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With the growing importance of the environmental debate, it has become essential to identify total consumption of fuels in each respective industry and consuming sector, so that for each sector appropriate measures can be developed to conserve energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
This table provides information on the fuel use by autoproducers of electricity and heat for sale according to their principal economic activity. The table is separated into three columns corresponding to three recognised types of generating plant: Electricity-only, CHP, and Heat-only. |
Crude oil is the most important oil from which petroleum products are manufactured but several other feedstock oils are also used to make oil products. There is a wide range of petroleum products manufactured from crude oil. Many are for specific purposes, for example motor gasoline or lubricants; others are for general heat-raising needs, such as gas oil or fuel oil. |
The names of the petroleum products are those generally used in Western Europe and North America. They are commonly used in international trade but are not always identical to those employed in local markets. In addition to these oils, there are others which are “unfinished” oils and will be processed further in refineries or elsewhere. |
Oil supply and use in industrialised economies are complex and involve both energy use and non-energy use. As a result, the indications of use given below can only be guides to general practice and not rigid rules. |
Although oil supply continues to grow in absolute terms, its share in global total energy supply has been decreasing, from over 45% in 1973 to around 35% in recent years. |
A whole range of petroleum products are derived from crude oil, varying from light products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and motor gasoline to heavier ones such as fuel oil. |
Petroleum is a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons occurring naturally in underground reservoirs. |
70A full description of these primary and secondary oil products and their specifications are given in Annex 2. These specifications are important, because there are different oil product names in use for certain products in the world, for example “stove-oil” and “mazout”; their specifications should be obtained from suppliers so that the oils can be reported using the product names in the Oil Questionnaire . |
As liquid fuels can be measured by their mass or their volume, it is essential to be able to convert one into the other. In order to make this conversion, the specific gravity or density of the liquid is needed. |
Because crude oil contains a wide range of hydrocarbons from the lightest to the heaviest, the characteristics, including the density, of individual crude oils vary greatly. Similarly, the density of the different petroleum products varies substantially between the products. |
The density can be used to classify petroleum products from light to heavy, where for example LPG is considered light at 520 kg/m3 while fuel oil is a heavy product at over 900 kg/m3. |
For example, in Europe the metric ton is commonly accepted as the unit of measurement, while in the United States, the volume unit barrel is the unit of choice. |
In Japan, volume is also used for measuring oil supply and demand; however, the standard unit is the cubic metre. |
As so many different units, both volume and mass, are used in the world, it is essential to be able to convert them into a common unit for purposes of comparison. |
For certain flows such as production and demand, it is barrels per day (b/d) which is commonly used. |
As mentioned above, to convert from mass into volume or vice versa, the specific gravity or density of the oil must be known. |
Without going into too much technical detail, a few terms need to be explained in order to understand oil conversion factors. |
The specific gravity is the relative weight per unit volume (or density) of a given substance compared to that of water. |
Moreover, specific gravity is often quoted as a percentage, e.g. a specific gravity of 0.89 is shown as 89. |
The term API gravity (a standard adopted by the American Petroleum Institute) is commonly used to express the specific gravity of petroleum. |
The flow of oil from production to final consumption is complex owing to the variety of elements in the chain. |
Production of primary and secondary products, trade, stocks, energy sector, transformation, and final consumption are the main elements to be known in order to have a comprehensive view of the flow of oil in a country. |
It is essential that the figures reported in each table are correctly totalled and that the totals in the different tables are consistent with each other where a logical relationship exists. |
In addition, within the oil processes and activities, there are reclassifications of oil products in which the name of the product changes. For example, a quantity of oil imported as “gas oil” may be used as a “feedstock” and reported under each of the names in different tables of the questionnaire. |
The corresponding checks on the consistency of the amounts reported are described below. Specific issues affecting reporting and definitions of flows are also described. |
The oil supply chain is fairly complex, as several types of feedstock are inputs to refineries, and the resulting output is a wide variety of products with many uses. Moreover, the petrochemical industry is a specific case where oil products are used as feedstocks and oil by-products are returned for further processing. |
