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2t5hks | Does the spin of the earth have any significant effect on the time it takes to complete a trans-pacific flight vs a trans-atlantic flight? | The Earth spins west towards the east. This [GIF](_URL_0_) helps visualize it.
Assume that its the same model of plane, travelling at the same altitude and speed, with the same mass, same weather conditions, same distance
Its ~7500 km from Toronto to Moscow, and Vancouver to Tokyo (google).
Would the rotation of the Earth make the flight from Vancouver to Tokyo any faster?
On a side note, are flight routes generally flown perpendicular to the axis of the Earth? | askscience | {
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"Nope, the plane is in the rotating reference frame.\nBut, it actually does because the coriolis force contributes to atmospheric winds, among them the jet stream which runs in one direction only and aircraft can take advantage of!",
"Imagine the earth is a moving bus (at a constant velocity). Though on the outside of the bus you can see the bus is moving, to any one the inside the bus it might as well be stationary. From the busses centre, getting to the front will take the same amount of time as getting to the back. Even if you threw a ball (in the air like a plane is in the air) it would take the same amount of time either way. Taking a plane on earth is like throwing a ball on a bus - that is to say nothing dramatic happens. In the reference of being inside the earths atmosphere, rotation has no effect on a plane that started from the ground. Hope that was helpful/makes sense.",
"> On a side note, are flight routes generally flown perpendicular to the axis of the Earth?\n\nFlight routes are determined with virtually no regard to the Earth's axis. You can easily find commercial flights that nearly go over the poles. (Usually the North Pole because there are more airports in the northern hemisphere.)\n\nThat being said, prevailing winds _do_ tend to run perpendicular to Earth's axis. The winds do affect flight paths somewhat, and that is a reason you might find flights tending to go more east-west than you'd think. But it's not directly because of the Earth's rotation. If the prevailing winds were controlled by a magic machine or something, instead of by the Earth's rotation, then the rotation would have effectively zero ~~very little~~ effect on flight paths (or times). _Maybe_ a tiny bit due to the Coriolis effect, which would simply \"twist\" the north-south component of a flight path, but if you look at the comments below that seems not to matter. You certainly wouldn't go faster east to west than west to east, or anything like that, because of the Earth's rotation.",
"Not directly, when the earth spins, the air surrounding the surface stays (relative to the ground) in the same place, spinning with the earth. \n\nHowever, the spinning of the earth DOES cause things like the jet stream (a strip of fast moving air along the longitudinal plane) due to something called the Coriolis effect. The jet stream is very fast and very wide so it is used by commercial pilots to get to their destinations faster. In other cases, pilots have to fly altered paths to avoid the jet stream when flying east to west.",
"Being that the earth is not actually a perfect sphere, flying perpendicular to the axis is actually the 'long way round'.\n\nFlight paths tend toward the poles to take advantage of great circle navigation and shorten distances between points. \n\nIt looks curved on our flat maps of the earth, but in fact the 'y-axis' or lines of latitude on a flat map of the earth have a varying scale of how many miles per degree.",
"There's a slight (nanoseconds, but significant in the statistical sense) difference in traveling to the east vs to the west due to relativistic effects. You can measure this if you travel with atomic clocks. This effect was first measured in the [Hafele–Keating experiment](_URL_0_)."
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} | Does the spin of the earth have any significant effect on the time it takes to complete a trans-pacific flight vs a trans-atlantic flight?
The Earth spins west towards the east. This [GIF](_URL_0_) helps visualize it. Assume that its the same model of plane, travelling at the same altitude and speed, with the same mass, same weather conditions, same distance Its ~7500 km from Toronto to Moscow, and Vancouver to Tokyo (google). Would the rotation of the Earth make the flight from Vancouver to Tokyo any faster? On a side note, are flight routes generally flown perpendicular to the axis of the Earth? | [
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|
5u4tlp | What would the evolutionary benefits be for male mammals' testicles being located in such a vulnerable location instead of being inside the body? | Being such an important organ (perhaps most important, considering an animal's ultimate goal in life is reproduction) what would/could be the reasons why mammals have not evolved in parallel to have testicles located in a much safer location inside the body rather than exposed in the way they are? I just noticed the obvious vulnerability of the organs as I am watching the AKC dog show right now, and every male dog has incredibly vulnerable jewels. Thanks! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ddrdnhx",
"ddrirc2",
"ddrtmaw",
"ddrmf46"
],
"text": [
"Spermatazoa are sensitive to heat, and body temperature causes the testicles to produce defective sperm. Therefore the testicles have a very tightly controlled temperature. When warm, the testicles hang away from the body allowing for efficient heat dissipation. When cold, the cremaster muscle pulls the testicles closer to the body to obtain the right degree of warmth. The cremaster reflex can be tested by gently stroking the inner thigh. This will cause the muscle to contract and the testicles to rise. \n\nThe testicles have to be outside (and cooler than) the body to function.",
"First thing you have to realize about evolution is that there are no intelligent designers. Evolution is random, going one stupid step at a time and so we are full of really stupid design.\n\nTesticles have to be cooler than the rest of the body because spermatozoa don't like heat. Actually if you keep your testicles warm (that is you're sitting for most of the day) you have lower fertility rate.",
"Keep in mind that in most mammals, the testicles are not that exposed at all. [When you look at how most mammals fight,](_URL_0_) they're in a pretty decent spot: protected by the hind legs from the sides, under the body, away from the action. This location only becomes a problem when you become bipedal.",
"We aren't sure if the chicken or the egg came first in this. Was it testicles dropping first and then sperm temperature sensitivity? Or did the specific sperm temperature come first and the balls drop to deal with it?"
],
"score": [
54,
9,
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3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.kalahari-trails.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/bulls-fighting.jpg"
]
} | What would the evolutionary benefits be for male mammals' testicles being located in such a vulnerable location instead of being inside the body?
