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this invention relates to a method for producing non - thrombogenic materials which involves a reaction between heparin and an aldehyde group - containing polymer . this invention differs from the prior art , which has been directed to linking heparin and a polymer by the function of a dialdehyde , in that the present invention does not involve undesirable side reactions such as heparin - heparin bonding or polymer - polymer bonding . therefore , there are no unfavorable gelled materials formed as by - products and probably because of the minimum chemical modification of the heparin , non - thrombogenic properties of the composition of this invention are outstanding . this is surprising from the fact that it has been observed that the anti - coagulant function of heparin is appreciably decreased by any sort of chemical modification . in practice of the present invention , the &# 34 ; aldehyde group - containing polymer &# 34 ; can be prepared by the polymerization or copolymerization of the monomer which has an aldehyde or aldehyde group - forming group , namely , acetal or hemiacetal group . thus , the &# 34 ; aldehyde group containing polymer &# 34 ; means the polymer containing aldehyde group or aldehyde group - forming group such as acetal or hemiacetal along the polymer chain . examples of these monomers are acrolein , methacrolein , p - formyl styrene , n - formyl amino ethyl acrylamide , n - formyl ethyl acrylamide , formyl ethyl acrylamide , formyl ethyl methacrylate , ketene dimethyl acetal , ketene diethyl acetal , acrolein acetal , methacrolein acetal and so forth . the polymerization or copolymerization of this kind of the monomer with other copolymerizable vinyl compounds can be performed in the usual manner by using a common radical initiator . an example of the copolymerization is given below to form &# 34 ; aldehyde group - containing polymer &# 34 ;. allylidene diacetate ( ch 2 ═ ch -- ch ( oac ) 2 ) prepared by the reaction between acrolein and acetic anhydride can be copolymerized with another vinyl compound like vinyl acetate , which is subsequently hydrolyzed to an &# 34 ; aldehyde group - containing polymer &# 34 ; as follows : ## str1 ## other monomer such as vinyl chloride , acrylonitrile , methacrylonitrile , methyl methacrylate , isopropyl methacrylate , isopropenyl acetate , ethyl methacrylate , methyl acrylate , ethyl acrylate , methacrylic acid , acrylic acid , styrene , or α - methyl styrene may be used for copolymerization with &# 34 ; aldehyde group - containing monomer &# 34 ;. the &# 34 ; aldehyde group - containing polymer &# 34 ; may be prepared , in turn , by periodic acid ( or its salt ) or lead tetraacetate cleavage of carbon - carbon bonds , which is a characteristic reaction of carbon - carbon bonds , where adjacent carbon atoms possess oh groups , i . e ., vic - glycol . the typical polymers having vicinal hydroxyl groups can be natural polymers having glucose units . the natural polymers may be cellulose , cellulose derivatives such as oxycellulose , benzyl cellulose , cyanoethyl cellulose , cellulose acetate , polysaccharide , starch , gum arabic , chitin , chitosan , galactane , araban , galactomannane , xylane , alginic acid ( or its salt ), heparin and so forth . these natural polymers have repeating glucose units in the chain molecule . the glucose unit has a vic - glycol moiety which can be cleaved by the action of periodic acid ( or its salt ), or lead tetraacetate as follows : ## str2 ## therefore , by treating with periodic acid , the polymer having glucose units can be easily converted to &# 34 ; aldehyde group - containing polymer &# 34 ; (&# 34 ; p - cho &# 34 ; will be used short for &# 34 ; aldehyde group - containing polymer &# 34 ;.) by the simple treatment with periodic acid or lead tetraacetate . in the case of cellulose , the reaction can be visualized as follows : ## str3 ## hereafter , we use ## str4 ## for the above reaction product ## str5 ## for generalization ; p means polymer chain ). on the other hand , the chemical structure of heparin has a repeating unit described below : ## str6 ## heparin also has vic - glycol moieties in the chain . hereafter we use simplified formula ## str7 ## for heparin . the vic - glycol moiety in the heparin molecule reacts with an aldehyde in an acidic medium . thus , the reaction between the vic - glycol moiety of the heparin and the aldehyde groups in the polymer forms a 5 - membered ring , i . e ., dioxolane ring which is very stable by nature , in accordance with the following reaction : ## str8 ## the hemiacetal structure is likely to be converted to more stable acetal by elimination of one water molecule . the aldehyde group in the polymer may be converted to acetal or hemiacetal in the presence of an alcohol as follows : ## str9 ## the chemical reactivity of acetal or hemiacetal shown above does not make any difference from &# 34 ; free &# 34 ; aldehyde , and these react with heparin in the same way as &# 34 ; free &# 34 ; aldehyde . ## str10 ## when the reaction ( 1 ) is carried out in an acidic medium in the presence of alcohol , hemiacetal structure may be formed . ## str11 ## but this structure is liable to react further to form stabler 1 , 2 - dioxolane ring by liberating ethanol . ## str12 ## thus , the reaction in this invention can be summarized as follows : ## str13 ## by the above reaction , heparin and the &# 34 ; aldehyde group - containing polymer &# 34 ; can be covalently bonded , which means that the linked heparin does not dissociate , thus , the heparin can not be leach out when exposed in the blood stream . in this reaction , there is neither a heparin - heparin side reaction , nor a polymer - polymer reaction as occurs to a great extent in the prior art . in the present invention , from the principle of the above reaction , one can understand that any polymer which has aldehyde or acetal group can be obviously used . the polymer may be a homopolymer , copolymer , block copolymer or a graft copolymer and blends of the above polymers . the aldehyde group - containing polymer contains preferably aldehyde group ranging from 1 . 0 to 20 . 0 % by weight of the polymer , and heparin solution preferably has 50 to 100 , 000 usp unit heparin when applied to the reaction . the above reaction can be carried out in a homogeneous phase or in a heterogeneous phase . for example , a water soluble starch is dissolved in water to form a homogeneous solution , treated with sodium metaperiodate and then allowed to react with heparin in an acidic medium . on the other hand , the surface of medical device which is exposed to blood can be coated with the above reaction product which can be rendered insoluble by the cross - linking with a dialdehyde such as glyoxal or glutaraldehyde . the invention may also be applied to any shaped article made from cellulose . for example , the interior of a cellulose hollow fiber , or cellulose tube may be treated with periodic acid to form aldehyde groups , followed by the above - described treatment with heparin . cellulose film may also be treated in the same way . the polymer treated is not always limited to a sole polymer , but may be a composite material or a blend material . this invention may be applied on the surface of a shaped article which is exposed to blood when in use . thus , the coating material having aldehyde groups which can cover foreign surface may be utilized . in the case of cellulose hollow fiber , the present invention may be applied in a hollow fiber manufacturing process . the inventor has already disclosed a novel method for producing cellulosic hollow fiber . according to his above - mentioned disclosure , cellulose ester , preferably cellulose acetate is dissolved in an organic solvent , for example , acetone . the hollow fiber can be spun through a &# 34 ; tube in orifice &# 34 ; spinnerete . the key to the success for forming the hollow fiber at a high speed ( 200 m / min ) lies in the fact that a core solution which contains an effective amount of a salt which plays an important role in developing phase separation between the core solution and the spinning dope is used . examples of said water soluble salt are sodium chloride , potassium chloride , calcium chloride , sodium phosphate , ammonium chloride , sodium acetate , sodium oxylate and so forth . when this technique is applied in the dry - jet wet spinning method , and spun - dope filament from the orifice is not gelled during the dry passage because the phase separation prevents the diffusing of the core solution into the sheath dope filament . therefore , the spun dope - filament can be easily stretched during the air gap before being introduced into the coagulation bath . the present invention may also be applied to the above hollow fiber producing process . when the core solution contains sodium metaperiodate , for example , in the form of a mixture with another water soluble salt such as sodium chloride , calcium chloride or sodium acetate , the inner surface or the hollow surface of the filament is contacted with sodium metaperiodate which selectively attacks vic - glycol of the cellulose ester to develop aldehyde groups . the core solution can contain an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide . in this case , the inner surface or the hollow surface can be simultaneously hydrolyzed so as to regenerate cellulose , which is attacked simultaneously by the periodate to give rise to aldehyde groups . preferable concentration of periodic acid or its salt in the core solution is 0 . 01 to 3 mol / l and more preferably 0 . 05 to 1 . 0 mole / l . when the concentration is lower than 0 . 01 mole / l , reaction will not proceed satisfactorily , and , when the concentration is more than 3 . 00 mole / l , degradation due to cleaverage of cellulose molecule may take place . the core solution may be acidic , for example , the core solution can contain periodic acid . this acidic core solution , can contain other inorganic or organic acids , such as hydrochloric acid , nitric acid , sulfuric acid or acetic acid . the solution also may contain neutral salts or acidic salts such as sodium chloride , potassium chloride , ammonium chloride , ammonium bromide and so on . the hollow fiber thus formed can be successively treated with heparin in an acidic medium . thus , heparin can be linked co - valently on the inner surface of the hollow fiber . the follow fiber thus obtained has a long - term , almost permanent non - thrombogenicity , which has long been needed . the core solution may be an organic liquid containing periodic acid which does not gel the spinning solution , namely , a liquid having a swelling effect for the dope - polymer , or a solvent for the dope polymer . in this case , the core solution does not coagulate the spinning dope during the dry - passage ( or in the air gap ) when applied to dry - wet jet spinning method . the spun dope can be stretched before being introduced into the coagulation bath , where gellation take place instantaneously . this makes the spinning speed extremely high ( 180 m / min ), compared to the known process . the example of this type of core solution may be formamide , dimethyl sulfoxide , dimethyl acetamide , dimethyl formamide , γ - butyrolactone , tetromethylene sulfone , 2 - pyrrolidone , or mixtures of the above compounds , for cellulose acetate as dope polymer . these core solution can contain heparin to react based on the same principle . the principle presented in the present invention can also be applied in a different mode . heparin , which also contains vic - glycol , is first treated to form aldehyde groups in its molecule as follows : ## str14 ## the product can react with a polymer having vicinal hydroxyl groups such as cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol as follows : ## str15 ## when the hydroxy polymer is cellulose , the heparin is linked through a 5 - membered substituted dioxolane ring : ## str16 ## when the hydroxy polymer is polyvinyl alcohol , the acetal linkage is in the form of a 5 - membered substituted 1 , 3 - dioxane ring : ## str17 ## the both 5 - and 6 - membered acetal rings are very stable by nature , thus , the heparin molecules are bonded firmly by the covalent bonds . this is the reason why the above reaction products have long - term thrombogenicities . the procedure presented in this invention can be applied in any form of the shaped articles . the invention also is applied as a coating material which has previously been subjected to this invention to link heparin . also the present invention can be applied after being coated with the polymer having vic - glycol or aldehyde ( or acetal ) groups , through said functional groups . the heparin can be bonded as described in detail supra . this invention is further illustrated in and by the following examples which are given merely as illustration and are not intended to restrict in any way the scope of the invention nor the manner in which it can be practiced . sodium metaperiodate was dissolved in 100 ml of water and the solution thus obtained was maintained at 5 ° c . into this solution , a commercial cuprophane film prepared from cuproammonium solution was immersed for 30 minutes , the solution was then washed with distilled water and dried at ambient temperature . the film was next immersed in 50 ml of an aqueous solution containing 25 , 000 unit / ml heparin for 30 minutes at 40 ° c . the heparin solution was adjusted at ph 4 with sulfuric acid . after being treated in the heparin solution , the film was washed with water again , and dried at ambient temperature . a 100 ml aqueous solution having 0 . 01 mole of sodium metaperiodate was adjusted to ph 8 with h 2 so 4 . the solution was placed in a dark place at 10 ° c . into this solution , a commercial cellophane film was immersed and allowed to react for 20 minutes . then , the film was thoroughly washed with distilled water . the film was then allowed to react with heparin by being immersed in an aqueous solution having 5 , 000 unit / ml of heparin at ph of 3 . temperature was maintained at 50 ° c . during the reaction . after ten minutes , the film was taken up from the solution , washed with a sufficient amount of distilled water and then dried at ambient temperature . 50 g of water soluble starch was dissolved in 300 ml of water and the solution obtained was maintained at 30 ° c . to this solution , an aqueous solution ( 50 ml ) containing 1 g of sodium metaperiodate was added , and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes . the reaction product was precipitated by pouring the reaction mixture into large excess of methanol . the precipitant was filtered , and then the residual material was dissolved in water again . after the aqueous solution thus obtained had been adjusted to ph 3 . 5 with h 2 so 4 , 5 ml of a solution having 25 , 000 unit / ml of heparin was added , and the solution was allowed to react at 40 ° c . for 30 minutes . the reaction mixture was again precipitated in a large excess of methanol under agitation . the precipitant was sufficiently washed with methanol . purification of the reaction product was performed by reprecipitation using a water - methanol system . thus , heparinized starch was obtained . using a tube made from polyvinyl chloride ( 100 mm long and 10 mm in inner diameter ), a test tube was prepared by closing one end of the tube . the heparinized starch obtained above was dissolved in water to form a 25 % solution ; the ph thereof was adjusted to 1 . 0 with h 2 so 4 and an amount of glutaraldehyde calculated to form a 3 % solution was added thereto . immediately after the addition of the glutaraldehyde , the solution was poured into the polyvinyl chloride test tube , then the tube was rotated so that the inner surface was covered uniformly with the solution . after this operation , excess solution was decanted , then the tube was dried at 50 ° c . as the result , the inner surface was uniformly coated with cross - linked , heparinized starch . another experiment was conducted as follows , using soft - polyvinyl chloride film containing dioctyl phthalate ( dop ) as a plasticizer : immediately after the addition of glutaraldehyde to the acidic aqueous solution of the heparinized starch , the aqueous solution was coated on the surface of the film described in example 2 , then the coated film was heat - treated at 60 ° c . to evaporate water therefrom . as a result , glutaraldehyde - cross - linked heparinized starch , which is no longer soluble in water , was uniformly coated on the surface of the film . after being washed with a sufficient amount of water to eliminate the soluble portion , the film was dried at ambient temperature . using a tube made from cellulose butyrate acetate by eastman kodak co ., the following experiment was carried out . first , the inner surface of the tube was treated with 3 normal aqueous solution . by this procedure ( koh treatment ), the inner surface of the tube was partially hydrolyzed to regenerate cellulose . after being washed thoroughly with water , the inner surface of the tube was contacted with the aqueous solution of sodium metaperiodate as in example 1 at 5 ° c . in dark place . after this , the periodate solution was removed from the tube , which was then washed with water . the water - washed tube was then immersed in an aqueous solution containing 10 , 000 unit / ml of heparin at ph 3 for 30 minutes at 40 ° c . the tube was then washed with water and dried . anti - coagulant tests were carried out using surface - heparinized film obtained in the examples 1 to 3 . the following tests were employed . for comparison , un - heparinized films of the same materials were tested as controls . the test for non - thrombogenetic properties was made by two methods described below : the film was first thoroughly washed with the saline solution , then placed on a watch glass . on this film , 1 ml of the fresh human blood was placed , then the test was made in such a manner that a silicon - coated needle was tipped into blood and pulled up , and checked if any fibrous material may be pulled up with the needle or not . the time that the fibrous material was first observed was defined as the initial coagulating time . the complete coagulation time was defined as the time that the blood was no longer flow down when the watch glass was tilted and tipped over . this test was carried out using dog &# 39 ; s acd blood . for one sample , 5 pieces of films were prepared and placed in watch glasses independently . these are kept at 37 ° c ., then the fresh dog &# 39 ; s acd blood ( 0 . 25 ml each ) was placed on every pieces of the films . immediately after this , the addition of 0 . 025 ml of aqueous cacl 2 solution , the concentration of which was 0 . 1 mole / l , was followed . this will start coagulation of the blood . after appropriate time intervals , coagulated blood mass was fixed with formation . this was again washed with water . after removing the water , the blood mass was weighed . the weight percent of the blood mass based on the control means which was prepared in the same condition on the glass plate . ______________________________________ test itest sample coagulation time test iikind heparinized initial complete blood mass______________________________________example 1 yes 300 min & gt ; 10 hrs 3 % no 11 min 16 min 81 % example 2 yes 240 min & gt ; 10 hrs 6 % no 10 min 19 min 89 % example 3 yes 240 min & gt ; 10 hrs 8 % no 8 min 14 min 72 % glass plate ( control ) no 6 min 12 min 100 % ______________________________________ from the above results , it is obvious that the heparinization in the present invention shows outstanding effect . in this example , the tests of coagulation of the blood were examined using lee - white method . specimens used in this example were polyvinyl chloride tube coated with the heparinized starch obtained in the example 3 , and the partially hydrolyzed and heparinized cellulose acetate butyrate tube obtained in example 4 . for comparison , unheparinized tube specimens of the same kind , and glass test tubes with and without the treatment with silicone were tested in the same condition . the results are summarized in the following table . ______________________________________tube specimen coagulationkind heparinized start time______________________________________example 3 yes & gt ; 5 hrs no 16 minexample 4 yes & gt ; 5 hrs no 10 minglass tube * -- 8 min glass tube ** -- 32 min______________________________________ * without treatment with silicone ** treated with silicone 215 . 2 mg of sodium heparin was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water . to this , 0 . 0624 mole of sodium metaperiodate was added , and the mixture was kept for 28 hours at 5 ° c . by this procedure , one glycol per 16 glucose units of heparin was cleaved on an average . this solution was used as solution ( i ). after this solution was maintained for an additional 20 hrs in the dark , two glycols per 16 glucose units of heparin were cleaved . this solution was used as the solution ( ii ). the commercial cuprophan ® and cellophan ® film were cut to square ( 5 × 5 cm ). the films were treated with solutions ( i ) and ( ii ) at ph 3 adjusted with h 2 so 4 for 60 min . temperature was maintained at 60 ° c . the films were then washed with water and dried . a polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was prepared using a commercial polyvinyl alcohol . from the solution , a polyvinyl alcohol film was prepared by usual casting method . after heat - treatment of the film at 80 ° c . for 4 hours , the film became insolube in water because of the crystallization . this film was treated at ph 1 . 