciruit board.) Adjusts the maximum amount of available delay time. Note: Higher delay time settings may degrade the quality of the delay signal and introduce "clock noise" into the pedal. " Clock noise" is a high pitched tone commonly associated with analog delays. [...] apri la scheda completa PAGAMENTI TRAMITE: BONIFICO - PAYPAL - POSTEPAY - CONTRASSEGNO Effettua l'acquisto tramite BONIFICO ANTICIPATO alle seg coordinate: Intestazione BEGNIS di Begnis Milo IBAN IT10 I030 3253 5100 1000 0000 069 ABI 03032 Credito Emiliano spa CAB 53510 ag. Seriate Conto 010 0000 00069 OPPURE TRAMITE RICARICA POSTEPAY (chiedi il cod. via email) 5,00 EURO - SUPPLEMENTO PER SPEDIZIONI IN CONTRASSEGNO fino a 500,00 euro Spedizioni c/Corr SDA a carico del destinatario CONSEGNA GARANTITA IN 24ore IN TUTTA ITALIA. 48ore PER LE ISOLE 10,00 - pacchi inferiori a 3 kg 15,00 - pacchi da 3 a 10 kg 20,00 - pacchi da 10 a 20 kg e/o dimensioni superiori a 150 cm come somma dei 3 lati Chiedere info per pacchi con pesi o dimensioni maggiori o diversi da questi elencati Orario di Apertura 9.30-12.30 / 15:00-19:00 - CHIUSO LUNEDI tutto il giorno

Web Search powered by Yahoo! SEARCH (1) the invitation email was from my brother-in-law UU Rev Emeritus Gordon Gibson (I'm U of W Assoc. Prof Emeritus of Math. Robert Moore, an almost-71 yr old Absent-minded Professor, I hope not "early-senile..."). Gordon and his wife (my sister) Judy led our 2008 UU Southern Civil Rights Tour and will be leading the 2009 UU Living Legacy one (now deservedly "full to the gills"[that ain't no fish-tale] in Michellle's [ladies first!] and Barack's Inaugural Year [to what I advocate we rename the "Black and White Together, we HAVE Overcome" House] so slow slugs like me have to wait til 2010 to march along together. (2) They then led my wife and me on our 2008 Pilgrimage to Knoxville, IJAMS Nature Center, Highlander, Green McAdoo in Clinton, the Appalachian Culture[?}Center, and their TVUU Church, where we met the heroic Usher who was the first to be killed when that suicidal shot-gunman attacked their congregation while the kids were trying to perform "Annie" and about to sing "Tomorrow, Tommorow, we love ya, Tomorrow, ye'r only a Day Away!" that we all sang together the next Sunday in interdenominational Memorial Services throughout the land. (3)At our Shoreline UU Church, that Sunday, I tried to share 2 verses from Bob Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind:" "How many years can a mountain existBefore it's washed to the sea?Yes, 'n' how many years can some people existBefore they're allowed to be free? [UU 2008 SCRTour]Yes, 'n' how many times can a man turn his head,Pretending he just doesn't see? [Obama already sees!]The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,The answer is blowin' in the wind.[then, the punch-lines]How many times must a man look upBefore he can see the sky?Yes, 'n' how many ears must one man have [the shooter]Before he can hear people cry?Yes, 'n' how many deaths will it take till he knowsThat too many people have died? [in TVUUC]The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,The answer is blowin' in the wind." More IJAMS Tree stuff in my next post -- this is too long already... Heiwa! (Japanese for Peace!) Comments are the sole responsibility of the person posting them. You agree not to post comments that are off topic, defamatory, obscene, abusive, threatening or an invasion of privacy. Violators may be banned. Click here for our full user agreement. Username * Don't have an account? Sign up for a new account Password * Can't remember? Reset your password Comments can be shared on Add both options by connecting your profiles.

