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You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Absence of effect of prenatal ethanol on adult emotionality and ethanol consumption in rats.
Lower peak blood ethanol concentrations after 1 and 2 g of ethanol per kg were found in pregnant rats than in virgin females. No significant differences in adult "emotionality" or ethanol consumption were found in rats exposed to prenatal alcohol and in pair-fed and untreated controls.
| [blood <Organism_substance>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Sox9 neural crest determinant gene controls patterning and closure of the posterior frontal cranial suture.
Cranial suture development involves a complex interaction of genes and tissues derived from neural crest cells (NCC) and paraxial mesoderm. In mice, the posterior frontal (PF) suture closes during the first month of life while other sutures remain patent throughout the life of the animal. Given the unique NCC origin of PF suture complex (analogous to metopic suture in humans), we performed quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry to study the expression pattern of the NCC determinant gene Sox9 and select markers of extracellular matrix. Our results indicated a unique up-regulated expression of Sox9, a regulator of chondrogenesis, during initiation of PF suture closure, along with the expression of specific cartilage markers (Type II Collagen and Type X Collagen), as well as cartilage tissue formation in the PF suture. This process was followed by expression of bone markers (Type I Collagen and Osteocalcin), suggesting endochondral ossification. Moreover, we studied the effect of haploinsufficiency of the NCC determinant gene Sox9 in the NCC derived PF suture complex. A decrease in dosage of Sox9 by haploinsufficiency in NCC-derived tissues resulted in delayed PF suture closure. These results demonstrate a unique development of the PF suture complex and the role of Sox9 as an important contributor to timely and proper closure of the PF suture through endochondral ossification.
| [neural crest <Tissue>] [posterior frontal cranial suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [Cranial suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tissues <Tissue>] [neural crest cells <Cell>] [NCC <Cell>] [paraxial mesoderm <Multi-tissue_structure>] [posterior frontal (PF) suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [sutures <Multi-tissue_structure>] [NCC <Cell>] [PF suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [metopic suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [NCC <Cell>] [extracellular matrix <Cellular_component>] [PF suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cartilage <Tissue>] [cartilage tissue <Tissue>] [PF suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [bone <Tissue>] [NCC <Cell>] [NCC <Cell>] [PF suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [NCC-derived tissues <Tissue>] [PF suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [PF suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] [PF suture <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Definition of pathogens
It remains difficult to determine whether the organisms detected by the DNA Detection Kit are true pathogens. This also applies, although to a much lesser degree, to conventional blood culture analysis. However, detected organisms were considered to be pathogens if the results of culture tests from samples of the suspected infectious sites coincided with the results of DNA Detection Kit or blood culture analysis. The culture data of sputum, urine, pus and drainage fluid were used to define the pathogens.
A decision as to whether an identified organism was a pathogen was taken based on the decision tree shown in Figure 1. Thus, when the same organism was detected by both DNA Detection Kit and blood culture analysis, the detected organism was considered an infectious pathogen. If there was a discrepancy between the organism that was detected by SeptiFast analysis and that detected by blood culture analysis, or if an organism was only detected in one of these tests, then other samples taken from the infection site were analyzed. If this second culture test of the suspected infectious site revealed the presence of the same organism, this organism was considered to be a pathogen. If the microbial strain was only detected once for a sample, we then checked the second culture results in the suspected infectious sites. If this result identified the same strain as that identified by SeptiFast analysis then it was decided that this strain was a pathogen. However, if the strain was still only detected in some of the assays, we next determined if the patient involved suffered from sepsis. Sepsis is defined as SIRS caused by infection. The definition of sepsis that we used was based on the International Sepsis Forum Definition of Infection at the ICU Consensus Conference [7]. However, if the underlying disease is acute lymphoma leukemia (ALL), malignant lymphoma (ML), or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the definition of infection is defined as the ability to detect infectious organisms by blood culture analysis. If the patient was not defined as having sepsis when whole blood was administered to the patient, we decided that the strain detected by subsequent DNA Detection Kit or blood culture analysis was not a pathogen.
Figure 1
Flowchart for pathogen decision.
Samples were defined as negative for pathogens if a pathogen could not be detected by any method of analysis within seven days, and if another type of culture test did not detect this pathogen but could detect other organisms.
CoNS bacteria, which are represented by the Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Streptococcus spp. are indigenous bacteria and often cause contamination in assays of pathogens. Therefore, when CoNS or Streptococcus spp. were detected by blood culture and SeptiFast analysis, the following criteria were applied to define whether these strains represented a pathogenic infection: (1) Tests were performed at least twice within 48 hours before and after CoNS were detected by blood culture or SeptiFast analysis; (2) CoNS or Streptococcus spp. were detected in two different blood culture tests that were separately performed twice within 48 hours; and, (3) CoNS or Streptococcus spp. were detected twice or more in tests that were performed three times [11-15]. If a sample's results met any of these three criteria, then the sample was evaluated as a pathogen.
The distinction between pathogen and contamination was also determined for CoNS or Streptococcus spp. from the crossing point (Cp) obtained using the LightCycler analysis software v4.05. The Cp represents the point in the amplification cycle where the amplification curve crosses the detection threshold. When CoNS or Streptococcus spp. were detected using the LightCycler analysis software v4.05, a Cp of less than 20 was defined as indicating a pathogen and a Cp of over 20 was defined as contamination by checking the amplification curve.
| [blood <Organism_substance>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [sputum <Organism_substance>] [urine <Organism_substance>] [pus <Organism_substance>] [fluid <Organism_substance>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [malignant lymphoma <Pathological_formation>] [ML <Pathological_formation>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [whole blood <Organism_substance>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [sample <Organism_substance>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Determination of eprosartan in human plasma and urine by LC/MS/MS.
A protein precipitation, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of eprosartan in human plasma and urine. The solvent system also served as a protein precipitation reagent. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a CAPCELL PAK C18 column (50 mmx2.0 mm, 5 microm, Shiseido). A mobile phase was consisted of 0.5% formic acid in water and 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile (72:28). Detection was by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry on a Sciex API3000. The standard curves, which ranged from 5 to 2000 ng/mL in human plasma and from 0.25 to 50 microg/mL in urine, were fitted to a 1/x weighted quadratic regression model. The method proved to be accurate, specific and sensitive enough to be successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study.
| [plasma <Organism_substance>] [urine <Organism_substance>] [plasma <Organism_substance>] [urine <Organism_substance>] [plasma <Organism_substance>] [urine <Organism_substance>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Discussion
Among adolescent boys in Chapaevsk, Russia, higher serum levels of sum of dioxin-like compounds and sum of dioxin TEQs were positively associated with increased age, consumption of fish, local meats other than chicken, and inversely with weeks of gestation. The age association was found despite a narrow age range of slightly over two years in our study. Although not statistically significant, the distance the boy lived from the Khimprom factory at the time of blood draw was inversely associated with serum levels of sum of dioxin-like compounds and sum of dioxin TEQs. As expected, serum PCBs, specifically PCB 118, were strongly associated with both sum of dioxin-like compounds and sum of dioxin TEQs.
There was no association between the distance of the residence from the Khimprom plant during the pregnancy and subsequent serum dioxin levels. One potential explanation for the lack of association may include misclassification of distance since the mother was asked to recall a time period more than 14 years prior to the study. However, we would expect that the mother would be able to recall residential history at the time of the birth of their son. Mother's self-reported estimates of current residential distance from Khimprom was generally accurate; twenty-one of twenty-nine mothers correctly categorized their current residential distance from the Khimprom plants based on cross-referencing using GIS mapping. Other explanations include that prenatal exposure 14 or more years prior to the current serum sample is not as strong a predictor as are exposures resulting from present residential location. Although there was no association of case status (cryptorchidism or hypospadias) with dioxin levels, we did not have sufficient power to definitively assess this relationship.
Perinatal history (e.g. weeks of breastfeeding) was generally not associated with exposure measures in this population; this may be a function of older age of the children. However, there are limited data on the relationship of perinatal factors with organochlorine exposures in this age group so a null finding is of interest given reports that differences in organochlorine levels among breastfed and non-breastfed are generally no longer discernable by early school age [24,25] and, furthermore, that dietary intake after this age contributes significantly to total dioxin intake [26]. In prior studies, substantial emphasis has been placed on pre- and early postnatal (via breastfeeding) exposures because of particular vulnerability during fetal and early infant development. The exposure risk factors during peri-adolescence, another period of potential developmental vulnerability, has not been studied in-detail, therefore, the identification of exposure risk factors specific to this period will enhance our understanding of this critical period.
Although data on levels of PCDD/PCDFs in children is limited, our results suggest that the mean total TEQs among Chapaevsk adolescents were higher than most values previously reported in non-occupationally exposed populations of comparable or even older ages. Figure 2 shows a comparison of the mean PCDD/PCDFs TEQ levels in Chapaevsk boys with other populations (TEQ from dioxin-like PCBs was not included, since some of these studies did not report them). The mean TEQs of pooled blood samples from 10 year-old German boys in rural and urban settings was 8.2 pg TEQ/g lipid for an urban industrial area, 9.0 pg TEQ/g lipid for an industrial area within a rural setting, and 10.1 pg TEQ/g lipid for a rural area [27]. In comparison, the mean TEQ in the Chapevsk boys was 19.3 pg TEQ/g lipid. With the exception of children described by Wuthe et al. [27], subjects in the other studies in Figure 2 were significantly older than the Chapaevsk boys. Despite age differences, the mean TEQ in Chapaevsk boys was comparable to or even higher than the mean TEQ in older populations from other countries. For example, they were higher than mean TEQs of 18.4 pg TEQ/g lipid in adults (40.6 years old average) from South Germany [27] or 16.4 pg TEQ/g lipid from 20 year old Japanese women [28] or pooled samples from randomly selected males and females 18-69 years of age from the Spanish city of Mataro [29], which were 12.5 and 14.7 pg TEQ/g lipid respectively. The mean levels in adult female (mean age 41 years) non-factory workers in the Russian city of Shelekhovo were also lower at 14.5 pg TEQ/g lipid [30]. Mean TEQs for the general population (mean age 44.2 years) in Germany, collected in 1997-98 [31], and median TEQs for long-term workers of pulp and paper mill and non-workers in the U.S. in 1996 [32] were similar to levels found in the Chapaevsk boys. The mean levels in the study in Germany were 20.71 pg TEQ/g lipid and in the U.S. the median levels were 19.1 pg TEQ/g lipid for community residents and 21.2 pg TEQ/g lipid for low exposure workers.
