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Nearly all local authorities are concerned for their financial stability, according to a survey carried out by BBC News, which also indicates the majority of local authorities plan to raise council tax, cut spending, or both.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Everybody relies on council services to some extent, whether it is bin collection, road maintenance or the local library. But some people rely on services more than others. BBC News spoke to some of them. The young mum who had a stroke Many people in East Sussex who have had a stroke rely on a charity - the Stroke Association - to help them rebuild their lives. The organisation currently receives an £80,000 grant from the county council - but the local authority recently voted through a £17m savings package and a 5.99% council tax rise, which will see a number of frontline services affected. Katie Simpson is a mother of two girls. She had a stroke in 2013 when she was aged 25 and 16 weeks pregnant with a baby boy. "I had lost feeling in my body, and my speech was starting to slur. "Doctors had to make the decision whether to save my life or for me to deliver my unborn baby first. I gave birth to my baby son, who was stillborn. "Scans confirmed I'd had several mini-stokes, and strokes on the left and right side of my brain. "I had to move back into my parents' home with my two daughters. The stroke left me with severe fatigue, a communication difficulty called aphasia, left-sided weakness in my body, on-going chronic pain, and issues with swallowing which meant I could only eat pureed food like a baby. "The Stroke Association supported me when I left hospital, and have continued to support me with many aspects of my life over the past five years. "My little girls were only four and seven years old. "I felt like I'd lost my life. It was really difficult. All of a sudden the simple things I'd naturally do with my children were really challenging - you never quite realise how much you actually use your limbs until you lose the power to move them. "Walking was difficult, cooking, using kitchen utensils, reading a bed time story, trying to help my children get ready for school - it's so sad when you are the adult and you can't do their buttons on their tops or tie their laces. Even putting their hair up was impossible. "I remember crying because I felt like a failure and that I couldn't help them with such simple things. "Thanks to support from the Stroke Association I have regular therapy sessions to help with this. "I owe so much thanks to the Stroke Association for being there for me and my family through my darkest days and bringing me out on the other side." The new mum's support network Northamptonshire County Council is currently consulting on almost £35m worth of cuts and plans to close some of its libraries. Rachel McMain is a member of campaign group Save Kingsthorpe Library, which she first used as a child. "I used to get books there with my grandma and these days I use the library's children's services with my own one-year-old baby. "I have accessed the service since I was tiny. Now I'm a new mum and if I hadn't have had the library I wouldn't have had the support network that I have now. "It's not just the children's services, it's people that are vulnerable in the community. It is a place for them to meet, to socialise. "The council will fund the libraries for one more year before they are taken over by community groups, but for Kingsthorpe it is not great news. "The council said it would be extremely difficult for Kingsthorpe to be a community-run library but has still decided to make that decision. "Kingsthorpe doesn't have a parish or town council that can support it so we don't have an immediate funding stream available to us."

Did you go to a museum or gallery last year?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Figures show the number of visitors to the UK's major museums and galleries fell last year for the first time in almost a decade. The biggest drop in 2015/2016 was seen in educational visits and school groups, which saw a 6.9% decline on 2014/15. So why are figures dropping? It has been speculated that security fears over terrorism may be a factor. According to The Guardian, it may also be because there being fewer so-called "blockbuster" exhibitions like the V&A's David Bowie show in 2013 - the most visited show in the London museum's history. "There has been much speculation about the cause of the small decline in overall visitor numbers to national museums in England," said a spokesman for the Museums Association. "But it is too early to say for certain what the reasons are for the drop in numbers." The Department of Culture, Media and Sport's figures are based on attendance at the 15 museums it sponsors that provide free entry to their permanent collections. They include the British Museum, the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery Group, which includes Tate Britain and Tate Modern. According to the Museums Association, though, the figures "only cover England's national museums and therefore provide a partial view of the health of the UK's museums". "In fact, the government's own Taking Part Survey shows that museum visits are at an all-time high in England, with 52.5% of all adults visiting a museum last year." Tate Britain is expected to see a boost in visitor figures this year thanks to its eagerly anticipated David Hockney retrospective. The 79-year-old artist marked the exhibition's opening by redesigning the Sun newspaper's logo for Friday's "souvenir" edition. What else could be the hot tickets for this year? Here are some suggestions from BBC Arts editor Will Gompertz: 1) Tony Cragg: A Rare Category of Objects The biggest UK exhibition to date by leading sculptor Tony Cragg opens next month at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park in Wakefield. 2) Jasper Johns Opening in September, the Royal Academy's major retrospective of the American artist's work is tipped by Will to be "a sure-fire hit". 3) Cezanne Portraits The National Portrait Gallery brings together more than 50 of the French artist's portraits, including works that have never been on public display in the UK. 4) Revolution: Russian Art 1917-1932 Featuring works by the likes of Wassily Kandinsky and Kazimir Malevich, the Royal Academy's spring exhibition marks the centenary of the Russian Revolution. 5) Wolfgang Tillmans: 2017 The German artist's first exhibition at Tate Modern includes an "immersive" new installation in the gallery's cavernous South Tank. And Hull is also 2017's UK's City of Culture, and its offerings include hosting this year's Turner Prize later this year. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected].

We all know what a wonderful aid the internet can be to communication and debate. Sadly, we are becoming aware of how often spiteful anonymous comments can poison the well of web conversations. But now there's something of a fightback - and the social networks where many of these conversations happen will be under growing pressure to do more to protect vulnerable users.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Rory Cellan-JonesTechnology correspondent@BBCRoryCJon Twitter On Monday's Today programme, Nicola Brooke described in moving detail how she had been bullied on Facebook - and had fought back by getting a court order forcing the social network to identify the anonymous people who had mounted a vicious campaign of abuse. What struck me was that Facebook and other social networks had once appeared to offer the promise of a more civilised online communication precisely because they were places where people were who they said they were. Unlike web forums where bilious commenters express themselves in ways they would never dream of doing without the shield of anonymity, social networks like Facebook and Twitter should be more polite because you have to be who you say you are. But that no longer appears to be the case. Facebook now has 900 million active users but it seems quite a large proportion of them are not "real" people. (In its IPO document, the company says false or duplicate accounts probably make up 5-6% of its users, although it admits that this is a very rough estimate and may not be accurate.) When you sign up to join the social network, you are taken to a "Statement of Rights and Responsibilities" which includes this: "Facebook users provide their real names and information, and we need your help to keep it that way." It goes on to say that you must: But what is clear is that all of these rules - which appear essential to maintaining the network's reputation as a safe and civilised place - are being flouted with regularity. Anyone who has children will know the pressure to allow them to join Facebook before they are 13 - "everybody on school is on it already!" And a good number of adults are setting up accounts for newborn babies - and are inevitably being less than frank about their own dates of birth. So what is Facebook doing about this? The company says it does not actively police its users to make sure they are not breaking the rules - that would be impossible given the scale of the network - but relies on others reporting abuse. On each user's timeline you are able to go to a reporting screen where you can either block them or report that "This timeline is pretending to be someone or is fake." When the network receives complaints, it says it is reasonably evident when an account is breaking the rules on anonymity. Obvious clues include a user who has started several accounts using the same email address, or who has had lots of friend requests rejected. But Facebook won't reveal how many accounts it has suspended over the past year, so it is difficult to know exactly how well the system is working. Perhaps we all need to be more active in reporting abuse on networks like this. And maybe networks like Facebook need to be more active in policing their own rules. But here's another thought. Unless you're living in an oppressive state, or have reason to fear for your own safety if your identity is revealed, is there any real justification in hiding behind a false name online? In all sorts of online communities - from YouTube to political blogs to technology forums - you can find angry people saying outrageous things. Wouldn't it be healthier if we all started ignoring those who aren't prepared to say what they think in their own names?

A new £750,000 footbridge has been lowered into place over the River Witham in Boston, Lincolnshire.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: St Botolph's Bridge has replaced the old bridge that had been there for more than 40 years. Lincolnshire County Council said the structure had been installed by Saturday evening. The bow string design, chosen during a public consultation in January 2012, was partly funded by the local authority.

China's authorities are adamant that Hong Kong's pro-democracy protests must not spread to the Chinese mainland. Our BBC team learned that the hard way, after scores of Beijing police pushed us and confiscated our journalist cards.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Celia HattonBBC News, Beijing The whole incident started with a hasty invitation. A group of 20 artists was planning an event to support the Hong Kong protests, complete with poetry readings and music. It was a rare chance to meet people who had been inspired by events in Hong Kong, the people who are making Beijing very nervous. We drove for an hour outside Beijing to a dusty village. As we approached the village centre, where the event was supposed to take place, a large group of police and local Communist Party officials blocked our path. The police were "doing things" down the street, they told us. "Go away. There is nothing for you here." No-one smiled. They asked to see our press cards, the pieces of identification proving we are fully accredited with the government. And we were being watched: the whole interaction was being filmed on hand-held video cameras. All the police also had miniature video cameras pinned to their uniforms. I questioned the police in Chinese. What had happened to the artists? I asked. The artists had invited us to attend their event. Why wouldn't the police allow us to venture near the village centre? "The villagers don't want foreigners here," we were told. "You're disrupting their quiet way of life." After several minutes of arguing, the police screamed at us to leave. We started walking towards our car. Then, one officer grabbed my arm and began pushing me. "Walk faster!" he yelled, clearly desperate for us to go. We stopped short of the car, asking questions again. As accredited journalists in China, why couldn't we conduct any interviews? During this confrontation, some of the people watching from the sidelines were approached by police and also dragged away. We never had a chance to talk to them, but it's fair to assume they were the artists we were trying to meet. Minutes later, our press cards were taken away, preventing us from conducting interviews. We'll have to wait for the Beijing police to call us before we can get them back. Then the pushing and shoving started again, all the way to our car doors. I have bruises on my arms from the police, but I'm certain anyone planning an event supporting the Hong Kong protesters can expect much more serious treatment. We don't know what has happened to the artists. Since we left the village, they haven't answered our calls.

The Isle of Man post office is introducing self-service kiosks at one of its shops to try to reduce queuing times.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The Pay and Post kiosks, have been installed at the Regent Street Post Office in Douglas. Customers will be able to weigh, stamp and pay for packages and pay bills on the new touch-screen machines. The machines are undergoing on-site testing and are expected to be up and running in August. Marty Quine, of the Isle of Man Post Office, said: "Queuing times have always been a significant issue especially at peak times. "The introduction of these kiosks will provide customers with a quick and efficient service and will see transactions completed within a matter of seconds."

Sayfullo Saipov, who killed eight people in a truck attack in New York, did it "in the name of" so-called Islamic State, a police spokesman has said. Mr Saipov is from Uzbekistan, a Central Asian state whose citizens have been involved in several major terror attacks lately. What is behind this?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Abdujalil Abdurasulov BBC News Uzbeks were involved in the following major attacks: These attacks have led many people to view Uzbekistan as a hotbed of radical Islamism. As evidence, they use the example of Uzbek fighters who have joined militants in Syria, Iraq and Pakistan. Indeed, there is a relatively large group of fighters from Uzbekistan in those countries. According to estimates from the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 500 Uzbek citizens had travelled to join militants in Syria and Iraq by 2015. But it is misleading to believe that Uzbekistan, and Central Asia as a whole, is becoming a major source of radicalism and Islamic extremism. The level of terrorism in Central Asia is extremely low. According to the Global Terrorism Database, out of 85,000 incidents of terrorism registered from 2001-2016, there were only 10 in Uzbekistan and 70 across the entirety of Central Asia. The role of Islam in Uzbekistan and in the region is certainly growing but this should not be viewed as an indication of radicalisation. Otherwise, there is a risk that every Muslim who starts attending a mosque will be treated as an extremist. The official rhetoric in Uzbekistan is that Islamists are posing a major security threat. Observers, however, say this argument is largely used to justify repressions against those who criticise the regime. Under the country's former president, Islam Karimov, people who actively practised Islam faced persecution. Human Rights Watch says that 12,000 people in Uzbekistan are currently imprisoned for extremism. And the country's new leader, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, recently announced that under Karimov's rule 17,000 people were included in a security blacklist as religious extremists. Mr Mirziyoyev recently removed 16,000 of them from the list. If we look at the profiles of Uzbek and Central Asian attackers - in Stockholm, St Petersburg and elsewhere - most of them left their home country a long time before the attack. Sayfullo Saipov, for example, is reported to have moved to the US in 2010. Dr John Heathershaw from the University of Exeter argues that in order to understand why so many Uzbek citizens and Central Asians turn to radicalism and decide to carry out such attacks, we need to look their experience as migrants. "We can't assume that someone seven or eight years ago left their home country with an intention of joining a militant group and launching an attack," he says. "I think where we need to look for an explanation are some specific recruitment networks within Central Asian migrant communities and diaspora communities. Clearly something is going on there." Indeed, Uzbek and Central Asian fighters who join militant groups tend to be recruited from abroad. When migrants from Uzbekistan are stigmatised in their new country, especially when they have lost the family environment they once had, then they can be recruited more easily by militant groups. So, perhaps when we look at Sayfullo Saipov's case, it is his experience in the US and not his life in Uzbekistan that can give us a better understanding of how he was radicalised.

Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa, the man known as "the crocodile" because of his political cunning, achieved a long-held ambition to succeed Robert Mugabe as Zimbabwe's president in November last year.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: He has now won a disputed presidential election to legitimise his rule, promising voters his efforts to woo foreign investors will bring back the economy from the brink of collapse. Mr Mugabe resigned following a military takeover and mass demonstrations - all sparked by his sacking of Mr Mnangagwa as his vice-president. "The crocodile", who lived up to his name and snapped back, may have unseated Zimbabwe's only ruler, but he is also associated with some of the worst atrocities committed under the ruling Zanu-PF party since independence in 1980. One veteran of the liberation struggle, who worked with him for many years, once put it simply: "He's a very cruel man, very cruel." But his children see him as a principled, if unemotional, man. His daughter, Farai Mlotshwa - a property developer and the eldest of his nine children by two wives - told BBC Radio 4 that he was a "softie". As if to reinforce this softer image of the new leader, a cuddly crocodile soft toy was passed among the Zanu-PF supporters who welcomed him back to the country after Mr Mugabe's resignation. And what he lacks in charisma and oratory prowess, he makes up for in pragmatism, says close friend and Zanu-PF politician Josiah Hungwe. "Mnangagwa is a practical person. He is a person who recognises that politics is politics but people must eat," he told the BBC, adding that reforming Zimbabwe's disastrous economy will be the focus of his leadership. Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa? Find out more on BBC Radio 4's Profile. The exact year of Mr Mnangagwa's birth is not known - but he is thought to be 75, which would make him nearly 20 years younger than his predecessor who left power aged 93. Born in the central region of Zvishavane, he is a Karanga - the largest clan of Zimbabwe's majority Shona community. Some Karangas felt it was their turn for power, following 37 years of domination by Mr Mugabe's Zezuru clan, though Mr Mnangagwa was accused of profiting while under Mr Mugabe. According to a United Nations report in 2001, he was seen as "the architect of the commercial activities of Zanu-PF". This largely related to the operations of the Zimbabwean army and businessmen in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Zimbabwean troops intervened in the DR Congo conflict on the side of the government and, like those of other countries, were accused of using the conflict to loot some of its rich natural resources such as diamonds, gold and other minerals. More recently military officials - many behind his rise to power - have been accused of benefiting from the rich Marange diamond fields in eastern Zimbabwe, with reports of killings and human rights abuses there. 'Blood on his hands' Despite his money-raising role, Mr Mnangagwa, a lawyer who grew up in Zambia, was not always well-loved by the rank and file of his own party. A Zanu-PF official posed an interesting question when asked about Mr Mnangagwa's prospects: "You think Mugabe is bad, but have you thought that whoever comes after him could be even worse?" The opposition candidate who defeated Mr Mnangagwa in the 2000 parliamentary campaign in Kwekwe Central, Blessing Chebundo, might agree. During a bitter campaign, Mr Chebundo escaped death by a whisker when the Zanu-PF youths who had abducted him and doused him with petrol were unable to light a match. Mr Mnangagwa's fearsome reputation was made during the civil war which broke out in the 1980s between Mr Mugabe's Zanu party and the Zapu party of Joshua Nkomo. As national security minister, he was in charge of the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO), which worked hand in glove with the army to suppress Zapu. Thousands of civilians - mainly ethnic Ndebeles, seen as Zapu supporters - were killed in a campaign known as Gukurahundi, before the two parties merged to form Zanu-PF. Among countless other atrocities carried out by the North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade of the army, villagers were forced at gunpoint to dance on the freshly dug graves of their relatives and chant pro-Mugabe slogans. Mr Mnangagwa has denied any role in the massacres, but the wounds are still painful and many party officials, not to mention voters, in Matabeleland might find it hard to back Mr Mnangagwa. He does enjoy the support of many of the war veterans who led the campaign of violence against the white farmers and the opposition from 2000. They remember him as one of the men who, following his military training in China and Egypt, directed the fight for independence in the 1960s and 1970s. He also attended the Beijing School of Ideology, run by the Chinese Communist Party. 'Torture scars' Mr Mnangagwa's official profile says he was the victim of state violence after being arrested by the white-minority government in the former Rhodesia in 1965, when the "crocodile gang" he led helped blow up a train near Fort Victoria (now Masvingo). "He was tortured, severely resulting in him losing his sense of hearing in one ear," the profile says. "Part of the torture techniques involved being hanged with his feet on the ceiling and the head down. The severity of the torture made him unconscious for days." As he said he was under 21 at the time, he was not executed but instead sentenced to 10 years in prison. "He has scars from that period. He was young and brave," a close friend of Mr Mnangagwa once said, asking not to be named. "Perhaps that explains why he is indifferent. Horrible things happened to him when he was young." More on post-Mugabe Zimbabwe: His ruthlessness, which it could be argued he learnt from his Rhodesian torturers, is said to have been seen again in 2008 when he reportedly masterminded Zanu-PF's response to Mr Mugabe losing the first round of the president election to long-time rival Morgan Tsvangirai. The military and state security organisations unleashed a campaign of violence against opposition supporters, leaving hundreds dead and forcing thousands from their homes. Mr Tsvangirai then pulled out of the second round and Mr Mugabe was re-elected. Mr Mnangagwa has not commented on allegations he was involved in planning the violence, but an insider in the party's security department later confirmed that he was the political link between the army, intelligence and Zanu-PF. Ice cream plot He was seen as Mr Mugabe's right-hand man - that is until the former first lady Grace Mugabe became politically ambitious and tried to edge him out. Their rivalry took a bizarre turn when he fell ill in August 2017 at a political rally led by former President Mugabe and had to be airlifted to South Africa. His supporters suggested that a rival group within Zanu-PF had poisoned him and appeared to blame ice cream from Mrs Mugabe's dairy firm. In his first words to cheering supporters after Mr Mugabe's resignation, he spoke about this plot and another plan to "eliminate" him. He has also blamed a group linked to the former first lady for an explosion in June at a Zanu-PF rally in Bulawayo in which two people died. But in a BBC interview, he said the country was safe, told foreign investors not to worry and sought to dispel his ruthless reputation: "I am as soft as wool. I am a very soft person in life." His youngest son, a Harare DJ known as St Emmo, blames his reticence for his fearsome reputation. "He was a good father, very very strict. He doesn't say much and I think that's what frightens people - like: 'What is he thinking?'" Nick Mangwana, Zanu-PF representative in the UK, accepts that the Zimbabwe's new leader is "not the most eloquent". "He's not pally-pally but more of a do-er, more of a technocrat." But in his six months in power he has fully embraced Twitter and Facebook - after the Bulawayo blast he posted a message reiterating the strength his Christian faith gives him. Fixing the economy is what is paramount now. Zimbabweans are on average 15% poorer now than they were in the 1980s. British journalist Martin Fletcher, who interviewed Mr Mnangagwa in 2016, does not see him a reborn democrat. "He understands the need to rebuild the economy if only so that he can pay his security forces - and his survival depends on their loyalty," he said.

What do we know about Emily Doe? We know she was sexually assaulted by Brock Turner outside a frat party at Stanford University, California, one night in January 2015. She was found unconscious and partly-clothed, near a dumpster.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Lauren TurnerBBC News, San Francisco He would get a six-month term, for sexually assaulting an intoxicated victim, sexually assaulting an unconscious victim and attempting to rape her. He would serve three months and be put on probation for three years, ending this month. Judge Aaron Persky, who was later removed from his post, cited Turner's good character and the fact he had been drinking. Much of the coverage at the time also focused on the fact Turner was a star swimmer. What do we know about Chanel Miller? Maybe you don't know a lot, yet. If you've read the victim impact statement she addressed to Turner, which went viral when she was still known as Emily Doe to protect her anonymity, you'll know she is brave and articulate. Here is what you should know about Chanel. She is a literature graduate, who has now written a book, Know My Name. She is a talented artist and would love to illustrate children's books, her drawings being a little surreal and - by her own description - sinister. She has also studied ceramics and comic books, and done stand-up comedy. She loves dogs. She describes herself as shy. She is half-Chinese, her Chinese name being Zhang Xiao Xia (with Xia sounding like "sha", the first syllable of Chanel). She smiles easily, is thoughtful and funny. She is someone's daughter, sister, girlfriend. She could be someone you know. Warning: This story contains content that readers may find distressing Chanel's memoir brims with the rage of her ordeal. But why write it, when it meant reliving her pain, reading the court documents and witness statements that had been - until then - kept from her? She says she felt a duty to shine a light on the darkness so many young women have to go through. "I've had days where it's extremely difficult to get up in the morning," says Chanel, 27, speaking in her home city of San Francisco. "I've had days where I really could not imagine a single pathway forward. And those were such weighing times. "And it was terrible. I wouldn't draw anything, I wouldn't write anything. All I wanted to do is sleep so that I wouldn't have to be conscious. That's no way to live. "I think of other young women who have to go through this and you see them withdraw and crumble and fall away from the things that they love. And I just think - how, how do we let that happen?" Her voice is articulate and clear but it vibrates with emotion, and quiet fury, at the injustice of this happening to other women around the world. An endless parade of other people who know what it is to be Emily Doe. "Here are these young, talented women excited for their futures, who have so many things to give and offer. And something like this happens," says Chanel. "And they go home, and they carry the shame, and they swallow it up and it eats them from the inside out. "And they think 'everything would be better off if I was just holed up in my room', 'maybe things would be better if I didn't speak at all'. 'Maybe I don't deserve to be loved or caressed gently'. "It's so sick, that we let this happen. That we let them digest these negative ideas of themselves. And let them be isolated. Instead of coaxing them back out here and saying, no, you deserve a full life. You deserve an amazing future." Chanel wasn't a university student at the time - she had already graduated. Her younger sister Tiffany was back home for the weekend and had asked if she wanted to go along to a party with her. But her story expanded the conversation about campus rape and she wants to see changes at Stanford University specifically, like the fact forensic exams can't be given at Stanford hospital, with victims having to travel 40 miles. "Do you get an Uber for 40 minutes with a stranger while you're still in the clothes you were just attacked in? Do you text your one friend who has a car and disclose that information?" Many women came forward after reading Chanel's victim impact statement, emboldened to tell their own stories - in some cases for the first time. RAINN - the rape, abuse and incest national network, the largest anti-sexual violence organisation in the US - puts the figure at one in six US women being the victim of an attempted, or completed, rape. Every 92 seconds, an American is sexually assaulted. Out of every 1,000 sexual assaults, 995 perpetrators will walk free. Think of how many women you walk past each day. Think of one in every six. "We always say like, oh, why didn't she come forward? Why didn't she report?" says Chanel. "Because there's no system for her to report to. Why should she have faith in us to take care of her if she comes forward? We need to be doing more to help survivors after this happens." When Turner was sentenced, the crime was not described as rape - but the law in California has since changed, as a result of Chanel's case. There is now a mandatory three year minimum prison sentence for penetrating an unconscious person or an intoxicated person, Chanel's attorney Alaleh Kianerci explains. Another piece of legislation was written to expand the definition of rape to include any kind of penetration ("The trauma experienced by survivors cannot be measured by what exactly was put inside them without their consent," she argued, in her support of the bill). She had felt so beaten down by the court case ("I just felt degraded and empty all the time," she says) and the shock of Turner's sentence that when her lawyer asked her permission to release her victim impact statement, she just said "sure, if you think it'd be helpful". She thought it would end up on a community forum or local newspaper website - never imagining the impact it would have. When her statement came out, originally published in full on Buzzfeed, it received 11 million views in four days and Chanel was sent hundreds and hundreds of letters and gifts from around the world. She read them all, saying they "taught me to be gentler to myself, taught me who I was to them", adding: "I was learning to see myself through them." She even got a letter from the White House - Joe Biden, then vice-president, telling her: "You have given them the strength they need to fight. And so, I believe, you will save lives." As she was anonymous, it was common for friends to forward the statement to her, unaware she had written it. Chanel's therapist knew she had been sexually assaulted but did not know her identity as Emily Doe for months, asking her: "Have you read the Stanford victim statement?" Courts hear from cases like Chanel's all the time - it's just the names, the places, the details change. So what made her story, her pain, resonate so widely? "Maybe not shying away from the darkest parts," Chanel says. "I think it feels almost like a relief when someone acknowledges your darkness because you feel like it's this ugly, dirty thing you need to be concealing. "If you show it, people are going to cringe and back away. I could communicate all of these difficult feelings and be open about them and just lay them out and not feel shame for experiencing them." Having been through the court system, Chanel said she felt she had a responsibility to report back, to show others what it is like. "I know that for me, I had so many, quote unquote, advantages," she says. "I had my rape kit done [a sexual assault forensic evidence kit]. I had the assistance of policemen and nurses. I had an advocate that was assigned to me, I had a prosecutor, I had all the things you're supposed to have. "And I still found it so excruciatingly difficult and emotionally damaging and going through it. I thought, 'if this is what it looks like, to be well equipped going into this, how the hell is anyone else supposed to survive this process?'. "I felt that I had a duty to write about what it's like inside the windowless walls of a courtroom, what the internal landscape is like, what it's like to sit on that stand and be attacked with this meaningless interrogation." Writing the book also allowed her access to the court documents and thousands of pages of transcripts she had not been present for. While elucidating, it was also deeply painful, knowing what not just the court - but her family and friends had heard and seen. "It was extremely difficult. I put it off for a really long time. Finally, I thought well, I have to look into them. "I would read about Brock and the defence talking about, play by play, taking off my underwear, putting his fingers inside…," she stops, before adding: "It was so graphic and suffocating, to read about myself being verbally undressed again. "And to imagine it all happening in a courtroom where everyone's just listening and nobody's doing anything. I could not stomach it." It caused her anger and "self-induced depression" but says there was "this wonderful moment where I'm like, all of these voices in these transcripts are literally in my hands, I can pick them up and put them down. But I own all of them. I get to pick out whichever words I want and assemble them how I want". "There is a lot of power in being able to craft the narrative again," she adds. Know My Name brims with the trauma Chanel experienced - from waking up not knowing what had happened, to learning details of the assault from news reports, to finally telling her parents, to breaking down in court. As she says, "writing is the way I process the world". Chanel only chose to reveal her name six months ago, having started writing the book in 2017. She says the burden of secrecy had become too much for her - 90% of people who knew her didn't know her other identity. Friends thought she was still doing her 9-5 office job. So she had former colleagues ("my suppliers", she smiles) feed her snippets of information. "In the beginning that was so important for self-preservation and processing and privacy," she says. "But over time, you feel really diminished. And I think it's important to be able to live my full truth." She expected the day, earlier this month, when she came out as Chanel to be "stormy". But it was, in the end, a moment of deep calm and strength. "It turned out to be the most peaceful day I've had in the last four-and-a-half years," says Chanel. "I suddenly realised, I've come out on the other side of this." She doesn't feel Turner - who denied all of the charges - has acknowledged what he did. "You know, at the sentencing, he read 10 sentences of apology," she says. "It sounded generic to me. "And it really made me question what we're doing in the criminal justice system, because if he's not even learning, then really what is the point? If he had transformed himself, then I think I would have been much more forgiving of the sentence. "I am really interested in self-growth and understanding that the fact that he deviated so far from that, and was never forced to do any kind of introspection, or to really look at the way he affected me, that really hurt." Stanford University responds: We applaud Chanel Miller's bravery in telling her story publicly, and we deeply regret that she was sexually assaulted on the Stanford campus. As a university, we are continuing and strengthening our efforts to prevent and respond effectively to sexual violence, with the ultimate goal of eradicating it from our community. The closest location for a SART [sexual assault response team] exam is at Valley Medical Center in San Jose. We have long agreed on the need for a closer location and have committed to provide space at Stanford Hospital for SART exams. Santa Clara County, which runs the SART program, is working to train sufficient nurses to staff it. Much of the criticism towards Judge Aaron Persky was about the relatively lenient sentence given to Turner - sparking a national debate about whether white men from wealthy backgrounds were treated more favourably by the US justice system. "Privilege is not having to reckon with his own actions to examine his effects on someone who is not him," says Chanel. "You know, we have young men of colour serving far longer sentences for nonviolent crimes for having marijuana possession. It's ridiculous. "I just kept thinking, where does the punishment come in? When are you forced to be held accountable for what you do in life and not just float through, as if anything you do can never hurt anybody, and you will not be affected by it. "I think what bothers me the most is that there's never the suggestion that the victim was also busy having a life before this happened. "We have our own agendas and goals, and don't appreciate being completely thrown off the rails when this happens. And when people say, why didn't she report? It's like, casually asking, why didn't she stop everything she was doing to attend to something that she never wanted to attend to in the first place?" Turner attempted to have his convictions overturned last year, but his appeal was rejected. He remains on the sex offenders register. Turner was banned from the university and is now living with his parents in Ohio. Asked whether she would like Turner and his family to read the book, she says: "If they choose to read it, and really hear it, I will always encourage that. I will always encourage learning and deeper understanding. "But I've also accepted that what they do is out of my control, that I can only focus on my own trajectory and how I wish to keep moving forward. Mainly, I want the book to exist as a companion. "I think of it as something you can carry with you and you go through difficult things, something you can physically hold or read in bed late at night, when you feel isolated. I always thought like, what would I have needed to hear when I was going through this?" She holds a space in her heart for the two Swedish students - Peter Jonsson and Carl-Fredrik Arndt - who stopped the assault, having seen what was happening as they cycled past. Chanel drew a picture of two bikes and slept with it above her bed after the assault, a talisman to remind her there was hope out there. She's since met the pair for dinner. "I always like to say 'be the Swede'. Show up for the vulnerable, do your part, help each other and face the darkest parts alongside survivors. "I think the response I've been getting makes it sound like people are willing to step up now and really fight for what's right. And that's extremely encouraging." Now the book is out in the world, Chanel plans to decide what to do with the next phase of her life. But she does so with the hope and belief that the good in the world outweighs the bad. "On the same night I was assaulted, I was also saved," she muses. "There was a really terrible thing that happened - and also a really wonderful thing. They say you shouldn't meet your heroes - but in this case you definitely should." Asked what she plans to do now, Chanel says: "I want to write books for kids, for their ripe brains and juicy hearts, which have not yet learned to be dark and serious and drab. I've had a bumpy few years, but I have lots of hope. I feel like my life is always beginning." In the UK, the rape crisis national freephone helpline is 0808 802 9999. In the US, the national sexual assault hotline is 1-800-656-4673. Further information and support for anyone affected by sexual assault can be found through BBC Action Line Know My Name is published in the US and the UK on 24 September

Couples of a certain age, and at a certain stage in their relationship, can expect to be asked if or when they plan on having children. Last year, writer Emily Bingham urged her Facebook friends in a viral post to stop with the intrusive line of questioning. "You don't know who is struggling with infertility or grieving a miscarriage or dealing with health issues," she wrote. But Dan Majesky, who works at the University of Cincinnati, took a different approach.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By BBC TrendingWhat's popular and why In a vividly detailed Facebook post, Majesky not only announced wife Leah's pregnancy but detailed the pain the couple experienced with infertility and miscarriage. "It was initially supposed to be a private post letting our friends know that we are expecting a child," Majesky told BBC Trending, "but then we felt we had to acknowledge our miscarriage. We didn't want it to be a secret." "We're in our thirties," Majesky wrote. "Things are probably a little bit dusty, and a little bit rusty. So, three years ago, we started using apps and calendars to track this and that. Ovulation test sticks. Old wives' tales of positions and timing. We got some late periods. And some periods that never came! But we didn't get pregnant." He went on to talk about his wife's miscarriage. Some parts revealed the stark shock of the day; "I was so stunned when it happened that I texted my boss that I wouldn't be back that day, but that I'd be back the next, which really cracks me up now." Other sections described the raw pain of the ordeal; "I don't think it was until around the New Year that I went a day without crying about it." The Facebook post, which ran to more than 3,000 words, also had moments of humour. "My job was to try and not say anything dumb, because she also needed to be calm," he went on to explain, "I tried to avoid triggering phrases like 'Hey,' or 'Good morning,' or 'I love you'". The post, which has been liked more than 40,000 times, clearly struck a digital chord. "It's not often that we hear about miscarriage and infertility. But I love that you can be so honest," commented one woman, who then went on to tell her own story of infertility. Many noted how testimonies of infertility are not often shared with a male perspective. "I wrote the piece in one sitting," Majesky told us, "We decided to make the post public when our friends told us that they wanted to share it on their own Facebook walls." As part of the Facebook post, the couple included a 15-week scan of the baby due to be born in November. "Although we are so very touched by the support we've received, we do still feel anxious about the pregnancy," Majesky said. And do they have any advice for people who ask a couple if they're expecting a baby? "Maybe ask the couple if having children is something they want. Not 'when are you having children'." Blog by Megha Mohan Next story: Woman dons male disguise to get into Iranian soccer stadium An Iranian woman, disguised as a man, snuck into a Tehran football stadium to watch her favourite team. READ MORE You can follow BBC Trending on Twitter @BBCtrending, and find us on Facebook. All our stories are at bbc.com/trending.

It is 10 years since US pop band Maroon 5 scored their first hit with Harder To Breathe and, despite a few career hiccups, they have been a consistent presence in the charts ever since.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Mark SavageBBC News entertainment reporter In 2011, they scored their biggest hit with the disco-funk anthem Moves Like Jagger, officially the 38th biggest-selling single in UK chart history. With the band's fifth album V ready for release, frontman Adam Levine is a little busy, to say the least. As well as marrying lingerie model Behati Prinsloo last month, he is also filming season seven of The Voice US, and starring alongside Keira Knightley and Mark Ruffalo in the hit film Begin Again. He spoke to the BBC last month, joining his bandmate James Valentine on the phone from California. Hello Maroon 5! Adam: Hello! James: Hi there! It's very handy that you have distinct accents, because I don't want to misattribute any quotes. If you do a phone interview with a boy band, it's impossible to tell them apart. Adam: I'm just glad you didn't think we were a boy band. Has that happened before? Adam: Early on in our careers, yes. People didn't know what to make of us, so they thought we were a boy band. Why was that? Because you're a good-looking band? Adam: Well, number one, thank you very much. Number two, I think people mistook our R&B and soul influences as pop. James: We didn't easily fit into a category at that point, and I don't think people understood that we wrote our own songs. Adam: It's weird because, to me, the thing that made a boy band a boy band was they didn't play any instruments and they choreographed their dance moves. If you don't do that, you're not a boy band. Even Hanson - they're a band. They were young, but they were just dudes who played in a band. A boy band is the headsets and the sparkly stuff and all those things. So you've never had choreography lessons? Adam: Not yet! It's three years since you last album, Overexposed. What's happened since then? Adam: Has it been three years, really? Yikes. Where does all the time go? Jack: I don't know. We're old men now. I sort of count this, today, as me and my girlfriend's anniversary. We had a day of interviews like this three years ago - and that's one of the first nights that we met. Adam: And we had a huge fight. James: A huge fight. Adam: It was brutal. James : That argument was amazing. We were having this screaming match in the hallway of the Roosevelt Hotel and this woman came out of her room angrily, to complain because it was late at night. The she recognised Adam and had a very confused response. She was all ready to yell at us for making noise and then she went, "Oh, hey, I love you on The Voice!" Do you argue often? Both: Yeah. James: Less now. I think we've learnt how to deal with stuff a little more diplomatically, but I've been in a band with him for almost 15 years, and he's been with some of these other guys for the last over 20 years. So stuff comes up. Songwriting partnerships often have that tension. James: If that tension isn't there, it means people don't care about what's happening. So what was the key argument behind this album? Adam: To be totally honest, we've been doing this a long time and, as far as the music is concerned, it kind of takes its own shape. Your last album had a lot of hits - Moves Like Jagger basically rescued your career. Was there pressure to live up to that standard? Adam: On Overexposed, there was a very conscious effort to have as many hits as we possibly could. It was very gluttonous in that way. The band had this new-found success from The Voice and then Moves Like Jagger and we were very excited because we hadn't had hits for a while. So we were very hit-drunk. On this record, we've balanced those things [by] adding a bit more thought into what would make a great album - instead of being just a collection of pop hits. Is there a song that epitomises that thinking - one you're proud of, but which would never work as a single? James: Most of the songs would work as singles. I don't think we'd put a song on a record any more unless it could be a single. It might seem to work against what we've just said - but… Adam: But quality control is the number one criteria to us: If a song doesn't feel special, we wouldn't include it. And we don't mean that in a cheap way. We mean that like, "Could this song connect with the world?" Then, after we decide that, we say, "but is this the kind of hit song we want to have on our record?" When the album hits iTunes in September, how long will you wait before checking Twitter? Are you sitting at home pressing the refresh button? Adam: Of course! Listen, our fans are going to love it. Obviously, you never know with the numbers… you can't calculate whether or not you're going to have a hit, but we know it'll be a hit with our fans and that's the most important thing. Social media means everything is declared a "hit" or a "miss" in an instant - but your first album, in particular, was a slow burning success. Does that snap judgement culture scare you? Adam: No. The best thing about our business is that critique never plays into any of it. The power and the potency of music will transcend any one person's opinion about it. People in the press only either say nice things or nasty things - but there's nothing we can do about it, except tell them to [expletive] off, I guess… Have you ever sent a furious email to the music press? Adam: No, no, no. I don't lose sleep over it. I just go on living my life. Adam, you recently starred alongside Keira Knightley in a musical drama - did you have to give her any singing tips? Adam: I told her that I thought she had a great voice but she didn't believe me! It was pretty intimidating working with her, as lovely and amazing as she is, because she's an actress. I was finding my way for the first time but she was great and she helped me along. It wasn't quite your acting debut, though. Didn't you have a role in American Horror Story? Adam: American Horror Story was a glorified music video, basically. It was more of a montage of things happening than it was me having intense dialogue. I got to have creepy sex in a crypt and I got my arm ripped off and I got shot in the head. That's what you want to do as an actor, isn't it? Get mauled in a gunfight or blown up by Darth Vader… Adam: That's my childhood dream - to get blown up by Darth Vader. How did you know? Have you thought about sending an audition tape to JJ Abrams for the new Star Wars? Adam: No, I haven't. I haven't compiled that reel yet for him. Or maybe he'd rather have a theme song... Adam: I know, James and I are writing it now. It goes DUR DUR DURRR DURRR, DUR DUR DUN DE DURRRR. James [joining in]: BLIP BLORP BLERGH. Both: DURRR DUN DER DERRRRR... DUH-DURRRRRR. [Raucous laughter]. Maroon 5's album V is due for release in September. The first single, Maps, is out this month.

