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minimumCacheTTL
You can configure the Time to Live (TTL) in seconds for cached optimized images. In many cases, it's better to use a Static Image Import which will automatically hash the file contents and cache the image forever with a Cache-Control header of immutable.
next.config.js module.exports = {
images: {
minimumCacheTTL: 60,
},
}
The expiration (or rather Max Age) of the optimized image is defined by either the minimumCacheTTL or the upstream image Cache-Control header, whichever is larger.
If you need to change the caching behavior per image, you can configure headers to set the Cache-Control header on the upstream image (e.g. /some-asset.jpg, not /_next/image itself). | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/image | 2de7a5cca900-25 |
There is no mechanism to invalidate the cache at this time, so its best to keep minimumCacheTTL low. Otherwise you may need to manually change the src prop or delete <distDir>/cache/images.
disableStaticImages
The default behavior allows you to import static files such as import icon from './icon.png and then pass that to the src property.
In some cases, you may wish to disable this feature if it conflicts with other plugins that expect the import to behave differently.
You can disable static image imports inside your next.config.js:
next.config.js module.exports = {
images: {
disableStaticImages: true,
},
}
dangerouslyAllowSVG | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/image | 2de7a5cca900-26 |
disableStaticImages: true,
},
}
dangerouslyAllowSVG
The default loader does not optimize SVG images for a few reasons. First, SVG is a vector format meaning it can be resized losslessly. Second, SVG has many of the same features as HTML/CSS, which can lead to vulnerabilities without proper Content Security Policy (CSP) headers.
If you need to serve SVG images with the default Image Optimization API, you can set dangerouslyAllowSVG inside your next.config.js:
next.config.js module.exports = {
images: {
dangerouslyAllowSVG: true,
contentDispositionType: 'attachment',
contentSecurityPolicy: "default-src 'self'; script-src 'none'; sandbox;",
},
}
In addition, it is strongly recommended to also set contentDispositionType to force the browser to download the image, as well as contentSecurityPolicy to prevent scripts embedded in the image from executing.
Animated Images | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/image | 2de7a5cca900-27 |
Animated Images
The default loader will automatically bypass Image Optimization for animated images and serve the image as-is.
Auto-detection for animated files is best-effort and supports GIF, APNG, and WebP. If you want to explicitly bypass Image Optimization for a given animated image, use the unoptimized prop.
Known Browser Bugs
This next/image component uses browser native lazy loading, which may fallback to eager loading for older browsers before Safari 15.4. When using the blur-up placeholder, older browsers before Safari 12 will fallback to empty placeholder. When using styles with width/height of auto, it is possible to cause Layout Shift on older browsers before Safari 15 that don't preserve the aspect ratio. For more details, see this MDN video.
Safari 15 and 16 display a gray border while loading. Safari 16.4 fixed this issue. Possible solutions: | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/image | 2de7a5cca900-28 |
Use CSS @supports (font: -apple-system-body) and (-webkit-appearance: none) { img[loading="lazy"] { clip-path: inset(0.6px) } }
Use priority if the image is above the fold
Firefox 67+ displays a white background while loading. Possible solutions:
Enable AVIF formats
Use placeholder="blur"
Version History | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/image | 2de7a5cca900-29 |
VersionChangesv13.2.0contentDispositionType configuration added.v13.0.6ref prop added.v13.0.0The next/image import was renamed to next/legacy/image. The next/future/image import was renamed to next/image. A codemod is available to safely and automatically rename your imports. <span> wrapper removed. layout, objectFit, objectPosition, lazyBoundary, lazyRoot props removed. alt is required. onLoadingComplete receives reference to img element. Built-in loader config removed.v12.3.0remotePatterns and unoptimized configuration is stable.v12.2.0Experimental remotePatterns and experimental unoptimized configuration added. layout="raw" removed.v12.1.1style prop added. Experimental support for layout="raw" added.v12.1.0dangerouslyAllowSVG and contentSecurityPolicy configuration added.v12.0.9lazyRoot prop added.v12.0.0formats configuration added.AVIF support | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/image | 2de7a5cca900-30 |
prop added.v12.0.0formats configuration added.AVIF support added.Wrapper <div> changed to <span>.v11.1.0onLoadingComplete and lazyBoundary props added.v11.0.0src prop support for static import.placeholder prop added.blurDataURL prop added.v10.0.5loader prop added.v10.0.1layout prop added.v10.0.0next/image introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/image | 2de7a5cca900-31 |
<Link>
Examples
Hello World
Active className on Link
<Link> is a React component that extends the HTML <a> element to provide prefetching and client-side navigation between routes. It is the primary way to navigate between routes in Next.js.
app/page.tsx import Link from 'next/link'
export default function Page() {
return <Link href="/dashboard">Dashboard</Link>
}
Props
Here's a summary of the props available for the Link Component:
PropExampleTypeRequiredhrefhref="/dashboard"String or ObjectYesreplacereplace={false}Boolean-prefetchprefetch={false}Boolean-
Good to know: <a> tag attributes such as className or target="_blank" can be added to <Link> as props and will be passed to the underlying <a> element.
href (required)
The path or URL to navigate to.
<Link href="/dashboard">Dashboard</Link> | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/link | 203eaae39911-0 |
The path or URL to navigate to.
<Link href="/dashboard">Dashboard</Link>
href can also accept an object, for example:
// Navigate to /about?name=test
<Link
href={{
pathname: '/about',
query: { name: 'test' },
}}
>
About
</Link>
replace
Defaults to false. When true, next/link will replace the current history state instead of adding a new URL into the browser’s history stack.
app/page.tsx import Link from 'next/link'
export default function Page() {
return (
<Link href="/dashboard" replace>
Dashboard
</Link>
)
}
prefetch | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/link | 203eaae39911-1 |
Dashboard
</Link>
)
}
prefetch
Defaults to true. When true, next/link will prefetch the page (denoted by the href) in the background. This is useful for improving the performance of client-side navigations. Any <Link /> in the viewport (initially or through scroll) will be preloaded.
Prefetch can be disabled by passing prefetch={false}. Prefetching is only enabled in production.
app/page.tsx import Link from 'next/link'
export default function Page() {
return (
<Link href="/dashboard" prefetch={false}>
Dashboard
</Link>
)
}
Examples
Linking to Dynamic Routes
For dynamic routes, it can be handy to use template literals to create the link's path. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/link | 203eaae39911-2 |
For dynamic routes, it can be handy to use template literals to create the link's path.
For example, you can generate a list of links to the dynamic route app/blog/[slug]/page.js:app/blog/page.js import Link from 'next/link'
function Page({ posts }) {
return (
<ul>
{posts.map((post) => (
<li key={post.id}>
<Link href={`/blog/${post.slug}`}>{post.title}</Link>
</li>
))}
</ul>
)
}
Middleware | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/link | 203eaae39911-3 |
))}
</ul>
)
}
Middleware
It's common to use Middleware for authentication or other purposes that involve rewriting the user to a different page. In order for the <Link /> component to properly prefetch links with rewrites via Middleware, you need to tell Next.js both the URL to display and the URL to prefetch. This is required to avoid un-necessary fetches to middleware to know the correct route to prefetch.
