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start-unk-stop-pad-mNLP-project 4

[ "dprxdrl" ]

[ "We can and do eat birch syrup, walnut syrup, and the syrups of a few other trees. The key isn't as much the sugar content, the key is that the sap needs to be relatively neutral tasting, because of how much it has to be reduced to thicken it. The saps of deciduous hardwoods (maple, birch, etc) seem to work especially well here. As far as why maple, I suspect it just tastes the most pleasant, although certainly it is to a large degree cultural as well - consider by analogy how almost any grain or fruit can be used to make alcohol, yet the large majority of world alcohol is made only using a few specific grains and fruits." ]

[ 8 ]

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[ "f2qzgts", "f2qvgaz", "f2r32fv", "f2qwqml", "f2rhdc1", "f2qwmgl", "f2r6fhe" ]

[ "In South Africa we used to buy plastic coins from the delivery man or the shop. You'd get them on a roll of 10 I think. You would leave a clean empty bottle with a \"coin\" inside it on your front door step. The milkman would then swop it for a full one. Also did orange juice too. As kids we would get up early and hang on the back of the milk truck and get driven all over town. I have not thought about this in years. Thanks for the reminder OP. Nice post. [Added South :)]" ]

[ 42 ]

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[ "fwcugxu", "fwcuc9a" ]

[ "It can and is exactly what the UK did if you chose to take the help. You just accrued the interest as normal but no monthly payments were taken for up to 3 months." ]

[ 8 ]

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[ "f3wltt2" ]

[ "Usually, yes, even if it's indirectly. Almost all counties impose taxes on airfare, so if the airline you purchase the ticket from is based in that country, that country collects the tax directly. If not, most airports also charge fees for every aircraft that lands there, and that fee is included in the price of your ticket. The country then collects taxes from the airport, or collects the fee directly if the airport is government owned." ]

[ 14 ]

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[ "e603mv0" ]

[ "The water content of milk is evaporated away until a hard substance remains that is ground into powder from wikipedia: In modern times, powdered milk is usually made by spray drying[6] nonfat skimmed milk, whole milk, buttermilk or whey. Pasteurized milk is first concentrated in an evaporator to approximately 50 percent milk solids. The resulting concentrated milk is then sprayed into a heated chamber where the water almost instantly evaporates, leaving fine particles of powdered milk solids. Alternatively, the milk can be dried by drum drying. Milk is applied as a thin film to the surface of a heated drum, and the dried milk solids are then scraped off. However, powdered milk made this way tends to have a cooked flavour, due to caramelization caused by greater heat exposure. Another process is freeze drying, which preserves many nutrients in milk, compared to drum drying.[citation needed] The drying method and the heat treatment of the milk as it is processed alters the properties of the milk powder, such as its solubility in cold water, its flavour, and its bulk density." ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "ddtwyhz", "ddu4yiq", "ddue7vc" ]

[ "Don't quote me on this but from my personal research and studies on cognition, emotion, memory, and the ego. I believe that tasks that we don't feel like doing, which doesn't have high priority is quickly replaced by other tasks or thoughts of higher priority. Some of which maybe for entertainment and others for urgency. Such as tending to a child. The pizza in the oven is not of immediate urgency but will become. So we get this feeling in the back of our minds. That there is something of importance but not urgent enough to keep in mind. Off topic but on topic I have found that many aspects of our lives work in the same manner. Sometimes there are even subjects in which we don't want to remember. So the subconscious mind which I believe is controlled by emotions. Has a funny ways of tricking our conscious minds into forgeting or remembering things according to particular feelings. Hope my experiences help" ]

[ 14 ]

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[ "ft7mrkn", "ft7xy4t", "ft87jxd" ]

[ "Nuclear power utilizes the decay of unstable big atoms into smaller atoms. The heat given off by that decay heats water, which then turns to steam and spins a turbine. The problems are the smaller atoms those big atoms turn into. They're often also unstable, but not in a way that's useful for generating power (basically, the rate of their decay can't be controlled). They are decaying for a *loooong* time and all the while are giving off energy that can harm living things." ]

[ 34 ]

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[ "e0hhj49", "e0hqw4v" ]

[ "They ignite on compression alone which gives that knock sound, unlike a gas engine that uses spark plugs." ]

[ 12 ]

[ [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6k859b/eli5_why_are_diesel_engines_so_much_louder_than/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2itaau/eli5_why_do_diesel_engines_sound_so_different/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/77h490/eli5_why_do_diesel_engines_have_that_distinct/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/2p10mv/why_do_gas_trucks_sound_like_60s_muscle_cars_and/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/50u8aa/eli5_why_do_diesel_engines_sound_different/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37x522/eli5_what_gives_a_diesel_engine_its_unique_sound/" ] ]

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[ "gdma59e" ]

[ "I'm no expert but from what I know the skin and meat is joined together. When the jap that pole in and out they are separating the skin from the meat making it able to suck out the fat" ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "eylk763" ]

[ "Usually the paper that they are originally on has some anti-stick properties such as a layer of wax. Some things just stick better than others, so using different materials will cause the sticker to stick more or less to the surface you put it on." ]

[ 6 ]

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[ "fump5kx" ]

[ "At the bottom of the ocean, you have a TON of pressure. By a ton I mean literally 1000times the pressure at the surface. In those videos where a crab gets sucks into a pipe, the pressure inside that pipe is much much lower than the pressure outside. Let's just say the pipe has 100 times the pressure of the atmosphere. If that pipe ruptures, you have 900 times the pressure of the atmosphere sucking water and anything around it into the pipe. & #x200B; Basically to directly answer your question, a human put the low pressure there." ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "eiegx0u" ]

[ "Your lungs are forcing air with hopes to clear the gunk yours cilia in the airways have gathered. All the phlegm, mucus, dead and living bacteria, and even dead cellular parts are being forced out of your airways." ]

[ 12 ]

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[ "f9vyu6q" ]

[ "In very simple terms laminar flow is flow in which all the fluid is flowing in layers without mixing. Think of a bunch of strings all held together but not twisting or knotting. The opposite is turbulent flow. In the anology, there would be knotting and it would be hard to separate them. This is best shown with images which the wikis page for laminar flow has a few examples of" ]

[ 9 ]

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[ "f9j917t" ]

[ "There are so many design considerations to be had when designing a wireless device. First of all, there are silly amount of wireless devices in existence today and the spectrum is limited. So you have to comply with laws and regulations so that your device doesn't interfere with other devices or people's health. Then you have to adhere to physical laws, like does the signal need to penetrate walls? What's the required range? Does it matter if rain attenuates the signal? Do you care if you transmit one message and then your battery dies? You also need to consider the bandwidth requirements and how many users are expected in a given area. Something like orthogonal frequency-division multiple access modulation seems a bit overkill when you're just connecting a controller to your game console. & #x200B; ...etc." ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "dimuqvs", "diniaii" ]

[ "Well, it's a lot older. According to an article I read about it in the lay press, the authors think it supports the pan-Asian theory. According to this view, Homo sapiens didn't evolve in a specific place in Africa. But rather, there were a bunch of Homo species throughout the continent that all crossbred with each other, and we are the resulting mélange. Edit: Sorry, pan-African. Pan-Asian is a cuisine. And now I want dumplings." ]

[ 13 ]

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[ "grjym53", "grjz2h7", "grkaydz", "grjxyr2", "grjz6co" ]

[ "Water is Hydrogen + Oxygen, two of the most abundant things on Earth. Much of the Earths crust is made up of Oxygen, bonded to other things like Iron to make minerals. Since a lot of Oxygen existed on the primeval Earth, and Hydrogen is the most abundant thing in the Universe, having water was inevitable. So where did it come from? Either the Earth was formed from material that contained a lot of Oxygen and Water, or the early Earth was bombarded with Comets and Asteroids that contained Oxygen and Water." ]

[ 28 ]

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[ "eyjn8oo", "eyjkml0" ]