0 for 4 hours at 50 ° c . with solution ( i ). a film made from a copolymer of vinyl acetate - ethylene copolymer was treated in a kcl saturated aqueous solution with 1 n of potassium hydroxide for 1 hour at 40 ° c . the surface of the film was hydrolyzed , which was confirmed by ir spectrum , showing the presence of -- oh group . this surface - hydrolyzed film was treated with solution ( ii ) at ph 1 . 0 for 1 hour at 40 ° c . the film was then washed with water and dried . a commercial vinyl chloride - ethylene - vinyl acetate graft copolymer ( graftmer ® from the nippon zeon co .) was shaped into a tube . the interior of the tube was hydrolyzed by contact with 2 normal potassium hydroxide aqueous solution . thus interior surface of the tube became vinyl chloride - ethylene - vinyl alcohol copolymer . after being washed sufficiently , the tube was treated with solution ( i ) at ph 3 for 1 hour . temperature was maintained at 30 ° c . after being washed with h 2 o , the tube was cut to 10 cm length , and one end of the tube was heat - closed to form a test tube . a tube from cellulose butyrate acetate was surface - hydrolyzed in the same manner as in example 10 . after being washed thoroughly with water , the tube was treated with solution ( ii ) at 30 ° c . for 1 hour at ph 4 . 0 . using the specimens obtained from examples 7 to 11 , non - thrombogenic properties were examined by the method proposed in example 5 . the results obtained are summerized in the following table . ______________________________________ test itest specimen coagulation time test iikind heparinized initial complete blood mass______________________________________example 7 yes 230 min & gt ; 10 hrs 3 % no 8 min 12 min 82 % example 8 yes 300 min & gt ; 10 hrs 6 % no 6 min 17 min 91 % example 9 yes 120 min & gt ; 10 hrs 8 % no 5 min 14 min 88 % glass -- 8 min 14 min 100 % ______________________________________ the tubes obtained by examples 10 and 11 were tested by lee - white method . for comparison , glass tubes were tested with and without silicone treatment . the results are summarized in the following table . ______________________________________tube specimen coagulationkind heparinized start time______________________________________example 10 yes & gt ; 10 hours no 13 minexample 11 yes & gt ; 10 hours no 18 minglass tube * -- 12 min glass tube ** -- 43 min______________________________________ * without treatment with silicone ** treated with silicone a film was prepared from the hydrolyzed product of the allylidene diacetate - vinyl acetate copolymer . the hydrolyzed product has acrolein unit ( 6 . 9 mole %) and vinyl alcohol unit in the polymer . by heat - treatment , the film became insoluble in water because of the crystallization . the film was immersed in the heparin solution containing 10 , 000 units of heparin for 30 min , which was adjusted at ph 3 . 0 with h 2 so 4 . after being washed , the film was dried at ambient temperature . a copolymer comprising methyl methacrylate and methacrolein ( 6 . 1 mole %) was dissolved in acetone . using this solution , a film was casted by the usual method . the film was immersed in the solution containing 50 , 000 units of heparin for 40 minutes , adjusted at ph 2 with h 2 so 4 . the dried film was presented for non - thrombogenetic test . the powdered copolymer of methylmethacrylate and methacrolein was suspended in the aqueous solution containing 50 , 000 units of heparin at 50 ° c . for one hour at ph 3 . 2 adjusted with h 2 so 4 . the polymer was filtered and dried . this was dissolved in acetone , and after the insoluble part had been removed , the solution was casted to form a film . the film obtained was presented for non - thrombogenicity test . a copolymer of acrylonitrile - methyl acrylate - methacrolein acetal ( 86 : 9 : 5 by weight ) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide . from the solution thus obtained , a film was prepared by casting the solution . the film was treated in boiled water to remove traces of dimethyl formamide retained in the film . this film was treated in the acidic aqueous solution having 10 , 000 units of heparin and the film was presented for non - thrombogenic test . a copolymer of acrylonitrile - vinyl acetate - p - formyl styrene ( 91 : 3 : 6 ) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide . from this solution , a film was prepared in the same manner as in example 17 . heparinization process was the same as in example 17 . from homogeneous blend of 30 parts of methyl methacrylate - methacrolein copolymer ( 84 : 16 ) and 70 parts of soft - polyvinyl chloride plasticized with dop ( dioctyl phthalate ) a tube having inner diameter of 8 mm was shaped . the tube was transparent and flexible . one end of the tube was heat - sealed to form a test tube . the test tube was filled with the heparin solution used in example 17 . after being stood over night at 30 ° c ., the heparin solution was removed by decantation , and the tube was dried . the non - thrombogenic tests were performed according to the method described in example 5 using the film specimens obtained in examples 14 to 18 . the results are summarized in the below . ______________________________________ test itest specimen coagulation time test iikind heparinized initial complete blood mass______________________________________example 14 yes 300 min & gt ; 10 hrs 3 % no 12 min 16 min 82 % example 15 yes 260 min & gt ; 10 hrs 2 % no 8 min 19 min 89 % example 16 yes 120 min & gt ; 10 hrs 8 % no 5 min 14 min 81 % example 17 yes 280 min & gt ; 10 hrs 4 % no 6 min 12 min 86 % example 18 yes 245 min & gt ; 10 hrs 2 % no 7 min 12 min 86 % glass -- 6 min 12 min 100 % ______________________________________ the non - thrombogenic test was performed by lee - white method using the tube obtained in example 19 . the result is shown with control data for comparison . ______________________________________specimen coagulationkind heparinized start time______________________________________example 19 yes & gt ; 10 hrs no 14 minglass tube * -- 8 min glass tube ** -- 32 min______________________________________ * without treatment with silicone ** treated with silicone cellulose acetate ( eastman kodak co ., e - 400 - 25 ) was dissolved in acetone - formamide mixture to form a spinning solution . the hollow fiber was produced using a &# 34 ; tube - in - orifice &# 34 ; spinneret , namely , the spinning solution was extruded through an annular slit , and simultaneously from a tube which was placed at the center of the annular orifice , core solution was introduced . the core solution ( a ) was a 20 % aqueous solution of cacl 2 , while core solution ( b ) has 0 . 5 mole / l sodium metaperiodate in addition to 20 % of cacl 2 . the spinning method employed was the so - called dry - jet wet spinning . the spun filament was introduced into a water coagulation bath after passing through an air gap of 30 cm . the filament was washed with water , and then wound up on a reel . this was immersed in water overnight , during that period , gradients in the core solution were dialyzed . in the inner surface of the hollow fiber prepared by using the core solution ( b ), the presence of aldehyde group was confirmed by infra - red spectrum . interior surface of this hollow fiber was then treated with acidic ( ph 2 ) heparin solution and then dried . hemodialyzers were assembled using the fibers obtained in this example and , using each , blood dialysis was performed on a dog . there was observed non - thrombogenecity for the dialyzer assembled by use of the heparinized hollow fibers , while the hollow fiber without heparinization ( using the core solution ( a )) shows considerable blood clotting . the same spinning solution in example 22 was used . ammonium chloride was dissolved in 1 n hcl aqueous solution to form core solution ( c ). to this , 0 . 1 mole percent of periodic acid was added ( core solution ( d )). as in example 22 , the hollow fiber was prepared using the core solutions ( c ) and ( d ). the spinning was performed using usual dry - jet wet spinning ( air gap : 30 cm ) as in example 22 . the hollow fiber obtained on the reel was cut to be 30 cm long , then the core solution was removed from the hollow portion . the fiber was washed with water , followed by the treatment with acidic ( ph 2 ) heparin solution . using the hollow fibers thus obtained , a hemodialyzer was assembled . the non - thrombogenenic properties of the dialyzer were tested using a dog . the hollow fiber dialyzer using the heparinized hollow fibers obtained in this example shows no blood clotting . except for the use of the core solution having 0 . 1 mole of periodic salt ( potassium periodate ) in propylene glycol - water mixture ( 55 : 45 ), all the procedure was the same as in example 22 . the hollow fibers wound up on the reel was cut to be 30 cm long , then the core liquid was removed . the fiber was then treated with dilute acetic acid , then washed with h 2 o , followed by the treatment with the heparin solution acidified with hcl . the hemodialyzer using this hollow fibers shows a minimum clotting of the blood , and outstanding effect of the present invention was confirmed . | non - thrombogenic material comprising a base polymer treated with heparin , the improvement in which the heparin is covalently bonded with the base polymer through only one acetal bond or hemiacetal bond at each bonding site between the heparin and the base polymer . | [
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] |
illustrative embodiments of the invention will be described below in the context of a battery . however , it is to be understood that the encapsulation techniques and mechanisms described herein are more generally applicable to any power source for which it would be desirable to prevent harmful chemical leakage , reduce harm caused by ingestion , and / or other related harms caused by the power source and its components . fig1 illustrates an encapsulated battery system 100 . the system 100 includes a power source 102 having a set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 . in this embodiment , the power source 102 is a battery , by way of example only , a button or cylindrical type battery such as , but not limited to , a lithium cell battery . the power source 102 can also be a disposable battery or a rechargeable battery . in this example , power terminal 103 - 1 is the positively charged electrode of the battery or anode , while power terminal 103 - 2 is the negatively charged electrode of the battery or cathode . however , the power terminals can be reversed in alternate embodiments . furthermore , the power terminals do not have to be located on opposite sides of the battery as illustrated in fig1 but rather can be located in other locations on the battery . as further shown in the system 100 of fig1 , a cover 104 encapsulates the power source 102 as well as the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 , thus sealing the power source 102 and the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 within the cover 104 . in one embodiment , the material used for the cover 104 to encapsulate and seal the power source 102 and the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 is a natural elastomer such as natural rubber or other natural polymer . in another embodiment , the cover material is a synthetic elastomer such as a synthetic rubber or other synthetic polymer . for example , the material is a rubber material or silicone gel material in certain illustrative embodiments . some of the advantages of elastomer materials include , but are not limited to , prevention of leakage of the battery chemicals into nature when they are thrown away instead of being recycled , as well as when they are ingested by a human or animal . the cover 104 can also be formed with a silk material that can be ingested without harm to the human or animal that ingests it . as is known , silk can be processed into various forms such as gels and films . as such , a gel or film - like silk material can be used to encapsulate and seal the power source 102 and the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 . still further , the cover can be formed with an electrical conducting material that is harmless if swallowed by humans or animals , e . g ., gold , platinum or silver . in this case , the cover 104 could also have insulating material surrounding the power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 of the power source 102 or otherwise electrically separating the two terminals to prevent shorting of the anode and the cathode . as further shown in the system 100 of fig1 , a set of conductive contacts 106 - 1 and 106 - 2 are configured to pass through the cover 104 and contact the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 , respectively , thus providing conductive access to the set of power terminals of the power source 102 from outside the cover without allowing exposure of the power source or the power terminals to an environment outside the cover 104 . this means that none of the harmful chemicals of the power source 102 are able to escape from the cover 104 when the power source leaks . note that the set of conductive contacts are made of an electrical conducting material , and are configured to be removable from the cover 104 without allowing exposure of the power source 102 or the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 to the outside environment . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , the conductive contacts 106 - 1 and 106 - 2 are pin - shaped ( but can be pointed in shape in some other manner ) such that they penetrate the cover 104 but allow the cover to re - seal upon removal of one or more of the contacts . while two pin - shaped structures for each conductive contact are shown penetrating the cover 104 and contacting each of the power terminals ( 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 ), it is to be understood that more or less pin - shaped structures can be used to form each conductive contact . while the set of conductive contacts 106 - 1 and 106 - 2 are preferably removable from the system 100 , in an alternative embodiment , the conductive contacts are integrally - formed with the cover 104 . fig2 illustrates a conductive contact for an encapsulated battery system , according to an embodiment of the invention . recall that the system 100 of fig1 illustrates a set of conductive contacts 106 - 1 and 106 - 2 that are pin - shaped in form . in an alternate embodiment of a conductive contact 200 shown in fig2 , the conductive contact also includes an electrically conductive spring 201 in the form of an adjustable spiral structure . the spring 201 allows for compressive pressure to be put on the conductive contact and the corresponding power terminal ( 106 - 1 or 106 - 2 ) of the power source 102 in order to make a better electrical connection between the conductive contact 200 and the corresponding power terminal of the power source . the spring 201 is also configured to be able to penetrate the cover 104 , if needed for a given configuration , without exposing the power source or power terminals to the outside environment , both while installed and after being removed from the cover . fig3 illustrates an encapsulation structure for an encapsulated battery system , according to an embodiment of the invention . recall that the system 100 of fig1 illustrates a cover 104 that encapsulates the power source 102 as well as the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 , thus sealing the power source 102 and the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 within the cover . in one embodiment , a cover 300 is shown in fig3 . as mentioned , the cover can be made of various materials including , in one or more embodiments , a rubber material that encapsulates the power source and power terminals so as to seal the power source and power terminals from exposure to the outside environment . in one embodiment as shown in fig3 , a tyer 301 is included as part of the cover 300 . in this embodiment , the tyer 301 is an integral part of the cover structure that securely attaches the cover 300 to the power source . the tyer 301 , in one example , is made from the same rubber material as the cover with adhesive material on the portion of the tyer that comes into contact with the body of the power source . other tyer configurations are possible within the scope of alternate embodiment . whether or not the cover includes a tyer structure , it is to be appreciated that the power source and power terminals remain sealed from exposure to the outside environment once the power source is encapsulated within the cover . fig4 illustrates a methodology for forming and installing an encapsulated battery system , according to an embodiment of the invention . as shown in a methodology 400 , a battery ( one example of a power source and its power terminals ) is encapsulated in a rubber cover , in step 402 . one of ordinary skill in the art will realize various known rubber application processes for encapsulating and sealing a component such as a battery . it is assumed the conductive contacts ( e . g ., contacts such as shown as 200 in fig2 ) are installed by pressing the pin structures of the contact through the rubber cover in the vicinity of the power terminals of the battery . in step 404 , the contacts ( pins ) are adjusted to place the encapsulated battery in a compartment . the compartment may be , for example , the battery compartment of an electronic device that requires battery power for operation . in step 406 , the encapsulated battery is placed in the compartment . it is to be understood that when the conductive contacts each include a spring ( 201 in fig2 ), the springs are compressed on each side of the battery ( e . g ., contacts are compressed between the fingers of the installer ) so that the encapsulated battery can fit into the compartment . in step 408 , the contacts ( pins ) are released so that the contacts respectively connect with the electrical contacts of the electronic device ( located inside the compartment ). in step 410 , a check is made to verify that the battery is properly installed and sufficiently contacting the contacts of the electronic device . this may be verified by checking whether or not current is flowing through the battery , i . e ., check to see that the electronic device is getting the power it needs to operate . if yes , then the methodology ends at block 412 . however , if the electronic device is not getting the needed power from the battery , in step 414 , the encapsulated battery is removed and the penetration of the pins of the conductive contacts is increased through the rubber cover . this is to ensure that there is more sufficient contact between the conductive contacts and the power terminals of the battery sealed inside the rubber cover . once this is done , the methodology 400 returns to step 404 and repeats . it will be appreciated and should be understood that the exemplary embodiments of the invention described above can be implemented in a number of different fashions . given the teachings of the invention provided herein , one of ordinary skill in the related art will be able to contemplate other implementations of the invention . indeed , although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments , and that various other changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention . | a method comprising the steps of encapsulating a power source including a set of power terminals in a cover and sealing the power source including the set of power terminals within the cover and inserting a set of conductive contacts through the cover to contact the set of power terminals and provide conductive access to the set of power terminals of the power source from outside the cover without allowing exposure of the power source to an environment outside the cover . | [
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] |