For example, if you want to serve a /dashboard route that has authenticated and visitor views, you may add something similar to the following in your Middleware to redirect the user to the correct page:
middleware.js export function middleware(req) {
const nextUrl = req.nextUrl
if (nextUrl.pathname === '/dashboard') {
if (req.cookies.authToken) {
return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/auth/dashboard', req.url))
} else { | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/link | 203eaae39911-4 |
} else {
return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/public/dashboard', req.url))
}
}
}
In this case, you would want to use the following code in your <Link /> component:
import Link from 'next/link'
import useIsAuthed from './hooks/useIsAuthed'
export default function Page() {
const isAuthed = useIsAuthed()
const path = isAuthed ? '/auth/dashboard' : '/dashboard'
return (
<Link as="/dashboard" href={path}>
Dashboard
</Link>
)
}
Version History | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/link | 203eaae39911-5 |
Dashboard
</Link>
)
}
Version History
VersionChangesv13.0.0No longer requires a child <a> tag. A codemod is provided to automatically update your codebase.v10.0.0href props pointing to a dynamic route are automatically resolved and no longer require an as prop.v8.0.0Improved prefetching performance.v1.0.0next/link introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/link | 203eaae39911-6 |
Font Module
This API reference will help you understand how to use next/font/google and next/font/local. For features and usage, please see the Optimizing Fonts page.
Font Function Arguments
For usage, review Google Fonts and Local Fonts.
Keyfont/googlefont/localTypeRequiredsrcString or Array of ObjectsYesweightString or ArrayRequired/OptionalstyleString or Array-subsetsArray of Strings-axesArray of Strings-displayString-preloadBoolean-fallbackArray of Strings-adjustFontFallbackBoolean or String-variableString-declarationsArray of Objects-
src
The path of the font file as a string or an array of objects (with type Array<{path: string, weight?: string, style?: string}>) relative to the directory where the font loader function is called.
Used in next/font/local
Required
Examples:
src:'./fonts/my-font.woff2' where my-font.woff2 is placed in a directory named fonts inside the app directory | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-0 |
src:[{path: './inter/Inter-Thin.ttf', weight: '100',},{path: './inter/Inter-Regular.ttf',weight: '400',},{path: './inter/Inter-Bold-Italic.ttf', weight: '700',style: 'italic',},]
if the font loader function is called in app/page.tsx using src:'../styles/fonts/my-font.ttf', then my-font.ttf is placed in styles/fonts at the root of the project
weight
The font weight with the following possibilities:
A string with possible values of the weights available for the specific font or a range of values if it's a variable font
An array of weight values if the font is not a variable google font. It applies to next/font/google only.
Used in next/font/google and next/font/local
Required if the font being used is not variable
Examples: | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-1 |
Required if the font being used is not variable
Examples:
weight: '400': A string for a single weight value - for the font Inter, the possible values are '100', '200', '300', '400', '500', '600', '700', '800', '900' or 'variable' where 'variable' is the default)
weight: '100 900': A string for the range between 100 and 900 for a variable font
weight: ['100','400','900']: An array of 3 possible values for a non variable font
style
The font style with the following possibilities:
A string value with default value of 'normal'
An array of style values if the font is not a variable google font. It applies to next/font/google only.
Used in next/font/google and next/font/local
Optional
Examples:
style: 'italic': A string - it can be normal or italic for next/font/google | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-2 |
style: 'italic': A string - it can be normal or italic for next/font/google
style: 'oblique': A string - it can take any value for next/font/local but is expected to come from standard font styles
style: ['italic','normal']: An array of 2 values for next/font/google - the values are from normal and italic
subsets
The font subsets defined by an array of string values with the names of each subset you would like to be preloaded. Fonts specified via subsets will have a link preload tag injected into the head when the preload option is true, which is the default.
Used in next/font/google
Optional
Examples:
subsets: ['latin']: An array with the subset latin
You can find a list of all subsets on the Google Fonts page for your font.
axes | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-3 |
You can find a list of all subsets on the Google Fonts page for your font.
axes
Some variable fonts have extra axes that can be included. By default, only the font weight is included to keep the file size down. The possible values of axes depend on the specific font.
Used in next/font/google
Optional
Examples:
axes: ['slnt']: An array with value slnt for the Inter variable font which has slnt as additional axes as shown here. You can find the possible axes values for your font by using the filter on the Google variable fonts page and looking for axes other than wght
display
The font display with possible string values of 'auto', 'block', 'swap', 'fallback' or 'optional' with default value of 'swap'.
Used in next/font/google and next/font/local
Optional
Examples:
display: 'optional': A string assigned to the optional value
preload | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-4 |
Optional
Examples:
display: 'optional': A string assigned to the optional value
preload
A boolean value that specifies whether the font should be preloaded or not. The default is true.
Used in next/font/google and next/font/local
Optional
Examples:
preload: false
fallback
The fallback font to use if the font cannot be loaded. An array of strings of fallback fonts with no default.
Optional
Used in next/font/google and next/font/local
Examples:
fallback: ['system-ui', 'arial']: An array setting the fallback fonts to system-ui or arial
adjustFontFallback
For next/font/google: A boolean value that sets whether an automatic fallback font should be used to reduce Cumulative Layout Shift. The default is true. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-5 |
For next/font/local: A string or boolean false value that sets whether an automatic fallback font should be used to reduce Cumulative Layout Shift. The possible values are 'Arial', 'Times New Roman' or false. The default is 'Arial'.
Used in next/font/google and next/font/local
Optional
Examples:
adjustFontFallback: false: for ``next/font/google`
adjustFontFallback: 'Times New Roman': for next/font/local
variable
A string value to define the CSS variable name to be used if the style is applied with the CSS variable method.
Used in next/font/google and next/font/local
Optional
Examples:
variable: '--my-font': The CSS variable --my-font is declared
declarations
An array of font face descriptor key-value pairs that define the generated @font-face further.
Used in next/font/local
Optional
Examples:
declarations: [{ prop: 'ascent-override', value: '90%' }] | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-6 |
declarations: [{ prop: 'ascent-override', value: '90%' }]
Applying Styles
You can apply the font styles in three ways:
className
style
CSS Variables
className
Returns a read-only CSS className for the loaded font to be passed to an HTML element.
<p className={inter.className}>Hello, Next.js!</p>
style
Returns a read-only CSS style object for the loaded font to be passed to an HTML element, including style.fontFamily to access the font family name and fallback fonts.
<p style={inter.style}>Hello World</p>
CSS Variables
If you would like to set your styles in an external style sheet and specify additional options there, use the CSS variable method.
In addition to importing the font, also import the CSS file where the CSS variable is defined and set the variable option of the font loader object as follows: | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-7 |
app/page.tsx import { Inter } from 'next/font/google'
import styles from '../styles/component.module.css'
const inter = Inter({
variable: '--font-inter',
})
To use the font, set the className of the parent container of the text you would like to style to the font loader's variable value and the className of the text to the styles property from the external CSS file.
app/page.tsx <main className={inter.variable}>
<p className={styles.text}>Hello World</p>
</main>
Define the text selector class in the component.module.css CSS file as follows:
styles/component.module.css .text {
font-family: var(--font-inter);
font-weight: 200;
font-style: italic;
} | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-8 |
font-weight: 200;
font-style: italic;
}
In the example above, the text Hello World is styled using the Inter font and the generated font fallback with font-weight: 200 and font-style: italic.
Using a font definitions file
Every time you call the localFont or Google font function, that font will be hosted as one instance in your application. Therefore, if you need to use the same font in multiple places, you should load it in one place and import the related font object where you need it. This is done using a font definitions file.
For example, create a fonts.ts file in a styles folder at the root of your app directory.