A nature charity has bought three wildflower meadows in a bid to preserve them.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Worcestershire Wildlife Trust used a £50,000 grant to purchase the Boynes Meadows site, opposite its nature reserve near Upton-upon-Severn. The areas, although "important wildlife habitats", are not legally protected, they said. Helen Woodman, from the trust, said it would enable it to "protect and sustain these...fast-disappearing habitats".

Changes to qualification criteria for legal aid in England and Wales mean hundreds of thousands of people will now be unable to get financial help with their divorce and custody battles. The BBC News website has spoken to two people who have been through divorces, one paid for by legal aid, the other funded from their own pocket.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Brenda Shawky, from St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, was divorced about a year and a half ago. She had been married to her Egyptian-born husband for 15 years but they were leading separate lives and arguing all the time. "Things were just getting unbearable," she recalled. "We were under a lot of financial pressure, and the cultural differences between us didn't help. I decided I had had enough." Ms Shawky, a full-time student, had heard about the planned government cuts to legal aid and was concerned about the financial implications of divorce. "When I first thought about divorce, I was really worried about whether I could afford it or not. My husband was not very good at giving me money for the household, so he was not going to pay and my relatives could not help me out. "I visited the Citizens Advice Bureau, who put me in touch with a solicitor, and they told me that legal aid was still available, but only just, so I made haste. "Legal aid was essential. I had no other way out. Everything was getting on top of me and my health was suffering. I was concerned about how all the arguing was affecting my teenage son." 'List of rules' Ms Shawky did not have to pay a penny towards her divorce, but she says she received the "bare minimum" service from the solicitors. "I think they had a maximum of about £900 to spend on my case, so they were keeping the costs down. They didn't call me much and the whole process took about a year." The couple did not own their home, so dividing the assets was not an issue. The solicitor referred them to a mediator, who helped them come up with a plan. "We had a couple of sessions, which legal aid paid for. She did not take sides and looked at all our options. As neither of us had a lot of money, we decided that my husband would continue to live in the house with us. It was also good for our son to have his father around. "The mediator helped us draw up a list of rules and it is working reasonably well." Ms Shawky acknowledges that people will think it weird that they are still living together, but she says they had no other option. "Neither of us are well-off. His job has been up and down and he cannot afford to move out. This way, he has his own room, pays half the rent and buys his own food. I hardly see him." If legal aid had not been available, she would not have been able to divorce her husband and get on with her own life, she said. "I know you can do these DIY divorces over the internet but I would not feel comfortable doing that. "Everyone should be able to have access to some legal representation." This is a fear shared by many legal professionals. Both the Law Society and the Bar Council say the changes mean access to justice is no longer being adequately funded and vulnerable people will suffer. Last month, the UK's most senior judge, Master of the Rolls Lord Neuberger, warned: "My worry is the removal of legal aid for people to get advice about law and get representation in court will start to undermine the rule of law." Trivial matters But the government says the legal-aid system is among the most expensive in the world and is costing taxpayers too much at a time when resources are limited - hence the removal of some qualification criteria. "We need to make sure taxpayers' money is not spent resolving too many disputes in court, when there are quicker, cheaper and less stressful options available," said a Ministry of Justice spokeswoman. And James Amos is someone who knows just how expensive divorces can be. Mr Amos, who lives in Salisbury and owns his own business, divorced three years ago. He was not eligible for legal aid and estimates the legal fees, court costs and settlement amounted to £650,000. "My legal fees were £50,000 and I also paid my wife's, which were £40,000. She also got £400,000 in the settlement, plus spousal and child maintenance every month. I obviously do not mind paying the child maintenance. It took about a year to sort everything out but it is still ongoing." He said sorting out the divorce was a "nightmare" at the time and it was still a "headache" today. "I do believe that the lawyers are there to make money," he said. "My ex-wife's lawyer told her not to discuss any matters of the divorce with myself, and only talk to her. I do feel this didn't help us sort matters out ourselves and only increased costs to lawyers." The 58-year-old said he would receive letters and emails, which all cost money, over the most trivial of things. A couple of letters between the solicitors about him not being allowed to clear out his ex-wife's possessions from under the bed cost £500. "The whole thing got out of hand and everything had to go through the lawyers. At first, we realised it had got to the stage where we had to get divorced, but it got complicated. "Two of our daughters wanted to stay with me, while the other was too young and had no say." He said there were three court hearings and at the last barristers were involved. Mr Amos has to go back to court to have an order amended. But this time he is thinking about representing himself to cut the expense.

The Indian judiciary is in the midst of an unprecedented crisis which has resulted in rival judges issuing court orders for each other to undergo mental health evaluations. The BBC's Geeta Pandey unravels an extraordinary series of events.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: For the past several months now, Justice Chinnaswamy Swaminathan Karnan of the Calcutta High Court has been on a massive collision course with the top judges of India's Supreme Court. On Monday, matters came to a head when a seven-judge Supreme Court bench, that included India's Chief Justice JS Khehar, ordered a psychiatric evaluation of Justice Karnan by a panel of government doctors to ascertain if he was mentally ill. An angry Justice Karnan responded by ordering similar tests on the seven top court judges. The initial provocation... The present standoff began on 23 January when Justice Karnan wrote a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the names of 20 "corrupt judges" and three senior law officials. Even though he failed to provide any evidence against those named in the list, he urged Mr Modi to investigate - and take action against them. On 8 February, the seven-judge bench decided that this - and other similar letters Justice Karnan had sent in the past accusing his fellow judges of corruption and bias - was "contempt of court" and demanded an explanation from him. On 13 February, the day he was due to appear in court, Justice Karnan did not show up. The top court gave him another chance and asked him to come on 10 March. But when he ignored that date too, the Supreme Court issued a "bailable warrant" against him, ordering the West Bengal state police chief to bring him in on 31 March. He was also barred from performing any judicial or administrative functions until further orders. But the rebel judge did not fall in line. The crisis escalates On the same day, he too passed an order - a low-caste Dalit (formerly untouchable), he accused the seven judges of caste bias and ordered that a case be registered against them for discriminating against him. He also "ordered" them to pay him 140m rupees ($2.2m; £1.7m) in compensation. A few days later, when the arrest warrant was served to him, he "rejected" it saying it was "illegal" and "unconstitutional". And it's gone rapidly downhill since then. Last Friday, Justice Karnan stunned India when he passed an order banning the chief justice and the other six judges from leaving the country. From a makeshift court he's set up at his home since being barred from the high court, he directed the Air Control Authority in Delhi to prevent the judges from travelling abroad while they were being tried for caste bias against him. He also ordered the judges to appear at his "home-court" on 1 May - the same day they had asked him to appear in the Supreme Court. Questions of sanity On that day, the Supreme Court judges asked whether Justice Karnan was "feigning mental imbalance" and ordered a panel of doctors to examine him on 4 May. The director general of police (DGP) in West Bengal was ordered to provide a team of officers to help the medical board carry out the examination and the board was ordered to submit its report by 8 May. The judges believed they were being considerate - they said from what Justice Karnan had been saying at his news conferences and from the "orders" he had passed in recent days, it seemed he might not be able to defend himself in court. But that did not please the rebel judge. He said that he was "of sound health and mind", that his wife and two sons are "very much satisfied" with his physical and mental health, that the court order was "an insult to a Dalit judge", and that he would not undergo a medical test. Within hours, he had also passed his own "counter-order" - directing the director general of police (DGP) in Delhi to send the seven judges before a psychiatric board to check if they were mentally ill and bring the report to him by 7 May. Now Delhi police is headed by a commissioner and there's no DGP, but that is a minor quibble considering the battle involves India's top judges. So who is Justice Karnan? A rebel without a pause. During his seven-year tenure as a high court judge in Chennai (Madras) from 2009, he accused at least two chief justices of discriminating against him because of his caste. He also accused a fellow judge of raping an intern - a claim yet to be proven. On a few occasions, media reports said he also barged into other judges' courtrooms and generally antagonised his colleagues, so much so that at the end of 2014 several of his fellow judges petitioned the chief justice of India, demanding his transfer because they couldn't work with him. A year ago, when the Supreme Court did transfer him to Kolkata (Calcutta), he passed an order staying his own transfer. It was only after a closed-door meeting with the then chief justice of India, TS Thakur, that he agreed to move. So what happens now? No-one really knows - it's the first time ever in India that the top court has invoked contempt proceedings against a sitting high court judge. The next important date on the calendar is 4 May - the day Justice Karnan is due to undergo psychiatric evaluation. But it's unlikely that he could be forced to see the doctors against his will. Legal experts say they expect the case to drag on at least until 12 June - the day he turns 62 and retires. The Supreme Court may be in a better position to take action against him once he's hung up his robes.

Three-quarters of the world's homes have a fridge - an appliance that can revolutionise a family's life. A tailor in one Indian village has just become the first person in his community to own one - something he has dreamed of for 10 years.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Sanjoy MajumderBBC News, Calcutta Santosh Chowdhury is pacing up and down speaking into his mobile phone. "How much longer? It's left past the auto-rickshaw stand, yes that's right," he shouts, and then continues his nervous pacing. It's a big day for him and indeed for the village of Rameshwarpur, just outside Calcutta in north-east India. Santosh has bought a new fridge - not just his first but also the first in the entire community of 200 people. "Owning a fridge is quite rare in a village like ours," he says. The lack of fridges in Rameshwarpur reflects the situation across the whole of India. Only one in four of the country's homes has one. That compares to an average of 99% of households in developed countries. But change can be rapid when linked to an emerging middle class. In 2004, 24% of households in China owned a fridge. Ten years later this had shot up to 88%. "Ours is the first generation to own a fridge in my family," says Santosh. "No one in my father's and grandfather's time had ever seen one." Rameshwarpur has a distinctly rural feel. People bathe in a pond in the middle of the village, children fly kites in the dusty lanes. The homes are little more than simple huts, made of mud and brick. But the village has electricity and many houses have televisions. Santosh works as a tailor. He lives in a modest, two-room hut which doubles as his home and workplace. "I don't have a regular job as such," he says. "Sometimes I also work part-time in a factory. I make about three to four dollars a day." Life is quite hard, especially for his wife Sushoma. She cooks lunch, stirring a pot of rice on a wood fire outside their hut. It's something she does every day because they have no way of storing leftovers. So Santosh has to go the market early each morning to shop for groceries. He's always wanted to make life easier for his wife and has been dreaming of buying a fridge for 10 years. "Owning one will be so convenient," he says. "You don't have to buy vegetables every day, you can store food - especially in the summer." So he's been saving hard, putting away a bit of money every month for a purchase that costs more than a month's salary. "I don't make that much money, that's why it's taken me so long. But now I have enough," he says, smiling. At one of Calcutta's high street stores, about 15km from his home, Santosh had several models to choose from. Peering inside, he ran his fingers along the side of a bright red model. "It was quite confusing. It was my first time you know. I couldn't figure out which one to get," he says shyly. "My wife wanted a red one. I wanted one that will consume the least power. We need to keep our bills down." Finally, the deal was struck. Santosh got a discount because it was the final week of the winter sales. The price was 11,000 rupees (£120) - but more importantly, he was able to pay in instalments, having paid just under half the money up front. "No one pays cash any more like they used to," says store manager Pintoo Mazumdar. "Everyone can get a loan from the bank or the store - all you need is a bank statement and ID. That's why so many lower income people can afford to buy a fridge these days." FRIDGEONOMICS Fridge ownership around the world 76% Global average 65% Asia Pacific 99% Europe and North America 87% Latin America 63% Middle East and Africa Santosh's fridge finally arrives on the back of a cycle rickshaw. He walks along next to it with a broad smile. Many of the villagers come out on to the lane as well, craning their necks to get a better look. "Careful, careful," he cries out as a couple of them help carry the fridge into his house. Then it's time for a religious ceremony. His wife applies a dab of vermillion to the fridge, to keep away evil spirits, and then blows on a conch shell to seek divine blessings and welcome the fridge into their home. The fridge has pride of place - next to Santosh's sewing machine and their tiny television set. They simply cannot stop smiling. "We've dreamt of this moment for so long," says his wife Sushoma. "Some of our neighbours have already asked us if they, too, can store some food in our fridge. "And I can't wait to drink cold water in the summer." As Santosh shows off his fridge everyone crowds around, excited. "Imagine, they won't have to shop for fresh vegetables every day," says one woman. "I'm thinking of getting one too," another man says. It's a special moment for the Chowdhurys. This acquisition could potentially transform their lives. "I can focus on finding more work and not worry about buying food for the family," Santosh says. "My wife will get more free time and perhaps she can give me a hand as well." With those words, he opens his fridge and places the first contents inside - tomatoes, an aubergine, eggs and some milk. For more on the BBC's A Richer World, go to www.bbc.com/richerworld - or join the discussion on Twitter using the hashtag #BBCRicherWorld. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

The pre-dawn queue out of the Porte de la Chapelle migrant camp snaked beneath Paris's massive ring-road. Hundreds of people waited to leave: their belongings stuffed into back-packs and shopping bags, their children wrapped in blankets against the rain.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Lucy WilliamsonBBC Paris correspondent By the time offices opened here on Thursday, more than 1,600 people - around half the area's migrant population - had been loaded on to buses and taken to shelters to be processed. Many, like Muhammad who moved here from Afghanistan, said they were glad to leave their cold, wet, sometimes violent home for a few nights in a shelter. "It's a good reaction," he said. "We're very happy about the French government. They help us, give us food, it's good." But the prospect of being registered, processed and possibly deported by the French authorities meant some residents fled before the buses had even arrived. One woman from Ethiopia told me before police moved in that she had come to France after being rejected several times by another EU country. "It wasn't really my choice to come to France, but I heard it was better here," she told me. "And I saw a programme about the football team. It seemed that France was an international country, with more black people." She wasn't in the camp on Thursday morning. Read more from Lucy on France's migrant issue "It's clear that for people who have already had their asylum claims rejected, or for the 'Dublin' people things will become much harder," said Yann Manzi, who heads the migrant organisation Utopia56. Under the EU's Dublin Regulation, anyone seeking asylum should be considered in the first member state in which they arrive. He believes the police operation will mean more people trying to reach the UK via camps in France's Channel ports. "We've seen before that those who can't apply for asylum go to Calais, so we think this will intensify what's happening in Calais and Dunkirk." The Paris clearance is the first strike in new tougher immigration policies, announced this week by French PM Edouard Philippe, including quotas for those with professional skills, a mass clearance of France's migrant camps, and restricted access to medical care for those who arrive here illegally. "It's about sovereignty," the prime minister said. "We want to take back control of our immigration policy. Taking back control means ensuring that when we say yes, it's really yes. And when we say no, it's really no." The government has vowed to clear all the major migrant camps in France before the end of the year. Another operation is planned to evict the remaining areas of Porte de la Chapelle in Paris. Patrols have been brought in to make sure migrants don't return, as they have in the past. The Paris camp grew so large partly because of a chronic lack of accommodation for migrants claiming asylum. As part of its package of 20 measures to "take back control", the government has announced the creation of 16,000 more housing places, along with three more detention centres for those who remain here illegally. The new policy is popular with many right-wing voters, but condemned as a PR stunt by some on the left. President Emmanuel Macron's party is facing a duel with the far-right party of Marine Le Pen in local elections next year. Polls currently put them neck and neck. Mr Macron was trying to win over Le Pen supporters, Yann Manzi told me. But if he sails too close to the nationalist opposition, voters in future may decide they prefer the original.

A man has been charged after a pig's head was left on a police officer's car in south-west London.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The pig's head was found on the car of a British Transport Police (BTP) officer in Hackbridge on Thursday morning. Tye Farrar, 19, was charged with intentionally causing harassment, alarm or distress. Mr Farrar, from Cheam, Sutton has been granted bail and is due to appear at Croydon Magistrates' Court on 30 April.

Tanzania's controversial President John Magufuli has died aged 61. The son of a subsistence farmer, he rose to become president in 2015 and was praised for his no-nonsense approach. Known as "The Bulldozer", he went on to gain international notoriety for his reaction to the coronavirus pandemic.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Here are some of his views, in his own words. On coronavirus "I want to thank Tanzanians of all faiths. We have been praying and fasting for God to save us from the pandemic that has afflicted our country and the world. But God has answered us. I believe, and I'm certain many Tanzanians believe the corona disease has been eliminated by God," he told worshippers in a church in the capital, Dodoma, in June 2020. "We need to be careful because some of these donations to fight coronavirus could be used to transmit the virus. I want to urge you Tanzanians not to accept donations of masks, instead tell the donors to go and use them with their wives and children," he added. A devote Catholic, he has made many comments about the virus at church services. Last March he said: "Coronavirus, which is a devil, cannot survive in the body of Christ... It will burn instantly." Two months later at mass in his hometown of Chato, he said: "We have had a number of viral diseases, including Aids and measles. Our economy must come first. It must not sleep… Life must go on... Countries [elsewhere] in Africa will be coming here to buy food in the years to come… they will be suffering because of shutting down their economy." At the funeral of a top presidential aide on 19 February - and following the death of Zanzibar's vice-president from Covid-19 earlier in the month - he urged Tanzanians not to panic. "It is possible this is another test but with God we will win. Let's not scare each other because we will not overcome... God cannot forsake this nation." On lockdown "Our founding father was not someone to be directed to be told what to do… Those who devise these kinds of rules [lockdown] are used to making these directives that our founding father refused," Magufuli said, referring to Tanzania's first leader Julius Nyerere's habit of rejecting advice from Western nations. On coronavirus tests He questioned the efficacy of Covid tests in May, the last time the country published data on coronavirus cases and deaths. After sending various animals and fruit to be checked for the virus - he said a papaya, a quail and a goat had all tested positive. "So many times, I have insisted that not everything that you are given is good. There could be people being used, that equipment could be used… but it could also be sabotage because this is warfare." On Covid vaccines "The Ministry of Health should be careful, they should not hurry to try these vaccines without doing research, not every vaccine is important to us, we should be careful. We should not be used as 'guinea pigs'," Mr Magufuli said in January. "Vaccinations are dangerous. If the white man was able to come up with vaccinations, he should have found a vaccination for Aids, cancer and TB by now." On corruption "The way to treat a boil is to squeeze it out, and I have made it my responsibility to do that. I know squeezing out a boil hurts but unfortunately there are no two ways about it," Mr Magufuli told MPs after his election in 2015, about his drive to root out corruption and lazy workers. Nearly two years later, after sacking about 10,000 civil servants for having fake education certificates, he said: "These people occupied government positions but had no qualifications... they robbed us just like other common criminals." On pregnant schoolgirls "As long as I am president… no pregnant student will be allowed to return to school… After getting pregnant, you are done," he said in June 2017, adding that young mothers would be distracted in class. "After calculating a few mathematics sums, she'd be asking the teacher in the classroom: 'Let me go out and breastfeed my crying baby.'" On population growth President Magufuli urged Tanzanian women to set their "ovaries free" and have more children. "When you have a big population you build the economy. That's why China's economy is so huge," Reuters quoted him as saying in June 2019. "I know that those who like to block ovaries will complain about my remarks. Set your ovaries free, let them block theirs." You may also be interested in: On leadership "I want you Tanzanians to believe that you have a real president, a real rock. I cannot be threatened and I am not threatened," Mr Magufuli said in March 2018. On censorship "I would like to tell media owners - be careful, watch it. If you think you have that kind of freedom, [it is] not to that extent," he said in 2017, reminding journalists of the new laws and a new code of conduct overseen by the information ministry. On his upbringing "Our home was grass-thatched, and like many boys I was assigned to herd cattle, as well as selling milk and fish to support my family," he said during his 2015 election campaign. "I know what it means to be poor. I will strive to help improve people's welfare." On his legacy "One day you will remember me… I know one day you will remember me, not for bad things but for the good deeds... because I have sacrificed my life for the poor in Tanzania," he said in a video which resurfaced after his death. Around the BBC Africa Today podcasts

A man has been charged in connection with alleged threats made against SNP politician Joanna Cherry.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The Edinburgh South West MP reported the incident to officers on Monday. This was the same day Ms Cherry was dropped from her justice role on the SNP's frontbench team at Westminster. Police Scotland said a 30-year-old man had been charged with a communications offence and a report would be submitted to the procurator fiscal.

The death of transport worker Belly Mujinga following reports she had been spat at by a customer, sparked calls for justice from millions of people. Now a BBC investigation raises questions about the inquiries carried out by her employer and the police.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Rianna CroxfordBBC Panorama It was a chilly morning when Belly Mujinga caught the bus to Victoria station in central London. Shivering, the 47-year-old ticket office worker pulled on her favourite gloves and sat down. It was 04:45 and outside the sky was a murky grey; the sun had yet to rise. It was Saturday 21 March, and fears about Covid-19 were intensifying. The government had advised against unnecessary travel and non-essential contact with others. Schools had closed to all but vulnerable children and those of key workers. Days earlier, Prime Minister Boris Johnson had announced that by the weekend those with the "most serious health conditions" must be "largely shielded from social contact". Belly, who had severe health problems that had affected her lungs and throat, was anxious about coronavirus. She'd previously had treatment on her throat after having difficulty breathing. The 47-year-old had stressed the importance of social distancing in a recent video she had made on the station concourse for her family in Congo. "There's no people. People are afraid. People are home. See the ticket office is empty, everyone is afraid because of Covid. Stay at home," she says, her face peeping out from under her black scarf. "But we are here, we have to work. I love you and be safe." The incident On the morning of 21 March, Belly and her colleague Motolani Sunmola, were working on the concourse. At around 11:20, they were approached by a male customer. What happened next is disputed. Four people were present at the time: Belly, Motolani, a male colleague, and the customer. Motolani - who is speaking publicly for the first time - says the man, who was casually dressed in blue jeans and a tan jacket, sharply asked them twice what they were doing. She describes him as being agitated and aggressive. "He was screaming and shouting at us," the 52-year-old says. "We told the gentleman, 'Please we're just here to help you, that's all why we're here'." She said the man then turned and took a few steps towards the ticket office. "Out of nowhere he came back again and said: 'You know I have the virus'," Motolani alleges. As he came closer, Motolani said she and Belly retreated and asked him to "behave" himself. Motolani says he was "coughing and spitting like an old man who has no teeth," and they ran away. She says Belly rushed into the reception to wash the spray of saliva from her face. When Belly later returned home, her husband Lusamba says she was unusually quiet. "She was sad. She told me, 'Darling, someone spat on me'. It really shook her." 'Scared' In the days that followed, Motolani and Belly began to feel unwell. Belly's last day at work was 25 March. One of her consultants called a manager at her request to say she needed to self-isolate immediately. Her symptoms started to escalate and on 2 April, when she was struggling to breathe, Lusamba called an ambulance. "On her way out, she waved our daughter and me goodbye," he says. Belly was diagnosed with Covid-19 at the Barnet Hospital in north London. Lusamba says she was scared and "knew that was the end". During a video-call on Saturday 4 April, she spoke to her family but refused to show her face. She didn't want her daughter Ingrid, who was 11 at the time, to see her in such a weak state. Shortly afterwards, she called her cousin Agnes Ntumba and asked her to look after Ingrid for her. Later that evening, Lusamba tried calling his wife. But she didn't pick up. Belly Mujinga died from coronavirus on Sunday 5 April. Lusamba struggled to understand when the doctor told him over the phone. English is not his first language, as he mainly speaks French and the Congolese-dialect Lingala, so Agnes had to break the news to him hours later. A funeral was held three weeks later, but only 10 people were allowed to attend. "It feels like she's just gone somewhere and will come back," Lusamba says. "Since I didn't see her body, it's as if my brain can't process it. It will haunt me for the rest of my days." Police investigation It would be seven weeks before a police investigation was launched. It came after the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association (TSSA) issued a press release on 12 May stating that Belly and a colleague had been assaulted. Reports that a ticket officer had died of coronavirus after being spat at while on duty made newspaper headlines. British Transport Police (BTP) opened an investigation, and on 13 May, Boris Johnson mentioned Belly's death in Parliament. "The fact that she was abused for doing her job [was] utterly appalling," he said. BTP traced and interviewed a 57-year-old man through ticket sales records at Victoria station. He denied spitting and saying he had the virus. He said he had coughed, but not on purpose. After an investigation lasting 19 days, the police concluded there was insufficient evidence to charge anyone with a crime. Lusamba says this came as a shock. "It was a hard pill to swallow, especially after such a short investigation." The police decision coincided with the death in Minneapolis of George Floyd, while in police custody. Global outrage followed and anti-racism protests that had swept across cities in the US were heading to the UK. Belly's death was caught up in the aftermath. "Black lives matter. Belly's life mattered," protestors shouted at a march in London on 3 June. Naomi Omokhua, 21, helped to organise a "Justice for Belly" rally. "We see people like Belly every day when we're going through Victoria station," she says. "She's a black woman, a normal black woman just doing her job." Lusamba attended with Ingrid and Agnes. "We laughed and cried," he says. "We felt pain and joy. I'll never forget that day." In the wake of the protests, on 5 June, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) was asked by the British Transport Police to review the case. And as that inquiry opened, so did mine for BBC Panorama. Looking for answers What happened at Victoria station has been the subject of a police investigation and an internal inquiry carried out by GTR. The facts remain bitterly contested, so I've been back over some of the evidence and taken expert opinion from doctors, scientists and lawyers. First, I wanted to know why it took so long for the police to investigate. It's possible that if they had been alerted sooner, they may have been able to secure more evidence. Motolani has left Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR) and begun a claim for constructive dismissal. In her police statement of 13 May, she says she reported the incident to her managers immediately, asking for the police to be called. Lusamba says Belly told him the man had said he had coronavirus and was going to infect them and that she had reported the incident to a supervisor. Motolani told the BBC she had described what happened as an "assault". She says she did not tell GTR on the day that the man said "I have the virus" but says Belly did. "I felt the assault was even more serious," Motolani explains. "Belly felt more scared [of the word Covid] because she had respiratory problems." A GTR spokesperson told the BBC that while a "coughing incident" had been logged on 21 March, a spitting incident had not and that's why the police hadn't been called. On 8 April, Belly's union wrote to GTR saying there was evidence that a passenger had deliberately coughed in Belly's face. GTR says it started its own investigation. The company did not call the police. An allegation of deliberate coughing can be enough for the police to consider opening an assault investigation. When BTP was eventually called, the man said he'd had an antibody test - which checks whether someone has previously been exposed to the virus - and that he had tested negative. Police said the man had been tested on 25 March "as part of his occupation" and the result shared with them. Detectives concluded, therefore, that the incident had not led to Belly contracting Covid-19. I spoke to a number of scientists about antibody tests. They said not all commercially available antibody tests back in March were considered reliable. The NHS didn't start offering antibody tests to all staff until May. "The quality of the tests available in March were really no better than tossing a coin," says Alex Richter, a Professor of Clinical Immunology at the University of Birmingham, who had studied some of the early tests back then. A negative result did not necessarily mean there had been no infection. Jon Deeks, Professor of Biostatistics at the University of Birmingham, believes the police made a mistake in their interpretation of this part of the evidence. In a statement, BTP told the BBC: "While the man was able to share a negative antibody test with officers, substantiated by his GP, it is important to be clear that this was not the basis of our conclusion. The test did not change the fact there was insufficient evidence to substantiate any criminal offences taking place." One of the problems with the case is that CCTV evidence was not sufficiently clear to show whether or not a crime had taken place. There are hundreds of security cameras at Victoria station but Network Rail, which operates them, told the BBC that only one captured footage of the incident. The footage has not been released, but I've spoken to a number of people who have seen it. I've also listened to a covert audio recording of a meeting in which police officers showed it to Lusamba and two of his friends. They say it shows a man approaching close to Belly, and her retreating, before running away. "We're in no doubt that something has happened there," the police officer tells Lusamba. "If nothing had happened, they would have stayed there," the officer continues. "When he comes back it's clear that's when something happens." CCTV footage at the station is routinely only stored for around 28 days, and the footage from 21 March had been wiped by the time the police started their investigation. But officers were told that six minutes had been saved at the request of GTR. The BBC has learnt that GTR asked for footage on 9 April as part of its own investigation and received a copy the following day. The police say that even after they had had the footage enhanced, it was still not clear enough to show whether a crime had been committed. Internal report Belly Mujinga suffered from a severe form of sarcoidosis, a rare inflammatory condition that causes small patches of red and swollen tissues to develop in the body's organs. "We were dealing with people from all around the world," Motolani said. "She was scared of catching the flu, then imagine this happening." The company told the BBC that on 13 March, local managers had issued a staff questionnaire to identify any health conditions that might restrict their ability to work in public facing areas. But said Belly had only recorded "blood pressure" on her form. According to GTR she had asked Occupational Health to keep her condition confidential. In its internal investigation report after her death, the company said that her managers were aware she had some health conditions that meant Belly had regular medical check-ups but "did not know the exact details and nature of these". But in a different version of the report, which had been shared with Belly's union and seen by the BBC, it suggested they may have known more. "Managers at the station were aware that Mrs Mujinga had undergone surgery on her throat some years previously and that she had regular check-ups in relation to this," it said. "I think it arouses a degree of disquiet in me because here, there's such a contrast between those versions," says Martin Forde QC. GTR told the BBC that Belly's sarcoidosis would have been on the records of its in-house medical team, but said it was not at that time on the government's list of high-risk conditions. Belly was taking immunosuppressants for her sarcoidosis. On the day of the incident itself, the government was issuing guidance for people taking immunosuppressants, saying that they should shield. Barrister Elaine Banton said she would have expected more collaboration between the occupational health team and managers to identify vulnerable staff. "It would help them to determine which employees should not be in front-facing, key worker roles, but be placed out of harm's way." A GTR spokesperson says had sarcoidosis been on the government's shielding list at the time of the incident, it would have told Belly to shield as it did with nearly 400 colleagues. But was there a need for Belly to be on the concourse that day? Passenger numbers were down. "She left home thinking she was going to be working in the ticket office," Lusamba said. "When she arrived, her supervisor told her that she must work outside." Rotas from the 21 March, seen by the BBC, confirm that Belly was due to work in the ticket office. Motolani says she felt safer there. GTR says all ticket office staff at Victoria undertake concourse duties as part of their normal ticket selling and customer assistance role. Grievance Belly loved her job, but I've discovered she wasn't always happy at work. Eight weeks before she died, she'd raised a grievance against GTR, claiming discrimination and victimisation. In 2019, Belly had been suspended for six weeks after leaving her cash bag on a supervisor's desk rather than handing it into the cashier. "She was devastated," recalls Lusamba. "That really broke her." He says GTR conducted an investigation to see whether money was missing but they didn't find anything. GTR said Belly had a responsible cash handling role, that she was suspended on full pay and later returned to work. However, Belly claimed a white colleague who had made a similar mistake had not faced the same sanction. In her grievance letter she wrote, "The whole process has left me feeling stressed, ill, victimised and terrified that I might lose my job." 'May she rest' Lusamba says Belly was the "centre of his universe", and he believed that fate had brought them together. It later turned out that he had been living very near to one of Belly's close friends in Kinshasa, the capital of Congo, where he grew up. He and Belly met at a church they both attended after she moved to London in 2001. "It was love at first sight," he says. Their daughter Ingrid turned 12 and returned to school in September. Only this time it was her dad buying her ice-cream, and gently laying out her school uniform on her bed. Lusamba says all he wants to do is tell her what really happened to her mum. We may never know what really happened on the concourse of Victoria Station that day. Or whether Belly caught coronavirus then. Following its review, the CPS agreed with the police that in: "The absence of any persuasive medical or forensic evidence, together with inconclusive CCTV footage and inconsistent witness accounts, no criminal charges could be considered." But for Lusamba, many questions remain unanswered. Barristers spoken to by the BBC believe an inquest into Belly's death could help her family in their search for truth. "I feel there are sufficient doubts and conflicts around the facts of this case to justify an investigation," says Martin Forde, QC. Lusamba says he will keep on fighting. "May she rest wherever she is, but it's really hard."

The jackpot in Saturday's Lotto is expected to rise to almost £60m - the biggest figure since it started 21 years ago. Changes to the number of balls in the draw have made a win statistically less likely, but what's actually happened since they were brought in?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Justin ParkinsonBBC News Magazine It could be you, but most likely it won't be. If anyone's lucky enough to guess six correct numbers in this Saturday's Lotto draw, their personal wealth could instantly increase by £60m - on a par with the fortune of Bee Gees singer Barry Gibb, according to the Sunday Times Rich List. But hitting the jackpot's less likely than it once was. In October last year, Lotto operator Camelot added 10 extra balls to the draws taking place on Wednesdays and Saturdays, taking the number from 49 to 59. This pushed out the odds of picking six correct numbers from one in 14 million to one in 45 million. So naturally, the layman's assumption would be that they would be less likely to become a millionaire. One national newspaper called the change a "rip-off", but Camelot said it was making the game "more exciting". It also made the promise that it would create at least one millionaire per draw - something not guaranteed before. It started the Lotto Millionaire Raffle. This assigned everyone buying a £2 Lotto ticket a separate raffle ticket, consisting of a colour and eight numbers - chosen by a computer, rather than the customer - to be entered in a separate draw. So, how have the changes worked in practice? Since the first amended-format draw took place on 10 October last year, there have been just four winners of the jackpot. That's over the course of 26 draws. The jackpot prizes were £14.6m on 21 October, £4.3m on 24 October, £15.8m on 11 November and £4.3m on 14 November. None of these were shared. These winners, in addition to the 26 raffle winners, mean 30 people - or syndicates - have won at least £1m each in the draws since the October changes. Camelot also notes there have been 37 other £1m winners thanks to a number of one-off draws. How does this compare with the equivalent period a year earlier? In the 26 draws that took place from 11 October 2014 to 7 January 2015, there were 24 winners - some taking the full jackpot, some a share. The highest jackpot was £15m, shared five ways between contestants who had guessed five main balls plus the bonus ball correctly. This happened because, under the old system, the jackpot could only be rolled over a maximum of four times. So, in this equivalent period the Lotto gave out 26 prizes worth £1m or more. Therefore, four more millionaires have been created under the new system, but there have been 20 fewer jackpot wins. Camelot says its combined changes - the extra balls and the Millionaire Raffle - mean the overall chance of becoming a millionaire have gone from one in 14 million to one in 10 million for every ticket you buy. But, if you're now more likely to win a million pounds because of the raffle rather than the numbers you choose for Lotto itself, isn't the whole thing now very different? "I don't think the lottery has changed in nature because of this," says Katie Chicot, a mathematics lecturer at the Open University. "I think a good chunk of players use the Lucky Dip numbers anyway (random numbers selected for you)." "I said when these changes came in that they'd increase the chance of rollovers, and that's happened," says Rob Mastrodomenico, of the Royal Statistical Society. He argues that the introduction of the raffle will be largely for the benefit of regular Lotto players, rather than those who buy tickets only when the jackpot inflates to huge proportions. The odds of winning the raffle will vary from draw to draw based on the number of people buying tickets and therefore being in the raffle. If five million people buy tickets, each ticket has a one in five million chance of winning the £1m raffle prize - if 10 million do, the odds are one in 10 million. "We don't ever really know the number of people entering, but it's likely to be lower when the prize is smaller," says Mastrodomenico. "I expect that, after the £60m jackpot is given away, the odds of winning the raffle will be far better next week, simply due to the fact fewer people will buy tickets and hence fewer will be in the raffle." The current rollover stops on Saturday, with the jackpot having to be won by someone or shared. This is because, under Camelot's amended rules, once the jackpot passes £50m - which it did for Wednesday's draw - it can only be rolled over one more time. If there is no winner, the prize goes to the person/people who have chosen five balls and the bonus ball. If no one gets this, the jackpot is shared among those who get five balls - and so on until the money is given out. So Lotto winnings are effectively capped at a lower level than, say, EuroMillions (capped at 190 million euros), in which Colin and Chris Weir from Largs won £161m in 2011. The estimated jackpot for the US Powerball lottery is currently $675m (£464m). Still, the Lotto prize - the largest in the National Lottery's 21-year history - has created huge interest. Its website crashed a couple of hours before Wednesday's draw, such was the demand for tickets. "It's a PR dream for Camelot," says Pete Davies, director of RMS public relations. "It's word of mouth which is driving sales of tickets and this is the cheapest and most effective form of marketing there is. "The fact there's been a huge decrease in the chance of winning the jackpot from about 14 million to one to 45 million, which has led to negative PR, makes no difference. The bigger the jackpot gets, the more people want to enter. This exponential growth drives people into a frenzy." For those not winning or sharing the jackpot on Saturday, it's comforting to remember the words of grandfather John Baxter, who won £1m on EuroMillions in 2013. "I went to the supermarket and splashed out a tenner on new slippers," he said. "I couldn't think of anything else I really needed." And anyone who guesses two numbers correctly under the reformed Lotto system gets to enter the next draw for free, and experience the excitement all over again. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

Official government figures show Northern Ireland property prices have fallen by 1% - the first dip in three years.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Julian O'NeillBBC News NI Business Correspondent According to the Department of Finance, the standard property price in Northern Ireland now stands at £117,500. The last time prices fell was in 2013, but prices are still 6% up on this time last year. The lowest prices remain in Derry and Strabane (£100,000), with the highest in Lisburn and Castleragh (£140,700). As recently as February, the department was reporting a steady recovery in the market.