It struck meDecember 8 2010 at 11:33 PM Vince (Login MoxiFox) Response to What they can't steal When watching a Youtube on the monetary structure that money is simply a promissory system and as such, it comprises a contract situation. Have you ever heard of the (relatively new) way of getting kids to "obey" .... where you write up contracts, discuss them with the kids ... get their assent, and then have them SIGN the contract? There's something about signed contracts which makes people feel bound to fulfill their own side of the agreement. The monetary system is essentially an international agreement ... done "off-shore" and ... nearly all terms of commerce are defined in sea-transport terminology. Shipping, lanes, bays ... all kinds of terms we just take for granted but ... they all pertain to non-local and global commerce. Anyway, the huge take-over is facilitated through means of contracts and signed agreements. Really, they wouldn't need to be honored at all if countries simply said, "we're going to a different system; our OWN monetary system. If all countries went to their own money systems, the hold would be broken completely.

THE Pentagon considered developing a host of non-lethal chemical weapons that would disrupt discipline and morale among enemy troops, newly declassified documents reveal. Most bizarre among the plans was one for the development of an "aphrodisiac" chemical weapon that would make enemy soldiers sexually irresistible to each other. Provoking widespread homosexual behaviour among troops would cause a "distasteful but completely non-lethal" blow to morale, the proposal says. Other ideas included chemical weapons that attract swarms of enraged wasps or angry rats to troop positions, making them uninhabitable. Another was to develop a chemical that caused "severe and lasting halitosis", making it easy to identify guerrillas trying to blend in with civilians. There was also the idea of making troops' skin unbearably sensitive to sunlight. The proposals, from the US Air Force Wright Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio, date from 1994. The lab sought Pentagon funding for research into what it called ... To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.

(2003, NS 127) Ulf Danielsson, Ariel Goobar, Bengt Nilsson Sigtuna, Sweden and The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden Proceedings: to be published in Physica Scripta, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2004. One of the most important goals of the Nobel symposium was to gather the most distinguished and active scientists of the world in string theory and cosmology, theoreticians as well as experimentalists, and give them the opportunity to discuss the present status of their subjects. Throughout the symposium special attention was given to the connections between the fields. Can cosmology be used to test string theory? Can string theory answer deep questions about cosmology? The conference venue, Sigtuna stiftelsen, was chosen for its relaxed environment suitable for informal interactions and discussions. Each day of the symposium consisted of one or two sessions devoted to a specific subject. The specific contents of the sessions were organized in advance by a chairman/chairwoman who also lead the discussions following the talks. In the schedule we allowed for equal time to lectures and discussions, an extremely successful arrangement. The lively discussions continued until very late hours. The two scientific areas, cosmology and string theory, have witnessed enormous progress during the last few years. This is especially true for the observational side of cosmology where many new measurements, of ever higher precision, have increased our understanding of the universe. One dramatic example is the experimental evidence for a cosmological constant. The cosmological constant was first introduced by Einstein almost a century ago but ignored for many years and, until now, assumed to be irrelevant and vanishing. Another example is the new measurements of the acoustic peaks in the CMBR performed by the WMAP-satellite. A key piece of theoretical work developed by cosmologists to describe observed properties of the universe, is inflation. Inflation has solved several difficult problems of the Big Bang model, but there are many questions about inflation that remain to be understood. Another important aspect of the history of the early universe is the question of an initial moment. Did time have a beginning? A reason for us not being able to answer this question, is the lack of an accepted theory that can be used for extreme energies and small distances, i.e. a theory of quantum gravity. The general hope is that string theory will develop into such a theory and soon be able to answer this and many other deep questions. The various sessions of the symposium showed how string theory and cosmology have grown closer to each other during the past several years. The first few sessions presented the current observational status and how the accuracy with which the various parameters describing the universe are expected to improve in the years to come. The later sessions discussed string theory and its importance for cosmology. Our understanding of string theory is now good enough for us to be able to start discussing rather specific models of inflation and to investigating their consequences. It is our hope that the Nobel symposium in 2003 on String Theory and Cosmology, will be remembered as a meeting where a new