Figure 2
Mean PCDD/PCDFs TEQ levels in Chapaevsk boys in comparison with other populations.
Although TCDD was largely below the detection limits in this small pilot sample, the two boys with detectable values had high TCDD levels (17.9 and 21.7 pg/g lipid), suggesting that exposure for at least some portion of this population is substantially higher than typical of this age group. In comparison, in a cohort of adult (mean age of 58 years) fishermen from a polluted region of Finland, the mean TCDD concentration was 19 pg/g lipid [33]. In adult (mean age of 53 years) residents from Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, which is near a chemical industrial complex, the mean TCDD level was 7.6 pg/g lipid [34]. Not only were the dioxin levels in these two children higher than those found in these studies, but the adults in the previous studies were several decades older and therefore would be expected to have higher dioxin body burdens than younger children [35]. Potential explanations for the large number of non-detectable samples for TCDD include the small sample volume and young age of the subjects. In our future studies in this population, we will collect larger volumes of serum for dioxin analysis.
In one of the few studies on dioxin-like compounds in which children were included, Eskenazi and coworkers [36] evaluated the relationship between serum TCDD concentrations and age at exposure of female residents of Seveso, Italy. Residents near the ICMESA chemical plant in Seveso were exposed to some of the highest known residential levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD as a result of an explosion at the plant. Archived serum collected near the time of the accident was used to measure exposures. Residents closest to the plant had a median 2,3,7,8-TCDD level of 272 ppt (IQR 92 - 883 ppt). Residential proximity to the plant and younger age (up to 13 years old) were the strongest predictors of an individual's serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD level. Other predictors included being outdoors at the time of explosion and consumption of homegrown food. The higher levels found in children were most likely a result of increased exposure as a result of activity patterns and a greater proportionate consumption of food, water and air than adults [37].
Although the exposure scenario (an acute high exposure event) is different than the chronic low/moderate exposure occurring in Chapaevsk, the results from Seveso suggest that children may be at increased risk for high dioxin exposure from environmental contamination. In our study, although distance from the Khimprom plants was a weak predictor of serum dioxin-like compounds, consumption of local foods (specifically meat and fish), as in the Seveso study, was a strong predictor of sum of dioxin-like compounds and dioxin TEQs. This finding is notable given concerns regarding environmental dioxin contamination in the community and suggests that food may be one of the more, if not most, important routes of environmental contaminant exposure for residents in this setting. In other settings, contaminated food generally contributes much more substantially to human organochlorine burden than air or soil (which may be related to residential proximity to pollutant sources) [6]. We will investigate this issue in more detail in our ongoing study.
| [serum <Organism_substance>] [meats <Organism_subdivision>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum sample <Organism_substance>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [blood samples <Organism_substance>] [samples <Organism_substance>] [sample <Organism_substance>] [body <Organism_subdivision>] [samples <Organism_substance>] [sample <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [meat <Organism_subdivision>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Induction of apoptosis in skeletal tissues: phosphate-mediated chick chondrocyte apoptosis is calcium dependent.
In an earlier study, we have shown that Pi induced apoptosis of terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes. To ascertain whether Ca2+ modulates Pi-induced cell death, we asked the following two questions: First, can we prevent Pi-induced apoptosis by removing Ca2+ from the culture medium; alternatively, can we potentiate cell death by increasing the Ca2+ concentration? Second, can we inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis by blocking Pi transport? We also explored the mechanism of apoptosis by evaluating mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in cells treated with the ion pair. We noted that EDTA and EGTA blocked Pi-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. While high levels of Ca2+ alone had little effect on chondrocyte viability, the cation enhanced Pi-dependent cell death and greatly increased Pi uptake. When Pi transport was blocked, there was complete inhibition of cell killing. The process of cell death was characterized by mitochondrial hyperpolarization; two hours following apoptogen treatment, there was a significant decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Coincident with the changes in mitochondrial function, there was an increase in intracellular Ca2+ that was maintained throughout the experimental period. A raised Ca2+ signal was observed in blebs at the cell membrane. Finally, we noted that, 75 minutes after treatment with the ion pair, there was a six-fold elevation in ROS levels. This increase declined to baseline values after three hours. Based on these observations, we suggest that, at the cartilage mineralization front, an elevation in local environmental Ca2+ and Pi concentrations modulates oxidative metabolism, and triggers apoptosis of terminally differentiated chondrocytes.
| [skeletal tissues <Tissue>] [chondrocyte <Cell>] [chondrocytes <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [chondrocyte <Cell>] [mitochondrial <Cellular_component>] [cells <Cell>] [chondrocyte <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [mitochondrial <Cellular_component>] [mitochondrial membrane <Cellular_component>] [mitochondrial <Cellular_component>] [intracellular <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [cell membrane <Cellular_component>] [cartilage <Tissue>] [chondrocytes <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Confocal and scanning microscopic images of mammoth's and human hair.
Taphonomic changes, indicated by arrow-heads and straight white arrow in the confocal image. Bacterial-fungal colonies are shown by broken arrows. Red arrow indicates space between cuticle and hair shaft due to shrinkage. Extensive taphonomic changes in YUK are evident. Note the preservation of the cuticle in the human hair in contrast to the craters in the cuticles of the mammoth's hair. Bacterial biofilms are a feature of human hair; mammoth's hair was protected from bacterial invasion in permafrost.
| [hair <Multi-tissue_structure>] [hair shaft <Multi-tissue_structure>] [hair <Multi-tissue_structure>] [hair <Multi-tissue_structure>] [hair <Multi-tissue_structure>] [hair <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | [Biotechnological and biomedical aspects of production and study of metal cation-phospholipid complexes].
Problems relating to the technology of a phospholipid preparation from natural materials, liposome production, and studies into the mechanisms of interaction between metal (trace elements) cations and model bilayer lipid membranes are discussed. The proposed technology of extraction allows for preparation of phospholipids utilizable for liposome formation. The cation specificity of lipid bilayers is found to be determined by the presence of anionic phosphate adsorption sites on their surface.
| [bilayer lipid membranes <Cellular_component>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | [Treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesion of type CIN2 et CIN3 with laser CO2 vaporization: retrospective study of 52 cases].
OBJECTIVES:
This study was carried out over an 8-year period in order to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of laser CO2 vaporization in the treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesion of type CIN2 and CIN3.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A retrospective study of 52 cases of cervical lesions of type CIN2 and CIN3 treated in first intention by laser CO2 vaporization was carried out at the hospital Jeanne-de-Flandre in CHRU of Lille from 1996 to 2003. This treatment was performed on only high-grade exo-cervical lesions, of small size (<2cm2), after a complete colposcopic examination.
RESULTS:
Fifty-two patients were treated by first-intention laser vaporization only. Mean age was 29.4 years and 51.9% were nulliparous. At the first cyto-colposcopic control, there were 17 persistent lesions (32.7%). Among the 35 patients without persistent lesion, 29 achieved cure (absence of recurrence), 4 presented a recurrence and 2 were lost to follow-up.
CONCLUSION:
The current data of the literature concerning the treatment by laser CO2 vaporization authorize application of this method for certain high-grade exocervical lesions after a complete colposcopic examination. This type of treatment remains less aggressive than a surgical treatment. The high rate of residual lesions in particular in the event of CIN3 can be due to an incomplete destruction of the lesion. Patients should thus be advised that monitoring is an integral part of the treatment. Laser vaporization could be limited to CIN1 and CIN2 lesions.
| [squamous intraepithelial lesion <Pathological_formation>] [squamous intraepithelial lesion <Pathological_formation>] [cervical lesions <Pathological_formation>] [exo-cervical lesions <Pathological_formation>] [lesions <Pathological_formation>] [lesion <Pathological_formation>] [exocervical lesions <Pathological_formation>] [lesions <Pathological_formation>] [lesion <Pathological_formation>] [lesions <Pathological_formation>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Abbreviations
Ac-DEVD-AMC = N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin; Ac-DEVD-CHO = N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde; COX = cyclooxygenase; Deltapsim = mitochondrial membrane potential; DAPI = 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMEM = Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FCS = fetal calf serum; FLS = fibroblast-like synoviocytes; IL = interleukin; JC-1 = 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazole carbocyanide iodide; MTT = 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; PGE2 = prostaglandin E2; RA = rheumatoid arthritis.
| [mitochondrial membrane <Cellular_component>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [FLS <Cell>] [fibroblast-like synoviocytes <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | MoClo cloning protocol
Restriction-ligations were set up by pipetting in one tube approximately 40 fmol (~100 ng of DNA for a 4 kb plasmid) of each DNA component (PCR product or plasmid), 10 U of the required restriction enzyme (BsaI or BpiI) and 10 U T4 DNA ligase (using high concentration ligase, 20 U/microl) in Promega ligation buffer in a final reaction volume of 20 microl. The reaction was incubated in a thermocycler for 5 hours at 37degreesC, 5 min at 50degreesC and 10 min at 80degreesC. The reaction mix was then added to 100 microl chemically competent DH10b cells, incubated for 15-30 min on ice and transformed by heat shock. 800 microl of liquid LB was then added to the transformation, and the cells were let to recover 45 min at 37degreesC. Different aliquots of the transformation were plated on LB plates containing the appropriate antibiotic. The number of colonies was counted for one or two selected plates (containing countable number of colonies), or from a section of the plates when very high number of colonies were obtained even for the lowest volume plated. The number of colonies was then extrapolated for the entire transformation.
For level 2-2 cloning, two type IIS enzymes were required, BpiI and BsaI. The same protocol was used as described above except that 10 U and 2.5 U were used for the enzymes BpiI and BsaI, respectively. To optimize efficiency of the restriction-ligation for the final construct containing 11 transcription units (cL2-13*), a variation of this protocol was used as follows. The reaction mix was set up containing 20 U ligase, 5 U BpiI and 5 U BsaI, in a total reaction volume of 20 microl. The mix was incubated in a thermocycler with the following parameters: incubation for 2 minutes at 37degreesC, 5 minutes at 16degreesC, both steps repeated 45 times, followed by incubation for 5 minutes at 50degreesC and 10 minutes at 80degreesC. The reaction mix was transformed in E. coli chemically competent cells as described above.
| [DH10b cells <Cell>] [cells <Cell>] [competent cells <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | (a) Schematic drawing of the magnetic tweezers. A DNA molecule is attached at one end to the bottom of the flow cell and at the other end to a magnetic bead. This molecule can be pulled and twisted using small magnets placed above the flow cell. The position of the magnetic bead is measured using an inverted microscope placed beneath the flow cell. The bead position and thus the end-to-end distance of the DNA molecule is determined using video microscopy and image analysis. (b) Extension of a DNA molecule versus the number of turns applied by the magnets for various stretching forces. At low force, contraction of the molecule is symmetrical under positive and negative applied turns. At higher force, the molecule's extension initially remains constant for positive applied turns. The induced torque increases linearly with the number of applied turns, as depicted in the top graph until a buckling transition allows the system to saturate its torsional constraint through the formation of plectonemes.
| [cell <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [plectonemes <Cellular_component>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Epstein-Barr virus-associated nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: undifferentiated "lymphoepithelioma-like" carcinoma as a distinct entity with better prognosis.