Firefighters spent the night dealing with a blaze in the historic centre of a market town in Suffolk.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Suffolk Fire and Rescue Service was called to shops in Chediston Street, near the market place in Halesworth, at about 18:15 BST. About 10 crews tackled the fire which had spread to two neighbouring buildings, causing a roof to collapse. It was extinguished at about 02:00 on Tuesday and an investigation will begin later. A fire service spokesman said no-one had been injured.

Tiger Woods is in hospital after suffering multiple leg injuries in a car crash. Many from the golfing world and beyond are wishing him a swift and full recovery, but some fear this could mark the end of the 45-year-old's glittering career.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: So what more do we know about the man considered by many to be the greatest golfer of all time? He was a child prodigy As young as 10 months, Wood's eye for a ball and an impressive swing had been spotted by his father Earl, who fashioned him a set of clubs and was his earliest teacher. At two, his potential was already getting wider notice and he was invited onto a TV show alongside the legendary comedian Bob Hope to show off his skills. Just months later, he won a competition for children under 10 - and so began a dazzling ascent through the junior game that saw him win tournament after tournament, collecting accolades and breaking records as he went. By the time he turned professional in 1996, he had won six USGA national championships and an unprecedented three consecutive US amateur titles. The man with the Midas Touch In 1997, a year after he turned pro, Woods won his first professional major, the Masters. He was only 21 and had not only become the tournament's youngest winner and first person of colour crowned champion, but he had also become the youngest golfer to be ranked No 1 in the world. By 2008, he had won 14 major golfing titles, and he jointly holds the record for most PGA Tour wins at 82 with Sam Snead and is three behind Jack Nicklaus' mark of 18 major titles. Along with the championship wins came the sponsorship deals, and his deals with Nike and Titleist in the early days of his pro career were some of the most lucrative ever seen in golf at the time. Over the course of his career, Woods has earned $1.5bn (£1.05bn) from endorsements, appearances and course design fees, according to Forbes magazine. In 2004, his gilded life seemed complete when he married former model Elin Nordegren, the daughter of a Swedish politician and radio journalist, and had two children - Sam, a daughter, born in 2007, and son Charlie in 2009. A man of 'Cablinasian' heritage His father Earl Woods, a lieutenant colonel in the US army, was of African-American, Chinese and Native American descent. His mother, Kultida, is of Thai, Chinese and Dutch descent. The golfing champion told Oprah Winfrey in 1997 that it bothered him when people called him an African-American. "Growing up, I came up with this name: I'm a Cablinasian," he said, to describe his heritage mix of Caucasian, black, Indian and Asian. Woods' achievements in golf have been that much more impressive for a game that has traditionally been seen as the preserve of white, middle class Christians. In his 2017 book on winning the Masters for the first time, he said that, while he hoped his win "would open some doors for minorities", his biggest hope was "we could one day see one another as people and people alone. I want us to be colour blind. Twenty years later, that has yet to happen". Public fall from grace It began with a story, in November 2009, that Woods had been in his car when it sped out of his Florida driveway, collided with a fire hydrant and ploughed into a neighbour's tree. In the days and weeks that followed, the world learnt that he had been cheating on his wife and was in fact a serial philanderer. The proud champion that appeared to have everything was, in fact, a deeply flawed individual. He took a break from golf, checked into rehab for what was widely rumoured to be treatment for sex addiction. In February 2010, he gave a 14-minute televised statement in which he apologised for his "irresponsible and selfish behaviour". Tiger and Elin eventually divorced, and the golfer dated US skier Lindsey Vonn before settling into a long-term relationship with Erica Herman, general manager of his restaurant in Jupiter, Florida. Painful return to glory In 2019, Tiger Woods seemed to have put his troubled decade behind him when he won the Masters at Augusta - his 15th major title, and the first one for 11 years. His victory was watched by his two children, something he described as coming "full circle". "My dad was here in 1997 and now I'm the dad with two kids here," he said at the time. But he also described the win as "one of the hardest" because of his ongoing back problems, which, between 2013 and 2017 saw him start just 24 events. In 2017, he was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence when he was found asleep at the wheel of his car, later pleading guilty to reckless driving. He had five prescription drugs in his system at the time of his arrest. He had been recovering from spinal fusion surgery that ultimately gave him the chance at a second golfing career. Woods earlier this week said he hoped to play in this year's Masters after having a fifth operation on his back in January. "I'm feeling fine - I'm a little stiff," Woods told CBS Television on Sunday. "I have one more MRI scheduled so we'll see then if I can start doing more activities." It remains to be seen whether the man who has bounced back from many obstacles in the past will be able to surmount the challenges facing him after this latest car crash.

Nigeria's militant Islamist group Boko Haram - which has caused havoc in Africa's most populous country through a wave of bombings, assassinations and abductions - is fighting to overthrow the government and create an Islamic state.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Boko Haram promotes a version of Islam which makes it "haram", or forbidden, for Muslims to take part in any political or social activity associated with Western society. This includes voting in elections, wearing shirts and trousers or receiving a secular education. Boko Haram regards the Nigerian state as being run by non-believers, regardless of whether the president is Muslim or not - and it has extended its military campaign by targeting neighbouring states. The group's official name is Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad, which in Arabic means "People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad". Resisting British rule But residents in the north-eastern city of Maiduguri, where the group had its headquarters, dubbed it Boko Haram. Loosely translated from the region's Hausa language, this means "Western education is forbidden". Boko originally meant fake but came to signify Western education, while haram means forbidden. Boko Haram at a glance Islamic State strengthens ties with Boko Haram Is Islamic State shaping Boko Haram media? Jihadist groups around the world What is jihadism? Recruiting ground Since the Sokoto caliphate, which ruled parts of what is now northern Nigeria, Niger and southern Cameroon, fell under British control in 1903, there has been resistance among some of the area's Muslims to Western education. Many still refuse to send their children to government-run "Western schools", a problem compounded by the ruling elite which does not see education as a priority. Against this background, charismatic Muslim cleric Mohammed Yusuf formed Boko Haram in Maiduguri in 2002. He set up a religious complex, which included a mosque and an Islamic school. Many poor Muslim families from across Nigeria, as well as neighbouring countries, enrolled their children at the school. But Boko Haram was not only interested in education. Its political goal was to create an Islamic state, and the school became a recruiting ground for jihadis. In 2009, Boko Haram carried out a spate of attacks on police stations and other government buildings in Maiduguri, capital of Borno state. This led to shoot-outs on Maiduguri's streets. Hundreds of Boko Haram supporters were killed and thousands of residents fled the city. Nigeria's security forces eventually seized the group's headquarters, capturing its fighters and killing Mr Yusuf. His body was shown on state television and the security forces declared Boko Haram finished. But its fighters regrouped under a new leader, Abubakar Shekau, and stepped up their insurgency. In 2013, the US designated it a terrorist organisation, amid fears that it had developed links with other militant groups, such as al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, to wage a global jihad. Facial marks Boko Haram's trademark was originally the use of gunmen on motorbikes, killing police, politicians and anyone who criticised it, including clerics from other Muslim traditions and Christian preachers. The group then began to carry out more audacious attacks in northern and central Nigeria, including bombing churches, bus ranks, bars, military barracks and even the police and UN headquarters in the capital, Abuja. Amid growing concern about the escalating violence, the government declared a state of emergency in May 2013 in the three northern states where Boko Haram was strongest - Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. It draws its fighters mainly from the Kanuri ethnic group, which is the largest in the three states. Most Kanuris have distinctive facial scars and when added to their heavy Hausa accents, they are easily identifiable to others Nigerians. As a result, the militants operate mainly in the north-east, where the terrain is also familiar to them. Foreign links The deployment of troops and the formation of vigilante groups drove many of them out of Maiduguri, their main urban base and they retreated to the vast Sambisa forest to the south and the Mandara Mountains, close to the border with Cameroon. From there, the group's fighters launched mass attacks on villages and towns, looting, killing, abducting women and children and conscripting men and boys into their army. In April 2014, Boko Haram drew international condemnation by abducting more than 200 schoolgirls from Chibok town in Borno state, saying it would treat them as slaves and marry them off - a reference to an ancient Islamic belief that women captured in conflict are considered war booty. And it switched tactics, starting to hold on to territory rather than retreating after an attack. In August 2014, Mr Shekau declared a caliphate in areas under Boko Haram's control, with the town of Gwoza its seat of power. "We are in an Islamic caliphate," said Mr Shekau, flanked by masked fighters and carrying a machine gun. "We have nothing to do with Nigeria. We don't believe in this name." Later, Mr Shekau formally pledged allegiance to the Islamic State (IS) group, turning his back on al-Qaeda. IS accepted the pledge, naming the territory under Boko Haram's control as the Islamic State of West Africa Province and as being part of the global caliphate it was trying to establish. Chronic poverty But by March 2015, Boko Haram had lost all the towns under its control as a regional coalition - made up of troops from Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger - was formed to fight it. Once again, Boko Haram retreated to the Sambisa forest, where the Nigerian military pursued it, freeing hundreds of captives. In August 2016, the group apparently split, with an IS video announcing that Mr Shekau had been replaced with Abu Musab al-Barnawi, believed to be a son of Boko Haram's founder. Mr Shekau disputed this, insisting he was still in charge. And in a big surprise, 21 of the Chibok girls, seen as prized assets for Mr Shekau, were freed in October 2016 following talks involving the militants, the Nigerian and Swiss governments and the International Committee of the Red Cross. But with Amnesty International saying that some 2,000 children remain in captivity, many more are still to be freed. And while many fighters have been killed and weapons seized, some analysts say it is too early to write off Boko Haram. Boko Haram has outlived other militant groups in northern Nigeria, and has built a presence in neighbouring states where it has carried out attacks and has recruited fighters. It has a force of thousands of men - CIA officials have estimated around 9,000 - and cells that specialise in bombings. Through its raids on military bases and banks, it has gained control of vast amounts of weapons and money. So, the chances of it being routed anytime soon - despite Mr Buhari's claim that it had been "technically defeated" - are slim, with the region's chronic poverty and poor education system helping it gain new recruits.

A vast new oil field in the North Sea has come on stream, drawing on new technology for greater efficiency and far greater profits. Its estimated benefit to the government over five decades is estimated at £80 billion. The Norwegian government, that is. So why has Norway done so much better out of North Sea oil? Some luck, some choices, keeping work in-country - above all, being an investor as well as levying tax.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Douglas FraserBusiness/economy editor, Scotland The Kraken awoke. Mariner is heavy, but making headway. Clair Ridge is full of gas, and no relation to Sophie, the political interviewer. They are all very large oil and gas fields in the North Sea, which drove the investment boom at the start of this decade, and now represent a large share of Britain's hydrocarbon output, as older fields rapidly deplete. But less than 20km (12 miles) across the sea boundary and 90km (56 miles) west of Stavanger, Johan Sverdrup is the daddy of the new North Sea. He was the man who fathered modern Norwegian parliamentary government in the 1880s. More recently, after its discovery in 2010, his name was given to a humongous offshore oil field. On 5 October, it began production. It's hard to overstate the bonanza it has brought to Norway's industry and finances, and it's being presented by Equinor, its operator, as a model of how to do offshore energy in the 21st century. It all makes for quite a contrast with Britain, where world-leading cultural institutions, the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre, were this week ending sponsorship from oil companies BP and Shell. We're in a period of tension between the amazing achievements of offshore engineers to unlock access to fossil fuels on which we continue to depend, at the same time as pushing for an end to that dependence and a shunning of the oil majors. Footprint The numbers for Johan Sverdrup are colossal. At peak production of 660,000 barrels per day, it will build up to a third of Norway's output. The field contains 2.7 billion barrels. The cost of developing it was £7.5bn (US$9.2bn), and getting to first oil has taken only four years from approving the project. It has come on stream two months ahead of schedule. And being developed during a downturn for the industry, it successfully stripped out nearly a third of the anticipated costs. A few factors that are particularly noteworthy: Major investor The comparison with the benefit to the UK from recent oil developments is stark. Offshore oil and gas taxation has risen above £1bn per year, but it is not expected to rise much more in the current market and with current profits. Extraction of oil and gas from mature UK fields is getting more expensive and therefore less profitable. Developing deep sea fields west of Shetland, along with technical challenges around high pressure and high temperature, has meant the Treasury to provide bigger tax incentives. Norway has built up a vast oil fund, from which it draws a modest amount in earnings each year. To do so, it has foregone the lower tax that other oil producers, including the UK, have handed to their populace. Compared with Britain, it has been lucky in tax revenue terms, in that fields have been larger and typically more profitable. Over the four decades of production, the UK's oil and gas profile has tended towards maximum output at times when prices and profits have been low. Not so in Norway. But the big difference is that the Norwegian state has been a major investor. The UK government was, until the Thatcher government sold its stakes. Some of Oslo's investment has been through its 67% stake in Equinor, known until last year as Statoil. That company owns 43% of Johan Sverdrup, as well as operating it. Net government cash flows from petroleum activities 1971-2019 (SDFI: state's direct financial interest) The field was discovered in 2010, with the first successful drill by Lundin Petroleum, a third of which is owned by a Swedish-Canadian family, based in Geneva. Equinor is the second biggest shareholder. Petoro has a 17% stake. It is the company that manages the Norwegian government's direct stake in 34 producing fields, with licences for a third of Norway's oil and gas reserves. Last year, it paid £10.6bn into the Norwegian state oil fund. The Oslo government's stake in Equinor brought in £1.3bn in dividends to the government, there was a £600m revenue from environmental tax, and the main tax on offshore oil and gas brought a further £10bn. The budget for this year is for more of the same. With Johan Sverdrup now onstream, that flow of kroners is set to stay strong for years to come.

An excellent idea, or a betrayal of British authors?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The decision to allow writers from around the world to compete for the Man Booker Prize has split the literary establishment. Some have welcomed the expansion of the field. Others say American novelists will come to dominate the prize, previously awarded to English-language authors from the Commonwealth, including the UK, the Republic of Ireland and Zimbabwe. Many more have noted that the newly established Folio Prize was about to announce its first shortlist, using a similar international criteria. Authors, judges and experts told the BBC which side of the fence they fell on. AS Byatt, former Booker judge and winner Once described as the "patron saint of bookworms", AS Byatt won the Booker in 1990 for Possession: A Romance, a story about two academics who use their skills in textual analysis to uncover the story of a clandestine love affair between two Victorian poets. She also served as a judge in 1974 - and that is the basis of her objection to the new rules. "I am very strongly against this change," she told the BBC, "because it will make judging impossible. "I remember judging a short-story prize where the organisers were so overwhelmed with the number of entries, they employed sifters to reduce the number to an amount they thought the judges could read. "In that instance, the winner was not someone picked by the sifters. "I had to go back and ask for his entry because I knew of his work. "So my worry is that good work may not be picked out." Byatt thinks the number of entries from Britain, Ireland and the Commonwealth will have to be restricted to avoid overwhelming the judges, and is against the practice of publishing a longlist "because it depresses sales and spirits for any author" not featured. Most of all, she fears that, by tinkering with the entry criteria, the Booker has diluted its identity. "It won't have the thoroughness that the Booker has had - it was very intelligently planned." "It is a little bit weird that Britain hasn't had an international prize," says AL Kennedy. "Ireland does. America has some. It's always seemed a little bit churlish to not reward people for wanting to be published by a British publisher and write in English." The writer, whose 2007 novel Day won the Costa Prize, was also a judge for the 1996 Booker, when Graham Swift's Last Orders took the title. She says the literary award has had a "bumpy ride" over the past decade, and has undoubtedly felt the International Impac Dublin Literary Award and the Folio Prize nipping at its heels. But she welcomes the decision to broaden its horizons. "The wonderful thing about writing is that I can sit and I can read a Russian [novel] and be taken there. Or I can read about an old bloke or a dead fish - it doesn't matter. It's a field within which everything is possible. "It's deeply international, deeply humane. It has no borders. "It's lovely that the Booker is reaching out." There could be an advantage for future nominees, too. "I imagine they would get more prize money, potentially, if it was a very large international prize." "It's a risk," says Prof Mullan, a literary critic who has judged the Best of the Booker in 2008 and the main prize in 2009. "Although it appears to let in lots more good fiction, it risks diluting the identity of the prize, which has a strangely generous range and yet a curious kind of coherence." The 45-year rule that the prize should go to a writer in the UK, Ireland or the Commonwealth "means that you get books, as in this year's shortlist, from all over the world that are bound together by common identity", he adds. "Bringing in American books might well risk diluting that." "It's going to make it more and more likely that the competition is seen as a series of face-offs - a Ryder Cup of literature. "It's going to be Toni Morrison versus Hilary Mantel, or Jonathan Franzen against Ian McEwan, and I think that's really unfortunate. "The great thing about the prize is that there's always room in it for surprises. "We shouldn't forget that, in 1981, when Salman Rushdie won with Midnight's Children, no-one had ever heard of him." "Good novels will be overlooked," says Anne Meadows, assistant editor at Granta - who has concerns about the newly imposed restrictions on submitting entries to the Booker Prize. Previously, any publisher could submit two novels for consideration. Under the new system, it will be one - unless they have had a book shortlisted in the previous five years. "It means the prize will be dominated by big publishing houses who maybe aren't taking as many risks," says Ms Meadows. "It could make it incredibly elitist." Editors at Granta had a hard task whittling down their catalogue to two books this year. Having to select just one, she says, would be a disservice to their writers. "Publishers do not always bet on the correct horse," she argues. "It would be impossible for anyone to say, 'This is the best novel that we have'. Or at least it should be. "If you're publishing brilliant writers, you're usually publishing a few of them." On a positive note, Ms Meadows doesn't think Booker judges will be blinded by the leading lights of US literature. "The Booker is very unpredictable and that is one of its great strengths," she says. "It quite often eschews big names." Dr Brauner welcomes the new rules, but describes them as "a commercial decision", designed to foil the Folio. He says he would be "amazed" if US authors don't come to dominate the prize, "unless the panel are less than objective". "I'm not impartial myself, I'm an American-ist, but it's been my view for many years... that there's really no comparison. "Just on the microcosmic level of sentence-by-sentence the most exciting prose is being written by American writers. "Even some of our most famous British writers would be the first to say that - people like Ian McEwan and Martin Amis and Julian Barnes. "The people they are inspired by, by and large, are Americans." Dr Brauner has drawn up a speculative list of the US novels that might have won the Booker in the 21st Century, had they been eligible. It sees prominent authors such as Cormac McCarthy (The Road), Tony Morrison (A Mercy) and David Foster Wallace (The Pale King) named as potential winners. Almost every time, says Dr Brauner, the US contenders outshine the actual winners. "I believe the only Booker winner who might have triumphed even in the face of the American competition would have been Hilary Mantel with Wolf Hall in 2009. "The fact that she was chosen again last year for her sequel to that novel, however, exposes the relative weakness of British fiction." "I think there was some pressure on them from the Man Group, who sponsor the prize," says Andrew Holgate of the Sunday Times. The story of the relaxed entry criteria "will be picked up in America", where it is guaranteed to "cause lots of argument", he says. "That will be perfect for the Man Group. There's no such thing as bad publicity." He concedes there will be "anxiety" about the influx of US authors, but states "British and Commonwealth authors can hold their own". "There is an element of cultural cringe among British authors but if you look at it slightly more in-depth, Philip Roth has just retired and some of the other really big heavy hitters like Updike [and] Mailer have died. In any case, he argues: "When they come over here, the American authors, they're not treated with as much respect." The Folio was announced in 2011, somewhat controversially, as a counterpoint to the Booker, which had declared an intention to focus on "readability". It was, until today, the only major literary prize open to writers from all over the world. Founder Andrew Kidd admits he was "a little surprised" by the Booker committee's move, "because when we created the Folio Prize, it was because we perceived a gap". "Whether or not this is directly a response to us, I'm sure it's something they have been thinking of on-and-off over the years," he told the BBC. "We'll just have to wait and see whether it's the right decision." Mr Kidd said the Booker's "impressive" profile in the US might suffer if it lost its intrinsic "Britishness" and became harder to distinguish from the Pulitzer Prize. But he was philosophical about the competition between the Booker and the Folio, which hands out its first award in January 2014. "There's room for both of us," he said, stressing that the Folio "is the only prize where writers are solely judged by their peers" in the writing world.

Paul Joseph Watson, the UK-based editor of far-right conspiracy website Infowars, has donated $2,000 to one of the hundreds of reporters who took him up on his Twitter offer to pay "any journalist claiming Sweden is safe" to stay in Malmo.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The donation comes after Sweden was thrown into the spotlight by US President Donald Trump's reference last week to a security incident which did not actually happen. President Trump has since sought to clarify his remarks, stating that his comments were "in reference to a story that was broadcast on Fox News concerning immigrants and Sweden". After many social media users ridiculed the American leader using the hashtag #lastnightinSweden, Mr Watson issued a challenge to journalists. Malmo has a large immigrant population. Last October, the so-called Islamic State group claimed responsibility for a fire at a Muslim community centre there, an incident cited by the White House in the list of incidents it claimed had been under-reported by the media. In a follow-up post, subsequently deleted, Mr Watson wrote: "All you lefty idiots accepting a 'trip to Sweden'. Can you read? I said you'd be staying here. Good luck". The post featured a number of images to illustrate his point, including a photograph of anti-Israel protesters from the 2009 Davis Cup tennis match between Sweden and Israel. Hundreds of people offered their services, including comedian Al Murray and journalist Laurie Penny. Mr Watson has since donated $2,000 to a US journalist, Tim Pool. Mr Pool has pledged to "investigate the claims of 'no-go zones' and a rise in crime that people believe are coming from migrants and refugees". In a video posted on his YouTube channel, Mr Pool says: "This is a highly politicised phenomenon, with one faction saying it's true and you're denying it for political reasons, and the other side saying it's false and you're pushing the story for political reasons. "I don't side with anybody. I'm a sceptic." Malmo's deputy mayor Nils Karlsson has promised any visiting journalists a warm welcome. By UGC and Social News team

The toppling of the statue of Edward Colston during anti-racism protests at the weekend has focused attention on Bristol's past as a slave port. The modern city portrays itself as progressive and is proud of its cultural diversity. However, many Bristolians still have an uneasy relationship with its past.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The statue of Edward Colston - who made a fortune out of the transatlantic slave trade in the 17th Century - has been a source of controversy in the city for decades. For much of the city's black population, the symbolic act of pulling it down and throwing it in the harbour was a welcome sight. Yet while his statue may no longer gaze over Colston Avenue, the legacy of slavery is still visible across much of the city. Actor Scott Bayliss was born and raised in Bristol. As a child he always felt the Colston statue was paying tribute to a "special man". "You would pass these statues and you would think that it's positive," he said. "It's only when you look into these things you realise the negatives, the evil aspect which a lot of England and a lot of the world really has been built on." Colston was a member of the Royal African Company, which transported about 100,000 men, women and children from Africa to the Americas. Some 20,000 of them died on the ships and were thrown overboard. "When people say, is England racist? It's all been built upon racism and it's all been built upon racist acts," he adds. "It makes me sick that this city that I love is championing and celebrating a man who was responsible for taking 100,000 people from Africa to the Caribbean as slaves, including women and children who were branded with "RAC", the Royal Africa Company, on their chests." On his death in 1721, Colston bequeathed his wealth to charities in the city. As a result, many of the city's street names and landmarks bear his name. Colston Hall, an arts venue in the city centre, plans to change its name later this year. But there are several references to the city's slavery links elsewhere; Exchange Hall, where slaves were bought and sold, and Guinea Street, to name but a few. Bayliss is calling for all of the UK's street names and places to be renamed as a "commitment to equality" but has become frustrated by the attitude of the various authorities. "It's so hypocritical - how can it be so terrible when you celebrate slavery with statues?," he says. Many people in the city believe Colston's legacy should be preserved, however. In 2018 a petition against efforts to rename Colston Hall attracted 5,000 signatures with its organiser saying it was "time to educate" people about him rather than "eliminate" him from history. Will Taylor, an arts producer who has lived in Bristol for 10 years, said both sides of Bristol's past should be reflected in its place names and landmarks. "It's about paying due respect and due diligence to both parties involved in the histories behind people being named as streets and monuments," he said. He said those objecting to calls for place name changes should consider their motivations. "I ask those people what their idea of Britain really is? Because if they require those contentious and oppressive memories to remain then my mere existence and the fact that I was born in this country as a black man is an affront to their idea of what it means to be British." Bristol's population is estimated at about 463,000, with 16% from a black, or minority ethnic group. The city council says there are now at least 45 religions, at least 187 countries of birth represented and at least 91 main languages spoken by people living in Bristol. Psychology graduate, Saharla Ismail, 23, was born and raised in the city. "Bristol does pride itself on being an inclusive city, a green city and all of these amazing things," she said. "But all of those things elude meaning when you have slave traders' names placed everywhere - roads, statues. "It empties meaning of Bristol being an open and safe space for everyone. "Bristol is a segregated city, just look at different areas of how class and race intersect with each other. "A lot more needs to be done to support black people and other people of colour," she added. Caine Tayo Lewin-Turner, a 20-year-old history student from the city, said he wanted the school curriculum to be changed to reflect black history. "I'm happy this symbol of white supremacy has been toppled as Colston was responsible for misery causing tens of thousands of deaths," he said. "There is so much more to do and I hope the way we confront the legacy is more democratic with a black-led focus."

Brexit. It's all about Britain, right?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Chris MorrisBBC News, Brussels Well, not entirely. There is the rest of the club to consider - what has become known, rather inelegantly, as the EU-of-27. They are about to lose - depending on your point of view - a curmudgeonly whinger who was dragging the whole project down or one of their largest economies and the most powerful defence and security power in Europe. So what to do? There are those who think, genuinely, good riddance. "General de Gaulle was right all along," they mutter. "We should never have let them join in the first place. "Freed from the shackles of British ministers objecting to integration here and integration there, we can get on with it." Costly divorce Closer co-operation on EU defence policy is high on their list; and it has been given an extra boost by the new president of the United States musing out loud about Nato and whether it is all worth it. Others are dismayed by the British decision to leave, but after getting over the initial shock - and it really was a shock - they too are determined to make the best of it. And when it comes to negotiating the UK divorce bill, make no mistake. For the people who matter, the unity of the remaining 27 is more important than trying not to upset the Brits as they wave goodbye. The bill will be big - up to 60 billion euros - and European diplomats are bracing themselves for what one called "the very real possibility" that the UK will walk out in a huff. But the likelihood is that after one too many late-night summits - and one too many outraged tabloid headlines - a deal of sorts will emerge from the rubble. The consequences of Brexit will rumble on for years; there are trade deals that will have to be done. But the EU is in no position to wait for the dust to settle. In many ways, it has already moved on. So long Britain, and thanks for the memories. Later this month, leaders of the 27 (the 28th has already sent her apologies) will meet in Rome to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the EU's founding treaty. Multi-speed Europe? I say celebrate, but there is no illusion about the challenges facing the union. Could the forces that prompted Brexit spread to other countries? Will anti-EU populists continue to rise in France, the Netherlands and parts of Central Europe? It is certainly not impossible, and EU leaders know it. The idea that the EU could fall apart - unthinkable a few years ago - is now the subject of serious discussion. Which is why they need a new plan to reinvigorate the project on its 60th birthday, and make it fit for future purpose. The European Commission has now produced a series of policy options for the best way forward, ranging from shrugging its shoulders to throwing up its hands in horror. But the most likely solution is to make more use of what is known as multi-speed Europe. That's the idea that "coalitions of the willing" can move forward on big projects even if others want to linger on the starting line. It is already happening with the euro, and with the passport-free Schengen area - not all EU countries are members of everything. An inner core may want to push ahead, if (and it's a big if) it can take public opinion along for the ride. Difficult balancing act The other Commission proposal that looks to have legs is the idea that Brussels would return some powers to member states, as long as the EU was given greater responsibilities in major policy areas such as trade, migration, security and defence. Variations on this theme have been around for some time. The EU needs to be big on the big things, they said, and smaller on smaller things. And the biggest of the big things - in a competitive field - is probably the need to fix the eurozone. The single currency remains half-formed, and - as a result - not yet secure. There is talk of a eurozone finance minister and a single eurozone budget. But if you centralise economic power, you have to make sure it is politically accountable. In an era of populist, anti-establishment rage, that is a difficult balancing act. Much will depend on who wins national elections this year in Germany and, in particular, France. Political leadership will be at a premium. But as the UK prepares to leave and enter a whole new world, the status quo is no longer an option for the countries that remain. The EU either needs to move forward towards closer integration, or transfer significant power back to nation states. It continues to be a bold experiment in Europe. But the halfway house has been built on sand.

Stargazers across Scotland captured some stunning images of a pink supermoon overnight.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Despite its name, there is not any noticeable colour difference to the full moon. It refers to a northern Native American reference to an early-blooming wildflower and is first seen across North America as spring begins. The lunar light show, which peaked at 03:55, was pictured by professionals and amateurs with spectacular results. All images copyrighted.

A 34-year-old man has been arrested and a woman taken to hospital following an incident in Cardiff.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Police were called to Stafford Road in Grangetown at about 14:15 GMT. A 26-year-old woman has been taken to University Hospital of Wales in the city, although her injuries are not believed to be life-threatening. It is believed those involved are known to each other, and police inquiries are continuing in the area.

In the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008, China won 51 gold medals and became world leader in the medal table for the first time. With the games in London now beginning, the BBC's Yuwen Wu looks at the current medal hopes of China - and what winning gold means to the country.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: China's participation in the Olympics got off to an uncertain start. The People's Republic of China (PRC) first competed at the Olympic Games in 1952 - at the summer games in Helsinki - only participating in one event. At that time the International Olympic Committee allowed both the PRC and the Republic of China - which had recently relocated to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War - to compete, although the latter withdrew in protest over the PRC's inclusion. The dispute over the political status of China meant that the PRC did not participate in the Olympics again until the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. Its first appearance at the summer Olympic Games after 1952 was at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, when it took 15 gold medals and came fourth on the medal table, largely in gymnastics, shooting and diving. Their success was partly due to the fact that the Eastern Bloc countries boycotted the games. The first ever gold medal for China, won by Mr Xu Haifeng in the men's pistol event in the Los Angeles Games, was hailed as the "great breakthrough", ending China's shame over its "sick man of Asia" image. All the gold medallists became instant national heroes and were given all sorts of honours. First or second? Since then, China has steadily climbed the medal table, finally claiming top spot on home soil in the 2008 Beijing Olympics Games. It defeated its fierce rivals, the US and Russia, to second and third place respectively. Apart from strong performances in traditional favourite categories such as table tennis and diving, China also won gold in more diverse sports including boxing and yachting. The question on everybody's mind for the London games is whether China can sustain its dominant position and continue occupying the top spot in 2012. Not likely, if you believe the predictions given by Goldman Sachs. According to them, China stripped of home advantage will come second in the medal table with 33 gold medals, while the US will come first with 37 gold medals. However the Chinese official news agency Xinhua is more optimistic. It predicts that London 2012 will see China and the US fighting for dominance - and if all goes well China will ultimately prevail, with 37 gold medals. Their prediction is based on two factors: First, China should do well in traditional categories of table tennis, badminton, diving, gymnastics, shooting and weightlifting - securing about 28 gold medals. On top of this, there is credible potential to get another 10 golds in competitions such as swimming, athletics, judo, boxing and taekwondo. If this happens, Xinhua says, China will once again top the table. BBC Chinese Olympics reporter Chen Zhuang - who has studied past performances and present form of the Chinese and US teams - sits somewhere in between these two predictions. He thinks that the US will somehow overcome China's challenge and become dominant again, with 37 gold medals compared to 34 for China. But in contrast to the games four years ago, when China faced immense pressure to perform at its best, the pressure seems to be lessened somewhat this time around. For starters, China is sending a smaller delegation, with some 200 fewer athletes than four years ago, suggesting a more pragmatic approach. Secondly, the authorities seem to be playing down medal expectations, stressing the unpredictable nature of sport. Just one goal A closer look at media reports reveals, however, that the hunger for gold is just as fierce as before. The head of the gymnastics delegation, Huang Yubin, told the team that there is just one goal in London - to win more gold medals. Table tennis team leader Huang Biao is equally ambitious, telling BBC Chinese that his members are confident of winning gold in all four competitions. There is a political dimension as well, as expressed by Liu Peng, chairman of China's Olympic Committee. This will be the first Olympics after the Beijing games, he says, and will show that China is becoming a big sporting nation. He asks Chinese sportsmen and women to remember the "historic responsibilities" on their shoulders and do their best for their country as a positive contribution to the important party congress later this year at which the country's new leadership will be unveiled. So it seems that sport cannot be separated from politics after all. There will be rich rewards for the gold medallists financially as well. Officials deny that a fixed sum of money will be presented to the winners, but according to Chinese media reports, hundreds of thousands of Yuan will be presented to medallists. The top stars can also expect lucrative sponsorship deals. For some this is in itself a win-win situation. More medals are good for the country and provide bigger pockets for the medallists.

A teenager who was stabbed to death in south London has been named by police as Donnell Rhule.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The 18-year-old was found with fatal knife wounds on Seeley Drive, West Dulwich, at about 18:30 BST on Thursday. Despite treatment Mr Rhule, who lived locally, died at the scene. The Met Police believe he was attacked on Lyall Road but he managed to reach shops on Seeley Drive before collapsing. No arrests have been made.

Organic waste generated in Cardiff will be sent to Gloucester for treatment, it has been announced.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Cardiff Council says 628 tonnes of carbon dioxide will be saved by sending waste to a site in Gloucester rather than Derbyshire. Cardiff does not have processing capabilities for organic waste. Councillor Margaret Jones said: "I am delighted this contract will enable us to make further CO2 reductions when compared to landfill." The contract awarded to New Earth Solutions will run for a minimum of one year, with the option of extensions adding up to a further three years.

Two men have been charged following an alleged fireraising incident at a street in Arbroath.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The alleged incident took place in Sidney Street at about 05:00 on 5 October. The two men, who are aged 22 and 19, are expected to appear at Dundee Sheriff Court later. Detectives issued a description of suspects at the time and said that a 34-year-old householder was uninjured in the alleged incident.