era began in our understanding of the very small and the very large. Efstathiou, G.: Large Scale Structure Tonry, J.: Studying the Dark Sector with Supernovae and Lensing » Perlmutter, S.: Studying Dark Energy with Supernovae: From Now to a Future Space Based Mission » Spergel, D.: What Have We Learned from the CMB? » Kamionkowski, M.: CMB and Polarization, Expectations Steinhardt, P.: Quintessence: Models and Predictions » Guth, A.: Birth of Inflationary Ideas Linde, A.: Prospects of Inflation Hawking, S.: A Non Singular Universe » Starobinsky, A.: De Sitter Space-Time Foam » Veneziano, G.: Unconventional Scenarios and Perturbations Therein » Greene, B.: Aspects of String Cosmology » Susskind, L.: The Landscape of String Theory Banks, T.: Holographic Cosmology Polchinski, J.: Can the Universe Bounce? » Sen, A.: Dynamics of D-brane Decay » Turok, N.: Beyond Inflation: A Cyclic Universe Scenario » Horowitz, G.: Naked Singularities and Negative Energy Density » Dvali, G.: Filtering Gravity » Kutasov, D.: Cosmological Singularities in String Theory » Turner, M.: Where do We Stand in Cosmology? » Gross, D.: Where do We Stand in Fundamental Theory? »

Safety & Traffic Your safety is important to us. For signal and sign repair/maintenance inquires, please contact ServiceOakville at 905-845-6601 or [email protected]. To report a non-emergency safety concern, request additional traffic control devices or to request more information about an item listed below, please contact the Traffic Engineering at 905-845-6601, ext. 3340, 3307 or 3308; or [email protected]. - Requests for traffic controls (stop signs, traffic signals, pedestrian signals, turn restrictions, traffic calming, school crossing guards) - Traffic safety issues (speeding, collision history) - Traffic operational issues (road congestion, traffic volumes, capital program) - On-street parking regulations - Traffic signage and pavement markings - Traffic signal operations - Traffic counts throughout the town to monitor traffic volumes - Speed education and awareness program Road Network Review The town owns and operates approximately 1,900 kilometres of roadways and 117 signalized intersections. Heavy truck traffic is restricted on some roads. Open the following maps for details: The town is responsible for crossing guards, traffic signals, street signs and pavement markings. To ensure that the local roadway network operates as safely and efficiently as possible, a periodic review of key traffic characteristics such as volumes, levels of service, collisions and operating speeds is performed to monitor performance levels and identify problem areas. Traffic volumes at various locations within the town are measured at over 100 locations per year through the Automatic Traffic Recorder (ATR) program. Open the Traffic Volume Map (pdf, 323 kB) for a summary of daily traffic volumes. A Signalized Intersection Level of Service (LOS) review is used as a first step to review traffic operations to determine whether a location is operating at acceptable levels during the critical afternoon peak hour of travel. Open the Signalized Intersection LOS Map (pdf, 273 kB) for LOS information for the peak afternoon hours at a number of intersections. The town maintains a vehicle collision database based on motor vehicle accident report information provided by the Halton Regional Police Service. The database is used to review road safety at both an overall road network level and at a local site-specific level. Open the Network Screening Summary Map (pdf, 267 kB) for locations identified in 2011 as having the highest potential for safety. Traffic speeds at various locations in Oakville are measured through the speed studies program. This program typically involves 60 to 70 studies per year and is based mainly on reports of speeding from the public. The Speed Studies Summary Map (pdf, 532 kB) shows current speed study information. This information often feeds into the town’s Traffic Calming program. For more information, visit the 2012 Oakville Road System Report (pdf, 3.9 MB).

I'm very honest and blunt and sometimes a little to honest lol, I like to joke around, have fun and be a big kid but I know when to be serious, I have a great sense of humor and I am very funny but it’s a very sarcastic sense of humor, I'm genuine and down to earth (I'm not into drama or any games) I'm old fashioned in allot of ways you don't see any more (chivalry is not dead to everyone), I can be very romantic thats bordering on corny lol. I am one of the good guys left out there, I just can't seem to find a good girl (that's the hardest part)... In my spare time I mostly go rock climbing, and hang out with friends, I like to go out for food, and movies, but I normally hang out at home watching movie/tv. I can cook really well, and can make some delicious dishes! I work full time and live alone (I have a very nice place) just me and my dog. I spent eight years in the Canadian military and got to do and see some fantastic and amazing things. I’m filled with crazy stories and useless information from my years in the military, that I like to randomly tell just to make people laugh at my pointless knowledge and cool stories. I have traveled allot being in the military, I have been to Guatemala, Greece, Afghanistan, all over Canada and the Us, and there's still so many more places I want to see out there. There is more I could say but I will leave the rest for you to ask and find out, so if your interested message me and lets chat.