Being such an important organ (perhaps most important, considering an animal's ultimate goal in life is reproduction) what would/could be the reasons why mammals have not evolved in parallel to have testicles located in a much safer location inside the body rather than exposed in the way they are? I just noticed the obvious vulnerability of the organs as I am watching the AKC dog show right now, and every male dog has incredibly vulnerable jewels. Thanks! | [
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1jkcy3 | Why do resistor values need to be color-coded, unlike capacitors wherein the capacitance is already printed on it? | Wouldn't it be much more easier if the values are already printed on the resistor itself? | askscience | {
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"Well, they are for surface mount resistors: _URL_0_\n\nFrom [wikipedia](_URL_1_): \"Colorbands were commonly used (especially on resistors) because they were easily printed on tiny components, decreasing construction costs.\"",
"Capacitors can actually be color-coded too (though with dots rather than lines). However, color-coding is becoming more rare on both capacitors and resistors due to the prevalence of surface-mount components. \n\nSurface-mount resistors have a set of letters and numbers printed on them to indicate their resistance value rather than being color-coded. See _URL_2_\n\nI'm not sure of the reason for the original choice of bands vs. printing the numbers but I would **speculate** that it was due to the difficulty of printing on small, cylindrical objects when resistors were originally created.",
"Back in the days of hand-wired circuits and when I had good eyesight, it was obvious: you could read a resistor value with the component in any position. Once you learn the code, it's as easy as numbers. Of course, resistors were bigger then, too.",
"It was easier to hand paint a few thin lines than to try to hand paint the values.\n\nResister markers have been around the 1920s when almost nothing was machine marked. It also allows for the components to be read from any angle as the bands go all around the device.",
"and more importantly, why did they decide to use hard to distinguish colors?",
"Today, in practical mass-production use, you rarely, if ever, see that anymore. The classic [through-hole resistors](_URL_5_) were used heavily from the '50s to the mid '80s. Especially in the early days, most electronics were hand-soldered, which means there needed to be a quick and easy way to identify the resistor. Printing the values on tiny 1/4-watt resistors wasn't easy with 1950s printing technology, and even if they could, the small values would be hard to read anyhow. Furthermore, printing color bands was cheap and easy. Hence the color coding, and it stuck around for a long time.\n\nAs for capacitors, old through-hole capacitors [actually were color-coded](_URL_4_). However, since capacitors were often physically quite large compared to resistors and easier to print on, it became practical to print the values on them much earlier than with resistors, especially as printing technology evolved.\n\nNowadays virtually all circuit boards with surface-mount components are assembled using pick-and-place robots [like this one](_URL_3_), and the robots are fed with reels of surface-mount components that don't need to be marked since the robot knows exactly what it's laying down at any time. Occasionally you see physical markings (like birdbrainlabs showed), but they're mostly irrelevant for mass production because hand-soldering of surface-mount components is quite rare.",
"I HATE THE COLOR CODING SYSTEM BECAUSE I AM COLOR BLIND!!!! AHHH! AND IM AN ELECTRICAL ENGINEER! \n\nSo glad I design with SMDs now",
"Most of the old through-hole resistors in USSR had printed values and sometimes you simply couldn't read it's value without desoldering it first.",
"Resistors of lower wattages are much smaller than those of higher, plus the last band (usually gold or silver) accounts for its tolerance as a percentage of 5-10%. \n\nIf the number of resistance plus it's tolerance was displayed as \"133 Ω 5%\", for example, it may be easier to read and more straight forward on larger components, but would be pretty hard to fit onto the smallest sizes and even harder to read. The color code itself gets a little strenuous at times. \nSurface mount resistors do not use the color code, but a numerical system that uses pretty much the same concept, but replacing the color code with numerical code. \n\nAll-in-all I believe the color code is still used because it was the first system, coming before surface mounts with the numerical code, and is also a very efficient system if you take the time to learn it or reference it. \n\n[this](_URL_7_) is a link displaying the range of sizes of resistors. \nand [here](_URL_6_) is a picture reference of both types of resistors and their values.",
"Back in ye olden days resistors were almost always axial lead components. Regardless of how they were mounted you could always read there value because the stripes were visible from any angle.\n\nRadial lead components like capacitors simply had values printed on one face.\n\nThis of course was before SMT took over the world and virtually annihilated component level trouble shooting in favour of board swapping. With SMT the end user or service person would almost never component level troubleshoot and values printed on individual components became more and more rare.\n\n[Axial vs Radial](_URL_8_)",
"EE here. Resistors are wrapped in a plastic coating - its easy for then to print huge sheets of the material and then wrap each resistor to form continuous bands.",
"Most resistors are a ~~toroidal~~ weird non-cylindrical shape, and mount sideways on the board. Capacitors are usually cylinders, and mount vertically. \n\nIts a lot easier(cheaper) to print letters on a plain cylinder than it is to print them on a ~~toroid~~ weird non-cylinder. Capacitors are often vertically mounted with both pins on one end. Resistors are a straight through component where the pins are bent down into the board; the resistor can be rotated arbitrarily before mounting. While it isn't often the case that you need to read off the resistance or capacitance value on a component after mounting, if you did need to read it, it would be a hell of a pain to read lettering on a component mounted sideways at an arbitrary rotation. Beyond that, if the resistance values were printed on as digits, you would have a harder time finding the ones you need in a drawer. The sizes are very similar in resistors whereas with caps, they are easy to sort by size.\n\nTL;DR: bands are a hell of a lot cheaper to print, and easier to read in a drawer or mounted on a board.\n\nEDIT: What the hell do you call the shape of a resistor anyway?",
"Master electronics technician here. At my work, the value is [printed on our resistors](_URL_9_). The number on the end represents how many zeroes there are after the initial numbers. For example 4253 is 425,000 Ohms.\n\nAs for in the past, it was most likely due to the lack of technology to print accurately at such a small scale without paying out the wazoo. Our surface mount resistors do not have any markings on them usually because they're far too small to be able to fit anything on them, so you usually have to hit it with a DMM to be sure.",
"Because the ability to easily and cost effectively print values on axial resistor packages was not there many years ago, and the manufacturing methods have not really changed significantly since then. So rather than retool, it is ~~easier~~ cheaper to continue with color bands."
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"url": [
"http://www.mouser.com/images/vishay/images/CRCW-1.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor_color_code",
"http://www.resistorguide.com/resistor-smd-code/",
"http://www.expo21xx.com/automation21xx/345_st3_scara-robot/2.jpg",
"http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/32VS0004.GIF",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Resistors_%281%29.jpg",
"http://www.mikroe.com/old/books/keu/01/1-2bcde.jpg",
"http://justradios.com/ssoxide.JPG",
"https://shop.vems.hu/catalog/images/NTC_axial_radial_s.jpg",
"http://i.ebayimg.com/t/125-NEW-UNUSED-NOS-RNC55-RNC55H1581FS-MIL-MILITARY-RESISTOR-1-58K-OHM-MF-1-8W-1-/00/s/OTYwWDEyODA=/$%28KGrHqNHJE4E-lQBrvh%28BP0rgSSv7!~~60_35.JPG"
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} | Why do resistor values need to be color-coded, unlike capacitors wherein the capacitance is already printed on it?