On 27 September 1968 the curtain fell on centuries of theatre censorship. Hours later, a cast of long-haired young actors took to the stage in a show depicting drug-taking, anti-war protests and shocking nudity. London's West End was never the same again.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Sarah LeeBBC News Hair was a musical that placed the 1960s counterculture on stage. It thrust bisexuality, interracial relationships and the rejection of monogamy in front of audiences who had previously been "protected" from such taboo subjects. In a theatre first, one scene featured the cast appearing from behind a sheet, fully naked and chanting the words "beads, flowers, freedom, and happiness". Despite lasting just seconds, it was considered scandalous and resulted in many audience members walking out of the Shaftesbury Theatre, dinner jackets in hand. Prior to the autumn of 1968, any reference to homosexuality, bisexuality and nude performances would have been considered too outrageous to be shown on a British stage. Even something as seemingly harmless as a reference to Walt Whitman's poetry collection, Leaves of Grass, in John Osborne's play Personal Enemy, was banned because it was seen as a codified reference to homosexuality. But as the Lord Chamberlain's powers of censorship - which dated back to 1737 - came to an end, the cast of Hair began preparing for its opening night. The risqué show, written by out-of-work actors Gerome Ragni and James Rado, had already proven a hit in New York the year before. A young David Bowie auditioned for a part - four times in total - but was never invited to join the London cast (he later attended a performance but reportedly came away "unimpressed"). The musical told the story of the "tribe", a group of politically active hippies living a bohemian existence in New York City. Its main protagonist Claude, played by 23-year-old Paul Nicholas, lived a life characterised by the pursuit of love, peace and sexual revolution - but faced a battle with his family who wanted him to fight in Vietnam. The hippies' long hair - and the title of the show - was a symbol of their defiance. "You would have had to have your hair cut when going into the military and therefore the name Hair is highly symbolic," says Geoffrey Marsh, director of the V&A's Department of Theatre and Performance. Nicholas, who along with Elaine Page and Oliver Tobias subsequently became a household name, still remembers the outrage the nude scene provoked. "Fifty years ago there was no nudity in commercial theatre - so it was a big change," he said. "But looking back, the 'shocking' nude scene which was widely spoke about wasn't even that bad - it was nicely done. It wasn't salacious or anything like that. "But some people walked out of the theatre, you know, in disgust." Annabel Leventon played Sheila in the original cast on the London stage. "On the first night, and it never happened anywhere else in the world - as far as I know - the cast of Hair went out into the auditorium," she told BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour. "We danced in the aisles, sat on the audiences' laps, frightened them, and at the very end of the show we all ran out singing Let the Sun Shine In and went back on stage and the whole audience followed us [back on stage]. "That's when we realised the show made a greater change in Britain than anywhere else. "Hair really shocked and changed the world of theatre forever." Hair continued to strike a chord with audiences for the next five years. This was despite opening to decidedly mixed reviews. WA Darlington, of the Daily Telegraph, had insisted he "tried hard" but found the evening "a complete bore". However, the predominantly middle-aged white male critics were not the show's intended audience and it went on to run for 1,997 performances until 1973. Simon Sladen, of the V&A Museum, said the show soon had an impact on the rest of the West End. Once censorship was revoked, some playwrights and producers would "binge" on things that had previously been forbidden. "The youth movement could finally come alive in the theatre - full of energy and vitality," he said. "Hair was like a festival on the stage - an anarchic explosion of all things anti-establishment." Nicholas, who met his future wife Linzi while working on the show, agrees. "Everyone wanted to do a nude scene, or have the cast swear on stage," he said. "It's as if they were getting it out of their system because we'd been suppressed for so long."

Plans to turn Sir Walter Scott's former home into a tourist venue have been submitted to Scottish Borders Council.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Full funding for the £10m project at Abbotsford House near Melrose has yet to be secured. The running total stands at more than £4m - including money from the council, heritage and enterprise bodies as well as the Scottish government. However, a decision from the Heritage Lottery Fund on a £4.5m bid is not due until July. The Abbotsford Trust wants to refurbish parts of the house and build a new visitor centre with cafe and shop, a large car park and woodland play facilities for children.

SLMC has formed an alliance with the UNP

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Three key leaders of the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress including the party president Rauf Hakeem have resigned from their parliamentary seats. In a statement issued on Wednesday they said that they were resigning their parliamentary seats with immediate effect to offer a strong challenge in the Eastern Provincial Council elections. SLMC spokesman Nizam Kariyappar told media, Rauf Hakeem, the president of the party, Basheer Segu Dawood, the chairman and Hasan Ali, the general secretary have decided to contest the eastern provincial council election. Resignation handed in The speaker of parliament, W.J.M. Lokubandara confirmed to the BBC Sinhala Service that the MPs had already tenderd their resignation letters. The SLMC is to contest Eastern Provincial Council election in alliance with the main opposition United National Party (UNP) under the UNP election symbol "Elephant". Nizam Kariyappar says that, Rauf Hakeem will be the chief candidate for the Trincomalee district, Basheer Segu Dawood chief candidate for the Batticaloa district and Hasan Ali ,chief candidate for the Ampara district.Political trap SLMC leader Rauf Hakeem told Sandeshaya that they wanted to show protest to the government's attempt to undermine democratic rights of the people in the east with the help of armed groups. He said SLMC Batticaloa organiser, MLAM Hisbullah had crossed over to the government after failing his undertaking to persuade SLMC to contest with the government. "In reality, Hisbullah tried to create a division among Muslim leaders but failed", he said. After crossing over, Hisbulla told BBC Sandeshaya that President Mahinda Rajapaksa has given as assurance that he will be made the chief minister of the eastern province if he "wins with a majority of Muslim members". SLMC leader said that General Secretary of the party, Hassan Ali is tipped to be the Chief Minister's position claiming that it was not their only aim. "Government riding on the back of armed groups is trying to win the election in the east, thereby to claim that it is a victory for democracy. It wants to tell the international community that democracy is established in the east", SLMC leader said

Two years ago actress Joanna Lumley helped Gurkhas who retired before 1997 win the right to settle in the UK. Gurkha welfare groups and the Home office estimate that about 8,000 former soldiers and their families have since moved to Britain. But many have struggled in the UK, as the BBC's Alastair Lawson reports.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Nowhere can the influx of Gurkhas into Britain be more clearly seen than in the British military town of Aldershot. The local authority estimates that one in 10 of the town's 90,000 residents comes from Nepal - many as a direct result of the campaign Ms Lumley helped lead. If the British Gurkha Welfare Society (BGWS) is to be believed, Joanna Lumley's campaign has been a disaster, resulting in thousands of elderly and infirm Gurkha pensioners - most unable to speak English - living in poor accommodation and relying on state handouts to survive. The actress herself has broken a strictly-observed silence over criticisms of her campaign to release a statement to the BBC. "Our campaign had moral right on our side," the statement said, "and the vast majority of the British public wanted the government to amend the law to allow Gurkhas to settle in the UK. "Debts of honour are not easy to translate or quantify into pounds and pence, and some MPs have criticised our campaign for not considering the potential financial impact on the exchequer. Yet the government did consider this at the time, and decided that our campaign arguments vanquished the issues of pure cost." Ms Lumley's supporters insist that her campaign successfully reversed decades of discrimination against older Gurkhas who fought for the British army yet were denied the right to retire in the UK. But the BGWS argues that it would be far more cost-effective if retired Gurkhas were paid better pensions and encouraged to stay in Nepal rather than pursue the more expensive option of emigrating to the UK to take advantage of state pensions, housing benefit and free health care. The organisation says that from the outset its campaign has been different from that waged by Ms Lumley and her supporters - it argued that fair pensions and the right of former Gurkhas to retire in the UK were equally important, whereas the emphasis of her campaign was on resettlement rights. About 25,000 Gurkhas who retired before 1997 still get only about a third of the amount of pension received by their British and Commonwealth former comrades, despite winning the right to live in Britain. In 2007, the pension rules were changed to give Gurkha soldiers who retired after 1997 equal pension rights with other UK service personnel. The Ministry of Defence has argued that pre-1997 pensions are tailored for Gurkhas retiring in Nepal, where it is cheaper to live and most people have no pension at all. 'Terrible quality of life' In May 2009 the British government announced that all Gurkhas who retired before 1997 with four or more years service in the British army would be allowed to settle in the UK along with their wives and children. Joanna Lumley had argued that it was only fair to give them the same retirement rights as Gurkhas who retired after 1997 - who are automatically granted leave to remain in the UK. BGWS General Secretary Chhatra Rai says that between 60% and 70% of those who have arrived in the UK as a result of her campaign are not eligible for a Gurkha military pension and will instead rely on UK state pensions and housing benefits to survive. He argues that each entrant costs the state on average £600-700 ($980-$1,150) in benefits a month. Equalising pensions would cost a fraction of what it does to settle retired Gurkhas in the UK, the BGWS estimates. "The quality of life for many of these people is terrible," Mr Rai said. "Many cannot speak English and because they are old and frail they often find it difficult to get out and mix with the community." Much of Mr Rai's concern about the "massive influx" of Gurkha veterans and their families into the Aldershot area is echoed by Gerald Howarth, the MP who represents the local authority, Rushmoor, where many have settled. He argues that their arrival has resulted in a "very real additional financial burden" on Rushmoor and its services - including council housing, doctors' practices and schools. "Action needs to be taken to limit any further numbers coming to Rushmoor," Mr Howarth told the BBC. "Given the respect and affection in which Gurkhas are held across the UK, I have proposed to the prime minister that other local authorities should be encouraged to extend the offer of assistance to would-be migrants in their areas." Mr Howarth - who in the past has been highly critical of Ms Lumley's campaign - said that it was important that those Gurkhas thinking of coming to retire in the UK "are painted a very clear picture" of what they can expect when they arrive. "I think it extremely unfair on them if they are not given that clear picture, especially when it comes to the lack of social housing and the lack of jobs for those who do not speak English." 'Not an option' But Gurkha Justice Campaign (GJC) joint leader Martin Howe says that Ms Lumley's campaign was and continues to be "a fantastic success story". The GJC was at the forefront of the campaign two years ago to allow all retired Gurkhas the right to live in the UK. Spearheading that campaign was former Gurkha Ragprasad Purja, who celebrated victory with Ms Lumley in 2009. "We died for this country and we are entitled to come and live here and claim benefits for the sacrifices we have made," he told the BBC. "We will forever be grateful to Joanna Lumley for what she has done." Mr Howe acknowledges that "there will always be some retired Gurkhas who have slipped through the net and found life in the UK to be a struggle". "But it's very important that after serving this country they and their families now have the right to take advantage of its health care and education facilities," he said. Mr Howe said that GJC figures showed that 3,000 retired Gurkhas and 5,000 of their dependants had come to the UK as a result of Ms Lumley's campaign. He said that giving retired Gurkhas better pensions "was not an option" because the British defence ministry "had fought tooth and nail" not to allow this in several court cases over the past decade. He also dismissed predictions that thousands more Gurkha pensioners would descend on the UK. "Two years ago there were government predictions that as many as 150,000 could come to Britain - but then as now such estimates have proved to be inaccurate and blatant scaremongering." Joanna Lumley's statement reinforces her belief that the campaign has been a success. "It was a wonderful moment in our democratic history, where a public desire for justice turned into a massive campaign that changed government policy in the face of strong resistance from the Ministry of Defence."

This year marks the 200th anniversary of the publication of Mary Shelley's classic novel Frankenstein - first printed on 1 January 1818.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Lucy ToddEntertainment reporter Shelley came up with the idea at the age of 18 after being challenged by romantic poet Lord Byron, while in Switzerland, to construct a ghost story. The results were to have a monumental impact. This was the kernel from which the story of Frankenstein would emerge. The novel - originally published without Shelley's name - received mixed reviews, but came into prominence after being picked up and re-versioned by theatre companies a few years later. However, it was cinema that really took the ball and ran with it. The first adaptation for the silver screen was made in 1910. Since then, there have been about 150 further versions on different mediums. But why is the story still such a success and how close are modern adaptations to Shelley's original novel? 'The quintessential teenage book' Horror films have imprinted the idea of Frankenstein as a story about a murderous, unthinking, man-made monster. But Shelley's original creation was quite different. "Shelley's dealing with the same themes the Greeks were dealing with," says Patricia MacCormack, professor of continental philosophy at Anglia Ruskin University, who has published papers on the horror genre. "The good film versions share a critical view of life, looking at what our purpose is and the role we fill. The monster did not choose to be born and questions its own existence: 'How do I become a good person?'" Shelley's creature, brought to life by Victor Frankenstein, was characterised as sensitive, nuanced and inquisitive. Professor MacCormack says the creature addresses the most fundamental human questions: "It's the idea of asking your maker what your purpose is. Why are we here, what can we do?" Film director Guillermo del Toro describes Frankenstein as "the quintessential teenage book" and says he hopes to one day make a modern re-telling of the story. "You don't belong," he told Den of Geek. "You were brought to this world by people that don't care for you and you are thrown into a world of pain and suffering, and tears and hunger. It's an amazing book written by a teenage girl. It's mind blowing." Shelley's novel also contains the fantastical and the horrific - and it's the combination of these elements which have made the story such a success. "We're fascinated because it talks about that relationship between life and death," says Dr Sorcha Ni Fhlainn, senior lecturer in film studies at Manchester Metropolitan University and member of the Manchester Centre for Gothic Studies. "Death is an absolute. So the idea that you can reanimate flesh is both shocking and enthralling." A 16-minute short film produced for the Thomas Edison Film Company made in the very early days of cinema used Frankenstein as its subject. Released in 1910, almost 20 years before the advent of sound in film, it shows Victor Frankenstein in a domestic narrative, preparing to get married. "It's one of the first films and shows a collection of quite bizarre makeup, mop of hair and mess of sinew," says Dr Ni Fhlainn, who nevertheless describes it as "absolutely brilliant". With the cries of, "It's alive, it's alive!" the 1931 Universal Studios film gave us the most enduring image of Frankenstein's monster, played by Boris Karloff. "That's the iconic one. Karloff's depiction cemented it in popular culture," says Dr Ni Fhlainn. "The bolts show up his artificiality and otherness. And we see the same imagery time and again in, for example, The Munsters, The Addams Family and then in cartoons like Scooby-Doo." "It created the definitive movie image of the mad scientist and his monster," says Sir Christopher Frayling, author of Frankenstein: The First Two Hundred Years. "And in the process, [it] launched a thousand imitations: all subsequent film versions of Mary Shelley's novel have had to take into account how their plot, characterisations and make-up conform to, or differ from, the Universal Studios template." This is also where the hulking, groaning version of Frankenstein's monster comes from says Professor MacCormack. "There is a brutism but also a vulnerability - there are very few versions which show him differently. The monster responds in a way a child or an animal does when they are threatened or afraid. "It's ironic that in these depictions the monster is seen as less than human but has super-human strength," Professor MacCormack adds. However, it is the 1935 follow-up which is the real hit for many. "The Bride of Frankenstein is closer to the novel," says Professor MacCormack. "It introduces the themes of pathos and self-loathing, bringing the monster into this set of relations. It also shows the god complex of [Victor] Frankenstein. "The performances in the film are hypnotic and, aesthetically, that's what people think of when they think of Frankenstein." Britain's Hammer Films took on the Frankenstein horror franchise in 1957. The Curse of Frankenstein starred Christopher Lee as the monster and was the "first really gory horror film, showing blood and guts in colour", according to Professor MacCormack. The film's monster had a very different aesthetic, covered in scars and transplanted tissue - partly because the Karloff-era make-up had been copyrighted, says Sir Christopher. But it's this "patchwork human, which was touted as the closest to the monster of Mary Shelley's book," says Prof MacCormack. "The idea of a patchwork humanity is at the very core of Shelley's story." Dr Ni Fhlainn says the film carries a strong message from the original book: "Beware ambition, it seems to say. It's all about men circumventing the role of women and the role of god - and the consequences of that." The Frankenstein franchise was spun out by Hammer for another six films, varying in quality and increasingly divorced from the source material. "It's a frustration," says Dr Ni Fhlainn. "If you love the novel, it wasn't Shelley's intention to create something that goes out and mindlessly kills, but I can see how this can be useful in films. "When the monster is seen as non-human it's very easy to dismiss him and kill off. When he's more human it's very difficult to do that." The Frankenstein genre was taken in a different direction by the 1960s sitcom The Munsters, which created its own Karloff-inspired version of the monster. Hermann Munster was the head of a loveable family of monsters, vampires and werewolves in the series, which ran for more than 70 episodes. The similarly macabre Addams Family also purloined Karloff's aesthetic for their character, Lurch. These productions, along with many others, contributed to the idea of Frankenstein's monster being a monosyllabic zombie-like creature. Andy Warhol's Flesh for Frankenstein is described Dr Ni Fhlainn as "arthouse, verging on softcore pornography". "It's interesting because in some ways it makes it all about the flesh and gore with none of the high-mindedness of science-fiction," she says. In the film, produced by Andy Warhol, Baron Frankenstein dreams of restoring Serbia to glory, so he builds male and female monsters whose children will become the new master race. Prof MacCormack calls it a "sexy, visceral, perverse, gory film, which is beautiful and deeply critical of fascism." "I was 16 years old when it came out," she recalls. "I saw it every day for its whole run. There was something magical and fairytale-esque about it." Kenneth Branagh returned to the source text for his multi-million-dollar film, released in 1994. "The Branagh version is very sticky and gory - particularly the monster's creation," says Dr Ni Fhlainn. "That scene with the monster (Robert de Niro) and Victor Frankenstein (Kenneth Branagh) clutching at each other in a mass of amniotic fluid is very homo-erotic. "De Niro is really interesting in it - almost new-born, like when he's learning to walk. I thought this was documented quite well. His stitched face and stitched features are also reminiscent of Shelley's own description of the creature's skin being stretched to the point of bursting." Despite Branagh's good intentions, however, Dr Ni Fhlainn finds the film "overblown in its emotions." Sir Christopher says the film suffers from "too much prestige". "It seemed to confuse critics and audiences because it didn't conform to the age-old conventions of Frankenstein films." A stage adaptation at the Royal National Theatre, written by Nick Dear and directed by Danny Boyle, saw Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller alternating in the roles of Victor Frankenstein and the creature. This was a return to the nuance of Shelley's book, says Dr Ni Fhlainn. "Benedict Cumberbatch's portrayal is very intellectual. You see him reading Milton and identifying with Adam. He questions everything. "Jonny Lee Miller is more brawny and more physical in his performance. It's more childlike." Dr Ni Fhlainn sees it as unique in the canon of the Frankenstein genre: "It's really well done because it's all from the creature's perspective." And the Frankenstein genre doesn't stop with adaptations of Shelley's classic. According to Dr Fhlainn, Bladerunner, Terminator, Edward Scissorhands, AI, Prometheus and scores of other films can be considered "Frankenstein stories". "Terminator is just the next step," she says. "It's about what it means to be alive. "Rutger Hauer says: 'I want more life,' in Bladerunner. He talks of seeing things and feeling them - and it's this understanding of life, which makes him more human than those who are trying to kill him. But it's the idea that he is rejected which is one of our great tragedies." Shelley posed a question that's more relevant today than ever, says Dr Ni Fhlainn. "What is a sentient being? [If] you can have a conversation with Siri or Alexa - where does life start and end?" Professor McCormack says: "In the 1980s, the idea of a man-made man became less horror and more science fiction. Now its cyborgs, robots, Prometheus. I would be interested to see if they could de-technologise the story and come up with a new, modern retelling. "We got Twilight with sexy, sparkly vampires and no-one wants to touch Frankenstein." In May 2017, Universal announced that Bride of Frankenstein will be remade with Bill Condon, director of Disney's Beauty and the Beast, at the helm. So perhaps it's time, after all. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected].

A woman has been attacked by a dog while out walking her border terrier on a cycle path in Dumfries.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The incident happened at about 11:45 on Sunday on the route that links the Sandside and Nunholm areas. The victim suffered leg and hand injuries and her own dog was also bitten on its face and neck. Police want to trace another woman - who they described as elderly - who was walking a brown border collie in the area. The woman they want to identify is about 5ft 6in tall, of medium build. She had grey hair and was wearing glasses and a dark raincoat.

An upcoming election has highlighted the deep disagreement between native Hawaiians over what the future should look like. For some, it's formal recognition of their community and a changed relationship within the US. Others want to leave the US entirely - or more accurately, want the US to leave Hawai'i.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Taylor Kate BrownBBC News Magazine When US officials came onto the stage that June night, they must have known they would be hearing from a hostile audience. Speaker after speaker came up to the microphone, decrying a rigged process and an occupying government with no legitimacy. "We do not need you here. This is our country." "Get out of our house! Go home." The officials weren't hearing from foreign nationals, but a crowd of citizens in Honolulu, Hawai'i. Someone began singing the opening words to Hawaii Ponoʻī - a national anthem of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the state's official song. "Hawaii ponoʻī (Hawaii's own), Nānā i kou moʻī (Be loyal to your king)." Many in the room at the Hawaiian state capitol began singing along. This was the first in a series of 2014 hearings by the US interior department about whether it should offer a path to federal recognition to the Native Hawaiian community. Such a path has been long open to Native American groups on the mainland, but not to the descendants of Hawaii's indigenous people. A year later, the interior department has made it official - publishing a proposed "procedures for re-establishing a formal government-to-government relationship". The first ballots to elect delegates to a convention, or 'aha, for this purpose have now gone out in Hawai'i. Forty delegates from across the islands will meet in February to discuss whether there should be a Native Hawaiian government and what it should look like in the 21st Century. But not everyone is happy with the 'aha. Some of those who would be eligible to vote, or become delegates themselves, have said they will boycott it. One delegate candidate has already dropped out, calling the 'aha "not pono" (upright or fair). Federal recognition has been a wish of some activists for decades, but previous attempts to do so in Congress have failed. A prominent Hawaiian in Washington, however, has moved the process forward. Barack Obama publicly supported the last attempt to gain the recognition option through Congress. Like other issues that have been stymied in the polarised legislature, the administration has now decided to take action through the executive branch. But for those who see Obama as their best chance, time is running out - his term ends just over a year from now. Native American tribal governments are a nation within a nation. Such governments hold their own elections, run police departments, courts and other internal infrastructure on reservation land. American Indians are citizens of their tribe, the US and the state where they live. But tribal nations are still "domestic dependent nations" and the boundaries of their sovereignty have moved based on court rulings and legislation. Recognition would define native Hawaiians as a separate political entity - protecting many of the federal programmes currently provided to native Hawaiians, like favourable housing loans, a land trust programme, health care, educational and cultural grants. It would also allow for an element of economic independence, although one industry that has enriched a few Native American tribes - gambling - is banned in Hawai'i. But all of this is predicated on the idea the US government is the rightful authority in Hawai'i, something a small but increasing number of Hawaiians no longer believe. Williamson Chang, a professor of law at University of Hawai'i, is one of those Hawaiians. He argues under international law, one country can only annex another by treaty - a document which both parties sign. This is how the entire rest of the US was formed - the Louisiana Purchase, the treaties with Native American tribes, the addition of the Republic of Texas. Anything else - including what happened in Hawaii - is an occupation, Chang says. Hawaii occupies a unique place in US history - a set of islands 2,500 miles (4,023km) away from the mainland where in 1893, white businessmen and sympathetic politicians, with help from the US military, overthrew a constitutional monarchy. The coup leaders hoped to be immediately annexed, but President Grover Cleveland rejected the idea, calling US involvement in the overthrow an "embarrassment". Three years later, a treaty failed in the Senate after lobbying by the deposed Queen Liliuokalani as well as tens of thousands of petitions from Hawaiians opposing the move. But the next year, with fighting in the Pacific during the Spanish-American war and a new president in office, Congress passed a joint resolution annexing Hawai'i. US military might and a welcoming government in the Republic of Hawaii helped complete the process. But if countries could be simply annexed by another's legislature, Chang says, "Hawai'i by its legislature could declare the United States was part of it." While the US has formally apologised for their role in the overthrow of the Kingdom - a 1993 Congressional resolution admitted as much - there's been no word from the US government about whether the annexation was legal. "There are definitely flaws in the way in which Hawaii and its lands were transferred to the US," Melody Kapilialoha Mackenzie, a professor of law at the University of Hawaii, says. "But for me, the question is - where do you take those claims - is there any forum in which that voice can be heard?" In 2000, David Keanu Sai brought a case concerning Hawaiian sovereignty to the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Netherlands. The court agreed to hear the case but ultimately made no ruling, saying it could not even consider the issue because "the United States of America is not a party to the proceedings and has not consented to them". Sai is also among those who believe that race or ancestry has no place in a Hawaiian bid to be free of the US. The Hawaiian Kingdom was a multi-ethnic government, and that's how it should remain, he says, something that wouldn't happen under federal recognition. What everyone can agree on is the hurt done to Native Hawaiians. Peter Apo says he spent almost half of his 75 years "not knowing who the hell I was". "The only thing I knew about Hawaiians was what I saw in television and the tourism ads," he says. He's now one of the trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, a state agency. By the time of the overthrow in 1893, the Hawaiian population had gone from at least 400,000 to less than 40,000 people - all in the space of a century, in part because of diseases introduced into the islands. After annexation, students were not allowed to speak Hawaiian in school, and the language almost died out as a result. Kahoolawe, an island considered spiritually important to Hawaiians, was used as test-bombing site by the US army until the 1990s. Unexploded ordnance still remains on the island even after a clean-up attempt. And today, many health indicators for Native Hawaiians are the worst of all the ethnic groups in Hawai'i. "I think for many native Hawaiians… it's not like something that happened way in the past," Mackenzie says. McGregor says the previous generation of Hawaiian activists struggled for the cultural and political gains Native Hawaiians have managed so far and younger Hawaiians take it for granted. She thinks federal recognition is needed. "It was fought for and it can be lost," she says. Joshua Lanakila Managuil, a young activist who is running for a seat on the 'aha, says he's lucky to be the product of a Native Hawaiian cultural and political renaissance, but he's worried about the ramifications of federal recognition. He points to the uneven and largely difficult situation of Native Americans. "That is not a model for me that is going to secure our safety," he says. "We need to acknowledge what was done and remedy those things instead of slapping on a [plaster]." Apo has written a number of editorials calling for a native Hawaiian government for the purposes of federal recognition. He suggests such a government could "carve out a duty free port of call", and be able to do business with other nations. "That would be huge...that would be an opportunity that would benefit all Hawaiians," even non-native ones. But Apo says he can see where the opposition is coming from. "I guess part of the sentiment is why would you want to deal with the very people who did you in?" While pro-independence Hawaiians dominated the microphones during interior department's hearings over the summer, the breakdown of the written comments was different. Chang estimates about 60% of those comments were in favour of federal recognition, and he suspects that percentage translates to the larger Hawaiian population. "I would say the majority of Hawaiians don't agree with sovereignty and independence - either they don't know their history or they think it's way too late to separate from the US," he says. "It's an uphill battle for the sovereignty groups." And it is a battle that now has a timetable. The 'aha is going forward after a federal judge ruled the organisation running the election, Na'i Aupuni, was sufficiently independent of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to make it a private election, despite receiving funds from the agency through an intermediary. Once elected, delegates will meet for 40 days and end in April. There is division within the independence movement whether to engage with the 'aha at all, says Managuil. "Truly in legal terms - under kingdom laws - technically this is an act of treason," he says. "But right now our kingdom isn't in any place to be calling the shots." He and others "are putting ourselves into the mix in order to protect the rights of our people," Managuil says. Despite Na'i Aupuni's reassurances, pro-independence Hawaiians feel that the 'aha is simply a vehicle to push federal recognition. "People are acting out of fear," Managuil says. "Either route, I think, demands more time." Apo has a clear preference, but whatever happens, he says, "at least it will be something that Hawaiians decided. Self-determination". "I think if we're able to get to at least to the government-to-government relationship - the stage where we're actually negotiating - that would cap the 123 years with a good ending to the story and a great future for Hawaiians in being able to maintain their identity as a people," Apo says. "If that doesn't happen this is never going to stop."

Wiltshire's Police and Crime Commissioner Angus Macpherson is now described as "stable and improving" after suffering a heart attack last week.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The 60-year-old was taken to hospital by air ambulance after being taken ill in Trowbridge on Friday morning. He remains in the intensive care unit at Bath's Royal United Hospital The county's Chief Constable Pat Geenty said Mr Macpherson was "sitting up in bed and talking to his family". The commissioner became ill during a meeting to discuss his annual report with local MP Dr Andrew Murrison at his constituency offices on the White Horse Business Park.

The Duchess of Cornwall has called for a new name for English sparkling wine to match the grandeur of champagne. And for the first time, domestic wine is the most popular in the government's cellar. Have Britons developed a taste for a home-grown tipple?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Tom de CastellaBBC News Magazine Someone arrives with a bottle of English wine. Cue excitable voices saying, "Gosh, English wine is really quite good, you know - it gives champagne a run for its money." The surprise used to be palpable. But English wine has grown up. Today it regularly wins awards - there were four gold medals at the International Wine Challenge (IWC) this year. It's a far cry from English actor Peter Ustinov's put down: "I imagine hell like this - Italian punctuality, German humour and English wine." But is there something holding English wine back? It accounts for just 0.25% of total wine sales in the UK, according to industry body English Wine Producers. This week the Duchess of Cornwall called on producers to come up with a name. "People should put their heads together and think of a new name for English sparkling wine," she said while visiting Hambledon Vineyard in Hampshire. "It should be something with much more depth. I plan to find a new word for it." So is new terminology the final piece in the jigsaw? English wine has been through a revolution. Old grape varieties are out, new owners are in. The area of vines planted in England and Wales has doubled from 761 hectares in 2004 to about 1,500 hectares today. The country now has 434 vineyards. Figures just released by the Foreign Office on the government's wine cellar, show that for the first time more English wine was drunk at government hospitality events than wine from any other nation. Andrew Neather, Evening Standard wine critic, says the new winemakers tend to be go-ahead types from the City or wealthy lawyers, who want to carve out another career. They are focusing on sparkling wine, planting more of the traditional champagne grapes - chardonnay, pinot noir and pinot meunier. In 2010, for the first time more than half of the vintage went into sparkling wine. Three of this year's four IWC gold medal winners were sparkling wines. In June, Majestic announced that sales of English sparkling wine trebled in 2012, encouraged by the Jubilee and Olympics. There is logic to England focusing on fizz. Kent and West Sussex, where the best English sparkling wine originates, are only about 90 miles north of Champagne. The chalky soils around the North and South Downs are very similar to the earth where famous names such as Bollinger and Dom Perignon plant their grapes. English vineyards The best English sparking wine is as good as "decent" champagne, Neather says. England's top seller - Nyetimber - has more to offer than a mass market champagne like Moet Imperial, he argues. "It's more interesting, has more complexity and better acidity." The Moet costs more at £32.99 - although it is sometimes discounted - while Nyetimber is £29.99. The Financial Times wine critic, Jancis Robinson agrees, albeit with a couple of caveats. "Most English fizz is now very well made and attractively dry and zesty. But very little has any real complexity since producers generally cannot afford to age it very long." And cost is a problem. "It's never a bargain," Robinson says. "It is generally made by people who have invested a great deal in new vineyards or winemaking and need to see a return." The competition can be significantly cheaper whether prosecco, cava or own-brand champagne. Aldi, for example, sells champagne for just £12.99. Despite the cost premium, patriotism and the fashion for local provenance suggests that current levels of production are outstripped by demand. "The industry sells everything it produces," says Julia Trustram Eve, spokeswoman for English Wine Producers. "Demand is exceeding supply." Production is still tiny in international terms. Champagne alone produces more than 300 million bottles a year, compared with England's total annual wine production of about 3-4 million bottles. Tesco sells only three English wines. Waitrose stocks 57 but this still only accounts for 0.6% of the wine it sells. But there is momentum building, and big name involvement. The Queen is planning to sell wine from vines at Windsor Great Park. And next year the Waitrose vineyard at Leckford, Hampshire, will put its first bottles on sale. Frazer Thompson, chief executive at the Chapel Down vineyard in Kent, believes that English wine can grow quickly. Over the next decade, English producers should aim to move from today's 2% of the UK sparkling wine market to 10 or 15%, he says. Such a prediction will raise eyebrows. But Thompson cites the rapid growth of Chapel Down, which was selling 25,000 bottles of its non-vintage Brut for £5.99 when he joined 12 years ago. Today it sells 200,000 bottles at £18.99. Sparkling wine from the southern counties seems here to stay. But English still wine divides the experts. "I have had credible chardonnay in this country but it tends to have so much acidity that it's better in sparkling wine," says Neather. As a result of its lack of sunshine, the first English growers traditionally planted fast-ripening varieties like sevyal blanc, bacchus, and muller-thurgau. It's a problem, he believes. "You're never going to make decent wine from muller or bacchus. They're just rubbish." Julia Stafford, owner of Wine Pantry - two London shops selling exclusively English wine - disagrees. Part of English wine's charm is not just the success of its sparklers but its distinctive local grapes. "Bacchus hasn't got sauvignon blanc tropical fruits," Stafford says. "Instead it's like licking a Constable painting. You can smell the hedge rows and taste the English countryside." Stafford conjures up an English wine vocabulary that might appeal to the Duchess of Cornwall. Up to now the language of wine - Champagne, terroir, vin de table, appellation controlee, premier cru - has been French. The owners of Coates and Seely vineyard in the North Hampshire Downs have pushed the "Britagne" badge for sparkling wine. "It is a brand which belongs to Coates and Seely, which we use for our own wine, and which we will invite other vineyards working closely with us to use," says Christian Seely. "It is definitely not intended as a generic term for all English sparkling wines." So Camilla's search for the right term goes on. But language is not the real problem for English wine, Neather says. The big hurdle, even with climate change, is the weather. Last year Nyetimber ditched its entire harvest after a terrible summer. "This is the big challenge of the English climate - getting the damned grapes to ripen," he says. You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook

Can Evernote find the secret to eternal youth?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Leo KelionTechnology reporter The memory aid application's boss, Phil Libin, aims to try. "Every time we need to make a decision, we ask is this more or less likely to make us be a 100-year start-up?" he says of the business he founded in 2008. This doesn't mean he wants to avoid expanding the business or to avoid a share sale - both are on the cards - rather he's determined to keep his creation nimble. "It's really about how quickly you can make decisions and how relentlessly you battle encroaching corporate stupidity," he adds. "It's like you are locked in a battle against the natural forces of corporate bureaucracy - the things that just want to seep in and make everything stupid. It's difficult to fight that - but it's fun." The charismatic business leader has invited the BBC to his new headquarters in Redwood City - a tech cluster south of San Francisco that's also home to games giant Electronic Arts and business services titan Oracle. In a room off the building's spacious open plan office Mr Libin drops words such as "quest" and "mission" into the conversation as he describes how he wants the public to adopt his app to make sense of all the notes, articles, photos and other material gathered over their daily lives. "We really want Evernote to be the place where you capture all your important memories," he explains. "But we don't want it to be where you store your media. Evernote isn't where you should be putting your ebooks or 20 gigabyte copy of Avatar. Hack figures "That film is the same everywhere - there is nothing personal about it. But we do want you to store your impressions, your thoughts and your notes about it." Competitors exist - Microsoft is pushing its OneNote service and there are other smaller rivals including Springpad and Catch. But for the moment, at least, Evernote and its elephant icon probably have the most buzz. So just how popular is it? After a recent hack attack the firm talked of having 50 million accounts. When pushed it acknowledges its number of active users - those using the service at least once a month - is closer to 15 million, with the UK accounting for 620,000 of these. That's some way behind Facebook's one billion-plus statistic - but still relatively high for a productivity app. And it's high enough for the business to join Silicon Valley's elite club of tech firms with a $1bn (£665m) valuation based on private stock sales. In another sign of success, more established brands have made efforts to associate themselves with the firm. Moleskine has launched a range of Evernote-branded notebooks and Samsung surprised many at January's Consumer Electronics Show (CES) when it unveiled a fridge with an Evernote-enabled touchscreen. Some critics saw this as outlandish, but Mr Libin insists the tie-up is no joke. "It's funny, I first talked to Samsung about building Evernote into a refrigerator in 2008 and nothing got started for a long time," he reveals. "We've always had the idea that Evernote should be everywhere. It needs to be ubiquitous because we are going to build you a second brain - the idea is, eventually, it's just part of you. Conflict of interest "So, obviously it should be in your refrigerator because it's really a hub of your family information... I'm psyched that they did that." Cars and Google's Project Glass eyewear are also within the firm's sights, he adds. Evernote is losing money, although it was briefly profitable three years ago. Mr Libin says it should be back in the black by 2014, but for now his priority is growth. It must be a temptation to speed things up by introducing adverts related to the contents of users' posts - just as other cloud-based services have done - but Mr Libin firmly rules this out. "People don't fully recognise how much an inherent conflict of interest can hurt brand loyalty," he says. "Google, Facebook and others are great companies but they have that conflict. "Whenever you use one of the products, in the back of your head you're like, you know that you were the product. "We try to only make money when people really love the product and want to pay us [for premium features]." Another option he rejected was to write Evernote's app in HTML 5. Using the web language would have made it less time consuming to offer the software across so many platforms. It supports Windows Phone, Blackberry and LG's WebOS in addition to iOS and Android. But Mr Libin dismisses it as a "lowest common denominator" technology, adding that there are benefits to developing different versions of the app with slightly different sets of features. "If you make consistency a goal you achieve it through mediocrity," he exclaims. "You achieve consistency by making everything equally crappy. "We've always said, let's have independent teams that compete with each other to make the best version for each platform." He suggests this means his workers learn from each other's achievements ensuring the teams continually leapfrog each other. The downside: "It's much more expensive to develop that way," he admits. After life Mr Libin may want to keep Evernote forever young, but death is still on the agenda. The firm recently updated its privacy policy to clarify what happens when its users pass away. "There really is no right answer," he says, "but we've said since our primary mandate is everything is private and protected data, we're going to honour that after your death. "So, we will not turn your data over to anyone, next of kin or whatever. The only way we're ever going to turn your data over to someone is if there's a court order to do it." But longer term Mr Libin acknowledges Evernote needs to offer a way for users to control what happens to their online memories after both their death and, potentially, his company's. As a result he's already planning to offer a new product provisionally named Evernote Century. "It ensures the availability of your data for 100 years and it gives you a way to designate who should have access to it and how," he explains. "The question is how do you make it economically viable for somebody to still care about keeping your data accessible... even if Evernote the corporate entity is no longer in business." He admits he has still to fully puzzle this out, but still hopes to release the product before the end of the year. "I don't think it's a problem that's been answered before," he says, "but if we're saying this is your lifetime memory, I think it's part of our charter to figure this out."