BACKGROUND:
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has been demonstrated in some ethnic groups. The pathobiology and the role of EBV and oncoprotein expression in these tumors have not been studied extensively. In this study, the authors investigated EBV-encoded RNA-1 (EBER1) transcripts by in situ hybridization and the expression of latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) and bcl-2 protein by immunohistochemistry in NSCLC patients from Taiwan, where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is endemic.
METHODS:
A total of 127 cases of NSCLC (43 cases of squamous cell carcinoma [SCC], 67 cases of adenocarcinoma [AD], 12 cases of large cell carcinoma [LCC], and 5 cases of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma [LE]) were included. A sensitive polymerase chain reaction-derived, digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe for in situ detection of EBER1 transcripts was performed for the detection of EBV. Immunohistochemistry using the avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase method was also performed to evaluate the expression of bcl-2 and LMP-1.
RESULTS:
EBER1 was detected in 11 of the 127 NSCLC cases (8.7%; 6 SCC cases and 5 LE cases). All 5 LE cases were EBV-positive, whereas only 6 of the 43 SCC cases (14%), 0 of 67 AD cases, and 12 LCC cases were EBV-positive (P < 0.05). All five LE cases showed diffuse, strong, positive staining of tumor cells; five of the six SCC cases showed diffuse but weak staining. Among the nontumor epithelial cells, there was no EBER1 staining of any of the 11 EBER1-positive cases. The mean age of the LE patients was 10 years younger than that of the patients with other histological types. All 5 LE patients were nonsmokers, whereas 3 of the 6 patients with EBER1-positive SCC (50%) were smokers. EBER1 expression did not correlate with the 2-year survival rate of overall cases, but all 5 LE patients were alive without clinical evidence of disease at last follow-up. Gender, lymph node or distant metastasis, and clinical stage were not found to have any correlation with EBER1 expression (P > 0.05). All LE cases had bcl-2 oncoprotein expression (100%). This frequency was significantly different from other histologic types (P < 0.05). The LMP-1 detection rate was low and demonstrated no correlation with bcl-2 expression.
CONCLUSIONS:
In this study, the authors found that the primary LE of the lung is associated with young age, a history of not smoking, high bcl-2 immunoreactivity, and better survival rate. These characteristics demonstrate that EBV-associated LE of the lung is a unique entity. The findings of the current study suggest that EBV infection may play a different role in the tumorigenesis of primary LE of the lung than it does in other EBER1-positive NSCLCs.
| [nonsmall cell lung carcinoma <Pathological_formation>] ["lymphoepithelioma-like" carcinoma <Pathological_formation>] [nonsmall cell lung carcinoma <Pathological_formation>] [NSCLC <Pathological_formation>] [tumors <Pathological_formation>] [NSCLC <Pathological_formation>] [nasopharyngeal carcinoma <Pathological_formation>] [NSCLC <Pathological_formation>] [squamous cell carcinoma <Pathological_formation>] [SCC <Pathological_formation>] [adenocarcinoma <Pathological_formation>] [AD <Pathological_formation>] [large cell carcinoma <Pathological_formation>] [LCC <Pathological_formation>] [lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma <Pathological_formation>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [NSCLC <Pathological_formation>] [SCC <Pathological_formation>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [SCC <Pathological_formation>] [AD <Pathological_formation>] [LCC <Pathological_formation>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [tumor cells <Cell>] [SCC <Pathological_formation>] [nontumor epithelial cells <Cell>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [SCC <Pathological_formation>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [lymph node <Multi-tissue_structure>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [lung <Organ>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [lung <Organ>] [LE <Pathological_formation>] [lung <Organ>] [EBER1-positive NSCLCs <Pathological_formation>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | An unusual case of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid.
This case of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) is unusual in that blistering, scarring lesions were confined to the skin for 15 years before mucous membranes were involved. The onset of this disorder at the age of 38 is also unusual. Detailed immunological investigation was performed on this patient but the results in no way clarify the present confusion regarding the immunopathological processes in BMMP related to those operative in bullous pemphigoid.
| [mucous membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [mucous membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [lesions <Pathological_formation>] [skin <Organ>] [mucous membranes <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Heart sound and electrocardiogram recording devices for telemedicine environments.
There is currently a worldwide trend to bring healthcare services as close as possible to the patient, either through home healthcare systems, or telemedicine. There is thus a general need for equipment that can capture patient data electronically for automated review or analysis by a medical practitioner. This paper presents prototype systems that were developed with the ultimate aim for use in telemedicine settings in rural Africa. These devices can be used to electronically capture data on patients from several sensors in a quick an easy manner. In our presented cases we focus on cardiovascular information. One of the main advantages of the proposed systems is that the data are captured simultaneously from multiple sensors. The data can be stored and sent electronically for review and analysis, and knowledge-based systems or neural network type models can be used in the future for semi-autonomous screening of the recordings, before a patient is referred to a specialist.
| [Heart <Organ>] [cardiovascular <Anatomical_system>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Introduction
Hip fractures in the aged constitute a major health problem with substantial morbidity [1], mortality [2, 3], and, as the ageing population increases, an increasing burden on the health care system [4]. Fracture risk varies markedly between countries [5]. In a study by Kanis et al. [6], comparing 10-year probability of hip fracture, all countries except Norway had lower risk than Sweden. Other countries categorized at very high risk (>75% of the risk of Sweden) were Iceland, Denmark and the US. At the age of 80, the estimated probability of sustaining a hip fracture the next 10 years is 8.6% and 17.7% in Norwegian men and women, respectively [7], and a report from the Norwegian capital Oslo calculated an overall annual fracture rate of 118.0 in women and 44.0 in men per 10,000 [8].
Several recent studies are reporting declining fracture incidence [9-14]. Although the Norwegian hip fracture rates remain the highest reported in the world, data from Oslo in 1996-1997 indicated no increasing incidence rates compared to the 1988-1989 [8].Within Norway, considerable geographic differences have been reported, with substantially lower rates in smaller cities and rural areas compared to Oslo [7, 15]. However, these are reports based on sporadic studies in few regions and in limited time periods [16, 17].
From 1985 to 2003, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health commissioned four Norwegian hospitals, representing 10% of the population, to run a national injury registry [18]. The registry collected a variety of data connected to the actual injury itself and the event leading to the injury. In the city of Harstad in Northern Norway, the registration continued and has been running for more than 23 years. Throughout the years of the National Injury Registry, the injury rates in Harstad closely resembled the rates of the national registry [18]. With reference to the recent reports suggesting stabilizing hip fracture incidence internationally as well as nationally, and regional differences within Norway, we have used the hip fracture data in the Harstad Injury Registry to:
Describe age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fractures in Harstad, Northern Norway and make comparison with rates from the Norwegian capital Oslo
Describe time trends in hip fracture incidence in Harstad from 1994 to 2008
Describe place of injury and seasonal variations in hip fracture incidence in Harstad
Compare 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year mortality after hip fracture between women and men in Harstad
| [Hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] [hip <Organism_subdivision>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linn) in rats.
The hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) root powder were examined in hypercholesterolaemic male albino rats. A 4-week administration of GG root powder (5 and 10 gm% in diet) to hypercholesterolaemic rats resulted in significant reduction in plasma, hepatic total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma low-density lipoprotein and VLDL-cholesterol accompanied by significant increases in HDL-cholesterol levels. Furthermore, significant increases in fecal cholesterol, neutral sterols and bile acid excretion along with an increase in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and bile acid production were observed in these animals. The root powder administration to hypercholesterolaemic rats also decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation with a concomitant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities and total ascorbic acid content. Thus, the hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of GG root appeared to be mediated via (i) accelerated cholesterol, neutral sterol and bile acid elimination through fecal matter with an increased hepatic bile acid production and (ii) improving the activities of hepatic SOD, catalase and increasing the ascorbic acid content. The normo-cholesterolaemic animals when fed with GG root powder at 10 gm% level, registered a significant decline in plasma lipid profiles and an increase in HDL-cholesterol content. The antioxidant status of these animals also was improved upon treatment.
| [root <Organ>] [root <Organ>] [plasma <Organism_substance>] [hepatic <Organ>] [plasma <Organism_substance>] [fecal <Organism_substance>] [hepatic <Organ>] [root <Organ>] [hepatic <Organ>] [root <Organ>] [fecal matter <Organism_substance>] [hepatic <Organ>] [hepatic <Organ>] [root <Organ>] [plasma <Organism_substance>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis.
The mean (90% CI) slope estimate from the linezolid concentration-R-R interval analysis was -0.0017 (-0.0022 to -0.0011) ms/ng/ml. This translates to mean (90% CI) predicted decreases in heart rate of approximately 1.5 (1.0 to 2.0) and 3.0 (2.1 to 4.1) beats/min at the mean Cmax following the administration of 600- and 1,200-mg linezolid doses, respectively.
The study-specific mean correction factor estimated from baseline data was 0.278, which is slightly less than Fridericia's correction (0.333). Evaluation of the various correction factors showed that QTcF most appropriately resolves the relationship between the QT interval and the heart rate in the baseline data from the present study. This is evident upon inspection of Fig. 4, since the slope between the QTcF interval and the R-R interval is closest to zero when this correction is applied.
Fig. 4.
Evaluation of various heart rate correction factors for the QT interval versus the R-R interval. The predicted line in each figure represents the fit from a linear mixed-effect model with R-R interval as a fixed effect and subject-specific random effects for intercept and slope.