[ "This can be more complicated than it seems, *space itself* isn't \"cold.\" In fact, you'd potentially get cold faster in a chilly river than in space, because in space there's no \"Stuff\" to take your heat away. You only lose heat by radiation. In the chilly river you lose heat by radiation, and by transferring it to the water in contact with you. Hot or Cold is really only relevant to things. Now if you put a sealed bottle of water in space, and we assume it can withstand the pressure of the water inside it and stay sealed, the water's fate depends on how much radiation is landing on it (like sunlight). Its current warmth is radiating away, so if it's in the dark, or far away from any source of radiation (like the sun), it will radiate away faster than it gains any, and eventually it will freeze. On the other hand, if you pop it into space by the sun, then the radiation landing on it will be more than it is losing. It will heat up and evaporate (and so will the bottle, and probably you, so be quick). You could even potentially find a spot where it is relatively balanced, and keep your water liquid, although this is going to be an expensive experiment in rocket fuel. & #x200B; If the bottle is open (and we assume the sun isn't currently nuking it into oblivion), then the lack of pressure will cause the water to immediately start evaporating. This is an endothermic process, it will cool off the remaining liquid water as it does so, and so potentially some of the water will freeze solid as a result (This is also why sweating cools you down)." ]

[ 6 ]

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[ "epygc6e", "epyh6iq" ]

[ "Old school telephones are little more than a couple of microphones and a couple of speakers connected by wire. The mouth piece of each telephone is a microphone. The microphone converts sound into an electrical signal, which can travel very quickly along wires. That signal gets fed into a speaker in the ear piece of the other telephone. The speaker converts the electrical signal back into sound, and the person on the other end hears the whatever was said into the other telephone. You know those old school switch boards? The ones where operators seem to be randomly plugging cables into a bunch of holes? They're literally plugging in the microphone/speaker pair of one phone into the corresponding microphone/speaker pair of another phone so two people can talk." ]

[ 5 ]

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[ "dtvwlx6", "dtw9617" ]

[ "Spacecrafts and rockets generally have a specific objective in mind, be it resupplying the ISS or travelling to Mars. The thing to remember is that everything in space is in orbit, and thus in motion. An analogy I really liked was imagine viewing runners racing around a 400m track. To meet up with one of them, you could expend a lot of energy and run behind them and catch up with them. Or, more efficiently, you could simply walk onto the track and intercept them exactly when they get to that part of the track as well. Too early and you have to wait, too late and you have to wait for them to complete another lap. Rocket fuel is heavy and expensive. You often want the most efficient path to a destination for space travel. Hence launch windows. You can take the shortest path and burn the least fuel to reach your objective. Spacecraft aren't launched to reach a specific destination so much as *reach a specific destination at the same time as their objective*." ]

[ 17 ]

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[ "eh3hh9r" ]

[ "All organs have impacts on one another. Just like a heart dysfunction can have an effect on the muscles in your limbs, a brain dysfunction can have effects on other organs. A brain is just an organ in a biological sense. To go more indepth, the brain has many regulatory functions, mostly conducted through the hypothalamus and the pituitary (there are also other parts). Since depression is usually caused by the lack of serotonin and norepinephrin in the synaptic cleft, this defficiency leads to weaker signals between the neurons, meaning a weaker signals also sometimes not reach the somatic regulatory centres. Neurons have this adaptation, called a threshold where only signals of a certain strenght create a further signal, therefore if there is a substantial lack of serotonin, the threshold won't be reached, and the regulatory centres won't get the effectors to do their job. Sure, some regulatory centres are self stimulating, but the secretory neurons and sensory neurons are different, and their contact will be impaired by the lack of neurotransmitters. The cognitive changes during depression are just the tip of the iceberg, where the majority of the problem lies in the subconscious part of the brain, which also regulates the function of other organs." ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "ew36sqd", "ew38ytg", "ew36z0j" ]

[ "Do you regularly drink gasoline? Lava? They're both materials that come from the earth, and yet when applied incorrectly they'll kill you. It's the same with our planet as a whole. Take stuff that exists and apply it in a new way, and it'll interfere with all the processes that were already in homeostasis. This is also why you can get diabetes from consuming too much sugar. Sugar isn't bad in itself -- it's just that your body isn't designed to handle it in concentrated volumes." ]

[ 29 ]

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[ "gh9oa5t" ]

[ "Oils like that are actually not one single type of molecule - they're a mix of several different types. Large, complex molecules are able to stay solid at higher temperatures than the smaller ones, because of they way they bond together. For liquid coconut oil, these larger molecules are removed from the final product (or more accurately, the final product is removed from them). This is called fractionating. The same principle also applies to crude oil. The smallest molecules are removed and become highly refined fuels like gasoline. The medium sized ones are used in things like diesel and kerosene, the larger ones become engine oil and ship fuel, and the largest ones are used as tar in construction projects." ]

[ 11 ]

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[ "e4pnuut", "e4poyb6" ]

[ "Average sentence for murder is 50 years Average sentence for sex offenders is 5 years Basically sex offenders are at a much higher risk of getting out of jail and re-offending. Murderers tend to stay in jail." ]

[ 8 ]

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[ "e26dcwu", "e26dvr1", "e26dcqz", "e26xqcx", "e277t94", "e26w5uq" ]

[ "You're trying to tie together two things that are really totally unrelated. Whether something is \"private property\" or \"public property,\" in this sense, depends on who owns it. Who owns something doesn't really have to do with who pays for it. For example, I can get the government to give me a subsidy to build my home in an energy-efficient way. Those are taxpayer dollars, but that doesn't mean the government will own my home; that's not a condition of the subsidy. Nothing stops public money from going to a private venture--although, hopefully, some public interest will be advanced by the spending. In the case of sports stadiums, the hope is usually that in the long term the stadium will bring a lot of business to the city, and the government will get some of the funding back through taxes." ]

[ 144 ]

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[ "ewwhvas" ]

[ "> this is assuming the attacker dosn't know how many layers of encryption there are Maybe the attacker doesn't know how many layers of encryption there are. But they don't have to know. Suppose the attacker is able to brute force single-layer encryption in 1 week. If you use the same key for both encryption layers, they just have to randomly guess \"hmm, one layer didn't work, so let's try two layers,\" and then you are doomed, since brute-forcing two-layer encryption with the same key on each layer will only take 2 weeks, which is still short enough to be feasible. You can work around this problem by using different, independent keys for the two encryption phases. Now they have to guess both keys right to decrypt your message (in addition to guessing that you used two layers). If they guess one right but the other one wrong, they get a random-looking result and have made no progress. Unfortunately, this runs into an additional problem called the \"meet in the middle\" attack. This is a known-plaintext attack, so one assumes that the attacker knows both the plaintext P and the ciphertext C of one of the messages. The attacker now does two things: 1. encrypt P with each possible key, and make a list of the results. (All of these look like random noise.) 2. decrypt C with each possible key, and see if the result is in the list made in step 1. Eventually you will find a key in step 2 so that C decrypts to something in the list. At this point you have actually found both keys from the original algorithm. This procedure takes a lot of storage (because you have to make a big list in step 1) but is much faster than trying to crack both keys at once by brute force. Because of this problem, using two layers of encryption doesn't provide as much additional security as you'd hope, and so this is not used in practice. Three layers, on the other hand, does provide more security than one layer, though now you have to have three independent keys. The \"Triple DES\" encryption algorithm is a famous example." ]

[ 5 ]

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[ "dzmckcl", "dzmy2j5" ]

[ "There was a border dispute in the early 1800s, ~~before either of them were states~~, between Ohio and Michigan, over a strip of land that includes Toledo, a port town at the western end of Lake Erie. The land was ultimately awarded to Ohio, and, to make it up to the Michigan authorities, they were assigned the UP. Wisconsin was not settled or organized enough to be a player at this stage. Edit: got the chronology wrong." ]

[ 30 ]

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[ "dxqkq0u" ]

[ "These systems are designed to just keep dialling numbers essentially non\\-stop. If you answer and one of their dodgy telemarketers is available to take the call it'll connect you. If no dodgy telemarketer is available it will hang up. But it just keeps calling so that there's always a pool of phones beings answered and their dodgy telemarketers can stay on calls constantly rather than having to wait once one call ends for another to connect." ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "gvcvyr8", "gve0bv6", "gvdklij", "gvd90dh", "gvdnc1x", "gve3mii", "gvcr5m3", "gvelwf0", "gvdvkc4", "gvdz25v", "gveqrsa", "gvek4qo" ]