The early attempts by supporters of Ulster-Scots - from "native speakers" to the Reverend Ian Paisley - to obtain government funding for Ulster-Scots language and culture are detailed in previously confidential files from the 1990s declassified on Monday in Belfast.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Dr Éamon PhoenixHistorian and broadcaster The campaign began with a letter from the late Dr Ian Adamson, a Belfast unionist councillor and chairman of the Ulster-Scots Language Society (USLS) to Stan Corbett of the Central Community Relations Unit at Stormont Castle, dated 15 July 1993. The Belfast councillor was seeking funding for Ulster-Scots language development. He told the official: "The Ulster-Scots language is a sister tongue of Lowland Scots or Lallens' which over the past 400 years had developed its own internal dialects, grammar and literary tradition." Following the example of "Gaelic in Ireland", they were seeking official EC recognition as a "European lesser-used language" and hoped to establish an Ulster-Scots Academy. 'Edited out' Dr Adamson's letter led to a memo from J A Canavan of the NIO, dated 5 August 1993. The official informed colleagues that Dr Adamson's interest in the "Ulster-Scots dialect has more credibility than some of [his] earlier excursions into Protestant cultural heritage". Mr Canavan said the contribution of Ulster-Scots literature had been "edited out of the cultural history of the island". However, he said that the claim for Ulster-Scots as a living European lesser-used language is "more questionable". "It is doubtful that many of the 100,000 native speakers which Dr Adamson claims... are conscious that they may use any language other than English," he told ministers. In particular, the official urged ministers to resist Dr Adamson's claim that Ulster-Scots required a level of support equal to that which the government gave to the Irish language through the Ultach Trust. He also noted that the Department of Education in Northern Ireland (Deni) had committed £163,000 towards an "Ulster Dialect dictionary". In May 1994, the files reveal that the Ulster-Scots issue was caught up in the wider political debate about state funding of Irish. On 3 May 1994, a motion was passed by Belfast City Council noting that "though there is a substantial population of Ulster-Scots descent in Belfast, the government fails to reflect [their] heritage, traditions and identity... "while "the Gaelic language is now promoted to the tune of £1m per annum". In a further memo, Mr Canavan informed the Northern Ireland Office minister, Michael Ancram, that the motion reflected "the somewhat eccentric interests of its sponsor, Dr Adamson, while tapping into Unionist grievance at the level of official funding of Irish". Little interest was shown in the motion. The upshot was a meeting between an Ulster-Scots deputation, headed by the then DUP leader, Ian Paisley, and including then Councillor Nigel Dodds and Dr Adamson with Mr Ancram and officials on 6 December 1995. Supporting the call for greater government support for Ulster-Scots, Mr Paisley said that Ulster-Scots was a language which had been "beaten out of a generation of schoolchildren". Responding, the minister said that "as a Lowland Scot himself, he was familiar with the language". He felt that Ulster-Scots should be treated in the same way as Scots in Scotland. Mr Ancram concluded by saying he had heard very strong representations in favour of greater government support for Ulster-Scots and would consider the matter further.

Pregnancy is a huge, life-changing period in a woman's life and there is no shortage of advice about what is best for your unborn child. But in this week's Scrubbing Up, Linda Geddes, the author of Bumpology, argues this can sometimes be misleading and scaremongering.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Expectant parents are bombarded with advice about what they should and shouldn't be doing. Pregnant women mustn't eat too much as it may raise the baby's risk of obesity or diabetes, but they mustn't diet as that could have a similar effect. Neither should they exercise for fear of triggering a miscarriage, or get too stressed out because that's bad for the baby too. And if they do get stressed, they can't drink alcohol or go for a spa treatment to relax. You might start to think that staying at home would be the sensible thing to do, only this too is ridden with potential dangers for your unborn child: from ice-cream, to pet shampoo, to hair dye. Even lying down or your back can allegedly cut off your baby's blood supply. When I fell pregnant three years ago, I felt paralysed and somewhat patronised by all the conflicting advice out there. I was also obsessed with the little life that was growing inside me, and desperate for more information about what it was doing in there. Could it taste the curry I was eating; hear the songs I was singing; or sense when I took a swim in the freezing outdoor swimming pool near my home? So I began a quest to investigate the truth behind the old wives' tales, alarming newspaper headlines and government guidelines, and to probe deeper into the inner world of the developing child. So Bumpology was born. Booze and breastfeeding Some of what I discovered while researching the book amused and amazed me: I learned that parents who already have a couple of boys are statistically more likely to go on having boys, though no-one really understands why; that the shape of a woman's bump provides no clues as to the gender of the baby within, but that women with severe morning sickness are slightly more likely to be carrying a girl; and that contrary to the received wisdom, babies actually can focus on objects further than 30cm away (even if they often under- or overshoot). I also learned that much of the research underpinning medical advice on things like alcohol consumption - and even the health benefits of breastfeeding - is far from clear-cut and often aimed at the general population, rather than taking the individual into consideration. In the case of alcohol, there's clear evidence that heavy drinking is harmful -- and even a daily glass of wine may increase the odds of a baby being born underweight, which carries additional risks to its health. However, below this level, there is a massive grey zone where scientists simply don't yet have an answer to whether or not alcohol causes harm. When it comes to breastfeeding, it's quite true that breast milk is best for babies, or at least better than formula milk in terms of protecting them against infections in the short term. But when it comes to the much-touted long-term benefits of breastfeeding, such as protection against obesity, diabetes or allergy, the research is less convincing. Certainly women who can't breastfeed for whatever reason, and who live in countries with a decent standard of health care, shouldn't waste too much time worrying that they are causing long-term damage to their baby's health. 'Overblown' However, what alarmed me the most was the realisation that much of what women are told about the risks of medical interventions during labour - things like induction, epidural anaesthesia and undergoing a c-section - are overblown. At the same time, statistics about the odds of needing medical assistance or on complications like tearing during a vaginal birth are frequently not talked about. I believe that access to this kind of information could have a big influence on women's expectations of labour and on some of the decisions they make when planning for the birth of their child. I also think it could help women to come to terms with things if labour doesn't go according to plan and they need additional help getting their baby out. Having a baby can be one of the greatest joys that life bestows. However, it is also hard work and new parents can do without the unnecessary guilt, anxiety and doubt that misleading pregnancy advice brings. It is also a time of great wonder and through my research I have learned things about my own children that will never cease to amaze me. I believe it's time to push aside the scaremongering and allow parents the freedom to enjoy this precious period of their lives.

As public compliance dips below the level of last spring's lockdown, attention shifts to business to take the burden of infection control. New funds are available, though it's not clear where they come from, and they are focussed on firms that can be easily identified. The many smaller businesses that aren't easily reached - from taxi drivers to wedding organisers - are having to wait even longer for government support

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Douglas FraserBusiness/economy editor, Scotland There is a mathematical formula at work in the massive national mission to get the 'R' rate of infection down. In manipulating the formula, the variable over which ministers have least control is compliance by the public. And if that is low, it means more has to be done with the elements in the formula which can compensate for it .They're the ones over which ministers have more control. These include the regulated parts of the economy which can influence public behaviour. Most regulated of all is alcohol, which helps explain why businesses based on out-of-home consumption take a disproportionate burden. No controls have been placed on drinking at home. Put simply, if people are drinking at home, they're not going out, and that's the outcome that public policy seeks. In the current lockdown, Scots can buy alcohol for takeaway from bars and restaurants, whereas English people cannot. That divergence could be closed, as ministers seek to set the alcoholic part of the formula as close as possible to zero. Attention then shifts to other hospitality and retail, and that is where the Scottish cabinet is also turning its attention at its Tuesday morning meeting To get people to comply with the "stay at home" message, to reduce footfall and road traffic, 'click and collect' is now in ministerial sights. It's a tribute to the ingenuity of business that it has adapted online and customer behaviour to the point that click-and-collect is seen as a public health threat. Government support A joint letter by trade bodies representing smaller independent stores, garden centres, booksellers and electrical retailers on Monday pleaded with the Scottish government not to cut off this 'lifeline'. The compensating part of the formula for such businesses is the government support regime in grants. If they are required to close down, they should be getting compensation. The allocation of money to sectors of the economy has become ever more complex, But allocation is becoming increasingly dislocated from actual money reaching bank accounts. On Monday, Scotland's finance secretary Kate Forbes announced top-up grants, with a headline-grabbing £25,000 aimed at larger hotels. That's more than in England, pointed out the Scottish National Party politician. For others in hospitality, leisure and retail, the most they could hope for is a £9,000 top-up on top of grants off £2,000 or £3,000 per month required to close. That's in line with sums available to English businesses from the UK Treasury. Where this money comes from is not clear. Somewhere in the system, there is supposed to be £375m attaching to the expanding Holyrood block grant from the Treasury, but neither Treasury nor the Scottish government seem to be able to say where that money is. That other formulaic part of government spending, named after Lord Joel Barnett, a Labour Treasury minister in the 1970s, is becoming more mysterious than predictable and functional. Either the money is there, and Kate Forbes has found it, or it's not there, and she's taking a big gamble on spending a lot of money without knowing she can meet her legal obligation to balance the books this fiscal year. The Scottish finance secretary's apparent generosity to larger hotels forced to close by the lockdown rules is seen by some business lobbies as an easy way to get the money out the door. That's in contrast with £220m announced on 9 December, which is looking increasingly stuck in bureaucracy. The assurance from Scottish government officials continues: "We were clear in the announcement then that this funding would be available to businesses in January and will be open to applications from an estimated 100,000 eligible businesses, including taxi drivers and others who are self-employed." But Conservative MSPs on Monday highlighted a government spreadsheet that appears to show few of the 30 schemes promised show much sign of opening for business to access funds this month. Only seven of them have launched, they say. The one for taxis and private hire vehicle drivers was due to open on Monday, but there was little sign of it turning up on the financial taxi rank. Where companies lack connection with government data, it's becoming more difficult to identify those in genuine need and attach relief funds to them. Two points of connection are effective: tax collection and business rates. Therefore much of the money has gone into systems that can be operated through HM Revenue and Customs (the furlough scheme and self-employed income support), and those with business rateable premises (most business grants so far). HMRC is not available to the Scottish government to link payments for those that don't pay business rates. So officialdom seems to be struggling to find a fraud-resistant mechanism with which to get money to mobile hairdressers, taxi drivers, coach operators, travelling showpeople, outdoor tourism, wedding organisers and suppliers, those who became self-employed in the past two years, and so on. The survival of such businesses is not essential to the formula of getting the R infection rate down. But as they burn through cash, without government support, they are at increasing risk of becoming collateral damage. And the survival of such firms will be important to economic recovery.

It's been claimed that Finland's baby boxes, given to every newborn in the country, help reduce cot deaths. But what evidence is there that they lower infant mortality rates, asks Elizabeth Cassin.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: In June 2013, the BBC News website published an article entitled Why Finnish babies sleep in cardboard boxes. It's been viewed over 13 million times and sparked global interest in the idea. The article explained Finland's 75-year-old policy of giving every pregnant mother a cardboard box filled with baby products, such as clothes, sleeping bag, nappies, bedding and a mattress, and how the box itself could be used as a bed. One reason it attracted such attention is that Finland has one of the lowest infant mortality rates in the world - two deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with a global rate of 32 in 1,000, according to the UN. Over the past three years, companies selling the boxes have popped up in the US, Finland and the UK. And they're incredibly popular not just with individuals but - more significantly - with governments. The promise of lower infant mortality rates is something to aim for. But if you stop and think about it for a minute, this is a bold claim. How does getting a baby to sleep in a box and a few baby items bring down infant mortality rates? In theory, the boxes offer a safe sleep space for babies. There are lots of reasons why babies die, from health problems to accidents. But there's one in particular that these boxes have been thought to help reduce - sudden infant death syndrome (Sids), also referred to as "cot death", is the unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby. Although it's difficult to always understand what causes these deaths, there are environmental factors that increase the risk - including being around tobacco smoke, getting tangled in bedding, or sleeping alongside parents - especially if parents have been drinking. Find out more In the early 90s, many Western countries introduced Back to Sleep campaigns, when it was discovered that babies who sleep on their tummies are more vulnerable to Sids. This led to the last significant reduction in countries like the US and UK. "Since we had the dramatic decline of Sids in the 90s, we're now in a situation where the remaining Sids is much harder to try to alleviate," says Prof Helen Ball, director of the Parent-Infant Sleep Lab in the UK. "And so people are looking for new interventions, new changes to social care practices that might specifically help some of the more vulnerable families." Putting a baby in a box, and keeping the box near a parent, could prevent some of the hazardous scenarios. But it's important to understand that nearly all countries have seen a dramatic reduction in infant mortality over the last century. In 1900, about 15% of babies in Europe would have died in their first year. Now it's less than 0.4%. And Finnish academics and health professionals have been keen to point out that there is some misunderstanding about the box scheme. To understand how policy changed in Finland, we need to go back to 1938. Although infant mortality rates had been falling across Europe, Finland's rate was higher than their Nordic neighbours. The government decided to offer baby boxes to low-income women. But the women didn't just get a box. The boxes were introduced "at the same time that the pre-natal care was started", says Prof Mika Gissler, a statistician at the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Finland. Women had to attend clinics early on in their pregnancy to qualify for the maternity package. Their health could then be monitored throughout and after the pregnancy. Legislation in 1944 made it a legal obligation for municipalities to provide maternity and child health clinics. That year, only 31% of pregnant mothers had received prenatal care. The figure jumped to 86% the following year. In 1949, the care package, including the baby boxes, was offered to all women. "Then there was a big change from home birth to hospital birth," says Gissler. "We had the national health insurance system introduced very late in the 60s." One of Gissler's colleagues, Prof Tuovi Hakulinen, says that to her knowledge, there is no direct link between the baby box and infant mortality rates. And that if you look at the decline in infant mortality, the thing that's driving it more than anything else is a combination of advancement in medicine, vaccinations, nutrition, hygiene and increased prosperity. Finland has reliable Sids data for the past three decades - and the rate is low. But the significant reduction in deaths has been in congenital anomalies and other diseases. And yet one of the leading baby box companies sells its products as an essential gift for new parents, claiming studies have proven the link. I asked the company if I could see these studies, but they said that studies showing positive results had not been published yet. Experts say that there are no studies showing the efficacy of baby boxes. Countries across the world have been trialling variations on the Finnish box, including Canada, Ireland, and Scotland - with many tying in additional education for parents. And while looking at the possibilities the baby box is interesting, there are bigger factors at play. One country where the baby box idea has received a lot of attention is the United States - because they are struggling with poor infant mortality rates - six per 1,000 births, which makes them comparable to Poland and Hungary, below the level you'd expect based on their income. Prof Emily Oster, an economist at Brown University, compared data from the US with various European countries, primarily Finland and Austria. She says the US does fairly well in the first month of life - but from a month to a year, "you can see the mortality rate in the US kind of accelerating away from the other countries in that period". When looking at women with a college degree - a marker for relatively high income - infant mortality rates were low and similar to the same groups in Finland and Austria. "What we see is that well-off women in Finland, well off women in the US, are very, very similar," she says. "The difference is well-off women in Finland and less-educated women in Finland have very similar infant mortality profiles. Whereas that is not true in the US." But it's not clear from their research what specifically causes these deaths - because there are many things which make the US different, such as their health system. Also, most countries in Europe have a pretty robust home visiting programme after birth. That's not something that has uniformly been true in the US. "What often comes along with the boxes is some additional contact with somebody," says Oster. "It may be the healthcare assistant, a nurse, a social worker. "The box alone doesn't seem likely to matter." The baby boxes are hugely popular in Finland, but they are emblematic of a wider health care system. Governments and individuals should not see the box as solely effective, without improving care and education for parents also. After all, there are countries with the same infant mortality rate as Finland, such as Iceland, Estonia and Japan, that do not have baby box schemes. Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter

Dubai wants sanctions on Iran lifted. This is hardly surprising given that nearly half a million Iranians live in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and that Dubai already benefits from a flourishing trade with its neighbour across the Gulf.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Frank GardnerBBC security correspondent In a BBC interview aired on Monday, the ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, said that with Iran as a neighbour, everyone would benefit if a deal with the US resulted in sanctions being lifted. "You see, Iran is our neighbour and we don't want any problem and they didn't have any problem," said the sheikh. "But if they agree with the Americans and the Americans agree and lift their sanctions, everybody will benefit." Sharply different view But this is not a view shared by all of Dubai's Arab neighbours in the Gulf, many of whom continue to view Iran as a strategic threat. The Saudis have let it be known they are opposed to "bringing Iran in from the cold" as part of the recently-brokered deal to curb Iran's nuclear activities. They see sanctions as one way of curtailing any Iranian expansion and Riyadh has vowed to step up its support for Syria's rebel forces fighting Iran's ally, President Bashar al-Assad. Bahrain accuses Iran of fuelling violent protests in its villages. It is currently investigating what it says is an Iranian plot to import weapons and explosives into the country after intercepting a boat laden with arms in late December. Even Abu Dhabi, which alongside Dubai is one of the seven emirates making up the UAE, has a sharply different view on Iran from its more commercially minded neighbour, Dubai. As the capital of the UAE, it has been pushing for years to resolve the issue of three disputed islands in the Gulf, claimed by both the UAE and Iran but occupied by Iranian forces. "Dubai and Abu Dhabi have always had differences of opinion on Iran," says a former British diplomat who worked in the Gulf. "There is a huge Iranian community in Dubai, and huge trade there, so they take a different approach." Thaw in relations But further south, Oman will welcome the Dubai ruler's warm words towards Iran. As the country that hosted the secret talks between Iran and the US that led to the tentative breakthrough agreement in Geneva, Oman would like to see a thaw in Gulf Arab-Iranian relations. Without the clout backed by huge oil reserves enjoyed by Saudi Arabia, UAE and Kuwait, Oman has often steered a middle course on foreign policy and was recently instrumental in securing the release of US citizens held by Iran. All of this goes to show one thing: when it comes to Iran, the Gulf Arab states are very far from united. Saudi Arabia has recently been pressing for a closer union of all six states that make up the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), with talk of a common foreign policy and a shared defence force. Behind this lies Riyadh's fears of Iran's Revolutionary Guards Corps looking to export their Islamic Revolution across the Gulf and fomenting sectarian unrest between Sunni and Shia. Kuwait, Bahrain and Abu Dhabi are open to the idea of a closer union but Qatar is wary and Oman has let it be known that if pressed, it will go its own way. As for Dubai, the ruler's views on Iran are a reminder that what makes Dubai tick is not politics, it is trade, business and opportunity.

Islanders in Alderney are being asked for their views on fishing in local waters.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The General Services Committee is carrying out a review of commercial and recreational fishing. They want to hear from anyone involved, either directly or indirectly at a public meeting on 24 June. The agenda includes trawlers, charters, the size of vessels, protected areas, fishing limits, the closed season and fishing in bays.

A Hindu temple complex in Malaysia has been given a stunning makeover, with the 272 steps leading up to the Batu Caves painted in a dazzling array of colours.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The complex on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur is both a pilgrimage site and popular with tourists. Its hugely instagrammable new look has been a hit with visitors. However, local media report the temple's management committee could be in trouble with the government for allegedly failing to get permission for the paint job - the site is protected under heritage laws. Enjoy these images, then, in case the decorators have to return. .

Bronze Age finds in a bog are to be used to showcase historical habitats in Carmarthenshire.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The county council has helped to secure £43,000 to promote peatland sites near Brechfa and Llanfynydd. The Heritage Lottery Fund grant will allow Dyfed Archaeological Trust to work with schools exploring prehistoric round barrows on Mynydd Bach common. The public will be able to support further investigations on the sites. Other partners include Swansea University and the National Botanic Gardens of Wales.

Four men and a woman have been arrested after a man was found dead at a property in East Sussex.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Sussex Police say the 22-year-old was involved in a fight at an address in Western Road, Bexhill on Wednesday. The cause of the man's death is unknown, but the force is questioning four men aged 30, 36, 41 and 48 and a 33-year-old woman. Sussex Police urged anyone with information about the man's death to contact officers.

A section of a guided busway will be closed for almost a week after a bus crashed off the tracks, went through a hedge and ended up in a field.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The driver sustained minor injuries but no passengers were hurt in the accident at Longstanton in Cambridgeshire on Thursday morning. The incident would be a matter for the Health and Safety Executive to look into, police said. Part of the track will be closed until Wednesday. The bus appears to have careered off the track near the Longstanton park and ride site and travelled about 15m (49ft) from the track, through a hedge and into a field. A spokeswoman for bus operator Stagecoach East said no passengers were injured and an investigation would take place. Cambridgeshire Police said the bus driver sustained minor injuries. The East of England Ambulance Service said no-one needed hospital treatment. The county council confirmed a section of the guided track would remain closed until Wednesday.

Eight people were killed during the London Bridge terror attack on 3 June 2017.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Three men drove into pedestrians on the bridge and then stabbed people in nearby Borough Market. Here are the victims' stories. Chrissy Archibald Canadian Chrissy Archibald died in the arms of her fiance after being struck by the attackers' van on London Bridge. Tyler Ferguson had proposed to Ms Archibald, 30, four months earlier after she moved to be with him in the Netherlands. The couple were busy learning Dutch, making wedding plans and talking about starting a family. Ms Archibald was a social worker, who had worked in a shelter for people with drug and drink addictions. Her family had worried she was too gentle for such difficult and heart-wrenching work, but she proved them all wrong. She had found her calling, said her father, Greg Archibald. On the weekend of the attacks, Ms Archibald decided to join Mr Ferguson, who was in London on a work trip. The couple went out for dinner on Saturday night to celebrate a successful day for Mr Ferguson, but as they crossed London Bridge, Ms Archibald was hit by the van. She died from multiple injuries. At the inquest, Mr Archibald said: "The world has many sunshine people in it. Their smiles warm us. They make life bright and cheerful. "But Chrissy was not the sunshine. Chrissy was the moon. "You might not notice the moon on a sunny day, but you need the moon when life is dark and it's hard to find your way. "That was our Chrissy: quiet and silvery but lighting a path for you to follow and reaching out a hand to help." Sebastien Belanger French-born Sebastien Belanger was watching the Champions League final with friends at a pub in Borough Market before he was killed in the attack. The 36-year-old, who had been in the UK for seven years, was working as a chef at the French restaurant Coq d'Argent, in central London. Several years earlier, he had been promoted to head chef. "I am so very proud of him," his mother, Josiane Belanger, told the inquest. "He worked very hard but also liked partying with his friends." On the night of the attack, Mr Belanger, originally from Angers, western France, and his friends heard a van crash into railings nearby and went to investigate. But under a dark archway, he was cornered and stabbed by the three attackers. Two police officers tried to save him but he died from stab wounds to the chest. "I do not forgive what they did to him," said his mother. "They mutilated and killed him." In a tribute, his brother, Julien Belanger, said his family would never forget Sebastien. "To see you again we simply need to close our eyes, to remember your kindness, your smile, your mischievous look, your generosity, your love for your family." Kirsty Boden Kirsty Boden, an off-duty nurse, was having a meal out with two friends at Boro Bistro when she heard the sound of a crashing vehicle and ran to offer help. The Australian-born 28-year-old was stabbed as she knelt over restaurant waiter Alexandre Pigeard as he lay dying. She ran through an alleyway but died there from a chest wound. Her bravery earned her the name the "angel of London Bridge" and posthumous medals for bravery from the Queen and the Australian government. Her partner, James Hodder, said her actions that night did not surprise anyone who knew her. "She loved people and lived her life helping others. To Kirsty, her actions that night would have just been an extension of how she lived her life," he said. Ms Boden, originally from Loxton in south Australia, had been working at Guy's Hospital and living in Hampstead in north London with Mr Hodder, whom she had first met in a flat-share. "She completely floored me with her smile and kindness, and I very quickly fell in love with her," Mr Hodder told the inquest. He said the two had enjoyed "geeky" first dates at the transport museum and a canal museum, before travelling together across much of Europe. "Anyone who met Kirsty knew that she was different. Whether it was through her smile, the kind words she would always have, or the fact that she would always move heaven and earth to be there for you," said Mr Hodder. "Kirsty just had the ability to leave a lasting impact on your life, and that's why there are so many people here and in Australia who miss her so much." Ignacio Echeverria Miralles De Imperial Ignacio Echeverria ran towards the attackers and tried to beat them with his skateboard when he saw one of them stabbing a woman. But they quickly turned their knives on him. The 39-year-old Spaniard had been cycling with friends along Borough High Street after a day's skateboarding on the South Bank. CCTV shows him get off his bike, run towards two police officers who were trying to stop the attackers and swing his skateboard at Rachid Redouane, who then knocked him to the ground. He died from stab wounds to the back - and was the last person killed in the attack. Mr Echeverria, a financial crime analyst at HSBC, had been living in London for a year-and-a-half, enjoying spending time with his sister and her young family and making skateboarding friends. On the night he died, he postponed a visit to his sister's home as he was having such a good time skateboarding. Mr Echeverria had been a hard-working, disciplined student who completed his law masters in French and Spanish, and also spoke English and German fluently. As a Roman Catholic, he attended Mass every week and always defended his beliefs, his family told the inquest in a statement. Through skateboarding, he befriended youngsters from different backgrounds, and saw an opportunity to influence and encourage them in their studies and work. His bravery on the night posthumously earned him the George Medal, which the Queen presented to his parents last year. The award committee said his actions had "undoubtedly prevented further loss of life" by giving others time to run away. His father, Joaquin Echeverria Alonso, told the BBC his son said he would have intervened had he passed the Westminster Bridge attack that happened three months earlier. "Later, during the attack at London Bridge, he demonstrated this through his actions," his father said. James McMullan James McMullan had nipped out of the Barrowboy and Banker pub for a cigarette after the football match had finished, when the attackers' van smashed into nearby railings. Instead of running, he went to help up Australian au pair Sara Zelenak who appeared to have fallen over on the wet pavement in her high heels, the inquest heard. Witnesses said Mr McMullan tried to pick her up but there was no time for either of them to get away. The 32-year-old British-Filipino became one of the attackers' first victims. He died from a haemorrhage and stab wound to the chest. That night, Mr McMullan had been out with friends celebrating getting financial backing for his own online education company. The day before, he had called his mother, Mila, to excitedly tell her the last two years of sleepless nights were finally going to pay off. He told her everything was going to be OK and he was going to be able to look after her, his sister, Melissa McMullan, told the inquest. He was going to be able to help children who didn't have access to education, through his e-learning platform and make her proud, she said. At the inquest, his father, Simon McMullan, told how James could talk the socks off anyone. "James had more friends than most, and all of them will tell you that he was the life and soul of any gathering, that his lust for life was infectious." He would also help others, no questions asked, said Mr McMullan. "He would be there to see you through a personal crisis . He would give you the confidence to get that promotion. He would make sure you had a good night out. He would drive in the middle of the night to pick you up from 100 miles away." Alexandre Pigeard Alexandre Pigeard, a waiter at Boro Bistro, went outside to investigate when he heard the attackers' van crash - but came face to face with the attackers. They stabbed him once, and then all three set upon him again after he collapsed. He died from a haemorrhage and neck and chest stab wounds. The 26-year-old French national, who was living in south-east London, had been in the UK for less than a year. He had settled into his new life, becoming a cheerful, efficient colleague in the restaurant who took full advantage of London's nightlife. A music lover, he was nicknamed "King of the Night" by his friends. "He was a big brother, a confidant, an accomplice whose joy of living was contagious," his family said in a tribute set to music that was played at the inquest. He had plans to leave London in the autumn to open a restaurant in Nantes, western France, and produce his first techno EP with his father, the inquest heard. In the hours before the attack, Mr Pigeard, the eldest of six, spoke to his father on his break, chatting about music and upcoming festivals. "He tells me to kiss the kids. I kiss him and wish him 'bon courage, mon grand'," said Philippe Pigeard. He told the inquest: "It's now 703 days since the events took place. "703 days where I'm a ghost wandering in the night that took away Alexandre, a handful of minutes of horror, of barbarism, cruelty where the assassins jumped on him." Xavier Thomas Hand-in-hand, Xavier Thomas and his fiancee, Christine Delcros, were walking over London Bridge on their way to cocktails in the Shard, a skyscraper next to the bridge, when the attackers' van mounted the pavement and struck them both. Mr Thomas was thrown over the bridge into the River Thames, and Ms Delcros was seriously injured. For three days, a search team, including a helicopter, scoured the river for him. His body was eventually found almost two miles away, near Shadwell Basin. He had died from immersion. Mr Thomas, 45, had lived in a town near Paris and was a business travel manager for American Express, where he had worked for 25 years. He was a devoted father to his children, Noemie, 24, and Nicolas, 17, whom he had largely raised on his own. At the inquest, Mr Thomas' parents, Philippe and Christiane Pesez, said his number one priority was to secure the best possible future for them. "They were the apple of his eye. He looked after their education, their sports and other activities and ran the household, always in good spirits, without complaining about the problems he might have to face , and always managing to keep smiling." Without him, the family felt lost, they said. Both Noemie and Nicolas now have a tattoo to remember their father. Ms Delcros, who had been with Mr Thomas for two years, told the inquest she was still "madly in love" with Mr Thomas and nothing could destroy that connection. Sara Zelenak Sara Zelenak, the youngest of the victims, was given Saturday night off work at the last minute and found herself in Borough Market just as the attackers' van crashed into railings. The 21-year old Australian au pair slipped in her heels on a wet pavement as she tried to get away, witnesses say. James McMullan attempted to help her to her feet but the attackers were too quick. Ms Zelenak was stabbed in the neck. Ms Zelenak grew up in Queensland, loving sport, rarely missing an afternoon nap and getting excited about the little things in life like spaghetti Bolognese. After finishing school, she worked in a pub and tried floristry but realised she could make more money if she joined her father operating a crane truck. Her mother, Julie Wallace, said she had soon saved up more than all her friends put together and decided to go on a "trip of a lifetime". She made a plan to tour Europe and meet her parents in Paris. The first three months were spent in the UK, where she started working as a live-in au pair in south-west London. Julie Wallace told the inquest her daughter, who called her daily, loved the family and children and had already bonded with fellow au pairs. "Sarz was the happiest she had ever been: working, travelling, meeting new people, doing all the things 21-year-olds should do," said Mrs Wallace. But on the night of the attack, "every sliding door slid for Sara to be in harm's way", she said. She was unexpectedly given the night off; she and a friend had not found a rooftop bar they had been looking for and then they switched plans to go out in Borough Market instead of Soho. Last year, her parents launched a charity - Sarz Sanctuary - in her memory to help others overcome the loss of a loved one in traumatic circumstances.

It's a very worrying time for many thousands of people in central and eastern Europe, as they helplessly watch the Swiss franc rise against their local currencies and see their mortgage repayments go up and up.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Adam EastonBBC News, Warsaw An estimated 566,000 Poles have taken out Swiss franc-denominated loans, that's about 37% of all mortgages here. By Tuesday, the Swiss franc had risen 21% against the Polish zloty, following the Swiss National Bank's decision to abandon its currency ceiling against the euro last Thursday. Real-time Swiss franc exchange rate tables are displayed on popular news websites, so Poles can groan and fret as they watch the franc edge higher. It's been the major front page story of the daily Gazeta Wyborcza three times in the past four days. It's not just Poles. Many Hungarians, Croats and Austrians have taken out Swiss franc-denominated loans. For years banks in Poland advised customers to take out a mortgage in a foreign currency, mostly the Swiss franc, because the interest rate was much lower than on a Polish zloty loan and the expectation was that the zloty would appreciate. Then came the financial crash. In 2009, CEE (Central European) currencies lost much of their value against the Swiss franc, sending monthly mortgage repayments skyward. The Swiss National Bank's decision has now piled on more pain. Robery Grausam-Onyszkiewicz from Krakow told the TVN24 news channel that he had taken out a 150,000 zloty (£26,000; €34,000; $40,000) credit denominated in Swiss francs in 2008. Now he owes the bank 500,000 zlotys. "I lost two jobs, my health deteriorated. Let my example be a warning," he said. The franc's rise and the possibility that it will remain strong have again raised concerns that people will be unable to meet their repayments. At the moment only about 3% of Poles are in arrears. That's partly because Polish banks tended to offer Swiss franc loans to wealthier borrowers. However, there are already calls for greater protection for homeowners and those will likely increase because Poland holds parliamentary elections this autumn. Politicians will be tempted to ease the pain for households. Hungary has already done so, forcing banks to convert Swiss franc loans into local currency credit at favourable rates. "Banks should take steps to share the burden," Adam Jasser, the head of Poland's Office for Consumer Protection and Competition, UOKiK, said on Tuesday. "From our point of view the key is for clients not to be injured," he added. Poland's Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz on Tuesday ordered UOKiK and the banking regulator to investigate reports that some banks were altering mortgage agreements at the expense of the borrower. The banks are also considering helping out. The head of the Polish Banks' Association, Krzysztof Pietraszkiewicz, told Tok FM radio on Tuesday that some banks were considering a suggestion that homeowners could keep paying their instalments for a limited period of time at December's exchange rate before the Swiss franc shot up.

A G4S driver has admitted stealing almost £1m in cash from one of the firm's vans.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Joel March, 36, fled with deposit boxes from the vehicle after parking it in Larkhall Rise in Clapham, south-west London on Tuesday. The charge states he stole £970,000 from G4S. March, of Rectory Grove, Clapham, admitted theft by employee at Camberwell Green Magistrates' Court. He will be sentenced at a later date. The Met said a quantity of cash has been recovered. A spokeswoman for G4S, a major government contractor, said such incidents were "extremely rare".

A jury has been discharged at the trial of two men accused of murdering another man at a flat in Derby.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Paul Steele, 53, died after being found injured inside the property in Lapwing Close, Sinfin, Derby, on the evening of 9 December. Talvir Singh Girn, 40, of Cloverdale Drive, Derby, and Kulvinder Singh Nath, 52, of Glencroft Drive, Stenson Fields, both deny murder. The trial is due to re-start with a new jury at Derby Crown Court on Wednesday. Follow BBC East Midlands on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. Related Internet Links HM Courts & Tribunals Service

Following in the footsteps of David Bowie, Patti Smith and Morrissey, Ray Davies - founder of The Kinks and widely-regarded as one of the UK's finest songwriters - is curating this year's Meltdown festival.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Kev GeogheganEntertainment reporter, BBC News The arts and music event on London's South Bank will include performances from the likes of Madness, Yo La Tengo and The Fugs. Davies is also bringing back a live version of 1960s music show Ready Steady Go!, a precursor to Top of The Pops which featured performances from the likes of The Beatles and Jimi Hendrix. Formed in north London in 1964 by Davies' brother Dave, The Kinks played together for 30 years, but the brothers' fractious relationship contributed to the band's demise in the mid-90s. Have you curated a festival on this scale before? Not really like this, the South Bank is an institution and this year being the 60th anniversary is appropriate - it's 60 years since the Festival of Britain kicked off. It opened in 1951 so I've tried to resonate through the decades and get people who have connections with London, with bands like Madness, so its symbolic in many respects. I've never really done anything like this before but I've really enjoyed it. So how does it work, do you come up with a list of artists which the organisers then veto? I had a vision for it, I wrote a two-page proposal with suggested artists and they reflected that in all the side shows and what they've done for the South Bank. They've been very helpful, you know, you can't get everything you need but we tried the best to provide something that's a pretty good balance. Did you have some fun coming up with the list? It was a lot of fun, it's always fun to write your dream ticket but not everybody is always available. I would have liked to have got Bruce Springsteen over for an acoustic set but I'm very pleased with what we have. It's a good list of people. Are you conscious of Meltdown's past curators? Bowie, Scott Walker, John Peel. It's quite an intimidating list. I haven't really thought about what other people have done because they wanted something that was me. It was the same when I was with The Kinks, as an artist I've never thought about what other people do, I just do what I do and I retain that principle in most things. It's difficult I'm sure to pinpoint one thing that you're particularly looking forward to but what do think will be a real highlight of the festival? As a performer, I'm looking forward to doing the last concert. It's going to be the LPO (London Philharmonic Orchestra) and a choir of 90 people with me and the band. We're doing the whole of the Village Green Preservation Society album and I haven't played all those songs together since we recorded them. I went back to the songs and rearranged them. We couldn't reproduce a Kinks record which has its own sonic world, but with the band and the orchestra, it's opened up the songs to be more of a narrative. Will this be the biggest number of musicians you have ever had on stage with you? I think so, we did a show in San Francisco in the height of the hippie days and everybody in the audience kind of ended up on stage although that was more more drug-induced. But seriously I think it's the most musicians I've had on stage playing my songs. Why have you decided to bring back a live version of Ready, Steady Go!? I have such a fond memory of it, I think that it's something that is sadly lacking now. We were allowed to go and be ourselves but now on shows like The X Factor, people go on and it's what the judges want. Ready, Steady Go! encouraged bands to do what they wanted to do. You can't bring the show back but that spirit has to make a return to new music because people love to see raw energy. The Kast Off Kinks (made up of former band members) are also playing so your music will be well-represented through the festival. Yes, though I must stress that it isn't a reunion, the reunion couldn't happen, my brother couldn't do it unfortunately. The rumours never go to bed, he's still thinking about it. I still think about it. Being in a band is being part of amazing team - it's being in a team that I enjoyed. There's something special about growing up together like The Kinks did. The Meltdown festival runs from 10-19 June.