The following paragraphs will first describe these three portions of the supply chain, namely: supply of crude oil, supply of finished products, and flows of the petrochemical industry. Information on trade and stocks common to the supply of crude oil and finished products follows the explanations of the petrochemical industry. |
The methane will form the constituent of natural gas, while the other constituents form the natural gas liquids (NGL). Natural gas liquids, however, can also be produced in conjunction with natural gas. |
Crude oil is very diverse; its characteristics can vary widely. Economically, the most important characteristics are its specific gravity and the sulphur content, as these will be instrumental in determining the price of the crude oil. |
To complete the supply balance, other inputs such as additives, oxygenates and other hydrocarbons also need to be included in the production data. Additives and oxygenates are those substances (usually non-hydrocarbon compounds) which are added to fuels to improve their properties, e.g. oxygenates increase the amount of oxygen in motor gasoline. |
In the Other Hydrocarbons category are included the production of products such as emulsified oils (e.g. orimulsion) and synthetic crude oil from tar sands. This product category also covers shale oil, liquids produced from the coal liquefaction process, hydrogen and other such products. |
Refinery Intake is the total amount of oil (including additives, oxygenates and other hydrocarbons) to have entered the refinery process. Refinery throughput refers to this intake and the corresponding output of refined products, described below as refinery gross output in the section Supply of finished products. The difference between this intake and output is the losses that occur in the refining process, such as evaporation during distillation. |
There are a number of other categories contributing to production in the supply of products to the refinery which are outlined below. |
From Other Sources : These are oils whose production has been covered in other fuel balances. For example, the conversion of natural gas into methanol to be used as a gasoline component, the production of oil from liquefaction of coal or shale oil production from oil shale. Inputs of these oils should be reported as from Other Sources if the production of the primary energy form is already covered in other fuel balances, e.g. synthetic oil from coal liquefaction: the production of coal is covered in the Coal Questionnaire , the inputs into the coal liquefaction plant are in the Transformation Sector of the Coal Questionnaire (Table 1), while the synthetic oil resulting from this process is reported as from O ther Sources of Other Hydrocarbons in the Oil Questionnaire . |
Backflows from Petrochemical Industry are oils returned to the refinery from processes in the petrochemical industry. They are by-products of processing feedstock oil supplied to the petrochemical enterprises by the refinery. The refinery may use the backflows as fuel or include them in finished products. |
Products Transferred are oils which are reclassified under another name. There is a corresponding row in Table 2A in which the amounts to be transferred are reported. The need for reclassification arises when semi-finished products are imported for use as feedstock in the refinery and therefore appear in the import data shown in Table 2A. |
Refinery Losses are mass differences which appear between the total oil throughput of the refinery (reported as Refinery Intake Observed in Table 1) and the total gross production of finished products (reported in Table 2A). The losses arise through genuine oil losses and the conversion of refinery statistics used within the refineries to mass units . |
Direct Use is amounts which do not enter the refinery but enter consumption directly. The “direct use” of crude oil and/or NGL outside refineries must also be reported in Table 2A so that their subsequent disposal can be accounted for. |
The formula for Refinery Intake (Calculated) is the sum of production, inputs from other sources, backflows, transfers (as individually mentioned above), and amounts of imports and stock change, after deducting exports and direct use. |
Crude oil as it comes out of the ground is a raw material with limited use. Although it can be used as a burning fuel, the real potential of crude oil is reached when it is refined into a range of products, which will be useful for specific purposes to the final consumer (e.g. gasoline for transportation). The objective of refining is to add value to the raw material, as the total of the refined products should be more valuable than the feedstock. |
There are many refinery processes used to transform crude oil. The first basic phase, however, in the refinery process is distillation. Crude oil is heated and fed into a fractionating column at atmospheric pressure, resulting in a separation of the crude oil into 4-6 broad cuts. Beyond the atmospheric distillation unit are more complex units, in which each stream is redistilled to provide a better yield and more precise cut of the final products. |
Refinery output should be reported as gross, including any fuels used by the refinery in support of its operations. NGL may be separated into ethane and LPG before disposal. If so, the gases are reported as primary product receipts in the corresponding columns and their disposals will be combined with the disposals of the gases produced in the refineries. |