Then, specify your font definitions as follows:
styles/fonts.ts import { Inter, Lora, Source_Sans_Pro } from 'next/font/google'
import localFont from 'next/font/local'
// define your variable fonts
const inter = Inter() | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-9 |
// define your variable fonts
const inter = Inter()
const lora = Lora()
// define 2 weights of a non-variable font
const sourceCodePro400 = Source_Sans_Pro({ weight: '400' })
const sourceCodePro700 = Source_Sans_Pro({ weight: '700' })
// define a custom local font where GreatVibes-Regular.ttf is stored in the styles folder
const greatVibes = localFont({ src: './GreatVibes-Regular.ttf' })
export { inter, lora, sourceCodePro400, sourceCodePro700, greatVibes }
You can now use these definitions in your code as follows:
app/page.tsx import { inter, lora, sourceCodePro700, greatVibes } from '../styles/fonts'
export default function Page() {
return (
<div> | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-10 |
export default function Page() {
return (
<div>
<p className={inter.className}>Hello world using Inter font</p>
<p style={lora.style}>Hello world using Lora font</p>
<p className={sourceCodePro700.className}>
Hello world using Source_Sans_Pro font with weight 700
</p>
<p className={greatVibes.className}>My title in Great Vibes font</p>
</div>
)
}
To make it easier to access the font definitions in your code, you can define a path alias in your tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json files as follows:
tsconfig.json {
"compilerOptions": {
"paths": {
"@/fonts": ["./styles/fonts"]
}
}
}
You can now import any font definition as follows: | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-11 |
}
}
}
You can now import any font definition as follows:
app/about/page.tsx import { greatVibes, sourceCodePro400 } from '@/fonts'
Version Changes
VersionChangesv13.2.0@next/font renamed to next/font. Installation no longer required.v13.0.0@next/font was added. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/components/font | ffbe1227091a-12 |
loading.jsA loading file can create instant loading states built on Suspense.
By default, this file is a Server Component - but can also be used as a Client Component through the "use client" directive.
app/feed/loading.tsx export default function Loading() {
// Or a custom loading skeleton component
return <p>'Loading...'</p>
}
Loading UI components do not accept any parameters.
Good to know
While designing loading UI, you may find it helpful to use the React Developer Tools to manually toggle Suspense boundaries.
Version History
VersionChangesv13.0.0loading introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading | b63befe4728f-0 |
page.jsA page is UI that is unique to a route.
app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx export default function Page({
params,
searchParams,
}: {
params: { slug: string }
searchParams: { [key: string]: string | string[] | undefined }
}) {
return <h1>My Page</h1>
}
Props
params (optional)
An object containing the dynamic route parameters from the root segment down to that page. For example:
ExampleURLparamsapp/shop/[slug]/page.js/shop/1{ slug: '1' }app/shop/[category]/[item]/page.js/shop/1/2{ category: '1', item: '2' }app/shop/[...slug]/page.js/shop/1/2{ slug: ['1', '2'] }
searchParams (optional) | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page | 5dff92328324-0 |
searchParams (optional)
An object containing the search parameters of the current URL. For example:
URLsearchParams/shop?a=1{ a: '1' }/shop?a=1&b=2{ a: '1', b: '2' }/shop?a=1&a=2{ a: ['1', '2'] }
Good to know:
searchParams is a Dynamic API whose values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it will opt the page into dynamic rendering at request time.
searchParams returns a plain JavaScript object and not a URLSearchParams instance.
Version History
VersionChangesv13.0.0page introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page | 5dff92328324-1 |
Route Segment ConfigThe Route Segment options allows you configure the behavior of a Page, Layout, or Route Handler by directly exporting the following variables:
OptionTypeDefaultdynamic'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static''auto'dynamicParamsbooleantruerevalidatefalse | 'force-cache' | 0 | numberfalsefetchCache'auto' | 'default-cache' | 'only-cache' | 'force-cache' | 'force-no-store' | 'default-no-store' | 'only-no-store''auto'runtime'nodejs' | 'edge''nodejs'preferredRegion'auto' | 'global' | 'home' | string | string[]'auto'maxDurationnumberSet by deployment platform
layout.tsx / page.tsx / route.ts export const dynamic = 'auto'
export const dynamicParams = true
export const revalidate = false
export const fetchCache = 'auto' | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-0 |
export const revalidate = false
export const fetchCache = 'auto'
export const runtime = 'nodejs'
export const preferredRegion = 'auto'
export const maxDuration = 5
export default function MyComponent() {}
Good to know:
The values of the config options currently need be statically analyzable. For example revalidate = 600 is valid, but revalidate = 60 * 10 is not.
Options
dynamic
Change the dynamic behavior of a layout or page to fully static or fully dynamic.
layout.tsx / page.tsx / route.ts export const dynamic = 'auto'
// 'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static' | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-1 |
// 'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static'
Good to know: The new model in the app directory favors granular caching control at the fetch request level over the binary all-or-nothing model of getServerSideProps and getStaticProps at the page-level in the pages directory. The dynamic option is a way to opt back in to the previous model as a convenience and provides a simpler migration path.
'auto' (default): The default option to cache as much as possible without preventing any components from opting into dynamic behavior.
'force-dynamic': Force dynamic rendering and dynamic data fetching of a layout or page by disabling all caching of fetch requests and always revalidating. This option is equivalent to:
getServerSideProps() in the pages directory.
Setting the option of every fetch() request in a layout or page to { cache: 'no-store', next: { revalidate: 0 } }. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-2 |
Setting the segment config to export const fetchCache = 'force-no-store'
'error': Force static rendering and static data fetching of a layout or page by causing an error if any components use dynamic functions or dynamic fetches. This option is equivalent to:
getStaticProps() in the pages directory.
Setting the option of every fetch() request in a layout or page to { cache: 'force-cache' }.
Setting the segment config to fetchCache = 'only-cache', dynamicParams = false.
dynamic = 'error' changes the default of dynamicParams from true to false. You can opt back into dynamically rendering pages for dynamic params not generated by generateStaticParams by manually setting dynamicParams = true.
'force-static': Force static rendering and static data fetching of a layout or page by forcing cookies(), headers() and useSearchParams() to return empty values.
Good to know: | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-3 |
Good to know:
Instructions on how to migrate from getServerSideProps and getStaticProps to dynamic: 'force-dynamic' and dynamic: 'error' can be found in the upgrade guide.
dynamicParams
Control what happens when a dynamic segment is visited that was not generated with generateStaticParams.
layout.tsx / page.tsx export const dynamicParams = true // true | false,
true (default): Dynamic segments not included in generateStaticParams are generated on demand.
false: Dynamic segments not included in generateStaticParams will return a 404.
Good to know:
This option replaces the fallback: true | false | blocking option of getStaticPaths in the pages directory.
When dynamicParams = true, the segment uses Streaming Server Rendering.
If the dynamic = 'error' and dynamic = 'force-static' are used, it'll change the default of dynamicParams to false.
revalidate | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-4 |
revalidate
Set the default revalidation time for a layout or page. This option does not override the revalidate value set by individual fetch requests.
layout.tsx / page.tsx / route.ts export const revalidate = false
// false | 'force-cache' | 0 | number
false: (default) The default heuristic to cache any fetch requests that set their cache option to 'force-cache' or are discovered before a dynamic function is used. Semantically equivalent to revalidate: Infinity which effectively means the resource should be cached indefinitely. It is still possible for individual fetch requests to use cache: 'no-store' or revalidate: 0 to avoid being cached and make the route dynamically rendered. Or set revalidate to a positive number lower than the route default to increase the revalidation frequency of a route. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-5 |
0: Ensure a layout or page is always dynamically rendered even if no dynamic functions or dynamic data fetches are discovered. This option changes the default of fetch requests that do not set a cache option to 'no-store' but leaves fetch requests that opt into 'force-cache' or use a positive revalidate as is.
number: (in seconds) Set the default revalidation frequency of a layout or page to n seconds.