The results from the concentration-QTcF analysis are graphically depicted in Fig. 5. The mean (90% CI) slope estimate from the linezolid concentration-QTcF analysis was -0.0145 (-0.0768 to 0.0477) ms/mug/ml. At the geometric mean Cmax following the infusion of linezolid at 600 mg (14.9 mug/ml) and 1,200 mg (30.5 mug/ml), the mean (90% CI) predicted placebo-adjusted changes from the baseline QTcF were -0.217 (-1.14 to 0.710) and -0.444 (-2.34 to 1.45) ms, respectively, thus confirming a lack of a relationship between linezolid concentrations and QTc interval.
Fig. 5.
QTcF interval versus plasma linezolid concentrations.
| [heart <Organ>] [heart <Organ>] [heart <Organ>] [plasma <Organism_substance>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Sickle cell disease: continuous arterial spin-labeling perfusion MR imaging in children.
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with continuous arterial spin-labeling perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in 14 children with sickle cell disease and seven control subjects. Mean CBF values were higher in patients (P <.005) than in control subjects in all cerebral artery territories. Three patients had decreased CBF in right anterior and middle cerebral artery territories compared with CBF on the left, and one patient had a profound decrease in CBF in all three territories in the right hemisphere. Baseline CBF was significantly decreased in territories seen as unaffected on conventional MR images and MR angiograms in four children with sickle cell disease.
| [Sickle cell <Cell>] [arterial <Multi-tissue_structure>] [Cerebral <Organ>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [arterial <Multi-tissue_structure>] [sickle cell <Cell>] [cerebral artery <Multi-tissue_structure>] [right anterior <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cerebral artery <Multi-tissue_structure>] [right hemisphere <Organism_subdivision>] [sickle cell <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | A generative model for image segmentation based on label fusion.
We propose a nonparametric, probabilistic model for the automatic segmentation of medical images, given a training set of images and corresponding label maps. The resulting inference algorithms rely on pairwise registrations between the test image and individual training images. The training labels are then transferred to the test image and fused to compute the final segmentation of the test subject. Such label fusion methods have been shown to yield accurate segmentation, since the use of multiple registrations captures greater inter-subject anatomical variability and improves robustness against occasional registration failures. To the best of our knowledge, this manuscript presents the first comprehensive probabilistic framework that rigorously motivates label fusion as a segmentation approach. The proposed framework allows us to compare different label fusion algorithms theoretically and practically. In particular, recent label fusion or multiatlas segmentation algorithms are interpreted as special cases of our framework. We conduct two sets of experiments to validate the proposed methods. In the first set of experiments, we use 39 brain MRI scans-with manually segmented white matter, cerebral cortex, ventricles and subcortical structures-to compare different label fusion algorithms and the widely-used FreeSurfer whole-brain segmentation tool. Our results indicate that the proposed framework yields more accurate segmentation than FreeSurfer and previous label fusion algorithms. In a second experiment, we use brain MRI scans of 282 subjects to demonstrate that the proposed segmentation tool is sufficiently sensitive to robustly detect hippocampal volume changes in a study of aging and Alzheimer's Disease.
| [brain <Organ>] [white matter <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cerebral cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ventricles <Multi-tissue_structure>] [subcortical structures <Multi-tissue_structure>] [brain <Organ>] [brain <Organ>] [hippocampal <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Acute ablation of Langerhans cells enhances skin immune responses.
Understanding the function of Langerhans cells (LCs) in vivo has been complicated by conflicting results from LC-deficient mice. Human Langerin-DTA mice constitutively lack LCs and develop exaggerated contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses. Murine Langerin-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice allow for the inducible elimination of LCs and Langerin(+) dermal dendritic cells (dDCs) after administration of diphtheria toxin, which results in reduced CHS. When Langerin(+) dDCs have partially repopulated the skin but LCs are still absent, CHS returns to normal. Thus, LCs appear to be suppressive in human Langerin-DTA mice and redundant in murine Langerin-DTR mice. To determine whether inducible versus constitutive LC ablation explains these results, we engineered human Langerin-DTR mice in which diphtheria toxin ablates LCs without affecting Langerin(+) dDCs. The inducible ablation of LCs in human Langerin-DTR mice resulted in increased CHS. Thus, LC-mediated suppression does not require their absence during ontogeny or during the steady-state and is consistent with a model in which LCs actively suppress Ag-specific CHS responses.
| [Langerhans cells <Cell>] [skin <Organ>] [Langerhans cells <Cell>] [LCs <Cell>] [LC <Cell>] [LCs <Cell>] [LCs <Cell>] [Langerin(+) dermal dendritic cells <Cell>] [dDCs <Cell>] [Langerin(+) dDCs <Cell>] [skin <Organ>] [LCs <Cell>] [LCs <Cell>] [LC <Cell>] [LCs <Cell>] [Langerin(+) dDCs <Cell>] [LCs <Cell>] [LC <Cell>] [LCs <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Basilar papilla
The basilar papilla is found in a recess that opens into the saccular space at one end, and is limited by a thin contact membrane at the other. The contact membrane separates the endolymphatic fluid in the papillar recess from the perilymphatic fluid at the round window (Lewis and Narins 1999; Wever 1985). The recess perimeter is roughly oval in shape; in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, its major axis is approximately 200 mum long, while the minor axis measures approximately 150 mum (Van Bergeijk 1957). In the leopard frog, Rana pipiens pipiens, it is of similar size (personal observation, RLMS & JMS).
The oval perimeter of the lumen is formed from limbic tissue; a substance unique to the inner ear, and similar to cartilage (Wever 1985). The sensory epithelium is approximately 100 mum long. It occupies a curved area that is symmetrical in the major axis of the elliptical lumen. It contains approximately 60 hair cells (measured in Rana catesbeiana), from which the stereovilli protrude into the lumen and connect to the tectorial membrane (Frishkopf and Flock 1974). Typically the orientation of the hair cells, as defined by the direction to which the v-shape of the stereovilli bundle points (Lewis et al. 1985), is away from the sacculus in Ranidae.
The tectorial membrane spans the lumen of the papillar recess. It occludes about half the lumen, and consequently takes an approximately semi-circular shape when viewed from the saccular side (Frishkopf and Flock 1974; Wever 1985). The membrane has pores at the surface closest to the epithelium, into which the tips of the hair bundles project (Lewis and Narins 1999).4
| [Basilar papilla <Multi-tissue_structure>] [basilar papilla <Multi-tissue_structure>] [saccular space <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [contact membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [contact membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [endolymphatic fluid <Organism_substance>] [papillar <Multi-tissue_structure>] [perilymphatic fluid <Organism_substance>] [lumen <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [limbic tissue <Tissue>] [inner ear <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cartilage <Tissue>] [sensory epithelium <Tissue>] [elliptical lumen <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [hair cells <Cell>] [stereovilli <Cellular_component>] [lumen <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [tectorial membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [hair cells <Cell>] [stereovilli <Cellular_component>] [sacculus <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tectorial membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [lumen <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [papillar <Multi-tissue_structure>] [lumen <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [saccular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [epithelium <Tissue>] [hair <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Oesophageal candidiasis and croup in a child with defective neutrophil motility.
Severe oesophageal candidiasis and croup due to involvement of the larynx developed insidiously in a girl aged 20 months. There had been delayed separation of the umbilical cord and repeated infections associated with a defect of neutrophil motility. The significance of the early clinical features was not fully appreciated and the diagnosis considered only when stricture of the oesophagus became evident. She was treated with oral ketoconazole 100 mg daily. After one month's treatment there was striking radiological improvement apart from the persistence of the oesophageal stricture. The croup resolved completely but there was only partial relief of dysphagia because of the residual stricture. We would emphasis that candidiasis should be anticipated and treated vigorously in children with such a defect of neutrophil motility.
| [Oesophageal <Organ>] [neutrophil <Cell>] [oesophageal <Organ>] [larynx <Multi-tissue_structure>] [neutrophil <Cell>] [oesophagus <Organ>] [oesophageal <Organ>] [neutrophil <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Immunoglobulins associated with elevated riboflavin binding by plasma from cancer patients.
Plasma from 182 patients with different malignant diseases was tested for riboflavin binding by immunoglobulins, which have been recently identified as major carriers of this micronutrient. A wide range of binding (5.9 to 130 pmole/ml plasma) was observed, and significant elevations were found for patients having breast cancer (21.2 +/- 1.9, P less than 0.05) and melanoma (25.7 +/- 1.9, P less than 0.001) compared to controls (15.5 +/- 1.9). The proteins responsible for a majority of the higher binding were identified as immunoglobulins, based on their elution from gel filtration columns and the removal of 57-88% of the non-albumin binding by treating of plasma with Protein A-agarose. The binding was only weakly related to the total concentration of immunoglobulins (r = 0.11 by linear regression analysis), however, and is apparently due to a subclass that is elevated in some types of cancer. Elevated levels of these immunoglobulins may contribute to the lower urinary levels and clearance of riboflavin in cancer.
| [plasma <Organism_substance>] [cancer <Pathological_formation>] [Plasma <Organism_substance>] [breast cancer <Pathological_formation>] [melanoma <Pathological_formation>] [plasma <Organism_substance>] [urinary <Organism_substance>] [cancer <Pathological_formation>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Neural network analysis of spectroscopic data of lycopene and beta-carotene content in food samples compared to HPLC-UV-vis.
In this study a neural network (NN) model was designed to predict lycopene and beta-carotene concentrations in food samples, combined with a simple and fast technique, such as UV-vis spectroscopy. The measurement of the absorbance at 446 and 502 nm of different beta-carotene and lycopene standard mixtures was used to optimize a neural network based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) (learning and verification process). Then, for validation purposes, the optimized NN has been applied to determine the concentration of both compounds in food samples (fresh tomato, tomato concentrate, tomato sauce, ketchup, tomato juice, watermelon, medlar, green pepper, and carrots), comparing the NN results with the known values of these compounds obtained by analytical techniques (UV-vis and HPLC). It was concluded that when the MLP-NN is used within the range studied, the optimized NN is able to estimate the beta-carotene and lycopene concentrations in food samples with an adequate accuracy, solving the UV-vis interference of beta-carotene and lycopene.
| [concentrate <Organism_substance>] [juice <Organism_substance>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Inhibition of calmodulin-dependent myosin light-chain kinase by growth-hormone-releasing factor and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
In view of the ability of calmodulin to bind vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF) with high affinity [Stallwood, Brugger, Baggenstoss, Stemmer, Shiraga, Landers and Paul (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 19617-19621], the effects of these neuropeptides on a model calmodulin-dependent enzyme, myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), were studied. Both peptides were potent inhibitors of MLCK activity. The inhibition of enzyme activity by VIP and GRF was progressively overcome with increasing calmodulin concentrations, with no inhibition observed at a saturating calmodulin concentration. Nanomolar concentrations of MLCK blocked the formation of calmodulin-[125I-Tyr10]VIP complexes. These data provide support for a functional role of VIP and GRF binding by calmodulin.
| [intestinal <Multi-tissue_structure>] [intestinal <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Oscillatory alpha-band mechanisms and the deployment of spatial attention to anticipated auditory and visual target locations: supramodal or sensory-specific control mechanisms?