Wouldn't it be much more easier if the values are already printed on the resistor itself? | [
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|
23e3el | Spacetime can be streched and bend. But can it vibrate? If so, does it has resonance frequency? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cgw8yvo",
"cgwcll6",
"cgwbd5m"
],
"text": [
"> Can it vibrate?\n\nVibrations of spacetime are called gravitational waves. They have been detected indirectly by observing the orbits of binary neutron stars: The orbits lose energy as the stars emit the waves. \n\nThere is no resonant frequency, because they are not confined to a cavity (a \"resonator\").",
"As mentioned by /u/xxx_yyy , vibrations of space-time are known as gravitational waves (no-one in the field calls them 'gravity waves' any more because gravity is the restoring force for a host of phenomena, e.g. ocean and atmospheric waves). \n\n\nYou can linearize the equations of General Relativity to get a wave equation, which looks a lot like any other wave equation (e.g. Maxwell's). So you can model waves with a well-defined frequency and propagation speed and polarization etc.\n\n\nThis analogy is alluring and works well enough on a flat background. However, this linear theory, and hence the analogy, breaks down when you consider the source or interaction. This is important when trying to analyze or create a resonant system. For light waves, you set up a resonant cavity by bouncing light between mirrors; for a plucked string you make sure the two ends are clamped down somehow. For gravitational waves, you require interactions that involve dramatic distortions of space-time. If this is static matter, then you're talking about interactions near the [Gravitational (Schwarzschild) radius](_URL_0_) of the objects, i.e. black hole/neutron star systems. If you're really interested, there are a [few studies](_URL_1_) around looking at this topic (science warning!).\n\n\n**TL;DR** Yes, space-time can vibrate in a way predicted by General Relativity (\"gravitational waves\"). In principle you can create a resonant system with them, but you'll need to be able to carefully arrange black holes in a wholly unnatural fashion.\n\nedit: paragraphs",
"While not resonance per se, gravity waves do exhibit interference just as any other wave phenomenon. As for resonance, one would have to posit a plausible container, as mentioned before. Since such resonance is a local effect, and the universe is considered to still be expanding, natural resonance is unlikely to occur. Perhaps a close cluster of neutron stars??????"
],
"score": [
195,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_radius",
"http://arxiv.org/abs/1208.3906v1"
]
} | Spacetime can be streched and bend. But can it vibrate? If so, does it has resonance frequency?
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wfv4a | Is their a psychological or physical benefit to tennis players who "moan", "groan" or scream every time they hit the ball? | I was visiting my grandma the other day. While watching tennis I noted how some players "moan","groan", or scream with every hit they give. It annoyed me terribly so I asked my grandma (who watches a lot of tennis) why they do it and she couldn't give me answer. She did, however, note that it only started a couple of years ago with Venus Williams - though she may be wrong since she is over 80 years old.
So if tennis players didn't always do it, why do they do it now? Did someone realise they can hit the ball harder or more accurately? Is it a scare tactic to use against other players?
Thanks in advance!
Edit: Seems like the word I was looking for is "grunting". Thanks for the great answers.
Edit 2: Just realised I used the wrong "there". I wish I could change the title now...
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5d0nez",
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"text": [
"Comming from a martial arts background where we scream at the end of some of our techniques, here's why we do it:\n\n1) Psychological - anything that distracts or disrupts the other person's concentration is a benefit to you. It doesn't take much when two people are evenly matched. If you're outclassed, this isn't going to be the thing that puts you over the top.\n\n2) Physical - Breathing out when tensing muscles for impact is the best situation. It means all your muscles are contracting at the same time, and your body is in unison on doing so. You don't have your chest expanding from intake, wile you're arm is trying to tense for control and strength. Again, this is going to add a 'smidge' to your technique. But when you're playing at the top of the sport with other people a 'smidge' is sometimes all it takes.\n\nBoth of these things are applicable to tennis, or any physical competition. We have other reasons we do it, but worrying about getting hit when you attack and other stuff doesn't apply to tennis.\n\nAs for why didn't they do it before? It was considered a more gentile sport. Think about when Andre Agassi wore denim shorts and how much that upset the tennis elite. There were unofficial rules of decorum that don't become official until someone decides to test the bounds.\n\nI personally have no problem with it, but then I don't think sports should be played in silence.\n\nGolf... I'm looking at you.",
"Not sure if this the reason they started grunting, but seems like a good reason to do it.\n\n > In the current study, 33 undergraduate students watched tennis players hitting balls across the tennis court. Each shot was either quiet or contained a brief \"unnh\" noise that occurred as the player struck the ball.\n\n > The participants were asked to enter the direction of the shot in each clip on a keyboard, answering as quickly and accurately as possible. As it turned out, the extraneous sound significantly slowed the students' response times. They also made more mistakes in entering the direction of the shots with grunts. \n\n_URL_0_",
"A lot of players do this tactically, to prevent their opponents from hearing the sounds of the ball coming off the racquet and judging its speed and spin.",
"Originally I thought there was a study showing that grunting can actually increase athlete performance, but upon further research, it seems it's the opposite:\n_URL_1_",
"If I understand, especially if done out of sync with hitting the ball, it can confuse the opponent and mess with their timing since they use audio cues to assess the trajectory and location of the ball."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.livescience.com/10772-unnh-grunting-tennis-players-edge.html",
"http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1999.89.1.233"
]
} | Is their a psychological or physical benefit to tennis players who "moan", "groan" or scream every time they hit the ball?
I was visiting my grandma the other day. While watching tennis I noted how some players "moan","groan", or scream with every hit they give. It annoyed me terribly so I asked my grandma (who watches a lot of tennis) why they do it and she couldn't give me answer. She did, however, note that it only started a couple of years ago with Venus Williams - though she may be wrong since she is over 80 years old. So if tennis players didn't always do it, why do they do it now? Did someone realise they can hit the ball harder or more accurately? Is it a scare tactic to use against other players? Thanks in advance! Edit: Seems like the word I was looking for is "grunting". Thanks for the great answers. Edit 2: Just realised I used the wrong "there". I wish I could change the title now... | [
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|
6rvfui | Because of the curvature of the Earth, are nearby skyscrapers closer together at the base than they are at the top? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dl87b26",
"dl8aka3",
"dl8vius"
],
"text": [
"Yes.\n\nIf the two 100-floor buildings are one NYC block apart, which is 0.05 mile or 1/500000 of Earth's circumference, their 100th floors, which are .2 mile higher than their first floors, are going to be 2 * .2 mi * pi / 500000 further apart than their first floors, which comes out to .16 inches or 4 mm.",
"The Humber Bridge (UK), Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge and others all took curvature of the earth into account during the design stage.\n\nFun fact: the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake occurred after the towers had been constructed but before the road deck had been started, moving the towers 1 meter further apart, causing a minor redesign.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_",
"The towers of the [Verrazano Bridge](_URL_2_) are different heights due to the curvature. I highly doubt adjacent office buildings will have any noticeable variation however. The distances are too short, and deep foundation work would offset some of it."
],
"score": [
760,
92,
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge#Structure",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Bridge#Bridge_statistics",
"http://mathscinotes.com/2017/01/effect-of-earths-curvature-on-suspension-bridge-dimensions/"
]
} | Because of the curvature of the Earth, are nearby skyscrapers closer together at the base than they are at the top?