Revalidation Frequency
The lowest revalidate across each layout and page of a single route will determine the revalidation frequency of the entire route. This ensures that child pages are revalidated as frequently as their parent layouts.
Individual fetch requests can set a lower revalidate than the route's default revalidate to increase the revalidation frequency of the entire route. This allows you to dynamically opt-in to more frequent revalidation for certain routes based on some criteria.
fetchCache | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-6 |
fetchCache
This is an advanced option that should only be used if you specifically need to override the default behavior.By default, Next.js will cache any fetch() requests that are reachable before any dynamic functions are used and will not cache fetch requests that are discovered after dynamic functions are used.fetchCache allows you to override the default cache option of all fetch requests in a layout or page.layout.tsx / page.tsx / route.ts export const fetchCache = 'auto'
// 'auto' | 'default-cache' | 'only-cache'
// 'force-cache' | 'force-no-store' | 'default-no-store' | 'only-no-store'
'auto' (default)- The default option to cache fetch requests before dynamic functions with the cache option they provide and not cache fetch requests after dynamic functions. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-7 |
'default-cache': Allow any cache option to be passed to fetch but if no option is provided then set the cache option to 'force-cache'. This means that even fetch requests after dynamic functions are considered static.
'only-cache': Ensure all fetch requests opt into caching by changing the default to cache: 'force-cache' if no option is provided and causing an error if any fetch requests use cache: 'no-store'.
'force-cache': Ensure all fetch requests opt into caching by setting the cache option of all fetch requests to 'force-cache'.
'default-no-store': Allow any cache option to be passed to fetch but if no option is provided then set the cache option to 'no-store'. This means that even fetch requests before dynamic functions are considered dynamic. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-8 |
'only-no-store': Ensure all fetch requests opt out of caching by changing the default to cache: 'no-store' if no option is provided and causing an error if any fetch requests use cache: 'force-cache'
'force-no-store': Ensure all fetch requests opt out of caching by setting the cache option of all fetch requests to 'no-store'. This forces all fetch requests to be re-fetched every request even if they provide a 'force-cache' option.
Cross-route segment behavior
Any options set across each layout and page of a single route need to be compatible with each other.
If both the 'only-cache' and 'force-cache' are provided, then 'force-cache' wins. If both 'only-no-store' and 'force-no-store' are provided, then 'force-no-store' wins. The force option changes the behavior across the route so a single segment with 'force-*' would prevent any errors caused by 'only-*'. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-9 |
The intention of the 'only-*' and force-*' options is to guarantee the whole route is either fully static or fully dynamic. This means:
A combination of 'only-cache' and 'only-no-store' in a single route is not allowed.
A combination of 'force-cache' and 'force-no-store' in a single route is not allowed.
A parent cannot provide 'default-no-store' if a child provides 'auto' or '*-cache' since that could make the same fetch have different behavior.
It is generally recommended to leave shared parent layouts as 'auto' and customize the options where child segments diverge.
runtime
layout.tsx / page.tsx / route.ts export const runtime = 'nodejs'
// 'edge' | 'nodejs'
nodejs (default)
edge
Learn more about the Edge and Node.js runtimes.
preferredRegion | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-10 |
edge
Learn more about the Edge and Node.js runtimes.
preferredRegion
layout.tsx / page.tsx / route.ts export const preferredRegion = 'auto'
// 'auto' | 'global' | 'home' | ['iad1', 'sfo1']
Support for preferredRegion, and regions supported, is dependent on your deployment platform.
Good to know:
If a preferredRegion is not specified, it will inherit the option of the nearest parent layout.
The root layout defaults to all regions.
maxDuration
Based on your deployment platform, you may be able to use a higher default execution time for your function.
This setting allows you to opt into a higher execution time within your plans limit.
Note: This settings requires Next.js 13.4.10 or higher.
layout.tsx / page.tsx / route.ts export const maxDuration = 5
Good to know: | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-11 |
Good to know:
If a maxDuration is not specified, the default value is dependent on your deployment platform and plan.
generateStaticParams
The generateStaticParams function can be used in combination with dynamic route segments to define the list of route segment parameters that will be statically generated at build time instead of on-demand at request time.
See the API reference for more details. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config | 3f6b8dc57d93-12 |
not-found.jsThe not-found file is used to render UI when the notFound function is thrown within a route segment. Along with serving a custom UI, Next.js will also return a 404 HTTP status code.
app/blog/not-found.tsx import Link from 'next/link'
export default function NotFound() {
return (
<div>
<h2>Not Found</h2>
<p>Could not find requested resource</p>
<p>
View <Link href="/blog">all posts</Link>
</p>
</div>
)
}
Good to know: In addition to catching expected notFound() errors, the root app/not-found.js file also handles any unmatched URLs for your whole application. This means users that visit a URL that is not handled by your app will be shown the UI exported by the app/not-found.js file.
Props | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found | 549859653530-0 |
Props
not-found.js components do not accept any props.
Version History
VersionChangesv13.3.0Root app/not-found handles global unmatched URLs.v13.0.0not-found introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found | 549859653530-1 |
default.jsThis documentation is still being written. Please check back later. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default | 5b4d53cb5f10-0 |
layout.jsA layout is UI that is shared between routes.
app/dashboard/layout.tsx export default function DashboardLayout({
children,
}: {
children: React.ReactNode
}) {
return <section>{children}</section>
}
A root layout is the top-most layout in the root app directory. It is used to define the <html> and <body> tags and other globally shared UI.
app/layout.tsx export default function RootLayout({
children,
}: {
children: React.ReactNode
}) {
return (
<html lang="en">
<body>{children}</body>
</html>
)
}
Props
children (required) | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout | daead9f057ce-0 |
</html>
)
}
Props
children (required)
Layout components should accept and use a children prop. During rendering, children will be populated with the route segments the layout is wrapping. These will primarily be the component of a child Layout (if it exists) or Page, but could also be other special files like Loading or Error when applicable.
params (optional)
The dynamic route parameters object from the root segment down to that layout.
ExampleURLparamsapp/dashboard/[team]/layout.js/dashboard/1{ team: '1' }app/shop/[tag]/[item]/layout.js/shop/1/2{ tag: '1', item: '2' }app/blog/[...slug]/layout.js/blog/1/2{ slug: ['1', '2'] }
For example:
app/shop/[tag]/[item]/layout.tsx export default function ShopLayout({
children,
params,
}: { | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout | daead9f057ce-1 |
children,
params,
}: {
children: React.ReactNode
params: {
tag: string
item: string
}
}) {
// URL -> /shop/shoes/nike-air-max-97
// `params` -> { tag: 'shoes', item: 'nike-air-max-97' }
return <section>{children}</section>
}
Good to know
Layout's do not receive searchParams
Unlike Pages, Layout components do not receive the searchParams prop. This is because a shared layout is not re-rendered during navigation which could lead to stale searchParams between navigations.
When using client-side navigation, Next.js automatically only renders the part of the page below the common layout between two routes.
For example, in the following directory structure, dashboard/layout.tsx is the common layout for both /dashboard/settings and /dashboard/analytics:
app | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout | daead9f057ce-2 |
app
└── dashboard
├── layout.tsx
├── settings
│ └── page.tsx
└── analytics
└── page.js
When navigating from /dashboard/settings to /dashboard/analytics, page.tsx in /dashboard/analytics will be rendered on the server because it is UI that changed, while dashboard/layout.tsx will not be re-rendered because it is a common UI between the two routes.
