Datasets:

domenicrosati
/

QA2D

dataset stringclasses 5 values	example_uid stringlengths 1 24	question stringlengths 9 279	answer stringlengths 1 285 ⌀	turker_answer stringlengths 1 314	rule-based stringlengths 9 316
SQuAD	572812523acd2414000df3bf	What was Prince Albert 's nickname ?	Bertie	Prince Albert 's nickname was Bertie .	Prince Albert 's nickname was Bertie .
SQuAD	572817584b864d1900164464	Where is the centre of London said to be located ?	Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall	The centre of London is said to be located by the Eleanor Cross in Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall .	The centre of London is said to be located in Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall .
SQuAD	57312c6005b4da19006bce36	What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome ?	vermilion	Vermillion pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome .	Vermilion was used to paint villas in ancient Rome .
SQuAD	57266b70708984140094c56a	Who was the Queen 's first grandchild ?	Wilhelm	Wilhelm was the Queen 's first grandchild .	Wilhelm was the Queen 's first grandchild .
SQuAD	56db66a2e7c41114004b509a	Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007 ?	Sony Music Entertainment	BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment in 2005-2007 .	BMG partner with Sony Music Entertainment in 2005-2007 .
SQuAD	572739b6dd62a815002e99bc	Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary ?	U.S. Supreme Court	The U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary .	U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary .
SQuAD	56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805	What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome ?	Genome composition	Genome composition is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome .	The term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome is genome composition .
SQuAD	573378a84776f41900660b5a	What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors ?	sound economic policymaking and good governance	Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors .	Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to attract sound economic policymaking and good governance new investors .
SQuAD	571d29295efbb31900334eb6	Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money ?	$ 2 billion	Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of $ 2 billion .	Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of $ 2 billion .
SQuAD	573425204776f4190066194f	When was South Tucson first incorporated ?	1936	South Tucson was first incorporated in 1936 .	South Tucson was first incorporated in 1936 .
SQuAD	57304a9c8ab72b1400f9c3ea	What airport provides service to the City to Charleston ?	Charleston International Airport	Charleston International Airport provides service to the City of Charleston .	Charleston International Airport provides service to the City to Charleston .
SQuAD	572a9e1bf75d5e190021fba7	Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures ?	the lieutenant governor	The lieutenant governor currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures .	The lieutenant governor holds the power to grant royal assent to measures .
SQuAD	57319878e17f3d1400422257	Who was the mother of Romulus and Remus ?	Rhea Silvia	Rhea Silvia was the mother of Romulus and Remus .	Rhea Silvia was the mother of Romulus and Remus .
SQuAD	572ecf2503f9891900756a42	Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid ?	8th	The 8th century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid .	8th produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid .
SQuAD	572a29476aef05140015532c	What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition ?	1807	Napoleon ended the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1807 .	Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1807 .
SQuAD	56e11801e3433e1400422bca	What group took issue with the Roman canons ?	the Presbyterians	The Presbyterians took issue with the Roman canons .	The Presbyterians took issue with the Roman canons .
SQuAD	56dfe7dc231d4119001abe76	What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names ?	comic	Comic theme is thought memorable for modern pub names .	Comic is thought memorable for modern pub names .
SQuAD	56e786e700c9c71400d77244	At least how many different degree-granting programs exist at KU ?	345	At least 345 different degree-granting programs exist at KU .	At least 345 exist at KU .
SQuAD	5722d1770dadf01500fa1f04	How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family related ?	by marriage through the Coburgs	The House of Orleans and the British Royal family are related by marriage through the Coburgs .	The House of Orleans and the British Royal family was related by marriage through the Coburgs .
SQuAD	56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae6	What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus ?	Isa Masih	The people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus Isa Masih .	The people in the Indian subcontinent call Isa Masih Jesus .
SQuAD	5731b729b9d445190005e4aa	What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome ?	public rites	The public rites act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome .	Public rites was decreed in times of crisis in Rome .
SQuAD	5729317d6aef051400154b5e	What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum ?	time vs. energy	Time versus energy obeys a similar rule of angular momentum .	Time vs. energy obeys a similar rule of angular momentum .
SQuAD	572a332b1d0469140077983d	Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war ?	Crimean Tatars	Roughly 200,000 individuals of the Crimean Tatars left Crimea during the war .	Roughly 200,000 individuals left Crimea during the war of crimean Tatars .
SQuAD	57111370b654c5140001faf7	What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand ?	It ca n't be beaten	The slogan for the Nintendo brand is it ca n't be beaten .	The slogan for the Nintendo brand was it ca n't be beaten .
SQuAD	56e7910400c9c71400d772eb	In January of 2007 , what internet company did the National Archives partner with ?	Fold3.com	In January of 2007 , the National Archives partnered with Fold3.com .	In January of 2007 , the National Archives partner with fold3.com .