[ "Keeping it truly ELI5: the air is typically warmer in the evening than it is in the morning, which can affect how moisture and dust are suspended in the air, which affects what we see." ]

[ 18786 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.livescience.com/34065-sunrise-sunset.html" ], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_effect" ], [], [], [], [] ]

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[ "dpuyy1p", "dpuqkp7", "dpvl1zo" ]

[ "Labor & Delivery nurse here! Aspiring mid-wife :) Progesterone is the pro-pregnancy hormone. When it's time for labor, the body releases prostaglandins (basically inflammatory signals) that will trigger the decrease in progesterone and increase in oxytocin. Oxytcin and prostaglandins work together to start thinning out the cervix. Once the cervix begins the thin, contractions are started. Each contraction is the body's natural attempt to lower the baby down closer to the vaginal opening for delivery. As the head gets lower, the cervix will thin out more and more. I once had a teacher say it's like squeezing your head through a thick turtle neck sweater. The neck is long and thick-but once your head starts to squeeze through it, it stretches to the size of your head and thins out all the threads of the sweater. Eventually, as the baby's head gets lower, the protective sac covering it will have so much pressure on the cervix that it'll break like a water balloon. This is what happens when people say \"My water just broke!\" Now there is no barrier for the baby to reach the outside, and labor should progress quicker now!" ]

[ 13 ]

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[ "eft4vpe", "eft8yxk" ]

[ "Well, it's all in the marketing, you have a top speed and a max range. But the numbers aren't based on each other. You aren't going to get 1000km at 400km/h, there are different tests that happened to achieve those numbers. Also, as batteries wear, both of those will go down." ]

[ 10 ]

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[ "dtxtxhm" ]

[ "If it's thick gauge wire then it's probably pulling a fairly significant current. If you unplug something while it's drawing a high current then it's going to be more inclined to arc, because the electricity doesn't want to stop flowing, to put it as basic as I can. Why unplugging one then the other makes a difference I don't quite know. It might just be that one has a lower draw than the other, and its operation is linked to the other one. What are the devices exactly? It'd be a better start to have to give you an answer." ]

[ 6 ]

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[ "diiyfqm", "diiyvyw", "diiz1bs" ]

[ "Mainly because of motion blur. When your videogame creates the video, each frame is generated separately, and is a completely static image - you can take a screenshot and it will not appear as if it was a part of a video. When you shoot a movie, each image is exposed for a non-negligible amount of time, such as 1/60 or 1/100 of a second. During this time, motion is captured in the image, resulting in a small blur. This contributes to making the video appear more smooth. [This video]( URL_0 ) shows the difference between high shutter speed (= no motion blur) and low shutter speed (= motion blur)." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [ "https://vimeo.com/11340117" ], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "eh7ugu4" ]

[ "The key is that the population must be in decline or under threat for it to be endangered. For example, the [Eurasian Lynx]( URL_1 ) is classified Least Concern even though there are only about 8,000 in the wild. Conversely, there are at least about 100,000 [Western Lowland Gorillas]( URL_0 ) in the wild, and they are classified as Critically Endangered." ]

[ 8 ]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dfchk05" ]

[ "[This video]( URL_0 ) explains it rather well. He makes really nice vids..I highly recommend checking his channel out if you don't know him yet." ]

[ 12 ]

[ [ "https://youtu.be/PEikGKDVsCc" ] ]

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[ "fq24mow" ]

[ "Deeper water doesn't have much food. All food webs require something at the (metaphorical) bottom that creates food from energy in the environment. For most food webs, that means photosynthesizers that capture the energy of sunlight and use it to make food. Water absorbs sunlight very quickly. At only 200 meters, photosynthesis is not possible. Food webs that exist below that point rely on energy coming from detritus falling from the upper parts of the ocean. Big animals require a lot of food. Megaladon went extinct because the environment changed enough to make food unavailable even in the zones where it normally lived. If it couldn't find enough food at the top of the ocean to survive, it damn well couldn't find enough deeper." ]

[ 5 ]

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[ "de8tvf5" ]

[ "Standardization in general is usually a result of a growing population. Basically, when you're dealing with a smaller set of people, you have a better chance of understanding the differences of each person and providing solutions to accommodate such things. As the pool of people you need to account for grows, you're less likely going to be able to provide such accommodations (usually due to budget/time constraints). Standardization attempts to resolve this by trying to account for the most general cases and providing solutions to those cases. That way we only have to make sure everybody is on relatively the same page, and then follow a predefined plan of execution. In the case of standardized testing, there are a number of factors that combined to put us in the situation we are today (for better or worse). Essentially, employers (as well as other entities such as colleges) need to know that a \"High School Graduate\" from a small school in Missouri has an equivalent school experience as someone from a large city in New York. Standardization of schooling across the country, and specifically in testing, makes this possible. The iconic example, of course, is the SAT. Although it's accuracy is up for debate, the point of the SAT is to provide a number per person which allows individuals to be compared and ranked based on their results. So if you are from Japan and I'm from New York and we're both applying to college in California, the people in charge of applications there can immediately determine which one of us is a stronger applicant, and by how much, just by comparing our SAT scores. We might not even speak the same language, but the process of standardization eliminates such factors. As a side note: standardization, and especially standardized testing, isn't just a feature of American cultures. Many countries with large populations and modern education systems use standardized testing in some form, and usually rather frequently (again, I point to college admissions as being prime examples). There has been a lot of recent controversy in relying on such tests (IQ tests, for example, are often seen as \"inaccurate\" in modern times), but there really isn't a better way of doing things at this point. Living in such large (and sometimes global) civilizations force us to have to be able to communicate with one another. Standardization is one way of doing this. But perhaps as technology advances and better insights into testing and ranking come to light, our current testing systems will be seen as inaccurate and archaic themselves. Edit: This is more of a gloss-over than than an actual answer. Someone needs to chime-in with the actual history of US standardized testing, which is pretty interesting in itself." ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "diroloe", "dis6sap", "dirupj1" ]

[ "Follow up question: why do our eyes get sore at all after a long period of being awake when sight is so essential to our survival?" ]

[ 6 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

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[ "f8efqku" ]

[ "When your cloths tumble around electrons can get stripped from one item and placed on another item giving the two pieces of clothing an over all positive or negative charge. If they do differ you get static cling. Since clothes are not good conductors of electricity the charge can last for quite some time. Dryer sheets are just a fabric sheet impregnated with fabric softener, fabric softener is positively charged. When the sheet tumbles around the softener comes off and gives the clothes an overall positive charge, preventing opposites and thus cling . This is the same reason many people use fabric sheets to help dust around the house. The positive charge left behind helps prevent dust build up." ]

[ 13 ]

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[ "g1ec631", "g1eg5x5", "g1ec6a5" ]

[ "1. Because rubber is expensive and it would cost more. 2. Because solid rubber is waaayyyyyy more rigid than air. Sure something like a rubber bouncy ball might bounce, but trying just squeezing it in your hand and see how much it gives. You’ll find that although it squished a little bit it’s actually pretty hard. You don’t want this hardened sin your tires, you want some of the soft cushion that air provides to smooth out the drive over bumps and cracks in the road." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/AutomotiveLearning/comments/i3xkbn/what_it_looks_like_inside_a_car_tire_while_driving/" ], [] ]

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[ "duj5g6j" ]

[ "Because working out increases the size of *muscles,* and this organ is not a muscle. So it's not relevant." ]

[ 18 ]

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[ "el5yp7f" ]

[ "Exif data are informations stored within the photo file itself. You can see them for example (in Windows) under the \"details\" tab in file settings (I hope it's \"details\" because I only use Windows in Polish :') ) or in some more specialised \"exif viewer\" apps or websites. The exif data contains various information: basic stuff like resolution or file creation date, which is available for every photo file and more \"spicy\" stuff like exact camera settings (shutter time, ISO, these kinds of stuff) or even GPS coordinates of the place where it was taken (if the camera supports geo-location, most phones do and ask you the first time you use the camera if you want this information saved). As for taking a photo from the internet and getting the informations out of it, it's not that easy. If the photo you download is the original file then the exif data is probably intact. If it's not the same file and it's been processed a bit (like Facebook photos) then most of the data is probably overwritten, both as a product of modifying the file and saving it as a whole new one and intention to protect the owners' privacy(mostly the first part, though). I'd suggest to just try for yourself, save some random photos from the internet, take some with your phone, camera and explore the exif data ;)" ]