This performance optimization allows navigation between pages that share a layout to be quicker as only the data fetching and rendering for the page has to run, instead of the entire route that could include shared layouts that fetch their own data.
Because dashboard/layout.tsx doesn't re-render, the searchParams prop in the layout Server Component might become stale after navigation.
Instead, use the Page searchParams prop or the useSearchParams hook in a Client Component, which is re-rendered on the client with the latest searchParams. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout | daead9f057ce-3 |
Root Layouts
The app directory must include a root app/layout.js.
The root layout must define <html> and <body> tags.
You should not manually add <head> tags such as <title> and <meta> to root layouts. Instead, you should use the Metadata API which automatically handles advanced requirements such as streaming and de-duplicating <head> elements.
You can use route groups to create multiple root layouts.
Navigating across multiple root layouts will cause a full page load (as opposed to a client-side navigation). For example, navigating from /cart that uses app/(shop)/layout.js to /blog that uses app/(marketing)/layout.js will cause a full page load. This only applies to multiple root layouts.
Version History
VersionChangesv13.0.0layout introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout | daead9f057ce-4 |
error.jsAn error file defines an error UI boundary for a route segment.
It is useful for catching unexpected errors that occur in Server Components and Client Components and displaying a fallback UI.
app/dashboard/error.tsx 'use client' // Error components must be Client Components
import { useEffect } from 'react'
export default function Error({
error,
reset,
}: {
error: Error & { digest?: string }
reset: () => void
}) {
useEffect(() => {
// Log the error to an error reporting service
console.error(error)
}, [error])
return (
<div>
<h2>Something went wrong!</h2>
<button
onClick={
// Attempt to recover by trying to re-render the segment
() => reset()
}
>
Try again
</button> | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error | ce900edacbc3-0 |
}
>
Try again
</button>
</div>
)
}
Props
error
An instance of an Error object forwarded to the error.js Client Component.
error.message
The error message.
For errors forwarded from Client Components, this will be the original Error's message.
For errors forwarded from Server Components, this will be a generic error message to avoid leaking sensitive details. errors.digest can be used to match the corresponding error in server-side logs.
error.digest
An automatically generated hash of the error thrown in a Server Component. It can be used to match the corresponding error in server-side logs.
reset
A function to reset the error boundary. When executed, the function will try to re-render the Error boundary's contents. If successful, the fallback error component is replaced with the result of the re-render.
Can be used to prompt the user to attempt to recover from the error. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error | ce900edacbc3-1 |
Can be used to prompt the user to attempt to recover from the error.
Good to know:
error.js boundaries must be Client Components.
In Production builds, errors forwarded from Server Components will be stripped of specific error details to avoid leaking sensitive information.
An error.js boundary will not handle errors thrown in a layout.js component in the same segment because the error boundary is nested inside that layouts component.
To handle errors for a specific layout, place an error.js file in the layouts parent segment.
To handle errors within the root layout or template, use a variation of error.js called app/global-error.js.
global-error.js
To specifically handle errors in root layout.js, use a variation of error.js called app/global-error.js located in the root app directory.
app/global-error.tsx 'use client'
export default function GlobalError({
error,
reset,
}: {
error: Error & { digest?: string } | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error | ce900edacbc3-2 |
reset,
}: {
error: Error & { digest?: string }
reset: () => void
}) {
return (
<html>
<body>
<h2>Something went wrong!</h2>
<button onClick={() => reset()}>Try again</button>
</body>
</html>
)
}
Good to know:
global-error.js replaces the root layout.js when active and so must define its own <html> and <body> tags.
While designing error UI, you may find it helpful to use the React Developer Tools to manually toggle Error boundaries.
Version History
VersionChangesv13.1.0global-error introduced.v13.0.0error introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error | ce900edacbc3-3 |
route.jsRoute Handlers allow you to create custom request handlers for a given route using the Web Request and Response APIs.
HTTP Methods
A route file allows you to create custom request handlers for a given route. The following HTTP methods are supported: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, HEAD, and OPTIONS.
route.ts export async function GET(request: Request) {}
export async function HEAD(request: Request) {}
export async function POST(request: Request) {}
export async function PUT(request: Request) {}
export async function DELETE(request: Request) {}
export async function PATCH(request: Request) {}
// If `OPTIONS` is not defined, Next.js will automatically implement `OPTIONS` and set the appropriate Response `Allow` header depending on the other methods defined in the route handler.
export async function OPTIONS(request: Request) {} | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route | 173d62e111d5-0 |
export async function OPTIONS(request: Request) {}
Good to know: Route Handlers are only available inside the app directory. You do not need to use API Routes (pages) and Route Handlers (app) together, as Route Handlers should be able to handle all use cases.
Parameters
request (optional)
The request object is a NextRequest object, which is an extension of the Web Request API. NextRequest gives you further control over the incoming request, including easily accessing cookies and an extended, parsed, URL object nextUrl.
context (optional)
app/dashboard/[team]/route.js export async function GET(request, context: { params }) {
const team = params.team // '1'
}
Currently, the only value of context is params, which is an object containing the dynamic route parameters for the current route. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route | 173d62e111d5-1 |
ExampleURLparamsapp/dashboard/[team]/route.js/dashboard/1{ team: '1' }app/shop/[tag]/[item]/route.js/shop/1/2{ tag: '1', item: '2' }app/blog/[...slug]/route.js/blog/1/2{ slug: ['1', '2'] }
NextResponse
Route Handlers can extend the Web Response API by returning a NextResponse object. This allows you to easily set cookies, headers, redirect, and rewrite. View the API reference.
Version History
VersionChangesv13.2.0Route handlers are introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route | 173d62e111d5-2 |
template.jsThis documentation is still being written. Please check back later. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template | d3ecffb40136-0 |
sitemap.xmlAdd or generate a sitemap.xml file that matches the Sitemaps XML format in the root of app directory to help search engine crawlers crawl your site more efficiently.
Static sitemap.xml
app/sitemap.xml <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
<url>
<loc>https://acme.com</loc>
<lastmod>2023-04-06T15:02:24.021Z</lastmod>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://acme.com/about</loc>
<lastmod>2023-04-06T15:02:24.021Z</lastmod>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://acme.com/blog</loc> | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap | 3cdd33546faf-0 |
<url>
<loc>https://acme.com/blog</loc>
<lastmod>2023-04-06T15:02:24.021Z</lastmod>
</url>
</urlset>
Generate a Sitemap
Add a sitemap.js or sitemap.ts file that returns Sitemap.
app/sitemap.ts import { MetadataRoute } from 'next'
export default function sitemap(): MetadataRoute.Sitemap {
return [
{
url: 'https://acme.com',
lastModified: new Date(),
},
{
url: 'https://acme.com/about',
lastModified: new Date(),
},
{
url: 'https://acme.com/blog',
lastModified: new Date(),
},
]
}
Output: | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap | 3cdd33546faf-1 |
lastModified: new Date(),
},
]
}
Output:
acme.com/sitemap.xml <urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
<url>
<loc>https://acme.com</loc>
<lastmod>2023-04-06T15:02:24.021Z</lastmod>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://acme.com/about</loc>
<lastmod>2023-04-06T15:02:24.021Z</lastmod>
</url>
<url>
<loc>https://acme.com/blog</loc>
<lastmod>2023-04-06T15:02:24.021Z</lastmod>
</url>
</urlset> | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap | 3cdd33546faf-2 |
</url>
</urlset>
Sitemap Return Type
type Sitemap = Array<{
url: string
lastModified?: string | Date
}>
Good to know
In the future, we will support multiple sitemaps and sitemap indexes.