as described in greater detail below , the invention advantageously can be used or applied to convert carbon dioxide to useful fuel and oxygen utilizing heat , such as can be provided , result or be a part of exhaust from or by a co 2 exhaust gas - producing apparatus . the co 2 decomposition generates co and oxygen , which carry waste heat to the combustion chamber for further reaction . such processing can desirably recover energy from the waste heat and also increase combustion efficiency such as due to or through increases in oxygen concentration . moreover , those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided will understand and appreciate that the invention can be practiced with or in conjunction with various co 2 exhaust gas - producing apparatus such as including but not necessarily limited to combustion engines , solar concentrators , furnaces , boilers , steel refineries , glass smelters , aluminum mills and the like . in accordance with one preferred aspect of the invention , there is provided a method to decompose carbon dioxide to useful co fuel and oxygen catalytically at mid - range temperature ( i . e ., at a temperature below 700 ° c ., preferably at a temperature in a range of 300 ° c . to 450 ° c .). such a method includes or involves : ( 2 ) co 2 dissociation on an oxygen deficient catalyst to co and oxygen anion ( o 2 − ) on the oxygen deficient ferrites ( odf ); and ( 3 ) oxygen formation via two oxygen anions losing electrons to form oxygen , with return of electrons to the ferrite catalyst : a ceramic substrate is desirably incorporated or used to transport co 2 to the odf catalyst surface and decompose the co 2 to co and oxygen anion . to prevent or avoid carbon deposition , a suitable catalyst effective to prevent carbon deposition can desirably be incorporated in or with the oxygen - deficient ferrite material . for example , rh catalyst can be incorporated or used to prevent or avoid carbon deposition . those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided will , however , understand and appreciate that other suitable catalyst materials such as known to those skilled in the art can similarly and correspondingly incorporated or used . a mixed conducting perovskite catalyst can be used as a support for the odf and rh to perform a micro - cell redox reaction , in which oxygen anion loses electrons to be oxygen gas and magnetite metal ion gains electrodes . similar micro - cell redox reactions have previously been known in the field of corrosion protection . turning to fig1 there is shown a schematic representation of a process , generally designated by the reference numeral 10 , for co 2 decomposition on an oxygen deficient ferrites ( odf )/ mixed ceramic conductor in accordance with one aspect of the invention . as shown in fig1 , co 2 is desirably continuously decomposed by heat . the oxygen deficient ferrite catalyst 12 removes one oxygen from co 2 to form co gas and an oxygen anion by obtaining two electrons from the catalyst . the oxygen anion transports through the mixed ceramic conductor 14 to the surface 16 . two of the oxygen anions lose electrons to form oxygen gas . the electrons lost by the oxygen anions , in turn , flow back to the catalyst such as to be used again to produce additional oxygen gas . thus , the overall process reaction is the conversion of co 2 to co and oxygen by heat . in accordance with one embodiment , the odf catalyst is desirably deposited on the mixed conductor ceramic support surface such that the two parts are adjacent , adhere or otherwise neighbor each other . the rh or other carbon deposition preventing or avoiding catalyst material , such as in nano - particle form , can be disposed on or between the odf and / or on ceramic particles . therefore the synergistic reactions of co 2 decomposition and o 2 formation can occur simultaneously . for example , in an embodiment utilizing a ceramic membrane for co 2 transport , the mixed conductor ceramic powder can be inserted or otherwise included in or with the porous layer or media ( e . g ., tube ) to form a co 2 transport membrane and the odf then deposited on the membrane . in such an embodiment , the odf and the ceramic powder are also adjacent . as described in greater detail below , an alternative embodiment to such use of a ceramic mixed conductor powder co 2 transport membrane embodiment is the use of a eutectic carbonate co 2 transport membrane . cation excess oxygen deficient ferrites can be made by a mixed ion co - precipitation method to form mfe 2 o 4 - δ ( m = transition metals , δ is the oxygen deficient number ). those skilled in the art and guided by the teaching herein provided will , however , understand and appreciate that other suitable methods or techniques such as known in the art may be used and that the broader practice of the invention is not necessarily limited by or to specific methods or techniques for preparing or forming oxygen deficient materials . the mixed conductor ceramic support can be synthesized from commercial available perovskite powders such as la 1 - x sr x coo 1 - δ ( lsc ) and srco 0 . 8 fe 0 . 2 o 3 - δ ( scf ), for example . the mixed ceramic conductor powder can be used as a substrate to deposit the odf catalysts and , if desired , a suitable catalyst material such as effective to prevent carbon deposition particularly at low temperature . for example , the incorporation or presence of the chemical element rhodium ( rh ) such as in a relative amount of 0 . 5 to 2 composition weight percent can desirably serve to avoid or prevent carbon formation , particularly at temperatures less than 850 ° c . those skilled in the art and guided by the teaching herein provided will again , however , understand and appreciate that other suitable catalyst materials effective to prevent carbon deposition can be used and that the broader practice of the invention is not necessarily limited by or to the inclusion of specific or particular catalyst materials to avoid or prevent carbon formation . turning to fig2 , there is shown a schematic representation of oxygen transport through a dense perovskite membrane in accordance with one aspect of the invention . the overall mechanism , generally designated by the reference numeral 210 , shows a membrane 212 having an air side 214 , with a relative high p o2 , and a sweep side 216 , with a relative low p o2 . as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided , temperature can be and typically is very important in and oxygen transport . moreover , the temperature for the co 2 decomposition should preferably be compatible with the mixed conductor for oxygen anion transport / recombination to oxygen . the mixed ceramic conductor substrate should also preferably have good electrical conductivity for both electron and ions transport . fig3 is a graphical presentation showing the temperature dependence of the total conductivity of srco 0 . 8 fe 0 . 2 o 3 - δ ( scf ) and scfnb in air , where the temperature range is from 100 to 600 ° c . the exhaust gases provided or resulting from combustion processing typically , in addition to co 2 , include various impurities . however , to retain and maintain the catalyst performance and lifetime for the co 2 decomposition reaction / process , such reaction / process desirably employs a sufficiently good quality of co 2 , e . g ., co 2 without the presence of sufficient impurities from co 2 sources such as may undesirably poison or otherwise harm or disrupt the effectiveness or efficiency of the co 2 decomposition catalyst materials . common or typical impurities that may be present in exhaust gases provided or resulting from combustion processing may include soot , fine particulates unburned fuel or oil and the like . thus , in a preferred practice of the invention , a co 2 permeable porous media or layer is used for co 2 transport to the odf / scf catalyst surface . co 2 permeable media have been well investigated at elevated temperatures . membrane separation for co 2 capture has been studied in both pre - combustion gases and post - combustion gases . most common co 2 separation membrane materials are organic polymers , which typically work best at temperatures below 200 ° c . significant efforts have been directed towards the use of inorganic membranes for co 2 separation and some such membranes exhibit high co 2 perm - selectivity and permeance . unfortunately , at higher temperatures , the co 2 selectivities of these inorganic membranes typically decrease significantly . since the separation by these microporous inorganic membranes is typically based mainly on the mechanism of preferential adsorption of co 2 on the membrane material , the co 2 selectivities for such membranes commonly diminish at high temperatures (& gt ; 400 ° c .). in recent years , however , dense dual phase inorganic membranes that exhibit an infinite selectivity for co 2 over n 2 or h 2 at temperatures above 500 ° c . have been developed . these kinds of membranes generally include a porous inorganic phase and a molten carbonate phase . the inorganic phase serves as a porous support and also as an electron and / or oxygen ion conductor . a molten carbonate phase such as of li / na / k can be introduced into the porous support . at high temperature , the co 2 can transport through the dual - phase membrane as a carbonate - ion ( co 3 2 − ) under the driving force of the co 2 partial pressure gradient . table 1 lists examples of suitable eutectic carbonates for such duel phase co 2 transport . a suitable support for such eutectic carbonates and ceramic powders can be formed or made of a porous media such of stainless steel , ceramic alumina , carbon fiber composite , glass fiber composite , or the like suitably selected dependent on factors such as mechanical sealing , cost , co 2 transport and the like parameters or requirements . turning now to fig4 and fig5 , fig4 shows a co 2 decomposition device , generally designated by the reference numeral 410 , in accordance with one aspect of the invention and fig5 is a schematic representation of the co 2 decomposition device 410 shown in fig4 . while fig4 and fig5 depict the co 2 decomposition device 410 in a context of an engine with an associated catalytic converter , those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided will understand and appreciate that the broader practice of the invention in not necessarily so limited , as the invention can be appropriately applied to other co 2 exhaust gas - producing apparatus , as well . the device 410 is generally composed of a housing 412 through which a conduit or tube 414 is passed . the conduit or tube 414 includes at least a co 2 permeable porous tube section 416 contained or otherwise appropriately enclosed within the housing 412 . the conduit or tube 414 includes or has an entrance 420 to permit the introduction of exhaust gases from a co 2 exhaust gas - producing apparatus . the conduit or tube 414 also includes or has an exit 422 for passage of residual gases including non - co 2 gases from the originally introduced exhaust gas . at least a portion and , in accordance with one embodiment , all or nearly all of the co 2 permeable porous tube section 416 contained or otherwise appropriately enclosed within the housing 412 has or includes a catalyst material such as in the form of a partial or complete layer or coating 426 disposed on an outer surface 430 thereof . as discussed above , such a catalyst material can desirably be composed of odf , preferably with or including a suitable catalyst material such as effective to prevent carbon deposition such as rh on or with a mixed conducting perovskite catalyst . as shown , the decomposition products , e . g ., co and o 2 , are desirably captured or retained via the housing 412 and can , if desired , be returned to the engine or otherwise appropriately processed . while concentration differences can generally serve as the principle driving force for the co 2 transport , in practice the flue gas back pressure can also serve as a driving force for the co 2 transport . furthermore , the eutectic membrane can desirably have a very high co 2 permeability . moreover , in accordance with one embodiment , as the porous media of the subject device has a thin smooth layer ( for example a fine alumina coating layer ) on the surface , any particulate fouling effect can and desirably will be reduced . the inclusion and use of eutectic - based membrane can also provide or result in various functional type of advantages including relating to adsorption , reaction , and desorption , for example . different combustion processes typically have or exhibit correspondingly different exhaust gas temperatures . for example , a two - stroke engine may typically produce or form an exhaust gas at or with a temperature of approximately 450 ° c . for a natural gas fired furnace , the flue gas temperature typically changes with the gas composition . in the practice of the subject technology , temperatures in a range of 200 ° c . to generally less than 700 ° c . are generally preferred , as at low temperatures , the time required for co 2 transport through the porous membrane and the co 2 decomposition reaction may be unsuitably prolonged . an increase of oxygen concentration can desirably serve to increase the combustion efficiency . the air used most commonly in industrial combustion processes as an oxidizing agent , has a high nitrogen content ( e . g ., 78 - 79 %). in a fuel combustion process , nitrogen generally acts as useless thermal ballast . that is , during air - fuel combustion , the chemically inert nitrogen in the air dilutes the reactive oxygen and carries away some of the energy in the hot combustion exhaust gas . an increase of the oxygen content in the combustion air can act or serve to reduce the energy loss in the exhaust gases and increase the heating system efficiency . for example , previously identified benefits associated with or resulting oxygen - enriched combustion can include : increase efficiency . the flue gas heat losses are reduced because the flue gas mass decreases as it leaves the furnace . there is less nitrogen to carry heat from the furnace . lower emissions . certain burners and oxy - fuel fired systems can achieve lower levels of nitrogen oxide , carbon monoxide , and hydrocarbons . improve temperature stability and heat transfer . increasing the oxygen content allows more stable combustion and higher combustion temperatures that can lead to improved or better heat transfer . increase productivity . when a furnace has been converted to be oxygen - enriched , throughput can be increased for the same fuel input because of higher flame temperature , increased heat transfer to the load , and / or reduced flue gas . thus , the invention desirably provides techniques or methods and associated apparatus or devices for mitigating co 2 emissions that facilitate or otherwise permit continuous or near continuous operation or practice . the invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element , part , step , component , or ingredient which is not specifically disclosed herein . while in the foregoing detailed description this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof , and many details have been set forth for purposes of illustration , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein can be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention . | carbon monoxide and oxygen gas can be produced from carbon dioxide by introducing a supply of co 2 - containing gas to a co 2 permeable porous media . the co 2 permeates through the media to separate the co 2 from other species in the co 2 - containing gas supply . an oxygen - deficient ferrite material , disposed on a surface of the co 2 permeable porous media , contacts with the separated co 2 at decomposition reaction conditions to produce co and o 2 . corresponding devices for treating exhaust gases from a co 2 exhaust gas - producing apparatus are also provided . | [
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] |
fig1 schematically shows a longitudinal cross - sectional view of a portion of a pipe assembly 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention . fig2 , 3 and 4 schematically show perspective views of pipe assembly 10 , with fig2 and 3 showing cut - away perspective views of the two longitudinal halves of pipe assembly 10 and fig4 showing an upstream view of pipe assembly 10 . pipe assembly 10 may transport fluids , such as steam flowing from a nuclear reactor . pipe assembly 10 includes a main pipe 12 , a standpipe 14 , a relief valve 16 ( omitted from fig2 to 4 for clarity ) and a scoop insert 18 . a first end 61 of standpipe 14 is coupled to main pipe 12 at an intersection 44 and a second end 62 of standpipe 14 is coupled to relief valve 16 . during normal operation , when a pressure in pipe assembly 10 is below a predetermined threshold of relief valve 16 and relief valve 16 is closed , steam in main pipe 12 flows from upstream of standpipe 14 to downstream of standpipe 14 . scoop insert 18 is arranged to extend into main pipe 12 and drive a small portion of steam flowing through main pipe 12 upward into standpipe 14 to closed relief valve 16 and back into main pipe 12 . the upwardly directed steam then recirculates back into the main pipe 12 , thereby disrupting vortex shedding past the inlet of standpipe 14 . scoop insert 18 includes a coupling portion 20 , which may be flange 20 , a body portion 22 , which in this embodiment has semi - cylindrical shape , and a scoop 24 . flange 20 may be fixed in between a flange 30 of standpipe 14 and a flange 32 of relief valve 16 . body portion 22 extends downwardly from flange 20 against an inner circumference 41 of standpipe 14 and connects scoop 24 to flange 20 , which couples scoop 24 to second end 62 of standpipe 14 . scoop 24 is positioned with a top end 34 of scoop 24 in standpipe 14 and a bottom end 36 of scoop 24 in main pipe 12 , so that scoop 24 is located at intersection 44 of standpipe 14 and main pipe 12 on an upstream side of standpipe 14 with respect to main pipe 12 and extends from within standpipe 14 into main pipe 12 . scoop 24 may include a front face 26 extending downward from body portion 22 having an opening 40 formed therein . in this embodiment , front face 26 is integral and flush with body portion 22 . scoop 24 also includes a channeling face 28 opposite of front face 26 extending from within standpipe 14 into main pipe 12 . channeling face 28 is positioned to channel steam flowing through main pipe 12 into standpipe 14 . channeling face 28 is substantially parallel with standpipe 14 at top end 34 and is angled with respect to standpipe 14 at bottom end 36 , so scoop 24 redirects steam flowing through main pipe 12 by approximately ninety degrees . in this embodiment , front face 26 has a semi - cylindrical shape and channeling face 28 has a semi - cylindrical shape at top end 34 . thus , at top end 34 , front face 26 has a convex shape with respect to channeling face 28 and channeling face 28 has a concave shape with respect to front face 26 . scoop 24 may also include channeling sides 27 , 29 connecting front face 26 and channeling face 28 that assist in directing steam from main pipe 12 to standpipe 14 . in a preferred embodiment , standpipe 14 is six inches in diameter and main pipe 12 is twenty - four inches in diameter . in alternative embodiment , flange 20 and body portion 22 may be omitted and scoop 24 may be directly coupled to at least one of main pipe 12 and standpipe 14 , for example by welding . fig5 and 6 show a downstream perspective view and side perspective view , respectively , of scoop insert 18 . flange 20 has evenly spaced holes 38 formed therein . fasteners such as bolts may be passed through holes 38 to secure flange 20 to at least one of standpipe 14 ( fig1 to 4 ) or relief valve 16 ( fig1 ). front face 26 extends downward from body portion 22 and has opening 40 defined therein for steam to enter and be directed upwards by channeling face 28 towards body portion 22 and flange 20 . channeling face 28 is parallel to body portion 22 at top end 34 , but extends downward and curves towards front face 26 at bottom end 36 . fig7 and 8 show a perspective upstream view and a perspective downstream view of a scoop insert 118 according to another embodiment of the present invention . scoop insert 118 may be inserted in standpipe 14 ( fig1 to 4 ) to direct steam from main pipe 12 ( fig1 to 4 ) into standpipe 14 in substantially the same manner as scoop insert 18 ( fig1 to 6 ). scoop insert 118 includes a flange 120 , a body portion 122 and a scoop 124 . scoop 124 includes a front face 126 , a channeling face 128 and channeling sides 127 , 129 . channeling sides 127 , 129 connect front face 126 and channeling face 128 and assist in directing steam from main pipe 12 ( fig1 to 4 ) to standpipe 14 ( fig1 to 4 ). body portion 122 extends downward from flange 120 to front face 126 at a top end 134 of scoop 124 , which curves away from body portion 122 at a bottom end 136 and protrudes past body portion 122 upstream in main pipe 12 ( fig1 to 4 ). at bottom end 136 , at least a portion of front face 126 may contact an inner circumference of main pipe 14 ( fig1 to 4 ). channeling sides 127 , 129 extend inwardly from front face 126 , connecting front face 126 with channeling face 128 . front face 126 , channeling face 128 and channeling sides 127 , 129 define an opening 140 for steam to flow through , which scoop 124 directs towards body portion 122 and flange 120 . at both ends 134 , 136 , opening 140 has a semi - annular shape . fig9 shows a top view of scoop insert 118 . top end 134 of scoop 124 is shown , with channeling sides 127 , 129 extending radially inward from front face 126 towards channeling face 128 . front face 126 has a convex shape with respect to channeling face 128 and channeling face 128 has a concave shape with respect to front face 126 . in the preceding specification , the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments and examples thereof it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of invention as set forth in the claims that follow . the specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative manner rather than a restrictive sense . | a piping assembly for directing fluid and mitigating acoustic and vortex coupled resonance is provided that includes a main pipe delivering fluid in a first direction ; a standpipe coupled to the main pipe at an intersection ; and a scoop positioned at the intersection directing the fluid towards the standpipe . a scooping insert and a method for disrupting vortex shedding in a piping assembly are also provided . | [
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] |