[ 7 ]

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[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "en5ju07" ]

[ "Do you mean like this? URL_0 : This happens because 1. The strong sun light makes the ground much hot, which in turn makes the layer of air just above the ground much hotter than the air higher up. (or causes strong thermal gradient near the ground) 2. Light goes slightly faster in hot air than it does in cold air 3. This makes light coming towards the ground at a steep angle bend upwards. see also: URL_1" ]

[ 3 ]

[ [ "https://www.google.com/search?q=heat+haze&safe=off&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj7IXgspTiAhVuwqYKHcvoBeIQ_AUIDigB&biw=2134&bih=1034#imgrc=xy1zcPbLdrI1JM", "http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=45" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e6hp9fw", "e6hnh1l", "e6htqmb", "e6hoxax", "e6hurwg", "e6hnwxa" ]

[ "Imagine walking around with gigantic inflatable shoes. You aren't going to feel small bumps in the road, but walking will be a lot of work and you won't be able to be very precise about where you step or what direction you go in - that's very soft or 'plush' suspension. Now imagine walking around in a good set of running shoes. The padding between your foot and the road is still good, but it's hard enough that you can get some feedback. You can move a lot more precisely and 'feel' what's going on without feeling too much discomfort - that's stiff suspension. Now imagine walking around with wooden blocks on your feet - that's no suspension. Depending on what you want to do will decide how stiff or plush you want your suspension. Mountain Bike Racers and Racecar Drivers want very stiff, precise suspension. They want to go round corners and around obstacles fast and don't care about comfort. Old Mrs. Jackson in her Honda Accord doesn't need to go at 100mph to do her grocery shopping. She'd much rather a comfortable ride, so that her haemorrhoids don't flare up. She'd prefer plush suspension." ]

[ 117 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gov55cr", "gov6233", "gpawvhe", "gov5bzt" ]

[ "They totally could. Why would they? Carbon fiber scratches fairly easily and can shatter. It's biggest advantage is being lightweight, which isn't super necessary for a tiny phone anyway. Plastic's way cheaper and plenty durable. Glass is scratch resistant. Aluminum is strong." ]

[ 51 ]

[ [], [], [ "https://www.carbonmobile.com/carbon1" ], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e32i4b2" ]

[ "Depends what acid you are using. Some acids etch the metal under the rust, so the top layer of rust falls off. Some other acids convert Iron (III) Oxide (Rust) to iron ions which dissolve in water, eating away at the rust. Acids cause rust by providing ions. Because the rusting reaction is an electrochemical effect, the higher conductivity speeds it up. You can do the same thing with salty water, it’s not something unique to acids." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dpjys1a" ]

[ "A combination of all the extra oxygen in the blood and the deliberate focus of taking the breath have a general relaxing effect that lowers blood pressure. The deep breath itself stimulates the vagus nerve and that causes your body to release a chemical called acetylcholine that helps it relax." ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fovcs1b", "fovbykz" ]

[ "Walls only seem flat for us. Take a magnifying glass or better a microscope and you’ll realize they are anything but. At our scale we can’t use that texture but insects have relatively immense limbs and see this texture as we would an easy rock climbing challenge. Holding from the ceiling is also possible for the same reason and that their relative strength compared to their weight is much high than ours. That’s for solids. For liquids, it’s slightly more subtle as even the texture of water surface isn’t visible at microscope level. Water is polar. It has positive and a negative side. Inside water, this is balanced as all molecules hit each other and stick a bit with the others so side that they prefer. But at the surface there’s no other molecule on top. So he too most molecule is slightly “uncomfortable”, not perfectly balanced in its forces. It’s being pushed and pulled from below but nothing from the top. That’s where the tension comes from. The molecules are packed slightly tighter together and oriented in a more coherent way. Insect have tiny limbs but they usually have a lot of hairs on them. This reduces the amount of weight per unit of water (pressure) and the small surface tension can therefore support it while flexing but not being pierced. But what works on calm, steady water won’t work (the same way at least) on slightly moving water, more salty water or oil." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dgbcxsy" ]

[ "They contain a filter that removes the worst of the smoke so you don't end up getting a stained ceiling when you cook. Also, they use a fan that slightly spreads out the hot air they collect, reducing the chance of scorching your cabinets." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fo4kenh" ]

[ "Colorful eggs evolved as a strategy to fight *parasitic brooders*. Those are birds - at least in this context, there are other animals that do it, but we're talking about birds - that lay their eggs in another bird's nest, alongside the nest-builder's eggs. The parasitic brooder gets free parenting! Their young get fed and taken care of by other birds, and the parasitic parents never waste their own energy doing it. This is bad for the \"host\" birds, though. They have less resources to use for their own babies. In fact, many parasitic brooder young instinctively kick other baby birds out of the nest, or fight and kill them. This means the \"host\" parent doesn't waste food on other babies, which suits the parasitic baby just fine. It's not like it has to worry about the continuation of its host's species. To stop this, many birds have evolved bright colors and patterns to their eggs. It makes it easy to spot parasitic eggs. If your egg is bright blue and the parasitic brooders lay plain white eggs, well, that one doesn't belong, kick it out. Of course, parasitic brooders co-evolve with the species around them, including species commonly used as hosts for their parasitic young. So they can *also* evolve eggs that match their hosts' eggs. That's risky, though, since it means they're evolving away from what the eggs look like for any other species, so they get stuck using *only* that species as a host. In [this picture]( URL_0 ) you can see two cardinal eggs and a parasitic cowbird egg. Can you spot the difference? The cowbird egg is a *little* bit smaller. Now here's a picture of [robin eggs and a cowbird egg]( URL_1 ). There's no chance the robin won't notice that!" ]

[ 9 ]

[ [ "http://nadiasyard.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/DSC2599-001.jpg", "https://whyy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/robincowbird.jpg" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gazm00v" ]

[ "Sports aren't a national security matter. If a drug makes weapons builders more clever or soldiers more murderous, it will never be banned." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gir232n" ]

[ "To stop you moving your head up, which puts pressure on the back of the neck/spine. Your head is balancing precariously, atop a support that mounts at the rear of the head. Holding it anywhere up past \"looking horizontal\" takes lots of muscles. Looking ahead takes the normal amount of effort you use throughout the day. Looking down is basically gravity assisted. Thus, for the least amount of strain on your neck, spine and the further body parts which have to support/balance the head, you want to look either straight ahead (as you do for most of the day), or slightly down, but not up. The way to do that if you're staring at a monitor is to have the highest point of the monitor level with your eyes. Imagine having to look at the sky for a long time. You'll have a sore neck by the end of the day. Now do that 8 hours a day, every day, and you get problems. And, you get eye strain if you use your eyes to look up for that amount of time, too. Apart from small movements in the center of your eyeball's range of movements, you should move your head rather than your eyes." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fzrnx39", "fzs4mg9", "fzrr2ze", "fzsq033" ]

[ "Different countries developed the electrical networks/cabling/standards at different times and independently of each other. There was no particular reason to conform to a single standard because international travel was not as widespread as it is now (as well as portable consumer electronics not being popular). Nowadays, there isn’t enough incentive to redo all the wiring to switch to one standard, so everything stays as is." ]

[ 14 ]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dhenw12" ]

[ "Sometimes you talk faster than you think and so you just start repeating words or sounds until your brain catches up." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "girw3z6" ]

[ "It came from the French \"coronel\"; the Italian was \"colonnella\". For many years both pronunciations were actually a thing, and then that \"kernal\" pronunciation became the more popular one in English. you can read more about it here - URL_0" ]

[ 5 ]

[ [ "https://www.etymonline.com/word/colonel#etymonline_v_15841" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e6h85mo" ]

[ "When you are cold, your body constricts (pinches down) blood flow to the arms and legs to keep your core organs warm. This also raises blood pressure and the kidneys try to balance blood pressure by reducing blood volume by removing water through peeing." ]