Version History
VersionChangesv13.3.0sitemap introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap | 3cdd33546faf-3 |
opengraph-image and twitter-imageThe opengraph-image and twitter-image file conventions allow you to set Open Graph and Twitter images for a route segment.
They are useful for setting the images that appear on social networks and messaging apps when a user shares a link to your site.
There are two ways to set Open Graph and Twitter images:
Using image files (.jpg, .png, .gif)
Using code to generate images (.js, .ts, .tsx)
Image files (.jpg, .png, .gif)
Use an image file to set a route segment's shared image by placing an opengraph-image or twitter-image image file in the segment.
Next.js will evaluate the file and automatically add the appropriate tags to your app's <head> element. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-0 |
File conventionSupported file typesopengraph-image.jpg, .jpeg, .png, .giftwitter-image.jpg, .jpeg, .png, .gifopengraph-image.alt.txttwitter-image.alt.txt
opengraph-image
Add an opengraph-image.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif) image file to any route segment.
<head> output <meta property="og:image" content="<generated>" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="<generated>" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="<generated>" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="<generated>" />
twitter-image
Add a twitter-image.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif) image file to any route segment.
<head> output <meta name="twitter:image" content="<generated>" />
<meta name="twitter:image:type" content="<generated>" />
<meta name="twitter:image:width" content="<generated>" /> | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-1 |
<meta name="twitter:image:width" content="<generated>" />
<meta name="twitter:image:height" content="<generated>" />
opengraph-image.alt.txt
Add an accompanying opengraph-image.alt.txt file in the same route segment as the opengraph-image.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif) image it's alt text.
opengraph-image.alt.txt About Acme
<head> output <meta property="og:image:alt" content="About Acme" />
twitter-image.alt.txt
Add an accompanying twitter-image.alt.txt file in the same route segment as the twitter-image.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif) image it's alt text.
twitter-image.alt.txt About Acme
<head> output <meta property="og:image:alt" content="About Acme" />
Generate images using code (.js, .ts, .tsx)
In addition to using literal image files, you can programmatically generate images using code. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-2 |
In addition to using literal image files, you can programmatically generate images using code.
Generate a route segment's shared image by creating an opengraph-image or twitter-image route that default exports a function.
File conventionSupported file typesopengraph-image.js, .ts, .tsxtwitter-image.js, .ts, .tsx
Good to know
By default, generated images are statically optimized (generated at build time and cached) unless they use dynamic functions or dynamic data fetching.
You can generate multiple Images in the same file using generateImageMetadata.
The easiest way to generate an image is to use the ImageResponse API from next/server.
app/about/opengraph-image.tsx import { ImageResponse } from 'next/server'
// Route segment config
export const runtime = 'edge'
// Image metadata
export const alt = 'About Acme'
export const size = {
width: 1200, | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-3 |
export const size = {
width: 1200,
height: 630,
}
export const contentType = 'image/png'
// Font
const interSemiBold = fetch(
new URL('./Inter-SemiBold.ttf', import.meta.url)
).then((res) => res.arrayBuffer())
// Image generation
export default async function Image() {
return new ImageResponse(
(
// ImageResponse JSX element
<div
style={{
fontSize: 128,
background: 'white',
width: '100%',
height: '100%',
display: 'flex',
alignItems: 'center',
justifyContent: 'center',
}}
>
About Acme
</div>
),
// ImageResponse options
{ | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-4 |
</div>
),
// ImageResponse options
{
// For convenience, we can re-use the exported opengraph-image
// size config to also set the ImageResponse's width and height.
...size,
fonts: [
{
name: 'Inter',
data: await interSemiBold,
style: 'normal',
weight: 400,
},
],
}
)
}
<head> output <meta property="og:image" content="<generated>" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="About Acme" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" />
Props
The default export function receives the following props:
params (optional) | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-5 |
Props
The default export function receives the following props:
params (optional)
An object containing the dynamic route parameters object from the root segment down to the segment opengraph-image or twitter-image is colocated in.
app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.tsx export default function Image({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) {
// ...
}
RouteURLparamsapp/shop/opengraph-image.js/shopundefinedapp/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js/shop/1{ slug: '1' }app/shop/[tag]/[item]/opengraph-image.js/shop/1/2{ tag: '1', item: '2' }app/shop/[...slug]/opengraph-image.js/shop/1/2{ slug: ['1', '2'] }
Returns
The default export function should return a Blob | ArrayBuffer | TypedArray | DataView | ReadableStream | Response. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-6 |
Good to know: ImageResponse satisfies this return type.
Config exports
You can optionally configure the image's metadata by exporting alt, size, and contentType variables from opengraph-image or twitter-image route.
OptionTypealtstringsize{ width: number; height: number }contentTypestring - image MIME type
alt
opengraph-image.tsx / twitter-image.tsx export const alt = 'My images alt text'
export default function Image() {}
<head> output <meta property="og:image:alt" content="My images alt text" />
size
opengraph-image.tsx / twitter-image.tsx export const size = { width: 1200, height: 630 }
export default function Image() {}
<head> output <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" />
contentType | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-7 |
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" />
contentType
opengraph-image.tsx / twitter-image.tsx export const contentType = 'image/png'
export default function Image() {}
<head> output <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" />
Route Segment Config
opengraph-image and twitter-image are specialized Route Handlers that can use the same route segment configuration options as Pages and Layouts.
OptionTypeDefaultdynamic'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static''auto'revalidatefalse | 'force-cache' | 0 | numberfalseruntime'nodejs' | 'edge''nodejs'preferredRegion'auto' | 'global' | 'home' | string | string[]'auto'
app/opengraph-image.tsx export const runtime = 'edge'
export default function Image() {}
Examples
Using external data | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-8 |
export default function Image() {}
Examples
Using external data
This example uses the params object and external data to generate the image.
Good to know:
By default, this generated image will be statically optimized. You can configure the individual fetch options or route segments options to change this behavior.
app/posts/[slug]/opengraph-image.tsx import { ImageResponse } from 'next/server'
export const runtime = 'edge'
export const alt = 'About Acme'
export const size = {
width: 1200,
height: 630,
}
export const contentType = 'image/png'
export default async function Image({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) {
const post = await fetch(`https://.../posts/${params.slug}`).then((res) =>
res.json()
)
return new ImageResponse( | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-9 |
res.json()
)
return new ImageResponse(
(
<div
style={{
fontSize: 48,
background: 'white',
width: '100%',
height: '100%',
display: 'flex',
alignItems: 'center',
justifyContent: 'center',
}}
>
{post.title}
</div>
),
{
...size,
}
)
}
Version History
VersionChangesv13.3.0opengraph-image and twitter-image introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image | bbc1244549d6-10 |
favicon, icon, and apple-iconThe favicon, icon, or apple-icon file conventions allow you to set icons for your application.
They are useful for adding app icons that appear in places like web browser tabs, phone home screens, and search engine results.
There are two ways to set app icons:
Using image files (.ico, .jpg, .png)
Using code to generate an icon (.js, .ts, .tsx)
Image files (.ico, .jpg, .png)
Use an image file to set an app icon by placing a favicon, icon, or apple-icon image file within your /app directory.
The favicon image can only be located in the top level of app/.
Next.js will evaluate the file and automatically add the appropriate tags to your app's <head> element. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-0 |
File conventionSupported file typesValid locationsfavicon.icoapp/icon.ico, .jpg, .jpeg, .png, .svgapp/**/*apple-icon.jpg, .jpeg, .pngapp/**/*
favicon
Add a favicon.ico image file to the root /app route segment.