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582vaf | Has it been scientifically proven that Nuclear Fusion is actually a possibility and not a 'golden egg goose chase'? | Whelp... I went popped out after posting this... looks like I got some reading to do thank you all for all your replies! | askscience | {
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"text": [
"Yes, we can do nuclear fusion just fine. There are numerous research experiments already doing it. Heck, there's even a small, but dedicated amateur community setting up experiments. A while ago there was some highschool kid who made the news by creating a small fusion device in his living room.\n\nThe problem, however, is that maintaining a fusion reaction requires a lot of energy, because the fusion plasma has to be kept at very high temperature in order for the reaction to take place. In current experiments, the amount of energy required to maintain the reaction is considerably higher than the amount of energy produced by the reaction.\n\nBut, as it turns out, the amount of energy produced by the reaction scales up more rapidly with size than the amount of energy required. So by simply making the reactor bigger, we can increase the efficiency (the so-called Q factor). But simply making the reactor bigger also makes the reaction harder to control, so scaling up the process is not a quick and easy job.\n\nScientists and engineers are currently working on the first reactor to have a Q factor larger than 1. That is, a reactor that produces more energy than it uses. This is the ITER project currently being constructed in France.",
"Well yes, because if it wasn't possible the Sun would not shine. \nWhat we haven't conclusively proven but we think (by all best evidence so far) is possible, is to create an economically viable fusion power station. It's quite possible we could prove the technology and then still not build a power station because either it is too risky a financial venture, or because other power sources have come online.",
"Yes, nuclear fusion is quite possible. The challenge is getting more energy out than is put into it. [Taylor Wilson](_URL_1_) was the kid who successfully but a fusion reactor at the age of 14. He is a colleague of mine and a good friend. His small reactor fused very small quantities of deuterium ions together to form He-4. A small fraction of the free deuterium in the chamber captures a neutron and becomes tritium. Tritium and deuterium quite easily fuse together to form He-4 plus a fast neutron. Here is a [short video](_URL_0_) of his reactor starting up. We placed my (no longer operating) iPhone in front of the reactor window to try and capture video of the fusion process. At the beginning, you can clearly see the x-rays saturating individual pixels (the snow effect) but it quickly diminishes as the energy rises above that which can be capture by the CCD.",
"Yes, you can build a device to fuse hydrogen atoms for about 400 dollars of materials or less.\n\nIt's called a Farnsworth Fusor, and it works just fine. It does not, however, produce more energy in heat than it consumes in electricity, because it doesn't fuse enough atoms to do that. \n\nAll of the current fusion reactors, from takomaks to Lockheed's weird device, are to one extent or another Farnsworth Fusors of differing configurations and feature sets. \n\nSpeed and temperature can be treated interchangeably. Pressure and voltage can be treated interchangeably. \n\nAnd if you can't build a vessel that will hold a particular pressure, you can simply add more voltage pressure. \n\nIf you can't get atoms to move fast enough, you can add temperature.\n\nThe challenge isn't doing fusion reactors. Those can (and have) been built by high school kids.\n\nThe challenge is making one that keeps running when cold fuel is added, and produces much more energy than it consumes. That is all possible, it's just tricky. (the overunity energy comes from the fusion process which discards energy)",
"There is a wealth of scientific and engineering information available on this topic, but this response is meant to answer the question in the spirit in which it was asked. \n\n\nNuclear fusion is literally the main reason that you exist, and is by a very very wide margin the main energy source (either directly or indirectly) for all life on this planet. \n\n\nIf you ever need proof of the efficacy fusion as a phenomenon, feel free to walk outside on a sunny day and look for the bright spot. You will find upon close examination (best performed using a heavy filter lens or camera obscura, to prevent serious and permanent eye damage) a self sustaining and relatively stable fusion reactor that has been operating faithfully without failure or maintenance for billions of years. Uptime 100.0%. \n\n\nNuclear fusion itself is actually not all that hard to achieve, even at the desktop / hobbyist level of technology. It is almost at the science - fair level of easy to make a \"star in a jar\" these days. These experiments, however, so far consume more power than can be recovered from the resulting reaction. \n\n\nThe difficulty lies in miniaturizing the reaction without destroying its overall efficiency, a goal which has been more difficult to attain than was expected but is gradually being achieved. \n\n\nThe promise of small (smaller than the sun or a fusion augmented atomic bomb) scale fusion technology is that of plentiful cheap energy anywhere you need it with an even lower environmental footprint than solar. Someday It could potentially even be safely miniaturized for use in portable applications such as ships or spacecraft, and perhaps with sufficient advancement even aircraft or land vehicles. \n\n\nMeanwhile, harnessing fusion power from the sun has been effectively accomplished by the majority of earth's surface ecosystems, and is an increasingly important source of electrical power for humanity through recent improvements in the cost effectiveness and efficiency of solar based electricity generation. \n\n\nIf you would like to delve deeper into the current technological state of artificial fusion, Wikipedia could prove to be a good starting point to explore this fascinating and very promising technology. \n\n\nThere are a wealth of actual experts in physics and engineering here on reddit that might be able to elucidate any specific questions that you might encounter in your exploration of this very important human endeavor.",
"I've worked on nuclear fusion as an engineer in maths and physics modelling. Fusion works, the real question is can we harvest energy in a sustainable ways: is it possible to scale it up so much that we actually get energy out of it, and yet be able to hold it working for many months/years to a point it start being possible to sell the energy.\n\nThere is many school of though:\n\nContinuous fusion, as in \"let's build a sun\". The idea is to have a permanent plasma and have continuous fusion in it. Hard part being: plasma is hot (250M degrees hot, hotter than the sun since inside the sun the pressure is tremendous, therefore to achieve fusion on earth without the pressure the temperature need to go up). So containing a plasma is hard. Very powerful magnetite fields plus very specific materials should be able to do so, but many other parameters influence the resistance of the whole thingy. Latest tries in this direction (I may forget some) are in France (ITER) and Germany (can't remember the name).\n\nPunctual fusion, as in \"let's spam H bombs\". This idea is currently used to simulate H bombs (France is building one, called \"Laser Mega Joule\", USA already got one but I may be wrong). The idea is to fire a shitstorm of laser into a very small pellet made of hydrogen and other stuff, to get a powerful shock-wave that compress the hydrogen up to a fusion point. The fusion is there a combination of heat and pressure, much like in a H bomb. Hard part is: laser going that high in energy are hard to focus, because the mirrors and lenses used heat up and deform, resulting in a loss of power (or even damage to installation). So hard to really get a fire rate high enough to harvest continuously energy. Also mostly military uses but I may be wrong.\n\nLast one, which is really the same as the previous one, but using a magnetic wave to compress (instead of light). A perfectly symmetrical magnetic wave is sent toward a finite point in space where some hydrogen encapsulated in a metallic shell stand. Hard part: powerful yet perfect magnetic waves are hard to obtain, also no metal inside the facility when firing (you should get why).\n\nI've worked a bit for ITER, which will try to reach the minute of working, and demonstrate the possibility to generate more energy than it uses. So far best ever done is less than few sec.\n\nWe may prove that it's simply not possible one day, but if it ever works, man we would be blessed with infinite electricity (as water is all it takes to get it to work (more or less)). So it's more or less the golden egg goose chase. It is considered as the most ambitious research project ever done by the humanity, and commercial results are not expected before ~2050-2100. The researches started ~40-50 years ago.\n\nSome people probably already said what I just wrote, but couldnt get to read all 200 coms, and I wanted to contribute ;)",
"The sun and every star in our universe is example of nuclear fusion and it is a proven scientific concept.\n\nAlso nuclear bombs work by nuclear fusion.\n\nThe issues is figuring out how to effectively do it on a small, controlled scale. \n\nWE have reactors currently that can sustain nuclear fusion for a short time, it is just too unstable to keep going.",
"I literally just watched two videos regarding fusion power on YouTube - both were good sources of information regarding the issues and strides being made to correct them:\n\nThe first one I watched was the best in my opinion, giving a more thorough insight into what is being done, although it focuses mainly on what the team at MIT is doing. It is quite long at an hour and a half, but worth it if you like to see a little bit of math (high school level) and hear some well reasoned points. You can check it out here: _URL_2_\n\nThe second video is a gathering of four different head figures of different fusion power developers talking about why things are taking so long, and what the strategies they employ are, although on a much less technical level. That video is an hour long, and can be found here: _URL_3_\n\nEdit: Grammar",
"As a nuclear engineer: yes, of course. Fusion, the process, has been around for a very long time. It's tested and proven, not just in reactors, but our arsenal of nuclear weapons as well. The \"Hydrogen\" bomb or a \"thermonuclear\" weapon are basically fusion devices to one extent or another.\n\nIn your lifetime, fusion as an economical energy source is nigh-impossible though, assuming our understanding of the physics doesn't have huge gaps. For a magnetically confined fusion reactor, for example, we can calculate roughly the mass of material we would need to produce a given amount of energy, and from that we can get a rough idea of the capital costs entailed in building a scientifically-mature fusion reactor. On the back of a napkin, it looks like the capital costs per kWh would be roughly 3x that of a modern fission reactor.\n\nOf course, fusion has other benefits. No long-lived nuclear waste, fuel even more plentiful than uranium, and few of the safety or security concerns associated with fission power. There's also potentially the unexplored possibility of co-producing something else alongside electricity with a fusion reactor and maybe that might make up some of the difference. But I think it would be fair to describe commercial fusion power as a \"golden egg goose chase\". It simply wont be a relevant technology in the foreseeable future.\n\nIf you're interested in how to come to a capital cost estimation for mature fusion power, Freidberg has a [good introductory book](_URL_4_) that goes over materials requirements after laying out the physics. There are free chapters of it online that he circulated as he was writing it-- most of us took them down after the book went to print but I'd guess there are still copies up if you google.",
"Yes on three accounts:\n\nTheoretically it is true because there is a large amount of energy released from Fusion, which is more than equal to the activation energy.\n\nTwo, Fusion definitely exists because that's what the Sun operates on. It's not just theoretical, but known to be the case.\n\nThree, Humans have generating significantly energy-positive instances of fusion. Fusion is what gives the massive Hydrogen bombs yields 1000x bigger than the Hiroshima bomb.\n\nBut doing it in a sustained, constant, controlled amount rather than in a destructive liberation driven by the pressures and temperatures of a fission bomb, is going to be very difficult.\n\nTechnically, we could just repeatedly detonate hydrogen bombs at the bottom of a lake and use the steam from the lake to spin turbines. Technically that'd be fusion power. It would also be an utterly horrible way of going about it - but the potential is there. Consider it a Fusion-Pulse Power Plant.",
"It's possible, it just requires [a massive capital investment](_URL_5_) that nobody has wanted to deal with for the past 60 years, so it's sort of hovered around the same threshold of quasi-existence.",
"Very quick response on mobile: This is currently my job. \n\n\n* we can make fusion reactions happen relatively easily with a range of experiments. \n\n* the Tokamak is (arguably) the most mature technology for doing it on a useful scale. \n\n* we're building ITER to show the physics works on a power station scale. Think \"proof of principle\" \n\n* after ITER, we need to show it's probably possible to make a cost effective and reliable power station. Think \"engineering demonstrator\". Most fusion scientists call this DEMO for short (there are a couple of other acronym alternatives) (I work on DEMO component design) \n\n* Hopefully, at this point the focus moves to reliability increase and cost reduction, but it's still possible that we can't build a good enough DEMO, or something better comes along first.",
"Totally possible and we actually have had a working fusion reactor for many years now safely operating in space a short distance from Earth. Now that we're confident in the energy it could provide us, we need to find better ways to harness it. Perhaps some sort of \"panel\" to collect its energy?",
"Regular old Hot Fusion that occurs in stars? Yes, we know it exists and create and sustain a reaction in a controlled manner. It is horribly inefficient when you have a small reactor so you wind up with horribly net negative energy reactions.\n\nYou may have been referring to \"Cold Fusion\". This is one that people search for like alchemists trying to turn lead into gold. Nothing in any current physics models indicates that it is possible, but people want it to be so they try and do it.",
"Well there is the sun and it does look like a golden egg. If only there were some kind of [conditions that need to be satisfied](_URL_6_) in order to get more power out than power in. We could call them something specific like the Lawson Criterion. People might even use the Lawson criterion as a username.",
"It's a scientific possibility (the physics of fusion itself is proven), but it's not proven to be an engineering possibility. Engineering is science and economics combined. Economics depends on effective and efficient allocation of resources. Many, many \"ideas\" of how to use science have no economic viability (actually the majority, based on history).\n\nSo strictly we don't really know yet if it can be economically viable or technically viable in an engineering sense. These are things 100% orthogonal and disconnected from scientific viability or proof.",
"Lawrenceville Plasma Physics has been doing good work attempting to develop the Dense Plasma Focus device. It's going slowly but they don't seem fazed by that, and seem to have a realistic attitude about the research process. Google the Focus Fusion Society for more information.",