Oscillatory alpha-band activity (8-15 Hz) over parieto-occipital cortex in humans plays an important role in suppression of processing for inputs at to-be-ignored regions of space, with increased alpha-band power observed over cortex contralateral to locations expected to contain distractors. It is unclear whether similar processes operate during deployment of spatial attention in other sensory modalities. Evidence from lesion patients suggests that parietal regions house supramodal representations of space. The parietal lobes are prominent generators of alpha oscillations, raising the possibility that alpha is a neural signature of supramodal spatial attention. Furthermore, when spatial attention is deployed within vision, processing of task-irrelevant auditory inputs at attended locations is also enhanced, pointing to automatic links between spatial deployments across senses. Here, we asked whether lateralized alpha-band activity is also evident in a purely auditory spatial-cueing task and whether it had the same underlying generator configuration as in a purely visuospatial task. If common to both sensory systems, this would provide strong support for "supramodal" attention theory. Alternately, alpha-band differences between auditory and visual tasks would support a sensory-specific account. Lateralized shifts in alpha-band activity were indeed observed during a purely auditory spatial task. Crucially, there were clear differences in scalp topographies of this alpha activity depending on the sensory system within which spatial attention was deployed. Findings suggest that parietally generated alpha-band mechanisms are central to attentional deployments across modalities but that they are invoked in a sensory-specific manner. The data support an "interactivity account," whereby a supramodal system interacts with sensory-specific control systems during deployment of spatial attention.
| [parieto-occipital cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [lesion <Pathological_formation>] [parietal regions <Organism_subdivision>] [parietal lobes <Multi-tissue_structure>] [neural <Multi-tissue_structure>] [scalp <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Abdominal approach for the ligation of bleeding oesophageal varices.
The conventional surgical treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices in the emergency situation is based upon the Boerema-Crile operation of transthoracic oesophagotomy and ligation of the varices. This and the other methods of treatment of this condition in current practice are discussed. Two cases are reported in which a transabdominal oesophagogastrotomy was used to approach the site of bleeding. This operation is described and the theoretical and practical advantages it appears to offer over the standard approach are considered.
| [Abdominal <Organism_subdivision>] [oesophageal varices <Multi-tissue_structure>] [oesophageal varices <Multi-tissue_structure>] [transthoracic <Organism_subdivision>] [varices <Multi-tissue_structure>] [transabdominal <Organism_subdivision>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | The LHRH pulse generator: a mediobasal hypothalamic location.
The location and mechanism of LHRH pulse generator are discussed based on our series of experiments. Suckling stimulus is a novel stimulus that inhibits LH pulses without any cooperation from ovarian steroids, unlike other stimuli such as stress, photoperiod etc. It is directly involved in suppressing the activity of the LHRH pulse generator. The information from teats suckled by pups or babies is conveyed dorsally to the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), where the LHRH pulse generator may be located. Experiments using various types of deafferentation and fetal brain tissue transplantation confirmed that the LHRH pulse generator is located in the MBH and suggested that LHRH pulse generator consists of nonLHRH neurons. Endogenous excitatory amino acid is one of the possible neurotransmitters that regulate LHRH release at the nerve terminal in ME.
| [mediobasal hypothalamic <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ovarian <Organ>] [mediobasal hypothalamus <Multi-tissue_structure>] [fetal brain tissue <Tissue>] [nerve terminal <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Neurologic diagnosis and treatment in patients with computed tomography and nasal endoscopy negative facial pain.
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the helpfulness of specialist neurology referral for patients with facial pain, a normal sinus computed tomography (CT) scan, and normal nasal endoscopy findings.
STUDY DESIGN:
Prospective identification of patients and analysis of data approved by the Institutional Review Board.
METHODS:
The data of 104 consecutive patients presenting with facial pain, a normal sinus CT scan, and normal nasal endoscopy findings were reviewed. The patients presented to a single rhinologist in a tertiary care institution. All patients were referred for specialist neurologic evaluation and potential treatment. Further information was obtained from a patient survey.
RESULTS:
Of the 104 patients, 81 were women and 23 were men. The average age was 46 years (range, 22-85). Fifty-six had clear CT scans, 48 had minimal change, and all had negative endoscopies. Twenty-nine had previous unsuccessful sinus surgery. The average follow-up period was 10.5 months. Forty of 75 patients seeing a neurologist were seen on multiple occasions. Four percent of patients seen by a neurologist had an unsuspected serious intracranial diagnosis. The most common diagnoses were migraine (37%), rebound headache (17%), chronic daily headache (17%), and obstructive sleep apnea (16%). Overall, 58% improved on medical therapy; 60% of those with a clear CT scan improved, and 53% of those with minimal change on CT scan improved (P = .749).
CONCLUSIONS:
Facial pain remains a difficult symptom to diagnose and treat in rhinologic practice. Patients often undergo surgery without help. Most patients with facial pain, a normal sinus CT scan, and normal endoscopy findings benefit from neurologic consultation. Serious intracranial pathologic conditions can be excluded and diagnosis-specific pharmacogenetic therapy instituted with improvement in more than 50%.
| [nasal <Organism_subdivision>] [facial <Organism_subdivision>] [facial <Organism_subdivision>] [sinus <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [nasal <Organism_subdivision>] [facial <Organism_subdivision>] [sinus <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [nasal <Organism_subdivision>] [sinus <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [intracranial <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [Facial <Organism_subdivision>] [facial <Organism_subdivision>] [sinus <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [intracranial <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Neutrophil function in chronic neutrophilic leukemia: defective respiratory burst in response to phorbol esters.
Functional analyses were performed on neutrophils isolated from 6 patients from two institutions who displayed features of chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL). These neutrophils demonstrated a consistent deficiency (44 +/- 8% of control values) in superoxide anion (O2-) production in response to the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). O2- production in response to chemotactic peptides was near normal (82.3 +/- 10.7% of control values). Bacterial killing was normal in the two patients studied, and chemotaxis was diminished in response to zymosan-activated plasma and to high concentrations of chemotactic peptides in the patients studied. Cytosolic C kinase activity was decreased in one of the two patients studied. These results suggest that a deficient O2- release in response to PMA is a hallmark of neutrophils in CNL and may provide a diagnostic indicator of this condition.
| [Neutrophil <Cell>] [neutrophilic <Cell>] [respiratory <Anatomical_system>] [neutrophils <Cell>] [neutrophilic <Cell>] [neutrophils <Cell>] [plasma <Organism_substance>] [neutrophils <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Conclusions
Myocardial ischaemia during DCMR is independently predictive of cardiac events among patients with previous myocardial revascularisation.
| [Myocardial <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cardiac <Organ>] [myocardial <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Endoscopic injection therapy for acute upper GI bleeding.
In summary, we have found this technique to be useful in patients in whom coagulation therapy is not possible or effective. It must still be considered a technique which is undergoing evaluation. Prospective randomized trials comparing this therapy with other currently available therapies such a electrocoagulation, laser and conservative management must be completed to firmly define its place in treatment strategy for acute upper GI bleeding.
| [upper GI <Organism_subdivision>] [upper GI <Organism_subdivision>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | 3.2. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating the Perinatal Beta-Cell Adaptive Response to Early-Life Stressors
Molecular mechanisms responsible for impaired beta-cell mass formation after IUCR or IUPR have come under investigation.
First, it has been proposed that IUCR can result in a reduction of the embryonic beta-cell progenitor pool leading to inappropriate postnatal beta-cell formation. Stanger et al. [108] demonstrated that selective genetic reduction in the size of PDX-1+ pancreatic progenitors during the fetal period results in impaired beta-cell formation during the postnatal period with consequent development of glucose intolerance during adulthood. Consistent with this, maternal food restriction leads to significant reduction in PDX-1+ and neurogenin-3+ pancreatic precursors during embryonic development in rats, diminished postnatal beta-cell formation, and inability to expand beta-cell mass in response to pregnancy [47, 94]. The UPI model is also characterized by a permanent decrease in islet PDX-1 mRNA expression. This decrease has recently been shown to be due to progressive epigenetic silencing of the Pdx1 gene locus secondary to proximal promoter methylation [69, 109], and it may be responsible for the decreased rate of beta-cell replication and inappropriate postnatal beta-cell mass development [69, 110]. In the same way of thinking, studies have demonstrated that the maintenance of methylated histone H3 Lys4 by Set7/9, a member of the SET methyltransferase family, is crucial to Pdx1 activity in beta-cell lines [111-113]. This led to the hypothesis that Set7/9 may represent a novel chromatin-modifying protein that functions in part through its recruitment to target genes by cell-specific transcription factors such as Pdx1. Since then, a role of histone methyl transferases, particularly set7, has also been demonstrated in the sustained deleterious effects of chronic hyperglycemia on human microvascular endothelial cells [114]. Such an epigenetic change could potentially be involved in the deleterious effect of high glucose upon the fetal pancreas in the IUED models.
Another mechanism proposed to explain reduced beta-cell formation after IUCR is related to prenatal glucocorticoid exposure. Administration of either dexamethasone or carbenoxolone (to inhibit 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2) to normal pregnant rats also causes fetal growth retardation and the adult offspring are hypertensive and hyperglycemic, with hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [115]. Maternal undernutrition significantly increased both fetal and maternal corticosterone concentrations in rats [116]. Subsequently, maternal and/or fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids (via administration of dexamethasone) impairs both fetal and postnatal beta-cell formation in rodents and nonhuman primates [94, 117-119]. Seckl et al. [115] have shown that fetal corticosterone concentrations are inversely correlated with fetal insulin content and postnatal beta-cell formation in rats. Evidence suggests that glucocorticoids can exert a direct effect on the developing fetal pancreas via transcriptional modulation of transcription factors involved in beta-cell formation and differentiation [117]. Glucocorticoid receptors are present in the pancreas during embryonic development of rodents and humans [117], and glucocorticoids can bind to the Pdx1 promoter and thus suppress fetal endocrine cell differentiation [117]. Glucocorticoid treatment has been shown to significantly reduce fetal expression of key endocrine transcription factors such as Pdx1 and Pax6 but simultaneously increase expression of transcription factors that regulate development of the exocrine pancreas [119].