<head> output <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" sizes="any" />
icon
Add an icon.(ico|jpg|jpeg|png|svg) image file.
<head> output <link
rel="icon"
href="/icon?<generated>"
type="image/<generated>"
sizes="<generated>"
/>
apple-icon
Add an apple-icon.(jpg|jpeg|png) image file.
<head> output <link
rel="apple-touch-icon"
href="/apple-icon?<generated>"
type="image/<generated>"
sizes="<generated>"
/>
Good to know | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-1 |
type="image/<generated>"
sizes="<generated>"
/>
Good to know
You can set multiple icons by adding a number suffix to the file name. For example, icon1.png, icon2.png, etc. Numbered files will sort lexically.
Favicons can only be set in the root /app segment. If you need more granularity, you can use icon.
The appropriate <link> tags and attributes such as rel, href, type, and sizes are determined by the icon type and metadata of the evaluated file.
For example, a 32 by 32px .png file will have type="image/png" and sizes="32x32" attributes.
sizes="any" is added to favicon.ico output to avoid a browser bug where an .ico icon is favored over .svg.
Generate icons using code (.js, .ts, .tsx) | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-2 |
Generate icons using code (.js, .ts, .tsx)
In addition to using literal image files, you can programmatically generate icons using code.
Generate an app icon by creating an icon or apple-icon route that default exports a function.
File conventionSupported file typesicon.js, .ts, .tsxapple-icon.js, .ts, .tsx
The easiest way to generate an icon is to use the ImageResponse API from next/server.
app/icon.tsx import { ImageResponse } from 'next/server'
// Route segment config
export const runtime = 'edge'
// Image metadata
export const size = {
width: 32,
height: 32,
}
export const contentType = 'image/png'
// Image generation
export default function Icon() {
return new ImageResponse(
(
// ImageResponse JSX element
<div
style={{ | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-3 |
(
// ImageResponse JSX element
<div
style={{
fontSize: 24,
background: 'black',
width: '100%',
height: '100%',
display: 'flex',
alignItems: 'center',
justifyContent: 'center',
color: 'white',
}}
>
A
</div>
),
// ImageResponse options
{
// For convenience, we can re-use the exported icons size metadata
// config to also set the ImageResponse's width and height.
...size,
}
)
}
<head> output <link rel="icon" href="/icon?<generated>" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" />
Good to know | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-4 |
Good to know
By default, generated icons are statically optimized (generated at build time and cached) unless they use dynamic functions or dynamic data fetching.
You can generate multiple icons in the same file using generateImageMetadata.
You cannot generate a favicon icon. Use icon or a favicon.ico file instead.
Props
The default export function receives the following props:
params (optional)
An object containing the dynamic route parameters object from the root segment down to the segment icon or apple-icon is colocated in.
app/shop/[slug]/icon.tsx export default function Icon({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) {
// ...
} | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-5 |
// ...
}
RouteURLparamsapp/shop/icon.js/shopundefinedapp/shop/[slug]/icon.js/shop/1{ slug: '1' }app/shop/[tag]/[item]/icon.js/shop/1/2{ tag: '1', item: '2' }app/shop/[...slug]/icon.js/shop/1/2{ slug: ['1', '2'] }
Returns
The default export function should return a Blob | ArrayBuffer | TypedArray | DataView | ReadableStream | Response.
Good to know: ImageResponse satisfies this return type.
Config exports
You can optionally configure the icon's metadata by exporting size and contentType variables from the icon or apple-icon route.
OptionTypesize{ width: number; height: number }contentTypestring - image MIME type
size
icon.tsx / apple-icon.tsx export const size = { width: 32, height: 32 }
export default function Icon() {} | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-6 |
export default function Icon() {}
<head> output <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" />
contentType
icon.tsx / apple-icon.tsx export const contentType = 'image/png'
export default function Icon() {}
<head> output <link rel="icon" type="image/png" />
Route Segment Config
icon and apple-icon are specialized Route Handlers that can use the same route segment configuration options as Pages and Layouts.
OptionTypeDefaultdynamic'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static''auto'revalidatefalse | 'force-cache' | 0 | numberfalseruntime'nodejs' | 'edge''nodejs'preferredRegion'auto' | 'global' | 'home' | string | string[]'auto'
app/icon.tsx export const runtime = 'edge'
export default function Icon() {}
Version History | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-7 |
export default function Icon() {}
Version History
VersionChangesv13.3.0favicon icon and apple-icon introduced | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons | 1a9329fe7b0d-8 |
robots.txtAdd or generate a robots.txt file that matches the Robots Exclusion Standard in the root of app directory to tell search engine crawlers which URLs they can access on your site.
Static robots.txt
app/robots.txt User-Agent: *
Allow: /
Disallow: /private/
Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml
Generate a Robots file
Add a robots.js or robots.ts file that returns a Robots object.
app/robots.ts import { MetadataRoute } from 'next'
export default function robots(): MetadataRoute.Robots {
return {
rules: {
userAgent: '*',
allow: '/',
disallow: '/private/',
},
sitemap: 'https://acme.com/sitemap.xml',
}
}
Output:
User-Agent: *
Allow: /
Disallow: /private/
Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots | 8824164bfdb7-0 |
Disallow: /private/
Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml
Robots object
type Robots = {
rules:
| {
userAgent?: string | string[]
allow?: string | string[]
disallow?: string | string[]
crawlDelay?: number
}
| Array<{
userAgent: string | string[]
allow?: string | string[]
disallow?: string | string[]
crawlDelay?: number
}>
sitemap?: string | string[]
host?: string
}
Version History
VersionChangesv13.3.0robots introduced. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots | 8824164bfdb7-1 |
Building Your Application
Next.js provides the building blocks to create flexible, full-stack web applications. The guides in Building Your Application explain how to use these features and how to customize your application's behavior.
The sections and pages are organized sequentially, from basic to advanced, so you can follow them step-by-step when building your Next.js application. However, you can read them in any order or skip to the pages that apply to your use case.
If you're new to Next.js, we recommend starting with the Routing, Rendering, Data Fetching and Styling sections, as they introduce the fundamental Next.js and web concepts to help you get started. Then, you can dive deeper into the other sections such as Optimizing and Configuring. Finally, once you're ready, checkout the Deploying and Upgrading sections. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/index.html | 4a40f1998031-0 |
Error HandlingThe error.js file convention allows you to gracefully handle unexpected runtime errors in nested routes.
Automatically wrap a route segment and its nested children in a React Error Boundary.
Create error UI tailored to specific segments using the file-system hierarchy to adjust granularity.
Isolate errors to affected segments while keeping the rest of the application functional.
Add functionality to attempt to recover from an error without a full page reload.
Create error UI by adding an error.js file inside a route segment and exporting a React component:
app/dashboard/error.tsx 'use client' // Error components must be Client Components
import { useEffect } from 'react'
export default function Error({
error,
reset,
}: {
error: Error
reset: () => void
}) {
useEffect(() => {
// Log the error to an error reporting service
console.error(error)
}, [error]) | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling | 33b391defb55-0 |
console.error(error)
}, [error])
return (
<div>
<h2>Something went wrong!</h2>
<button
onClick={
// Attempt to recover by trying to re-render the segment
() => reset()
}
>
Try again
</button>
</div>
)
}
How error.js Works
error.js automatically creates an React Error Boundary that wraps a nested child segment or page.js component.
The React component exported from the error.js file is used as the fallback component.
If an error is thrown within the error boundary, the error is contained, and the fallback component is rendered.