[ 10 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g4tg6ud", "g4tyt02", "g4tingg" ]

[ "A whole lot of the supposed \"fibonacci spirals\" that appear in nature, are in fact just general logarithmic spirals, misnamed by people. In fact even your example looks by eye to be a bit too tight to be a true fibonacci spiral. So the answer is that, it doesn't really show up more often than lots of other sequences." ]

[ 26 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "diifp3j" ]

[ "Erucic acid is poison so there is a blanket ban on any oil that has too much of it. No one would ever eat enough mustard oil to hurt themselves with it, but it's the sort of ban where not many people in the US were eating mustard oil at the time so they made a really broad ban that sounded good and kept people from poisoning themselves without thinking about more reasonable uses. It's like the ban that bans kindereggs, the ban on putting toys inside food is super reasonable but it catches the kinder eggs even though kinder eggs are giant things no one could accidently swallow just because no one was thinking about that when they made the law." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e8bbn1b" ]

[ "Because bad and good a subjective terms. What one person thinks is bad some other person might think it great. For instance this is a bad ELI5 post, but might be a good askreddit post." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dhrwrfz" ]

[ "Ah, the Niven Stasis Sword. If you cut through cell membranes, they won't stick back together and you will be as cut in half as if it had been a Guillotine. In his novels, sometimes when you use the sword on a metal object in the vacuum of space, the parts stick back together. This is a metal property called cold welding. It is a real thing, and a piece of metal cut with the blade might do this. People are not made of metal, so cold welding doesn't apply to us." ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "epr9tzn", "eprbnkn", "epr9vib", "epsbiuo" ]

[ "They use your arm because it is easy and convenient to get at. They use veins because they don't want to kill you." ]

[ 107 ]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gta1i3s" ]

[ "Generally because that's where they are in the grass you're walking through and the space between your pant leg and sock/shoe is easiest access to skin" ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g4jdhoa", "g4ivqnn", "g4js12q" ]

[ "I'd reckon that greatly depends on the organ. Only a few internal organs posses pain receptors, making most other organs unable to \"feel pain\"." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ddtlbaw" ]

[ "It's a very good question, and one that's not 100% understood. One leading guess is that overuse of a muscle, especially if combined with bad posture and form, can lead to muscle fibers tensing up and restricting blood flow. URL_0" ]

[ 6 ]

[ [ "https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/experts-divided-on-makeup-and-treatment-of-muscle-knots/?_r=0" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "du81go8" ]

[ "You can. However, because of the circular motion the swing makes around the bar as soon as you pass it, you would fall straight down instead of following the pre-bar curved path you had originally been on. This weird phenomenon is called gravity. You can mimic the movement by swinging an object tied to a string in circles. If the movement stops anywhere above the center point the string is attached to the object on the string will fall straight down. You might be able to go a foot or two and take a little bit of roughness after landing on the path again, but any more and you risk more damage. One thing to note though, if the swing was tied to metal poles that rotate around the bar, then you could go higher without any problems since the metal poles would lock the swing in place as you rotate around the bar. As seen here. URL_0" ]

[ 11 ]

[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxBHYCyK3Ow" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gaz48t6", "gaz8mij", "gaz4f6u", "gaz5qjp", "gaz9ey6", "gaz8ydr" ]

[ "Because bologna isn't pronounced baloney, baloney is pronounced baloney. Its a word used in common practice in place of bologna, probably because children can't easily say bologna with the correct pronunciation. Bologna is pronounced \"bo-LO-nya\" and can only refer to the sausage (or the Italian city that gave the sausage its name). Baloney is a spelling that represents an Americanized pronunciation of bologna, and it also came to mean \"nonsense\" in the 1920s." ]

[ 236 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gr8y6fd", "gr8vbyl" ]

[ "If you crumble pieces of paper and throw them in the waste bin, you'll find the bin can only hold some 10s of sheets. Now, use a shredder on the paper before emptying into the bin and you'll find the bin can hold 100s of shredded sheets. The blender is the shredder for your food, cutting it up to smaller bits than your mouth can. Thus, blended smoothies fills less volume in your stomach than chewed food. As for your weight loss, your example with the fruit smoothie should be the same calories if you ate the food or drank it blended. You'll have to consider other parts of your diet. You said you're drinking more soups. Our body can mistake dehydration for hunger, making us eat or snack more than intended. Soup would help relieve your thirst as well as hunger. Solid food is also more calorie dense and harder to judge portions unless you have a scale. Meanwhile, you can easily measure out portions of soup and smoothie in a cup or bowl. You may be doing a better job tracking what you're eating." ]

[ 42 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e1qqjhi" ]

[ "The reason is decompression sickness also know as the bends. The problem is that more gas can be dissolved in a liquid at high pressure then at low. So if you dive deep and stay there for long you get more gas dissolve in the liquid in the body. When the pressure drop the gass will be released and you get bubbled primary of nitrogen in you tissue. The symptoms may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death. So if you stay down for 60 hour you have a lot of nitrogen in your tissue and a quick pressure change could be fatal. So instead you sit in a chamber where the pressure drop slowly. Then most will leave the you body by the lungs. Is is the same reson that regular diver have times accent with pauses so breath out the gas. Divers that work at depth in oil industry, salvage operation often stay at high pressure for long time it have been done for multiple weeks. You have a have a dry habitat on a ship and a diving bell that both are pressure so they can dive and stay in the habitat at constant pressure." ]

[ 15 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dwgitaq", "dwgjhq4" ]

[ "You mean [Dark Matter]( URL_1 )? We don't know. We've never seen it, only observed it's effects. Basically, our observations of the universe seem to suggest that there's a whole lot more mass out there, hidden, because it has gravitational effects on galaxies and whatnot, but *there's nothing we can see out there*. As best as we can tell, it's some other form of matter that just doesn't react with with light (electromagnetism) in any way, making it nearly impossible to observe. Now, I know this sounds like hand-waving bullshit (like older theories of the [cosmic aether]( URL_0 )) but all the math & all our theories **really** strongly point to it existing and we can't find any direct evidence (other than needing to say \"there's dark matter out there\") for our theories and math to be wrong." ]

[ 19 ]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_theories", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter" ], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dzmq8ut", "dzmnnw5", "dzmpe8r", "dzmstkq" ]

[ "In the United States, you sue somebody by submitting a document called a **complaint** with a court. A complaint is a list of allegations and a request for relief (e.g., money). The allegations are facts that, if proven, would entitle the person filing to the relief they're looking for. So for example, a simple complaint (without all of the surrounding legalese) for battery might look like: > 1. On May 26, 2018, John Smith intentionally punched me in the nose. > 2. I was taken to the hospital to care for the injuries directly resulting from the punch, and accrued $1,000 in medical bills. > 3. I seek $1,000 in damages. After the complaint is filed, things get complicated. The person being sued is notified of they complaint (this is what's meant by **service of process**), and they can respond in a whole lot of different ways. After this initial back and forth comes **discovery**, where the parties to the suit can make each other hand over documents and other evidence to each other. After that comes the **trial**, where the parties argue about whether the facts are true to a judge or jury. At various points along the way, the judge can **dismiss** the case for various reasons. At any point the parties can **settle** the case, where the plaintiff (person suing) agrees to withdraw the case, usually in exchange for something from the defendant (person being sued). Yes, you can sue anybody for anything, but if your case doesn't have merit, it will get dismissed pretty fast. People with mental health issues often do stuff like suing the President because the CIA put listening devices in their underwear. People often sue for things that don't give rise to relief--i.e., things that aren't illegal (\"my neighbor looked at me funny\"). Those cases don't last very long. If a lawyer files a case like that, he or she is likely to be sanctioned (ordered to pay money to the court). If a non-lawyer does it many times, they may be prohibited from filing more lawsuits without the court's approval." ]

[ 46 ]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "glqje09", "glrbzu6" ]