SQuAD	57304b48396df9190009604c	How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on ?	one-third of overseas trade	The Port of London took on one-third of overseas trade .	The Port of London took on one-third of overseas trade .
SQuAD	57326d6ce99e3014001e67ad	What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610 ?	Eastern Airlines Flight 8610	Eastern Airlines Flight 8610 had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610 .	Eastern Airlines Flight 8610 had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610 .
SQuAD	5727507f5951b619008f8829	Who developed the procedures used in this transfer ?	Schell and Van Montagu	Schell and Van Montagu developed the procedures used in this transfer .	Schell and Van Montagu developed the procedures used in this transfer .
SQuAD	5727a043ff5b5019007d9144	Why did Reprise only release one 78 rpm vinyl ?	lack of sales for the single , and a lack of general interest	Reprise only released one 78 rpm vinyl because of lack of sales for the single , and a lack of general interest .	Reprise only released one 78 rpm vinyl because of lack of sales for the single , and a lack of general interest .
SQuAD	56dec4913277331400b4d71f	What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger 's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed ?	Gropegate	The controversy around Schwarzenegger 's first gubernatorial campaign was nicknamed Gropegate .	The controversy around Schwarzenegger 's first gubernatorial campaign was nicknamed Gropegate .
SQuAD	5728cbea3acd2414000dfead	What is the Detroit Electronic Music Festival known as ?	Movement	The Detroit Electronic Music Festival is known as Movement .	The Detroit Electronic Music Festival is known as movement .
SQuAD	56df7abd56340a1900b29c05	From where did Drake 's Leat draw water ?	River Meavy	Drake 's Leat drew water from the River Meavy .	Drake 's Leat drew water from River Meavy .
SQuAD	56cf56b2aab44d1400b89056	How many tourists visited New York in 2011 ?	51 million	51 million tourists visited New York in 2011 .	51 million visited New York in 2011 .
SQuAD	57305d5e396df919000960b6	What was the name of the area in which youth played and exercised ?	Campus Martius	The name of the area in which youth played and exercised was Campus Martius .	The name of the area in which youth played and exercised was campus Martius .
newsqa	55531	What did previous rumors say ?	Apple will show no new devices , and that the event will center around Apple 's new partnerships with textbook publishers .	Previous rumors said Apple will show no new devices , and that the event will center around Apple 's new partnerships with textbook publishers .	Previous rumors said Apple will show no new devices , and that the event will center around Apple 's new partnerships with textbook publishers .
SQuAD	56dee59b3277331400b4d7cf	What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF ?	equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force	A requirement for equipment for the CAF is that equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force .	A requirement for equipment for the CAF is equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force .
SQuAD	56de24b24396321400ee2600	Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu 's philosophy ?	the framers of the United States Constitution	The framers of the United States Constitution 's were impacted by Montesquieu 's philosophy .	The framers of the United States Constitution 's were impacted by Montesquieu 's philosophy .
SQuAD	572970db6aef051400154ec5	The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year ?	2007	The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in 2007 .	The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in 2007 .
SQuAD	5727b2003acd2414000de9f7	What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony ?	In Transit	The name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony is in Transit .	The name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony is in Transit .
SQuAD	5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee41	What lists 2,500 common characters ?	Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese	The Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese lists 2,500 common characters .	Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese lists 2,500 common characters .
SQuAD	572936abaf94a219006aa1a3	What can give glass a faint green tinge ?	iron ( II ) oxide	Iron ( II ) oxide can give glass a faint green tinge .	Iron ( II ) oxide can give glass a faint green tinge .
SQuAD	570fcc155ab6b81900391009	What market made up the majority of Dell 's sales ?	PC	PC made up the majority of Dell 's sales	Made up PC the majority of Dell 's sales .
SQuAD	570bf0896b8089140040fada	Why did the committee debate adding a shift function ?	would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code	Committees debated on adding a shift function because it would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code .	The committee debate added a shift function because would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code .
SQuAD	573426c64776f41900661987	Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades ?	1990s and 2000s	Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during the 1990s and 2000s .	Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during 1990s and 2000s two decades .
SQuAD	5728f1da6aef051400154891	Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school ?	1793	Until 1793 , the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school .	The Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art was school until 1793 .
SQuAD	571e005cb64a571400c71e61	What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing ?	2000	in the year 2000 the US Census write in response category had a code-listing .	The US Census wrote in response category have a code-listing in 2000 .
SQuAD	56df660896943c1400a5d4d8	When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth ?	1910	The Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth in 1910 .	The Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth in 1910 .
SQuAD	56e18710cd28a01900c679b8	How are a and e in western dialects ?	distinct	A and E in western dialects are distinct .	A and e in western dialects are by distinct .
SQuAD	5706aecd75f01819005e7d2e	what is credited as the first house hit in the UK ?	Farley `` Jackmaster '' Funk 's `` Love Ca n't Turn Around ''	Farley `` Jackmaster '' Funk 's `` Love Ca n't Turn Around '' is credited as the first house hit in the UK .	Farley `` Jackmaster '' Funk 's `` Love Ca n't Turn Around is credited as the first house hit in the UK .