When the fallback error component is active, layouts above the error boundary maintain their state and remain interactive, and the error component can display functionality to recover from the error.
Recovering From Errors | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling | 33b391defb55-1 |
Recovering From Errors
The cause of an error can sometimes be temporary. In these cases, simply trying again might resolve the issue.
An error component can use the reset() function to prompt the user to attempt to recover from the error. When executed, the function will try to re-render the Error boundary's contents. If successful, the fallback error component is replaced with the result of the re-render.
app/dashboard/error.tsx 'use client'
export default function Error({
error,
reset,
}: {
error: Error
reset: () => void
}) {
return (
<div>
<h2>Something went wrong!</h2>
<button onClick={() => reset()}>Try again</button>
</div>
)
}
Nested Routes
React components created through special files are rendered in a specific nested hierarchy. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling | 33b391defb55-2 |
}
Nested Routes
React components created through special files are rendered in a specific nested hierarchy.
For example, a nested route with two segments that both include layout.js and error.js files are rendered in the following simplified component hierarchy:
The nested component hierarchy has implications for the behavior of error.js files across a nested route:
Errors bubble up to the nearest parent error boundary. This means an error.js file will handle errors for all its nested child segments. More or less granular error UI can be achieved by placing error.js files at different levels in the nested folders of a route.
An error.js boundary will not handle errors thrown in a layout.js component in the same segment because the error boundary is nested inside that layouts component.
Handling Errors in Layouts | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling | 33b391defb55-3 |
Handling Errors in Layouts
error.js boundaries do not catch errors thrown in layout.js or template.js components of the same segment. This intentional hierarchy keeps important UI that is shared between sibling routes (such as navigation) visible and functional when an error occurs.
To handle errors within a specific layout or template, place an error.js file in the layouts parent segment.
To handle errors within the root layout or template, use a variation of error.js called global-error.js.
Handling Errors in Root Layouts
The root app/error.js boundary does not catch errors thrown in the root app/layout.js or app/template.js component.
To specifically handle errors in these root components, use a variation of error.js called app/global-error.js located in the root app directory. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling | 33b391defb55-4 |
Unlike the root error.js, the global-error.js error boundary wraps the entire application, and its fallback component replaces the root layout when active. Because of this, it is important to note that global-error.js must define its own <html> and <body> tags.
global-error.js is the least granular error UI and can be considered "catch-all" error handling for the whole application. It is unlikely to be triggered often as root components are typically less dynamic, and other error.js boundaries will catch most errors.
Even if a global-error.js is defined, it is still recommended to define a root error.js whose fallback component will be rendered within the root layout, which includes globally shared UI and branding.
app/global-error.tsx 'use client'
export default function GlobalError({
error,
reset,
}: {
error: Error
reset: () => void
}) {
return (
<html> | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling | 33b391defb55-5 |
reset: () => void
}) {
return (
<html>
<body>
<h2>Something went wrong!</h2>
<button onClick={() => reset()}>Try again</button>
</body>
</html>
)
}
Handling Server Errors
If an error is thrown inside a Server Component, Next.js will forward an Error object (stripped of sensitive error information in production) to the nearest error.js file as the error prop.
Securing Sensitive Error Information
During production, the Error object forwarded to the client only includes a generic message and digest property.
This is a security precaution to avoid leaking potentially sensitive details included in the error to the client.
The message property contains a generic message about the error and the digest property contains an automatically generated hash of the error that can be used to match the corresponding error in server-side logs. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling | 33b391defb55-6 |
During development, the Error object forwarded to the client will be serialized and include the message of the original error for easier debugging. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling | 33b391defb55-7 |
Route HandlersRoute Handlers allow you to create custom request handlers for a given route using the Web Request and Response APIs.
Good to know: Route Handlers are only available inside the app directory. They are the equivalent of API Routes inside the pages directory meaning you do not need to use API Routes and Route Handlers together.
Convention
Route Handlers are defined in a route.js|ts file inside the app directory:
app/api/route.ts export async function GET(request: Request) {}
Route Handlers can be nested inside the app directory, similar to page.js and layout.js. But there cannot be a route.js file at the same route segment level as page.js.
Supported HTTP Methods
The following HTTP methods are supported: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, HEAD, and OPTIONS. If an unsupported method is called, Next.js will return a 405 Method Not Allowed response.
Extended NextRequest and NextResponse APIs | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/router-handlers | bca5fbe12397-0 |
Extended NextRequest and NextResponse APIs
In addition to supporting native Request and Response. Next.js extends them with
NextRequest and NextResponse to provide convenient helpers for advanced use cases.
Behavior
Static Route Handlers
Route Handlers are statically evaluated by default when using the GET method with the Response object.
app/items/route.ts import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
export async function GET() {
const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY,
},
})
const data = await res.json()
return NextResponse.json({ data })
}
TypeScript Warning: Although Response.json() is valid, native TypeScript types currently shows an error, you can use NextResponse.json() for typed responses instead.
Dynamic Route Handlers | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/router-handlers | bca5fbe12397-1 |
Dynamic Route Handlers
Route handlers are evaluated dynamically when:
Using the Request object with the GET method.
Using any of the other HTTP methods.
Using Dynamic Functions like cookies and headers.
The Segment Config Options manually specifies dynamic mode.
For example:
app/products/api/route.ts import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
export async function GET(request: Request) {
const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url)
const id = searchParams.get('id')
const res = await fetch(`https://data.mongodb-api.com/product/${id}`, {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY,
},
})
const product = await res.json()
return NextResponse.json({ product })
}
Similarly, the POST method will cause the Route Handler to be evaluated dynamically. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/router-handlers | bca5fbe12397-2 |
}
Similarly, the POST method will cause the Route Handler to be evaluated dynamically.
app/items/route.ts import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
export async function POST() {
const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
method: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY,
},
body: JSON.stringify({ time: new Date().toISOString() }),
})
const data = await res.json()
return NextResponse.json(data)
}
Good to know: Like API Routes, Route Handlers can be used for cases like handling form submissions. A new abstraction for handling forms and mutations that integrates deeply with React is being worked on.
Route Resolution
You can consider a route the lowest level routing primitive. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/router-handlers | bca5fbe12397-3 |
Route Resolution
You can consider a route the lowest level routing primitive.
They do not participate in layouts or client-side navigations like page.
There cannot be a route.js file at the same route as page.js.
PageRouteResultapp/page.jsapp/route.js Conflictapp/page.jsapp/api/route.js Validapp/[user]/page.jsapp/api/route.js Valid
Each route.js or page.js file takes over all HTTP verbs for that route.
app/page.js export default function Page() {
return <h1>Hello, Next.js!</h1>
}
// ❌ Conflict
// `app/route.js`
export async function POST(request) {}
Examples
The following examples show how to combine Route Handlers with other Next.js APIs and features.
Revalidating Static Data
You can revalidate static data fetches using the next.revalidate option: | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/router-handlers | bca5fbe12397-4 |
You can revalidate static data fetches using the next.revalidate option:
app/items/route.ts import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
export async function GET() {
const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', {
next: { revalidate: 60 }, // Revalidate every 60 seconds
})
const data = await res.json()
return NextResponse.json(data)
}
Alternatively, you can use the revalidate segment config option:
export const revalidate = 60
Dynamic Functions
Route Handlers can be used with dynamic functions from Next.js, like cookies and headers.
Cookies
You can read cookies with cookies from next/headers. This server function can be called directly in a Route Handler, or nested inside of another function. | https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/router-handlers | bca5fbe12397-5 |