"It's not just a possibility, it's already the (indirect) source of almost all the energy on Earth. Technically, solar panels derive their energy directly from fusion, if somewhat inefficiently.\n\nAs far as artificial fusion goes, we have achieved it several different ways and it's not actually that difficult, but we have yet to achieve controlled fusion with a net energy gain. Basically, unless we're building a weapon, we need to stop the reaction from destroying everything nearby, either by making it very small or by containing it somehow, but to do that we end up putting more power in than we get out. \n\nFor fusion to be a viable energy source we need to get at least some energy out of it (preferably enough to justify the cost of the reactor). There's no reason why it shouldn't be possible to do this, we just haven't managed it yet. A net energy gain might not be that far off, but we still have a long way to go before nuclear fusion is an economically viable power source.",
"We know it's physically possible both because it occurs in nature (the Sun and other stars) and because we have ignited artificial fusion before in inefficient reactors - i.e., they need more energy than they release - and because we have detonated thermonuclear weapons, which are in fact fusion bombs (as opposed to fission bombs, such as those dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki).\n\nThe questions that remain to be answered are:\n\n1) Whether a fusion reaction that releases more energy than it took to ignite can occur under controlled conditions in a reactor. I.e., if the raw technological capability can be produced. \n\n2) Whether the technology, once demonstrated, can be evolved to *sustain* such a reaction for significant periods of time. And...\n\n3) Whether the costs of building, maintaining, and safely operating a sustained fusion reactor can be brought low enough that the energy it produces is economically competitive with other sources of energy.",
"So since we know that it's possible to create a fusion device, how exactly would we extract the energy from it once it is produced? As far as I can tell, fusion creates energy by releasing heat as the hydrogen atoms are fused together. How exactly are we supposed to extract this heat energy without melting the devices that are attempting to do so?\n\n---\n\nEdit: Thanks for the responses reddit! I now know that energy extraction from a fusion reactor can happen thanks to Neutron Activation which heats up the outer reactor shielding, which can then heat up coolant that can begin the energy extraction process!\n\n(Prior to this, everyone described the mechanics of normal electrical generators and current nuclear reactors without explaining *how* this process would work with fusion energy)",
"If you go outside during the day sometime, look around in the sky for a bit. Eventually, you should see this big, glowing thing that hurts your eyes to look at. Don't look at it directly! It could damage your vision.\n\nHave you found it yet? That thing up in the sky is an enormous fusion reactor with a great deal of net energy output. All of the energy we use for anything at all comes from it directly or indirectly, or in the case of nuclear power from others like it that blew up long ago. There's your proof that fusion isn't a pipe dream.",
"Tangentially related, but this was just released by The Guardian less than 24 hours ago- [MIT nuclear fusion record marks latest step towards unlimited clean energy](_URL_7_)",
"Is the sun a possibility? Fusion is just what atoms to under very, very high pressure and heat conditions. The only hurdle is getting technology to the point where it can recreate those conditions and maintain them for more than brief periods of time. trying to bottle the sun isn't easy. It's amazing we have gotten this far with it already.",
"We (The Physics Community) actually just made a big leap forward in this. The C-Mod Tokamak just broke the world record (again) for fusion plasma pressure. They managed just over 2 atm in about 1 cubic meter of volume. We aren't there yet but it definitely isn't a wild goose chase. Link: _URL_8_",
"If you're interested in learning more about Nuclear Fusion and the current-ish state of the science community around it, check out the [In Our Time podcast episode](_URL_9_) on the subject. I say current-ish cause it's a couple years old at this point, but still fascinating!",
"Just FYI the phrases are \"wild goose chase\" or \"golden goose [egg]\" referring to a fruitless endeavor and a great opportunity, respectively. One might say we are all chasing the golden goose, but you'd sound like Karl Marx-Grimm",
"Self-sustaining, continuous nuclear fusion is probably possible in a couple of decades of you throw enough money at it. Will it be economically viable as a power source? Probably not.\n\nThe density of plasma is orders of magnitude smaller than the solid core of a fission reactor. As a result, the core of a fusion reactor will need to be MUCH bigger for the same power and therefore much more expensive. The energy output is almost purely in the form of high energy neutron radiation - extremely damaging to any material and turns the structure radioactive. In fission, the energy is mostly in the form of kinetic energy of the fission products that turns into heat quickly. There is very little radioactive activation of anything but the fuel rods. In a boiling water reactor you can safely stand right above the core pool during fuel replacement. The fuel of a fusion reactor is tritium - highly radioactive and hard to contain (it's an isotope of hydrogen - it permeates through steel). Tiny traces of tritium leaking from reactors led to major public scares. Here we are talking about regularly handling at least six orders of magnitude more tritium and ensuring none of it leaks.\n\nSorry if this offends anyone, but the fusion we have been promised is a dream.\n\nEdit: typo",
"It is a possibility. Because we can't make anything with the mass or gravity of the sun on earth we have to use a lot higher temperatures to start fusion. We can do it now just not for a long time. Scientists have fused atoms like the core of our sun in labs. We only keep it going for a couple seconds now unless a new group made it go longer. As we learn more and figure more things out we will be able to extend that time more and more until we can actually keep it going and produce energy at a lower cost. It costs more to run the earth suns now that it produces",
"they are building a 500MW reactor which is scheduled to be complete in 2020.\n\n_URL_10_\n\nproblem is with capital costs like this, the electricity produced will be 30 times as expensive as our most expensive sources today.",
"Not widely recognized - Inertial Confinement Fusion has been PROVEN to work.\n\nThere is an existing practical fusion technology today (not just hot plasma, unicorns, and B.S.)\nInertial Confinement Fusion has been PROVEN to work in actual field experiments.\nWhile not frequently mentioned, there is a form of Inertial Confinement Fusion, besides weapons fission-fusion, that has actually been demonstrated to work and in practical field experiments and produced significant useful amounts of energy (more energy out of fusion than it takes to produce fusion conditions and maintain the fusion reaction).\nPure fusion of small DT filled hollow spheres has been experimentally demonstrated to work in cold war LANL and LLNL field testing (X-rays produced through a line of sight to an experimental device initiated full fusion ignition of small hollow deuterium-tritium filled spheres).\nPulsed inertial confinement fusion is practical fusion technology and a repeatedly demonstrated fact; the only form of fusion demonstrated to produce net energy to date on earth.\n\nInertial Confinement Fusion today is driver limited. It is still not experimentally possible to build a laser (or ion particle accelerator) large enough to produce DT fusion ignition. Still, people, including Congress, wanted to know if inertial confinement fusion will work if laser driver energies can be raised and a few remaining physics issues (implosion symmetry and control of plasma instabilities) could be solved. \n\nTo answer this question, in the early 1980s an experimental program called Halite-Centurion was added to the US nuclear test program that had the capability of using experimental nuclear tests instead of lasers or particle accelerators to source an intense beam of X-rays to implode a spherical fusion capsule. Halite-Centurion ( H/C) experiments were designed to be added to scheduled underground\nnuclear tests to better understand ICF conditions. Eric Storm, Hank Shay, and\nDeLynn Clark led the Livermore team, with vital contributions from many others were put in charge of organizing this series of tests focused on exploring the feasibility of fusion ignition. \nAt driver energies achievable using X-rays from an experimental nuclear device, full fusion ignition of DT filled spheres worked (and worked repeatedly).\nThese experiments were successful and they lay to rest questions regarding the feasibility of ICF ignition, and gave the community confidence that ICF would succeed at the 10s of megajoule fusion driver energy scale.\n\nIn 1995 Dr. John Lindl was allowed to declassify and release to the public and press about half of the details of Halite-Centurion fusion field tests.\n\"Development of the Indirect‐drive Approach to Inertial Confinement Fusion and the Target Physics Basis for Ignition and Gain.\" John Lindl. Page: 3937. AIP Physics of Plasma. American Institute of Physics, 14 June 1995.\n_URL_11_\nNY Times - \"Secret Advance in Nuclear Fusion Spurs a Dispute Among Scientists\" by WILLIAM J. BROAD \n_URL_12_",