( Originally Published 1884 ) In the animal kingdom birds have come in for a full share of legendary lore. Thus the owl has given rise to widespread superstitions, and has ever been considered a bird of ill-omen, and its unexpected appearance a portent of death and disaster. Even whole nations have been influenced by this belief; Rome twice underwent the ceremony of lustration owing to the appearance in its temples of the dreaded great owl. Shakespeare constantly alludes to the bird of night " (" Midsummer Night's Dream," act v., sc. I ; " Henry VI.," Part I., act iv., sc. 2 ; " Macbeth," act i., sc. 2). The owl which popular belief has invested with supernatural power, is undoubtedly the barn, or screech owl. The wild legend of the banshee, a legend not alone confined to the sister isle, has probably originated in the cry of the useless and harmless barn-owl. Its presence is linked with the fate of an aristocratic race ; tradition says the appearance of two spectral owls of immense size, on the battlements of Wardour Castle, Wiltshire, still warns the family of Arundell of the approach of the last enemy. It is a curious fact that the same superstition is associated with the cry of the owl in an opposite quarter of the globe. In the forest lands of the far west, the redskin shrinks with alarm as he listens to the dismal screeching of the horned owl, firmly believing that its wild cries portend some dire calamity. Wilson, the American ornithologist, in describing the cry of these owls, says : " This ghostly watchman has frequently warned me of the approach of morning, sweeping down and around my fires, uttering a loud and sudden ` Waugh O ! Waugh O !' sufficient to have alarmed a whole garrison. He has other nocturnal solos, one of which very strikingly resembles the half-suppressed scream of a person suffocating or throttled." Sir John Richardson narrates the circumstances of a party of Scottish Highlanders who passed a long winter's night of intense fear, in the depths of an American pine forest. They had made their bivouac fire from wood taken from an Indian tomb ; all night long the shrieks of the Virginian owl rang in their affrighted ears cries which they at once judged carne from the spirit of the old warrior bemoaning his desecrated resting-place. Next to the owl, the raven has ever been considered a bird of evil omen. By the Romans he was dedicated to Apollo. But it was more particularly amongst the northern nations that the grim raven was in-vested with supernatural powers. He was the bird of Odin, and bears no insignificant place in northern mythology ; par excellence the bird of the battle field, his very likeness has floated over many a scene of slaughter, for the old heathen banner of Denmark was the raven that mystic banner, which, says the legend, was woven in one night by three weird sisters, and called " Reafen," or " Rumfan," from bearing the figure of the raven. On the Bayeux tapestry, William the Conqueror, who was descended from the old Vikings, is represented at the battle of Hastings as going into the fight with a banner on which is portrayed the bird of Odin. When, however, in Denmark, "Thor's hammer" fell before "Christ's Cross," the old raven banner was superseded by the white cross of the Dannebrog. Shakespeare repeatedly made mention of the raven, or night crow. Thus Othello is made to say : "O it comes o'er my memory, referring to the belief that this bird haunts the neighbourhood of the house where death is impending. As an illustration of the horror in-spired by the raven in more modern times, we are told of a woman seeking relief from a board of guardians, on the plea of " grief " brought on by a croaking raven flying over her cottage, from which she was so frightened and depressed as to be incapable of work (see Notes and Queries, 1st ser., vol. vii., p. 496). There is an old Cornish tradition (Ibid., vol. viii., p. 618) that King Arthur is still living, in the form of a raven, changed into that shape by magic, and that some day he will resume his kingly form again. The magpie is considered either a lucky or unlucky bird, according to the number seen together. Our readers will remember the old lines : " One for sorrow ; Four for death." The same augury holds good throughout Great Britain ; occasion-ally the last line runs, " Four for a birth ;" but this is not the correct reading. Brand (p. 532), quoting from "The Glossary to the Complaynt of Scotland," remarks : " Many an old woman would more willingly see the devil, who bodes no more ill-luck than he brings, than a magpie perching on a neighbouring tree." It