SQuAD	57269d06f1498d1400e8e4e9	In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India ?	June 1948	George VI discontinued using the title Emperor of India in June 1948 .	George VI discontinued using the title Emperor of India in June 1948 .
SQuAD	56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b698	In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional ?	1935	In 1935 , the supreme court determined that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional .	The supreme court determined that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional in 1935 .
SQuAD	570a718e4103511400d5971f	What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer ?	2011	The brewing company BrewDog started producing a beer called Ghost Deer in 2011 .	The brewing company BrewDog started producing a beer called Ghost Deer in 2011 .
SQuAD	57304e592461fd1900a9cd09	What showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing ?	63 German fighters were sent with the bombers	63 German fighters were sent with the bombers , showing RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing .	63 German fighters were sent with the bombers showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing .
SQuAD	57277af45951b619008f8af2	What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work ?	stipulated jail terms	The Canadians stipulated jail terms to children that did not wish to work .	The Canadians stipulated jail terms to children that did not wish to work .
SQuAD	57278262dd62a815002e9f20	How did Armando Dias die ?	electric shock	Armando Dias died from electric shock .	Armando Dias died by electric shock .
SQuAD	56f97a649e9bad19000a0999	In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base ?	Oman	The UK is thinking about installing a military base in Oman .	The UK is thinking about installing a military base in Oman .
SQuAD	572f8c1fa23a5019007fc725	What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in ?	depletion mode	Both JFET and IGFET operate in depletion mode .	Both JFET and IGFET operate in depletion mode .
SQuAD	56fdcccd761e401900d28c0c	James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure ?	Lord Kelvin	James Thomson was the brother of Lord Kelvin .	James Thomson was the brother of Lord Kelvin famous figure .
SQuAD	572f87a704bcaa1900d76a4b	What was the area of Hyderabad before the GHMC ?	175 km2 ( 68 sq mi )	The area of Hyderabad before the GHMC was 175 km2 ( 68 sq mi ) .	The area of Hyderabad before the GHMC was 175 km2 ( 68 sq mi .
SQuAD	572849ebff5b5019007da0fe	Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones ?	to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion	The US used the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion .	The US used the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion .
SQuAD	573045c504bcaa1900d7744b	Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field ?	goalkeeper	Goalkeepers wear clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field .	Goalkeeper wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field .
SQuAD	5730bc458ab72b1400f9c746	What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society ?	Commercial credit and agricultural consumer	Commercial credit and agricultural consumer were the maint ypes of loans in Sumerian society .	The main types of loans in Sumerian society were commercial credit and agricultural consumer .
SQuAD	5731c137e99e3014001e624c	When was Nanking captured ?	December 1937	Nanking was captured in December 1937 .	Nanking was captured in December 1937 .
SQuAD	56f961049b226e1400dd13e9	Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament ?	twelve tribal chiefs	Twelve tribal chiefs comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament .	Twelve tribal chiefs comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament .
SQuAD	5726172c89a1e219009ac23d	When was Euclid born ?	325	Euclid was born in the year 325 .	Euclid was born in 325 .
SQuAD	573143ba497a881900248d27	What is another use for one-color light ?	exit signs	Another use for one-color light is exit signs .	Another use for one-color light is exit signs .
SQuAD	56de66ce4396321400ee288a	What was the medium that brought the BBC 's signal to the transmitter ?	telephone line	The medium that brought the BBC 's signal to the transmitter was the telephone line .	The medium that brought the BBC 's signal to the transmitter was telephone line .
SQuAD	56f9f869f34c681400b0bf16	What is heartwood naturally resistant to ?	decay	Heartwood is naturally resistant to decay .	Heartwood is naturally resistant to decay .
SQuAD	570c2cd7ec8fbc190045bd2c	What was Griffith 's tool designed to detect ?	conflict of interest edits	Griffith 's tool was designed to detect conflict of interest edits .	Griffith 's tool designed to detect was conflict of interest edits .
SQuAD	573039a3b2c2fd1400568a9a	What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram 's users are from Iran ?	Over 80 %	80 % of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram 's users are from Iran .	Over 80 % are from Iran .
SQuAD	572a5b9e7a1753140016aecf	During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west ?	the latter half of the 19th century	Ottoman literature was most influenced by the west during the latter half of the 19th century .	Ottoman was literate most influenced by the west during the latter half of the 19th century .
SQuAD	5728b7b9ff5b5019007da554	What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize ?	Western Swing music	The electric five-string mandolin help popularize Western Swing music .	Western Swing music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize .
SQuAD	573422234776f4190066190f	Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature ?	over 23 years old	Higher education applicants are considered mature when they are over 23 years old .	Higher education applicants are considered mature over over 23 years old .
SQuAD	5727a0b22ca10214002d9252	What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012 ?	mining and smelting operations of Africa	The BBC said that Glencore used child labour for mining and smelting operations in Africa in 2012 .	The BBC said mining and smelting operations of Africa that Glencore used child labour for in 2012 .