the present invention relates to a process and apparatus for use in musical instruments . in particular , the invention identifies a chord played on a manual keyboard of a musical instrument , such as the accompaniment manual of an electronic organ , and identifies the root of the chord and the type of chord being played . the pedal circuitry ( which may be responsive to either the pedal keys or manual stops controlling pedal tone sequences ) of the musical instrument is then caused to play automatically either this root or a sequence of notes which is compatible with the identified root without actual playing of the pedals . the basic operation of a microprocessor controlled organ system in accordance with the present invention is as described below . the microprocessor includes a random access memory , a portion of which is used to store information regarding the identity of notes to be sounded by the organ . the microprocessor stores a &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; in its memory at the location allocated to a particular note if the key on the keyboard corresponding to that note is actuated , and a &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; in the memory location corresponding to each key on the keyboard which is not actuated . in addition , the microprocessor stores in defined locations a &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; or a &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; representing the on / off state of various stop and control tabs . there are as many as 61 accompaniment keys , 61 solo keys , 32 pedal keys and typically 50 to 100 stop and control tabs , or switches , available on most electronic organs . the precise number of such keys and tabs is immaterial to the present invention . the status of the various key switches of the keyboard ( as well as the status of stop control switches , pedal switches of the pedal keyboard and function tab switches ) is ascertained by addressing the location of these switches , and loading this information into designated portions of the memory . this operation is performed under the control of the microprocessor , and at intervals selected so as to eliminate any audible delay in the response of the instrument to a change in the status of a key or switch . programmable signal generators are then assigned to produce tones corresponding to notes to be sounded ( i . e ., the notes played plus the notes to be filled - in ) and these tones are transmitted to an appropriate output system . in a typical microprocessor controlled organ system , as shown in fig1 microprocessor 800 includes a strobe 810 , an output port 820 , a bi - directional input / output port (&# 34 ; i / o port &# 34 ;) 830 , and a random access memory 840 . for clarity , other conventional features of the microprocessor 800 are not shown . strobe 810 of microprocessor 800 is connected to strobe expander 850 by a line 855 . strobe expander 850 is connected in turn to latch array 860 via 12 lines 865 . output bus 870 connects the output port 820 of microprocessor 800 to the rest of the organ system via the eight lines which comprise output bus 870 as follows : four lines of output bus 870 are connected to strobe expander 850 ; three lines of output bus 870 are connected to latch array 860 ; and six lines of output bus 870 are connected to decoder 880 . five of the six lines connected to decoder 880 are also connected to strobe expander 850 or latch array 860 . however , no ambiguity arises between the strobe expander 850 and latch array 860 are only addressed during operations affecting the output system ( i . e ., gate array 890 , sustain array 900 , data selector array 910 and divider array 920 ) whereas the decoder 880 is only addressed when the status of the switches in switch matrix 930 is being read into the memory 840 of microprocessor 800 . as depicted in fig1 the switch matrix 930 is a 32 × 8 matrix , i . e ., 256 possible switch positions . decoder 880 is connected to switch matrix 930 by decoder bus 925 which comprises 32 lines which are addressed sequentially by decoder 880 . each of the 32 lines 925 addresses eight switches of the switch matrix and the status of the 32 sets of eight switches per set is thereby read into microprocessor 800 via the eight lines of i / o bus 875 , as a series of 32 8 - bit words . in this manner , the microprocessor 800 scans the condition of each of the switches in the switch matrix 930 . the switch matrix 930 includes a switch for each key of the keyboard ( s ) ( not shown ) as well as each of the stops ( i . e ., voice selection controls -- not shown ) and function tabs ( e . g ., automatic fill - in , automatic chording , and sustain -- not shown ) and each of the pedals on the pedal keyboard . this information is read into the random access memory 840 of the microprocessor 800 for further processing in accordance with the instructions called for by the switches . the microprocessor then uses the information stored in memory for the chord identification (&# 34 ; cid &# 34 ;). as will be appreciated , repetitive scanning of the keys through decoder 880 permits a determination of any changes to the keys being played by comparing the &# 34 ; current &# 34 ; state of the respective keys to that stored in temporary memory . once this determination is made , note assignments and generator allocations may be made based upon the new state of the keys and switches and signals may be generated for the synthesis of audible sounds by audio system 950 . it will be noted that the foregoing assignment and allocation function is fully and completely described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 163 , 409 , filed on june 26 , 1980 , entitled &# 34 ; electronic organ having an improved tone generator system ,&# 34 ; and assigned to the assignee of the present invention ; that application ( hereinafter referred to as the &# 34 ; tone generator system application &# 34 ;) is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes . after assignments and allocations have been made , solo (&# 34 ; solo &# 34 ;) and accompaniment (&# 34 ; acc &# 34 ;) keyswitch information is used by the microprocessor 800 to compute solo fill , or harmony , information . the solo fill is fully and completely described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 158 , 585 , filed on june 6 , 1980 , entitled &# 34 ; harmony generator for electronic organ &# 34 ;, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention ; that application ( hereinafter referred to as the &# 34 ; harmony generator application &# 34 ;) is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes . after the foregoing steps have been performed , the cid system 190 ( see fig2 ) of the present invention may be initiated to determine the root of the chord being played on the accompaniment manual keyboard and the chord type , i . e ., major , minor or flatted fifth , and to cause automatic playing of either the identified root or a sequence of notes musically compatible with this root . referring to fig2 the sequence of events occurring after solo , acc and pedal scanning has occurred is depicted . it will be appreciated that the microprocessor 800 of the present invention includes an array of memory bits which are set / reset during the playing of the musical instrument . for present purposes these memory bits include those relating to the accompaniment keys of the manual keyboard , the solo keys of the manual keyboard , the pedals of the pedal board and various tabs which control such functions as added harmony , etc . thus , when the musical instrument is being played , the memory bits of the microprocessor 800 are set / reset whenever the musician changes notes , tabs , etc . by comparing the state of the switches to the state of the memory bits each time that the switch matrix 930 is scanned , it is possible to determine which of the switches have been actuated / released since the last scanning sequence . and because such repetitive scanning occurs very rapidly , i . e ., on the order of milliseconds , it may be said that the state of any of the switches of the switch matrix 930 is instantaneously determined and , accordingly , any change in the state of any of the switches is also known . corresponding flags are thus set / reset to reflect these changes and to identify the status of the keyboards . in keeping with the present invention , the change of state of the switches of switch matrix 930 is used to initiate the cid process . thus , these switches are continuously tested / retested . table i generically identifies those memory bits which are set / reset based upon the results of the change of state of the switches of switch matrix 930 . table i______________________________________keyboard status flags brief description______________________________________δ a change in accompaniment keysδ s change in solo keysδ p change in pedal keyssa added solo keyswitchaa added accompaniment keyswitchakp accompaniment key being playedskp solo key being playedpkp pedal key being playedep easy - play mode being activatedchord cid mode being activated______________________________________ as noted in fig2 test 10 checks the state of the δa flag to ensure that the pedal root does not change unless there has been a change in accompaniment keys . if there has been no change in accompaniment keys since the last key scan routine , test 10 is negative and the δp flag is checked by test 20 . if there have been no changes to either the accompaniment or the pedal keyboards since the last key scan there would be no change in the pedal root ; test 20 would then be negative and the program would branch to exit . if test 20 is positive , test 30 checks the state of the easy play (&# 34 ; ep &# 34 ;) flag . if the ep flag is on ( i . e ., the test is positive ), test 40 checks the akp flag to determine if any accompaniment key is being played . if test 40 is positive , the program branches to exit . it should be noted in this sequence that the ep system described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 40 , 107 , filed on may 18 , 1979 , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 292 , 874 , issued on oct . 6 , 1981 , entitled &# 34 ; automatic control apparatus for chords and sequences ,&# 34 ; and assigned to the assignee of the present invention , ( hereinafter referred to as the &# 34 ; chords and sequences patent &# 34 ;) has priority over the pedal functions of the present invention . thus , when the ep system referred to in the chords and sequences application is being utilized , the on state of the δp and akp flags is effectively ignored . in other words , the ep system disclosed in the chords and sequences patent and the cid system disclosed herein are mutually exclusive . the chords and sequences patent , referred to above , is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes . in the event that either ( i ) test 30 establishes that the ep flag is on and test 40 establishes that the akp flag is off ( i . e ., the test is negative ) or ( ii ) that the ep flag is off , test 50 checks the state of the pkp flag . if this flag is on , i . e ., pedal keys are being played , the ep flag is again checked in test 55 . if test 55 is negative , i . e ., the ep flag is off , the pedal key being played is stored in memory as the pedal root by function 60 . in addition , a minor flag latch is set to 0 and a flatted fifth flag is set to 1 . however , if test 55 establishes that the ep flag is on , the pedal key being played is stored in memory as the root , a flatted fifth flag is set to 0 and a minor flag is set to the minor bar by function 65 . thereafter , the program branches to exit and the next sequential instruction is taken . if test 10 establishes that the δa flag is on , a check of the state of the ep flag is made by test 70 . if the ep flag is on , test 80 determines the state of the akp flag . if this flag is on , function 100 sets the pedal root equal to the ep note being played and the major / minor nature of the chord type is directly determined . in addition , the flatted fifth flag is set equal to 0 and the minor flag is set equal to the minor bar . thereafter , the program branches to exit . on the other hand , if test 70 establishes that the ep flag is off , a check of the pkp flag is made by test 110 . test 110 determines if a pedal key is being played . if test 110 is positive , ( i . e ., a pedal key is being played ), the cid system is inhibited and test 120 checks the state of the δp flag . if the δp flag is on , function 60 stores the pedal key being played as the pedal root . function 60 also sets the minor flag equal to 0 and the flatted fifth flag equal to 1 . thereafter , the program branches to exit . however , if the test 120 establishes that the δp flag is off , the program branches to exit . as noted , test 110 checks the state of the pkp flag , if that flag is off , test 130 checks the state of the chord tab . if the chord tab is off , test 140 checks the state of the pedal memory tab ; if the pedal memory tab is on , the program branches to exit . if the pedal memory tab is off , function 150 stores no key played in memory and the program branches to exit . thus , it will be noted that if test 140 is negative , no pedal note is sounded . as previously noted , test 80 checks the state of the akp flag . if that flag is off , the δp flag is checked by test 90 . if that test establishes that the δp flag is on , the program branches to test 50 . test 50 checks the state of the pkp flag . if that flag is off , the program branches to test 140 and that test , as previously described , is taken . in addition , if the test 90 establishes that the δp flag is off , the program also branches to test 140 for the purposes previously described . in the event that test 10 is positive ( δa flag is on ), test 70 is negative ( ep flag is off ), test 110 is negative ( pkp flag is off ) and test 130 is positive ( chord tab is on ), the program branches to test 160 which determines if an accompaniment key (&# 34 ; aa &# 34 ;) has been added since the previous scan . if test 160 is negative , i . e ., no accompaniment keys have been added since the previous scan , test 170 checks the state of the cid memory tab . if the cid memory tab is on , the program branches to exit . however , if the cid memory tab is off , test 180 checks akp flag . if this flag is off , the program branches to test 150 for the purposes previously described . it should be noted that if test 180 is negative , no pedal note is sounded . on the other hand , if test 180 establishes that the akp flag is on , the program branches to exit . in the event that test 160 establishes that the aa flag is on and because the chord root can change only on an added accompaniment key , the cid system 190 of the present invention is activated . after cid is taken , the program branches to exit . the cid system will now be described in detail . the cid system of the present invention has as its basis eleven ( 11 ) standard chords . for convenience , these standard chords are described in fig3 as &# 34 ; c &# 34 ; chords . it should be recognized , however , that the cid system of the present invention is not limited merely to &# 34 ; c &# 34 ; chords ; rather , the invention may be used with any chord . as shown in fig3 the c major triad is comprised of c , e and g notes . in machine readable binary code , the c major triad , as shown in fig3 may be written as &# 34 ; 100010010000 &# 34 ;. it also should be noted that for simplicity the remaining standard chords shown in fig3 are depicted in binary code form with the 0 &# 39 ; s excluded . as one skilled in the art will appreciate , the standard chords identified in fig3 can be divided into three groups as follows : the c augmented triad has three notes equally spaced on four semi - tone intervals . the c diminished seventh has four notes equally spaced on three semi - tone intervals . the chords in this group all have one root fifth interval . the chords in this group all have two pair of root fifth intervals . in the c minor seventh , the b b note is a fifth interval above the e b . by transposing each note down three semi - tones , the e b becomes c ; the g becomes e ; the b b becomes g ; and the c becomes a . the result of this transposition is a c major sixth chord . in other words , a c minor seventh is also an e b 6 . correspondingly , a c major sixth is also an a m7 . as one skilled in the art will also appreciate , the c major seventh chord also has two root fifth intervals . however , if the chord is transposed to the alternate root position , the chord would be a c minor triad with flatted sixth added , i . e ., root , minor third , fifth and flatted sixth . this is not one of the standard chords and , accordingly , the c major seventh chord may be non - ambiguously identified by the cid process . likewise , if the c dominant ninth chord is transposed up five semi - tones , the result is a c minor triad with both the fourth and sixth added ; because this is not one of the standard chords , the c dominant ninth transposition may also be identified without ambiquity . with the foregoing in mind , reference is now made to fig4 . when the cid system is activated , function 310 assumes that the root of the chord is the lowest , or bottom , note (&# 34 ; bn &# 34 ;) in the played chord . with this assumption , test 320 checks to determine if there is a fifth interval note in the chord based upon the assumed root . if no fifth interval note exists for the assumed root , the chord is transposed and the next higher interval note is assumed to be the root . this transposition is made by transposition means 330 . means 330 contains a counter ( not shown ) which counts the number of rotations each time a search is made for a new transposition . test 340 uses the value from this counter to determine if the transposition found is new , i . e . after 12 rotations the binary code has returned to the original inversion and the transposition would not be new at that point . if all chord transpositions are tested and no fifth interval note is found , the lowest note is assumed to be the root by the function 350 . the flow path just described is that path followed by the chords of group i , i . e ., the augmented triad or the diminished seventh . in addition to identifying the root of the chord to be automatically played by the pedal system , it is desirable to have the automatic pedal pattern play a sequence of notes compatible with the identified chord . this feature requires that the chord be identified as a major or minor chord . because the augmented triad and the diminished seventh are not always played in the root position , function 355 sets the minor flag equal to 0 and the flatted fifth flag equal to 1 . the result of this operation stores in memory the binary code for a flatted fifth rather than a major third or a minor third . thereafter , the program exits the cid process . in the event the test 320 determines that a fifth interval is present , test 360 is taken to determine if less than four notes are present . if this test is positive , a valid root for a major triad or a minor triad has been identified . in addition , if only a root fifth pair had been played , the correct root would also be determined . test 480 now determines if the chord is a major or minor chord . if test 480 is positive , the minor flag is set equal to 1 and the flatted fifth flag is set equal to 0 by function 500 . if the test 480 is negative , the minor flag is set equal to 0 and the flatted fifth flag is also set equal to 0 by function 490 which results in the output of a major third chord . a major third is musically valid with either a major triad or a root - fifth pair . the cid process is exited from either of the functions 490 or 500 . if the test 360 is negative , a chord of four or more notes has been identified . thus , it is necessary to determine the correct root fifth pair of either the group ii or group iii chords . this determination is commenced by test 370 which checks for a major third . if test 370 is positive , test 380 checks for a sixth . if no sixth is present , the chord can only be one of the major chords of group ii or the dominant ninth chord in the correct root position . thus , in the event test 380 is negative , a dominant seventh , major seventh , dominant ninth or diminished ninth chord has been identified . thereafter , test 480 is taken as previously described . if test 380 is positive , only a major sixth or a transposed minor seventh could be present . thus , test 390 checks to determine if the assumed root of the chord being tested is the lowest note . if this test is positive , the root assumed by function 310 is the preferred root and test 480 is taken as described . if test 390 is negative , test 400 determines if the corresponding fifth of the chord being tested is the bottom note . if this test is positive , test 480 is taken as described . however , if test 400 is negative , it has been determined that a minor seventh is the preferred chord and the root is transposed down three semi - tones to correspond to the root of a minor seventh rather than a major sixth . this transportation is made by function 410 . after such transposition , test 480 is taken as described . if test 370 is negative , i . e ., there is no major third , test 420 checks for the presence of four notes . if this test is negative , function 330 is addressed and a transposition of the chord occurs by function 330 . if test 420 is positive , test 425 checks for a minor third . if there is no minor third , transposition means 330 is addressed and a transposition of the chord occurs . if the test 425 is positive , test 430 is taken to check for the presence of a sixth chord . if this test is positive , test 480 is taken as described . however , if test 430 is negative , test 440 determines whether a flatted seventh interval is present . if no flatted seventh interval is present , transposition means 330 is addressed and a transposition of the chord occurs . if test 440 is positive , a minor seventh chord or a transposition of a major sixth chord has been identified . test 450 checks to determine if the assumed root of the chord being tested is the bottom note ; if test 450 is positive , test 480 is taken as described . however , if test 450 is negative , test 460 is taken to determine if the corresponding fifth of the chord being tested is the bottom note . if test 460 is positive , test 480 is taken as described . finally , if test 460 is negative , it has been determined that a major sixth chord is the preferred chord and the root is transposed up three semi - tones to correspond to the root of a major sixth rather than a minor seventh . this transposition occurs by function 470 . thereafter , test 480 , as previously described , is taken . as an example of the foregoing description of the cid system , consider the c major sixth chord which comprises the c , e , g , and a notes ( see fig3 ). if the chord is played with the c as the bottom note it is identified by the cid system as shown in table ii . table ii______________________________________test result remarks______________________________________320 positive root fifth interval identified360 negative four or more notes in chord370 positive major third identified380 positive sixth present390 positive root = bn ; sixth identified480 negative major chord confirmed______________________________________ likewise , consider the c minor seventh chord which comprises the c , d ♯, g and a ♯ notes ( see fig3 ). if the chord is played with the g as the bottom note it is identified by the cid process as shown by table iii . table iii______________________________________test / func - tion result remarks______________________________________320 negative root fifth interval is not identified . 