Gross Refinery Output of products must include any fuel use of the products within the refinery (see Refinery Fuel, below). If separate figures for refinery fuel and only net refinery production are given, then the refinery fuel must be added to the net production to obtain the gross production figure. |
Recycled Products are products which are returned after use to recycling plants for cleaning and reprocessing. They are added to the appropriate column in row 3. There are few products in this category. The most notable product is used lubricating oil which is cleaned for reuse. |
Refinery Fuel is the fuel used to support refinery operations and does not include use for transport of products to consumers. Use of fuels for the production of electricity and heat for sale should be included in the refinery fuel figures but also separately reported in the bottom rows of Table 2A and in the tables making up Table 6. |
Interproduct Transfers cover movements between products which represent reclassification of products owing to changes in quality and therefore specification. For example, aviation turbine fuel which has deteriorated or has been spoiled may be reclassified as heating kerosene. |
One of the basic economic realities of oil is that it is often found in areas far removed from the consuming markets. Two-thirds of the reserves of crude oil are either in the Middle East or in Russia, while almost 90% of the oil is consumed in other areas. |
This is why oil needs to be shipped from producing zones to consuming regions. As oil is a liquid and compact form of energy, transportation is made relatively easy. Oil can be transported in tankers, pipelines, railways and trucks, and a vast transportation network exists between producing and consuming regions. |
The information required on origins and destinations of the imported and exported oil is of prime importance. Indeed it is important for a country to know from which export country it is dependent for its oil supplies, as in case of an export supply crisis, it can determine how much is imported from that particular country. Similarly, although slightly less important, it is useful to know what the destinations are of the oil exports, so that in case of disruption it is known which export countries will be affected. |
The sum of all imports from all origins must equal imports reported for each product in the supply tables. Similarly, the sum of all exports by destination must equal exports reported for each product in the supply tables. |
The fuels are some of the by-product gases obtained from the feedstock oils during processing. The fuel use information must come through the petrochemical companies that may be able to provide it through the refineries if there is joint refining and petrochemical processing on the site. |
Refinery feedstocks and finished products should be reported as coming from the country of last consignment. |
Oil Precise definitions of the geographical scope of national territories of certain countries covered by the annual Oil Questionnaire are given in the questionnaire's reporting instructions, under Geographical Definitions. |
Amounts are considered as imported or exported when they have crossed the national boundaries of the country, whether customs clearance has taken place or not. |
Quantities of crude oil and products imported or exported under processing agreements (i.e. refining on account) should be included. |
Re-exports of oil imported for processing within bonded areas (or free-trade zones) should be included as an export of product to the final destination. |
Import origins or export destinations not listed individually on the trade tables are to be reported under the appropriate Other category (Other Africa, Other Far East, etc.) as shown in Annex 1 of the annual Oil Questionnaire. |
Where no origin or destination can be reported, the category Not Elsewhere Specified should be used. |
Statistical differences may arise if imports and exports are available only on a total basis (from customs or refinery surveys) while the geographical breakdown is based on a different source of information. |
Crude oil and NGL should be reported as coming from the country of ultimate origin; refinery feedstocks and finished products should be reported as coming from the country of last consignment. |
When supply falls short, while a stock build offers an outlet for oil products to flow when supply exceeds demand. Not to include stock data in the oil balance leads to a lack of transparency in the market. The trend in stocks is important for many oil analysts when making an evaluation of the oil market situation. |
Stocks are a leading indicator of prices: the level of oil stocks often determines the price, e.g. when oil stocks are low it means that there may be a shortage or a need for replenishing, which indicates that prices might be rising. On the other hand, if the industry is amply supplied with the right oil, there may be a price reduction expected. |
Information on product stocks can be as important as crude oil stocks. For example, crude oil stocks give an indication of the availability of crude to refineries in each country, and therefore are evidence on how well the refineries might provide the domestic market. |
Data on oil stocks are of particular importance for strategic decisions made by governments or larger oil companies. Aggregate and timely stock information is needed in order to look at longer-term planning so as to ensure adequate supplies to meet demand. |
Governments require extensive stock information so that they can react appropriately when oil supply disruptions occur (both nationally and internationally). |
Tertiary stocks are stocks held by end-consumers; these can be power plants, industrial entities or consumers in the residential/commercial sector. |
Petroleum products are consumed in many areas. They are easily recognised in the gasoline used to fuel cars and the heating oil used to warm homes. Less obvious are the uses of petroleum-based components of plastics, medicines, food items, and a host of other products. |
Opening Stock level is the amount of primary stocks on national territory measured on the first day of the year being reported (1st January, unless a fiscal year is used). Closing Stock is the amount of primary stocks on national territory measured on the last day of the year being reported (31st December, unless a fiscal year is used). The Stock Change is calculated as the opening stock level minus the closing stock level. |
The quantities of oil used in the process of transformation of oil to another energy form should be reported in the transformation sector. This largely consists of oil products burnt in order to produce electricity or heat, but covers all instances of oil products being converted into another form of energy. Examples of this include oil products used in coke ovens, blast furnaces, oil used to produce gas in a gasification plant, or as binding materials in producing patent fuels. |
The use of oil products in the generation of electricity has been in steady decline since the 1970s. Representing almost 25% in 1973, inputs of oil for electricity generation have declined at a rate of 2.4% per annum since, and currently account for less than 8% of world electricity generation. |
Electricity and Heat Generation : Electricity and heat plants are divided according to their main business purpose (public or autoproducer) and the types of energy they produce (electricity, heat, or both). Total amounts of oils delivered to power plants for electricity generation only should be included in the Transformation Sector . Quantities shown as used at stations containing combined heat and power (CHP) units should represent only the fuel used for electricity generation and for generating heat for sale. Fuel reported as delivered to autoproducer heat-only plants should be the amount used to produce heat for sale. The quantities of fuel consumed by the autoproducer plants for the production of heat which is not sold will remain in the figures for the final consumption of fuels by relevant sector of economic activity. |
Care should be taken to distinguish between oils used for heat-raising in the activity and those used for transport. Transport fuels should be reported in the Transport Sector. Thus, oil consumed in support of the operation of oil and gas pipelines should be reported in the Transport Sector. |
The transportation and distribution of petroleum products often involve multiple episodes of handling and storage. There are four main means for transporting petroleum as it moves from the wellhead to the refinery and on to the final consumer: by sea, pipeline, railway and roadway. Storage facilities along the transportation route facilitate the movement of the products. These are often found between the different means of transportation, such as at ports where tankers are offloaded and products continue via pipeline. |
In the course of this transportation, there are a number of ways in which some amounts of oil can be lost from the supply stream. The most spectacular example of this is when a tanker spills at sea, such as in 1989 when nearly 250 000 barrels of crude oil were spilt off the coast of Alaska. Pipeline leakage, train car derailments and tanker truck accidents are also possible sources of losses along the transportation and distribution chain. |
Final consumption is all energy used by final consumers in the transport, industry, and other sectors (residential, commerce, public services and agriculture). It excludes all oil used for transformation and/or own use of the energy-producing industries. While oil's share in world total energy supply has been decreasing over the last 30 years, world oil consumption has nevertheless grown during this period. This growth has come almost entirely from the transport sector’s energy demand, as alternatives to oil for use in transportation have proven difficult to develop. |
Currently at 57%, transport accounts for the largest portion of total world final consumption of oil. This is an increase on 1973 levels, where the transport sector consumed over 42% of the world total. Industry and “other sectors” have both fallen from their 1973 level of just over 26% and 25% respectively, to roughly 20% and 17% at present. |
Data are collected for energy and non-energy (feedstock) use of oil in the sectors and branches of final consumption. The most important use as feedstock is in the chemical and petrochemical industry. |
The figures reported here should relate to use in the transport activity itself and not to consumption by the transport company for non-transport purposes. Similarly fuels consumed for transportation in industries or other sectors should be considered consumption in the transport sector and not for the industrial or other sector activity. |
Aviation: Figures for quantities of aviation fuels delivered to aircraft should be divided between domestic and international flights. Domestic flight fuel use should include quantities used for military aircraft. International flights are defined in a manner similar to the definition of international sea voyages. Any flight for which the next landing is in a foreign airport is an international flight. All other flights are domestic. |
Rail: Include all oils used for diesel-propelled locomotives for freight, passenger traffic and movements of locomotives for rolling stock management. |
Inland Waterways (national navigation): Report oil consumption in vessels used in inland waterways and for coastal shipping. Oil fuels used in vessels undertaking international voyages must be reported as International Marine Bunkers. Oils consumed by fishing vessels must be reported under Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing. |
The definitions of the industrial branches shown in the questionnaire in terms of the economic activities they contain are given by reference to ISIC rev. 3 and NACE rev. 1. The definitions are given in the notes accompanying each of the annual questionnaires. The industry sector includes the construction branch but not the energy industries. |
The figures reported in the Industry Sector for the consumption of fuels by enterprises should exclude quantities used to generate electricity and heat for sale and for transport on public roads (see the above section on Consumption of oil in the transformation sector and the paragraphs above on Transport Sector). |
With the growing importance of the environmental debate, it has become essential to identify total consumption of fuels in each respective industry and consuming sector, so that for each sector appropriate measures can be developed to conserve energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
This table provides information on the fuel use by autoproducers of electricity and heat for sale according to their principal economic activity. The table is separated into three parts corresponding to three recognised types of generating plant: Electricity-only , CHP, and Heat-only . The data are used for tracking fuel inputs and electricity and heat outputs by autoproducers as part of the United Nations efforts to understand CO2 emissions. |
In the case of CHP plants, reporting separate figures for the amounts of fuel used for the production of electricity and heat requires a method of dividing the total fuel use between the two energy outputs. The division is required even if no heat |
Final consumption is all energy delivered to final consumers and does not include transformation or uses in the energy-producing industries. |
Report oil used by autoproducers as input for electricity and heat (sold) production in the respective sectors. Oil is sold because the fuel use for electricity production must be reported in the Transformation Sector. The method proposed is described in Annex 1, Section 1 of the Manual and should be followed carefully. |
Primary coal is a fossil fuel, usually with the physical appearance of a black or brown rock, consisting of carbonised vegetal matter. |
The higher the carbon content of a coal, the higher its rank or quality. Coal types are distinguished by their physical and chemical characteristics. |
Over the last 30 years, the share of coal in global total primary energy supply (TPES) has been stable at around 25%, leading to a 56% growth compared to the 1973 supply. |
The Solid Fossil Fuels and Manufactured Gases Questionnaire is often referred to as the Coal Questionnaire, because it covers various types of coals and products derived from coals. |
It should be noted that the Coal Questionnaire covers coals produced from operating surface and underground coal mines, as well as coal recovered from mine waste piles, preparation plant slurry ponds and other waste accumulations. It also covers peat produced from peat cutting or harvesting operations. |
Because coal is classified in many different ways, there is often confusion in the classification of primary coals, particularly as regards lignite/brown coal and sub-bituminous coal. |
Essential The Solid Fossil Fuels and Manufactured Gases Questionnaire includes not only primary coals, but also derived solid fuelsand manufactured gases. Solid fossil fuels do not include solid biomass and waste (fuelwood, charcoal and plastic) which should be reported in the Renewables and Waste Questionnaire . When reporting derived solid fuels and manufactured gases, it is important to report production and consumption in the derived product chain when inputs to the process are reported in the primary product chain. |
It is essential that renewable and waste products co-fired with coal and coal products be reported separately on the Renewables and Waste Questionnaire . The statistician should be aware that, in the transformation sector, both the input energy and the output energy derived from the renewable/waste fraction of the energy are to be accounted for. |
Here are the paragraphs of text, merged into a single paragraph per line, without headings or table data: |
Essential Solid fuels data are reported in thousand metric tons. The quantities of gases are expressed in terms of their gross energy heat content and reported in terajoules TJ. In some technical reports, coal data can also be found in terms of tonnes of coal equivalent tce. The tonne of coal equivalent is not a unit of mass but a unit of energy that is more widely used in the international coal industry to make comparisons between various fuels. |
The energy content may be calculated from the volume measurement by the enterprise providing the data or by the statistician using the gross calorific value of the gas. The use of the gross calorific value is particularly important for gas-works and coke-oven gases where there is a difference between gross and net calorific values. There is very little difference between gross and net calorific values for blast-furnace and oxygen steel-furnace gases, so gross calorific value may be used if it is available, but net calorific value can be used if the former is not available. |