SQuAD	5731585ea5e9cc1400cdbecd	How many viceroys were there in China Proper ?	eight	There were eight viceroys in China Proper .	There in China Proper were eight .
SQuAD	56df578c8bc80c19004e4adf	Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support ?	developing countries	The Fund works to raise awareness and provide support in developing countries .	The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support in developing countries .
SQuAD	572facde04bcaa1900d76bd2	What is an important goal in in this final stage ?	data independence	Data Independence is an important goal in in this final stage .	An important goal in in this final stage is data independence .
SQuAD	572feda5b2c2fd14005685f0	What could be the best possible output versus input ratio ?	lossless	Lossless could be the best possible output versus input ratio .	Lossless could be the best possible output versus input ratio .
SQuAD	5729fc3caf94a219006aa71f	What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth ?	nucleosynthesis	Nucleosynthesis is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth .	A process is ultimately using nucleosynthesis the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth .
SQuAD	5728abdeff5b5019007da428	Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin ?	Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen	Gerda Abst is a professor mandolin at Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen .	Gerda Abst a professor mandolin is in Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen .
SQuAD	572802574b864d1900164200	What was Droysen 's work called that explained the era ?	Geschichte des Hellenismus	Droysen 's work Geschichte des Hellenismus explained the era .	Droysen 's work called that explained the era was Geschichte des Hellenismus .
SQuAD	5726f9365951b619008f83d1	When did the Nigerian film industry begin ?	the 1960s	The Nigerian film industry began in the 1960s .	The Nigerian film industry began in the 1960s .
SQuAD	572817dbff5b5019007d9d10	What ideology 's victims were being honored by the Memorial Society ?	Stalinism	The victims of Stalinism were being honored by the Memorial Society .	Stalinism were being honored by the Memorial Society .
SQuAD	57341dde4776f419006618bd	On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place ?	25 July 1139	The Battle of Ourique took place on 25 July 1139 .	The Battle of Ourique took place on 25 July 1139 .
SQuAD	56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832ae	Beyoncé 's early recordings empowered who ?	Women	Beyoncé 's early recordings empowered women .	Beyoncé 's early recordings empowered women .
SQuAD	57326b2be99e3014001e678d	What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC ?	West Germany	West Germany was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC .	West Germany was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC .
SQuAD	5710fbc0b654c5140001fa6a	Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself ?	criminals and political corruption	Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about criminals and political corruption than they were in political theory itself .	Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about criminals and political corruption than they were in political theory itself .
SQuAD	57332caa4776f41900660747	Why was Gödels finding ironic ?	Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell 's book	Gödels finding was ironic , because he could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell 's book .	Gödels was finding ironic because Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell 's book .
SQuAD	572ea63ac246551400ce446c	What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot ?	The Scooter	The Scooter was the white cloud group on Neptune that is farther south than the dark great spot .	Farther south than the dark great spot is the Scooter .
SQuAD	57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9b	What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance ?	natural life	Natural life was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance .	Natural life was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance .
SQuAD	5730271b04bcaa1900d77259	By April of 1941 about how many mines had been dropped ?	3,984 mines	By April of 1941 3,984 mines had been dropped .	By April of 1941 about 3,984 mines had been dropped .
SQuAD	56f6fbeb711bf01900a448c5	What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law ?	contracts	A contract is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law .	Comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law is contracts .
SQuAD	5726d31af1498d1400e8ec66	Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union ?	Windsor Castle	Queen Elizabeth II was said to have made critical remarks about the European Union at the Windsor Castle .	Queen Elizabeth II was said to have made critical remarks about the European Union in Windsor Castle .
SQuAD	56e7974337bdd419002c41c1	When was the first AFL season played ?	1987	The first AFL season was played in 1987 .	The first AFL season was played in 1987 .
SQuAD	57296a8baf94a219006aa3ce	What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer ?	la Meridiana	La Meridiana is the name given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer .	La Meridiana is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer .
SQuAD	573367eed058e614000b5a5e	Reefs are almost always in what type of water ?	shallow	Reefs are almost always in shallow water .	Reefs are almost always in shallow .
SQuAD	56fb6383b28b3419009f1cf2	In what country did Gregory of Tours live ?	Merovingian Gaul	Gregory of Tours lived in Merovingian Gaul .	Gregory of Tours lived in Merovingian Gaul .
SQuAD	5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a7	Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome ?	individual	Individuals made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome .	Individual made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome .
SQuAD	572844763acd2414000df815	In what year did Gabe Newell call the PS3 `` a total disaster '' ?	2007	Gabe Newell called the PS3 `` a total disaster '' in 2007 .	Gabe Newell called the PS3 `` a total disaster in 2007 '' .
SQuAD	573174bc05b4da19006bd1c1	When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters ?	the sixteenth century	Indigenous scribes were taught to use Latin letters in the sixteenth century .	Indigenous scribes were taught to use Latin letters in the sixteenth century .

