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OBJECTIVE	The present study aims to provide rationale , methodology , and initial findings of a multicentre , randomised trial of fibrinolysis for PE that used a composite end-point , including quality of life measures .	The present study aims to provide rationale, methodology, and initial findings of a multicentre, randomised trial of fibrinolysis for PE that used a composite end-point, including quality of life measures.
METHODS	This investigator-initiated study was funded by a contract between a corporate partner and the investigator 's hospital ( the prime site ) .	This investigator-initiated study was funded by a contract between a corporate partner and the investigator 's hospital (the prime site).
METHODS	The investigator was the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) sponsor .	The investigator was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sponsor.
METHODS	The prime site subcontracted , indemnified , and trained consortia members .	The prime site subcontracted, indemnified, and trained consortia members.
METHODS	Consenting , normotensive patients with PE and right ventricular strain ( by echocardiography or biomarkers ) received low-molecular-weight heparin and random assignment to a single bolus of tenecteplase or placebo in double-blinded fashion .	Consenting, normotensive patients with PE and right ventricular strain (by echocardiography or biomarkers) received low-molecular-weight heparin and random assignment to a single bolus of tenecteplase or placebo in double-blinded fashion.
METHODS	The outcomes were : ( i ) in-hospital rate of intubation , vasopressor support , and major haemorrhage , or ( ii ) at 90 days , death , recurrent PE , or composite that defined poor quality of life ( echocardiography , 6 min walk test and surveys ) .	The outcomes were : (i) in-hospital rate of intubation, vasopressor support, and major haemorrhage, or (ii) at 90 days, death, recurrent PE, or composite that defined poor quality of life (echocardiography, 6 min walk test and surveys).
METHODS	The planned sample size was n = 200 .	The planned sample size was n = 200.
RESULTS	Eight sites enrolled 87 patients over 5 years .	Eight sites enrolled 87 patients over 5 years.
RESULTS	The ratio of patients screened for each enrolled was 7.4 to 1 , equating to 11 h screening time per patient enrolled .	The ratio of patients screened for each enrolled was 7. 4 to 1, equating to 11 h screening time per patient enrolled.
RESULTS	Primary barrier to enrolment was the cost of screening .	Primary barrier to enrolment was the cost of screening.
RESULTS	Two patients died ( 2.5 % , 95 % CI [ 0-8 % ] ) , one developed shock , but 18 ( 22 % , 95 % CI : [ 13-30 % ] ) had a poor quality of life .	Two patients died (2. 5 %, 95 % CI [0-8 %]), one developed shock, but 18 (22 %, 95 % CI : [13-30 %]) had a poor quality of life.
CONCLUSIONS	An investigator-initiated , FDA-regulated , multicentre trial of fibrinolysis for submassive PE was conducted , but was limited by screening costs and a low mortality rate .	An investigator-initiated, FDA-regulated, multicentre trial of fibrinolysis for submassive PE was conducted, but was limited by screening costs and a low mortality rate.
CONCLUSIONS	Quality of life measurements might represent a more important patient-centred end-point .	Quality of life measurements might represent a more important patient-centred end-point.
OBJECTIVE	To compare in vivo bitewing film quality using the holder versus the paper loop technique .	To compare in vivo bitewing film quality using the holder versus the paper loop technique.
METHODS	Four bitewing films were taken from the right and left premolar and molar regions of 45 dental students using both the bitewing holder and paper loop techniques .	Four bitewing films were taken from the right and left premolar and molar regions of 45 dental students using both the bitewing holder and paper loop techniques.
METHODS	A total of 360 films were taken and assessed by an experienced practitioner not apprised of the bitewing technique used .	A total of 360 films were taken and assessed by an experienced practitioner not apprised of the bitewing technique used.
METHODS	Of interest were : ( 1 ) the number of overlaps and the percentage of teeth showing the alveolar crest ; ( 2 ) proper film positioning ; and ( 3 ) the percentage of cone cutting .	Of interest were : (1) the number of overlaps and the percentage of teeth showing the alveolar crest ; (2) proper film positioning ; and (3) the percentage of cone cutting.
METHODS	A Poisson regression using generalized estimating equations ( GEEs ) was used to estimate the difference in overlap between the two techniques .	A Poisson regression using generalized estimating equations (GEEs) was used to estimate the difference in overlap between the two techniques.
METHODS	For proper positioning and cone cutting , logistic regressions using GEEs were used .	For proper positioning and cone cutting, logistic regressions using GEEs were used.