330 transpose this transposes chord one semitone . - 340 positive new transposition found . repeat 320 - 330 - 340 this test / function sequence is iterated four more times until test 320 is positive . 320 positive root fifth interval identified . 360 negative four or more notes in chord370 negative no major third identified420 positive four notes in chord425 positive minor third identified430 negative no sixth present440 positive minor seventh identified450 negative assumed root not equal bn460 positive fifth = bn480 positive minor third identified ; minor chord identified______________________________________ as previously noted , once the cid system has identified the chord being played on the manual keyboard , a signal may be generated for the synthesis of music on the pedal keyboard which is compatible with the identified chord . such synthesis is fully and completely described in the tone generator system application , the harmony generator application , and the chords and sequences patent , all of which are referred to above . those skilled in the art will recognize that the preferred embodiment described above can be extended to other less common chords . thus , a so - called suspended chord can be identified . for example , a c suspended chord comprises a c root , a g fifth and an f fourth . if this chord were being played , the chord would be transposed in that loop of fig4 containing functions 320 , 330 and 340 until c or f appeared in the root position . test 360 would then be taken because of the presence of g or c . because of the presence of less than 4 notes , function 480 would be taken , followed by function 490 . as discussed with respect to fig4 the invention would identify a major third by setting both the minor and flatted fifth flags to zero . in order to identify a suspended chord it is desirable to provide certain additional test sequences . these additional tests are depicted in fig5 where function 480 is the same as that of fig4 . however , functions 355a , 490a and 500a are slight modifications of those disclosed in fig4 where the ability to set a 4th flag is included . tests 510 and 520 and flag setting routine 530 are also included . if the c / g - root / fifth pair is encountered first in the transposition sequence identified above , test 480 will be negative ; test 510 will be positive because of the presence of the f , and function 490a will set the 4th flag . if the f / c - root / fifth pair is encountered first in the transposition sequence , tests 480 , 510 and 520 will all be negative , and the program will return to the transposition sequence at function 330 ( fig4 ) and proceed until the c / g - root / fifth pair is encountered . as can be seen by the above example , the general procedure can be extended to new chords as required by the type of music synthesis systems being serviced by cid . thus , the general process of the present invention comprises iteratively transposing the chord to be identified until the number of notes and the interval relations of these notes match the chord types specified . if this is not possible , the lowest note is assumed to be the root and the chord type is identified based on that assumption . it should be appreciated that differing music synthesis systems may require more or less precise identification of the chord type . those skilled in the art will recognize that the preferred embodiments described above can be altered and modified without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as described above and defined in the following claims . | the present invention relates to a process and apparatus for use in musical instruments . in particular , the invention is useful for identifying a chord played on a keyboard of a musical instrument , such as the accompaniment manual of an electronic organ , and for identifying the root and the type of chord being played . pursuant to the invention , a microprocessor used in conjunction with the instrument selectively causes the associated circuitry of the pedal and / or accompaniment keyboard of the musical instrument to play automatically in an appropriate octave either the identified root or a sequence of notes which is compatible with the identified root and chord . a pedal override feature is also provided which overrides the chord identification invention when the musician plays one or more pedal notes . | [
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] |
an overall block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig1 . the major components are an integrated circuit chip 110 , an external if filter 111 , a filter coefficient adjustment circuit 112 , an operating cycle timer 113 , and configuration changing gates 113a . the integrated circuit chip 110 includes thereon a radio receiver 110a , an on - chip filter 110c and a signal comparator 110b . the blocks shown in fig1 are not meant to show the actual layout of the components on the chip 110 since the layout of the chip can be conventional and it forms no part of this invention . the details of the radio receiver 110a and its associated external components are shown in fig6 and they will be explained in detail later . it is noted that what is generally termed an fm radio receiver includes if filters . herein for the sake of convenience the parts of the radio receiver on integrated chip 110 , that is , the radio receiver minus the if filter , is called a radio receiver . a key aspect of the present invention is that it reduces the number of external or off - chip components required . the invention is applicable to a receiver system that includes two if filters . with the present invention one of these filters , namely filter 110a , is implemented on - chip and the second filter 111 is an off - chip component . as will be explained later , the on - chip filter is made to conform to the off - chip filter prior to the activation of the receiver . while the on - chip filter may drift out of the acceptable range of specifications in a relatively short time , the receiver is only activated for a short period and during this period the on - chip filter 110a operates appropriately . the radio receiver 110a is designed for operation in a time slot paging system such as that shown in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 713 , 808 ( gaskill ) wherein the receiver is only active for very short periods , each active period being followed by a relative long period of inactivity . since the receiver is only active for very short periods , it uses relatively little power . this is important in applications such as where the radio receiver is part of a wristwatch where there are very severe power limitations . with the present invention the system operates with an operating cycle which has three portions : second : the receiver 110a is turned on for a short period . fig2 shows the relative length of the three portions of the operating cycle . key to the present invention is the fact that the first and second portions of the operating cycle are relatively short with respect to the third portion of the operating cycle . the length of the various portions of the operating cycle is shown in fig2 . the components within the system are connected in a different manner during the first and second portion of the operating cycle . fig3 shows how the components in the system are connected during the first portion of each operating cycle . fig4 shows how the components are connected during the second portion of each operating cycle . as shown in fig3 during the first portion of each operating cycle , the circuit is connected so that the on - chip filter 110c can be adjusted . during the first portion of each operating cycle , the frequency characteristics of on chip filter 110c are made to match the frequency characteristics of external filter 111 . this portion of the cycle requires approximately 4 . 3 milliseconds . after the first portion of each operating cycle , the on - chip filter 110c and the off - chip filter 111 are connected in series as shown in fig4 and the receiver is activated for approximately 33 milliseconds . as explained in the above referenced gaskill patent , while the receiver is only active for a short period of time , this is time enough to span one time slot in a time slot protocol . in the third , and relatively long portion of each operating cycle , the receiver is deactivated . fig5 shows the details of the on - chip filter 110c . on - chip filter 110c is a two pole filter which includes two coupled resonators 550a and 550b . the two resonators 550a and 550b are connected by a series coupling capacitor 550c . resonator 550a includes on - chip capacitors 501a and 502a , gyrator 503a , and variable resistor 504a . resonator 550b includes on - chip capacitors 501b and 502b , gyrator 503b and variable resistor 504b . the on - chip components shown in fig5 are connected in a conventional fashion to form a band pass filter . such filters are well know ; however , it is also well known that such on - chip gyrators working at 10 . 7 mhz are relatively unstable . that is , once they are adjusted to certain parameters , they will retain those values for only a short period of time . the present invention takes advantage of the fact that the receiver 110a is only active for a very short period , that is , for 33 milliseconds . thus , the parameters are adjusted during the first portion of each cycle and they only need retain their value for the 33 milliseconds that the receiver is active during the second portion of each cycle . unique to the invention is the fact that the parameters are automatically adjusted each time that the receiver 110 is activated . the particular adaptive algorithm used to adjust the parameters or gyrators 503a and 503b is not relevant to the present invention and such adjustment algorithms are known in the art . for example the algorithm shown in a paper by d . a . johns , w . m . snelgrove , and a . s . sedra entitled &# 34 ; continuous - time analog adaptive recursive filters &# 34 ; published in iscas 1989 pages 667 - 669 . as shown in fig3 during the first or &# 34 ; adjustment &# 34 ; portion of each operating cycle the antenna 116 is removed and the rf amplifier 22 is connected to a fixed voltage . mixer 28 and if amplifier 34 are connected in series , thus providing a &# 34 ; white noise &# 34 ; signal input to filters 110c and 111 . the output of filters 110c and 111 are compared by comparator 110b , and if they are not equal a signal is sent to adjustment circuit 112 . the adjustment process continues until both filters 110 and 111 produce the same output signal . at this point the on - chip filter 110c has the same frequency response as does external filter 111 and the first portion of each operating cycle ends . next the components are connected as shown in fig4 . the gates 113a for switching the connections are not specifically shown in fig3 and 4 since such gates can be conventional . the switching gates 113a are activated by cycle timer 13a as shown in fig1 . as shown in fig4 during the receive portion of each cycle , the components are connected as a receiver such as that shown in the previously referenced patent application . this connection will be explained in detail with reference to fig6 . the details of how receiver 110 is connected into the system during the second or &# 34 ; receive &# 34 ; portion of each cycle are shown in fig6 . the system as shown in fig6 includes an rf stage 10 , an if stage 12 and a baseband stage 14 . the rf stage 10 includes an antenna 116 which may be fabricated into the wristband 17 of the wristwatch 19 in which the receiver 8 is mounted . ( a suitable wristwatch enclosure is described in the gaskill et al patent ). the antenna 116 provides rf signals to an antenna tuner stage 18 . antenna tuner stage 18 is a conventional varactor controlled bandpass filter which also performs limited impedance match functions . a tuning voltage is applied to a tune voltage port 20 from a microprocessor based control system not shown earlier . such a microprocessor system is discussed in gaskill et al . the voltage supplied via port 20 tunes a voltage - variable capacitor in tuner 18 . the antenna tuner 18 also serves a limited impedance transformation function . the antenna 116 is typically a very small loop and consequently has a very small impedance . receiver performance and noise figure are optimized if this impedance is transformed up to more closely match the input impedance of the following rf amplifier stage 22 . rf amplifier stage 22 is a low noise broadband amplifier tuned for maximum gain in the fm broadcast band ( 88 - 108 megahertz ). the maximum gain of rf amplifier stage 22 is approximately 10 db . the actual gain is controlled by an agc control circuit discussed below . a receiver mixer stage 26 is provided with a wide band of amplified input signals . to minimize the effect of image signals which pass the tuner stage 18 , mixer stage 26 is configured in an image canceling topology . two individual quad mixers 28 and 30 are driven with quadrature local oscillator signals on lines 27 and 29 from a local oscillator synthesizer 31 . high side injection is used , so the local oscillator tunes the 98 . 7 to 118 . 7 megahertz range to yield a 10 . 7 megahertz intermediate frequency . the output of the mixer 28 driven from local oscillator line 27 is delayed 90 degrees and is combined with the output of the mixer 30 that is driven from the delayed local oscillator line 29 . the combination of these signals cancels any image response while reinforcing the desired signal response . mixer 26 has a conversion gain at the desired signal frequency of approximately 7 db . the output of mixer stage 26 is provided to an if chain 32 comprised of two if amplifiers 34 and 36 and ceramic band pass filters 111 and adaptive filter 110a . as shown in the previously referenced patent applied the filter 110 is of chip construction and may be of the sfec 10 . 7 series manufactured by murata . in accordance with the present invention only filter 40 is implemented using an ic chip . if amplifiers 34 and 36 have gains of approximately 20 db each and filters 38 and 49 have about 6 db each of loss . the if amplifiers 34 and 35 can be gain controlled , to optimize noise figure . the output of if chain 32 is provided to a synchronous , or coherent detector comprised of a mixer 49 injected with a 10 . 7 megahertz local oscillator signal . the synchronous detection process adds the side band signal voltage and the side band noise powers , resulting in a 3 db improvement in signal - to noise ratio . the technique also permits detection at a much lower signal level than would be possible if a limiter stage was employed . consequently , the if stage gain can be lower than would normally be the case , thereby reducing the risk of feedback . the local oscillator 48 which provides the 10 . 7 megahertz signal is locked to the frequency of the if by a feedback circuit 71 , discussed below . a 90 degree phase shift of the local oscillator signal by a phase shifter 47 causes the signal output by mixer 49 to an output line 51 to be proportional to the frequency of the signal modulating the 10 . 7 megahertz if . this baseband frequency modulated signal is fed to a low pass filter 52 and then to a baseband amplifier 53 . baseband amplifier 53 has a break point of about five kilohertz for discrimination against the left plus right fm stereo channel . the breakpoint also minimizes distortion caused by the main audio channel bleeding into the subcarrier channel . the high end rolloff breakpoint is at about 150 kilohertz . the output of the baseband amplifier 53 is provided to conventional decoder circuitry , as disclosed in the gaskill et al . patent . a second synchronous detector is also driven by the if chain 32 and provides an agc signal for application to the rf and if gain stages . this second synchronous detector again includes a mixer 60 , this one driven in phase with the 10 . 7 megahertz local oscillator signal . the output of this mixer 60 is thus related to the amplitude of the if signal and can be used to gain control preceding stages . the limiting stages found in most fm receivers were found disadvantageous in the present system . limiting does not benefit the receiver &# 39 ; s signal - to noise or signal - to - interference ratio due to the low modulation index of the subcarrier being decoded . consequently , the automatic gain control technique was employed . the agc circuitry 24 employed in the preferred embodiment of the present invention is disclosed in pending u . s . patent application ser . no . 07 / 146 , 446 of suter entitled &# 34 ; agc delay on an integrated circuit ,&# 34 ; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference . an agc loop filter 70 is a single rc stage with a break point at about one kilohertz . all other bypassing of agc points is done with much higher break points so that the one pole is clearly dominant . radio receiver as shown herein is afc controlled in a relatively continual manner . afc is effected by a dc component on the feedback loop 71 produced by a synchronous detector 49 . an amplifier 74 is included to insure that the loop gain is high enough to control local oscillator drift . the afc loop controls two local oscillators : the synthesized local oscillator 31 used for high side rf injection and the 10 . 7 megahertz local oscillator 48 used by the synchronous detectors 49 and 60 . both oscillators respond to any dc component on the feedback loop 71 to adjust their frequencies to minimize the resulting dc output from synchronous detector 49 . the afc feature is included here not for threshold extension ( which is not viable with a low modulation index ), but to reduce cross - modulation of entertainment energy into the receiver &# 39 ; s subspectrum due to distortion in the filters 111 and 110b . afc of the synthesizer 31 can be disabled by a switch 72 , which can be operated to apply a fixed reference voltage to the synthesizer 31 instead of the afc signal . further details concerning the operation and system organization of the receiver shown in fig6 can be found in the previously referenced co - pending patent application . while the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the scope of the invention . | the present invention provides an improved single chip radio receiver which has less external components than do previous similar receivers . with the present invention the integrated circuit which includes the radio receiver also has an on - chip adaptive filter . the radio receiver is designed for use in a radio pager which is only active for a very short time slot during a relative long repeat cycle . thus the adaptive filter only need remain stable for a short period after its coefficients are adjusted to the desired values . the radio receiver includes an external filter which has the same frequency response as desired from the adaptive filter . immediately prior to activating the radio receiver , the circuit is activated to adjust the parameters of the adaptive filter so that the adaptive filter matches the external filter . the radio receiver is then activated using both filters in series thereby producing the desired radio reception . the adaptive filter quickly changes characteristics ; however , since the radio receiver is only active for a short period of time , operation of the system is not affected . | [
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] |