It has also been demonstrated that the UPI or the low-protein IUPR offspring experience increased oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial function [96, 120]. The mitochondrial dysfunction was not limited to just the beta cell, as mitochondria from both the liver and skeletal muscle exhibit decreased oxidation of pyruvate, subsequently leading to the development of features commonly found in T2D [100, 121]. Also exposure to a Western-style diet before and during pregnancy (an IUEO model) alters the redox state as early as preimplantation development, leading to mild oxidative stress associated with inflammation. The finding that administration of antioxidants to the dam reverses oxidative stress and completely prevents the development of glucose intolerance and increased adiposity in the adult offspring suggests that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of adiposity in this case [122]. Some studies in the low-protein IUPR model have demonstrated that oxidative stress is not limited to just mitochondrial DNA damage, but also to genomic DNA, impacting cell-cycle regulation and gene expression [123]. While DNA is being targeted throughout by ROS, there are particular regions that are known to be more sensitive to ROS-mediated damage, for example, telomeres. Telomeres comprise GC-rich repeats and are found at the ends of each chromosome. They are known to shorten with each cellular division and, hence, can act as a mitotic clock, registering the number of replicative divisions to have taken place within the cell. Investigations using an IUPR model have indeed reported a decrease in longevity in the offspring [123, 124] accompanied by reduction in mitochondrial antioxidant defences [96, 125] and telomere length in islets [125].
Pancreatic islet development has been shown to be influenced by a number of growth factors including the insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and IGF-II whose expression in utero is regulated by nutrient and hormone concentrations. IUPR modifies expression of both IGF genes in a variety of fetal tissues. In an IUPR rat model with a decreased beta-cell mass and beta-cell replication and an increased rate of beta-cell apoptosis, gene expression for IGF-II but not IGF-I was found reduced in the fetal pancreas [126]. In a different IUPR model with more severe global food restriction which induced hyperinsulinemia and an increase in beta-cell mass in their fetuses [90], the fetal phenotype was unexpectedly associated with an increase in pancreatic IGF-I expression, islet IGF-1R [91], and IRS-2 [92]. In the fetal GK/Par rat exposed to mild hyperglycemia during gestation (a model of IUED), data from our group suggest that the beta-cell deficit (reduced by more than 50%) starts as early as fetal age E16 and reflects decreased beta-cell proliferation, a limitation of beta-cell neogenesis from precursors, and increased apoptosis of both beta cells and their precursors [86]. Notably, Pdx1 and Neurogenin3 expression were decreased on E18 but normally expressed on E13 [86]. Defective signalling through the Igf2/Igf1-R pathway may represent the primary instrumental anomaly since Igf2 and Igf1-R protein expressions are already decreased within the GK/Par pancreatic rudiment at E13, at a time when beta-cell mass (first wave of beta-cell expansion) is in fact normal [31]. Low levels of pancreatic Igf2 associated with beta-cell mass deficiency are maintained thereafter within the fetal pancreas [87]. Crossbreeding protocols between nondiabetic W and diabetic GK rats showed that, in late gestation (E18), pancreatic Igf2 protein expression was as low in GKmother/GKfather and Wmother/GKfather crosses as in GKmother/GKfather crosses [87]. These findings rather support the hypothesis that the pancreatic Igf2 anomaly in the GK diabetic model is linked to a genetic determinism. This view is also consistent with the results of genetic analyses that linked a locus containing the gene encoding Igf2 to diabetes in the GK rat [127]. The Igf2 gene is subjected to paternal genomic imprinting. However, because the Igf2 expression is similarly affected in fetuses, regardless of whether the father is W or GK [87], we cannot conclude with a simple change of Igf2 gene imprinting in the GK rat.
Finally, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms for reduced BCM in response to inappropriate perinatal nutrition is growing rapidly. However, the relative contribution of the many intrinsic and extrinsic factors which contribute to the adaptive response of the developing endocrine pancreas is still to be established.
| [Beta-Cell <Cell>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [embryonic beta-cell <Cell>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [pancreatic <Organ>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [pancreatic <Organ>] [embryonic <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [islet <Multi-tissue_structure>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [beta-cell lines <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [microvascular endothelial cells <Cell>] [fetal pancreas <Organ>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [hypothalamic <Organ>] [pituitary <Organ>] [adrenal <Organ>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [fetal pancreas <Organ>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [pancreas <Organ>] [embryonic <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [fetal endocrine cell <Cell>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [exocrine pancreas <Organ>] [mitochondrial <Cellular_component>] [mitochondrial <Cellular_component>] [beta cell <Cell>] [mitochondria <Cellular_component>] [liver <Organ>] [skeletal muscle <Organ>] [mitochondrial <Cellular_component>] [cell <Cell>] [cellular <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [mitochondrial <Cellular_component>] [islets <Multi-tissue_structure>] [Pancreatic islet <Multi-tissue_structure>] [fetal tissues <Tissue>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [fetal pancreas <Organ>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [fetuses <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [pancreatic <Organ>] [islet <Multi-tissue_structure>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [beta cells <Cell>] [pancreatic rudiment <Organ>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [pancreatic <Organ>] [beta-cell <Cell>] [fetal pancreas <Organ>] [pancreatic <Organ>] [pancreatic <Organ>] [fetuses <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [endocrine pancreas <Organ>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Percutaneous coronary intervention for the very late stent thrombosis in right coronary artery. A: a balloon angioplasty was performed to treat total occlusion of the stented right coronary artery. B: final coronary angiogram showed good distal flow without residual stenosis.
| [coronary <Multi-tissue_structure>] [right coronary artery <Multi-tissue_structure>] [right coronary artery <Multi-tissue_structure>] [coronary <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Sensitivity analysis of the influence of source-term and environmental parameters on the radiological risk of coal-fired plants.
A sensitivity analysis was undertaken to determine the influence of different source-term and environmental parameters on the radiological risks from a coal-fired plant (CFP). It was found that the release rate of radionuclides and the effective release height most significantly influence radiological risk. Site characteristics, such as rain scavenging coefficients and food acquirement habits, have a lesser influence, and some parameters, such as time delay before ingestion of contaminated food, have practically no influence on the radiological impact of a CFP. The contribution to radiation risks of different exposure modes (i.e. inhalation, ingestion and contact with ground surface) were also analyzed, as well as of specific radionuclides and human body organs. Results of the sensitivity analysis were interpreted in terms of the characteristics of the fuel, facilities and site of a CFP. It is concluded that by proper choice of coal, furnace, ash filtration and stack height, as well as by proper siting, the radiological impact of a CFP can be drastically reduced.
| [body organs <Organ>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Involvement of de novo ceramide synthesis in radiocontrast-induced renal tubular cell injury.
We reported previously that various radiocontrast media cause apoptosis in porcine proximal tubular (LLC-PK(1)) cells, in which reduction in B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 expression and caspase-3 activation are implicated. In the present study, we investigated a role for ceramide in radiocontrast media-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells. LLC-PK(1) cells were exposed to radiocontrast media for 30 min, followed by incubation for 24 h in normal medium. Cell viability was assessed by 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium monosodium salt assay, while apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling stain. Immunofluorescent stains were performed using antibodies against phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) (pCREB), and ceramide. The mRNA expression and protein content of Bcl-2 were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. In vivo model of contrast-induced renal injury was induced in mice with unilateral renal occlusion. The cell injury induced by the nonionic radiocontrast medium ioversol was reversed by inhibiting de novo ceramide synthesis with fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and L-cycloserine, but not by suppressing sphingomyelin breakdown with D609. FB(1) reversed ioversol-induced decrease in the immunoreactivities of pAkt and pCREB, reduction in Bcl-2 expression and caspase-3 activation. Like ioversol, C2 ceramide and the Akt inhibitor Src homology-6 induced apoptosis by reducing pAkt and pCREB-like immunoreactivities, lowering Bcl-2 expression and enhancing caspase-3 activity. Indeed, various radiocontrast media, excluding iodixanol which showed the least nephrotoxicity, enhanced ceramide-like immunoreactivity. The role for de novo ceramide synthesis was also shown in the in vivo model of radiocontrast nephropathy. We demonstrated here for the first time that the enhancement of de novo ceramide synthesis contributes to radiocontrast nephropathy.
| [renal tubular cell <Cell>] [proximal tubular (LLC-PK(1)) cells <Cell>] [renal tubular cells <Cell>] [LLC-PK(1) cells <Cell>] [Cell <Cell>] [renal <Organ>] [renal <Organ>] [cell <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Results
primary pancreatic sarcomas are extremely rare. Pancreatic sarcomas are more aggressive than other pancreatic neoplasms.
| [pancreatic sarcomas <Pathological_formation>] [Pancreatic sarcomas <Pathological_formation>] [pancreatic neoplasms <Pathological_formation>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative--part IV: membranes for CRRT.
The extracorporeal membrane used in a continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for the treatment of a critically ill patient with acute renal failure (ARF) is vitally important for several reasons, including its influence on biocompatibility and filter performance. The clinical relevance of membrane-related biocompatibility markers traditionally used in chronic hemodialysis remains unclear in CRRT. Numerous approaches may be used to assess membrane and filter performance in CRRT, but no specific methodology is accepted widely at present. Although a potential benefit of certain membranes used for CRRT is adsorptive removal of inflammatory mediators, this issue has not been assessed carefully in well-designed clinical trials. These and other issues should be the subject of future clinical research efforts.
| [membranes <Multi-tissue_structure>] [extracorporeal membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [renal <Organ>] [renal <Organ>] [membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [membrane <Multi-tissue_structure>] [membranes <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | [Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva: case report and literature review].
We describe the case of a patient in whom evaluation of effort angina revealed a tight stenosis of a right coronary artery anomalously arising from the left sinus of Valsalva, which was successfully treated by stent implantation. The abnormal origin of the right coronary artery from the left aortic sinus coursing between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk is a rare congenital anomaly. It may remain asymptomatic, but can also cause major cardiac events, even in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis. We discuss the clinical importance of this anomaly and review the literature concerning current views and therapy.
| [right coronary artery <Multi-tissue_structure>] [sinus <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [right coronary artery <Multi-tissue_structure>] [sinus <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [right coronary artery <Multi-tissue_structure>] [aortic sinus <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [aorta <Multi-tissue_structure>] [pulmonary trunk <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cardiac <Organ>] [coronary <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Management of extremity trauma and related infections occurring in the aquatic environment.