"Did a bit of reading about this awhile ago when the German stellerator was in the news. \n\nI was quite surprised that there's still a huge engineering job to find materials that can withstand the constant neutron radiation without turning to powder. Both the structural materials and the liquid blanket used to extract heat from the reactor will have to be stable enough to keep working safety for a long enough time that you sell more energy than it costs to replace all the pieces.\n\nThe reason progress has been so slow is that it's kind of a chicken and egg problem. You need a way to generate the test conditions, and for that you need a reactor that will generate high neutron flux for a long time.\n\nI was really surprised when I got into the details of why commercial fusion has been \"10 years away\" for the past half century.",
"I know I'm a bit late to the party, but I'm an undergrad physics student currently working in a plasma physics lab so I thought I'd throw in my two cents.\n\nOne of the hardest things to do with plasma is the containment. We currently use magnetic fields to attempt to slow the radial drift, but it doesn't work very well. This causes insane stresses on the system. We believe that this is because of a combination of a few different types of turbulence which cause the magnetic fields to be less, or not, effective. Once we understand how to contain the plasma well it will be easier and drastically more efficient for commercial use. \n\nPs. Anyone who sees anything wrong with this please let me know. I'm half putting in my two cents and half hoping to get a cent or two out.",
"You don't 'prove' anything in science. That said, the giant ball of light in the sky that keeps us all alive is pretty strong evidence that nuclear fusion actually works.\n\nThe real question is not whether it works, but whether we can make it work here on Earth without gravity on our side. Stars, like the Sun, contain the forces of nuclear fusion by virtue of the pressure of hundreds of thousands of kilometers of gas piled up on top squeezing everything together. Down here on Earth we don't have that, so we have to use other methods, such as compressing everything with magnetic fields. There's no good reason in physics why these other methods won't work in principle, but it's a very tough engineering problem.",
"Is a \"golden egg goose chase\" some combination of a wild goose chase and the goose that laid the golden egg?\n\nThese are two idiomatic expressions that have very different meanings.\n\nA wild goose chase is:\n\n > a foolish and hopeless pursuit of something unattainable.\n\nI believe this is what you were talking about.\n\nThe goose that laid the golden egg is from one of Aesop's fables, and the idiomatic expression is typically about killing the goose that laid the golden egg(s), and it:\n\n > is an idiom used of an unprofitable action motivated by greed.",
"Yes, it gets proven daily, whenever the sun rises.\n\nOh, you meant *practical nuclear fusion* as an energy source here on earth.\n\nThat's a lot trickier. Sure, we can maintain a reaction for a second or two, but extracting the energy from it and extracting enough to power the enormous magnets needed to contain the plasma.... that's the real trick.\n\nAt this point, it is more Engineering than Science. The science is there, we just have to figure out the hardware. The staggering cost of the hardware might make a fission plant look cheap.",
"I've only got an MSc Fusion Energy, but here's my answer:\nIt certainly works just fine, but at the moment due to our limited knowledge of the instabilities that build up in a fusion energy reaction, reactions that actually PRODUCE energy lasts fractions of a second. There is an inside joke that fusion energy is 'only 50 years away', but that they said that 50 years ago.\nStill an incredibly bright future for energy production.",
"Look in the sky during the day - fusion is working.\n\nWhether humans can contain and proliferate fusion at anywhere near workable temperatures is another matter.\n\nEvery few years, since the mid fifties, somewhere, some publication will tout that \"cold fusion\" is upon us... and it's not. But then in a couple more years - the same claim...\n\nCan it be done? Probably. Is it in the works now? No.",
"Former sensors engineer (Comp. Eng./Electronics) for one of the subprograms of subprograms of the fusion research. \n\nIt is a worthy goal, but sensor-and-control-loop-wise it depends on whether we can develop microprocessors capable of picosecond-level processing cycles and power electronics reactive on a nanosecond-level. \n\nFusion still far away, but it is technically feasible, as the reaction had been sustained for a couple of seconds in research lab conditions.",
"well we already have a working fusion reactor design, how Isaac Arthur puts it:\" make a huge and sturdy bunker underground, fill it with water and detonate a thermonuclear device in there, then use the steam from the hot water to drive turbines to power your country.\" the problem is that nobody wants to build that, and it would create allot of contaminated water...",
"I don't understand why we develop this when it would be much simpiler to activate and develop Molten Salt Reators (MSRs) for research in order to create Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors (LFTRs). This would be world's better for the enviorment than our current model, and would create rare earth metals necessary to cure cancer and improve battery life.",
"Only tangentially related, but I've been fascinated by the approach [General Fusion](_URL_13_) is taking ever since I first read about it in Popular Science. The idea of using synchronized pistons in order to ignite a fusion reaction through intense pressure is incredibly simple and low-tech."
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"http://imgur.com/g1LjFal",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Wilson",
"https://youtu.be/KkpqA8yG9T4",
"https://youtu.be/nWjAJKPLMEo",
"https://www.amazon.com/Plasma-Physics-Fusion-Jeffrey-Freidberg/dp/0521733170",
"http://klotza.blogspot.com/2016/08/whats-deal-with-fusion-power.html",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDldUOubh0w&t=14m47s",
"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/17/mit-nuclear-fusion-record-marks-latest-step-towards-unlimited-clean-energy",
"http://www.ibtimes.com/nuclear-fusion-world-record-mits-alcator-c-mod-tokamak-breaks-its-own-plasma-pressure-2432110",
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04mgtdq",
"http://www.sciencealert.com/this-14-billion-machine-is-set-to-usher-in-a-new-era-of-nuclear-fusion-power",
"http://hifweb.lbl.gov/public/Sharp/HIF_documents/Lindl-indirect%20drive.nov95.pdf",
"http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/21/us/secret-advance-in-nuclear-fusion-spurs-a-dispute-among-scientists.html?pagewanted=all",
"http://www.generalfusion.com/"
]
} | Has it been scientifically proven that Nuclear Fusion is actually a possibility and not a 'golden egg goose chase'?