with reference to fig1 , there is shown a ballast water treatment apparatus or device 102 according to the present invention . the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 includes a tank housing 104 as illustrated . the housing 104 includes an inlet port 106 having a gallon metered device as shown . the housing 104 further includes a discharge port 108 . in the embodiment illustrated in fig1 , the housing member 104 is further provided with a discharge hose 110 mounted thereon by use of hook brackets 112 . during use of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 as described in further detail below , the discharge hose 110 is connected to the discharge port 108 . with continuing reference to fig1 , there is further shown transport wheels 114 integrally arranged with the housing member 104 to thereby provide mobility during use of the apparatus on a ship &# 39 ; s deck . as also shown in fig1 , the housing member 104 is provided with a filter apparatus which is discussed in further detail in connection with fig2 - 5 . with reference now to fig2 , there is shown the filter apparatus 116 including a filter bag 118 , support rods 120 , and a support frame 122 . the support frame 122 is positioned on a first platform 124 as illustrated . the first platform 124 divides the interior housing 124 into an upper filter chamber 125 and a lower treatment chamber . according to this embodiment of the present invention , there is also provided a second platform 126 positioned below the first platform 124 and above the bottom 128 of the housing 104 . the first platform 124 fluidly isolates the upper filter chamber from the lower chambers . the first platform 124 includes a first flow aperture 130 which allows filtered water to pass from the upper chamber into a first lower flow channel formed between the first platform member 124 and the second platform member 126 . as further illustrated in fig2 , the second platform member 126 includes a flow aperture 132 allowing fluid flow from the first treatment channel into the second treatment channel formed between the second platform 126 and the tank bottom 128 . as further indicated by the arrows in fig2 representing the direction of flow of ballast water through the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 , the filtered water exits the housing 104 through a third flow aperture 134 . as illustrated , water flow is through the aperture 134 in the tank bottom 128 and then through the discharge port 108 . as discussed above in conjunction with fig1 , during use of the device 102 , the discharge hose 110 is connected to the discharge elbow 108 to direct filtered and treated water over the side of the ship as further discussed in detail below . as further illustrated in fig2 , each of the lower flow chambers includes at least one ultraviolet ( uv ) lamp 136 which is secured to either side of the housing 104 by uv lamp sockets 138 . each of the individual uv lamps 136 is provided with an electrical feedback connection 140 that connects into an electrical control box 132 as illustrated . the electrical control box 132 further includes an electrical power supply 134 that provides power to the uv lamps 136 . electrical power is provided to the control box 132 by an electrical connection 146 that connects to the ship &# 39 ; s power supply . during use of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 , the control box 142 includes an hour meter to monitor and record uv bulb usage time . fig2 illustrates one uv lamp in each of the lower treatment chambers . it would be readily understood by those of skill in the art , however , that a greater number of uv bulbs may be situated within these treatment chambers to provide additional electromagnetic uv energy into the chamber . thus during the operation of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 , after the ballast water has passed through the filter bag 118 , it is directed by gravity flow into the lower uv treatment chambers wherein electrical energy is applied to the uv bulbs and uv energy is directed in all directions into the flowing filtered water . the uv energy is selected to be of sufficient power so that any micro - organisms or other biological organisms passing through the filter - bag 118 will be deactivated by the application of the uv energy . as used herein , “ deactivation ” means rendering any harmful or undesired biological organisms inactive in a manner that either kills the organisms , renders them unable to reproduce , or otherwise prevents them from causing harm to the open water environment into which the ballast water is discharged . the uv lamps utilized in one specific embodiment preferably number 8 in each chamber and are preferably 2000 watts ( 2 kw ) with an operating voltage of 1 , 454 volts ac running at 1 . 35 amps . thus in this embodiment of the present invention , uv radiation is principally employed to deactivate any biological organisms contained within the ballast water . as further illustrated in fig2 , the ballast treatment apparatus 102 may be provided with two inlet ports 106 each having a respective gallon meter . in this alternate embodiment of the present invention , two supply hoses may be utilized from the ship &# 39 ; s fire hydrant system to double the input flow into the apparatus 102 thereby decreasing the time required to filter and treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water according to the various methods of the present invention discussed below in further detail . with reference now to fig3 , there is shown a perspective top view of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 according to the present invention . fig3 also shows a top view of the filter apparatus 116 including filter bag 118 and support rods 120 . as further shown in fig3 , the filter bag 118 is folded upwardly within the filter bag itself so that the bottom of the filter bag is situated some distance below the top edge of the filter bag 118 . as further shown , the bottom of the filter bag 118 is provided with a change - filter indicator strip 148 . in this manner , during use of the device when particulate matter is filtered from ballast water , the material forming the filter bag 118 will eventually collect an external layer of filtered particulate matter . as this layer of filtered particulate matter increases in thickness , the change - filter indicator strip 148 will eventually become fully covered by such filtered particulate matter . when this occurs , this is an indication that the filter bag 118 should be changed . fig4 illustrates the process for changing the filter bag 118 . as illustrated in fig4 , one or two crew members may grasp the support rods 120 and lift the filter bag 116 from the housing member 104 . as further shown in fig4 , when filter bag 118 is removed from the housing member 104 , the support frame 122 remains within the housing 104 . the preferred shape of the support frame 122 is the a - frame style indicated in fig4 . in this manner , the support frame 122 provides the necessary elevation so that the end of the filtered bag and the change - filter indicator strip 148 , fig3 , is situated at a desired height within the housing 104 so that it is substantially always submerged under ballast water during the filtration process to provide an accurate indication of the amount of particulate matter filtered during the filter operation . as further illustrated in fig4 , the top edge of the housing member 104 is provided with support rod notches 150 that are located to position support rods 120 in a desired parallel fashion as indicated in fig3 . the support rod notches 150 also secure the rods during use of the device . fig5 is an enlarged detailed perspective view of the filter frame support structure 122 and filter bag 118 . as illustrated , as the filter bag 118 is loaded into the apparatus , the support frame 122 provides a structure that positions the indicator strip 148 at a desired location above the first platform 124 shown , for example , in fig4 . in this manner , not only does the indicator strip 148 result in being positioned in a desired height above the first platform 124 , the surface area of the filter bag is thereby increased thus giving increased flow - through and filtering effect during the filtering operation . with reference next to fig6 and 7 , there is shown an alternate embodiment of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 according to the present invention . in the embodiment illustrated in fig6 , the upper chamber is substantially similar to that discussed in connection with fig1 - 5 . as illustrated , this embodiment of the apparatus 102 includes the filter apparatus 116 , and the housing member 104 having an inlet port 106 and discharge port 108 . this embodiment of the present invention also includes a first platform 124 and a second platform 126 . this embodiment also similarly includes the first flow aperture 130 provided in the first platform 124 and a second flow aperture 132 formed in the second platform 126 . as illustrated , the first flow aperture 130 is rectangular in shape while the second flow aperture 132 in this embodiment is circular to conform to an inlet pipe 152 shown in fig7 . as illustrated in fig6 and 7 , this embodiment of the present invention includes a treatment tank 154 . the treatment tank 154 includes the uv lamps 136 . depending on the application of the energy required , anywhere between one and eight uv lamps extending the entire length of the treatment tank 154 are preferably desired . the tank 154 is further provided with discharge piping 156 . as illustrated in fig6 , the discharge piping 156 is fluidly connected to the discharge port 108 . the discharge piping 156 includes a trap portion 158 which is situated above the highest water level attainable within the tank 154 . in this manner during non - use , water will be maintained within a pipe segment 160 to thereby prevent undesired back - flow . the treatment tank 154 is similarly provided with an electrical power supply 144 and an electrical feedback connection 140 . in this specific embodiment of the apparatus as illustrated in fig7 , the treatment tank 154 is further provided with heat sensors 162 . the electrical feedback connection 144 and electrical power supply 144 are similarly connected to a control box 142 as illustrated in fig2 . in this embodiment , the heat sensors 162 are similarly connected to the control box 142 . the heat sensors detect the temperature of the filtered water as it passes through the treatment tank 154 . in one preferred embodiment , once the uv bulbs 136 reach a desired temperature , they will heat the water and thereby deactivate any biological organisms contained within the ballast water as it passes through the tank 154 . in this embodiment , both uv radiation and heat are employed as indicated to deactivate any biological organisms contained within the ballast water . to prevent premature discharge of filtered water from the treatment tank 154 through the discharge port 108 , this embodiment of the present invention is provided with a solenoid - activated valve 164 which is similarly electrically connected to the control box 142 . in this manner , the valve 164 is not opened until the water temperature within the tank 154 reaches a pre - determined processing temperature . in one preferred embodiment , the required bulb temperature for water treatment is 125 ° f . in this embodiment low pressure uv lamps are employed to achieve the desired temperature . in another preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention , high pressure uv lamps are utilized to achieved a water temperature of 400 ° f . thus during use of the apparatus illustrated in fig6 and 7 , discharge flow is not permitted until the temperature in tank 154 reaches a predetermined desired temperature set to effectively kill or otherwise deactivate any biological microorganisms contained within the ballast water . as with the embodiment of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 discussed in connection with fig1 - 4 , the uv lamps utilized in the embodiment shown in fig6 and 7 are preferably 2000 watts ( 2 kw ) with an operating voltage of 1 , 454 ac running at 1 . 35 amps . in one specific implementation , six uv lamps of this particular rating are preferred . referring now to fig8 , there is shown a schematic cross - sectional side view of a typical ship &# 39 ; s ballast tank and first main deck . as represented schematically , the main deck includes a fire hydrant outlet 166 as indicated . during the process of loading sea water into the ship for ballast , the sea chest and sea valve 168 are open to allow sea water to enter the ballast tanks 170 . to allow sea water into the ballast tank , ballast tank valve 172 is typically provided to control the flow of sea water into the ballast tank . a strainer is provided to remove any large particulate matter from the sea water as it enters the ballast tank 170 from the sea chest through the sea valve 168 and into the ballast tank 170 through the ballast tank valve 172 . as indicated in fig8 , the sea water mechanical system also typically includes a fire hydrant system main valve 174 . during use of the apparatus of the present invention , the sea valve 168 is closed while the ballast tank valve 172 is opened . a pump 176 is activated to pump sea water from the ballast tank 170 up through pump 176 and through the connecting piping 178 to feed the fire hydrant outlets 166 with sufficient pressure . thus in this manner , the apparatus of the present invention may advantageously utilize the ballast water mechanical systems and the fire hydrant system of a ship to direct ballast water from the ballast tanks of a ship through the fire hydrant system to the fire hydrant outlets 166 on board the ship and then into the apparatus of the present invention . with reference now to fig9 , there is shown a typical container ship 180 docked in port alongside a dock 182 . according to one aspect of the present invention , the ballast treatment apparatus 102 is mounted on a dock - side service vehicle 184 . in accordance with one method of the present invention , the dock - side service vehicle 184 is positioned adjacent to the docked ship , in this case the container ship 180 . fire hoses 186 are then connected to the ship &# 39 ; s fire hydrant outlets and directed overboard from the ship &# 39 ; s deck to be secured to the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 contained on or secured to a suitable work space area provided preferably on the back of the dock - side service vehicle 184 . the fire hoses 186 are then connected to the inlet ports 106 of the apparatus 102 and filtration and treatment of the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water proceeds as described above . the dock - side service vehicle 184 contains a discharge pipe 188 which directs the filtered and treated water back into the harbor or port . the inventors of the present invention have designed and contemplated many implementations of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 for use in combination with the dock - side service vehicle 184 . as indicated , the preferred embodiment of the dockside vehicle 184 is a modified , small tank truck that has a filter apparatus contained therein and the uv lamps positioned within the truck - mounted tank or tanks . thus in this manner , the truck - mounted tanks are completely self - contained and include a suitable number of inlet ports 106 designed to readily quick connect to the ends of fire hoses provided from the ship &# 39 ; s fire hydrants . with continuing reference to fig9 , the inventors hereof have specifically provided a method of treating discharged ballast water from the ship 180 using the dock - side service vehicle 184 . this method includes the steps of providing a ballast water treatment apparatus on the dock - side service vehicle 184 , positioning the service vehicle 184 adjacent the ship 180 , and directing ballast water from a ballast tank of the ship 180 into the ballast water treatment apparatus on the dock - side service vehicle 184 to thereby treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water before discharging the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water into an open water environment . in this method , the respective ship &# 39 ; s ballast water may be directed from the ballast tank through the ship &# 39 ; s fire hydrant system and into the ballast water treatment apparatus on the dock - side service vehicle 184 . the method may include the further step of connecting at least one fire hose 186 between a fire hydrant outlet on the deck of the ship 180 and an inlet port provided on the ballast water treatment apparatus on the dockside service vehicle 184 . the inventors hereof have further provided a method of deriving financial revenue for services provided for treating discharged ballast water from the ship 180 using the dock - side service vehicle 184 . this method includes the steps of ( 1 ) positioning the dockside service vehicle 184 adjacent the ship 180 , ( 2 ) directing ballast water from a ballast tank of a ship 180 into a ballast water treatment apparatus maintained on the dock - side service vehicle 184 to thereby treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water before discharging the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water into an open environment , ( 3 ) determining an amount of time required to treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water , and ( 4 ) calculating a water treatment service fee based on the amount of time required to treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water . there is also provided another method of deriving financial revenue for services provided for treating discharged ballast water from a ship using the dock - side service vehicle 184 . this method includes the steps of ( 1 ) positioning the dock - side service vehicle 184 adjacent ship 180 , ( 2 ) directing ballast water from a ballast tank of the ship into a ballast water treatment apparatus maintained on the dock - side service vehicle 184 to thereby treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water before discharging the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water into an open environment , ( 3 ) determining a total volume of treated ballast water processed from the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water tanks , and ( 4 ) calculating a water treatment service fee based on the total volume of treated ballast water . referring next to fig1 , there is shown the deck plan of the typical container ship 180 and the location of the fire hydrant outlets 166 . fig1 shows the ballast tank areas 170 relative to the cargo areas represented by reference numeral 190 . the typical cargo container ship 180 will carry a known amount of sea water for ballast . thus if it is desired to completely treat and filter the ballast water in accordance with the methods of the present invention , the number of available fire hydrant outlets 166 may be determined along with flow rates thereof and the known flow rates of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 to completely filter the entire ship &# 39 ; s ballast water within a predetermined maximum amount of time . as represented diagrammatically in fig1 , a number of ballast water treatment apparatus 102 are distributed around the ship &# 39 ; s main deck or second deck adjacent fire hydrant outlets 166 . the ship &# 39 ; s fire hydrant as indicated in fig8 typically includes one outlet . according to one aspect of the present invention , ships with one outlet fire hydrants many be equipped with a y - adaptor to thereby provide two outlets . both of these outlets may be employed to direct ballast water into the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 . alternatively one outlet may be employed with the apparatus 102 while the other is reserved for use in case it is needed in a fire emergency . thus according to one preferred method of this invention , two hoses may be connected to each of the fire hydrants 166 and directed to adjacent ballast water treatment devices 102 as interconnected by the ship &# 39 ; s fire hoses 186 . as represented in fig1 , the series connected arrangement of fire hydrants 166 feeding two adjacent ballast water treatment apparatus 102 will utilize the full flow - through rate of the fire hydrant system of the ship to filter and treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water according to this aspect of the present invention in a minimum amount of time . fig1 next illustrates a perspective pictorial representation of this multi - hydrant and multi - apparatus method . turning now to fig1 , there is shown a perspective view of a typical tanker 202 situates dockside in a port - of - call . as indicated in fig1 , the main deck of the tanker 202 includes a number of fire hydrant outlets 166 . in accordance with another aspect of the present invention , there is provided an in - port service vessel 204 which is out - fitted with a ballast water treatment apparatus 102 according to the present invention . thus in accordance with alternate methods of the present invention , the in - port service vessel 204 may be employed to pull alongside a docked ship and provide ballast water filtration and treatment services . for example , as illustrated in fig1 , a tanker 202 may be required by local , state , national , or international regulations to have the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water treated before its ballast water is discharged into the port or harbor . thus in accordance with this method of the present invention , the