RESULTS	The average number of horizontal overlaps for the loop and holder techniques at the right premolar , right molar , left premolar , and left molar were 1.64 , 2.11 , 2.16 , 2.78 , and 1.64 , 2.00 , 2.00 , 2.18 , respectively .	The average number of horizontal overlaps for the loop and holder techniques at the right premolar, right molar, left premolar, and left molar were 1. 64, 2. 11, 2. 16, 2. 78, and 1. 64, 2. 00, 2. 00, 2. 18, respectively.
RESULTS	The loop technique was 1.11 times more likely to cause overlapping than the holder technique .	The loop technique was 1. 11 times more likely to cause overlapping than the holder technique.
RESULTS	The highest percentage of teeth showing the alveolar crest by the loop technique was 97.8 % in the mandibular second premolar and first molar .	The highest percentage of teeth showing the alveolar crest by the loop technique was 97. 8 % in the mandibular second premolar and first molar.
RESULTS	With respect to film positioning , the loop technique was 1.12 times more likely to cause improper positioning than the holder technique .	With respect to film positioning, the loop technique was 1. 12 times more likely to cause improper positioning than the holder technique.
RESULTS	Both techniques demonstrated minimal cone cutting ( 1 in the loop versus 0 in the holder ) .	Both techniques demonstrated minimal cone cutting (1 in the loop versus 0 in the holder).
CONCLUSIONS	The quality of bitewing films taken by the loop and holder techniques was not significantly different .	The quality of bitewing films taken by the loop and holder techniques was not significantly different.
OBJECTIVE	To evaluate clinical efficacy and toxicity of low-dose oral natural human interferon-alpha ( nHuIFN alpha ) on CD4 + lymphocyte counts and clinical symptoms in patients with HIV-1 infection .	To evaluate clinical efficacy and toxicity of low-dose oral natural human interferon-alpha (nHuIFN alpha) on CD4 + lymphocyte counts and clinical symptoms in patients with HIV-1 infection.
METHODS	Double-blind , randomized , placebo-controlled trial with crossover .	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with crossover.
METHODS	Private practice specializing in the treatment of patients with AIDS .	Private practice specializing in the treatment of patients with AIDS.
METHODS	Only patients with HIV-1 infection and CD4 + lymphocyte counts between 200 and 500 x 10 ( 6 ) / l were included for study .	Only patients with HIV-1 infection and CD4 + lymphocyte counts between 200 and 500 x 10 (6) / l were included for study.
METHODS	Thirty out of thirty-one patients at study entry completed treatment with placebo , and 29 completed nHuIFN alpha treatment .	Thirty out of thirty-one patients at study entry completed treatment with placebo, and 29 completed nHuIFN alpha treatment.
METHODS	Mean patient age was 36 years ( range , 25-58 years ) .	Mean patient age was 36 years (range, 25-58 years).
METHODS	The 30 patients included 26 men , of whom 22 were homosexual , and four women ; five were drug users and none were currently on zidovudine therapy , although three had been previously .	The 30 patients included 26 men, of whom 22 were homosexual, and four women ; five were drug users and none were currently on zidovudine therapy, although three had been previously.
METHODS	Patients were randomly assigned to cohorts of 10 to receive either 200 IU nHuIFN alpha once daily orally absorbed or placebo with crossover after 6 weeks .	Patients were randomly assigned to cohorts of 10 to receive either 200 IU nHuIFN alpha once daily orally absorbed or placebo with crossover after 6 weeks.
METHODS	Every 2 weeks , a detailed history , physical examination , and laboratory tests , including CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocyte counts , were conducted .	Every 2 weeks, a detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocyte counts, were conducted.
RESULTS	There was only a slight , transient increase in mean CD4 + lymphocyte counts after 4 weeks of treatment with nHuIFN alpha , compared with a slight decline when placebo was administered .	There was only a slight, transient increase in mean CD4 + lymphocyte counts after 4 weeks of treatment with nHuIFN alpha, compared with a slight decline when placebo was administered.
RESULTS	This effect reached statistical significance in a subgroup of patients only and was not sustained after 6 weeks .	This effect reached statistical significance in a subgroup of patients only and was not sustained after 6 weeks.
RESULTS	There were no significant changes in weight and clinical symptoms .	There were no significant changes in weight and clinical symptoms.
RESULTS	All patients remained HIV-1-antibody-positive .	All patients remained HIV-1-antibody-positive.
RESULTS	Treatment-related adverse reactions were not observed .	Treatment-related adverse reactions were not observed.
CONCLUSIONS	Our double-blind , randomized , placebo-controlled clinical trial did not confirm a previous report of efficiency of oral nHuIFN alpha .	Our double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial did not confirm a previous report of efficiency of oral nHuIFN alpha.