[ "From how I understand it, it's mostly just recalled trauma and learned patterns. One had a bad experience with a thing, one's mind stored that thing in the \"in case of emergancy\" box, and now when you encounter the thing or something similar, it causes kinda like a mental allergic reaction. As for the more \"invisible wall\" kind of anxiety, I really don't know. I, personally, don't concider stopping what I want to do, but I just can't bring myself to do it. I'd imagine it's the same as other types, mentally. I think it's mostly just how people process certain stimuli, and sometimes the thing begets a squiffy response which would have been reasonable before, but isn't here." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e4tzkjn" ]

[ "It is because the legs curl inwards when they die when muscles contract and hydraulic pressure is lost. Some have elastic tendons that pull the legs in without any muscle use, that is hot grasshoppers jump. So if a insect die standing on all legs the legs would curl in after a time and they would no longer be stable and fall over. The stable state will be with the legs up so that is the position they end up in." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dn4md5y", "dn4l7dn" ]

[ "I think this is one of the most misunderstand principles of biology and science in general. The whole \"fight or flight\" concept isn't about whether you stay to fight or flee to safety. It's merely about the body's response to a threat ie adrenal response, dilation of blood vessels etc... There may be other theories or concepts that discuss a person's predilection of one towards the other but it is not \"fight or flight\". Source: I'm no scientist but I heard one rant about this once." ]

[ 11 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dfmdc3l", "dfmcf2w", "dfmdt23", "dfmcsuu", "dfn2mia" ]

[ "here are number of reasons that I've regularly heard been given: * Anonymity - if nobody knows who you are you can act however you like without it affecting your standing with others. Online hidden away behind an anonymous username you can be a cocky twat that threatens anything you like and none will likely every know who you really are * Lack of consequences - if you threaten to do X or Y to someone in real life there can be very real consequences, but online a lot of those consequences disappear. * Lack of subtlety/harsh tone - it can be quite hard to write convincingly on subjects without sounding confrontational/adamant, and that friendliness of tone or stressing of the words to soften what is being said can often be entirely lost when written down. As a result there can be a lot of misunderstandings in written communications that, whilst still possible in verbal communication are often easier and quicker to over come. * A wall of strangers - in real life you probably have (like most) a relatively standard social circle - mostly people you know well or who are friends of friends (i.e. not entirely strangers); mostly people whose personalities you understand and whose individual quirks you perhaps learn how to handle and deal with to maintain harmonious relations. Meanwhile online you are likely to engage with different people every day, effectively a new set of strangers every day (hello stranger!) of varying ages, cultural backgrounds. And because it's not a physical relationship where a complete lack of tact/patience would regularly get you into difficult circumstances you can easily be dismissive or unkind, or overly blunt. You know nothing about them so it's easy not to try see their side of the view or to give them the benefit of the doubt when what they say sounds overly harsh All that said I contest the assertion. In my experience the internet is mostly full of helpful and friendly people - sure there's always some people being a twat, but that's kinda the same as real life too. I don't know, maybe I just see it that way but it doesn't feel like people online are any less helpful (proportionally) than real-life - if anything it feels like people are more open to sharing and engaging with strangers online than they are in real life." ]

[ 28 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_heuristic", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_bias" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dggd8cm", "dggccdt", "dggjr3f" ]

[ "Because of something biologists call [sexual selection]( URL_0 ), and as a result of the biological realities of [parental investment]( URL_1 ). In any organism in which one sex must invest more into offspring than the opposite sex, the higher-investing sex will be more discriminating in their choice of mate. It takes a trivial amount of resources and energy for a male mammal to produce a child. But for females, it requires months of expensive gestation and years of child-rearing. This leaves its mark on the psychologies of the sexes. Obviously it's not the only thing that influences our decision-making when it comes to sex, but these basic principles of sexual selection are among the most robust, well-established, and uncontroversial principles in biology and evolutionary psychology." ]

[ 25 ]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_investment" ], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "eem7txm", "eelydcx" ]

[ "Crashes can happen for many different reasons, but most of them boil down to a bunch of people very suddenly realizing that they don't have as much money as they thought they did, and therefore being much more careful with the money they do have. I can't speak knowledgeably about the Great Depression, but I can explain 2008 pretty well. It was a massive criminal fraud. Some companies specialize in making home loans, e.g. mortgages. These companies typically sell the loans they make to big banks, because there's risk in holding a bunch of loans at once if all of a sudden an unexpected number of them go bad. The bank pays a fixed fee to the home loan company based on the quality of the loan (the likelihood of repayment, etc.) and then the bank holds the loan and receives the repayment and the interest, earning a profit in exchange for taking the risk that the homeowner won't repay the loan. All perfectly wholesome. For reasons that will soon become apparent, in the run-up to 2008, the home loan companies started making as many loans as they possibly could, regardless of how likely it was that the person taking out the loan would repay it. The banks continued to buy the mortgages and paid the home loan companies very well for them, even though the quality of the loan was significantly worse. Here's where it gets interesting. The banks packed all those incredibly risky mortgages into financial instruments called CDOs. Each CDO might contain thousands of home loans. The idea is that if you own a CDO, some loans will probably go bad, but most will be fine, and you've therefore lessened the risk of holding them. Still technically wholesome. Now usually what happens is private rating agencies will analyze the financial instrument and give it a rating that represents the risk that you'll lose all your money if you invest in it. The banks pressured the ratings agencies (by threatening to withhold their business) to rate these instruments AAA, the highest possible rating, despite the fact that the loans inside the CDOs were increasingly rotten, and the risk of severe loss was growing. Once the CDOs were rated AAA, they became very easy to sell to all kinds of investors worldwide who had an interest in holding onto super-safe instruments that paid regular amounts, like pension funds. Neither the lenders nor the banks held onto the bad loans: their risk was zero. So the banks had a voracious appetite for these irresponsible loans, since they had a way of disguising them as low-risk investments and selling them. Since the banks would buy even the shittiest loans from them, the lenders showed zero discrimination. If you could fog a mirror and were willing to take out a home mortgage, you were a source of pure profit. In fact, business was so good that the lenders eventually couldn't find enough people willing to take on irresponsible loans. So the banks started creating and selling synthetic CDOs: financial instruments that didn't actually contain any loans, but just copied the behavior of loans that had already been packaged and sold. In other words, pure gambling. Eventually, most of the loans went bad, and anybody holding the CDOs took catastrophic losses. And a lot of institutions were holding them, because everybody trusted those AAA ratings. So you had a housing bubble because the home loan companies were willing to give a stripper five mortgages and she's bidding on multiple houses, then a housing crash when she eventually defaulted and nobody was willing to buy the houses at their inflated values, plus major investors losing their shirts because CDOs were blowing up, plus municipal pension funds suddenly going bankrupt because they'd used the pension money to buy these supposedly safe investments. And that's how you get an economic crash. P.S. Or you can let someone convince you that tulips, internet companies, or cryptocurrency are worth much more than they actually are. Same effect, much more straightforward." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gigy2lo" ]

[ "When it's cold out, our veins constrict to reduce the blood flow to our extremities, so we can keep more blood and heat by our organs. This makes the skin on our hands and feet and such tighten up, which causes pressure on our skin. It also causes the soft tissue in our body to swell, adding tension to joints and making us stiff. This pressure, tension, and stiffness, combined with the fact that our nerves are already super sensitive in the cold, makes any ding, bang, snap, and sting hurt a lot more than it would when we're warm." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "en4bpn3", "en4cxcu", "en4bqqh", "en4bw7f" ]

[ "The teams ranking at the start of the tournament. It could be based on performance during the season, the results of the last tournament, random, or something else. Usually in tournaments the first seed plays the last seed, then 2nd seed plays 2nd to last, etc. This is so hopefully the two best teams get to the end of the tournament to play each other and the weaker teams get knocked out early." ]

[ 11 ]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gv4lhjv", "gv4lkhr", "gv4ksbl", "gv5eqhd" ]

[ "Because viruses aren't alive. Bacteria are single celled organisms and you can attack different parts of those cells that they need in order to live. Viruses on the other hand use our own cells' machinery to reproduce. But, of course, it's very difficult to target our own cells' machinery without potentially damaging them in the process." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVUf_pt7Sh0" ], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "efe42oh", "efe2mhc", "efe4jgr" ]