Wounds sustained in oceans, lakes, and streams are exposed to a milieu of bacteria rarely encountered in typical land-based injuries. These include Vibrio species, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas and Plesiomonas species, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Mycobacterium marinum, and other microbes. Failure to recognize and treat these less common pathogens in a timely manner may result in significant morbidity or death. Initial antibiotic therapy should address common gram-positive and gram-negative aquatic bacteria, depending on the environment. Trauma occurring in brackish or salt water should be treated with doxycycline and ceftazidime, or a fluoroquinolone (eg, ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin). Freshwater wounds should be managed with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or a third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin (eg, ceftazidime). Injuries sustained in a marine or freshwater environment may result from bites or venomous stings of aquatic organisms as well as from accidental trauma. Musculoskeletal trauma caused by venomous underwater species (eg, stingrays, stinging fish, sea urchins, and coral) requires immediate neutralization of the heat-labile toxin with immersion in nonscalding water for 30 to 90 minutes. Appropriate management of aquatic wounds requires recognition of the mechanism of injury, neutralization of venom, antibiotic administration, radiographic assessment, surgical debridement with irrigation, wound cultures, and structural repair or amputation as indicated by the severity of the injury.
| [Wounds <Pathological_formation>] [wounds <Pathological_formation>] [Musculoskeletal trauma <Pathological_formation>] [wounds <Pathological_formation>] [wound <Pathological_formation>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Effect of Trail on the expression of endogenous M2. (A) Effect of Trail on the level of endogenous M2 protein. The expression level of endogenous M2 protein in HeLa cells was determined using western blot 4 h following Trail (250 mug/ml) treatment. (B) Effect of Trail on the endogenous M2 mRNA. The expression level of endogenous M2 mRNA in HeLa cells was detected using RNase protection assay 4 h following Trail (250 mug/ml) treatment. (C) Effect of Trail on the synthesis of endogenous M2 protein. HeLa cells were first treated with 250 mug/ml Trail followed by pulse labeling of newly synthesized proteins with [35S]methionine. M2 protein was then immunoprecipitated and separated by SDS-PAGE for autoradiography as described in Materials and Methods.
| [HeLa cells <Cell>] [HeLa cells <Cell>] [HeLa cells <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | [The assessment of flow velocity in carotid and intracranial arteries in three different age groups].
In this report we assess the systolic maximal flow velocity in carotid and intracranial arteries in 191 subjects with no history of cerebral vascular disease in 3 age groups: 20-40 years (1 group), 41-60 years (2 group), and above 60 years (3 group). The subjects were assessed using Sonomed Transcranial Doppler Spectrograph according to generally accepted principles. The purpose of the study was to establish the mean value of maximal flow velocity in each particular artery in three age groups, and to observe the changes in this parameter with age. The results were analyzed using statistical methods and a significant decrease in blood flow, Vmax, was found in all investigated arteries. A mean decrease of 8.02% in flow velocity Vmax was found, when comparing groups 2 and 1, and difference 15.99% comparing 3 and 1.
| [carotid <Multi-tissue_structure>] [intracranial arteries <Multi-tissue_structure>] [carotid <Multi-tissue_structure>] [intracranial arteries <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cerebral vascular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [artery <Multi-tissue_structure>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [arteries <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Antishock trousers: a collective review.
Antishock trousers have become an integral part of emergency medical care for many traumatic and life-threatening emergencies. This article represents a summary of the current state of knowledge concerning the use of this device. A brief history of the development of antishock garments is discussed. This is followed by a discussion of human clinical studies and results of clinical research on hemodynamics, respiration, use in head injury, and effects on vascular hemostasis. Indications, contraindications, complications, and recommended procedure for use are discussed. Based on randomized prospective studies, antishock garments have not, as yet, been shown to improve patient morbidity or mortality. Proper use of antishock garments requires an understanding of both their function and their limitations.
| [head <Organism_subdivision>] [vascular <Multi-tissue_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | 2.2.
Iris and Ciliary Body
Serotonin is present in mammalian iris-ciliary body complex (ICB) at higher concentration that in non-mammalian species [5, 45, 73, 129, 137]. Moreover, the presence of serotonergic nerves has been demonstrated in studies conducted on the ICB of various species [102, 137, 138]. Experimental evidence and radioligand analyses have defined the presence at this level of three different types of serotonin receptors [10, 28, 85, 136, 137], i.e. 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A/2C and 5-HT7 [98], one linked to a stimulation of inositol phosphates (5-HT2 subtype), while the others two are linked to cAMP activity.
The plausibility of the existence of more than one 5-HT receptor type in the ciliary body is confirmed by intraocular pressure (IOP) experiments. Topical application of serotonin has been reported to both elevate [84] and lower [88] IOP in rabbit. A large number of reports have shown that serotonin agonists and antagonists can produce increases and decreases in IOP when given orally, topically to the eye or when they are directly injected in the anterior chamber [10, 26, 34, 35, 64, 75, 84, 87, 88, 112, 113, 126, 136, 137]. A rationale for such apparently contradictory results may be due to the different sites of action, i.e. which class of serotonin receptor is activated. In fact, in rabbit the administration of 5-methyl-urapidil (a combined 5-HT1A agonist/alpha1 adrenoreceptor antagonist) and 8-OH-DPAT (8-hydroxydypropylaminotetralin, a 5HT1A agonist) reduces IOP, while the administration of 5-CT (5-carboxamidotryptamine, a 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 agonist) increases IOP [36, 84, 99].
Chidlow, Le Corre and Osborne [28] have recently demonstrated that, in section taken through the whole eye and ciliary body, prominent 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid signals were obtained. These signals were evident in both the pigmented and non-pigmented epithelial cell layers of the pars plicata region of the ciliary processes, but not in the pars plana or in the ciliary musculature. 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 signals were apparent in the posterior processes but not in the iris processes. The presence of both receptors in the ciliary body would certainly provide an explanation for the shallow displacement curves observed in [3H]5-HT binding studies with the tissue [110], since this ligand can be used to label both receptors. Because the ciliary epithelium of the pars plicata is responsible for the secretion of aqueous humor, an obvious function for these two receptors would be an involvement in the control of aqueous production and, consequently, of the IOP level. Further, the almost identical distribution of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 messengers ribonucleic acid indicate that the receptors may be co-localized in epithelial cells. The presence of two serotonin receptors with opposing effects on cAMP in the same cell layer prompts the suggestion that they could act antagonistically. The agonism of 5-HT1A receptors, negatively coupled to cAMP, reduces IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous humor, like beta-receptor antagonists which, diminishing the content of cAMP at the postjunctional site, lowers the aqueous humor secretion with a consequent decrease in IOP [98]. On the contrary, the administration of 5-CT induces a rise in IOP, which is partly or entirely caused by an increase in aqueous humor secretion mediated by 5-HT7 receptors [84].
The other type of serotonin receptor present in the ICB is a 5-HT2 type. Serotonin stimulates the accumulation of inositol phosphates in the ICB and this effect is partially counteracted by the 5-HT2 antagonists ketanserin, methysergide and mianserin [98]. Studies with ketanserin have demonstrated that, when orally or topically applied, it lowers IOP in animals, healthy volunteers and in glaucomatous patients [26, 34, 37, 64, 75, 88, 113, 126]. It has been emphasized that ketanserin also possesses an affinity for alpha1-adrenoreceptors [27, 36, 139], and for this reason the effects of ketanserin on IOP may not be entirely caused by its action on 5-HT2 receptors. However, data from human studies conducted after oral or topical administration of ketanserin, in which were determined the variations of IOP, total outflow facility and pupil diameter, demonstrated that the alpha1-adrenoreceptor blocking effect exerted by ketanserin should represent a further aspect of its mechanism of action, probably due to a functional sharing of these receptors [64, 87]. Lastly, already in 1992 Martin and co-workers showed the occurrence of a significant correlation between the content of serotonin in the aqueous humor and IOP in the human eye [85].
In 1981, Moro and his collaborators found that intravitreal injection of 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine, a serotonergic neurotoxin, causes miosis [91]. The identification of 5-HT7, but not of 5-HT1 receptors in the rabbit iris, suggests that this population of serotonergic receptors is involved in the relaxation of the sphincter of the pupil. In fact, one of the function correlate to 5-HT7 receptor activation includes smooth muscle relaxation observed in a variety of isolated tissue preparations, in which elevation of cAMP concentration was also detected [3, 44]. Further evidence for the mediation of the relaxant response via the 5-HT7 receptor is provided by the localization of messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts encoding the 5-HT7 receptor in many blood vessels [67]. This hypothesized mechanism of action is also supported by the fact that various other receptor types, also positively coupled to cAMP, in the iris cause relaxation of the sphincter muscle [1, 28].
| [Iris <Multi-tissue_structure>] [Ciliary Body <Multi-tissue_structure>] [iris-ciliary body complex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ICB <Multi-tissue_structure>] [nerves <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ICB <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ciliary body <Multi-tissue_structure>] [intraocular <Immaterial_anatomical_entity>] [eye <Organ>] [anterior chamber <Multi-tissue_structure>] [eye <Organ>] [ciliary body <Multi-tissue_structure>] [epithelial cell <Cell>] [pars plicata <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ciliary <Multi-tissue_structure>] [pars plana <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ciliary musculature <Multi-tissue_structure>] [iris <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ciliary body <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tissue <Tissue>] [ciliary epithelium <Tissue>] [pars plicata <Multi-tissue_structure>] [epithelial cells <Cell>] [cell <Cell>] [humor <Organism_substance>] [humor <Organism_substance>] [ICB <Multi-tissue_structure>] [ICB <Multi-tissue_structure>] [pupil <Multi-tissue_structure>] [humor <Organism_substance>] [eye <Organ>] [iris <Multi-tissue_structure>] [sphincter <Tissue>] [pupil <Multi-tissue_structure>] [smooth muscle <Tissue>] [tissue <Tissue>] [blood vessels <Multi-tissue_structure>] [iris <Multi-tissue_structure>] [sphincter muscle <Tissue>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Primary hyperparathyroidism and the heart: cardiac abnormalities correlated to clinical and biochemical data.