Whelp... I went popped out after posting this... looks like I got some reading to do thank you all for all your replies! | [
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192wsu | Can blue whales have heart attacks or are their arteries just too big to clog up? | askscience | {
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"It's possible but unlikely for a whale to die from a heart attack. There are at least two cases of sperm whales having such a cause of death; one is presented in [this paper](_URL_3_) as cited [here](_URL_1_).\n\nThe cause of death was \"myocardial infarction [the medical term for a heart attack] associated with coronary atherosclerosis\" (Whitehead, p. 73).\n\nAn earlier paper also finds a single incident of a large sperm whale dying from a heart attack: \"In only one specimen did we observe evidence of myocardial infarction and necrosis. The heart of one sperm whale possessed a circumscribed lesion that had destroyed the proximal and dorsal portion of the muscular interventricular septum and adjacent wall of the left ventricle. The entire thickness of the septum had been replaced in an area of 10 X 15 cm by a foul smelling mass of cheesy material interlaced by fibrous strands. The margins of the necrotic area were not sharply demarcated from the cardiac muscle fibers of the surrounding myocardium. The gross pathologic appearance of the area was that of a recent dorsal myocardial infarction undergoing necrosis. In this specimen the coronary arteries had demonstrated multiple medium-sized atheromatous plaques, and also nematode worms had been found in the cardiac veins (figs. 5 and 18). We were unable to isolate and identify the specific artery, or arteries and veins, responsible for the infarcted area in this heart\" (Truex et al., p. 329).\n\n**Sources:**\n\n1. Lambertsen, R. H. (1997). Natural disease problems of the sperm whale. Bulletin van het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen-Biologie, 67.\n\n2. Truex, R. C., Nolan, F. G., Truex Jr, R. C., Schneider, H. P., & Perlmutter, H. I. (1961). Anatomy and pathology of the whale heart with special reference to the coronary circulation. The Anatomical Record, 141(4), 325-353.\n\n2. Whitehead, H. (2003). Sperm whales: social evolution in the ocean. University of Chicago Press.\n\n**Relevant Images and Links:**\n\n**[Figures 5 and 18](_URL_0_)**.\n\n**[Lambertsen article](_URL_2_)**.\n\n**Final Remark:**\n\nNote that a blue whale's heart is *significantly* larger than a sperm whale's (though as an aside: the latter has a larger brain). While I suspect it is possible for a blue whale to have an MI, I can find no recorded instances.",
"Does that mean smaller animals can be more likely to experience heart problems?",
"I'm going to take a slightly more physiological perspective in conjunction with most of the other answers:\n\nTop comment obviously responded with that yes, indeed blue whales **can** have a heart attack. Their vessels (arteries, arterioles, metarterioles) are bigger, but it would take longer.\n\nThat being said, their capillaries are the **SAME** thickness as ours. Why this is relevant is that if there were to be some sort of embolized thrombus coming from a vein or venule (eg the whale equivalent of a deep vein thrombosis), it is going to get caught in roughly the same place that it would in humans, which are the first place it hits a capillary bed- the lungs. \n\nAlso, the coronary arteries fill up first thing after the LV in diastole. Somehow, over time, the pro-atherosclerotic material would need to somehow still have it's affect on coronary arteries (infrequent, but it still happens enough) over enough time to clog up the artery (a long period). The whale is probably going to die of something else before that.",
"Does our increased occurrence, compared to other species, of MIs have to do with our diet of processed and exorbitantly fat-rich foods?",
"Big arteries can get atherosclerosis and become clogged, it would just take longer. \n\nThe question is how long it would take. Eventually, a natural 'hardening of the arteries' will happen (arteriosclerosis) and this is very pro-atherosclerosis / pro-thrombosis. This is a disease of aging, like cancer. \n\nDiseases of aging kill most people in developed countries -- that is, countries with a medical system good enough to make sure that you don't die young of an abscessed tooth infection or an intestinal parasite. \n\nWild animals, as a rule, will not live long enough to die of heart disease or cancer. They will generally die of predation or parasitism. \n\nAssuming that blue whales can live long enough to get coronary artery disease, I guess what you're asking is whether or not the large diameter of the coronaries will prevent an atherosclerotic plaque or clot from clogging one up. The answer is 'no, it won't, but it won't be as bad.' \n\nThat is, if you get a clot plug up a coronary artery high up, close to the source of blood, you're going to lose a large chunk of heart muscle. If the clot is smaller and it clogs up a smaller diameter coronary, then the amount of heart muscle you'll lose will be smaller. \n\nIn human ACS patients (acute coronary syndrome), you will see 'micro-embolisms', little clots that float off of the main clot and wind up clogging smaller arteries downstream. We think that some patients, especially diabetic patients with angina, have this happening all the time (diabetic patients have very hard arteries and capillaries.) \n\nSo a clot/spasm/plaque in a whale that's 1 cm across would kill off a smaller piece of the whale heart than it would the human heart. But, if the whale has enough of these, it will mess up the heart, bad."
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} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/UNNkyI8.jpg",
"http://books.google.com/books?id=TKXdCli7nI0C&pg=PA73&dq=%22myocardial+infarction%22+whales&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oN4oUazLF-e90QH364GIAw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false",
"http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/235247.pdf",
"http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1998/BE/BE98009.xml;BE1998001152"
]
} | Can blue whales have heart attacks or are their arteries just too big to clog up?
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21pt1j | How far along in the digestive process can something still be regurgitated? | askscience | {"a_id":["cgfgstl","cgfgqzr","cgflzfr","cgft4p2"],"text":["It's not normal by any means, but it's en(...TRUNCATED) | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {"url":["http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse#Digestion","http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_vomiting#(...TRUNCATED) | How far along in the digestive process can something still be regurgitated?
| [-0.009896899573504925,-0.10550858080387115,0.44217371940612793,0.4213383197784424,0.074701495468616(...TRUNCATED) |
||
4n5usy | Can the completion of a circuit be used to communicate instantaneously? (Faster than light) | "I'm currently taking physics 20 so I'm really inexperienced with this stuff, so I need someone who (...TRUNCATED) | askscience | {"a_id":["d414ktq","d41c4d4","d415wqz","d416frk","d4237o1"],"text":["No. Changes in the electric fie(...TRUNCATED) | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | "Can the completion of a circuit be used to communicate instantaneously? (Faster than light)\nI'm cu(...TRUNCATED) | [-0.19369374215602875,-0.6322546601295471,0.5123969316482544,-0.07573665678501129,-0.750693321228027(...TRUNCATED) |
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