is very probable that the superstitious feeling respecting this bird is of Scandinavian origin. In Norway the magpie is considered almost a sacred bird, and it is held extremely unlucky to kill one. The northern magpies appear quite to understand this, and give themselves airs accordingly. Nearly every cottage has a pair in attendance, which, from long immunity, have become singularly tame and fearless hopping about the door, or perched on the roof, heedless of passers by, evidently considering themselves part of the establishment. There is a belief in some parts of the country that robins will sing near the window where a person is dying. Another legend is, that the robin attended our Lord on the cross, and was there sprinkled with His blood, the marks of which the little songster still carries on his ruddy breast. There is also a curious Welsh superstition connected with the red-breast (Notes and Queries, I st ser., vol. iii., p. 328), that far away, in a land of woe and fire, "day by day does the little bird bear in his bill a drop of water to quench the flame ; so near does he fly, that his feathers are scorched, and hence he is named Bron rhuddyn " (breast-burnt). From his devotion to the cause of the lost, he feels the biting cold of winter more than any other bird, and has, consequently, a greater claim on our gratitude. There is a German legend about the cross-bill very similar to the one narrated of the redbreast, which Longfellow has rendered in some well-known lines. This legend relates that, when our Saviour was on the cross, this little bird strove unceasingly to release him, patiently working hour after hour, with damaged beak and blood-stained plumage, to draw out the cruel nails, and, in token of such rare devotion, the faithful bird has ever since retained the crossed beak and ruddy plumage. (The legend is related in Once a Week, vol. iii., p. 722.) A curious superstition prevails in some of the southern counties connected with game birds that a person cannot die easily on a bed stuffed with game feathers, as, when such is the case, they invariably prolong the death agony using a provincial phrase, the "poor soul dies hard ;" and it is not an uncommon occurrence in a lingering illness, and when the presence of game feathers in the bed is suspected, to expedite the departure of the sufferer by changing his bed. The poetic legend of the death-song of the dying swan is of considerable antiquity. During the autumn migrations of the wild swan, these birds frequently fly by night, and in dull cloudy weather keep up a continual calling. Familiar as the sound is to dwellers in the country, it has given rise to a wild and wide-spread superstition. We are told that this mysterious nocturnal melody proceeds from a pack of demon dogs, yclept "Gabriel's hounds," or, as they are sometimes termed, the " Devil's dandy dogs." Two forms of this wild legend are prevalent the one common to Wales, and the southwest of England, that this yelping pack are evil spirits hounding forward the souls of the lost to their final punishment ; the other bears a striking resemblance to the German story of the " Wild Huntsman," the demon knight called Hackelubärend, and is doubtless of Teutonic origin. (See Rev. S. B. Gould's "Iceland : its Scenes and Sagas.") Those who have sailed up the Bosphorus may have observed, in the twilight or early morning, flocks of sober-coloured, petrel-like birds, skimming backwards and forwards, close to the water, never resting for a moment. The Turks believe that these birds are the souls of the damned, thus compelled, by a just retribution, to wander for ever, hopelessly and unceasingly, over water as restless and unquiet as themselves. Sailors are proverbially superstitious, and ever consider the presence of the petrel as the signal of foul weather, and style them " Mother Cary's chickens." There is a remarkable legend connected with the appearance of a phantom bird, with a white breast and of an unknown species, which appears at the death of the members of an old Devonshire family of the name of Oxenham. We are told that, when any of this family are on their death bed, this strange bird, with the white breast, is seen to flutter for a time about the bed, and then suddenly to vanish. Chambers, quoting from " Howell's Familiar Letters," says that Mr. James Howell saw, in a lapidary's shop in London, a marble slab to be sent into Devonshire, with an inscription that " John Oxenham, Mary his sister, James his son, and Elizabeth his mother, had each the appearance of such a bird fluttering about their beds as they were dying."

Mendes Brothers-Respect Is Everything Dan Faggella is a BJJ Academy Owner, No Gi Pan Am Champion at 130 pounds, and recognized expert in the area of leg locks. Dan writes or Jiu Jitsu Magazine, Jiu Jitsu Style, MMA Sports Mag, and more - find more of his leg lock articles and resources at www.BJJLegLocks.com . In every walk of life; sports, school, business, social settings, etc., everyone strives for the respect of their peers. It’s an ultimate stamp of approval, and it shows you have done something worthwhile. This is never more evident than in the sporting realm - if you're interested in reading more about how the Mendes brothers evolved to such a high level, and how "scientific" they customize their training sessions look no further than this article which you can also visit at Science of Skill . No matter the sport, there is always a fresh of batch of talent that is on the rise, however, they let their egos get ahead of their skills and the veterans and their peers reject them, leaving them on an island. This plays such a negative role in the psyche of the athlete, that it can easily stunt their growth as a professional. However, there are two people who have nothing to worry about when it comes to the respect of their peers; Rafael & Guilherme Mendes. Let Your Skills Speak For Themselves With Rafael & Guil Mendes, you don’t normally hear them running their mouths about how spectacular they are. With little-to-no-fan fare, they step onto the mat and handle their business. With accolades aplenty, these two have garnered such clout in the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu universe, that they know no bounds when it comes to spreading their knowledge. With their academy headquartered in San Diego, California, the Mendes brothers do fantastic work in their area. However, they have been asked to lend their expertise all over the world, and just last year they made the trip up to Canada to help out at an academy. Praising the students and staff, Rafael was astounded by how well the students listened to soaked up the techniques. This was their second trip there, and the Mendes brothers could see the improvement in the students. Little bit of a sidebar here- I know guys like Rafael Lovato were big in to teaching their pressure passing systems and when it comes to pressure passing Guilherme Mendes is one of the best. Learn more about Guilherme's pressure passing here. The Respect of Your Elders In my book, one of the most important things you can obtain is the respect of your peers; but not just that, the older peers. The fact the Mendes brothers—both of whom are in their early 20’s—were asked to run a class was huge, but it was even more impressive when you saw the age of some of the students in the class. Most of them were older than the brothers, yet they still hung on every single word that they spoke. For a human being, it’s easy to let your ego get in the way and block out someone who has experienced great success if they are your age or young. The respect the Mendes brothers command speaks to how truly gifted they are. When they talk; people listen. When they grappler, people watch. It plays on the old adage of “age is but a number,” and the Mendes brothers prove this. Given their history on the mat, and their name in high demand by young-and-old, goes to show just how important they are to Brazilian Jiu Jitsu.

An efficient method for the rejection of fluorescence from picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman (ps-TR³) spectra, applicable also to ground-state Raman spectroscopy, has been demonstrated. The technique removes fluorescence from Raman light in the time domain using a Kerr gate driven by 110 mu J, 1 ps pulses at 800 nm and a repetition rate of 0.65 kHz, giving a response time of ~3 ps, representing the highest time resolution achieved experimentally for rejecting fluorescence from Raman spectra. The effectiveness of the method is proven by measuring Raman solvent bands and ps-TR³ spectra of S₁ <i>p</i>-quaterphenyl from solutions contaminated with the laser dye DCM using laser wavelengths which excite the dye and so produce intense fluorescence emission. The optical transmittances accounting for losses in the optical elements and losses due to incomplete polarization rotation in the Kerr medium in the open and closed states were 15% and 0.005%, respectively. The use of the gate in a time-resolved fluorescence measurement of DMABN is also demonstrated. P. Matousek, M. Towrie, A. Stanley, and A. W. Parker, "Efficient Rejection of Fluorescence from Raman Spectra Using Picosecond Kerr Gating," Appl. Spectrosc. 53, 1485-1489 (1999)

Identify the Alaine Zachar you are hunting for with our people search tools. PeopleFinders.com has a complete databank to assist you find people based on age, previous residences, relatives, aliases, and more. Alaine Zachar was born in 1983 and is 30 years old. Known relatives include Richard A Zachar, Theresa Ann Zachar, Amanda M Zachar, Melanie Lynn Zachar, Lee R Zachar. We streamline your search for the precise Alaine Zachar by using any info that we have with us. Trace the right Alaine utilizing details as previous residences and known aliases. View more personal details, like background checks, criminal profiles, and email addresses on PeopleFinders. If this Alaine is not the person you are attempting to find, browse the list of people with the last name Zachar above. This list could include name, age, location, and relatives. Streamline your search results by adding more info into the search fields above. A first name, middle name, last name, city, state and/or age can be the final link to tracing Alaine Zachar. When you locate the Alaine Zachar you are looking for, you can then access all the public records data we have on Alaine Zachar using our reliable database, which makes collecting details about anyone quick and easy.