[ "Photosynthesis doesn't deconstruct CO2. It uses CO2 in enzymatic reactions to add organic molecules to it, which ultimately turns it into sugars or other macromolecules. Photosynthesis \"fixes\" carbon. So it converts CO2. & #x200B; It isn't impossible to use photosynthesis as a way to curb carbon emissions. In fact it is being done all over the world: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) & #x200B; It comes down to infrastructure investment. If our government provided massive tax breaks and subsidy to build these farms we would. As it stands our government (US that is) doesn't think carbon emissions are a problem and therefore doesn't support this technology at the scale needed. & #x200B; & #x200B;" ]

[ 5 ]

[ [ "https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2018/06/15/see-how-algae-could-change-our-world/#3629cf4f3e46" ], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ggd6x6m" ]

[ "Have you ever played Mario Kart? When you're playing Mario Kart and you're in last place, you're more likely to get good items from boxes, like stars or lighting bolts. When you're in the lead you're not likely to get these. These mechanics make it easier to make up ground when you're in the back, and harder to stay in the lead when you're in the front. This kind of mechanic is sometimes called \"rubber banding\" because its effect is to pull the higher and lower ranked people closer together. This isn't the case in the modern economy. Being in the \"lead\" makes it easier to stay in the lead. As a result, when people become wealthy or powerful, it becomes easier for them to get even *further* ahead. Over time this results in the concentration of wealth amongst a small group of people. Or to put it another way, this results in greater inequality. Of note is that since this is \"inverse rubber banding\", two people who are theoretically equal in skill or competency would still become unequal over time if one of them started out in a better position than another. So its not purely a matter of the people on top having earned their place. So why does this inverse rubber banding effect happen? Well, a few main reasons. One is that money can be used as influence, and so people with lots of money have lots of influence, and can use that influence to make things easier for themselves, while the people without money can't. For example, if you were raised in a wealthy family you can afford to pay to go to a high end school, and that will help you be successful later in life. But if you are just as intelligent but poor, you can't afford to go to the best school, so you're forced to go to whatever is available, which might be of lower quality. On a larger scale, wealthy people can also use their influence to change the rules of the economy to be more favorable to them. This is called \"lobbying\" and rich people are able to do it more effectively by spending large amounts of money to get the attention of policy makers. Another reason is that money can be used as a *replacement* for competency. Amazon sells diapers online. One time a company called URL_0 started selling diapers too. They did a better job and as a result started taking money away from Amazon. So what Amazon did was sell their diapers at a loss for a long time, selling them so cheap that URL_0 couldn't compete and got bought out. Then Amazon raised their prices again. Amazon didn't win because they did a better job than URL_0 , they won because they had more money, and no one could compete with that. But perhaps the most egregiously unfair aspect of the economy that ensures inequality will arise is that our economy is strongly built on exponential growth and investments with exponential return. This is a problem because more traditional ways of gaining wealth, like through labor, are linear, not exponential. And exponential growth is faster than linear. So you make more money, and make it faster, if you make your money through intangible means like investments or capital ownership. You make less money if you try to make it through hard work. This is a problem because in order to effectively make money through capital ownership or investment, you need to already have a lot of money. See how thats a problem? The richest people have more access to the money making method that makes money the fastest. So if you are richer than another person, you are able to make more money faster than they can, which will increase the gap between you. Hence the inverse rubber banding." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [ "Diapers.com" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gqosd8d" ]

[ "The cell phone tower will issue each phone with a time slot and frequency when it is allowed to transmitt and when to receive. When the phone is in standby the time slots will be very small and far between. But when the phone starts using data or a phone call is made the time slots become longer and more frequent to allow for higher bandwidth. The cell tower will make sure that no two phones are given the same time slot on the same frequency if they are close enough to interfere with each other. This often requires cooperation with other nearby cell towers." ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "djy6ch0", "djyc6vw" ]

[ "Most probably go to their sister divisions within the corp as a refurbished items. They'll have another store sell the refurbished items for a profit. Many of these stores also require a new contract for phones to do am upgrade trade so they make their money off of your monthly contract and/or sale of refurbished items elsewhere in the company." ]

[ 11 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "epb0erl" ]

[ "There's a really deep neuroscience explanation that's way over my head, but basically, we just evolved that way. We developed eyes because it's super advantageous to be able to see. The better eyesight you have the better your chance of survival, so over millions of years we learned (evolved) to make sense of what our eyes were telling us." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "elhjs0x", "elhoos3" ]

[ "Carbs are just one energy source (macronutrients) that provide calories and thus ‘energy’ - the other two being fats and proteins Keto is a high fat, low carb diet and as long as enough calories are consumed it absolutely provides enough energy What people often mean when they say it gives them *more energy* is that they have less of the brain fog or lethargy that can be typical of a high carbohydrate diet" ]

[ 5 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gld5yea" ]

[ "Nerves use ions to transmit signals along their length (called an \"action potential\") until they get to the gap between nerves (which are the \"synapses\"), which then spit out some more ions and other chemicals to activate the next nerve. Both of these processes take energy. Take a molecule like potassium chloride. It has a positive side (potassium) and a negative side (chloride). If you split the molecule apart, you get the two ions with those charges. The ions are attracted to each other like two magnets. So what your nerves do is put one ion on the inside of the cell membrane, just kind of floating around and hanging out, and the other ion on the outside just kind of floating around and hanging out. Because they're attracted to each other, they'll tend to hang out near the cell membrane on opposite sides, like two magnets on opposite sides of a piece of cardboard. With so many negatively charged ions around them inside the cell and so many positive ions away from them, the negative ions inside *really* want to be outside. Likewise, the positive ions *really* want to be inside. Neither can get in or out because of the cell membrane. The action potential happens when special gates are opened in the cell membrane, allowing the ions to flood in and out towards each other at one end of the cell. This causes the ions to swap places, which drags all the other ions around. It's a bit like [dropping a magnet into a pile of other magnets]( URL_3 ) and they all flip around. This wave of flipping ionic charges travels down the nerve [like so]( URL_2 ). Once the process is finished, the ions have to be separated and reset, which takes *work*. The ions are attracted to each other, right? So, like pulling apart two magnets you have to use energy to separate them. Your cells have special gates in the membranes that act like pumps, grabbing onto the ions and forcing them in or out of the cell as needed, *against* the direction those ions want to go. Activating those ion pumps takes energy - specifically, an energized electron is put onto the pump, which changes its shape [as seen in this gif]( URL_1 ) from a [Crash Course]( URL_0 ) video (link goes to their video on action potentials). Communicating across synapses also takes some energy. When the action potential reaches the end of the nerve it triggers the release of neurotransmitters. Those chemical are spit out of the nerve and float across to the next nerve, where they bind to special proteins on the membrane, which triggers an action potential in the next nerve. Building those neurotransmitters takes energy, too. They have to be assembled from amino acids just like every other protein. Plus, they have to be broken down and removed, too. Once they trigger the next nerve, they have to go away so the nerve can reset. Imagine communicating with a telegraph, pressing a button for a beep and releasing the button for no beep. The neurotransmitters are pushing the button. But you can't have a telegraph message with the button constantly pressed, because then it would be nothing but one beep, right? You have to be able to turn it *off*, too. To do this, your brain is full of enzymes that attack and break apart the neurotransmitters so that they stop \"pushing the button\" on other nerves. It also prevents them from floating too far and activating other nerves that aren't meant to be activated. The pieces of the neurotransmitters can be reused and put back together but - you guessed it - building the enzymes to break them apart takes energy and putting them back together takes energy. Most of the energy your brain uses comes from those ion pumps, which are constantly moving ions across the cell membrane so that your brain can keep working. Since humans have a *ton* of neurons in our brains, and we use them *a lot*, we need a lot of energy to maintain the right balance of ions inside and outside the cells. TL;DR: Your brain uses tiny atomic magnets to transmit a signal down the length of the nerve cell. The magnets balanced against the force pulling them together, and released to send the signal. Your brain has to use energy to pull the tiny magnets apart before they can be used again." ]

[ 16 ]

[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZG8M_ldA1M", "https://thumbs.gfycat.com/HalfFelineHornshark-small.gif", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Action_Potential.gif/640px-Action_Potential.gif", "https://thumbs.gfycat.com/DistantCluelessHairstreak-size_restricted.gif" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fdwaz6y" ]