When faced with having to move their disabled child to a different school or college, families face difficult decisions. Now, reality TV star and ex-model, Katie Price, is on that journey with her eldest son, Harvey, who is about to make that transition.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Beth RoseBBC Ouch It was a quiet 18th birthday for Harvey. There were balloons in the garden and presents were opened, including a frog lunchbox and an iPad. For a treat, Katie took him to one of his favourite places - the local train station. "This is the best train ever. I love it," Harvey says, taking photographs. His birthday marks another milestone. It is time to leave school and find a college, a process the family has filmed for BBC One documentary, Katie Price: Harvey and Me. "It's pretty predictable to know what will happen with the other kids," Katie says, who has four other children. "But with Harvey it's not predictable because he's got complex needs." She says searching for a specialist college has been a "new journey" for her. "It's not easy and it's terrifying." Harvey was born in 2002. He was diagnosed with Septo-optic Dysplasia, a rare genetic disorder affecting his eyesight, as well as autism and Prader-Willi syndrome which can cause learning difficulties and behavioural problems. He is unable to control his weight and requires 24-hour care. "It's not straightforward, where you can just choose a college," Katie says. "They have to have the right nursing team and know how to deal with his challenging behaviour." In the UK, children with long-term health conditions are cared for by child health and social care services until they turn 18 and transfer to adult services. It can be a precarious moment and often involves a lot of upheaval including meeting new teams and specialists. Like many families, the Prices have been warned the most suitable college may be a long way from their Essex home, because there are few of them and they are widely dispersed. For Harvey, the most appropriate include those in Camden, Wales, Sunderland and Somerset. The distance, and Harvey's age, means he will become a full-time residential student, including weekends. To make sure they find the perfect home, Katie and Harvey have visited as many as possible. It was a process made difficult by Covid-19 and Katie having broken the bones in both her heels in a water park accident. 'Crisis point' "He needs to have his independence and I think he'll enjoy it - make friends," Katie says. "I want him to be in a room with his mates while he plays the keyboard and sings his songs." At Harvey's current school he is a weekly boarder. Making the decision for him to board was difficult and prompted by the distress he felt at the daily travel from home to school, and the impact on the family. "I was at crisis point," Katie says. "It was affecting the other kids, it was the danger-zone for him, smashing the house up. "I hated him going to residential. I cried. But I saw he was happy there." As the documentary reveals, there are holes in the walls of the Price house where Harvey has punched them. His autism can lead to meltdowns when he becomes overwhelmed or distressed by a situation. For Harvey, loud noises like slamming doors can trigger this and lead him to hit his head or punch a wall - common coping mechanisms. It is a situation Katie had to consider when they looked at colleges - would Harvey be safe? Could the staff handle him? During a visit to The Orpheus Centre, a college in Surrey which provides therapy to disabled young adults through the performing arts, a loud and unexpected noise distressed Harvey and he threw his head repeatedly against a door. Katie told him to count to 10 to control the stress but another noise sounded and he kicked out. The staff encouraged him outside where it was quieter, but it signalled the end of the visit. Katie will often touch Harvey or speak with him to maintain his calmness. The duo banter constantly and have scripted phrases they say to each other - when Harvey says "Hip, hip," Katie replies, "Hooray". The scripting is sometimes considered similar to stimming (self-stimulatory behaviours) that many autistic people like to use to relieve anxiety or show happiness. When they visited National Star college in Cheltenham, Harvey was distressed and worried he would have to stay overnight. He didn't want to get out of the car and whimpered. Again, Katie reassured him and encouraged him to wear his ear defenders. Because this isn't a regular day for Harvey, the teacher, Alice, showed him a "social story" with pictures of what he could expect from the hours ahead. She decided to begin at the end with "goodbye" - so Harvey knew he would go home. It was a difficult start, but when he visited the flats the students live in - with their own bathrooms and kitchens - and got to watch frogs and trains on a big screen in a sensory room, he was won over. He described the college as "wicked" and excitedly said "yes Mum" when asked if he would be happy there. Katie says: "The reason I want him to go full-time residential is because some weekends they might have disco nights or bowling and he might want to go and do that and not just come home to me. It gives him a choice." But it is far from a done deal. It relies on much administration and the local authority agreeing to finance it. Lynette Barrett, chief operations officer at the college, tells Katie: "We would put in a funding application to your local authority and that application would detail everything that we are going to provide for Harvey. "For someone that is a part-time day student that may be £15,000 to £20,000 a year. For a student that is full time, all-year round residential with really high health care needs, that could be up to £300,000 to £350,000 a year." It will be the Prices' local authority which makes the decision on whether to fund it or it may decide somewhere local is suitable. The approval depends on Harvey's needs. Katie must ensure his Education Health and Care Plan (EHCP) - a legally binding document in England detailing the support he must receive - is up to date. "Everything about Harvey is in that plan," she says. "It's so time-consuming and you feel like you're alone, but you've just got to get on with it." Katie must detail Harvey's education attainments, health problems and the medication he requires, as well as the tasks he can complete - whether he can cook for himself, dress, make the bed and wash. The thought of Harvey leaving home is daunting for Katie, but a move she wants to pursue. "As much as you smother your kids and you want them with you all the time, sometimes you have to let them go, just give them that bit of space to go and explore." This year has been challenging for the family. Harvey is classed as extremely clinically vulnerable and has been shielding during the pandemic. He also spent some time in intensive care and his health is a constant concern. "With Harvey the future is unpredictable, but I'll make sure that he's in a place where he thrives on happiness, excitement, joy and he looks forward to waking up." Katie and Harvey have applied to National Star. They will find out in March if they have been successful. UK viewers can watch Katie Price: Harvey and Me on Monday 25 January at at 20.30 GMT on BBC One and BBC iPlayer. For more disability news, follow BBC Ouch on Twitter and Facebook and subscribe to the weekly podcast on BBC Sounds. Around the BBC Katie Price: Harvey and Me Related Internet Links National Star

Hundreds of millions of people around the world have been celebrating the Lunar New Year.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: In China, a huge fireworks display in Beijing marked the first day of the Year of the Monkey, one of the twelve animals in the Chinese zodiac. Celebrations include feasting, visiting temples, and spending time with family and friends.

The government is being urged to order an independent inquiry into the case of four-year-old Daniel Pelka, who was killed by his mother and her partner.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The findings of a serious case review from the city council's safeguarding board will be revealed next week. But Labour MP for Coventry North West Geoffrey Robinson told the commons that was not enough. Daniel's mother Magdelena Luczak and Mariusz Krezolek were jailed for life for the boy's murder last month. Mr Robinson said outsiders needed to investigate what went wrong. Daniel died from a head injury in March 2012. He weighed just over a stone-and-a-half at the time. Luczak and Krezolek were convicted of murder and ordered to serve a minimum of 30 years.

World leaders probably spend more time worrying about the eurozone crisis than anything else nowadays.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: But as eurozone governments struggle to agree the best way out of the crisis, are they missing what caused it? Global economy: More eurozone interactive features You can see more interactive features and graphics here , and follow us on Twitter.

The new prime minister takes office with some big spending commitments from the campaign trail, and big uncertainties about how much money will be available. Some policy changes will affect Scotland directly. Others could force Holyrood ministers to take action to offset the implications. He'll have to be wary of the unexpected coming from the economy and from outside Britain, including storm clouds from Donald Trump's trade wars.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Douglas FraserBusiness/economy editor, Scotland Boris Johnson arrives in Downing Street today, with high expectations from his supporters. However, his lack of experience with anything resembling a budget or a spending department has business lobbies nervous, economists alarmed, and fiscal conservatives wondering what they've let themselves in for. So some questions. For starters, do the public finances offer much room for manoeuvre for Boris Johnson and his cabinet? They're in much better shape than they have been - much of that achievement as a result of the austerity years. The deficit is low, by historic standards, but still not down to zero. That was something targeted for 2015. Under Theresa May and Phillip Hammond, it was pushed back to the middle of next decade, and with Boris Johnson in charge, it now seems to be disappearing over the horizon. Debt, which is what you get from many years of deficits, should now be falling as a share of national income, which is the target that was set. Phillip Hammond, the departing Chancellor, has talked about headroom to deal with possible difficulties from Brexit. That's the amount before he'd begin to bump up against the ceiling of what he could achieve within his fiscal rules. But that's not to say the rules will still apply after today, when we get a new Chancellor. Eye-watering Boris Johnson, as candidate, has been eager to spend the headroom that he's got. He'd also like to spend the proceeds from not paying tens of billions which Brussels said is owed from commitments the UK has already made. He's been less willing to contemplate the huge cost to the government's finances, and to the economy, forecast for a no deal Brexit by, pretty much, every reputable economist. The Office for Budget Responsibility last week put out its assessment of leaving the EU without a deal. It was eye-watering, from lower output from the economy, starting with a recession, lower income and lower tax receipts, from a rise in unemployment benefit costs. There would be the requirement to support several sectors of the economy that are exposed to a sharp cut in trade. Yet Boris Johnson has been making some expensive promises on the campaign trail. How can he deliver on them? The first promise was to raise the level at which middle to high earners start to pay higher rate tax, clearly aimed at the Tory membership. The Boris campaign itself reckoned that would leave a £9.6bn hole in Treasury receipts. We later got a promise to cut tax for lower earners, including a higher starting point for national insurance contributions, which currently start being deducted from £8,600 in annual income. To get that up to £12,500, where you start paying income tax, would cost around £11bn. He's also got a shopping list for infrastructure, more police officers, schools spending, vocational education, broadband, replacing farm subsidies after exiting the European Union, increasing the minimum wage for over-25s and removing many homes from transaction tax, south of the border. He didn't hold back on the campaign trail. That's why Phillip Hammond had to issue a warning to candidates to rein it in with the spending pledges. It was all conspicuously, fiscally unconservative. If he is going to deliver on the expectations raised, he is going to have to start talking more cautiously in terms of priorities and when some of the promises might be achievable. An £80,000 threshold for higher rate income tax - except in Scotland, of course, where such threshold decisions on income tax are devolved - that threshold could become a target, over time. If he's going to fight an election soon, he'll need to balance that with attention being paid to lower and middle income earners, who have more votes, and are in marginal constituencies. Given he has very little knowledge of economics, but a big appetite for pleasing people with big gestures, my hunch is that there could be tensions ahead with the person he chooses to put into the Chancellor's residence in 11 Downing Street. What about Scotland? It's worth noting how all this affects Scotland differently. Some would apply, like a shift in the threshold for national insurance contributions. Others would force the Scottish finance minister to adapt to knock-on effects, including on homes transaction tax. There has been a warning that removing homes under £500,000 from English transaction tax would hurt investment in Scottish property. More significant would be the impact of a rise in Westminster's threshold for higher rate (40%) income tax, from £50,000 to £80,000. There's already a gap on that score between Scotland and the rest of the UK, and the rate is one percentage point higher in Scotland. If that threshold gap increases, the incentives for higher earners to shift their earnings or themselves into England would be significantly higher. Then, if he's spending more on schools and police in England, there should be a rise in the amount coming to Holyrood through the Barnett formula - though for MSPs to decide how it's spent. But as Mayor of London, he has criticised the Barnett formula as it distributes funds to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland - saying you get more bang for your buck in Greater London. He'll have to clarify early on what his opinion is on that. 'Get a grip' message from business Business also has reason to mull over Boris Johnson's past statements, notably the recent, fruity one on what should happen to businesses that criticise the implications of Brexit. The election of the new Conservative leader saw a long queue of business lobby groups lining up to lecture the new PM on the need to look after business interests. In normal times, it shouldn't need to be said, at least publicly given the closeness of Tories and business. But recent years have seen unprecedented strains in those relationship. The key one they all want is to avoid a disorderly Brexit. They want more certainty. They have a long shopping list of changes to tax reliefs, reform to business rates and so on. But Brexit stands out as the big issue, on which they have ceased to be cautious in their language. Liz Cameron, at the Scottish Chambers of Commerce has a blunt message to Boris Johnson and the reshuffled cabinet to "get a grip". "The time for campaigning is over," she said. "We need to know, in concrete terms, what your government will do to avoid a messy, disorderly Brexit on the 31st of October. "The economy of Scotland and the UK is on a knife's edge." Carolyn Fairbairn, DG of the CBI, called for three things in the first 100 days; She's suggesting that getting a deal on Brexit doesn't just avoid trouble - it could unleash investment. The CBI is after early signals, from a more flexible approach to immigration and to infrastructure spending. As with any prime minister, it is unexpected events that can shape their economic record, including those from outside Britain and outside government. Just ask Gordon Brown. The CBI this week issued manufacturing survey figures, which are monthly, and which, for July are truly dire, with a sharp fall in new orders for both domestic and export markets. Uncertainty is weighing heavily on the British economy. Stockpiling for the March deadline for Brexit was then postponed, so the stockpiling unwound into de-stocking. We could now see stockpiling returning ahead of the Halloween deadline, disrupting advance orders for the Christmas shopping season. The European economy has slowed up recently, so that Britain doesn't look as bad relative to its comparators as it did. For the bigger picture, the oil market is nervy about tensions with Iran. America and China remain key drivers, and their trade war, driven by President Trump's use and threat of tariffs, remains one of the key concerns about sustained global growth.

As the conviction of Sgt Alexander Blackman for shooting an injured Afghan fighter in 2011 is reduced from murder to manslaughter on the grounds of his mental illness, Royal Marines who fought alongside him have spoken for the first time - offering new insights into the killing.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Jonathan BealeDefence correspondent, BBC News In interviews for BBC Panorama, the men from 42 Commando said they wanted the insurgent dead and their comrade "took one for the team" when he faced a court martial. His colleagues said they also suffered from post-traumatic stress and one marine believes such incidents occurred elsewhere during the conflict. There is much public sympathy for Blackman, 42, but few people who have watched the full video of the killing - recorded by another marine's helmet-mounted camera - would describe him as a hero. The footage has not been made public but Blackman can be heard trying to cover up his actions, making sure a helicopter above is out of sight before he delivers the fatal shot. Perhaps more understandable though is the sympathy of the men who fought alongside him and endured the same hardships. 'Sending out a signal' Colleagues suggested there were other pressures on Blackman, who was known as Marine A during the original trial process and was only fully identified when he was convicted. Rob Driscoll, who was at a nearby patrol base at the time of the killing, told Panorama: "Everyone that was speaking on that radio was sending out a signal to Al... everyone wanted that guy to be dead." He said no-one would have wanted to send out a medical team to help the insurgent because the ground could have been littered with roadside bombs, while a helicopter might have been targeted in the air. They would have done it for one of their own, but risking British lives for a wounded Taliban fighter "who has been shooting at them for the last four months" was less appealing, he said. Sam Deen, who was on the patrol, said: "I do remember saying, 'yeah I would shoot him'... and I do think I influenced what happened". "A few of the other lads said that," Mr Deen said. The killing, on 15 September 2011, took place after a patrol base in Helmand province came under fire from two insurgents. 'Successful day' One of the attackers was seriously injured by gunfire from an Apache helicopter sent to provide air support, and the marines found him in a field. The footage from the helmet-mounted camera showed Blackman shooting the Afghan prisoner in the chest at close range with a 9mm pistol. Blackman, from Taunton, was convicted of murder in November 2013 and jailed for life. He lost an appeal in May of the following year, but his 10-year minimum term was reduced to eight years. Five judges at the Court Martial Appeal Court in London have now ruled the conviction should be manslaughter on the ground of diminished responsibility, not murder. A further hearing will now decide what sentence Blackman should serve. Filmmaker and anthropologist Chris Terrill was embedded with Blackman's unit at the time of the shooting. His film for Panorama tries to look beyond the narrow focus of the helmet camera that led to Blackman's conviction and questions whether, in the slow attrition of war, they began to think as a pack and lose their moral compass. Speaking about Blackman's decision to kill the insurgent, Sam Deen says: "I do think he took the responsibility for the younger lads… he thought it was his responsibility to do it, and then move on." Rob Driscoll admits to some sleepless nights but adds: "I'm glad Al did what he did because all my guys went home". Louis Nethercott, another Royal Marine on the patrol, tells Panorama: "I think it was just another day in Afghanistan and that's the way it goes out there. "And none of us got hurt so it was a successful day as far as I'm concerned". Chris Terrill asks another Royal Marine who was on that tour whether he thought this was the only time such an incident occurred during the Afghan war. His answer - "No". Panorama, Marine A: The Inside Story will be on BBC One at 22:50 GMT, and available later on iPlayer.

Mexicans consume more carbonated drinks per person than any other nation, and the country has one of the world's highest rates of childhood obesity. Two years ago the government introduced a tax on sugary drinks - but is it working?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Katy Watson and Sarah TreanorBBC News, Mexico Silvia Segura lives in a poor neighbourhood on the outskirts of Merida, in Mexico's Yucatan state. She invites us into her modest house. Three armchairs face a television and a ghetto-blaster turned up high with Mexican music blaring out. On the walls are hooks with hammocks hanging from them. These are where the family sleeps - they are more comfortable than beds in the region's baking climate. In the living room, however, a double bed stands in the middle of the floor. Silvia says this was her mother's bed after she became too ill to climb into a hammock. She died recently because of complications caused by type 2 diabetes - but until the end, Silvia says, her appetite for sugary drinks never left her. "All my family drinks Coca-Cola," says Silvia. "My mother, may she rest in peace, was a true cocacolera - she couldn't live without it, she'd drink it three times a day if she could. She said it kept her alive." When her mother went into hospital, "we'd smuggle the coke in and give her some sips," Silvia says. Mexicans are the thirstiest consumers of sugary drinks in the world. Each gets through an estimated 163 litres (36 imperial gallons) on average per person every year - 40% more than an average American (who drinks 118 litres, or 26 gallons). And this, says the government and the health campaigners, is a serious problem. All too often, the headlines coming from Mexico focus on the country's bloody drugs war - which has claimed over 100,000 lives in the past decade. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, kills 70,000 per year. So acute is the problem that two years ago, in January 2014, Mexico introduced a national tax on sugary drinks and junk food - a 10% tax on every litre of sugar-sweetened drinks and an 8% tax on high-calorie food. The effect of these on children is a particular concern - according to Mexico's Health Ministry, the country leads the world in childhood obesity. "About 10% of kids are being fed soda from zero to six months of age," says Dr Salvador Villalpando, a childhood obesity specialist at the Federico Gomez children's hospital in Mexico City. "By the time they reach two it's about 80%." The problem is aggravated by the fact that children are often short, their development sometimes hindered both physically and mentally by a diet high in junk food and low in nutrients. Although the country's appetite for sugary drinks has sometimes been put down to the lack of clean water in some parts of the country, Villalpando disagrees. "It's cultural," he says. "Mexican mums like having chubby kids in their homes as it shows they're feeding them properly. And they are so used to feeding them sodas, they don't stop even when there is clean water." The children coming to his clinic often show early signs of diabetes - patches of dark skin on their necks and regular spikes in their blood sugar levels. Children with pre-diabetes cannot process sugar in the same way as healthy children and after consuming sugary food or drink their blood sugar rises dramatically. Young children who are accompanied by their mothers have less chance of getting better than teenagers who come alone, Villalpando says. That's because parents continue overfeeding the young children, while often the older ones are determined to lose weight and improve their health. According to research by Mexico's National Institute of Public Health, together with the University of North Carolina, in the first year the tax reduced consumption of sugary drinks by an average of 6% over the 12 months, reaching 12% by the month of December. In the poorest households, monthly purchases of sweet drinks fell by a full 17%. Find out more The drinks industry disputes these figures, however. "We did an analysis with the National Institute of Statistics and Geography and what we have, until June 2015, is that consumption and sales have been affected by 1% or 2%," says Jorge Terrazas of Mexico's bottled drinks industry body, Anprac. He adds that fizzy drinks only account for 5.6% of Mexico's average calorie consumption so can only be a small part of the solution to obesity and diabetes. No data has yet been published that would indicate whether the tax is having an effect on Mexicans' health. But Dr Miguel Messmacher, under-secretary of revenues at Mexico's Ministry of Finance, says he is in no doubt that it is working. "We've raised close to 20bn pesos (£760m)," he says. "It's a fairly significant amount. I think the results we have so far have led to the changes in behaviour we wanted." So what do the big US brands make of Mexico's approach? Hank Cardello of the Obesity Solutions Initiative, a research group in Washington DC, cracks open a can of diet ginger ale and tells us. "You have to look at ways of expanding the tool kit of solutions," he says. "The typical regulatory tool kit is tax, ban, limit, constrain - those kinds of anti-growth words, if you would. They're anathema to what the companies have to do. "We should ban the word 'should'. It's like a parent talking to a child. 'You should eat better, you should do this.' "No. When broccoli tastes like a cheeseburger, I'll eat more broccoli. You don't lecture to people to get them to change." But in Berkeley, a short drive from San Francisco, Josh Daniels sees things very differently. He was the co-chair of the "Yes on Measure D" campaign, which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of introducing a soda tax in November 2014 - the first in the US. The tax is one cent per ounce, which amounts to about 10% of the value of a bottle of soda, just as in Mexico. It raises about $150,000 per month for health-focused community initiatives. "I came to understand the damage that sugary drinks have been doing," says Josh. "By showing that Mexico did it and was successful, it gave support to our position that this was a viable policy." Now the city is leading the way for other US cities, he says, 31 of which have already tried and failed to introduce a tax, but may try again. The idea of a sugar tax has also been floated in the UK. In October a report by Public Health England recommended a tax of between 10% and 20% on high-sugar products as one measure needed to achieve a "meaningful" reduction in sugar consumption. Food Standards Scotland also proposed a sugar tax two weeks ago. "I don't really want to put new taxes on to anything but we do have to recognise that we face potentially in Britain something of an obesity crisis," Prime Minister David Cameron said last month, promising to announced details of a "fully worked-up programme" to tackle obesity later in the year. In Mexico, the tax may be working but sometimes it can be hard to see how. Across the country, corner shops are painted red and white, reminding Mexicans where their loyalties lie. Posters tempt school children with cheap offers of fizzy drinks and sugary snacks on their way to school. It makes you wonder whether Mexico's thirst for pop can ever be truly quenched. Do you think sugar companies should pay a "sin tax"? What role should government play? The BBC World Service is holding a live debate on Friday 5 February at 13:00 GMT. Send your questions to [email protected] or via Twitter to @bbcworldservice using the hashtag #bbcdiabetes Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

One of the biggest economic experiments of our age is coming to an end.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Andrew WalkerBBC World Service Economics correspondent The United States Federal Reserve has called time on "quantitative easing" (QE), a policy that has pumped trillions of dollars into the US financial system. The jury is still out - and will be for a long time - on whether it has worked. There are real anxieties about what the consequences will ultimately be. For now though the Fed's main policy making committee has concluded that "there has been a substantial improvement in the outlook for the labor market" and "there is sufficient underlying strength in the broader economy". So, QE is being wound up this month. It started back in November 2008. The financial system in the US and beyond was still reeling from the failure of the investment bank Lehman Brothers. There were widespread fears about the wider economic consequences. Were we looking at the prospect of another Great Depression? In the US the Federal Reserve had almost run out of its traditional ammunition, cutting interest rates. So it embarked on something that was new, at least for the Fed, namely QE. So what is it? Instead of reducing the price of money - that is, cutting interest rates - the Fed increases the quantity of money. It does that by going into the financial markets to buy assets and it creates new money to pay for them. The Fed has focused on buying two types of assets: government debt or Treasury bonds, and assets backed by home loans. The next question is: how is it supposed to work? The first step is the impact on the price of the type of assets the Fed buys. More demand (from the Fed) raises the price. To put it another way, there is less supply of these assets available for everyone else, which also tends to raise their price. Then many of the sellers of these assets use the money to buy something else, pushing the prices of those other assets up too. That in turn has implications for interest rates. Bonds are a kind of IOU, a promise to pay certain sums of money in the future. Governments and some companies use them to borrow money. They sell them in the financial markets. The higher the price they get the lower the interest rate they are in effect paying. If it all goes to plan that effect can filter through the economy and reduce interest rates for many borrowers. John Williams, a senior Fed official spelled it out in a speech in 2012 and it's worth quoting at some length: "If the Fed buys significant quantities of longer-term Treasury securities or mortgage-backed securities, then the supply of those securities available to the public falls. "As supply falls, the prices of those securities rise and their yields decline. The effects extend to other longer-term securities. "Mortgage rates and corporate bond yields fall as investors who sold securities to the Fed invest that money elsewhere. "Hence, [QE] drives down a broad range of longer-term borrowing rates. And lower rates get households and businesses to spend more than they otherwise would, boosting economic activity." The aim is to push down interest rates paid by business and households even lower than is possible by using the central bank's own conventional interest rate policies. It's worth bearing in mind what that conventional policy is in the US. The Federal Reserve has a target for the overnight interest rate on lending between commercial banks - it's called the federal funds rate. Reducing that does usually affect interest rates for everybody else. But when the target is practically zero as it now is, it can't go lower. So that's where QE comes in. It provides a tool for getting rates lower for companies and consumers. While the most important effect is on borrowing costs, QE is also thought to have been responsible for much of the strength of stock markets. Shares are among the assets that investors have bought with all the new money they have received from the Fed. The graph highlights the impact of the Fed's QE programme. It shows the changing level of what is called the monetary base. It's made up of cash and "reserves", money held by commercial banks at the Federal Reserve. Before the financial crisis it grew steadily, but then increased dramatically from late 2008 as the Fed created new money as it sought to stimulate the US economy. What impact? So that's what QE is. But has it worked? Its supporters say it has kept interest rates low for households and firms, stimulated job creation and saved the US economy from a much more severe downturn, even another Great Depression. Critics say it could lead to a new financial crisis, raging inflation and has punished responsible savers. So let's take those arguments, starting with the case for QE. Establishing the impact is not a straightforward question. It's not a matter of is the US economy in better or worse shape than it was, but is it better or worse than it would have been without QE? And of course you can't observe what the US economy would have looked like in those hypothetical circumstances. So economists have tried to work out what difference QE has made. With that caveat in mind, the former Federal Reserve chairman, Ben Bernanke, said in 2012: "There is substantial evidence that the Federal Reserve's asset purchases have lowered longer-term yields and eased broader financial conditions." He also said that the first two rounds of QE raised economic activity by almost 3% and increased private sector jobs by two million - compared to what would have happened without QE. Fed official John Williams said later the same year: "We're at long last seeing signs of life in the housing market. Likewise, cheap auto financing rates have spurred car sales. And historically low corporate bond rates encourage businesses to start new projects and hire more workers." Having said that, QE has not given the US a particularly strong recovery. It has been weaker than many previous post-recession rebounds. Nonetheless Roger Bootle of Capital Economics thinks it was worthwhile. He wrote: "I suspect that in the US it (QE), and the other support programmes, prevented a complete disaster." So that's the case for the defence. But there are plenty of opponents with quite a catalogue of criticisms. A recurrent theme is the idea that QE creates a danger of surging inflation. The policy involves creating new money - an awful lot of a particular type of money - and there is a long history of economic theory that argues that rapid increases in the money supply eventually leads to higher inflation. At this point it's important to note what type of money the Fed has been creating. It's called reserves - money held by commercial banks in accounts at the central bank. In some circumstances increasing reserves can lead banks to lend more to the public, which creates new money in their accounts. But this time the increase in reserves did not translate into anything like as large an increase in money in the hands of the public and inflation has so far remained relatively subdued. Inflation pressure Prof Martin Feldstein of Harvard University says the risk is that banks might in the future use their reserves to expand lending to firms and households, which would increase the money supply and add to inflationary pressure. But he also says the Fed has options to prevent higher inflation. Some, including some Fed insiders, are worried that it will be difficult to get it right. One recently retired Fed economist warned of a serious inflation risk. Prof Allan Meltzer of Carnegie Mellon University supports the first stages of QE but says "the benefits ended long ago". He worries that by buying government debt or bonds, the Fed is in effect financing what he calls outsize deficits: "Sooner or later the results are inflation, always and everywhere." Prof John Cochrane of Chicago University has another criticism. He describes QE as a policy that creates a lot of noise but no real effect. It has no stimulative effect, but nor is it inflationary. But it's not harmless, he says. It distracts attention from what he considers the real obstacles to growth - tax and regulatory barriers. Then there is the idea that QE punishes savers, by driving down interest rates, while it rewards borrowers, some of them irresponsible ones. A study by the consultants McKinsey, published in 2013, found that the combined effect of low Fed interest rates and QE had cost US households $360bn (£220bn). By and large younger households - who are more likely to be borrowers - had gained; older ones - with more savings - had lost. Other estimates have put the figure even higher. The Fed's policies have even been described as a "war on seniors". There are also concerns about the impact of QE on financial markets. Has it created a danger of another bout of financial instability? The International Monetary Fund referred to that possibility in a recent report. Fuelling risk The IMF accepted that policies such as QE were important for economic recovery but it also warned of a danger of "excessive financial risk taking". Low interest rates make it cheap to borrow money to invest in financial assets. They also encourage investors to look for alternative assets that have higher returns, which are usually also riskier. They may be bonds issued by less creditworthy businesses, or shares in companies with uncertain prospects. That brings us to another criticism. One alternative chosen by many US investors seeking something more lucrative was to put money into emerging markets. In the process they drove up the value of many of the currencies. Many people in those countries worried that they would be made less competitive as a result. In 2010 the Brazilian Finance Minister, Guido Mantega, called it a "currency war". More recently that concern was turned on its head after the Fed signalled last year that QE was likely to be gradually "tapered" or discontinued. There were some episodes in which emerging market currencies fell markedly as investors pulled money back to the US anticipating the end of QE and the prospect of higher interest rates. The concern about competitiveness was overtaken by worries that falling currencies in emerging economies might aggravate inflation. QE is one, perhaps the most important, of a range of tools often described as "unconventional monetary policies". That is quite an understatement. Throwing huge sums of money at the financial markets is something that would normally bring a central banker out in a cold sweat. But the financial crisis was such a challenge that it led them to use tools they would normally keep locked away. One former Fed official once put it like this: "You don't want to be found dead after a shoot-out with unused ammunition." So QE may be ending, but we can be sure the debate about its impact will not. Has it saved the US, and perhaps the rest of us, from economic disaster? Or has it sowed the seeds for the next financial crisis? Quantitative Easing: Step by step

For those who commit violent crimes while suffering from a mental illness, treatment at a secure hospital often replaces imprisonment. If the patients get better, they can be released into the community under supervision, but that is always a complex decision.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Sanchia BergToday programme The Ministry of Justice approves each step of the process for releasing a secure hospital patient who has committed a crime. First, there is time spent on the hospital grounds with a member of staff. Then time spent alone, then time in the community, and so on. Mental health tribunals generally decide on whether someone can be finally discharged. In all this, doctors' advice is crucial. The Bethlem Royal Hospital, part of the South London and the Maudsley NHS Trust, occupies a huge site in south London - low buildings scattered in nearly 300 acres of gardens, park, and woods. It's very different from its foundation in central London, as the crowded "Bedlam" - Europe's first psychiatric institution, where in past centuries patients were on show for wealthy visitors to gawp at. The hospital treats in- and out-patients with a range of illnesses. Since 2008, it has also had secure beds for over 100 patients - typically men who've committed serious crimes while mentally ill. Those include violent offences like murder, or rape, while in the grip of severe illness - often paranoid schizophrenia or psychosis. Many will stay in these units for years, on medication, going through therapy. The smaller ward, Chaffinch House, is the patients' gateway to the outside world. They're transferred there when their condition stabilises, and doctors consider they might be safe to release. It's a staged process, every step approved by the Ministry of Justice. If all goes well, they can be discharged permanently. If a forensic patient does reoffend, it's inevitably headline news. Such was the case with Leslie Gadsby in Liverpool, who murdered his mother, having spent two years in a secure unit after killing his father. At the Bethlem Royal, they've had no such incidents so far. Of 150 patients released since 2008, 20 became ill again and had to go back to hospital - four were involved in an offence, but according to consultant psychiatrist Dr Tim McInerny "nothing more serious than assault". Considering the patients' original crimes, and their illnesses and vulnerabilities, he sees those figures as a success. On a Thursday morning in Chaffinch Ward, a small conference room fills up with doctors, psychologists, nursing staff, social workers and therapists. This is the weekly ward round, where the team assess the patients' progress. There are cameras. There's also a red panic button and notices on the wall advising how to call for help. On the table is a pile of chocolate doughnuts - this is a long, gruelling meeting, looking at each case in detail. McInerny says their approach is cautious and careful - he doesn't worry when releasing patients. "Behaviour is the best way of monitoring what's happening inside their minds," he says. "It's our almost 24-hour monitoring and observation which gives us the best indication of whether they're achieving maturity responsibility and safety." One of the first patients up for review is a man who due to be discharged after a lengthy stay. He had been moved to a hostel in his home borough, prior to being released. It's part of the staggered approach adopted by the hospital. But the patient had smoked heroin and cocaine with another resident and was seen by staff dancing around with "glazed eyes". Now he's back in the unit. He is tremendously apologetic. "I'm so sorry Dr Tim - I promise it won't happen again," he says, walking sheepishly through the door. Drugs and alcohol are triggers for many of the conditions that brought the patients to hospital - they have to avoid them as a condition of release. The patient is told that he has to stay clear of drugs for the next week - and then he can try another night in the hostel. McInerny suspects the patient doesn't really want to leave. The average stay in secure hospitals is four years, and some patients have been transferred from prison. Leaving the institution can be daunting. But there's tremendous demand for beds in the unit, especially for patients who become ill in prison. I speak to one patient, "Fred", who has spent four-and-a-half years in the hospital and is preparing for release. He says intensive group therapy helped him "unlock" his emotions - he used to "put them in a box in my head and forget about them. Or I'd use drugs and alcohol to disguise them." He says he could now "empathise" with people who were sad - which he hadn't been able to do before. "Fred" says he would manage without the intensive therapy and support available in the hospital. I ask him whether he'd be "safe" for others in the community. "I hope so," he says. "I can't say that I'm going to be a completely normal personality because nobody is normal." Wryly, he adds: "If you find a normal person, let me know." The doctors say their service has been relatively well funded - especially compared with some other psychiatric services - because of the risk to public safety. However demand is rising, especially from prisons, where charities have warned about the lack of mental health provision, and where suicide and self harm rates are rising. Whenever a patient leaves Chaffinch, their bed is very quickly filled. Pictures by Ed Ram Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

The appeal against the verdict of the first court martial by former Army Commander Sarath Fonseka will be heard under a new panel of judges.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: This follows the withdrawal of one of the judges of the two member bench, D.S.C.Lekamwasam who wanted to pull out due to personal reasons. The president of the panel is Judge Sathya Hettige. Objections The prosecuting lawyers appearing for former Army Commander, Sarath Fonseka said that the petitioner had objected to Judge Sathya Hettige’s sitting in the case. The Appeal Court considering these facts had ordered that the petition be heard under a new panel of judges on October 15. Former Army commander challenging the verdict of the first court martial requested the court to overturn the decision that stripped him of military rank. The first court martial found Sarath Fonseka guilty for involvement in politics while in service.

Professional wrestler Bret Hart was attacked by a man while delivering a speech at a World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) event in New York.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Video footage showed the attacker charging into the ring, grabbing Mr Hart and pulling him to the floor. The suspect, identified by police as Zachary Mason, 26, faces charges of assault and trespassing. Mr Hart, 61, better known by his wrestling name "Hitman", has had a career spanning five decades. Fellow wrestling stars Shane McMahon, Xavier Woods, Tyson Kidd, and Curtis Axel were among those who rushed to Mr Hart's aid. The suspect was held by security guards until police arrived to arrest him. Following the incident on Saturday, Mr Hart did not need medical attention and continued with his speech.