ship &# 39 ; s fire hoses 186 are connected to the main deck &# 39 ; s fire hydrants 166 and directed to the in - port service vessel 204 as represented in fig1 . the in - port service vessel 204 may be a barge type vessel or tug boat type vessel utilized to provide the water filtering and treating service to a ship . according to alternate methods of this embodiment , neither the ship nor the service vessel 204 need necessarily be dockside . the ship may be anchored in port or alternatively , even serviced in this manner in open waters or on the high seas before entering port . thus in continuing reference to fig1 , the inventors hereof have provided a method of treating discharged ballast water from a ship using the in - port service vessel 204 . this method includes the steps of ( 1 ) providing a ballast water treatment apparatus 102 on board the service vessel , ( 2 ) positioning the service vessel adjacent the ship 202 requiring ballast water treatment , ( 3 ) and directing ballast water from a ballast tank of the ship 202 into the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 on board the service vessel 204 to thereby treat the respective ship &# 39 ; s ballast water before discharging the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water . in this method , the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water is directed from the ballast tank through the ship &# 39 ; s fire hydrant system and into the ballast water treatment apparatus on board the service vessel 204 . the method may include the further step of connecting at least one fire hose 186 between the fire hydrant outlet 166 on the deck of the ship 202 and an inlet port provided on the ballast water treatment apparatus on board the service vessel . accordingly , there is also provided a method of deriving financial revenue for services provided for treating discharged ballast water from a ship using the in - port service vessel 204 . this method includes the steps of positioning the service vessel 204 adjacent the ship 202 requiring ballast water treatment ; directing ballast water from a ballast tank of the ship 202 into a ballast water treatment apparatus maintained on board the service vessel 204 to thereby treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water before discharging the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water into the environment ; determining an amount of time required to treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water ; and calculating a water treatment service fee based on the amount of time required to treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water . there is further provided another method of deriving financial revenue for services provided for treating discharged ballast water from the ship 202 using the in - port service vessel 204 . this method includes the steps of positioning the service vessel 204 adjacent the ship 202 requiring ballast water treatment ; directing ballast water from a ballast tank of the ship 202 into a ballast water treatment apparatus maintained on board the service vessel 204 to thereby treat the respective ship &# 39 ; s ballast water before discharging the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water into the environment ; determining a total volume of treated ballast water processed from the respective ship &# 39 ; s ballast water tanks ; and calculating a water treatment service fee based on the total volume of treated ballast water . referring next to fig1 , there is shown a perspective view of a typical cruise ship 194 in port dockside for loading or unloading passengers , cargo , and supplies . as discussed in connection with fig9 , 10 , and 11 , the cruise ship 184 may be similarly serviced by the dock - side service vehicle 184 or alternatively carry on - board a desired number of ballast water treatment apparatus 102 for on - ship deck hands to filter and treat the ship &# 39 ; s ballast water according to the methods discussed above . in addition thereto , cruise ship 194 may have its ballast water treated by the in - port service vessel 204 discussed above . fig1 is a cross - sectional view of the tanker illustrated in fig1 illustrating the ballast tank area 170 relative to cargo space 190 . fig1 is a cross - sectional view of an intermediate class great lakes bulk vessel showing the ballast tank area 170 relative to cargo space 190 . fig1 is a cross - sectional view of a panamax size oil bulk ore carrier representing the ballast tank area 170 relative to cargo space 190 . in each of these three different types of ships , typically the weight of the cargo loaded on or off the ship is approximately made equal to the weight of ballast water used to counter - balance the ship in accordance with known methods for loading and unloading ships . in these types of ships , ordinarily , a relatively larger volume of ballast water is discharged during loading as compared to the typical container ship illustrated , for example , in fig9 . nonetheless , the apparatus 102 and methods of the present invention utilizing either the dock - side service vehicle 184 or the in - port service vessel 204 may be readily scaled up to meet the volume of ballast water typically discharged by these types of ships . with reference now to fig1 , there is shown an alternate embodiment of the ballast water treatment apparatus of the present invention . a ballast water filtration apparatus 210 is shown in fig1 . the ballast water filtration device 210 similarly includes a filter bag 118 and support rods 120 . in this embodiment , the support rods 120 are provided with members to hook over the side of the ship as illustrated in fig1 . in use , a fire hose 186 is connected to the fire hydrant on the ship &# 39 ; s deck and the open end of the fire hose 186 is simply placed in the filter bag 118 as illustrated . thus in this embodiment of the present invention , there is provided a very simply and economically cost effective filtration apparatus and method . fig1 shows a half - face housing member for the ballast water filter apparatus 210 illustrated in fig1 . the half - face housing member 212 illustrated in fig1 may be employed in conjunction with the ballast water filter apparatus 210 shown in fig1 to provide a directed outlet flow as indicated in fig1 . the half - faced housing is similarly provided with the discharge port 108 to direct the water downwardly into the harbor . the discharge port 108 may similarly have adapted thereto the discharge hose 110 illustrated in fig1 to thereby further direct the filtered ballast water into the open water environment of the harbor or port . with reference next to fig2 and 21 , there is shown a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 according to the present invention . fig2 in particular is an exploded view of the ballast water treatment apparatus 102 illustrated in fig2 including break - away sections to show interior elements of principal components of the apparatus 102 . in this embodiment shown in fig2 and 21 , the apparatus 102 includes a filtration unit 214 , a uv containment vessel or compartment 218 , and an electrical compartment 220 . as illustrated , the filtration unit 214 includes a cap member having view ports 216 . when in use , the cap member prevents ballast water from splashing out of the apparatus 102 while the view ports 216 provide viewing access to the interior of the filtration unit 214 during filtration operations . as further illustrated in fig2 , the filtration unit 214 includes the inlet port and associated piping 106 which may be implemented with a gallon meter at the t - junction shown . to further increase the intake flow , the filtration unit 214 may be outfitted with two inlet ports and associated piping 106 , one such situated as illustrated and the other similarly installed on the reverse - side or back - side of the unit 214 as shown . the uv compartment 218 includes the uv lamps 136 which in this embodiment are positioned within the uv compartment 218 by use of a pair of uv bulb mounting brackets 222 . as shown in fig2 , the uv compartment 218 includes uv sensors 221 which are employed to detect the uv output of the bulbs 136 . as shown , the apparatus 102 illustrated in fig2 and 21 includes the control box 142 that is implemented to similarly control operations of the apparatus as discussed above in connection with the embodiment of the apparatus 102 illustrated in fig1 - 5 . in the embodiment illustrated in fig2 and 21 , the electrical compartment may include additional components to provide further operations and functions to the apparatus 102 . in operation , a fire hose connected to the ship &# 39 ; s fire hydrant at one end is connected at its other end to the inlet piping 106 . ballast water then travels from the lower right area of the filtration unit 214 as illustrated to the upper left thereof to then be directed and discharged into the filter apparatus 116 . the ballast water then drains through the filter 116 to thereby remove particulate matter as small as 1 micron . the filtered ballast water then exits the filtration unit 214 through the first flow aperture 130 and is directed into the uv compartment 218 for uv treatment . as the uv compartment 218 fills with filtered ballast water at one end , filtered water is then directed to the other end thereof toward the discharge port 108 . as the filtered water flows along in the uv compartment 218 toward the discharge port 108 , the uv lamps are activated to treat the filtered water so that any micro - organisms , viruses , or bacteria that may have remained in the ballast water after the filtration step are thereby deactivated by uv treatment . the general direction of flow is indicated by the wide arrows shown in fig2 . in the embodiment illustrated in fig2 and 21 , the uv lamps 136 are situated substantially perpendicular to the flow of ballast water . in one particular preferred embodiment of the uv compartment 218 , the uv lamps 136 utilized therein are 3000 kw lamps operating at 220 vac and 30 amps . in one such preferred embodiment , six uv lamps 136 are employed . while in other embodiments , the number of uv lamps 136 may vary depending on the desired flow rate , type of ballast water , and desired deactivation or “ kill ” effectiveness . fig2 is a detailed partial plan view of a uv lamp assembly utilized in conjunction with the ballast water treatment apparatus shown in fig2 and 21 . fig2 illustrates build - up of uv - irradiated biological material on the lamp assembly . fig2 is a view similar to fig2 showing a tube wiper system and actuator assembly 226 cleaning the build - up of uv - irradiated biological material on the lamp assembly according to another aspect of the present invention . fig2 is a view similar to fig2 showing the lamp assembly in a fully cleaned or wiped condition after full activation of the tube wiper system 226 . fig2 is a detailed isolated elevation view of a wiper or face plate 228 employed in the tube wiper system 226 illustrated in fig2 - 24 . as illustrated in fig2 - 24 , each uv lamp 136 is enclosed in a transparent sleeve 224 . when the filtered ballast water is treated in the uv compartment , deactivated particulate matter may build up on the transparent sleeves 224 . as this build - up of particulate matter increases in thickness , the effect of the uv lamps will be diminished . thus the uv sensors 221 are employed to detect the uv output of each associated bulb . once the uv lamp output decreases below a certain set threshold , the cleaning actuator 226 is activated to wipe clean the transparent lamp sleeves 224 . this wiping effect is achieved by use of a rubber wiper washer 230 , fig2 , which snuggly fits around the sleeve 224 as illustrated . after activation , the sleeve is wiped clean and the uv effectiveness is returned to a maximum . the control box 142 and electrical compartment 220 , fig2 and 22 , are implemented with operational features that control sleeve cleaning or wiping in a desired manner . while this invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments and aspects thereof , it should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to those precise embodiments . rather , in view of the present disclosure which describes the current best mode for practicing the invention , many modifications and variations would present themselves to those of skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention . the scope of the invention is , therefore , indicated by the following claims rather than by the foregoing description . all changes , modifications , and variations coming within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be considered within their scope . | ballast water treatment apparatus and methods for preventing foreign aquatic invasive species form entering marine ecological zones by translocation in ship &# 39 ; s ballast water . the apparatus includes a housing , a filter member , and uv water treatment chambers . methods include use of a ship &# 39 ; s fire hydrant system for moving ballast water from the ship &# 39 ; s ballast tanks into the apparatus for filtration and treatment . in - port service vessels and dock - side service vehicles are equipped with the treatment and filtration apparatus to provided in - port or dock - side ballast water treatment services . related methods are also provided . | [
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] |
the following description of the preferred embodiment is merely exemplary in nature , and is in no way intended to limit the invention or its application or uses . a representative sootblower , is shown in fig1 and is generally designated there by reference number 10 . sootblower 10 principally comprises frame assembly 12 , lance tube 14 , feed tube 16 , and carriage 18 . sootblower 10 is shown in its normal retracted resting position . upon actuation , lance tube 14 is extended into and retracted from a combustion system such as a boiler ( not shown ) and may be simultaneously rotated . frame assembly 12 includes a generally rectangularly shaped frame box 20 , which forms a housing for the entire unit . carriage 18 is guided along two pairs of tracks located on opposite sides of frame box 20 , including a pair of lower tracks ( not shown ) and upper tracks 22 . a pair of toothed racks ( not shown ) are rigidly connected to upper tracks 22 and are provided to enable longitudinal movement of carriage 18 . frame assembly 12 is supported at a wall box ( not shown ) which is affixed to the boiler wall or another mounting structure and is further supported by rear support brackets 24 . carriage 18 drives lance tube 14 into and out of the boiler and includes drive motor 26 and gear box 28 which is enclosed by housing 30 . carriage 18 drives a pair of pinion gears 32 which engage the toothed racks to advance the carriage and lance tube 14 . support rollers 34 engage the guide tracks to support carriage 18 . feed tube 16 is attached at one end to rear bracket 36 and conducts the flow of cleaning medium which is controlled through the action of poppet valve 38 . poppet valve 38 is actuated through linkages 40 which are engaged by carriage 18 to begin cleaning medium discharge upon extension of lance tube 14 , and cuts off the flow once the lance tube and carriage return to their idle retracted position , as shown in fig1 . lance tube 14 over - fits feed tube 16 and a fluid seal between them is provided by packing ( not shown ). a sootblowing medium such as air or steam flows inside of lance tube 14 and exits through one or more nozzles 50 mounted to nozzle block 52 , which defines a distal end 51 . the distal end 51 is closed by a semispherical wall 53 . coiled electrical cable 42 conducts power to the drive motor 26 . front support bracket 44 supports lance tube 14 during its longitudinal and rotational motion . for long lance tube lengths , an intermediate support 46 may be provided to prevent excessive bending deflection of the lance tube . now with reference to fig2 a more detailed illustration of a nozzle block 52 according to prior art is provided . as shown , nozzle block 52 includes a pair of diametrically opposite positioned nozzles 50 a and 50 b . the nozzles 50 a and 50 b are displaced from the distal end 51 , with nozzle 50 b being referred to as the downstream nozzle ( closer to distal end 51 ) and nozzle 50 a being the upstream nozzle ( farther from distal end 51 ). the cleaning medium , typically steam under a gage pressure of about 150 psi or higher , flows into nozzle block 52 in the direction as indicated by arrow 21 . a portion of the cleaning medium enters and is discharged from the upstream nozzle 50 a as designated by arrow 23 . a portion of the flow designated by arrows 25 passes the nozzle 50 a and continues to flow toward downstream nozzle 50 b . some of that fluid directly exits nozzle 50 b , designated by arrow 27 . as explained above , the downstream nozzle 50 b typically exhibits lower performance as compared to the upstream nozzle 50 a . this is attributed to the fact that the flow of cleaning medium that passes the upstream nozzle 50 a and downstream nozzle 50 b designated by arrows 29 comes to a complete halt ( stagnates ) at the distal end 51 of the lance tube 14 , thereby creating a stagnation region 31 at the distal end 51 beyond downstream nozzle 50 b . hence , the cleaning medium represented by arrow 33 has to re - accelerate , flow backward and merge with the incoming flow 27 . the merging of the forward flow represented by arrow 27 and backward flow represented by arrow 33 results in loss of energy due to hydraulic losses at the nozzle inlet , and also results in flow mal - distribution . the loss of energy associated with stagnation conditions at the distal end and hydraulic losses at the nozzle inlet , and the deformation of the inlet flow profile is believed to be responsible for the downstream nozzle &# 39 ; s lower performance in prior art designs . as mentioned previously , there are various explanations for the comparatively lower performance of downstream nozzle 50 b as compared with nozzle 50 a . these inventors have found that the performance of downstream nozzle 50 b is enhanced by eliminating the stagnation area at nozzle block distal end 51 and moving the stagnation area to the inlet of the downstream nozzle ; in other words , substantially eliminating the cleaning medium flows represented by arrows 29 and 33 shown in fig2 . the advantages of this design concept can be described mathematically with reference to the following description and fig2 a . one of the key parameters in designing an efficient convergent - divergent laval nozzle , such as nozzles 50 a and 50 b , is the throat - to - exit area ratio ( ae / at ). a nozzle with an ideal throat - to - exit area ratio would achieve uniform , fully expanded , flow at the nozzle exit plane . the amount of gas expansion in the divergent section is given by the following equation which characterizes cleaning medium flow as one - dimensional for the same of simplified calculation . a e a t = 1 m e [ ( 2 γ + 1 ) · ( 1 + γ - 1 2 · m e 2 ) ] ( γ + 1 ) 2 ( γ - 1 ) equation 1 at = throat area which is also equal to the area of the ideal sonic plane the exit mach number , me , is related to the throat - to - exit area ratio via the continuity equation and the isentropic relations of an ideal gas ( see michael a . saad , “ compressible fluid flow ”, prentice hall , second edition , page 98 .) p e = p o · ( 1 + γ - 1 2 · m e 2 ) γ 1 - γ equation 2 γ = specific heat ratio of cleaning fluid . for air γ = 1 . 4 . for steam , γ − 1 . 329 in the above equation 2 , the relationship between exit mach number and the pressure ratio is based on the assumption that the flow reaches the speed of sound at the plane of the smallest cross - sectional area of the convergent - divergent nozzle , nominally the throat . however , in practice , especially in sootblower applications , the flow does not reach the speed of sound at the throat , and not even in the same plane . the actual sonic plane is usually skewered further downstream from the throat , and its shape becomes more non - uniform and three - dimensional . the distortion of the sonic plane is mainly due to the flow mal - distribution into the nozzle inlet section . in sootblower applications , as shown by arrows 23 for nozzle 50 a and arrows 33 and 27 for nozzle 50 b in fig2 the cleaning fluid approaches the nozzle at 90 ° off its center axis . with such configuration , the flow entering the nozzle favors the downstream half of the nozzle inlet section because the entry angle is less steep . the distortion and dislocation of the sonic plane consequently impacts the expansion of the cleaning fluid in the divergent section , and results in non - uniformly distributed exit pressure and mach number . these findings were consistent with the measured and predicted exit static pressure for one of the conventional sootblower nozzles . to account for the shift in the sonic plane , the actual mach number at the exit can be related to the ideal throat - to - exit area as follows : a e a t · a t a t_a = 1 m e_a [ ( 2 γ + 1 ) · ( 1 + γ - 1 2 · m e_a 2 ) ] ( γ + 1 ) 2 ( γ - 1 ) equation 3 the degree of mal - distribution of the exit mach number and the static pressure varies between the upstream and downstream nozzles 50 a and 50 b respectively of a sootblower . it appears that the downstream nozzle 50 b exhibits more non - uniform exit conditions than the upstream nozzle 50 a , which is believed to be part of the cause of its relatively poor performance . the location of the downstream nozzle 50 b relative to the distal end 51 not only causes greater hydraulic losses , but also causes further misalignment of the incoming flow streams with the nozzle inlet . again , greater flow mal - distribution at the nozzle inlet would translate to greater shift and distortion in the sonic plane , and consequently poorer performance . for the prior art designs , the ratio ( at / at_a ) is smaller for the downstream nozzle 50 b compared to the upstream nozzle 50 a . in designing more efficient sootblower nozzles , it is necessary to keep the ideal and actual area ratio ( at / at_a ) closer to unity . several methods are proposed in this discovery to accomplish this goal . for the upstream nozzle , the “ at / at_a ” ratio is in part influenced by dimension “ x ” and “ α ” shown in fig2 a , ( at / at_a = f ( α , x ). dimension x designates the longitudinal separation between nozzles 50 a and 50 b . a smaller spacing x would cause the incoming flow stream 27 to become more mis - aligned with the upstream nozzle axis . for example , a five inch space for x has a relatively better performance than a four inch spacing for x . while the greater x distance is beneficial , it is at the same time desired in most sootblower applications to keep x to a minimum for mechanical reasons . in such circumstances , an optimum x distance should be used which would minimize flow disturbance and yet satisfy mechanical requirements . also , reducing the flow streams approach angle ( α ) shown in fig2 a would reduce flow mal - distribution at the nozzle inlet , and potentially reduce inlet losses . for downstream nozzle 50 b , the “ at / at_a ” ratio is in part influenced by dimension “ y ” shown in fig2 a , ( at / at_a = f ( y )). dimension y is defined as the longitudinal distance between the inside surface of distal end 51 and the inlet axis of downstream nozzle 50 b . again referring to fig2 a , the location of the distal plane relative to the downstream nozzle 50 b , influences the alignment of the flow stream into the nozzle and cause greater flow mal - distribution . for instance , y1 ( which typifies the prior art ) is the least favorable distance between the nozzle center axis and the distal end 51 of the lance tube . with such configuration , the nozzle performance is relatively poor . y2 is an improved distance which is based on a modified distal end surface designated as 51 ′. in the case of y2 , the cleaning fluid 25 does not flow past the downstream nozzle 50 b , therefore eliminating stagnation conditions of the flows represented by arrows 29 and 33 . instead the flow is efficiently channeled to the nozzle inlet . thus , if the dimension y is assumed positive in the left hand direction along the longitudinal axis of nozzle block 52 shown in fig2 a , there is an absence of any substantial flow of cleaning medium in the negative y direction . also , if the longitudinal axis ( shown as a dashed line ) of nozzle 50 b defines a z axis assumed positive in the direction of discharge from the nozzle , then it is further true that once the longitudinal point is reached along the nozzle block 52 where flow first begins to enter downstream nozzle 50 b , there is a complete absence of any flow velocity vector having a negative z component . in this way the hydraulic and energy losses at the nozzle inlet are minimized , improving the performance of downstream nozzle 50 b . furthermore , with this improvement the cleaning fluid enters the downstream nozzle 50 b more uniformly , therefore minimizing the distortion of the sonic plane which in turn enhances the fluid expansion and the conversion of total pressure to kinetic energy . the optimal value of y is substantially equal to y2 which is one - half the diameter of the inlet end of downstream nozzle 50 b . on the other hand , providing a shape of the distal end inside surface to 51 ″ is not beneficial . in such a configuration , the inlet flow area is reduced and the flow streams are further mis - aligned relative to the nozzle center axis , which could lead to flow separation and shedding . now with reference to fig3 and 4 , a lance tube nozzle block 102 in accordance with the teachings of the first embodiment of this invention is shown . the lance tube nozzle block 102 comprises a hollow interior body or plenum 104 having an exterior surface 105 . the distal end of the lance tube nozzle block is generally represented by reference numeral 106 . the lance tube nozzle block includes two nozzles 108 and 110 radially positioned and longitudinally spaced . preferably , lance tube nozzle block 102 and the nozzles 108 and 110 are formed as one integral piece . alternatively , it is also possible to weld the nozzles into the nozzle block 102 . fig4 illustrates in detail the nozzles 108 and 110 . as shown , the nozzle 108 is disposed at the distal end 106 of the lance tube nozzle block 102 and is commonly referred to as the downstream nozzle . the nozzle 110 disposed longitudinally away from the distal end 106 is commonly referred to as the upstream nozzle . with reference to fig4 and 5a the upstream nozzle 110 is shown which is a typical converging and diverging nozzle of the well - known laval configuration . in particular , the upstream nozzle 110 defines an inlet end 112 that is in communication with the interior body 104 of the lance tube nozzle block 102 . the nozzle 110 also defines an outlet end 114 through which the cleaning medium is discharged . the converging wall 116 and the diverging wall 118 form the throat 120 . the central axis 122 of the discharge of the nozzle 110 is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 125 of the lance tube nozzle block 102 . however , it is also possible to have the central axis of discharge 122 oriented within an angle of about seventy degrees ( 70 °) to about an angle substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis . the diverging wall 118 of the nozzle 110 defines a divergence angle φ 1 as measured from the central axis of discharge 122 . the nozzle 110 further defines an expansion zone 124 having a length l 1 between the throat 120 and the outlet end 114 . with reference to fig4 and 5b , the downstream nozzle 108 also comprises an inlet end 126 and outlet end 128 formed about axis 136 . a portion of the cleaning medium not entering the upstream nozzle 110 , enters the downstream nozzle 108 at the inlet end 126 . the cleaning medium enters the inlet end 126 and exits the nozzle 108 , through the outlet end 128 . the converging wall 130 and the diverging wall 132 define the throat 134 of the downstream nozzle 108 . the plane of the throat 134 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 125 of the nozzle block . the diverging walls 132 of the downstream nozzle 108 are straight , i . e . conical in shape , but other shapes could be used . the central axis 136 of nozzle 108 is oriented within an angle of about seventy degrees ( 70 °) to about an angle substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 125 of the lance tube nozzle block 102 . the nozzle 108 defines a divergent angle φ 2 as measured from the central axis of discharge 136 . an expansion zone 138 having a length l 2 is defined between throat 134 and the outlet end 128 . referring to fig4 since the performance of a nozzle depends , in part , on the degree of expansion of the cleaning medium jet that exits through the nozzle . preferably , the downstream nozzle 108 and the upstream nozzle 110 have identical geometry . alternatively , the present invention may also incorporate downstream and upstream nozzle 108 and 110 , respectively , having different geometry . in particular , the diameter of throat 134 of the downstream nozzle 108 may be larger than the diameter of throat 120 of the upstream nozzle 110 . further , the length l 2 of the expansion chamber 138 may be greater than the length l 1 of the expansion chamber 124 of the upstream nozzle 110 . in an alternate embodiment , the diameter of the throat 134 is at least 5 % larger than the diameter of throat 120 and the length l 2 is at least 10 % greater than length l 1 . hence , the l / d ratio of the downstream nozzle 108 may be larger than the l / d ratio of the upstream nozzle 110 . as shown in fig4 the flow of cleaning medium that passes the upstream nozzle 110 represented by arrow 152 is directed by a converging channel 142 . the converging channel 142 is formed in the interior 104 of the lance tube nozzle block 102 between the upstream nozzle 110 and the downstream nozzle 108 . the converging channel 142 is preferably formed by placing an aerodynamic converging contour body 144 around the surface of downstream nozzle throat 134 . the converging channel 142 gradually decreases the cross - section of the interior 104 of the lance tube nozzle block 102 between the inlet end 112 of the upstream nozzle 110 and the inlet end 126 of the downstream nozzle 108 . the tip 148 of the body 144 is in the same plane as the inlet end 126 of the nozzle 108 . in the preferred embodiment , the contour body 144 is an integral part of the lance tube nozzle block 102 and the downstream nozzle 108 . the contour body 144 has a sloping contour such that the flow of the cleaning medium will be directed toward the inlet end 126 of the downstream nozzle 108 . thus , converging channel 142 presents a cross - sectional flow area for the blowing medium which smoothly reduces from just past upstream nozzle 110 to the downstream nozzle 108 and turns the flow of cleaning medium to enter the downstream nozzle with reduced hydraulic losses . as shown in fig4 operation of nozzle block 102 in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention is illustrated . the cleaning medium flows in the interior 104 of the lance tube nozzle block 102 in the direction shown by arrows 150 . a portion of the cleaning medium enters the upstream nozzle 110 through the inlet end 112 . the cleaning medium then enters the throat 120 where the medium may reach the speed of sound . the medium then enters the expansion chamber 124 where it is further accelerated and exits the upstream nozzle 110 at the outlet end 114 . a portion of the cleaning medium not entering the inlet end 112 of the upstream nozzle 110 flows towards the downstream nozzle 108 as indicated by arrows 152 . the cleaning medium flows into the converging channel 142 formed in the interior 104 of the lance tube nozzle block 102 . the converging channel 142 directs the cleaning medium to the inlet end 126 of the downstream nozzle 108 . therefore , the cleaning medium does not substantially flow longitudinally beyond the inlet end 126 of the downstream nozzle 108 . in addition , once the flow reaches inlet end 126 , there is no flow velocity component in the negative “ z ” direction ( defined as aligned with axis 136 and positive in the direction of flow discharge ). due to the presence of the converging channel 142 , the flow of the cleaning medium is more efficiently driven to the nozzle inlet 126 . the loss of energy associated with the cleaning medium entering the throat 134 of the downstream nozzle 108 is reduced , hence increasing the performance of the downstream nozzle 108 . unlike prior art designs , the flowing medium does not have to come to a complete halt in a region beyond the downstream nozzle and then re - accelerate to enter the inlet end 126 of the nozzle 108 . further , since it is also possible to have different geometry for the upstream nozzle 110 and the downstream nozzle 108 , the cleaning medium entering the expansion zone 138 in the downstream nozzle 108 is expanded more than the cleaning medium in the expansion zone 124 of the upstream nozzle 110 so as to compensate for any nozzle inlet pressure difference between the nozzles 108 and 110 . the kinetic energy of the cleaning medium exiting the downstream nozzle 108 more closely approximates the kinetic energy of the cleaning medium exiting the upstream nozzle 110 . with particular reference to fig6 a lance tube nozzle block 202 in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention is shown . the lance tube nozzle block 202 is similar to the lance tube nozzle block 102 defining a hollow interior 204 and exterior surface 205 . the lance tube nozzle block 202 has a downstream nozzle 208 and an upstream nozzle 210 that have identical configuration to nozzles 108 and 110 of the first embodiment . further , the nozzle block 202 has identical internal volume and flow paths as the nozzle block 102 . the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the wall thickness of the nozzle block 202 is reduced . the flow obstruction 244 is hollow , thereby reducing the mass of the nozzle block 202 . with reference to fig7 a and 7 b , a lance tube nozzle block 302 for a sootblower in accordance with the teaching of the third embodiment of the present invention is shown . the lance tube nozzle block 302 includes a hollow interior 304 . the lance tube nozzle block 302 includes a downstream nozzle 306 and an upstream nozzle 310 . the dimension and geometry of the downstream and upstream nozzles 306 and 310 , respectively , are identical to the dimension and geometry of the nozzles 108 and 110 of the first embodiment . this embodiment of the lance tube nozzle block 302 differs from the previously described embodiment in that the upstream nozzle 310 includes an airfoil or streamline body 311 around the nozzle diverging surface 312 of the upstream nozzle 310 . preferably , the upstream nozzle airfoil body 311 has a trapezoidal cross section . the divergent section 307 ( as shown in fig7 a ) of the upstream nozzle 310 is circular at each point along its axis from the inlet to the exit plane . the airfoil body 311 has a smooth upstream incline surface 314 a and a downstream incline surface 314 b . the upstream incline surface 314 a receives the cleaning medium from the proximate end of the nozzle block which flows in the direction as shown by arrows 319 in fig7 . the downward incline surface 314 b allows a smooth flow of the cleaning medium past the upstream nozzle 310 to the inlet end 316 of the downstream nozzle 306 as shown by arrows 320 . the angle of incline ψ 1 of the airfoil body 311 is measured between central axis 315 of upstream nozzle 310 and the inclining surface 314 b of the airfoil body 311 as shown in fig7 . in the preferred embodiment the airfoil body 311 is made of same material as the nozzle block 302 . the airfoil body 311 provides for a smooth flow of the cleaning medium to the inlet end 316 of the downstream nozzle 306 as shown by arrows 320 . further , the airfoil body 311 will help reduce the turbulent eddies influencing the upstream nozzle 310 and minimize pressure drop of the flow 320 that passes upstream nozzle 310 to feed the downstream nozzle 306 . fig7 a is a sectional view of nozzle block 302 which is tipped slightly . this perspective helps to further illustrate the contours of hollow interior 304 . fig7 b shows particularly a solidified form of airfoil body 311 . this view shows that airfoil body 311 ′, like airfoil body 311 , includes side surfaces 324 . airfoil bodies 311 and 311 ′ are configured to minimize obstructions of flow area past nozzle 310 . this is , in part , provided by having side surface 324 closely approach these inside surfaces , 307 , of nozzle 310 . now referring to fig8 a lance tube nozzle block 402 in accordance with the fourth embodiment of the present invention is illustrated . the lance tube nozzle block hollow interior 404 defines a longitudinal axis 407 . the lance tube nozzle block 402 has a downstream nozzle 408 , positioned at a distal end 406 of the lance tube nozzle block 402 . the upstream nozzle 410 is longitudinally spaced from the downstream nozzle 408 . in this embodiment , the downstream nozzle 408 has the same configuration as the nozzle 108 of the first embodiment . however , the geometry of the upstream nozzle 410 is different . in this embodiment , the upstream nozzle 410 has a curved interior shape such that the inlet end 412 curves towards the flow of the cleaning medium as shown by arrows 411 . the central axis of discharge end 416 as measured from the inlet end 412 to the outlet end 418 is curved and not straight . the upstream nozzle 410 has converging walls 420 and diverging wall 422 joining the converging walls . the converging walls 420 and the diverging walls 422 define a throat 424 . a central axis of throat 424 is curved such that the angle ψ 3 defined between the throat 424 and the longitudinal axis 407 of the nozzle block 402 is in the range of 0 to 90 degrees . preferably the angle ψ 3 is equal to about 45 degrees . fig9 represents a lance tube nozzle block 502 in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the present invention . the lance tube nozzle block 502 has identical configuration as the lance tube nozzle block in the fourth embodiment . the lance tube nozzle block 502 has a downstream nozzle 508 positioned at the distal end 506 of the lance tube nozzle block 502 . the lance tube nozzle block 502 has an upstream nozzle 510 that defines an inlet end 512 and an outlet end 514 . a throat 516 is defined by converging walls 520 and diverging walls 522 . the present embodiment differs from the nozzle geometry in the fourth embodiment in that the upstream nozzle 510 has a central axis 518 , which is straight and not curved as described in the previous embodiment . the present embodiment has an inlet end 512 angled towards the flow of the cleaning medium , as shown by arrows 511 . in order to have the inlet end 512 angled toward the flow of the cleaning medium , the converging and diverging walls 520 and 522 , diametrically opposite each other are of different length . thus , the diverging wall 522 a is longer than the diverging wall 522 b . fig1 represents the sixth embodiment of the present invention . the lance tube nozzle block 602 defines an interior surface 604 and an exterior surface 606 . the downstream nozzle 608 is positioned at the distal end 607 of the lance tube nozzle block 602 . the downstream nozzle 608 is of the same configuration and dimension as the nozzle 108 of the first embodiment . the upstream nozzle 610 is a straight nozzle having an inlet end 612 and an outlet end 614 . like the upstream nozzle of the previous embodiments , the upstream nozzle 610 has a throat 616 defined by the converging walls 618 and diverging walls 620 . the upstream nozzle 610 defines a central axis of discharge 622 between the inlet end 612 and the outlet end 614 . in this embodiment , the plane 624 of the outlet end 614 is flush with the exterior surface 606 of the lance tube nozzle block 602 . the nozzle expansion zone 622 provided by the diverging walls 620 is located entirely inside the diameter of lance tube nozzle block 602 . nozzle block 602 further features a “ thin wall ” construction in which the outer wall has a nearly uniform thickness , yet forms ramp surfaces 628 and 630 , and tip 632 . the foregoing discussion discloses and describes a preferred embodiment of the invention . one skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion , and from the accompanying drawings and claims , that changes and modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the true spirit and fair scope of the invention as defined in the following claims . | the present invention discloses a new design of the nozzle and the lance tube of a sootblower to clean the interior of a heat exchanger by impingement of a jet of cleaning medium . in accordance with the teachings of the present invention the sootblower design developed , incorporates a nozzle at the tip of the distal end of the lance tube . the lance tube also includes an upstream nozzle positioned opposite and longitudinally apart the distal end nozzle . this design allows for the flow of the cleaning medium to enter into the inlet end of the nozzle without coming to a halt at the end of the lance tube . further , the present invention also provides for a converging channel to be disposed in the interior of the lance tube to direct the flow of cleaning medium passing the upstream nozzle into the inlet end of the downstream nozzle with minimal hydraulic losses and flow maldistribution . the present invention also discloses an airfoil body to be placed around the upstream nozzle to minimize the flow disturbances caused by the bluff body of the converging channel . | [
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] |
"in the drawings , fig1 illustrates the general principle involved in the system of the invention . (...TRUNCATED) | "a method and apparatus are disclosed for efficient endothermic processing of liquids and the precip(...TRUNCATED) | [2,0,1121,5,21373,2156,20001,134,24130,5,937,9322,963,11,5,467,9,5,26101,4,20,29541,12,29215,1683,16(...TRUNCATED) |
"the following description of the preferred embodiment is merely exemplary in nature and is in no wa(...TRUNCATED) | "a non - skid floor mat for use in a golf car is provided to enable traction with one of a hard spik(...TRUNCATED) | [2,0,133,511,8194,9,5,6813,39441,16,8315,29032,11,2574,8,16,11,117,169,3833,7,3000,5,26101,2156,63,2(...TRUNCATED) |
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Dataset Card for AutoTrain Evaluator
This repository contains model predictions generated by AutoTrain for the following task and dataset:
- Task: Summarization
- Model: pszemraj/led-base-book-summary
- Dataset: big_patent
- Config: y
- Split: test
To run new evaluation jobs, visit Hugging Face's automatic model evaluator.
Contributions
Thanks to @pszemraj for evaluating this model.
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