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Dataset Card for QA2D

Dataset Summary

Existing datasets for natural language inference (NLI) have propelled research on language understanding. We propose a new method for automatically deriving NLI datasets from the growing abundance of large-scale question answering datasets. Our approach hinges on learning a sentence transformation model which converts question-answer pairs into their declarative forms. Despite being primarily trained on a single QA dataset, we show that it can be successfully applied to a variety of other QA resources. Using this system, we automatically derive a new freely available dataset of over 500k NLI examples (QA-NLI), and show that it exhibits a wide range of inference phenomena rarely seen in previous NLI datasets.

This Question to Declarative Sentence (QA2D) Dataset contains 86k question-answer pairs and their manual transformation into declarative sentences. 95% of question answer pairs come from SQuAD (Rajkupar et al., 2016) and the remaining 5% come from four other question answering datasets.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

[Needs More Information]

Languages

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

See below.

Data Fields

dataset: lowercased name of dataset (movieqa, newsqa, qamr, race, squad)
example_uid: unique id of example within dataset (there are examples with the same uids from different datasets, so the combination of dataset + example_uid should be used for unique indexing)
question: tokenized (space-separated) question from the source QA dataset
answer: tokenized (space-separated) answer span from the source QA dataset
turker_answer: tokenized (space-separated) answer sentence collected from MTurk
rule-based: tokenized (space-separated) answer sentence, generated by the rule-based model

Data Splits

Dataset Split	Number of Instances in Split
Train	60,710
Dev	10,344

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

Annotations

Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

Citation Information

@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1809-02922, author = {Dorottya Demszky and Kelvin Guu and Percy Liang}, title = {Transforming Question Answering Datasets Into Natural Language Inference Datasets}, journal = {CoRR}, volume = {abs/1809.02922}, year = {2018}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.02922}, eprinttype = {arXiv}, eprint = {1809.02922}, timestamp = {Fri, 05 Oct 2018 11:34:52 +0200}, biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1809-02922.bib}, bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org} }

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