Sun loungers separated by plexiglass. Blood tests and sanitiser spray-downs before flights. These might sound extreme, but they are real measures some in the travel industry are looking at to keep holidaymakers feeling safe and comfortable in a post-lockdown world.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Mal SiretBBC News It's too early to say when international travel might restart again - Argentina, for example, has extended flight bans until September and a UK minister has said he won't be booking a summer holiday anytime soon. But what will overseas trips look like when they're able to be taken again? Here's what you might expect. The airport Many airports, including in London, have already introduced measures to cater for essential travellers based on government guidelines - so they might sound familiar. These include between one and two-metre distancing at all times (excluding people who live together), hand sanitisers distributed throughout the airport and efforts to spread passengers more evenly across terminals. In the US, the Transport Security Administration (TSA) says travellers should wash their hands for 20 seconds - in accordance with official guidelines - before and after the security screening process. But, at Hong Kong International Airport, testing is under way on a full-body disinfectant device. This, the airport says, can sanitise users within 40 seconds, using sprays that kill bacteria and viruses on skin and clothing. The airport is also trialling autonomous cleaning robots that move around killing microbes by zapping them with ultraviolet light. Similar robots have been tested in makeshift hospital rooms. Airports that have electronic check-in kiosks are encouraging passengers to use them where possible to avoid unnecessary interaction. Most will display posters that explain guidance measures and instructions throughout their buildings. James Thornton, chief executive of Intrepid travel group, says the process of passing through airports is likely to take longer because of stricter checks. "Just as taking out liquids and devices before going through machines has become the norm, so too will new social distancing guidelines," he says, adding: "It's possible we'll see the introduction of an immunity passport." Earlier this year, several airports announced they were introducing "thermal detection screening" in efforts to prevent the further spread of the virus overseas. However, the procedure divided experts on its effectiveness, as some people are said to be asymptomatic, and many airports will not be introducing it. Some have gone further, though, with Emirates offering passengers rapid Covid-19 blood tests prior to boarding at Dubai airport terminals. Emirates says the tests produce results within 10 minutes. On the plane As you take your seat, you'll have to picture the usual smiles from the flight attendants, who will most likely be wearing masks. You might choose to smile back, but you'll probably be wearing one, too - as more and more countries recommend their use. Your mind, meanwhile, should be at ease in the knowledge that most major airlines will have stepped up their cleaning and sanitation procedures, leaving your tray table, seat rest and safety belt suitably disinfected. If you've booked your flight with Korean Air, don't be alarmed if people appear in the aisle wearing full personal protective equipment (PPE), as the airline says it plans to issue cabin crew with gowns, gloves and eye masks. This might be as good a time as any to appreciate that you won't be sharing either of your armrests, as most airlines have said that flights will not be fully booked and middle seats will be kept empty (at least to begin with). An airline pilot for Tui, who asked to be named only as Christian, said that while spreading passengers on a plane made sense in respect of distancing guidelines, it could prove "hugely prohibitive" and costly. "Losing a third of seats means either that airlines fly at a loss, or we go back to the good old days when a Paris to Nice return ticket used to cost £1,000 (€1,145; $1,245) in today's money." Christian says countries that rely heavily on tourism are already contacting operators. "I believe that we will see a small restart of flights to selected destinations towards the end of the season." At your destination How does an Italian beach holiday sound? Well, you could find yourself weaving between tall sheets of plexiglass used to separate sun loungers as you look for a shady spot in the sand. "I've seen drawings," says Ulf Sonntag of the Institute for Tourism Research in Northern Europe, "they are seriously considering this as an idea in Italy." Mr Sonntag says European destinations are also looking at ways to manage guests at hotels, including only permitting every other hotel to open, or every other room within a building to be occupied. "If the central aim is social distancing, then they have to work with that. It's not looking like pools can open at Mediterranean resorts," he adds. While restaurants are looking at spreading tables more sparsely, one Portuguese hotel chain, Vila Gale, said it had been "stocking up on hand sanitisers" and "drawing up a la carte menus to replace buffets". Nikolaos Sipsas, a professor of medicine in Athens, agrees that buffet meals are a big risk, along with pools, bars and beaches. "I see Greek beaches being sparsely populated, in other words there will be bathers, but they won't be close to each other. We will not see the phenomenon of organised beaches with towels right next to each other," he says. Other European countries have been discussing "tourist corridors" to connect areas and member states least affected by Covid-19. Croatia, for example, has already said that it may provide tourists from the Czech Republic and Slovakia with special access to its beaches this summer. Will this change the future of travel for good? You might not have enjoyed the sound of that hypothetical overseas holiday. And you're probably not alone. The fact is, more holidays in future are likely to be taken at home. "People are likely to be travelling less internationally, what used to be called a staycation will change, and could become the norm," Andy Rutherford, founder of UK-based tour operator Fresh Eyes, says. In the wake of the global pandemic, ship cruises, ski holidays and long-haul flights could lose their appeal, especially as the focus returns to green technology and ways to tackle the climate crisis, Mr Rutherford says. "Our commitment to travel must be based on mutual respect, solidarity and responsibility." Mr Sonntag agrees the pandemic may result in a change of habits: "Domestic travel might make people realise that you don't always need to travel so far." A recent survey by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) found that 60% of people questioned would wait for two months before booking flights after the coronavirus is contained - 40% said they would wait for at least six months. Boeing, which has cut 10% of its global workforce in response to Covid-19, has said it does not expect air travel to return to 2019 levels until at least 2023. IAG, the parent company of British Airways, said it could take "several years".

It's exactly half a century since the premiere of Fiddler on the Roof - among the most successful stage musicals written to date. In 1964 Sheldon Harnick and his colleagues worried that the setting, a small Jewish township in eastern Europe in the early 1900s, might limit the show's appeal. But, says Harnick, the show's real subject is a universal one - family.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Vincent DowdArts correspondent, BBC World Service Sheldon Harnick is 90 and in a long career he's seen a lot change in New York theatre. "Back in the Sixties," he recalls, "if you were producing a show you did backers' auditions to raise the money." "I remember one audition for Fiddler. As people left I heard someone say dismissively 'Oh once they run out of Hadassah benefits there'll be absolutely no audience for it'. At the time I feared maybe they were right." In America Hadassah is the main Jewish women's organisation. Fiddler on the Roof was the fifth show written by lyricist Harnick and composer Jerry Bock. The others had been flops or had modest financial success. The show's script was by Joseph Stein. Bock and Stein both died in 2010. "Years before, a friend sent me a novel called Wandering Star about a travelling Yiddish theatre group in eastern Europe. I loved it so I asked Joe Stein would it work as a musical. "Joe said it was too big and had too many characters but we dug out other pieces by the same author, Shalom Aleichem. We found a book of short stories called Teyve's Daughters: that's where Fiddler came from." Fiddler on the Roof opened at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit on July 27th 1964. On Broadway it would be the first musical to exceed 3,000 performances and in 1972 it became the longest running Broadway musical to date. (Several shows have overtaken it since.) Sheldon Harnick says ultimately he decided the play's setting was secondary. "People thought it was the great Jewish musical which obviously is thrilling. But I've been watching audiences react now for 50 years and at heart the story is about family. It's the most universal story there is." Every songwriting duo writes in a different way: Bock and Harnick's method was to be in different rooms. "Jerry would put the music onto tape as piano pieces. I'd get a reel of tape delivered which sometimes contained eight or ten pieces for my consideration. "I would listen and maybe in a couple of numbers something caught my attention and I'd get to work on a lyric. It could be a wonderful waltz or I might pick up on a little march theme. That was how a show came together. "People told us we were brave to be doing a very specifically Jewish show. I used to tell them I spent three years in World War II in the army fighting Hitler. Maybe that was brave: this was just Broadway." Fifty years ago it was the norm to open a musical well away from New York to give a chance to sort out problems. Harnick remembers the experience vividly. "Detroit was in the middle of a newspaper strike which meant we got no publicity. It was a five-week run and Harold Prince, the producer, told me we had no bookings after the third week and disaster loomed. "But you just get on with fixing the show. I remember the director Jerome Robbins telling the cast we would fix one thing a day with the script or the staging and that way we'd get to New York in good shape." When finally Fiddler on the Roof reached Broadway the critics were full of praise for the star Zero Mostel, who played the dairyman Tevye. The New York Times said his performance was "one of the most glowing creations in the history of the musical theatre". "Zero Mostel was a comedic genius," says Harnick. "He was extraordinarily inventive but unfortunately that inventiveness meant he wasn't suited to giving the same performance six times a week plus matinees. He got bored and a bored star can be problematic. "Zero would ad lib lines. Or he stood where he wasn't supposed to stand and destroyed other actors' cues. "He would create bits of stage business to delight the audience and stop the show. But that was the problem: he stopped the show. He had a real talent but he was also impossible." After nine months the central role of Tevye was recast. "I told Zero I was sorry to see him go. But he said you're just sorry to see the box-office grosses fall. Actually when he left the box-office didn't fall, which broke Zero's heart." In London, the role of Tevye was taken by Israeli actor Chaim Topol, who went on to star in the 1971 film. Harnick liked his performance but says the best Tevye ever was an actor little known outside America called Herschel Bernardi. Reaching the age of 40, Harnick found himself with the biggest hit on Broadway. Songs such as If I Were A Rich Man, Sunrise Sunset and Matchmaker were heard everywhere. "The early shows I did with Jerry more or less persuaded me I could have a career as a writer, though there were days when I doubted even that. "My first show had been a five-week flop and She Loves Me (1963) was what people politely term a 'succes d'estime' - meaning it got good reviews but didn't pay off the investors. So I think you could call Fiddler's success comforting for everyone concerned. I became financially secure and I was sought after as a lyricist." In 1970, Bock and Harnick returned to Broadway with The Rothschilds. But tensions arose and the writing team hailed as the new Rodgers and Hammerstein split up. Harnick later worked with composers including Michel Legrand. Today he's often asked to give advice to young would-be composers and lyricists. "My first advice to anyone who wants to write lyrics is simple - read widely. "You never know what your assignment is going to be. It's important to feel comfortable in most genres and different styles. So even in this online age, I tell everyone read, read, read. "A lyricist is a kind of playwright. You need to be able to write for character and situation. What would these characters speak like? How were they educated? Those are the questions you need answers to." At 90, Harnick still goes to almost every new musical on Broadway. "For one thing I'm a Tony voter so I'm required to see them and at today's prices that saves me thousands of dollars. But I'm not someone who complains about the state of musical theatre: there's real talent out there. A new staging of Fiddler on the Roof is due on Broadway next year. In the meantime Harnick still takes an interest in productions around the world. "I've been with my wife Margery to see it in Holland and Finland and Japan and many other places. I always listen for where the laughs come. There's sentiment in Fiddler, sure, and maybe a kind of nostalgia. But to hear an audience laugh at a show you wrote all those years ago - that's a thrill."

Seventy-five years after the Munich Agreement signed with Hitler, the name of Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister at the time, is still synonymous with weakness and appeasement. Is this fair, asks historian Robert Self.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: During his 21-hour filibuster denouncing President Barack Obama's healthcare law, popularly known as Obamacare, last week, Ted Cruz, the conservative Republican senator for Texas, claimed that Neville Chamberlain had once told the British people, "Accept the Nazis. Yes, they'll dominate the continent of Europe but that's not our problem." Admittedly Cruz's speech was notable more for its near record-breaking length than its historical understanding, but this derogatory reference reflects the continuing potency of a well-established conventional wisdom assiduously propagated by Chamberlain's detractors after his fall from the premiership in May 1940. As Churchill is once supposed to have quipped, "Poor Neville will come badly out of history. I know, I will write that history". In his influential account The Gathering Storm, published in 1948, Churchill characterised Chamberlain as "an upright, competent, well meaning man" fatally handicapped by a deluded self-confidence which compounded an already debilitating lack of both vision and diplomatic experience. For many years, this seductive version of events remained unchallenged and unchallengeable. As Cruz's comments illustrate, Churchill's caricature of the 1930s, painted in compelling monochromatic shades of black and white, good versus evil, courage in "standing up to Hitler" versus craven appeasement, continues to strike a responsive note even today. The Munich agreement, which later came to symbolise the evils of appeasement, was signed 75 years ago, in the early hours of 30 September. At Munich, Britain and France acquiesced in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and the transfer of its Sudeten region to Germany in face of Hitler's increasingly bellicose threats of military action. Chamberlain's hopes that this humiliating sacrifice would satisfy Hitler's last major territorial demand and thus avert another catastrophic war were dashed within four months. After this monumental failure of policy Chamberlain's name became an abusive synonym for vacillation, weakness, immoral great-power diplomacy and, above all, the craven appeasement of bullies - whatever the price in national honour. Despite his many achievements in domestic policy, therefore, ultimately Chamberlain's reputation remains indelibly stained by Munich and the failure of his very personal brand of diplomacy. As he confessed in the Commons at the outbreak of war, "Everything I have worked for, everything that I have hoped for, everything that I have believed in during my public life, has crashed into ruins." Posterity has judged him accordingly - to the detriment of any more balanced evaluation of the man and the problems he confronted during the late 1930s. In retrospect, the depressing reality is that there was probably no right answer to the crucial problems confronting British policy makers at the time. By the mid-1930s Britain was defending a vast and vulnerable empire encompassing a quarter of the world's territory and population, with the dismally depleted military resources of a third-rate power. Worse still, since 1934 the Cabinet had grimly recognised that it was "beyond the resources of this country to make proper provision in peace for defence of the British Empire against three major powers in three different theatres of war". Furthermore, the threat posed separately by Japan, Germany and Italy was compounded by the conviction that war with any one of them would inevitably provoke opportunistic "mad dog" acts by the others. As the leader of a militarily weak and overstretched empire, such fears were crucial in shaping Chamberlain's strategy, but this meant steering a course within the relatively narrow parameters defined by a complex inter-related web of geo-strategic, military, economic, financial, industrial, intelligence and electoral constraints. Despite interminable scholarly debate, no consensus has emerged - particularly about the degree of choice enjoyed by policy makers in the face of such threats and constraints. Yet notwithstanding Chamberlain's personal predilection for negotiation, what is beyond question is that he perceived himself to be a prisoner of forces largely beyond his control. As he noted stoically in January 1938, "In the absence of any powerful ally, and until our armaments are completed, we must adjust our foreign policy to our circumstances, and even bear with patience and good humour actions which we should like to treat in a very different fashion." His pragmatic response to this conundrum was a "double policy" of rearmament at a pace the economy could sustain, while simultaneously seeking better relations with the dictators in the belief that only by redressing Germany's legitimate grievances would it be possible to remove the military threat - or failing that, to expose Hitler as an insatiable megalomaniac bent on world domination. As Chamberlain told Lord Halifax, his foreign secretary, the underlying strategy was to hope for the best while preparing for the worst. When seen from this perspective, Chamberlain faced a brutally simple choice at Munich. Was Britain prepared to threaten Germany with war on behalf of a state which it certainly could not save and which would probably never be resurrected in its existing form? There was the absolute certainty that any attempt to do so would provoke a ruinous and probably un-winnable war which would slaughter millions, bring in Japan and Italy, destroy the British Empire, squander its wealth and undermine its position as a Great Power. When confronted by this unenviable dilemma, Chamberlain concluded that such an outcome would be far more disastrous for the empire, Europe and the long-term victory of good over evil than territorial concessions in the Sudetenland which Britain could not prevent and to which Germany had some ostensibly legitimate claim. Despite the complete failure of his efforts to preserve peace, Chamberlain went to his grave in November 1940 confident that history would eventually vindicate his policy and rehabilitate his reputation. Alas, this was his greatest miscalculation of all. "Poor Neville" did come badly out of history - and largely because Churchill wrote that history to ensure his own carefully crafted version of the 1930s would become the one indelibly etched upon the collective consciousness. As Cruz's comments illustrate, the abiding popular image of Neville Chamberlain remains that of a naive tragicomic figure clutching a worthless piece of paper inscribed with the legend "Peace for our time". You can follow the Magazine on Twitter and on Facebook

Fans of a popular Chinese video blogger who called herself "Your Highness Qiao Biluo" have been left stunned after a technical glitch during one of her live-streams revealed her to be a middle-aged woman and not the young glamorous girl they thought her to be.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Dhruti Shah & Kerry AllenBBC News & BBC Monitoring The revelation has led to discussions about standards of beauty across the country's social media platforms. The blogger, who initially boasted a follower count of more than 100,000 on Douyu, is believed to have used a filter on her face during her appearances, and had been renowned for her "sweet and healing voice". China's Global Times said she had been "worshipped" as a "cute goddess" by some members of her loyal audience with some fans even giving her more than 100,000 yuan ($14,533, £11,950). However, live-streaming platform Lychee News says the incident happened on 25 July, during a joint live-stream with another user, Qingzi on the Douyu platform. The Global Times reports that all was as normal and that her fans urged her to show her face and remove her filter but she refused, instead apparently saying: "I can't show my face until I receive gifts worth 100,000 yuan ($11,950). After all, I'm a good-looking host." Followers began to send her donations with the largest reported to be 40,000 yuan ($5,813, £4,780) during the session. However, at some point, it seems the filter being used by the vlogger stopped working and her real face became visible to her viewers. She is reported to have noticed only when people who had signed up to her VIP access room started exiting en masse. Many of her original followers - especially men - are said to have stopped following her and withdrawn their transactions after seeing her true identity. Most commentators said her followers were gullible, superficial and deserved to be "tricked" into parting with their cash gifts without first verifying her identity. Users on both Bilibili and YouTube have captured the footage . Qiao Biluo has since suspended her platform according to Weibo users, who are debating the impact of what happened. Some users are saying it's good riddance to her for conning people out of their money. But others question the IQ of the men throwing money at her. Some users are more sympathetic, asking people not to judge her by her appearance, noting that her popularity came from her voice, and that she might have to seek therapy after the backlash. And some are praising the other live-streamer, Qingzi, who showed no reaction to Qiao Biluo's face being revealed. How to stand out? The story has been incredibly popular across Chinese social networks with more than 600 million people reading posts that use a hashtag which translates to "female vlogger experiences bug showing her old lady face" and more than 50,000 using the hashtag itself. China has more than 425 million live-streamers and the use of face filters is something that is common across the myriad of social platforms. The country is extremely nervous about the growing popularity of live-streaming. Broadcast media in China is tightly controlled, and with the exception of news coverage, footage on TV needs weeks of approval before it can be aired. Live-streamers are discouraged from broadcasting in a public sphere, and are extremely restricted on what they can say. Expressing their opinions could result in a backlash from the authorities if the content is deemed to be politically sensitive or against government rhetoric. They also have to be careful that they are not seen to be "vulgar". Consequently, many live-streamers simply sing karaoke in their bedrooms, or eat snacks for hours on end. And the highly lucrative industry is saturated by young female users, who will go to extreme lengths to stand out. In another twist, the attention the story has attracted means that although Qiao Biluo stopped live-streaming after the incident, her Douyu profile page now has 650,000 followers.

"Musical Hogwarts" is how Chris Martin describes it. To Liam Gallagher it's the "Big Brother House with tunes", but for Ozzy Osbourne it's the birthplace of heavy metal.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Peter ShuttleworthBBC Wales News It's where Oasis created their masterpieces, where Bohemian Rhapsody came to life and where Coldplay's journey into the musical stratosphere took off. A long way from the bright lights, the ramshackle old farm "in the middle of nowhere" near the Welsh-English border has become known for its decades of stellar output. And some of the world's greatest rocks stars have now paid homage to Rockfield Studios with the story of its legacy having been made into a feature film to be premiered on the BBC on Saturday night. Blink and you'll miss Rockfield as you travel north out of Monmouth on the B4233 in south Wales. The cattle and pig farm on the Monnow Valley floor has for years been the place where careers are defined and where rock royalty hang out. It is to recording studios what Glastonbury is to music festivals - run by farmers, on a working farm and fiercely independent. But it all started with a snub. Brothers Kingsley and Charles Ward had hoped to record at EMI in London in the 1960s but were turned down by legendary producer and "fifth Beatle" George Martin. So they decided to buy the gear and set up for themselves - and Rockfield Studios was born. Almost 60 years later, they are able to boast that almost everyone across the globe will know a song recorded in their old barn or pig shed. And it was in these most tranquil and sedate of settings that the loudest of music was born - and with it, two heavy metal godfathers. How Ozzy became the Prince of Darkness The first was the late, legendary Lemmy, a former roadie for Jimi Hendrix who turned up at Rockfield in 1972 to record his first material as the newest member of Hawkwind, kickstarting a career which led to him founding Motorhead and immortality with their metal anthem Ace of Spades. The other is the now the head of one of TV's most famous families and lives among Hollywood A-listers in opulent Beverly Hills - but Ozzy Osbourne traces his fame and fortune back to the little homestead. Rock music's Prince of Darkness was one of the first to use Rockfield's newly-built Coach House Studio in 1970 as his new band Black Sabbath fine-tuned their breakthrough hit Paranoid. "We were very loud and Rockfield allowed us the freedom," Osbourne recalls. "Because no-one would allow us to play as loud as that. The roof tiles were rattling. "We didn't think, 'let's invent heavy metal', it just happened. "Rockfield will always be a part of me. I can go and live in Beverly Hills but for some reason I end up back in Rockfield. It's just magic." Paranoid by Black Sabbath was put together and rehearsed at Rockfield in 1970 and went on to be considered one of the greatest heavy metal songs of all time. Is this the real life? Is this just fantasy? It was in Rockfield's old horse tack room where the final piece of a six-minute rock operetta was lovingly mastered by Queen in the summer of 1975. When the studio's co-owner Kingsley Ward walked in on Freddie Mercury playing on the dusty old piano in the corner of the food store, little did he know he was getting an exclusive preview into what would eventually become one of the most acclaimed songs of all time. "I went in and Freddie was sat in the corner - he was probably doing the finishing touches to Bohemian Rhapsody. Then it was called Freddie's Thing," says Kingsley. The release of Bohemian Rhapsody was a defining moment for band and studio. The track is Rockfield's most famous export and the song that made Queen a household name across the world, recorded at the studio during a six-week stint in 1975. It's just Bowie hanging out with Iggy Later, the great David Bowie ended his 1970s decade of dominance - including anthems such as Heroes, Changes and Starman - by eating cheese in Monmouth with a friend famous for his Lust for Life. Simple Minds frontman Jim Kerr takes up the story. "We were recording in the Coach House Studio and we were curious to know who was in the main studio," he says. "We could not believe it was none other than Iggy Pop. Not only was that mind-blowing but Bowie turned up and he looked as you'd always imagined David Bowie looking. "It was so Rockfield - he had this huge bit of cheese in his hand and a can of Heineken." Although Simple Minds wrote their breakthrough hit Promised You A Miracle in Monmouth, they actually recorded it at new record label Virgin's own residential studio. That became the pattern - labels began to use their own studios and Rockfield, an independent beacon for so long, was on the rocks. "There was loads of studios and only a certain amount of work to go around - then dreaded dance music turned up and it wasn't what we did," says Kingsley. Computers replaced recording studios and technology took over. From the endless bookings of the 70s, Kingsley Ward's wife Ann took several book-keeping jobs to keep Rockfield alive during the late 80s. "Then in 1989 and 1990, there was a massive recession and the music industry suddenly caved in completely," says Kingsley in the film Rockfield: The Studio On The Farm. Then came their second coming - literally so - as one infamous band saved Rockfield with an album by that name. A Rockfield resurrection The Stone Roses' self-titled first album had been a massive success, with the band laying down Waterfall and I Am The Resurrection at Rockfield after their Battery Sessions in London had proved a slog. And when they decided to return to Rockfield to record the follow-up, it was a pivotal moment in the studios' survival. Producer John Leckie, who first recommended Rockfield to the Roses, said their new American record company "were quite prepared to throw lots of money - millions of pounds - at the band to do whatever they wanted." That was music to Rockfield's ears, as times were tough when the Roses arrived in 1992 to plan their Second Coming. Its lead single Love Spreads was recorded at Rockfield sometime between 1992 and 1994 and was the band's first new material released for more than two-and-a-half years. It was their highest place record in the UK chart, reaching No 2 in November 1994. "They booked in officially for a couple of weeks," Lisa Ward, Kingsley's daughter and now office manager, explains in the film. "But they stayed. It was 13 months in the end. That saved us. The Stone Roses saved Rockfield." Little did Rockfield know at the time that their next musical legacy was staying over the other side of the valley, recording at a studio that was once part of the Rockfield estate. What's the story? Manchester Britpop heroes Oasis were trying - and failing - to master their debut album Definitely Maybe there. During their sojourn, frontman Liam Gallagher pinched the owners' combine harvester and crossed the fields to spy on the Roses at Rockfield. Oasis eventually finished their first album in Cornwall, but returned to Monmouth to record what would become some of their most celebrated anthems at Rockfield. Don't Look Back In Anger was recorded by Oasis at Rockfield in 1995 and went to No 1 in February 1996, becoming one of their most famous songs. The second Oasis album - (What's The Story) Morning Glory - transformed the band and the Gallagher brothers Noel and Liam into global rock sensations as Wonderwall, Don't Look Back in Anger and Champagne Supernova became pub singalongs. "There was a little bit of a debate about who was going to sing Wonderwall," recalls Rockfield's studio engineer Nick Brine. "Noel was going to sing Wonderwall, then Liam was going to sing Wonderwall. "Then Noel said, 'ok I'll sing Don't Look Back in Anger', then Liam wanted to sing Don't Look Back in Anger. So there was a debate on who was going to sing what." Ultimately, Don't Look Back In Anger turned into songwriter Noel Gallagher's first single as lead vocalist, while Liam sang Wonderwall. "Everyone wanted to make the songs the best they could," Liam tells the Rockfield film. "If that bred a bit of competition then so be it." While residential studios such as Rockfield - one of the first - allowed bands to immerse themselves in their creativity, living together at such close quarters 24/7 could spark tension. Liam Gallagher recalls a row with his brother at Rockfield which ended in damage being caused with "cricket bats and air rifles, the lot". But when tempers cooled, the band got down to business and finished the album which helped define Britpop - a musical movement for which Rockfield would become the engine room. "Both studios were both booked up nine months in advance, back to back," recalls Lisa Ward. "The 1990s was a great time for British guitar bands." Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Ash, Black Grape and the Boo Radleys all recorded number one albums there. Kingsley Ward says: "One time in 1997, out of the top ten albums, Rockfield had seven." And the next Monmouth megahit was written in the stars - and inspired by an old copy of the Yellow Pages. The stars shine for Coldplay Much was expected of the up-and-coming band Coldplay at the turn of the millennium but they were under pressure to turn that expectation into something more tangible. Frontman Chris Martin knew Rockfield was a "a make-or-break session" as the former cleaners had "one shot" at the big time in one of their first recording sessions. Luckily for them, the sky was clear for at least part of their sessions recording debut album Parachutes - as immortality and their crowd classic Yellow was created. "We were recording Shiver and went outside for a breather and it was so beautiful," says Martin. "All four of us were outside and Ken Nelson, our producer, said 'look up there, lads' - and he literally said 'look at the stars', which is the first line of that song. "It was mind-blowing because we'd been in London for five years so we haven't seen anything beyond smog for a while, so that line was in my head. "I went back in and sat behind the mixing desk and I played the chord. I got the title from the Yellow Pages which was at about a 45 degree angle. "The chorus came in the bathroom of the living room area. And that gave us our lives for the last 16 years. From humble beginnings." Rockfield: The Studio on the Farm will be broadcast on BBC Two Wales and BBC Four at 21:15 BST on Saturday and on BBC iPlayer

A public consultation on the planned £2bn Paramount theme park has attracted 1,500 people in its first three days, its organisers have said.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Exhibitions will be held across the Kent boroughs of Dartford and Gravesham at 10 locations in April and May. The developers have said the entertainment resort will bring up to 27,000 jobs to the area. However, more than 50 companies on the Swanscombe Peninsula have said they fear compulsory purchase orders. The developers said the theme park would have more than 50 rides and attractions based on films and TV programmes. The plans have yet to get government approval.

A drone attack on the world's biggest oil-processing plant has triggered the largest jump in crude prices in decades and raised fears of a new conflict in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia has said its oil output will return to normal in the next few weeks, causing prices to ease a little. But the repercussions are still being felt thousands of kilometres away in India, explains the BBC's Suranjana Tewari.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: What happened? On 14 September, drones targeted Saudi Arabia's Abqaiq oil refinery and Khurais oil field. The attacks knocked out half of Saudi Arabia's total output and 5% of global oil supply. Saudi Arabia is the world's biggest oil exporter, shipping more than seven million barrels daily. Saudi stocks stood at 188 million barrels in June, according to official data. Yemen's Houthi rebels - who are aligned with Iran - have claimed responsibility for the attacks. The group has launched attacks on Saudi soil before, including on oil pipelines. But this attack was on a much bigger scale, hitting the world's biggest oil-processing plant as well as another oil field. Saudi Arabia has said that production will be back to normal by the end of September, which has slightly calmed oil markets. What's India got to do with it? India imports nearly 83% of the oil it consumes, making it one of the biggest importers of oil in the world. Most of its crude oil and cooking gas comes from Iraq and Saudi Arabia. It used to import more than 10% of its oil from Iran. However, earlier this year, the US pressured India to stop buying Iranian oil after walking out of the nuclear deal. India also imports from other countries like the US, but at a higher cost. "India viewed Saudi Arabia as amongst the safest suppliers in the world," BJP spokesperson and energy expert Narendra Taneja told the BBC. "With this sophisticated attack and the precision with which the attack was done, we have now realised that their facilities are vulnerable and that does make us anxious." He added that a lot would now depend on how Saudi Arabia responds to the attack - any military action would lead to escalation in the region, which could then disrupt supplies from the entire Gulf region. "Right now, the worry for India is the price - but if the supply is not properly resumed in the next two weeks, then we will also have to worry about the supply." In the last seven years, India's energy strategy has focused on diversifying sources of supply. "We are importing from Africa and the US, but the Middle East remains our main source," he said. "India will have to make constant efforts to diversify more," Mr Taneja said. What does it mean for Indians? It depends on how long production is stalled. Saudi Arabia says it will take a few weeks to repair the facility. But any longer will have a further impact on the price of oil and that could cause India's import costs to go up. The Indian government is already stretched financially and so higher costs mean it has less cash with which to effectively tackle its economic slowdown. The price of petrol and diesel could rise if crude prices globally continue to rise. Every one dollar increase in the price of oil raises India's import bill by $1.5bn every year. It would also affect many industries, including manufacturing and aviation, and can accelerate inflation. By-products of crude oil are also used in the production of items like plastic and tyres, which may become more expensive. So, what can be done? Not much, if experts are to be believed. "The government may not be able to do much right now," Madan Sadnavis, an economist, said. "It can buffer supplies through reserves which we have which will help perhaps a month or so. If the crisis persists, it can cut taxes, but that affects revenue and hence the fiscal deficit. But as long as the price remains less than $70 a barrel, the shock can be absorbed," he added.

Four candidates will contest a Moray Council by-election which was forced by the resignation of a councillor just days after he was elected.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Sandy Cooper, 72, was one of three people chosen to represent Elgin City North ward. He stood as an independent candidate. However he then tendered his resignation in a letter to the council's chief executive. The by-election takes place on Thursday 13 July. The SNP (Patsy Gowans), Conservatives (Maria McLean) and Labour (Nick Taylor) are represented along with independent Terry Monaghan.

South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust (SCAS) is the latest ambulance service to become a foundation trust.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The move sees the service gain greater independent control from the government but remain part of the NHS. SCAS chair Trevor Jones said the new status meant it would be "more accountable to local people". The newly named South Central Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust has recruited 8,000 public members but is looking for an additional 4,000. Mr Jones added: "We look forward to working with members and our newly elected governors in developing our future strategy and service development." Foundation trusts were introduced in April 2004. There are now over 100 in England.

The successful applicant for a senior police role that called for candidates to send a "selfie" with their CV has published the picture he submitted.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Humberside Police advertised the £117,078-a-year post on its website. Garry Forsyth, currently Assistant Chief Constable of West Midlands Police, provided a close-up self portrait Mr Forsyth, who is expected to start his new role as deputy chief constable in the summer, said he was "delighted". Humberside Police Chief Constable Justine Curran said Mr Forsyth was a "motivated and driven individual" who would help to oversee "significant changes" within the force. The force was criticised over its advert for the role, with one marketing expert saying the bid to fill a senior position should not have been publicised in such a way. But Ms Curran said it was "vital candidates embraced new technology".

Poundworld in Carmarthen will close after the budget shopping chain announced it was closing 25 stores across the UK.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Nine members of staff at the store on the Pensarn industrial state will lose their jobs after the company entered administration on 11 June. Administrator Clare Boardman thanked employees for their support and said staff would be kept updated. The Carmarthen store will close its doors on Sunday 15 July.

The UK's favourite toys from the past 100 years are being celebrated in a new set of stamps from the Royal Mail.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Characters in the set include the Sindy doll and Action Man, as well as brands like Spirograph, Stickle Bricks and Fuzzy Felt. Meccano, the Merrythought bear, W Britain toy figures, Space Hopper and Hornby Dublo trains also feature. The series of 10 stamps will be released on Tuesday at 7,000 post offices and to buy online. Royal Mail spokesman Philip Parker said: "British toymakers enjoyed a reputation for quality and innovation. "These nostalgic stamps celebrate 10 wonderful toys that have endured through the decades." Here are pictures of the 10 stamps in the series:

I've been reporting on the European migration crisis during the past year. In previous blogs I offered some initial impressions (see here and here ). It's clear now, though, that the story has entered a new phase.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Mark UrbanDiplomatic and defence editor, Newsnight For now, the 'migrant crisis' in northern Europe is over That doesn't mean there aren't people suffering nor that millions have stopped wanting to head up from Africa and the Middle East. What it does mean is that the stunning flow of more than one million people through the eastern Mediterranean, northwards via the Balkans to EU countries that we saw last year has been stopped. Even as late as January this year, the numbers looked set to exceed last year's total with 3,500 to 4,000 asylum seekers a day still arriving in Germany. But figures obtained by the BBC show that in April a daily average of only 183 made it (giving a total for the whole month of 5,485, less than one day's arrivals back in September). Filming at the station in the Bavarian town of Rosenheim in January, we were told that 800-1,200 migrants were arriving every day on trains from Austria. Last week, a federal police spokesman in Rosenheim told us that the daily average is now only 80, almost all of whom have come via the "Brenner route", meaning Austria's border with Italy. Even this, though, is now being sealed by the Austrian government, amid scenes of protest at the weekend. Other countries that took large numbers of asylum seekers last year - from Hungary to Austria, the Netherlands or Sweden - all report similarly dramatic reductions. International co-operation works - and so do fences There have been two major elements to the effort against illegal immigration. The first is the European Union's deal with Turkey. In return for billions of euros, a promise of visa-free travel and a new legitimate scheme for resettling people who have fled Syria, Turkey agreed to clamp down on the people smugglers as well as accepting migrants caught and deported from Greece. The deal with Turkey has been controversial, not least because many Europeans feel it conceded too much. It is also fragile. Last week Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan threatened to scrap the whole arrangement because of a dispute with the EU over his country's tough anti-terror laws. Turkey's deal with the EU has had a dramatic effect, but it hasn't been 100% effective. Last week, for example, 537 migrants arrived in Greece from Turkey. Efforts to prevent people going further north have, however, been completely successful - or as near to that as matters. And this brings us to the sealing off with razor-wire fences of the Greek-Macedonian frontier as well as successive border crossing points on the migrant route through the Balkans. Filming at the transit centre at Sentilj in Slovenia, close to the Austrian border, in mid-April, relief workers told me that not a single person had arrived since Macedonia closed its border with Greece in early March. The camp, which at its peak processed 4,000 people in a day, is now being gradually dismantled. The action between a group of Balkan states, co-ordinated by Austria, to close off these routes faces its own uncertainties - not least that the Macedonian government is tottering in the face of a domestic political crisis. But the conclusion that many have drawn - particularly nationalist politicians in Austria and Hungary - is that fences work and could be used to protect Europe's borders even if President Erdogan reneged on his deal with the EU. Southern Europe remains exposed Many predicted that closing down the Greek route would drive many to cross the Mediterranean from Libya. In truth though it's not that simple, because of the risks, both in the sea crossing and from brutal Libyan militias. In 2016 so far, around 29,000 have arrived in Italy and they continue to do so at the rate of roughly 1,500 a week - that's about one-fifth to one-sixth of the traffic that was going via Greece before the EU-Turkey deal came into effect. Just as last summer's mass migration prompted the sealing off of Greece by its northern neighbours so this is happening now with Italy, led once more by Austria but with Switzerland and France also restricting freedoms previously granted by the Schengen agreement. The danger for both Greece and Italy is that their European "partners" fail to honour pledges to resettle those given asylum, seal off their countries and that arrivals across the Mediterranean continue. With more than 50,000 already stranded in Greece, this scenario is already very real to them. The underlying causes remain Last week, the International Institute for Strategic Studies reported that the number of people displaced by armed conflict (mainly in the Middle East and Africa) had increased by 40% since 2013. Add to that an often desperate search for opportunity. Most of those coming across the Italian route are not Syrian or Iraqi but from Nigeria, The Gambia, Senegal and Guinea. Among Syrian and Iraqi asylum seekers, one phrase commonly heard on the migration route north was "Europe invited us" or "Merkel invited us". How far the marked change of attitude in Europe changes this feeling we will soon see. But a growing sense of the difficulties of making the journey, as well as of the hardships that could await, may well reduce Europe's pull factor, particularly for those coming from the Middle East. Fortress Europe is here to stay The shutting down of the Balkan migration route may well have saved Angela Merkel's chancellorship. Success will lead many to doubt the formula that mass migration into Europe is just a part of globalism that cannot be resisted, not least because anti-immigration politics is surging across the continent. Such is the desire of European politicians to "regain control over the EU's external borders", to use Mrs Merkel's favoured phrase, that they will make extraordinary bargains with Turkey or indeed Libyan militias. And while many have commented that President Erdogan now has a pressure point he can use against the EU at will, that also gives him an interest in the deal's continued survival. What the last few months have shown us is that many governments (notably in central and eastern Europe) are far more interested in preventing illegal migration than they are in living up to refugee quotas. Some have also made clear that they are prepared to use their armed forces to protect their borders if they have to.