[ "> Isn't it just a copy of digital files? No, it's a unique registration key that gives you access to a copy of those files. Like if you bought a voucher at the entrance to a mall for a sweater at Macy's, and then went to Macy's and turned your voucher in for the sweater. The publisher gives a limited list of keys to the retail store, and so the retail store has a limited quantity of keys to provide. The keys have to be unique for quality control (preventing resale) and to prevent abuse of any regional controls." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fpkinge", "fpkjipb", "fpkgxtd" ]

[ "Ripening is actually a decaying process. The starches in the fruit break down over time into sugars. Thus when unripe, a fruit is generally tough and not very sweet compared to its ripened state. And if left out too long, the fruit eventually gets very soft and mushy as the process continues." ]

[ 12 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "em3j16d", "em3hrre" ]

[ "Did you miss the planes crashing recently? How many cars get major recalls? Software is not immune to mistakes, but it's compounded by a combination of users that use it poorly and hardware not created by the software developers. As a programmer, I can't make your hard drive not suck. I also can't make you keep enough free space, or run other software that conflicts with mine." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "du4omzb" ]

[ "There isn't a satisfying answer to this. It simply *is*. We observe that this is the case, so the \"why\" is that it does. All of our theories about the universe and how it works (and why things do things the way they do things) all *rely* on the fact that light travels at the same speed to all observers." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e112lzf", "e115687", "e112urs" ]

[ "That configuration made the corners just tiny spots. For the 1900 season the owners changed the shape of the home base in an effort to give umpires a better view of the base to be able to call balls and strikes." ]

[ 10 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dxrkwm1" ]

[ "The human body has multiple limits, and running stresses several of them. For an experienced runner, all those limits will be at about the same level and their training is all about push them in controlled amounts to bring them up together, like your intuition. But if you're inexperienced, your various limits are all over the place. If some of them are slower to manifest, or don't give a lot of feedback right away, it's really easy to be fooled into thinking you're pushing yourself the right amount but you're really way past your limits on some things. That's especially a problem after a couple weeks, because people usually see impressive gains at first in their endurance, and start increasing their mileage and think they're doing great, then the tendonitis starts or something. It's actually not that far from strength training, where a person might do some complex lift with horrible form and try to power through using strength. They're just setting themselves up for problems." ]

[ 12 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dhsl7lb", "dhsm5c3" ]

[ "Well first, I don't think someone would notice the slight change of temperature. It's like feeling the difference between 73 degrees and 74 degrees but hotter. Also the heat would start to burn your skin and damage nerves which would tell your brain that it is hot. So the highest temperature someone could feel is the temperature is when their nerves are damaged enough to where they can't feel anything." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [], [ "http://www.cis.rit.edu/people/faculty/montag/vandplite/pages/chap_3/ch3p1.html" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "eer0n1k", "eer1kxx", "eer2dnk" ]

[ "Simply put, studies have shown that so long as an EV is driven for a certain amount of time, (\\~10 years IIRC) the emissions related to its manufacturing and continued use are less than that of a vehicle with an ICE even when electricity is produced by coal. When the energy is produced in a more sustainable manner, that time is much shorter." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gy1hj5j", "gy1hplv" ]

[ "It's called Sudden, Brief, Unilateral, Tapering Tinnitus or SBUTT. Yes, unfortunate acronym. It is NOT Tinnitus which is regular and permanent (if not continuing to increase). I don't believe there's information on what causes it. However there are some studies that show relaxing jaw muscles help make it go away quickly." ]

[ 15 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gpgl36w" ]

[ "No, they don’t move instantly, if you’re just pushing it. It takes time (speed of sound in the material) for molecules far from the point you’re pushing to “realize” that the object is being pushed. The object compresses a little bit as long as it’s under acceleration then rebounds when the acceleration stops. If it’s being accelerated uniformly by an external field, like gravity over short distances or some electrical fields, then it can all accelerate together." ]

[ 10 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ejbfs8j" ]

[ "There are better quality options available, however, it requires that every piece of equipment along the way support the higher quality protocol. That is to say, your phone has to support it, your carrier has to support it, the other guy's carrier has to support it, and his phone has to support it. Any incompatibilities, and it falls back to the older protocols. Why has there not been a bigger push? Because it's not really a huge demand--regular voice support falls into a \"good enough\" category for most people. People don't really want to pay extra for \"HD Voice\" support, and probably put it below data speeds, free Netflix, etc when comparing providers, so it's not a big priority for carriers." ]

[ 8 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dk4p9hq", "dk4u7mf", "dk4oa8s", "dk4namw" ]

[ "Yes. If a child can multiply 12 and 4 and get 48, it doesn't really matter to an algebra teacher what method they used to arrive at the conclusion, as long as applying the same rules to 13 x 3 would give an answer of 39. I think the common core style of addition/subtraction might even be better preparation for algebra. A lot of the confusion that middle school kids have with subtraction and negative numbers are easier to grasp if you think of addition and subtraction as movement along the number line instead of increasing and decreasing quantities of objects." ]

[ 10 ]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e2vim6f", "e2vl5fu", "e2vmmzm", "e2voi7h", "e2vipq0", "e2vlruc", "e2viby8", "e2vlj9f", "e2vnjf9", "e2vqzms", "e2vint2", "e2vnq2v", "e2vr12j", "e2vr04p", "e2vq2ls" ]

[ "Think in terms of photons. To see a dinosaur light would have to reflect off of that dinosaur and travel to your telescope. Light spreads out, so the further away you are, the fewer photons will reach you. At 60 million light years away the number of photons reaching you from that particular dinosaur are basically zero. If the dinosaur were very well lit, and didn't move, and the earth didn't move, and you took a photo over several millenia, it would still be a very dark picture. Although then you'd have worry about other light sources (like stars and galaxies in the way), space dust, and the fact your telescope would need to be the size of a galaxy to bring the dinosaur into focus. So I'm going with... No. Not really possible, even with a big telescope (and a well behaved dinosaur)." ]

[ 6372 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://youtu.be/HcsOngKjtKI" ], [], [ "https://youtu.be/SbXNmVsp_t8" ], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e43kifj" ]

[ "I’m in school for plant bio right now! Plants choose to ripen their berries on a rolling basis in order to make their berries available to a larger number of berry eaters. If they released them all at the same time, it’s less likely that they would all be eaten. Doing this also ensures that a diverse group of eaters get their share. This helps the plant by making sure their seeds are distributed safely and to different areas. Depending on the plant, in a given cluster of fruits either the end (terminal) fruit or the fruit closest to the base (basal) will ripen first. This has to do with the age of the flower that the fruit came from. Typically the flowers will be rolled out too (to make sure they get plenty of different pollinators too!) The plants that don’t do this are working with a different strategy, or may be more “confident” that they will be able to find the pollinators and eaters they need. If you’re asking why certain branches may mature first, a lot of the time the hormonal basis of the shoot that the fruits are on can have an impact. This is a fairly random process and has to do with light, damage from insects, and other stressors. The branches may too just have invisible stressors acting on them that may cause the berries to take more time to ripen. Note as well that the cause of the berries ripening wouldn’t have much to do with resources that that branch is able to acquire, but more to do with its hormonal signalling. This can be associated with the degree of pollination the flowers received, the viability of the embryos, genetic differences across the plant and other things. It is very possible that some branches began flowering before others even formed, so while their berries are ripening, the others are still puny. To expand on this, the switch that is pushed to ripen the berry comes from the age of the embryo. When the seed is at maturity, it emits hormones that signal the fruit around it to ripen. The plant isn’t choosing to ripen the fruit, the fruit chooses to become ripe. I hope this helps answer your question!" ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gr2t9xj", "gr2w26g", "gr2t96d" ]

[ "Many people who have been poor their entire lives don't really have the training or skill to handle getting a ton of money all at once. They don't know how to invest money, or how to handle paying taxes on a large amount of income, or how to deal with relatives who ask for help now that you're rich. A lot of people who were poor then won the lottery end up losing all of the money very quickly, spending it too fast, or making bad financial decisions due to a lack of experience." ]

[ 14 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]