Comparing patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) to a normocalcemic control population, those with PHP have a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and cardiac abnormalities. This study aimed at correlating cardiac findings (valvular and myocardial calcification, myocardial hypertrophy) with clinical data (age, sex, clinical manifestation, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, hypertension, skeletal abnormalities, hypercalcemic syndrome) and biochemical data (serum calcium, serum phosphate, serum iPTH level, serum creatinine). A group of 132 consecutive patients with surgically verified PHP (94 women, 38 men; ages 15-86, mean age 57 +/- 16 years) were included in this study. Blood chemistry, clinical presentation, radiography, and echocardiography were carried out in all patients for univariate and multivariate analyses of all parameters. There was no statistical correlation between clinical symptoms, biochemical data, and cardiac calcific alterations. Typical skeletal manifestations (osteolysis/subperiostal resorption) and valvular calcifications were significantly correlated to left ventricular hypertrophy (p = 0.005). Cardiac abnormalities such as calcific myocardial deposits or mitral and aortic valvular calcifications do not correlate with laboratory findings and clinical presentation at the time of diagnosis. There was no biochemical or clinical variable that could predict the frequency or severity of valvular sclerosis or calcific deposits in the myocardium. However, PHP-related skeletal abnormalities and valvular calcification were predicting factors for left ventricular hypertrophy, a reversible cardiac manifestation of PHP. Myocardial hypertrophy is more often found with classic symptomatic PHP with osseous abnormalities.
| [heart <Organ>] [cardiac <Organ>] [cardiovascular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cardiac <Organ>] [cardiac <Organ>] [valvular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [myocardial <Multi-tissue_structure>] [myocardial <Multi-tissue_structure>] [skeletal <Anatomical_system>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [serum <Organism_substance>] [Blood <Organism_substance>] [cardiac <Organ>] [skeletal <Anatomical_system>] [valvular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [left ventricular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [Cardiac <Organ>] [myocardial <Multi-tissue_structure>] [mitral <Multi-tissue_structure>] [aortic valvular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [valvular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [myocardium <Multi-tissue_structure>] [skeletal <Anatomical_system>] [valvular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [left ventricular <Multi-tissue_structure>] [cardiac <Organ>] [Myocardial <Multi-tissue_structure>] [osseous <Organ>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Background
Previous publications indicate that acupuncture is efficient for the treatment of pelvic girdle pain, PGP, in pregnant women. However, the use of acupuncture for PGP is rare due to insufficient documentation of adverse effects of this treatment in this specific condition. The aim of the present work was to assess adverse effects of acupuncture on the pregnancy, mother, delivery and the fetus/neonate in comparison with women that received stabilising exercises as adjunct to standard treatment or standard treatment alone.
| [pelvic girdle <Multi-tissue_structure>] [fetus <Developing_anatomical_structure>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Abbreviations
ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CMV: conventional mechanical ventilation; HFOV: high-frequency oscillation ventilation; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; VILI: ventilator-induced lung injury.
| [respiratory <Anatomical_system>] [lung <Organ>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Multicentre study on peri- and postoperative central venous oxygen saturation in high-risk surgical patients.
INTRODUCTION:
Low central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) has been associated with increased risk of postoperative complications in high-risk surgery. Whether this association is centre-specific or more generalisable is not known. The aim of this study was to assess the association between peri- and postoperative ScvO2 and outcome in high-risk surgical patients in a multicentre setting.
METHODS:
Three large European university hospitals (two in Finland, one in Switzerland) participated. In 60 patients with intra-abdominal surgery lasting more than 90 minutes, the presence of at least two of Shoemaker's criteria, and ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) class greater than 2, ScvO2 was determined preoperatively and at two hour intervals during the operation until 12 hours postoperatively. Hospital length of stay (LOS) mortality, and predefined postoperative complications were recorded.
RESULTS:
The age of the patients was 72 +/- 10 years (mean +/- standard deviation), and simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II) was 32 +/- 12. Hospital LOS was 10.5 (8 to 14) days, and 28-day hospital mortality was 10.0%. Preoperative ScvO2 decreased from 77% +/- 10% to 70% +/- 11% (p < 0.001) immediately after surgery and remained unchanged 12 hours later. A total of 67 postoperative complications were recorded in 32 patients. After multivariate analysis, mean ScvO2 value (odds ratio [OR] 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.50], p = 0.037), hospital LOS (OR 0.75 [95% CI 0.59 to 0.94], p = 0.012), and SAPS II (OR 0.90 [95% CI 0.82 to 0.99], p = 0.029) were independently associated with postoperative complications. The optimal value of mean ScvO2 to discriminate between patients who did or did not develop complications was 73% (sensitivity 72%, specificity 61%).
CONCLUSION:
Low ScvO2 perioperatively is related to increased risk of postoperative complications in high-risk surgery. This warrants trials with goal-directed therapy using ScvO2 as a target in high-risk surgery patients.
| [central venous <Multi-tissue_structure>] [central venous <Multi-tissue_structure>] [abdominal <Organism_subdivision>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Melanoma/skin cancer screening clinics: experiences in The Netherlands.
In 1989 and 1990 we conducted two free melanoma/skin screening clinics in Oss and Arnhem in the Netherlands. The study was carried out along the lines of the recent campaigns supported by the American Academy of Dermatology. Of 2564 persons screened, 53 had melanoma or nonmelanoma skin cancer (2.1%). Compliance with follow-up for persons with suspected melanoma/skin cancer was adequate (93 of 103; 90.3%).
| [Melanoma <Pathological_formation>] [skin cancer <Pathological_formation>] [melanoma <Pathological_formation>] [skin <Organ>] [melanoma <Pathological_formation>] [nonmelanoma skin cancer <Pathological_formation>] [melanoma <Pathological_formation>] [skin cancer <Pathological_formation>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | 2.1.
Biological samples
Placental tissues from the first trimester legally induced abortions (8-12 weeks of gestation) were obtained from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Broussais, Saint Vincent de Paul and Cochin Hospitals. Second trimester placental tissues were collected at the time of termination of pregnancy at 15 and 25 weeks of gestation (in weeks of amenorrhea) in trisomy 21-affected pregnancies. Fetal Down syndrome was diagnosed by karyotyping of amniotic fluid cells. The indication of amniocentesis was the maternal age. Term placentas were obtained after elective cesarean section from healthy mothers near term with uncomplicated pregnancies. With written informed consent of the pregnant woman, the following samples were collected at term: a fragment of the placenta, umbilical cord fetal blood and maternal blood. The placenta biopsy sample was collected at a depth of 1 cm and at a distance of 8 cm from the edge of the placenta, with the maternal side facing upward. The use of these biological samples was approved by local ethical committee. Villous cytotrophoblastic cells were isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion of chorionic villi from the first trimester, second trimester and term placenta and purified on a discontinuous percoll gradient, as described previously.47-49 These cells were positively stained for cytokeratin 7 at 95%, indicating the cytotrophoblastic origin of the cells. Placental fibroblasts were isolated by prolonged enzymatic digestion from first trimester chorionic villi as in Malassine et al.50 Fibroblastic cells (1.25 x 105 cells/mL) were plated on 35-mm plastic dishes (TPP, Switzerland) and cultured for 48 h, and the culture medium was changed daily. These cultured fibroblasts were characterized using immunocytochemistry. It was found that 98% of the cells were vimentin positive and also positive for a monoclonal antibody against specific fibroblast antigen (clone ASO2, Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). Owing to the limited amount of cells, only DNA was extracted.
| [Placental tissues <Tissue>] [placental tissues <Tissue>] [Fetal <Developing_anatomical_structure>] [amniotic fluid cells <Cell>] [placentas <Organ>] [fragment <Organ>] [placenta <Organ>] [umbilical cord fetal blood <Organism_substance>] [blood <Organism_substance>] [placenta biopsy sample <Organ>] [placenta <Organ>] [Villous cytotrophoblastic cells <Cell>] [chorionic villi <Multi-tissue_structure>] [placenta <Organ>] [cells <Cell>] [cells <Cell>] [Placental fibroblasts <Cell>] [chorionic villi <Multi-tissue_structure>] [Fibroblastic cells <Cell>] [fibroblasts <Cell>] [cells <Cell>] [fibroblast <Cell>] [cells <Cell>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>]. | Summary
Kindt et al.1 published a report entitled "Intestinal immune activation in presumed post-infectious functional syspepsia" in the August issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility in 2009. By comparing the signs of inflammation and the degree of hyperplasia of the enterochromaffin cells (EC) in duodenal biopsies obtained from patients with presumed post-infectious functional dyspepsia (PI-FD) and unspecified-onset functional dyspepsia (U-FD), they showed that PI-FD is associated with persistence of focal T-cell aggregates, decrease in CD4+ cells and increased macrophage counts surrounding the crypts, without any significant differences in the numbers of EC or chromogranin A (CA)-positive cells (mast cells). This finding may indicate impaired ability of the immune system in these cases to terminate the inflammatory response after an acute insult.
| [Intestinal <Multi-tissue_structure>] [enterochromaffin cells <Cell>] [EC <Cell>] [T-cell <Cell>] [CD4+ cells <Cell>] [macrophage <Cell>] [crypts <Multi-tissue_structure>] [EC <Cell>] [chromogranin A (CA)-positive cells <Cell>] [mast cells <Cell>] [immune system <Anatomical_system>] | [
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nAppendix Table\nDetection of Nipah virus antibody among bat serum samples collected from 10 provinces in China, 2004-2007*\n",
"[serum samples <Organism_substance>]"
],
[
"You are provided with a text. Your objective is to identify, extract and classify all anatomical entities mentioned in the text, maintaining the order in which they appear. Types are [Pathological_formation, Organ, Tissue, Multi-tissue_structure, Developing_anatomical_structure, Cell, Anatomical_system, Organism_subdivision, Organism_substance, Cellular_component, Immaterial_anatomical_entity]. The entities should be presented in the following format: [entity <type>].\nRepresentative time histories of the estimated SatO2 levels of normal cortex (black) and tumor (grey) from all six patients.\n",
"[cortex <Multi-tissue_structure>] [tumor <Pathological_formation>]"
]
] |
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This repository contains the data of the paper MedINST: Meta Dataset of Biomedical Instructions.
Citation
@inproceedings{han2024medinst,
title={MedINST: Meta Dataset of Biomedical Instructions},
author={Han, Wenhan and Fang, Meng and Zhang, Zihan and Yin, Yu and Song, Zirui and Chen, Ling and Pechenizkiy, Mykola and Chen, Qingyu},
booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024",
year={2024}
}
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