The Arab Spring has seen seemingly indomitable leaderships toppled and a mass call, particularly among young people, for reform. Its fallout has left the leaders of Saudi Arabia feeling under siege, as Middle East analyst Roger Hardy explains.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Consider how the world looks to Saudi Arabia's frail and aging ruler, King Abdullah. Enemies lurk everywhere. The Arab Spring has unleashed forces which no-one can control, and from which no Arab state is immune. Iran is deemed to be stirring every pot, from Lebanon to Bahrain. Neighbouring Yemen is increasingly unstable - and plays host to a branch of al-Qaeda which threatens Saudi security. Barack Obama's America is seen as betraying the Saudi kingdom in its hour of need. Saudi Arabia, in short, is under siege - and King Abdullah's instinct is to batten down the hatches. Echoes from the past In some ways, Saudi rulers have been here before. In the 1950s and 1960s, a wave of Arab nationalism emanating from Egypt swept over the Middle East - threatening the pro-Western monarchies such as the House of Saud with destruction. Then, too, the kingdom felt encircled by hostile forces. Then, too, petro-dollars and Western support were weak tools for fending off trouble. Not that oil wealth does not sometimes come in handy. One of King Abdullah's responses to the Arab Spring has been massive hand-outs to keep his people sweet. Moreover, the kingdom has more reason than ever to use cheque-book diplomacy in a bid to win friends and influence people throughout the region. But such measures may not be enough. If money could buy the kingdom's way out of trouble, its position might be less precarious. But, with the exception of tiny Bahrain, its influence is limited. By intervening in Bahrain, with money and troops to crush a Shia insurrection, the king sought to protect one of his flanks - and shore up his defences against what he sees as undue Iranian influence. But in the longer run, Saudi intervention may make things worse - adding to the sense of grievance among the Bahraini opposition and needlessly escalating tension with Tehran. An uncertain legacy The king seems conscious of his own mortality. He wants to leave Saudi Arabia in better shape than when he found it - which explains his promise to Saudi women that they will eventually get the vote. He may be an unlikely reformer but he is, in Saudi terms, a reformer nevertheless. He has never shared the severely puritanical view of Islam of his country's Wahhabi religious establishment. But his legacy is uncertain. The two senior princes next in line to the throne - his half-brothers Sultan, the defence minister, and Nayef, the interior minister - are distinctly less reform-minded. They might be willing to sacrifice women's rights for the sake of appeasing religious conservatives. That would be dangerous. Young Saudis, like young Arabs everywhere, want change. Like their counterparts in Tunis and Cairo, they want jobs and dignity and greater freedom of expression. Sealing off Arabia - returning it to the isolation of the past - is not an option. Roger Hardy is a visiting fellow at LSE's Centre for International Studies.

New morning show Daybreak has made its debut on ITV.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Ex-One Show presenters Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley kicked off the programme by welcoming and thanking viewers for "joining us on our first day". Former Prime Minister Tony Blair also appeared on the show for his first live UK television interview since the publication of his memoir, A Journey. Daybreak's predecessor GMTV bowed out on Friday after a 17-year run. The new show is not a complete departure from its predecessor, with former GMTV faces Kate Garraway, John Stapleton and Dr Hilary Jones appearing alongside new presenters. The inaugural show featured items including interviews with victims of the Farepak collapse, cuts to the schools building programme and a skateboarding bulldog. It also visited Forth Park Hospital in Kirkcaldy, Fife, to meet parents of newborn babies, coinciding with the birthday of the programme. The Prince of Wales is due to appear later this week from the new studio in London's South Bank. Blogging on The Guardian's website, Stuart Heritage wrote: "Although it does seem like a continuation of GMTV rather than a bold reinvention, some of the new aspects of Daybreak have worked. "Adrian and Christine have done reasonably well and the other new faces all seem like good additions." The Daily Mail noted "the pair looked incredibly cosy", even though "they stumbled over a word or two". But The Telegraph's Andrew Pettie seemed less than impressed, saying "this could have been any old edition of any other breakfast show". "Daybreak's producers had promised that it would help set the day's news agenda for its viewers. For most of the show, however, the news items were flabby and lacklustre," he added.

There has been a record drop in the number of Eastern European workers in the UK, latest figures show. Here, two families, one from Poland and one from Romania, explain their reasons for leaving and staying in the UK.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Dan WhitworthRadio 4 Money Box reporter "This might sound crazy but even though I'm going to take a 50% pay cut back home in Poland that money will take me further." After 12 years of living, working and raising a family in the UK, Waclaw Wiater and his wife have decided to move back to their home country. "The British pound just doesn't take you as far any more," he says. Waclaw, who works for an engineering company in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, says it's not just the weaker exchange rate that's hit his pocket. "The cost of shopping, just for weekly essentials, the prices of everything have just absolutely rocketed. "We don't go to Tesco or Sainsbury's, we stay away from those places, we go to Aldi or Lidl and for us it's £120 or £150 per week." Lower prices and an improving economy in Poland are also pulling him home. "The cost of petrol and diesel is much lower in Poland," he says. "Not only do we pay about £1 per litre, you've also got your road tax included in that price. "Also council tax, here [in the UK], it goes up and up every year. In comparison to back where we are going to live, we don't pay council tax at all." Record numbers Waclaw says he was shocked at how easy it was to get a similar job in Poland to the one he has in the UK and surprised at the amount of money he was offered as a salary. "I fired off some CVs and the first two companies that I applied to for a job with were straight on to me." After phone interviews he was flown over for face-to-face meetings and offered a job two days later. This is not surprising perhaps when an IMF report last year said Poland's "economy is operating above potential, with the unemployment rate at a historical low". Waclaw is just one of a record number of workers from the EU 8 (the countries, including Poland, Latvia and Estonia, that joined the EU in 2004) leaving the UK. Recent figures from the Office for National Statistics show there was a record drop of 117,000, or 12%, in the number of migrants from those countries working in the UK between April and June 2018. 'Land of opportunity' There is a flipside to this story though. While the number of workers from the EU 8 countries is down, the number of Romanians and Bulgarians working in the UK is at a record high. ONS figures from the same period show there were 391,000 working here, up more than 50,000 from 2017. Ioan Hoza came to the UK from Romania four years ago and works for a logistics company in Daventry. "We got to the point in Romania where we couldn't afford to raise the children," he says. "We didn't get paid regularly, we had issues with the bills, we couldn't deal with basic issues like feeding our children." After making the decision to move to the UK, he started doing night shifts in the warehouse and has worked his way up to become an IT analyst on a major contract for his company. "I said I would give myself 12 months to earn enough capital to be able to bring my family over to join me. If I didn't earn enough I would simply go back to Romania." Those night shifts, along with hard work and securing several promotions meant Ioan had enough money to bring his wife and two children to the UK within six months. "The beauty of how the system works here is you've got opportunities and it's up to you which path you are going to take." Ioan's wife Dora works late shifts at the same logistics company while sons Liviu, 17, and 11-year-old Raul have both settled into school. After three-and-a-half years they both speak perfect English without any trace of an accent. "So far we've managed to accomplish so many things in four years here in the UK that we could have only dreamed of in Romania," Ioan says. It's not difficult to understand why. Despite strong growth of around 7%, Romania is one of the EU's poorest countries. The World Bank measured its GDP at $211bn (£162bn) last year with average monthly salaries of around $600 (£460). Sitting in the house he has managed to buy in the suburbs of Daventry, Ioan says; "I'm still living the dream. I still have to pinch myself that I am actually living a dream. "Maybe it sounds funny but sometimes I touch the walls of this house and say, 'You're mine.' "That feeling, 'You are actually mine,' is unbelievable, how everything came together and how we are now where we are." You can hear more on BBC Radio 4's Money Box programme on Saturday at 12:00 BST or listen again here

A judge who dismissed a woman's claim she had been raped, as she had done "nothing physically" to stop the alleged perpetrator, is among a number of family court judges to hold "outdated views", a joint letter says.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Emma AilesBBC Victoria Derbyshire programme In it, over 130 lawyers and women's rights groups call for Judge Tolson's continuing cases to be reviewed. And they say family court judges should be trained on the "meaning of consent". The Judiciary said a commitment to further training had since been made. 'Serious harm' The case centred around a man who had asked to be allowed to spend time with his son, who was in the care of his former partner. She objected because she said the man had been controlling and had raped her. In his ruling, Judge Tolson told the family court because the woman "was not in any sense pinned down", she "could easily, physically, have made life harder" for the man - and it "did not constitute rape". The woman later argued the judge's approach had led to her losing the legal battle with the man. The letter - signed by organisations including Rape Crisis England and Wales, Women's Aid and the Centre for Women's Justice - says attitudes such as those expressed by the judge "leave children and women at risk of serious harm". Addressed to Justice Secretary Robert Buckland and the family courts president, Sir Andrew McFarlane, it says: "Increasingly, the courts are no longer seen as a safe place for women who have been abused." It adds that since the case came to light in the media, it has "resulted in women contacting some of the signatories to this letter with their experiences of [Judge Tolson] and other judges who have expressed similar attitudes. "Their concerns have included attitudes about sexual violence as seen in [this case], professional assessment of abusive parents being disregarded without reason and failure to provide special measures during hearings." The letter is supported by the Victims' Commissioner for England and Wales, Dame Vera Baird, the Domestic Abuse Commissioner, Nicole Jacobs, and the London Victims' Commissioner, Claire Waxman. Trish's story Judge Tolson was also the judge in the case of "Trish" - not her real name - deciding the level of contact she and her ex-partner were allowed with their children. "I was with my ex-partner for several decades," she tells the Victoria Derbyshire programme. "He was physically abusive and financially and emotionally coercive and controlling. I finally left when he started to abuse my children as well." Trish's ex-partner applied to the courts for contact and was granted access. Her elder child is now old enough to be able to make their own decision about not going for contact. But she says her younger child is "terrified of going for contact with him and says he's been physically abusive". "All I want is for this to be properly investigated. I've been in court at least 20 times," she says. "He can afford lawyers but... I have to represent myself. "He's continuing to control me and abuse - and that's enabled by the courts. "The children's voices are not heard and to not even have the courts protecting vulnerable families is really scary. "I am deeply concerned for the future of my children and their safety." The woman whose rape claim was dismissed by Judge Tolson has now had her appeal upheld by a High Court judge, over its handling. Ms Justice Russell, ordered a fresh case to be held before a different judge and said specialist training was needed on how family-court judges dealt with sexual assault allegations. The letter welcomes her recommendations but adds: "There are wider systemic issues, including some lack of understanding of domestic abuse and serious sexual assault and a failure to apply the practice directions to afford victims a fair trial. "This is despite training and clear rules." It calls for the appointment of "appropriately trained domestic-abuse champions in each family court", greater accountability for judges and specific training on the meaning of consent and free will for all family-court judges. The UK Judiciary said in a statement that "prior to the delivery of the appeal judgment [in the Judge Tolson case], the president of the Family Division had asked the Judicial College to provide additional bespoke training in dealing with cases of sexually related assault for judges trying domestic abuse cases in the Family Court. "The enhanced training will be delivered - initially electronically - from May 2020 and from then on will be included in every continuation training course for the Family judiciary.' It said the proposals would see family-court judges given "similar training to that which is already given to criminal judges who hear serious sexual criminal trials". The Ministry of Justice declined to comment. Follow the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme on Facebook and Twitter - and see more of our stories here.

Volunteers are being sought to help look after a heritage site in Pembrokeshire.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Castell Henllys Iron Age Village, near Crymych, needs people to support the prehistoric site, which is owned and run by the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority. It would involve practical tasks such as maintaining the herb garden and supporting events. An open afternoon for those interested was held on Saturday afternoon.

Six people have been arrested after a child was abducted at knifepoint and taken about 200 miles (320km) away from home.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: North Wales Police said the child was taken from Anglesey at about 16:00 GMT on Wednesday. The child was found on Wednesday evening in Northamptonshire after a car was stopped in the English county. Police said the incident was not a stranger attack and that the child was recovered safely and was unharmed. Det Ch Supt Gareth Evans, from North Wales Police, said: "This has been a frightening incident for those involved. "Can I reassure our communities on Anglesey that this was not a stranger attack, the incident is isolated and we are dealing with those we suspect were involved."

The Scottish Prison Service (SPS) has just announced a move to allow children of women prisoners extended "sleepover" visits at the new HMP Inverclyde facility. But what's life really like for the young people who are separated from their mothers by prison bars?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Alicia QueiroBBC Scotland Kirsten Johnston is mum to two boys. When they were eight and three, Kirsten was sentenced to two years in prison for embezzlement. It was her first offence. Kirsten spent two weeks in Cornton Vale, the infamous all-women's prison in Stirling, before being moved to HMP Greenock. Initially, she was put on suicide watch. She served six months in prison. She rang her sons every day, and saw them when she could - in Cornton Vale this depended on how many prisoners wanted to use the family visiting facilities, in Greenock they would visit once a week. Kirsten could have seen them for longer, but Greenock prison staff advised against it - male prisoners were in the visiting hall for the second half of the session and she got the impression from staff that it "wasn't advisable" for her children to be there at the same time. General visiting times - when all visitors come at once - were hard. Drugs would be passed around before her children's eyes. "I felt very uneasy," Kirsten says. "You're waiting for something to happen. You don't want your family and your kids to be in that sort of environment." Kirsten's boys would spend three hours in the car before they got to Greenock. When they arrived, they wanted to move around. But Kirsten wasn't allowed - she had to stay seated all the time. Anxiety issues When Kirsten was in Cornton Vale, her children thought she was in hospital for mental health issues, as she had been before. Indeed, many of the children of her fellow inmates had no idea their mothers were in prison. In Greenock, however, her children knew where she was. "They took it in their stride," she says - but the effects were inevitable. "I called home one night and my eldest son was in a terrible state, he'd had a horrible nightmare. He said he'd been trying to get me out of prison. "I tried to pacify him and say - 'It's just a silly dream, I'm not going to be here forever'. But then you put the phone down and you go back to your bed and you've got these thoughts in your head… it's just a horrible position to be in." She can see the marks on her sons of six months without mum. Her eldest has had anxiety issues and her youngest has been questioning the experience in the last few weeks. "Why were you there, mummy?" he asks - or, "Remember, we used to go to that place to see you." "I'm just honest with him," Kirsten says. "I try to explain it so that he understands. I just say: 'mummy did something she shouldn't have done and so she had to go there'." Prison charity Families Outside estimates that 27,000 children in Scotland experience the imprisonment of a parent every year. However, the SPS is only considering allowing children of female offenders to spend sleepover visits at HMP Inverclyde. Tom Fox, head of corporate affairs at the SPS, said: "If a woman is in custody the impact on the family can be much more catastrophic. "The overwhelming majority of female prisoners have some sort of family. You just need to take a walk round a wing - instead of seeing pin-ups of pop stars or women in bikinis, it's photographs of children." 'Innocent victims' Children whose mothers are imprisoned tend to face greater challenges, because the majority of children are cared for primarily by their mothers. "It's devastating losing any parent into the criminal justice system," says Sarah Roberts, child and family support manager at Families Outside. "But if the mother's the primary care-giver then that is utterly devastating - because they're not just losing their mum but also their home, their care-giver, their family." According to Families Outside, when a father goes to prison in Scotland, 95% of children remain living with their mother. But when a mother is incarcerated, only 17% stay with their father. The rest are sent to live with family or put into social care. The psychological effects of losing a parent to prison are not unlike bereavement: loss, fear, anger, shock and sadness. But the added stigma and shame of having a parent in jail compounds these emotions. Media representation can be particularly harmful. Sarah Roberts describes how one woman, convicted of drugs smuggling, was described by the press as "an evil monster". Her children read the article. "It was incredibly damaging for them," she says. Tam Baillie, Scotland's commissioner for children and young people, agrees. "Children of offenders suffer ongoing trauma, loss and stress throughout arrest, trial, imprisonment and release," he says. "Publicly, they may be exposed to shame and bullying, while privately they cannot be comforted by the strength and love of the absent parent." He recommends child impact assessment reports at the point of sentencing - so that children's wellbeing is taken into account before a mother's sentence is decided. As it stands, children with a parent in prison are three-times more likely to have serious mental health issues than those in the general population. Sarah Roberts says children need to be listened to and supported. "I think when a mother goes to prison, children are made to feel as if they've done something wrong or are from a 'bad family' - it's really important they hear the message that it's not their fault. "The children have done nothing wrong. These are innocent victims every time." Planning for the future The situation for these children may seem bleak - but it's improving. Some Scottish prisons already have mother and baby units, where young children can spend time with their mothers if she is the sole care-giver - and once the new Inverclyde prison and Edinburgh unit are built, all prisons will have the facilities. Cornton Vale also has independent living areas outside the security perimeter of the jail. They house mothers with very young children who are nearing the end of their sentence. There are positive parenting classes and "bonding visits" in many prisons - so children can spend time with their parents outside of normal visiting sessions. Every prison has a family contact development officer, responsible for helping inmates maintain healthy family relationships. Sarah Roberts says the facilities for younger children have improved massively - even in men's prisons. HMP Low Moss has homework clubs, where children visiting their fathers can engage with them in normal family activities. At HMP Addiewell, there are "Tune In" sessions, where dads can sing nursery songs in family groups. What's lacking is more flexible arrangements for older children. "Visiting every weekend doesn't work with teenagers because they want to have their life but they desperately miss their mum," says Sarah Roberts. "So options like an overnight visit or a private family visit could be really helpful." That's where the Inverclyde proposal comes in - it gives the opportunity for older children to stay with their mother on weekends or during school holidays. "What we're trying to do is something that's beneficial to those in our care, but that's also beneficial to children," says Tom Fox. "If that positive relationship with the mother is maintained, future generations are less likely to find themselves caught up in the criminal justice system." Following her own experience, Kirsten Johnston is unsure of the benefits of sleepover visits. "What would happen if a child got upset halfway through and wanted to go home?" she wonders. But she agrees that longer, more family-friendly visits are the best way to keep families strong in prison. A one-size-fits-all system is never going to be adequate when dealing with the myriad of issues faced by female offenders and their families. The key, according to Sarah Roberts, is having a range of options - "so that young children can interact and older children can have the time they need in the way they need it". She adds: "Then, the impact for young people, children and mums is huge. It's saying to mum: 'You're still a parent'. And what do we want when people come out of prison? We want them to be parents."

A man who carried out DIY tasks and gardening while naked was seen bending over in his garden wearing only his work boots, a court has heard.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The prosecution at the trial of Robert Jenner, from Eccles in Kent, alleges he is an exhibitionist, not a naturist. Witness Fred Black told magistrates he was disgusted: "There's kids walking up and down that street 24/7. People don't want to see that. It's not right." Mr Jenner, from Stevens Road, denies 13 public order offences. The prosecution alleges his behaviour caused alarm and distress. But Mr Jenner's defence team says he is a naturist and believes his behaviour to have been reasonable - a freedom of expression. The case continues.

Thirty jobs are to be created with the opening of a restaurant in a Grade II-listed building on a Gwynedd seafront.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The first Dylan's restaurant opened in Anglesey in 2012 and the owners are spending £500,000 to revamp the Morannedd building in Criccieth. The building was built in 1952 by Portmeirion architect Sir Clough Williams-Ellis and was used as a cafe. Dylan's director David Evans said he also hopes to bring trade to local fishermen when it opens next Easter. "It's a place that's very dear to the heart of most people in north Wales, with views as far as Snowdon. We want to restore it to its former glory."

Corby has been dubbed "little Scotland" ever since scores of Scots migrated south to work in the steelworks in the 1930s. On Sunday, the town's annual Highland Gathering will host their own mock independence referendum. But how Scottish is Corby?

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Vanessa BarfordBBC News If you search Wikipedia for Scotland's southernmost settlement it comes up with Cairngaan in Wigtownshire. But the title has, at least in terms of repute, long belonged to the Northamptonshire town of Corby, more than 200 miles south of the Scottish border, in the heart of England. The rather unlikely association between this English town and Scotland began when Glasgow-based Stewarts & Lloyds constructed one of the UK's largest steelworks in Corby in the 1930s. Britons from all over the UK migrated to Corby in the steel rush, but a downturn in the Clyde Valley's steel industry led to a stampede of Scots. And they kept coming. By 1961, a third of Corby's population had been born in Scotland, according to the Census. With them came their Scottish traditions, dialect and culture. And also Highland dancing and bagpipes. And a love of haggis and Irn-Bru. It wasn't long before Corby was dubbed "little Scotland". But 35 years after steel manufacturing in Corby ceased, how Scottish is "little Scotland" today? About 12.7%, if 2011 Census figures are a good measure. It found that 7,765 of the town's population of 61,255 were born in Scotland. However, when it came to how the population described its national identity, 5,585 people in Corby said "Scottish only". By comparison, 33,018 people described themselves as "English only" and 10,299 people said they were "British only". But the census doesn't necessarily tally with local perceptions. Steve Ireland, 64, who used to work in a whisky factory and the RAF in Scotland, but is English and now lives in Corby, maintains the town is very much still a "mini-Scotland". "There's a huge number of Scots in Corby - first, second and third-generation Scots. And you can get anything here that the Scottish get - Irn-Bru, Scotch pies, square sausage. All you have to do is speak to people to realise most people have a link to Scotland," he says. Steve Noble, whose parents moved down from Glasgow in 1970 to work on the steelworks when he was 10 and is the landlord of the White Hart pub, agrees many families in Corby still feel Scottish. "I'm Scottish and my wife is from Aberdeen. My children were brought up with Scottish habits, my daughter used to highland dance. That's the template of the town - most families are like that. The Scottishness is diluted, but you identify with your roots," he says. Stroll around the town, and it doesn't stand out as particularly Scottish. There are chain stores and pound shops. Supermarkets and pubs. Cafes, chippies and a McDonald's. That could be anywhere in Scotland. But it could also be anywhere in England or Wales or Northern Ireland. But dig a little deeper, and there are signs of Scottishness. The most striking is the Corby accent, or mixture of accents. Some sound Glaswegian. Others seem to have a slight Scottish twang. And there are those that speak with a broad Scottish accent. Then there's the food and drink. Buckfast, Tennent's and Special Brew are all on sale in corner shops. Scotch pies sit on supermarket shelves. Almost every shop sells Irn-Bru (Asda says Corby consumes more of the fizzy drink than anywhere else outside Scotland). Bradbury's butchers sells everything from haggis and black pudding to Scottish beef links (sausages) and Aberdeen butteries (very buttery rolls with flaky pastry). "About 80% of everything we sell has a Scottish-based origin. We make our own traditional Scottish black pudding and haggis, fruit puddings, mealy puddings [white pudding] and Scottish potted hock [a kind of set pork dish]," says owner Gavin Bradbury, who was born in Corby but had Scottish grandparents. "A lot of the things that are north of the border are very popular with 90% of my customers - everybody in Corby has a real connection to Scotland due to the town's great sense of Scottish community," he says. Up the road, Caroline Murray, manager of the new Corby cafe, says she sells 70% more Scottish breakfasts - which include a square sausage, tattie scone and black pudding - than English breakfasts. "About 90% of my customers are Scottish. They love the mega big breakfast," she says. Most of the clientele at the Corby Candle pub next door are also Scottish, or Scottish descendants, according to 24-year-old Paul Fyfe, who works behind the bar. Some of the customers are in Celtic football shirts. Scottish ham and lentil soup is the soup of the day. What do people in Corby think about not having a vote in the referendum? Ian Brown, born in Corby, Scottish parents: "I think the vote should be bigger than it is. There are lots of English, Irish and Welsh that work a lot in Scotland who it will impact who should get a say." Robert Smith, 55, born in Glasgow, lives in Corby: "I feel sick that I can't have a vote. I love Corby, it's given me a job, a home. But I was born in Scotland. I want to go back there when I retire." Michael Walker, 29, born in Corby: "I'm from a Scottish family. I was brought up in Corby but I often work in Scotland. I don't think people that have lived in England all their lives have a right to vote, but I'm not sure how it would affect my work if Scotland votes for independence." James Lewis, 50, born in Scotland, brought up in Corby: "I don't think anyone that has been out of Scotland for a while, X amount of years, should have the vote - because how can we vote on somebody else's future when we are not part of that country?" "The pub doesn't do Sunday roasts. Everything in Corby revolves around the Scottish. The chip shop up the road will batter absolutely anything - Snickers, Mars Bars, pizzas, Creme Eggs, Chewits," he says. The town has more explicit Scottish ties. The Corby Trades and Labour Club, with Younger's Tartan Special on draught and old photos of Glasgow on the walls, is one such Caledonian encampment. The tartan-carpeted, saltire-saturated Grampian Club is another. The latter organises big celebrations for Burns Night, Hogmanay and St Andrew's Night and boasts its own pipe band. The town also has six highland dancing schools, according to Mark Pengelly, the Englishman who is organising the town's Highland Gathering and mock referendum on Sunday. "That's more than many Scottish towns with the same population as Corby," he says. Another sign of Corby's Scottishness is the number of Celtic and Rangers football supporters. "We've got second and third generation Scots walking around in Celtic and Rangers tops. More people probably go to watch them than watch the Corby Town football club," he says. Corbei: A pre-Scottish history Source: www.corby.gov.uk Corby's Scottish culture makes the town feel very different from neighbouring towns such as Kettering or Northampton, he adds. And yet Pengelly concedes Corby is changing. Asda used to have an entire aisle of Scottish food, but today the tinned haggis and Tunnocks' tea cakes share their display with Indian, Mexican and Polish products in the World Food Section. It's the same story in the new Tesco. The town, which in 2011 had 2,227 residents who were born in Poland - 3.6% of the population - also has a sizable Polish shop. Ian Brown, who was born in Corby after his parents moved there from Peterhead in 1961 for the building trade, believes the town is already a "mini city". "There are lots of multicultural roots in Corby. Welsh. Irish. People from former Yugoslavia came after the war. Now there are Polish, Portuguese. It's a massive multicultural population in Corby, it's not Scottish," he says. However, Pengelly isn't concerned that Corby's Scottish culture could become so diluted that it disappears. "There aren't many towns where you can go in to all the cafes, pubs and clubs and ask for an Irn-Bru, or ask for Scottish pies and haggis in your fish and chips, and hopefully that will continue forever," he says. Perhaps he should take some comfort from the experience of David Laird, who opened a new cafe called Picnic Lounge in Corby two months ago. "We started with unusual drinks - Duff beer, glass bottle drinks, flavoured crisps. But ultimately people from Corby want things like Irn-Bru, so we started stocking it and changed interesting crisp flavours back to salt and vinegar. And yes, Irn-Bru is one of our best sellers," he laughs. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

People living near the site of the proposed Hinkley Point C nuclear power station in Somerset are being asked for their views on the plans.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The first of four Planning Inspectorate public meetings is taking place in the village of Cannington. EDF Energy submitted plans for the plant to the Infrastructure Planning Commission (IPC) last October. Further meetings are due to take place in Otterhampton, Bridgwater and Stogursey later this month. It is the first opportunity for the Planning Inspectorate to hear the views in person of local people. The planning application is being reviewed by the IPC which deals with large scale projects. It will recommend whether permission should be granted but the final decision rests with the government. If built, the new power station could open in 2020.

As the US reels over the latest shooting at a high school campus in Parkland, Florida - the 18th so far in 2018 - "thoughts and prayers" from public figures are not all being well received on social media.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Sherie RyderBBC News Screenwriter Bess Kalb, who writes for Jimmy Kimmel Live, has been singling out senators who are tweeting their condolences by responding with the amount of money they have received from the National Rifle Association (NRA): When GOP chairwoman Ronna McDaniel tweeted that her heart was breaking for those affected, Ms Kalb's response that GOP candidates took more than $17m (£12m) from the NRA was retweeted more than 7,500 times and liked 11,000 times. The figures that Ms Kalb used are based on an article from the New York Times in October 2017 following the Las Vegas shooting. The paper produced a list of all the thoughts and prayers expressed by senators and the money they had received from the NRA during the year 2016-2017. In response to Florida's senator Marco Rubio's post that "Today is that terrible day you pray never comes" Ms Kalb wrote the figure $3.303,355. However, not everyone agreed with Ms Kalb. One response to her tweet was that the people donated to campaigns for politicians that vow to protect the second amendment. You might also be interested: After Congressman Ken Buck wrote how devastated he felt about the shooting, Ms Kalb simply posted "$800,544 from the NRA." Several hashtags have emerged on Twitter, including #NRABloodMoney, #ParklandShooting and #Florida. Whilst Jimmy Kimmel has not linked to Ms Kalb's comments, he tweeted his own message of sympathy, demanding "our leaders do something to stop this tomorrow. How many have to suffer before we stop looking the other way?". Gun control always provokes heated debate across the media. Radio host Wayne Dupree asked if news anchor Shephard Smith realised who was called to neutralise the shooter: "Men with guns, not pies, cakes and cookies". Ms Kalb has clearly used the entire list of senators from the New York Times article, tweeting them all with messages between two sisters, one of whom was caught up in the shootings:

The art world has been mourning the death of Lucian Freud, arguably one of the UK's most highly regarded and respected artists. Lucian was not only a great artist but he came from a family which has excelled and continues to do so in many different professions.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Rebecca CafeBBC News The most famous Freud was Sigmund, the figurehead of the family, and one of the great thinkers in modern history. As founder of the discipline of psychoanalysis, he created an entirely new approach to understanding - and treating - the unconscious mind. But since his death in 1939, his offspring to this day have carried on the family name to great heights in a variety of fields. In politics, David Freud - now Lord Freud - is the current parliamentary undersecretary of state for work and pensions, while Matthew Freud is an influential public relations chief who is married to Elisabeth Murdoch, daughter of media mogul Rupert. In the arts, Lucian Freud's heritage lives on with his daughters Bella and Esther, who are famed for being a highly-regarded fashion designer and novelist respectively. Another prominent family member no longer with us was Sir Clement, Sigmund's grandson who had a varied career as a culinary expert, humorist, columnist, broadcaster and Liberal MP. But the Freuds are not the only family whose achievements put the average family to shame. There is the Redgrave acting dynasty, headed by Michael, his children Vanessa, Corin and Lynn and grandchildren Jemma Redgrave and Natasha and Joely Richardson. In the US, political dynasties have become the norm - headed of course by the Kennedy and Bush families. But the Freuds are unusual in that their achievements are in such a wide range of fields. 'Golden child' According to Ivan Ward, deputy director of the Freud Museum, this may be because of the ideas first espoused by Sigmund Freud and his belief in independent thought as well as the importance of being told from an early age that you are special. Sigmund, who was Jewish, lived in Austria, which came under Nazi rule after being annexed by Germany in 1938. He, his wife and youngest daughter were forced to flee their Vienna home to London after being targeted by the Nazis. His four sisters, who stayed behind, later died in concentration camps. According to Mr Ward, the sense of conflict of living in opposition was something which inspired Sigmund's independence of thought. "The upheaval of having to leave Vienna, and the Holocaust where four of his sisters died in concentration camps - all those things would have had an impact," he said. "He was the oldest boy, and his mother used to call him the 'golden child', so there was a sense of being the favourite and the oldest boy in a Jewish family pushed him on to his achievements. "How it gets transmitted to following generations is hard to say." As a father, Sigmund was "tolerant and encouraged creativity and the ability to think", said Mr Ward. "Try and picture the scene of Freud with his children when they were small; he's trying to establish himself and he's struggling and working all hours.. it's hard to say he spent a lot of time with his children, he probably didn't. "But you get the feeling that when he did, he treated them with a seriousness and complexity that some people don't think about when it comes to relating to children." And in Sigmund's own words: "If a man has been his mother's undisputed darling, he retains throughout life the triumphant feeling; the confidence in success, which not seldom brings actual success along with it." 'Responsive genes' But do genetics play a role in a family's success? Marcus Pembrey, a professor of paediatric genetics at University College London, said that although genetics can influence things like intelligence, it does not do it directly. "Genetic differences between genes make them highly responsive to environment but whether this is a good thing depends on the environment," he said. "If it's one where there's underachievement then they will adopt that and achieve nothing, so it works for better and worse." He said the Freuds probably have genes which are highly responsive to the environment around them so as their family is full of people who have distinctive achievements, children in the early years of development pick up on this. Tim Spector, a professor of genetic epidemiology and director of the department of twin research at King's College in London, argues that genetics do have a role to play in success but not usually in the same profession. "Identical twins rarely succeed in the same fields," he said. "For success, you need a basic minimal IQ - which is 60% genetic - but also the environment which usually includes a role model and teacher or family to drive you. "You also need motivation and the will to practise hard from an early age. These traits are partly genetic but can be improved with training." According to family relationship therapist Julia Armstrong, the first seven years are key times in a person's development as things such as parents, friendships and schooling all have an impact. "If at that point a person is given the permission to shine, there is a natural expectation that life is going to offer opportunities. "We've all got the capacity to be whatever we want to be, and nature depends on that being encouraged, so if a child's preference or talent is recognised, then they are more likely to grow into their creative self." She said a child in a successful family can go in one of two directions - they can excel once they discover what their own talent may be, or they can feel the pressure and go the other way and not live up to expectations.

After weeks of tough talk and escalating tensions between the US and North Korea, President Donald Trump has referred to the possibility of meeting his opposite number, Kim Jong Un. Let's take a step back and look at how we got here.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Barbara Plett UsherBBC News What's changed under Trump? The threat perception: The Americans believe that Pyongyang already has the technology to fire nuclear warheads at Japan and South Korea. And they calculate that it will likely be able to hit the United States within a few years. So North Korea is now seen as a threat to US national security, not only a menace to regional allies. Hence the sense of urgency and resolve. The rhetoric: Military options have always "been on the table", sometimes more actively than others. But rarely if ever has a US administration been as blunt or outspoken about it. That is largely a factor of President Trump's style but it's also due to growing concern about the imminence of the threat. The military posturing: Spring is usually a tense time in the Korean Peninsula, because North Korea celebrates a number of patriotic anniversaries that can serve as launch pads for weapons tests, and the US conducts military exercises with Seoul. But this year the Trump administration added to the firepower on display, including a submarine equipped with guided missiles, and an aircraft carrier group. The confusion over the deployment of the latter, however, may have detracted somewhat from its deterrent effect. North Korea: Pyongyang has long held that it needs nuclear weapons to guarantee its security, and has been ready to face down international censure and punishment. But Kim Jong Un has shown particular determination and, unlike his father and grandfather, a disregard for the views of his only major ally, China. "Kim Jong Il for all of his sins at least cared what other people thought and particularly cared what the Chinese thought," the former US negotiator Chris Hill told the BBC. "His son Kim Jung Un doesn't seem to care what anyone thinks." China: China is exasperated by its recalcitrant ally and worried about the growing sophistication of its weapons. It had already begun tightening its implementation of sanctions by following through with the UN's recent ban on coal imports. But it's probably even more worried that Trump's military posturing will escalate tensions, and uneasy about his insistence that Beijing is uniquely positioned to squeeze Pyongyang. In an apparent response to US pressure, Chinese newspapers have published tougher statements about North Korea. There's also been closer coordination between Beijing and Washington. The Secretary of State Rex Tillerson says Beijing has threatened Pyongyang with unilateral sanctions if it carries out a sixth nuclear test. What hasn't changed The options: There are still no good ones. Tillerson says denuclearisation would still be the goal, but he has not been precise about conditions for starting talks. The strategy: Actually, it has sort of changed and sort of hasn't. The administration says it has. But the components - pressing for tighter economic sanctions, urging China to lean on its neighbour, and waiting for North Korea to buckle - look a lot like Barack Obama's "strategic patience". The difference seems to be less patience, a more credible threat of military force, and more coercive diplomacy. Tillerson says the knob on the pressure campaign is at "five or six" right now, with the US "testing" Beijing's ability to influence North Korea, and threatening to sanction parties that violate the UN embargo. Alongside China, the Trump administration is also trying to convince South East Asian nations to isolate North Korea. China: China may be more willing to turn the screws on Pyongyang, but only so far. There is no sign that it has changed its calculation of North Korea as a buffer state. Beijing fears that if the regime collapses the American security umbrella will be extended across the peninsula right to its borders. And while North Korea is a dangerous headache, America is its biggest strategic rival. Tillerson's recent assurance that the US is not seeking regime change was aimed as much at Beijing as it was at Pyongyang. The wild card: Even with a nuclear rogue state, President Trump likes to be unpredictable. And his tactics are those of a deal maker. Nevertheless observers are struggling to interpret the contrast between his hardline rhetoric and his recent suggestion of a meeting with Kim Jong Un - under the "right circumstances" . Barack Obama also said during the 2008 election campaign he'd be willing to meet the North Korean leader. But he did not go on to praise his adversary as did Trump, calling him a "smart cookie" for holding onto power by wiping out his rivals. It's not clear if the president was deliberately dangling a carrot, making another overture among several to a strongman, or simply throwing an offhand comment into the mix.

Three children in eastern Germany have fished rusty World War Two shells and bullets out of a pond using a powerful magnet, without injuring themselves.

You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: They called police when they made their discovery near the town of Ohrdruf. Police cordoned off the area, urging the public to report any such finds immediately and leave the munitions alone. It is not clear why the ammunition had been dumped in the pond. Unexploded WW2 bombs are often found in Germany, prompting mass evacuations. Germany was littered with explosives after the war because of the intensive air raids by British, US and Soviet bombers. Bomb disposal experts have to deal with the finds, as an old detonator can set off a bomb by itself. The discoveries are often made at construction sites. You may also find interesting: