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3! 2! 1! GO!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Now you can't change your past.
But you can determine your destiny by deciding for Christ.
But Christ can change your past.
He died on the cross
so that all the sins you've ever committed
all the things you've ever done wrong
are forgiven.
What do you have to do?
You have to repent of your sins.
That means to be willing to change your way of living.
You may have no power to do it.
You may not have power to give up some of those habits you know are wrong.
You may not have power to fall in love with your wife again.
You may not have power to change your whole life that you know needs to be changed.
But if you surrender to Christ, he'll give you the power.
You say, "Well Billy, I don't know what else to do."
I've been baptized, I joined the church and so forth.
But I don't really have peace and joy and power in my life
all that you're talking about.
How do I get it?
Jesus Christ said, "I am the Way."
Come to Christ!
He will give you a new strength and a new power,
and a new joy and a new peace and a purpose for living.
Every person that ever lived has to make the same choice.
It's either the world and its pleasures and its gods,
or it's Christ.
Which is it for you?
Who are you choosing, who are you voting for?
Choosing rather to suffer the affliction with the people of God than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season.
Oh yes...there's pleasure in sin for a short time.
But it's soon over.
The hangover comes.
And there's nothing you can do about it.
It's going to be there.
Choose Christ!
And there will never be a hangover, except joy and peace
And it's an urgent decision because to delay makes the right decision harder.
Indecision in itself is a choice.
Not to decide is to decide not to.
If you have a ticket for a flight to Atlanta tonight and can't decide whether to go or not,
if you wait past the departure time, the choice will have been made.
The plane will take off without you.
Decisions are made whether we make them or not.
Time decides if you will not.
And time always decides against you.
There's a lonely arena in the depths of your heart where the greatest battle of life must be fought alone.
That's your decision about Christ.
Your parents can't make it for you, the church can't make it for you,
your friends can't make it for you, your girlfriend, your boyfriend can't make it for you.
You have to make it yourself.
And you must decide tonight.
There are hundreds of people here tonight that have to decide tonight
and your decision tonight, yes or no,
will decide where you'll be a hundred years from now.
If you're not sure that you're ready to meet God,
if you're not sure you're going to heaven, and you're not sure that your sins are forgiven,
you come and make sure tonight.
I believe that none of you are here by accident tonight.
I believe that you're here on this particular night because this is the night that you are to meet God in a new way,
and receive him into your heart.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
>>> LOOK AT THAT NAME FOR ONE
>>> LOOK AT THAT NAME FOR ONE
SECOND.
SECOND.
JAMES DENTON.
JAMES DENTON.
HE BECAME A HOUSEHOLD NAME AFTER
PLAYING MIKE DELFINO WHOME AFTER
PLAYING MIKE DELFINO WHO
SERVICED ALL THE
SERVICED ALL THE
THE DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES.
THE DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES.
>> NOW HE IS SAM GOODRICH.
TONE THEY PLAN THEIR WEDDING.
TONE THEY PLAN THEIR WEDDING.
>> WELCOME TO THE PARTY.
>> WELCOME TO THE PARTY.
>> THANK YOU.
>> THANK YOU.
>> WE LOVE HAVING YOU FOR A
>> WE LOVE HAVING YOU FOR A
BUNCH OF REASONS.
BUNCH OF REASONS.
ONE IS YOURE LIKE THE OPPOSITE
ONE IS YOURE LIKE THE OPPOSITE
OF HOLLYWOOD.
OF HOLLYWOOD.
WHEN YOU COME IN THIS PLACE, WE
WHEN YOU COME IN THIS PLACE, WE
FEEL SOMETHING GOING ON.
FEEL SOMETHING GOING ON.
YOU ACTUALLY LIVE IN
YOU ACTUALLY LIVE IN
MINNEAPOLIS, AND THATS WHERE
MINNEAPOLIS, AND THATS WHERE
YOUR FAMILY IS, AND YOU WORK
YOUR FAMILY IS, AND YOU WORK
ELSEWHERE.
ELSEWHERE.
>> YEAH, AND THANK YOU, YOUVE
>> YEAH, AND THANK YOU, YOUVE
BEEN REALLY GREAT TO US TO HELP
PROMOTE THE SHOW AND ITS SUCH A
PROMOTE THE SHOW AND ITS SUCH A
GREAT, FEEL-GOOD -- EVERYTHING
GREAT, FEEL-GOOD -- EVERYTHING
HALLMARK IS DOING IS SO MUCH
HALLMARK IS DOING IS SO MUCH
FUN.
FUN.
YEAH, I GOT OUT OF THERE WITH
YEAH, I GOT OUT OF THERE WITH
THE KIDS AND WENT TO MINNEAPOLIS
THE KIDS AND WENT TO MINNEAPOLIS
WHERE MY WIFE GREW UP.
WHERE MY WIFE GREW UP.
IT IS A DIFFERENT LIFESTYLE, BUT
IT IS A DIFFERENT LIFESTYLE, BUT
WE SHOOT IN TORONTO.
WE SHOOT IN TORONTO.
THE MOVIES IVE DONE HAVE BEEN
THE MOVIES IVE DONE HAVE BEEN
IN PUERTO RICO AND LOUISIANA.
IN PUERTO RICO AND LOUISIANA.
>> YOU SEEM LIKE YOURE JUST
>> YOU SEEM LIKE YOURE JUST
LIKE US, JUST LIKE A REGULAR
LIKE US, JUST LIKE A REGULAR
GUY.
GUY.
ARE YOU?
ARE YOU?
>> IM VERY REGULAR, I CAN TELL
YOU THAT.Y REGULAR, I CAN TELL
YOU THAT.
I GREW UP IN TENNESSEE.
I STARTED ACTING REALLY LATE.
I STARTED ACTING REALLY LATE.
I FELL IN LOVE WITH THEATER IN
I FELL IN LOVE WITH THEATER IN
MY LATE 20s.
MY LATE 20s.
SO I STARTED JUST DOING THEATER
SO I STARTED JUST DOING THEATER
AND NEVER INTENDED TO GET IN
AND NEVER INTENDED TO GET IN
FRONT OF THE CAMERA.
FRONT OF THE CAMERA.
SO I WAS LATE TO IT AND I THINK
SO I WAS LATE TO IT AND I THINK
I WAS ABLE TO APPRECIATE HOW
I WAS ABLE TO APPRECIATE HOW
FORTUNATE I WAS AND DONT TAKE
FORTUNATE I WAS AND DONT TAKE
IT FOR GRANTED.
IT FOR GRANTED.
>> YOU BRING CALM TO THE STUDIO.
SPEAKING OF CALM, I WAS WATCHING
SPEAKING OF CALM, I WAS WATCHING
THE SHOW THIS MORNING, AND YOU
THE SHOW THIS MORNING, AND YOU
KNOW THE SONG "EASY LIKE A
KNOW THE SONG "EASY LIKE A
SUNDAY MORNING"?
SUNDAY MORNING"?
>> LOVE IT.
>> LOVE IT.
>> THATS THE WAY IT FEELS WHEN
>> THATS THE WAY IT FEELS WHEN
YOU WATCH THIS SHOW.
YOU WATCH THIS SHOW.
ITS EASY TO WATCH.
ITS EASY TO WATCH.
THERES STILL THE PLOT, THERES
THERES STILL THE PLOT, THERES
STILL THE ACTION, BUT IT JUST
STILL THE ACTION, BUT IT JUST
FEELS GOOD.
FEELS GOOD.
>> THANK YOU, AND THATS A
CREDIT TO EVERYBODY INVOLVED.
CREDIT TO EVERYBODY INVOLVED.
YOU SEE SARA POWER AND BAILEE
YOU SEE SARA POWER AND BAILEE
MADISON AND KATHERINE BELL.
MADISON AND KATHERINE BELL.
ITS A FUN ATMOSPHERE AND I
ITS A FUN ATMOSPHERE AND I
THINK PEOPLE CAN FEEL IT.
THINK PEOPLE CAN FEEL IT.
HALLMARK IS THE PLACE PEOPLE ARE
HALLMARK IS THE PLACE PEOPLE ARE
TURNING FOR HAPPY ENDINGS AND
TURNING FOR HAPPY ENDINGS AND
PEOPLE TREATING EACH OTHER WELL.
PEOPLE TREATING EACH OTHER WELL.
ITS SORT OF A BASTION OF THAT,
ITS SORT OF A BASTION OF THAT,
AND PEOPLE ARE RESPONDING SO
AND PEOPLE ARE RESPONDING SO
WERE HAPPY FOR THAT.
WERE HAPPY FOR THAT.
>> SO IF YOURE TURNING ON YOUR
>> SO IF YOURE TURNING ON YOUR
SHOW AND YOU HAVENT SEEN IT
SHOW AND YOU HAVENT SEEN IT
BEFORE, GIVE ME THE CLIFFNOTES.
BEFORE, GIVE ME THE CLIFFNOTES.
>> SHES NOT A WITCH, BUT WERE
>> SHES NOT A WITCH, BUT WERE
NOT SURE WHAT SHE IS.
NOT SURE WHAT SHE IS.
SHE HAS SOME REALLY FASCINATING
SHE HAS SOME REALLY FASCINATING
INTUITION, IS ABLE TO STEER
INTUITION, IS ABLE TO STEER
PEOPLE IN A DIRECTION THAT MAKES
PEOPLE IN A DIRECTION THAT MAKES
THEM HAPPY.
THEM HAPPY.
SHES ABLE TO ANTICIPATE THINGS,
SHES ABLE TO ANTICIPATE THINGS,
SO WE LIKE TO IMPLY THE MAGIC OF
SO WE LIKE TO IMPLY THE MAGIC OF
IT, WHICH IS FUN, AND THAT WHOLE
IT, WHICH IS FUN, AND THAT WHOLE
BUNCH OF WOMEN HAVE THAT GIFT.
BUNCH OF WOMEN HAVE THAT GIFT.
BUT ITS MORE OF INTUITION THAN
BUT ITS MORE OF INTUITION THAN
TWITCH YOUR NOSE AND THINGS
TWITCH YOUR NOSE AND THINGS
DISAPPEAR.
DISAPPEAR.
BUT ITS FUN BECAUSE IT MAKES
BUT ITS FUN BECAUSE IT MAKES
PEOPLE HAPPY, SO YOURE GOING TO
GET THAT FUN, HAPPY ENDING.G TO
GET THAT FUN, HAPPY ENDING.
>> YOURE OBVIOUSLY A DAD
>> YOURE OBVIOUSLY A DAD
YOURSELF.
YOURSELF.
AND EVA LONGORIA WALKING THE RED
AND EVA LONGORIA WALKING THE RED
CARPET, SHES ABOUT TO HAVE A
CARPET, SHES ABOUT TO HAVE A
BABY.
BABY.
DO YOU HAVE ANY ADVICE FOR HER?
DO YOU HAVE ANY ADVICE FOR HER?
>> I WOULD NEVER GIVE MOTHERS
>> I WOULD NEVER GIVE MOTHERS
ADVICE.
ADVICE.
EXPECTING FATHERS, YES.
EXPECTING FATHERS, YES.
THERES ONLY SO MUCH YOU CAN DO
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT WHEN
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT WHEN
THE BABY HAS TO BE FED.
THE BABY HAS TO BE FED.
JUST GET UP AND OFFER.
JUST GET UP AND OFFER.
AS LONG AS YOU OFFER --
AS LONG AS YOU OFFER --
>> USUALLY ILL SAY NO.
>> USUALLY ILL SAY NO.
>> YOU HAVE TO OFFER --
>> YOU HAVE TO OFFER --
>> IF YOURE SNORING THROUGH IT,
>> IF YOURE SNORING THROUGH IT,
ITS NO BUENO.
ITS NO BUENO.
>> YOU HAVE TO OFFER AND
>> YOU HAVE TO OFFER AND
NORMALLY THEYLL SAY, NO, IVE
NORMALLY THEYLL SAY, NO, IVE
GOT IT, AND EVERYBODY IS IS
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Portuguese:
"Requerimento de Zinco para Vegetarianos"
(nota: em Portugal, "oleaginosas" são
"frutos secos", no Brasil, são "castanhas")
E antes de sairmos do assunto...
assim como os
requerimentos de ferro
para as mulheres menstruando
são mais altos que para os homens,
porque algum ferro é perdido
todos os meses no fluxo menstrual,
o requerimento de zinco para os homens
é maior do que para as mulheres
porque algum zinco
é perdido no sêmen.
Como o zinco dos
alimentos vegetais
não é absorvido tão bem
como o zinco da carne,
um estudo publicado
no início deste ano
descobriu níveis relativamente baixos
de zinco no sangue de vegetarianos.
Então, quem se alimenta a base
de vegetais - homens ou mulheres -
deve certificar-se de comer grãos integrais,
feijões e oleaginosas todos os dias.
Mas alguns homens podem simplesmente
precisar mais do que outros.
iw:
"דרישות אבץ בצמחוניים"
ולפני שאנחנו עוזבים את הנושא ...
בדיוק כמו שהדרישה לברזל
בתקופת הווסת לנשים גבוהה יותר מלגברים,
כי ברזל ברמה כלשהי הולך לאיבוד
מדי חודש בזרם הווסת,
דרישות האבץ אצל גברים
גבוהות יותר מאשר אצל נשים
כי אבץ אובד בזרע.
בגלל שהאבץ במזונות צמחיים
אינו נספג טוב כמו אבץ במזונות בשריים,
מחקר שפורסם מוקדם יותר השנה
מצא רמות נמוכות יחסית
של אבץ בדם של צמחונים.
אז, כל אחד האוכל דיאטות
מבוססות צמחים - גברים או נשים -
צריך לוודא שהוא אוכל דגנים מלאים,
שעועית ואגוזים בכל יום.
אבל חלק מהגברים אולי צריכים יותר מאחרים.
Spanish:
"Requerimientos Vegetarianos de Zinc”
Y antes de dejar el tema, así como el
requerimiento de hierro en la mujer
menstruando es mayor que el del hombre,
ya que se pierde algo en el flujo, el del zinc en el
hombre es mayor pues pierde algo en el semen.
Ya que el zinc en los alimentos vegetales no se
absorbe tan bien como el de las carnes, un
estudio publicó en este año que hay muy poco
zinc en los glóbulos de los vegetarianos.
Así es que cualquiera que coma una dieta basada en plantas–hombre o mujer- debería asegurarse de comer grano integral, legumbres, y nueces diario.
Pero algunos hombres requieren más zinc que otros.
English:
"Vegetarian Zinc Requirements"
And before we leave the topic…
just as the iron requirements
in menstruating women
are higher than in men,
because some iron is lost every
month in the menstrual flow,
the zinc requirements in men
are higher than in women
because some zinc is lost in semen.
Because the zinc in plant foods
isn't absorbed as well as
the zinc in flesh foods,
a study published earlier this year
found relatively low blood
zinc levels in vegetarians.
So, anyone eating plant based
diets -- men or women --
should make sure they eat whole
grains, beans and nuts every day.
But some men might just
require more than others.
Czech:
„Požadavky vegetariánů na příjem zinku“
A ještě než opustíme téma...
stejně jako mají menstruující ženy
vyšší požadavky na příjem železa než muži,
protože menstruačním krvácením
každý měsíc o část železa přicházejí,
tak mají zase muži vyšší požadavky na zinek.
Důvodem je to, že o část
zinku přicházejí při ejakulaci.
Protože se zinek z rostlinných potravin
nevstřebává stejně dobře jako z masa,
studie zveřejněná dříve tohoto roku zjistila
u vegetariánů relativně nízké hladiny zinku.
A proto by si každý, kdo jí převážně/zcela
rostlinnou stravu, bez ohledu na pohlaví,
měl dát záležet na tom, aby každý
den jedl celozrnné obiloviny, luštěniny
a ořechy. Někteří muži však zkrátka
mohou zinku potřebovat více než jiní.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
English:
So Californium is another element which was
first prepared at the
Berkeley labs in California. It’s got quite
a few military applications,
usually involving the word ‘nuclear’.
But what most people don’t realise is
it’s actually used in various types of machines
for detecting metal fatigue
and stress in airplanes, so obviously it’s
pretty important our planes don’t
fall to bits in mid-air and they are used
in the kind of instruments which
scan for this and can spot any problems long
before they become a
serious issue.
It’s also probably the only other actinide
which has possibly routinely got
its way into households which is that it’s
also used in metal detectors.
Portuguese:
O califórnio é outro elemento que foi primeiro
preparado nos laboratório de Berkeley,
na Califórnia. Tem poucas aplicações militares.
Normalmente envolvendo o mundo nuclear.
Muitas pessoas não percebem o uso em vários
tipos de máquinas para detectar fadiga metálica
e stress, em aviões. É muito importante que
nossos aviões não se despedacem no ar.
Eles usam vários instrumentos para detectar
qualquer problema antes de ficar grave.
Também, provavelmente, é o único outro actinídeo
que possivelmente tem seu lugar em domicílios
e também usado em detectores de metais.
Traduzido por Prof. Dr. Luís Brudna
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Pegunungan Alpen
yang spektakuler.
Es yang memesona di
langit biru yang cerah.
Dani Arnold dan temannya adalah
pendaki gunung yang ekstrem -
di sini mereka mencari
sensasi yang luar biasa.
Mereka mendaki Piz Palü,
ketinggian puncaknya
hampir 4000 meter.
Ketika kita
memosisikan kapak es,
kita dapat merasakan
ketegangannya.
Retakan dan suara mendesis
ketika memecah balok es,
benar-benar keren!
Tetapi semakin banyak ilmuwan
memperingatkan bahwa petualangan
seperti itu mungkin segera
menjadi hal yang tidak mungkin.
Pemanasan global
mencairkan gletser.
Dani Arnold dapat
melihat sendiri
dampak perubahan iklim.
Hari-hari ketika
kita benar-benar
bisa mendaki di musim dingin.
10 tahun yang lalu, ada
lebih banyak lagi.
Para pakar mengatakan kami
berada pada titik balik.
Salju, es, dan gletser
semakin berkurang.
Tidak akan lama sebelum
Pegunungan Alpen
sebagaimana kita tahu,
tidak akan ada lagi.
ALPEN MENUJU SENJA
Eropa Tanpa Gletser
- Yuk foto!
- Cheese!
Pada musim semi 2018,
suasana di resor ski Glacier
3000 di Swiss sangat ceria,
bahkan di kalangan ilmuwan.
Sebuah tim yang dipimpin oleh
pakar gletser Matthias Huss,
dari Institut Teknologi
Federal Swiss di Zurich,
mengunjungi pegunungan
itu dua kali setahun,
sekali di musim semi dan
lagi di musim gugur,
ketika musim dimulai.
Mereka menyelidiki berapa banyak
salju yang turun di musim dingin
dan ketebalan salju
yang menutupi es.
Semakin banyak salju, semakin
baik kondisi gletser.
Hari ini - tanggal
25 April 2018 -
kondisinya lebih baik
daripada sebelumnya.
Lebih dari lima meter salju
turun di musim dingin.
Kami telah mengukur setara air
salju di tujuh gletser di Swiss.
Pengukuran kami menunjukkan
bahwa pada tahun 2018,
tutupan salju jauh
di atas rata-rata.
Tidak ada kedalaman
salju yang cukup banyak
di mana-mana di Swiss
seperti di sini,
tetapi sepertinya ada
sebanyak 50 persen
lebih banyak dari
tahun-tahun normal.
Matthias Huss akan
kembali di musim gugur.
Ada banyak orang
yang melihat hujan
salju adalah hal yang ‘sehat'
sebagai bukti bahwa perubahan
iklim adalah mitos.
Tetapi di pegunungan
tinggi Eropa,
buktinya terpampang
di sekitar itu.
Di Italia, Swiss, Austria,
Slovenia - dan di Jerman.
Stasiun penelitian lingkungan
Schneefernerhaus terletak tepat
di bawah puncak Zugspitze.
Ini adalah pos penelitian
ketinggian tertinggi di Jerman.
Bagi Profesor Annette Menzel
dan para mahasiswanya,
dari Universitas Teknik
di Munich atau München,
ini adalah titik awal untuk
ekspedisi Alpen atau Alpina.
Dia mengatakan kepada
mereka bahwa mereka dapat
melihat tanda-tanda pemanasan
global setiap hari.
Serbuk sari tingkat
tinggi, misalnya ....
....yang dapat
berpotensi mengancam
jiwa bagi orang-orang
yang alergi.
Salah satu akibat
dari pemanasan global
adalah musim serbuk sari
dimulai lebih awal -
tetapi tidak
berakhir lebih awal.
Ada banyak serbuk
sari tentang bahkan
di musim gugur karena
invasi spesies.
Dan peningkatan kadar
karbon dioksida di udara
juga meningkatkan
produksi serbuk sari.
Para siswa eko-klimatologi
akan bertemu puluhan
pakar dalam perjalanan
studi di Alpen.
Dimulai dengan Michael
Krautblatter,
seorang ilmuwan
terkenal internasional.
Bidang keahliannya
adalah permafrost dan
tanah longsor, erosi,
dan bencana alam,
Sekarang peningkatan suhu berarti
permafrost di Pegunungan
Alpen mulai mencair,
sehingga risiko
longsornya bebatuan
semakin besar.
Gunung-gunung itu
tidak sedingin dulu,
demikian dijelaskan
Krautblatter.
Selanjutnya, tim ini berangkat
untuk melihat ke
dalam Zugspitze.
Mengukur ketebalan
permafrost sedikit
seperti melakukan operasi
jantung terbuka.
Sangat menginspirasi dan intens.
Terowongan ini tingginya
hanya 50 sentimeter.
Para ilmuwan harus merangkak.
Permafrost di dalam Zugspitze
berada di antara dua puncak,
dan beberapa puluh
meter ketebalannya,
tergantung pada suhu luar.
Saat ini dimungkinkan untuk
mengukurnya dengan tepat.
Batuan itu diterangi
dengan
sensor listrik yang tak
terhitung jumlahnya.
Semakin sedikit batu
di dalam gunung
yang membeku secara permanen.
Bahkan di sini di puncak
tertinggi Jerman,
lapisan es tampak mencair.
Kami telah mengamati pengurangan
permafrost dengan jelas
sejak Februari 2007, lebih
dari satu dekade lalu.
Musim dingin yang kadang-kadang
dingin dapat
memperlambat prosesnya
sedikit tetapi selama
bertahun-tahun
kita telah melihat pencairannya.
Puing-puing dan batu
menstabilkan es
di daerah kritis
di mana mencairnya es,
tetapi kita harus berhati-hati,
jika terjadi ketidakstabilan.
Ketidakstabilan Alpen.
Penduduk desa Bondo
yang kecil di kawasan
Graubünden, Swiss tahu
betul apa artinya itu.
Elvira Salis mengucapkan selamat
tinggal, pada rumah
orangtuanya -
rumah tempat dia menghabiskan
seluruh hidupnya.
Rumah itu harus dihancurkan.
Saat melihat rumahku sekarat
karena proses kematian
yang lambat ini, hal itu
membuat saya sangat sedih.
Tetapi saya siap untuk
pergi sekarang.
Di musim panas 2017,
tanah longsor besar di
Piz Cengalo membawa
tiga juta meter kubik
batu jatuh ke lembah.
Tiba-tiba saya mendengar
suara mengerikan ini.
Saya memandang ke atas
gunung dan saya melihat
bongkahan batu besar
berjatuhan di sisinya.
Tampak seperti lava,
tetapi bergerak sangat
lambat dan tanpa suara.
Terdiri dari es, air dan tanah.
Kamera pengintai di
tempat bisnis pertukangan
kayu lokal merekam
gambar-gambar ini.
Delapan pendaki tewas.
Sebagian desa hancur.
Tanah longsor adalah hasil
dari perubahan iklim.
Dulu ada rumah di sini.
Sekarang, hanya ada puing-puing.
Rumah Elvira Salis penuh dengan
batu-batuan raksasa
dan bebatuan kecil.
Itu ada di daerah
terlarang di desa, tempat
orang tidak lagi
diizinkan untuk tinggal.
Elvira Salis yang berusia 82
tahun harus meninggalkan Bondo.
Dia pindah dengan putranya
ke desa tetangga.
Rumahnya berumur 345 tahun.
Kakek buyutnya yang
dulu membelinya.
Awalnya saya sangat sedih.
Saya sering menangis.
Saya senang saya ada di
sana ketika dirobohkan.
Itu sama saja
dengan orang-orang,
Anda tidak membiarkan
orang mati sendirian.
Saya tidak ingin rumah
saya mati sendirian.
200 penduduk Bondo masih
dalam risiko bahaya.
tiga juta meter kubik
batu jatuh dari Piz
Cengalo bisa menghantam
desa kapan saja.
"La Montagne ha la febbre".
Gunung itu sedang demam,
demikian kata mereka di sini.
Apakah tanah longsor
menghancurkan Bondo
dalam satu kali terjangan?
Atau apakah bencana seperti
itu semakin sering terjadi?
Untuk menjawab
pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini,
Profesor Michael Krautblatter
telah membentuk tim ilmuwan.
Hari ini mereka menuju ke tempat
yang mereka yakini sebagai
salah satu tempat paling menarik
di seluruh Pegunungan Alpen.
Helikopter itu hampir
tidak memiliki
ruang untuk mendarat
di Hochvogel.
Perbatasan antara Jerman
dan Austria melintasi
puncak, yang tidak
jauh dari Oberstdorf.
Pada tahun 2014, retakan muncul
di gunung yang
sejak itu melebar.
Ada risiko akut longsoran batu.
Salah satu dari dua jalur menuju
puncak gunung telah ditutup.
Pandangan dari udara
mengungkapkan bahaya sepenuhnya.
Beberapa ratus
ribu ton batu bisa
meluncur dengan cepat ke lembah.
Mengumpulkan data pada
ketinggian 2.600 meter
adalah pekerjaan yang berisiko.
Apa yang bisa terjadi
jika puncak runtuh,
sungguh tidak
terbayangkan ngerinya.
Ada sekitar 260.000 meter
kubik massa batuan.
Kami mulai melakukan pengukuran
di sini pada tahun 2014
dan sejak saat itu
bergerak 30 sentimeter.
Saat ini bergerak beberapa
milimeter sebulan.
Deformasi yang
sedang berlangsung
sangat kuat dan dapat berubah
dalam waktu yang singkat
sehingga tidak akan lama lagi.
Itu semua bisa runtuh tahun
ini atau tahun depan.
Tidak bisa diabaikan
begitu saja.
Pegunungan Alpen secara efektif
disatukan oleh lapisan es.
Tidak hanya di sini di Allgäu,
Jerman, dan Bondo, Swiss,
tapi dimana-mana.
Retaknya terlihat jelas
- secara harfiah –
di keindahan alam Alpen.
Hari ini para siswa mengunjungi
lereng yang longsor.
Belum lama ini area
tersebut masih
tertutup salju sepanjang tahun.
Daerah pegunungan
tinggi Eropa sangat
sensitif terhadap
perubahan iklim.
Pegunungan ini bereaksi terhadap
kenaikan suhu sekecil apa pun -
bahkan sepersepuluh
derajat pada
periode yang panjang
tanpa hujan,
untuk setiap gangguan di alam,
dengan konsekuensi dramatis.
Suhu meningkat dan
kemudian ada banyak
kegiatan yang akan
merugikan kita.
Jadi pada dasarnya
perbuatan kita yang akan
membawa situasi kita lebih
buruk di masa depan.
Misalnya jika Anda
akan menggunakan
bahan bakar fosil di
seluruh planet ini,
akibatnya tidak akan
mempengaruhi hanya
satu negara tetapi
secara global.
Penting bagi saya karena
berpengaruh pada masa depan
saya, masa depan anak-anak
saya, dan seluruh ekosistem.
Saya suka alam, saya
suka berada di luar.
Itu sebabnya saya ingin
mempelajari semua ini dan mencari
tahu apa yang terjadi di masa
depan di daerah pegunungan.
Saya telah melihat
banyak hal di sini
dan kemudian jika
dapat mentransfer teknologi
atau pengetahuan yang
saya peroleh di sini, maka saya
percaya kita bisa
menurunkan suhu iklim,
meski tidak bisa lebih
rendah lagi tetapi
kita bisa memitigasi dan
beradaptasi dengan
perubahan iklim yang terjadi.
Dengan tutupan salju
sepanjang tahun,
gunung tertinggi di Jerman ini
adalah objek wisata utama.
Gletser Zugspitze
tidak lagi bertumbuh.
Esnya mencair.
Paling lambat pada tahun 2040,
puncak ini akan makin mencair.
Bajak salju mengikis salju
musim dingin yang terakhir.
Salju itu disimpan
di depot salju.
Pada awal musim ski yang
baru, simpanan salju itu
akan digunakan untuk
menyiapkan jalur ski.
Dengan begitu, musim ski
bisa dimulai sedini mungkin.
Tetapi kurangnya salju
menjadi semakin bermasalah.
Pada tahun 2018, bahkan
dengan 'snow-farming',
musim ski tidak dapat
dimulai pada bulan November
karena suhu di Zugspitze
terlalu hangat.
Bahkan resor di dataran tinggi
sekarang mengandalkan
salju buatan -
yang menggunakan air dan
energi secara intensif.
Permintaannya sangat besar
sehingga operator ski lift
terkadang membeli
salju dari pemasok swasta.
Hampir setiap desa di Pegunungan
Alpen bergantung pada
pariwisata - dan
tentunya pada salju.
Membuat pengunjung senang
adalah yang terpenting -
berapa pun ongkosnya.
Tidak ada yang ingin
pestanya segera usai.
Di musim panas, biaya
semua kesenangan
itu ‘termaktub‘
ke dalam lanskap.
Resor Silvretta terletak
di atas Ischgl: lerengnya
dipenuhi mesin salju yang
tak terhitung jumlahnya.
Menjaga resor adalah investasi
keuangan yang sangat besar.
Kerusakan yang ditimbulkan
oleh pariwisata sangat besar.
Ahli hidrologi, Carmen de Jong
dari Universitas Strasbourg
meneliti efek salju buatan
di Pegunungan Alpen.
Bahkan dia terkejut
dengan tingkat erosi
yang disebabkan oleh
olahraga musim dingin.
Kanal ini sangat
lebar, hampir dua meter.
Amati dari tempat saya berdiri;
kanal ini sangat dalam.
Tanah terkikis sepenuhnya.
Ada saluran di seluruh lereng,
yang besar, yang kecil.
De Jong ingin memastikan apakah
tanahnya masih
bisa menyerap air.
Dia mengukur kepadatan tanah.
Truk salju dan salju
buatan yang tebal
telah membuat tanah
jadi sangat padat.
Ini adalah perjuangan untuk
menempatkan tongkat pengukur.
Dia belum pernah melihat hasil
seperti ini sebelumnya.
Air akan mengalir
dari permukaan.
Akibatnya, jalur ski
akan sepenuhnya kedap air.
Air yang mengalir di
sini tidak terserap,
hanya mengalir
dari permukaan dan
menyebabkan erosi yang luas.
Biasanya ini adalah padang
rumput yang sangat cantik dengan
tanah yang dapat ditembus
kemampuan batuan menyerap air.
Namun mesin salju
baru sedang dipasang
di seluruh Pegunungan Alpen -
seperti di sini di St. Moritz,
tempat pemasangan pipa
sepanjang dua kilometer.
Jalur ski dibuat di
ketinggian yang lebih tinggi.
Bagi banyak resor,
itu satu-satunya
cara mereka dapat
bertahan hidup.
Tetapi biaya meledak dan pada
akhirnya, banyak
operator ski lift
tidak akan mampu bertahan
dalam bisnis mereka.
Industri olahraga
musim dingin sedang
dikalahkan oleh perubahan iklim.
Produksi salju buatan
membutuhkan sejumlah besar air.
Waduk buatan manusia
diberi pasokan
dengan sungai dari
gletser dan gunung.
Air yang dibutuhkan
di tempat lain.
Bentang alam yang unik
berubah secara dramatis
tak bisa dikenali lagi dan
hancur secara bertahap.
Resor ski ini tidak diasuransikan
terhadap perubahan iklim.
Jika ada kenaikan suhu
satu atau dua derajat
maka tidak ada jaminan
salju di sini.
Dan kemudian tidak ada
musim ski yang tepat lagi.
Menurut penelitian terbaru, kita
mungkin melihat peningkatan
suhu empat derajat celsius
pada akhir abad ini.
Sampai saat ini, ada 630
resor ski di seluruh
Pegunungan Alpen - dari
Slovenia hingga Prancis.
Pada tahun 2085, 80 persen
kemungkinan tidak akan memiliki
lapisan salju yang lebih terjamin
dan karenanya akan ditutup.
Sebuah studi yang dilakukan oleh
Institut Teknologi Federal Swiss
di Zurich
memperkirakan bahwa
hanya akan ada lapisan
salju alami di atas
ketinggian 2.400 meter.
Tetapi meskipun ada
pandangan suram ini,
banyak operator ski
lift gagal bereaksi.
Banyak pekerjaan bergantung pada
industri olahraga musim dingin.
Sementara mereka
punya pandangan lain,
kealamian unik pegunungan Alpen
perlahan tapi pasti
makin berkurang.
Para ahli iklim sekarang
sedang dalam perjalanan
menuju pembangkit
listrik Danau Walchen.
Airnya mengalir melalui
jaringan pipa 200 meter
di lereng gunung
ke Danau Kochel,
dan memberi kekuatan
pada turbin.
Meningkatnya kelangkaan
air yang berasal
dari sumber-sumber
ketinggian tinggi
adalah pertanda
potensi penggurunan
di bagian-bagian
Pegunungan Alpen.
Air yang mencair sangat
sedikit yang tersedia
di tepi Alpen di bagian
atas Bavaria atau Bayern.
Di masa lalu, ketinggian
air di Danau Walchen
harus dikurangi dengan sengaja.
Ada risiko
banjir karena
banyaknya air lelehan
di musim semi.
Dulu ada begitu banyak salju
yang mencair sehingga
kami harus membuat ruang
untuk itu di danau.
Tapi untuk sementara
sekarang ini jauh lebih sedikit.
Danau bisa menyerapnya,
jadi kita tidak perlu
mengurangi ketinggian air.
Semua yang ada di sini, di
Alpen saling terhubung:
pembangkit listrik
dan pasokan air;
meningkatnya suhu
dan meningkatnya
insiden longsornya batu;
lapisan es yang mencair dan
kegersangan yang meluas.
Selama bertahun-tahun,
eko-klimatolog
Annette Menzel telah
membawa siswa dalam perjalanan
studi ke Pegunungan Alpen.
Seberapa banyak perubahan
situasi di sini pada waktu itu?
Yah, kita pasti perlu khawatir.
Di wilayah Alpen, suhu sudah
naik dua derajat celsius.
Itu peningkatan yang lebih
besar daripada di dataran
rendah dan lebih besar
daripada rata-rata global.
Prakiraan cuaca mendukung fakta ini.
akan semakin tinggi
kenaikan suhu di sini
dibanding daerah sekitarnya,
dan itu sebabnya
ada perubahan
besar-besaran di alam -
dari gletser ke hutan, dari
hidrologi ke pasokan air.
Sebagai contoh: semua
pohon membutuhkan
suhu khusus untuk berkembang.
Ketika suhu meningkat,
habitat pohon yang ideal
sekarang berada di ketinggian
yang lebih tinggi.
Maksudnya, untuk
berada di tempat yang
sesuai dengan suhunya,
pohon sebenarnya
harus berada di
ketinggian 500 meter
lebih tinggi dari
yang seharusnya.
Itu termasuk spesies pohon yang
cocok dengan puncak gunung,
tapi masalahnya adalah pohon tak
bisa mencapai
ketinggian 500 meter,
karena jelas mereka
sudah berada di puncak.
Jadi kemana mereka pergi?
Tidak ada kekurangan bukti bahwa
lingkungan Alpen berubah.
Di sini, di Austria,
tim spesialis bekerja
tanpa lelah untuk
mencegah tanah longsor.
Bencana menjadi semakin
sering terjadi.
Tidak hanya tanah
longsor, tetapi
juga hujan lebat dan banjir.
Perubahan iklim juga
menyebabkan periode
kekeringan dan panas
yang berkelanjutan,
yang menyebabkan
kebakaran hutan,
misalnya di Piedmont, Italia
pada Oktober 2017.
Diperburuk oleh angin kencang,
cuaca panas dan kekeringan,
kebakaran hutan
berkobar di seluruh
wilayah selama berminggu-minggu.
Sekitar 1.000 orang
dievakuasi dari rumahnya
termasuk 200
pemukim rumah pensiun.
Renato Bruno bertanggung jawab
atas puluhan petugas pemadam
kebakaran dari seluruh wilayah
yang memerangi kobaran api.
Salah satu daerah
yang paling terpukul
adalah di luar kota
kecil Mompantero.
Api berkobar hingga seratus
meter, kenang Bruno.
Banyak rumah hancur lebur,
bahkan bagian besi meleleh
dalam kobaran api.
Bagaikan neraka. Sudah cukup
buruk bagi orang-orang
di lembah yang bisa melihat
betapa api mengamuk,
tetapi lebih buruk bagi
orang-orang yang di dekatnya,
dan bagi mereka yang terlibat
dalam upaya memadamkannya.
Ada beberapa momen
yang sangat kritis.
Situasinya berbahaya
karena tiupan angin.
Anda merasa posisi Anda
aman, tetapi kemudian angin
akan berbalik dan tiba-tiba
Anda dikelilingi oleh api.
Jumlah hutan yang dihancurkan
oleh api liar di
Italia pada 2017
adalah tiga kali lebih besar
dari tahun sebelumnya.
Dalam periode panas
yang ekstrem,
satu percikan kecil api bisa
memicu kebakaran besar.
Bruno mengatakan bahwa 70
persen Mompantero hancur.
Hutan ini tidak akan
pernah tumbuh kembali.
Tidak, pohon-pohon ini
tak dapat diselamatkan.
Mereka bukan pohon gugur
yang dapat pulih.
Benar-benar hangus.
Tidak ada yang bisa Anda
lakukan selain menebangnya.
Kehancuran pada skala
ini belum pernah
terjadi sebelumnya
di wilayah ini.
Bahkan petugas pemadam
kebakaran yang lebih senior
tidak pernah melihat
kebakaran yang seburuk itu.
Jika perubahan iklim
berlangsung pada tingkat ini
dan ada periode kering yang
lebih lama di musim panas
dan semakin sedikit
salju di musim dingin,
maka situasinya hanya
akan menjadi lebih buruk.
Orang-orang di Engadin
di Swiss juga
berjuang dengan
kondisi pengering.
Selama berabad-abad,
petani lokal mengandalkan
air lelehan untuk
mengairi ladang mereka.
Tetapi air lelehan telah menjadi
sumber daya yang terbatas.
Reto Dünser sementara itu
bergantung pada air hujan.
Antara Februari dan Agustus,
hujan hampir tidak ada.
Padang rumputnya
benar-benar kering.
Seperti yang Anda lihat, rumput
menjadi kering seperti jerami.
Tiada yang tumbuh sejak Mei.
Rumput seharusnya setinggi
lutut pada saat ini -
dan sapi akan segera turun
dari padang rumput gunung.
Sapi-sapinya masih merumput di
padang rumput
setinggi 1.900 meter.
Tapi di sana juga,
tanahnya terlalu kering.
Dan sapi tidak
mendapatkan cukup minum.
Di musim panas 2018,
pasokan mereka
hampir sepenuhnya mengering.
Setiap tetes air berharga.
Reto Dünser memeriksa
ternak secara teratur.
Dia mengkhawatirkan masa depan
padang rumput di Alpen.
Saya punya 90 ekor
sapi dan anaknya.
Dan air di sini bahkan tidak
cukup untuk satu anak sapi.
Jika tidak ada cukup
air, sapi lebih sedikit
merumput dan menghasilkan
lebih sedikit susu.
Awan berkumpul.
Sepertinya mau hujan.
Tapi tidak - ini
hari yang kering.
Petani harus bergantung
pada sumber air alternatif:
Saat ini, inilah
satu-satunya cara untuk
memastikan persediaan
air di padang rumput.
Helikopter mengantarkan 700
liter per perjalanan -
dibutuhkan beberapa perjalanan
untuk mengisi sumur.
Dengan biaya 1.300 euro.
Hanya cukup untuk empat
hingga lima hari.
Bagi petani seperti Reto Dünser,
air telah menjadi
masalah kritis.
Tidak cukup bagi hewan
mereka untuk minum dan
tidak cukup untuk menjaga
padang rumput tetap hijau.
Dan itu berarti pakan
ternak tak mencukupi.
Bakal tak cukup pakan ternaknya
sampai musim dingin mendatang.
Jadi kita bisa membeli pakan,
yang harganya sangat mahal,
atau kita mengurangi
jumlah ternak kita.
Reto Dünser tidak punya
pilihan selain untuk
menyembelih beberapa
hewannya tahun ini.
Petani, resor ski, turis, alam -
semua orang dan segalanya
membutuhkan air.
Tapi air semakin langka.
Ahli hidrologi Carmen
de Jong sedang mengukur
penguapan alami. Hasilnya
mengkhawatirkan.
Dia mengatakan iklim
telah mengering
seperti di wilayah
Sahel di Sahara.
HUjan makin jarang dan
penguapan skala besar.
Distribusi air yang adil
akan menjadi tantangan
yang semakin meningkat di
lembah Alpen yang kering.
Pihak berwenang harus melakukan
yang terbaik yang mereka bisa.
Di masa depan jumlahnya
akan semakin sedikit.
Tidak akan ada cukup air untuk
mengairi semua padang rumput.
Harus ada pembagian
lebih ketat
seperti di negara-negara
kering di Afrika.
Turun ke dunia bawah tanah.
Pendaki es Dani Arnold
menjelajah di dalam
gletser Plaine Morte di
kawasan Bern di Swiss.
Jauh di dalam
celah, ia menemukan
formasi batu dan es
yang spektakuler.
Tidak banyak orang
yang pernah ke sini.
Dani dapat mencapai
bagian paling
bawah hanya karena
esnya cukup padat.
Permafrost ini berusia
ribuan tahun.
Ini adalah pendakian yang
curam dan berbahaya.
Pengalaman unik.
Mungkin tidak mungkin untuk
melakukan ini di masa mendatang.
Hal itu membuat saya berpikir.
Jika Anda ingat bahwa para
peneliti mengatakan bahwa
semua ini tidak akan ada lagi
dalam 90 tahun ke depan.
Tidak ada lagi gletser!
Itu sangat tragis, bukan?
Gletser Aletsch
di Valais, Swiss,
adalah yang terbesar
di Pegunungan Alpen.
Panjangnya 20 kilometer
di bagian wilayah itu,
tebalnya hampir satu kilometer.
Guillaume Jouvet dari Institut
Teknologi Federal
Swiss di Zurich
sedang meneliti keajaiban
alam yang sangat besar ini.
Apakah ini akan bertahan?
Dalam waktu dekat
kita tidak bisa
melakukan apa-apa
karena sekarang
gletser bereaksi terhadap
perubahan iklim,
peningkatan suhu
yang kita alami pada 1990-an.
Apa pun yang terjadi
di masa depan
dalam hal iklim,
gletser akan terus
mundur sekitar lima kilometer.
Dan apa yang akan terjadi
jika suhu naik empat
derajat, seperti yang
diprediksi para ahli?
Guillaume Jouvet
telah menghitung
bahwa pada akhir abad ini,
gletser Aletsch akan hampir
sepenuhnya menghilang.
Jadi jika kita mengasumsikan
jika skenario iklim ini benar,
kemungkinan besar
akan ada sangat
sedikit es pada tahun 2100.
Jelas bahwa di sini
dalam lanskap ini tidak
akan ada lagi es
pada akhir abad ini.
Pondok Konkordia
di Alpen terletak
beberapa kilometer lebih tinggi.
Selama beberapa tahun
terakhir ini pondokan itu
dikelola oleh Christoph
Sager dan keluarganya.
Hari ini dia sedang
bersiap-siap untuk musim panas.
Pondokan itu dapat
menampung 155 tamu -
penggemar hiking, pemain ski,
dan penggemar gletser
dari seluruh dunia.
Berkat pemandangannya
yang indah,
pondok Konkordia
adalah salah satu
hostel di Alpen paling
populer di Eropa.
Ini adalah tempat paling indah
di dunia untuk bekerja.
Saya tahu banyak pondok
lain di Alpen yang indah ...
tetapi bagi saya
inilah tempat paling
menakjubkan di dunia
untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Tapi pondokan itu
di bawah ancaman.
Di tengah tangga
logam yang curam,
Christoph Sager
menunjukkan bukti
bahwa Aletsch sedang sekarat.
Pondok ini awalnya dibangun di
tempat ini pada tahun 1877.
Saat itu, gletser mencapai
kira-kira di titik kita berdiri.
Jadi selama 140 tahun,
segala sesuatu di luar
titik itu telah meleleh.
Kemundurannya sekitar 150 meter.
150 meter dalam 140 tahun.
Sekitar satu meter per tahun.
Es mencair lebih cepat:
kadang-kadang dua,
kadang tiga meter setahun.
Hari-hari gletser di
Aletsch tak lama lagi.
Pariwisata di Pegunungan
Alpen perlu diubah
dan menjadi lebih lembut
dan berkelanjutan.
Di beberapa daerah,
pergeseran ini sudah terjadi.
Di Slovenia, misalnya.
Arung jeram di Lembah
Logar yang indah.
Pedesaan di sini sangat indah.
Slovenia tidak selalu
ada di peta wisata.
Namun popularitasnya
semakin meningkat,
sebagai tujuan bagi
para wisatawan
pegunungan yang
menghormati lingkungan.
Jennifer dan Josh
berasal dari Alaska.
Ini adalah liburan ketiga
mereka di Slovenia.
Mereka menyukai
alamnya yang murni.
Dan ada air yang
mengalir di atas lereng.
Kami cenderung mencari beberapa
tempat yang terisolasi.
Itulah yang kami suka.
Jadi kami melakukan
sedikit riset dan kami
memutuskan bahwa ini
akan menjadi tempat
yang baik untuk dijelajahi.
Tiga tahun lalu.
Dan kami datang
dan merasa senang.
Negara ini kecil tetapi tampaknya
memiliki hampir semua hal
yang Anda ingin temukan di
mana saja di seluruh Eropa.
Seperti Jennifer dan Josh,
semakin banyak turis
mencari pemandangan dari
kawasan terpencil yang
berkembang secara alami.
Tempat yang tidak membutuhkan
mesin salju di musim dingin,
dan dibiarkan gersang
di musim panas.
Slovenia persis seperti
apa yang mereka cari,
Memancing di perairan
jernih Danau Savinja.
400 kilometer barat laut
di Rissbach, Tirol,
di perbatasan ke
Bayern bagian atas.
Di sinilah perjalanan empat hari
mahasiswa klimatologi berakhir.
Mereka tidak benar-benar di sini
untuk belajar cara
menangkap ikan -
tetapi tentang bagaimana
air yang semakin
hangat mempengaruhi
pasokan ikan.
Banyak spesies tidak
dapat bertahan hidup.
Dampak perubahan iklim
di Pegunungan Akpen
tidak mungkin tidak terlihat.
Saya perhatikan sangat
mencemaskan...
banyak orang tampaknya
tidak percaya
hal itu terjadi -
atau tidak peduli
meskipun terlihat di sekitarnya.
Tanpa gletser lagi
di pegunungan Alpen,
kita tidak akan memiliki
banyak air yang mengalir
ke hilir dan masuk ke
sungai seperti ini di sini.
Jadi akan ada banyak
dampak lingkungan tanpa
mencairnya gletser
selama musim panas.
Jadi hal itu akan
menjadi masalah besar.
Kelihatannya tidak
terlihat bagus.
Tapi tidak ada
gunanya pesimistis.
Lebih konstruktif
jika kita optimistis
dan mengambil pelajaran yang
telah kita pelajari di sini,
dan memanfaatkannya secara
personal dan profesional
untuk melakukan apa
yang kita bisa,
dan untuk memerangi
perubahan iklim
sebanyak yang kita bisa,
dan mencoba untuk
menghentikannya.
Selalu ada icampur tangan
manusia di Pegunungan Alpen.
Kawasan sudah ditanami;
jalur dan jalan
telah dibangun di lereng;
desa-desa di lembah
telah berkembang.
Terkadang di tempat yang
sekarang berisiko tinggi.
Orang-orang yang tinggal
di sini harus beradaptasi
dengan kondisi yang lebih
kering dan panas -
dan masa depan tanpa gletser.
Pada pertengahan September,
pakar gletser Matthias Huss
dan timnya melakukan kunjungan
lagi ke Glacier 3000.
Temuan mereka pada bulan
April adalah positif.
Bagaimana keadaannya sekarang?
Tanah berderak dan
mendesis ketika para
peneliti menuju ke
alat ukur mereka.
Itu bukan pertanda baik.
Gletser yang mereka
lewati sedang sekarat.
Semua salju yang seharusnya
menutupinya - hilang.
Hanya dalam waktu
beberapa bulan.
Ketika kami di sini bulan April
ada lapisan salju
yang luar biasa
sedalam lima meter.
Saljunya tebal dan padat.
Coba pikirkan: Lima meter salju,
3000 meter di atas
permukaan laut,
telah mencair
selama musim panas.
Kami berpikir hal
itu tidak mungkin terjadi.
Salju setinggi lima meter.
Dan 1,3 meter gletser.
Pencairan gletser tidak
dapat dipulihkan.
Matthias Huss menyaksikan
gletser yang dicintainya mati.
Sungguh sebuah tragedi.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
- When it comes to video marketing
and YouTube for business,
my number one tip is
to hire a video editor.
Now, of you're like most people,
a bunch of excuses have
already started popping up,
all of them leading to, "I'm not ready."
Do yourself a favor and keep watching,
because in this video, I'm
gonna put all of that to bed
and step through how you
can hire a video editor
fast and easy and without
breaking the bank,
so that you can focus on
growing your business instead.
(upbeat dance music)
Hey, it's Justin Brown
here from Primal Video,
where we help you amplify your business
and brand with video.
If you're new here,
make sure you click that subscribe button
and all the links to everything
we mention in this video,
you can find linked in
the description box below.
So let's jump into it.
Now, if you're creating regular
video and marketing content,
or you're looking to grow your
business online with video,
one of the biggest mistakes
that you could be making
is editing your content yourself.
Now, I'm a professional video editor,
and I no longer edit our YouTube videos,
and I put this off for
myself for way too long
for our YouTube content,
but now that we've
refined the hiring process
and the onboarding process down,
it's easily one of the
best decisions we've made.
In fact, outsourcing is the number one way
that you can easily 10X your video output,
improve the quality, and
do it all in less time.
Now, before you switch off,
because I know you're thinking
that it's too expensive,
or it's too difficult, or
you don't have the time,
or, "I'm just not ready,"
or "There is no one better to
edit my videos down than me,"
then, I used to think
the exact same thing,
and I'm here to tell you that
you can call BS on all of those.
Outsourcing can be super
simple, can be low-cost,
think between 3 and $7 U.S. per hour,
and can can also free
up a ton of your time
to allow you to focus
on growing your business
instead of editing your videos.
So in this video, we're gonna step through
how you can hire a
video editor fast, easy,
and without breaking the bank.
I'm gonna run through
our recommended sites
for hiring both locally and overseas,
and make sure to stick
around 'til the end,
'cause I'll also share
with you a link to download
a free copy of the exact
job descriptions templates
that we use to recruit both our video team
in the Philippines and Australia.
Okay, so the first thing you need to do,
or the first decision you need to make,
is decide on either a local video editor
or an online video editor.
And obviously, there's differences
and advantages of both.
Someone local to you is
probably gonna cost you
a little bit more per hour,
but you can physically sit in with them,
or get them to come into your house,
or your place of business
to work with you on edits.
You also probably don't need
to worry about things like
internet speeds, because you
could physically hand over
a hard drive or a USB drive
with all of your video footage
on it for them to edit.
An overseas or an online editor
is usually gonna cost you less per hour,
but you do have things like
time zones and time differences
that could come into play,
and usually because you are transferring
video files over the internet,
that you will need to make
sure that you're allowing
enough time for jobs to come back to you.
So if you've got something that is
super fast turnaround time,
then maybe an online editor
might not be the best solution for you.
But that's where planning comes in.
If you plan ahead of time,
you're gonna give it to them
in enough time to edit your content down.
So for us, we actually have a mix,
but for most people, you'll
be be able to do just fine
with a single outsourced
or overseas video editor.
Now as for where you actually
post your job description
to find your editors,
if you're looking for someone local,
the best bet would be
your local classifieds.
So if you're in the U.S.,
it could be something like Craigslist.
If you're in Australia,
that could be something like Gumtree,
but whatever your local classifieds are
for wherever you live.
If you're looking for someone online,
the one that we have consistently had
the best experience with is onlinejobs.ph,
and again, there will be
links in the description.
Now, as for the actual job description,
there's a few things that
you'll wanna put in there
to get best results.
The first one is a bit of an overview
on what you're looking for,
or the person that you're looking for,
the types of edits that
you're going to be doing,
and the sort of turnaround times
that you're expecting from that person.
From there, we'll usually ask
them a series of questions,
and we'll number each
one of these questions
to make it easier for them to respond,
but they'll be things like,
"What is your Skype address?"
"What video editing software do you use?"
"What is your hourly rate?"
We'll also ask them to provide links
to their three favorite
videos that they've edited,
and depending on whether we're
hiring locally or online,
we might also ask them
to provide the results
from running an internet speed test,
so that we can gauge how
fast their internet is.
Now, if you do want to grab a copy
of our exact job descriptions,
I'm gonna share a link
at the end of this video
to where you can download it,
so you can copy and
paste it and tweak it up
for your own business.
Now, after you've posted
your job description,
you're likely gonna have people applying
for your editing role.
So the next step then is to
start refining those applications
down into a short list.
Now, the two biggest things
that we're looking for
when we're assessing
all of the applications
is what video editing
software are they using,
and have they actually
followed the instructions
and done what we'd asked them
to do in the job application?
So, with the video editing software,
if they've listed iMovie,
that's probably too basic.
I mean, they could be awesome in iMovie,
and that's good for them.
But what we're looking for is
a professional video editor.
So someone that lists something
like Adobe Premiere Pro,
Final Cut Pro, or even something
like Avid or Sony Vegas,
they're all more professional
video editing software,
which means that our editor
is generally gonna be
more skillful than someone that's just
listed something like iMovie.
And in regards to the application itself,
if they haven't followed the instructions,
and they haven't answered
any of the questions
that we've asked,
then we won't look any
further at that application.
It goes straight in the
scrap heap at that point.
Next, you want to give your
top three to five applicants
a test job.
Now, a lot of your success
here is really gonna depend on
the quality of the brief
that you're giving them,
so you really want to get specific
and get really, really
clear on what you're after.
We have a really detailed editing
checklist that we provide,
along with a really clear project brief
that we use for each applicant,
and we make these plug and play templates
available to all of our Primal
Video Accelerator members.
Now, using those templates,
we're able to get most
brand-new editors up to speed
editing YouTube-ready
content in just one project.
So investing the time
to build these templates and processes
pays of big time in the long run.
Now, if you're not a Primal
Video Accelerator member
and you don't have your
own editing checklists
or your own templates ready to go,
you could start by linking to
some of your existing videos
on YouTube or on some other platform,
and advise them to watch an
hour or so back of your content,
so that they can pick up on your style
and the things that
you like in your videos
and the way that you've previously been
editing your videos down.
If you don't have any content up yet
or anything that you
want them to replicate,
you could choose some examples
of other people that you like
the style and flow of their videos,
and use those as examples instead.
From there, when you get
those editing projects back,
obviously, you're going to
assess which is the best one,
how fast did the people come back through,
who asked the best
questions if there are any,
and you'll be able to pick
your top editor from there.
So that's it, super simple.
Now, if you do want to grab a
copy of our job description,
then there is a link on screen now,
and also below in the description,
click that, and you'll get
our exact job description
that we use to hire both online editors
and editors that are local in
the area that we live as well.
I'll see you soon.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Time to tackle a topic that's been banned in China and loved by Rebecca
Even she doesn't play games
Welcomo to WatchMojo.com
And today we're counting down our picks for Top 10 time travel videogames
For this list, we picked games where the ability to travel through time is either a major gameplay mechanic
or a crucial part of the game's plot or story
So, games that bring a last-minute time travel element
Such as Earthbound or Bioshock Infinite (SPOILER ALERT) are out
And finally, altogether now, one per franchise
"This is the first time I ever try it on people"
To play the WatchMojo drinking game take a sip everytime we say the word "time"
"I like you, you're my new best friend"
Number 10: "Singularity"
"You must use it to go back to 1955 and stop Demichev from killing Varisov"
When Captain Nathaniel Ranko inadvertenly goes back to 1955 and saves Nikolai Demichev
who goes on to take over the world
Ranko must use it's time manipulation to defeat the mad russian to fix one hell of a screw up
"I think you'll find that impossible for a number of reasons"
"Our embassy, right no..."
By using the time manipulation device
Ranko can alter the time of specific things
like restoring ancient and old objects to brand new
or even reducing people to nothing but dust
For Ranko, time is literally on his side
"For all our sakes, I hope you got the TMD"
Number 9: "Braid"
At a glance, you may pass this off as a Mario ripoff
and while the plot involving a princess who was kidnapped by an evil monster sure supports that claim
Tim's ability to wind back time is what sets Braid apart from the plumber platformer
What's interesting about this game time traveling feature is that the rules of time-travel change in each world
One moment, time will always go forward and backwards when you move forward or backwards
then later you can travel back and see your past self help you with certain puzzles
Number 8: "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time"
The evil Shredder has stolen the Statue of Liberty
So it's up to our favourite teenage reptile ninjas to stop him and get it back
In this classic arcade beat'em up, as the title would imply
The turtles battle the evil Foot Clan across various periods
Like the prehistoric jurassic, the wild west and the distant future just to name a few
The battles won't be easy but the turtles always manage to pull through
COWABUNGA!!!
Number 8: "Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack In Time"
Ratchet and Clank are back and using the power of time to defeat their enemies
Clank wields the Chronoscepter
Which allows him to alter time around him and fight his enemies by changing the time around to Clank's advantage
With this new power and proper teamwork
Ratchet and Clank must fight to stop Doctor Nefarious from ruining The Great Clock
Which balances all time in the Universe
It's time to gear up because the fate of the Universe is on the line here
Number 6: "Back To The Future: The Game"
"Hey Trixie, look over there!"
"Why?"
Time travel and Marty McFly seem to go hand in hand
And in this Telltale Games point-and-click episodic series
Which takes place after the movie trilogy
Marty has to go back to prohibition-era Hill Valley to Rescue Doc Brown (voiced by Christopher Lloyd)
"It will be fine!"
Who will be killed if Marty doesn't intervene
"Great Scott, I'm going to be gunned down by gangsters on the steps of the courthouse!"
Along the way Marty will meet a variety of interesting characters
Like his granparents, the sister of his highschool principal and Biff's father
Who just so happens to be a mafia boss
"Make like a tree and die, rat!"
Cheer up, Marty, maybe things won't be so bad this time
Just kidding, it's gonna be bonkers
"Geez, we've been back together for five minutes Doc and you're already talking about the end of the universe"
"I've missed that"
Number 5: "Day Of The Tentacle"
The title of the game alone should warrant a look
But thankfully the rest of the actual game lives up to it
When an evil purple tentacle with a mind for world domination is born from toxic waste
Bernard and his friends are sent back in time to stop the tentacle
When the time machine breaks and leaves the characters stranded in different time periods
The heroes must interact with their environments and famous characters within them
To help each other in their various time periods return home and stop the purple menace
Number 4: "Time Splitters 2"
Considered a spiritual succesor to Goldeneye
Timsplitters sees aliens using time travel to take over the Earth by ruining the planet's past
And you've got to stop them
Sargent Cortez must journey to various places in time
Like 2019 Neo Tokyo (yeah we see what you did there)
19th century Notredame
And the good ol' Wild West to just name a few
Cortez must take back the time crystals and save his world's future from the aliens that plague it
Number 3: "Prince of Persia: The Sands Of Time"
When the people of the Kingdom of Asad are turned into horrible creatures by the Sands of Time
It's up to the unnamed Prince of Persia to save his kingdom using the Dagger of Time
With the dagger the prince can alter time in various ways
Such as reversing it to make up for failures in the platforming challenges
Stopping time to avoid hazards and obstacles
and many other things
Between the wicked rewind mechanics and the never before seen parkour system
This one was hell of a - oh boy- time
Number 2: "The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask"
Link is certainly no stranger to time travel
With four of its games utilizing the trope
but we went with Majora's Mask
As it makes the best use of the concept
Essentially an apocaliptic Groundhog Day on steroids
By using his ocarina, Link can relive the same three days again and again
To ensure that he has enough time to save the land of Termina from the falling Moon
He can also help others by altering their fates through trial and error
By doing things as varied as stopping a girl from being abducted by aliens
To helping out a young couple that are in love
Before we unveil our number one pick
Here are a few honorable mentions
Number 1: "Chrono Trigger"
A timeless epic -pun fully intended-
That was worthy enough to make our top ten games of all time list
Chrono Trigger starts off inocently enough with a time traveling accident
Before your party realizes their future is rot with despair
After an interstellar parasite has devastated the planet
On top of all that, the parasite's evolution is linked to their world's biggest moment in history
With a memorable cast, multiple endings and an amazing soundtrack
This RPG is one that'll stand the test of, ahh, time - that's the last one -
If anything else was number one of this list it would be videogame heresy
Do you agree with our choices?
"Go away!"
Would you have turn back the clock and change our ranking?
For more timeless top ten videos released daily
be sure to suscribe to WatchMojo.com
| YoutubeSubtitles |
- Welcome to Carl and Jinger channel.
We're gonna play a fun family game.
Well, we're gonna build
apocalypse survival weapons
and self fortresses.
This time it's on the attack.
- Look out!
Look out!
(whooshing)
(crowd exclaiming)
(wooshing)
- The rules you guys, we have one hour
to construct our apocalypse weapons
and they have to be safe and functional.
And they also have to work
through the different challenges.
The teams are simple and straightforward.
I'm gonna go by myself.
Luke and Gauge are also gonna go alone
and then Jinger and
Kyle are gonna team up.
Are you guys ready?
- [Crowd] Yeah!
- All right, we have one hour.
The time starts now!
(whooshing)
My idea is really
straightforward, you guys.
I actually only have a couple of items
that I need to gather together
but I already built most of
it in the previous video.
Do you have something in mind?
- [Luke] Yeah, I do.
(upbeat music)
- [Carl] (laughing) All right.
(upbeat music)
Everybody's rummaging
through the garage out here.
We have so many epic
supplies back in here.
- [Jinger] Also, I'm
gonna say is we just found
the lawn and garden torch.
- [Carl] That looks cool.
(fire scorching)
Wait.
What bin are you looking in there?
That looks like..
- [Luke] Fireworks!
- [Carl] Gauge, do you
have a strategy in place?
- [Gauge] I think so.
I have a old rusty axe that I'm trying
to sharpen up and I want
to attach some nails
at the back of it.
- [Carl] Luke is building some kind of
a firework contraction crossbow thing,
- [Luke] Yeah.
- is that what's happening?
(object clattering)
I think we could put those two together.
I found where Gauge is working right now
but I don't see Gauge anywhere inside.
Looks like he has bale rusty
axe, just like he said.
And then, he's got like a
giant nail or some kind.
So, I wasn't feeling very confident
with this short-handled
shovel being safe enough.
So, I went ahead and
got this big garden hoe
and I'm attaching it right now.
So, you get the idea
of what I'm going for.
What's going on back here, guys?
- [Jinger] Secret projects, Carl!
- [Carl] Holy smoke, you guys!
It's actually the next day
and talking about
surviving the apocalypse.
We're building apocalypse
weapons right now
and there's a whole pandemic going on
and then, there's even a
5.7 earthquake in Utah.
So, if this was ever relevant,
the time is right now.
We got rained out last night,
we survive the earthquake
and now we're gonna test out
our apocalypse weapons in the rain.
We have a surprise too.
You guys wanna see, what's
inside this little mystery door?
Listen.
(lock pounding)
Everybody be quiet.
(chicks chirping)
(Carl exclaiming)
- [Crowd] Baby chickens!
- [Carl] (exclaiming) It looks all red
because they have a warming lamp in here,
isn't that adorable?
(chicks chirping)
Okay, back to the apocalypse!
- [Kyle] (zombie mimicking)
It's time for everybody to refill
their apocalypse survival weapons.
Luke, why don't you show
us what you got first?
- [Luke] Okay.
So, I have this handmade crossbow here
with a little compound bow,
has a pretty good force
and it's on a gunrail here.
It's all tied up and it looks pretty cool.
I think it will work.
- [Carl] For apocalypse challenge
number one, its accuracy.
We have infective,
contagion bags hanging here.
And Luke, are you ready?
We're gonna test this all out
and see how accurate this are.
Let's see how this goes.
- [Gauge] (exclaiming)
He's gonna go straigh--
(bow clattering)
- [Carl] (exclaiming) Okay.
That was crazy.
Okay, that was a good shot.
We've reset with a better,
more, fair contraption
and Luke's gonna get a second shot.
- [Luke] Okay, ready?
- [Carl] Ready.
(upbeat music)
I noticed that you have customized ammo
that you have made too after this round.
- [Luke] Yup.
- [Carl] Save 'em for later.
- [Jinger] Come on, Luke.
(arrow clashing)
(upbeat music)
- [Crowd] (exclaiming)
- [Carl] It's stuck into the door.
Look at that.
(upbeat music)
(upbeat music)
Wow!
It went through the back
of the door and everything.
Look at that.
- [Luke] (exclaiming)
- [Carl] Holy smokes.
- [Luke] (murmurs)
- [Carl] Luke's already pass round two
which was breaking through to the door.
But we're gonna let him compete now
'cause he's got
- [Luke] Oh yeah.
customize arrows for the next one.
Next stop is Gauge.
- [Gauge] I like to call
my weapon "Oh Rusty"!
'Cause he got the rusty
nail and the rusty blade.
I use the nail on top
for precision strikes
against my enemies, have
the nails on the back,
and then I have the axe
for more tactical purposes.
- [Carl] Ready, three, two, one, go!
- [Luke] Go Gauge go!
(slow motion smashing)
- [Crowd] (exclaiming)
- [Carl] Oh my gosh!
- [Guage] Oh no!
- [Carl] Look at that, it totally--
You totally broke the whole thing.
We've set it up one more time.
We've put the slime ball on top of a log.
Are you ready?
- [Gauge] Yeah.
- [Carl] Let's go.
(upbeat music)
(upbeat music)
(axe smashing)
- [Crowd] (exclaiming)
- [Gauge] Oh yeah.
- [Carl] Oh gosh.
(exclaiming)
It's in--
It's stayed in there.
- [Gauge] You could see it.
You could see it leaking.
- [Crowd] (exclaiming)
- [Carl] (exclaiming)
- [Jinger] (laughing)
- [Carl] (exclaiming) Look at that.
(murmurs) and it's leaking out
bile and toxins everywhere.
Oh my gosh.
Pandemic is spreading now.
Look at that.
(whooshing)
Gauge's was pretty awesome
but mine is RC car powered
apocalypse (mumbles) weapon.
Are you guys ready for this?
- [Crowd] Yeah.
- [Carl] I've got it
attached to a garden hole
but it actually goes forward and reverse.
Here we go.
(machine whirring)
(machine whirring)
(machine whirring)
(Crowd exclaiming)
- [Jinger] (laughing)
- [Carl] That was easy.
I'm like ready to go straight to the door
so, we just (murmurs).
- [Jinger] Yes, go straight
to the door.
(machine whirring)
(upbeat music)
(machine whirring)
(upbeat music)
(machine whirring)
(upbeat music)
(Carl shouting)
(upbeat music)
- [Carl] Yeah, that was awesome.
It totally sawed all the way through it.
Did it go through to the backside?
- [Jinger] (exclaiming) It did.
- [Carl] (exclaiming)
- [Jinger] That was so awesome.
- [Carl] Jinger!
You and Kyle are next, right?
- [Jinger] Oh yeah.
- [Carl] Let's see what you guys got.
It is raining and pouring out here.
Look at this balloon we've got set up.
I can hear an ATV.
Let's see what Jinger and Kyle have made.
- [Kyle] Yeah!
- [Carl] Oh my gosh.
Look at that!
They have a flame thrower?
This is epic, you guys.
They built a quad mounted
canister flame thrower.
Let's see if we could fire it up
and if it works on this water balloon.
Oh my gosh, here we go!
- [Jinger] Flame thrower
apocalypse weapon.
- [Carl] Go.
- [Jinger] Go!
(upbeat music)
(Crowd exclaiming)
(upbeat music)
- [Carl] That totally work.
That worked so well.
I think we should do a drive by one
we'll set another balloon up.
Let's see if we can do it.
(ATV engine whirring)
Well, see they've got
a mobile flame thrower.
- [Jinger] (screaming)
- [Carl] (laughing)
- [Jinger] Oh no!
We lost our flame!
- [Carl] They lost their flame.
Oh, there's one flaw.
If you voted for Jinger and Kyle,
that might--
I don't know if that
affects your vote or not.
- [Jinger] That has to, right?
- [Carl] That's pretty
epic looking though.
(flame thrower whirring)
Oh yeah!
We're back in business.
Fire it up, Kyle.
- [Jinger] Here we go!
(ATV engine whirring)
(Crowd shouting)
- [Carl] Go, go, go, go, go!
You gotta get away!
(Crowd shouting)
(Carl laughing)
- [Jinger] Kyle, we nailed it!
- [Kyle] Yeah!
(engine whirring)
- [Jinger] Here we go!
- [Carl] Oh my gosh, here they go.
They're going to assault
the door right now.
Let's see if they can burn through it all.
(flame thrower whirring)
(Crowd shouting)
- [Carl] You guys burning it up?
That's awesome.
(flame thrower whirring)
It's totally on fire, check it out.
(flame thrower whirring)
(upbeat music)
(Crowd exclaiming)
- [Carl] Yeah.
That's pretty awesome.
- [Jinger] (shouting)
- [Carl] (exclaming)
Let's see, check it out.
It's still smoldering and
smoking, look at this.
If I was on the other side of that door,
I guess I would definitely be intimated.
That's for sure.
- [Kyle] (mumbles) if you just
punch it, it'll just cave in.
- [Carl] I don't know.
Let's see if Gauge and Luke
can punch through this.
Let's see if Luke, he's
got some surprise there.
Let's see what you got.
Luke is all set up with a firecracker!
- [Luke] Oh, yeah!
- [Carl] He's got a firecracker
tip on his crossbow.
- [Jinger] It's always important to help
your friends during an apocalypse.
- [Carl] Here we go, you
just gotta light the fuse
without mounting everything else.
Let's see what happens.
- [Jinger] 'Kay, here we go.
- [Carl] 'Kay, ready?
Wait for it to start goin'
and then we'll see.
- [Jinger] There, go!
- [Carl] Wait.
Wait, wait.
(firecracker whirring)
Go!
(Crowd exclaiming)
(Crowd exclaiming)
Let's see what happened here.
Holy smokes!
- [Gauge] (exclaiming)
- [Carl] You totally
landed a flaming arrow--
- [Luke] If that was a giant,
it would have hit it
right in the (murmurs)
- [Carl] I know (laughing).
If it wasn't raining outside,
you might've actually started a fire.
- [Luke] Yeah!
Yeah, high five!
That was so fun.
- [Carl] That was epic.
Did it go through the back side?
- [Luke] Yeah, I think it did.
- [Carl] Look at that, it did.
Look, it penetrated the back side.
This is like a sparkler
multi-colored trident arrow.
- [Luke] Yeah.
- [Carl] Look at this thing.
- [Luke] I don't know about this one.
- [Carl] Oh my gosh.
- [Jinger] I feel like
there should be alien invasion weapon.
I'm all for it.
- [Carl] This--
This is awesome.
- [Jinger] All right, here we go.
- [Carl] Here we go.
(flame thrower whirring)
There they go, there
they go, there they go.
Kyle, look out, look out, look out!
(upbeat music)
(Crowd exclaiming)
- [Carl] It bounced back.
Let's see.
Wow, look at that.
It's totally burning down.
If that would've stuck in there--
- [Luke] If that was like
a carpet or anything,
(explosion mimicking)
- [Carl] If it was like
a monster or zombie,
it would have totally penetrated
and cut their clothes on.
- [Luke] Totally.
- [Carl] That was pretty
awesome idea, dude.
(whooshing)
- [Luke] Let's see what you guys got.
- [Carl] Go Gauge, go!
(Gauge grunting)
(Crowd exclaiming)
(Crowd exclaiming)
(machine whirring)
(Crowd exclaiming)
- [Carl] We're surviving apocalypse.
(machine whirring)
(Crowd laughing)
Get it Gauge!
(door parts scattering)
- [Jinger] (shouting)
(axe smashing)
(Jinger laughing)
(Gauge grunting)
(Carl grunting)
(machine whirring)
- [Carl] Get it Gauge, get it!
(axe smashing)
- [Gauge] Yeah.
- [Luke] Oh no, the nails gave out.
(upbeat music)
(axe pounding)
(Crowd laughing)
- [Gauge] Yeah.
(upbeat music)
(door smashing)
(upbeat music)
(Crowd shouting)
(Crowd shouting)
(upbeat music)
- [Carl] We survive the apocalypse.
(upbeat music)
If you guys like this video,
you're gonna love the other one
that you see on screen.
Make sure to check them out (grunting).
I'm out of breath.
And subscribe, if you haven't already.
See you in the next one.
- [Everyone] Bye!
(upbeat music)
- [Luke] Yes!
- [Carl] We did it.
Dude, that was epic.
(upbeat music)
All right.
(upbeat music)
(upbeat music)
(upbeat music)
(upbeat music)
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Lloyd Pye 🎤 Starchild Skull DNA Ancient Alien Reality Intervention Theory 👽 Evening With Lloyd Pye
| YoutubeSubtitles |
notelex: IRL stream?
c252: hi
tanoshiizo: PogChamp
yoyo_brobro: hey
Scyned: hey!
serhejenos: I thought you would never stream again
coProof: Tom my pal
khalifornia420: Nice burly beard, what language did you grow that in?
PhoenixLuffy: DansGame
lefse: Bear grylls?
serhejenos: hi
yoyo_brobro: test
radeon04: camera hacking irl
notelex: hello
pipecork: hi
shekel_gobblin: Remeber no talking about comma ai or logang will come get you. Sub to pewdiepie
prafaeltsantos: OMG............GEO is streammmmming........fckkkkk
Scyned: where are u?
lihfts: BibleThump BibleThump BibleThump
kljok: Did you build a better vision system that mobile eye in 3 months
Not_Alex_Archer: STREAM
yoyo_brobro: missed your streams
nihonzera: hey
c252: how are you today George?
tanoshiizo: "1st day living on the streets of LA"
PhosphoricAcid: weird flex but ok
tanoshiizo: Kappa
EventHorizonxD: love the beanie champ
coProof: You’re in LA duh
teahappyboi: I LOVE YOU GEOHOTZ!!!! hack the fucking world
serhejenos: where are you gonna stream coding?
twiggy_io: Big booty la
Not_Alex_Archer: homeless Hotz
Jeppelelle: Are you homeless now?
notelex: when is 10 hours streams coming?
tanoshiizo: LUL
PhosphoricAcid: Kappa
rns621: you need a gimbal :)
shekel_gobblin: new house
notelex: LUL
tanoshiizo: stream fortnite Kappa
notelex: nice
shafiemukhre: “Sort of homeless”
oX333: CoolStoryBob CoolStoryBob CoolStoryBob
ristego: you are dead to me
c252: wat
GenBurnside: GEORGE HAS A DREAM!
robotboy987: PunchTrees PunchTrees PunchTrees PunchTrees
serhejenos: FailFish FailFish
joker2k999: Bro, is this about Microsoft mimicking slack ?
tanoshiizo: NotLikeThis
robotboy987: FailFish FailFish FailFish
c252: NotLikeThis
robotboy987: f
s0prano22: @tomcr00s3 hello from Russia
shafiemukhre: 2019 dream is to be on instagram celebrity
teahappyboi: F
Not_Alex_Archer: INFLUENCER
shekel_gobblin: I have 1.4 mil on insta hahahaha
notelex: go back to coding
tanoshiizo: @LilRopz
jeromez: FailFish
tanoshiizo: Kappa
GenBurnside: His 'I have a dream speech'
notelex: Kapp
ristego: should we go to the next fyre festival?
shafiemukhre: geohotz
coProof: I like it George
serhejenos: Kappa Kappa Kappa Kappa
teahappyboi: aren't you trolling???!!
Jeppelelle: Whats up with the datacenter bondage on your Instagram avatar?
480i: Omg
eduardoadf1: show boobs
slimpimp007: woah beard
tanoshiizo: are you ok, George?
tanoshiizo: LUL
PhoenixLuffy: You’re trolling
coProof: Lol jailbreak simulation? Tell me more
teahappyboi: watch serial experiments lain!!!!
Not_Alex_Archer: George is always serious
serhejenos: you look like Dorsey btw
shafiemukhre: Hey, Hotz, what will be your strategy to be a instagram celebrity?
notelex: he's probably trolling
shekel_gobblin: i work for zuckaburger
thodeann: where is he
soad188: make bots to get followers LUL
irishyogashirt: Why don't you work at facebook and do this all from the inside
twiggy_io: That’s me
thomasbakp: sarcasm
teahappyboi: watch serial experiments lain
twiggy_io: Nah bro
eduardoadf1: show boobs.
Not_Alex_Archer: O damn
notelex: NotLikeThis
slimpimp007: damn son
c252: was this the point of the whole stream?!
EventHorizonxD: yes show boobs
tanoshiizo: What's your ig handle?
ristego: def a joke
slimpimp007: mans went on a full spiritual journey
eduardoadf1: hack instagram
alluxua: Where are you, geohot?
serhejenos: stream code
tanoshiizo: this is your IG @georgehotz ?
c252: wait your not going to stream programming anymore :(
eduardoadf1: why should i
shafiemukhre: Monetize personal brand
thomasbakp: pewdiehotz
notelex: funny joke LUL
shafiemukhre: Hotz
olajens: LUL
cmmeur01: no one wants a geohot t-shirt, we want cars that drive themselves
EventHorizonxD: ur a fucking clown dude
c252: oh dear god...
Not_Alex_Archer: influencer confirmed
480i: "lots of money"
serhejenos: no
tanoshiizo: Are you going to start playing fortnite and apex legends aswell?
MrBankster: yooo
MrBankster: been so long
tanoshiizo: and don't forget about ASMR
robotboy987: emacs vs vim??
lefse: You can instagram live stream coding PogChamp
slimpimp007: yeah aight
rns621: you should get a dog
olajens: i wanna see red switches on that keyboard
MrBankster: bro im' unemployed! give me job!
shafiemukhre: Lol
serhejenos: play apex
coProof: Is tai Lopez involved?
titanus07: I built a super powerful and evil GAI and will release it upon the world soon. MUHAHAHA. ok. jk. LUL
eduardoadf1: hack google
thomasbakp: what's going on hotz?
thecameroncobb: #getgeoverified
MrBankster: LUL
tanoshiizo: Can i be your manager?
EventHorizonxD: do you carry ?
tanoshiizo: Kappa
eduardoadf1: no
Not_Alex_Archer: I've missed the scopies
MrGwopz: geohot how did u manage to jailbreak the PS3 plz answer I really wanted to know for years
serhejenos: what are you smoking?
480i: Are you on comma.ai's discord?
GenBurnside: you should buy a semi truck, you could live in it
thomasbakp: comma ai dead?
peatmoss2: light it up bro, become a rapper
twiggy_io: Let me be your manager
alluxua: Hi, geohot, a serious question: dorkmo and I sent you gift card for donuts. Did you get it?
evoxrocks: how can i start codin?
slimpimp007: become an Instagram rapper
PhoenixLuffy: Become a rapper
eduardoadf1: is that california
olajens: terry davis 2.0
soad188: make bots to get followers
coProof: Crowd source your management
480i: Make an announcement on discord so more people see the stream
MrGwopz: how did u manage to jailbreak the PS3?
farresito: You look like you just came out of a cave. Looking hot though.
tanoshiizo: terry davis LUL
480i: You can add a bot that'll announce your twitch streams
PhoenixLuffy: Run for President
serhejenos: you should stop smoking pot
480i: Oh ok.
PhosphoricAcid: george just wants to get with the times :D
PhoenixLuffy: !!! George hotz 2020
Zipzipcekirge: will you train your ai with instagram followers? busted
eduardoadf1: we know you are hiding terry davis
coProof: Georgehotz.com/shop?
alluxua: Doekmo and I sent you gift hard for donuts. Send to comma office . Did you get it?
thecameroncobb: Don't know terry davis!?!
EventHorizonxD: i miss the old geohot
tanoshiizo: LUL
olajens: HAHAH, Terry davis created a operative system named TempleOS
Mr_Pol_Pot: lol
c252: yeah he made TempleOS
luhartt: he dead
GenBurnside: build automated farming equipment
c252: the holiest OS
serhejenos: Kappa Kappa Kappa Kappa Kappa
slimpimp007: is this your hippy phase
painsmake: Do you like Chinese food?
coProof: Is this the new double rainbow?
480i: George, will you do the Joe Rogan podcast?
c252: maybe its a second puberty?
eduardoadf1: you could do what you are doing on twitter
480i: Elon did the podcast.
thomasbakp: comma ai...???
Bombapil0t: hey there litguy :)
EventHorizonxD: elon is low tiwer
EventHorizonxD: tier*
aunnsteinsson: love u duze
thecameroncobb: Geo, you can request verification on Instagram now
GenBurnside: later dawg, you're the best
PhosphoricAcid: get a guy do post pics for you btw
KyleUE: everyone go submit a request for him to go on Joe rogan
coProof: You da man George we down with the brand
480i: Thanks for answering my weird questions.
c252: bye
serhejenos: buy
olajens: LUL
slimpimp007: adios
msclaireabella: HIIIIIIIIII
MrBankster: bye love!
Wonfline: u are the best
thomasbakp: comma ai
eduardoadf1: what actually is your instagram i forgot
tanoshiizo: are you trespassing someon's house?
robotboy987: PhD vs working?
Jeppelelle: This was.....well....hmmm. okej....well....someone bodyswapped this dude
thomasbakp: what's going on
olajens: create a operative system, then you become terry davis 2.0
480i: Yeah how can we get you on Joe Rogan
aunnsteinsson: when will commaia be for smartphones
joker2k999: That beard tho bro
msclaireabella: are you at griffith?
dorkmo: theres something you might npt know about me joe rogan... i smoke rocks!
480i: Which topic would you talk about
joker2k999: Nice
serhejenos: stream coding
Guscles: !twitter
PhoenixLuffy: Will you run for president??
mounnrocc: dead
PhosphoricAcid: in the ground
GenBurnside: how's california?
Guscles: Whats his Twitter?
eduardoadf1: at george hotz instagram profile
KyleUE: theres a website to submit guests for JRE
joker2k999: I thought u didn’t do podcast bro? Lol
480i: Link us Kyle.
serhejenos: who is the next president?
Zvezdas21: is he homeless now?
coProof: Doing a cartwheel
tanoshiizo: LUL
olajens: RIP
danielku98: twitter
msclaireabella: LULW
Jeppelelle: So when the singularity is happening we should all be instagram famous?
Jeppelelle: okej
tanoshiizo: this is going to be interesting
olajens: DDOS
radeon04: SeriousSloth SeriousSloth
prafaeltsantos: RIP TWITCH
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Spanish:
Hace unos 2.500 años, un grupo de pensadores
revolucionarios cambió la forma en que pensamos
acerca de las matemáticas.
Los antiguos griegos demostraron que las matemáticas
no consisten sólo en realizar cálculos,
sino en una manera de entender y testar la
realidad del mundo que nos rodea .
Se dice que en el letrero de la Academia de
Platón se leía: no permitas que un ignorante
de la geometría entre aquí.
Y el gran Arquímedes fue incluso asesinado
por un soldado porque se negó a dejar una
demostración inacabada.
Pero, ¿qué es una demostración?
En pocas palabras, una demostración es un
argumento convincente para comprobar si algo
es verdadero o falso.
Por ejemplo, si todos los perros tienen cuatro
patas, entonces: ¿ésto es un perro?
Eso es fácil de demostrar porque todos los
perros tienen cuatro patas, pero no todo aquello
Arabic:
[موسيقى]
منذ حوالي ٢٥٠٠ عامًا، مجموعة من المفكرين الثوريين
غيروا الطريقة التي نفكر بها حول الرياضيات.
بإستخدام فكرة البرهان،
أظهر اليونانيون القدامى أن الرياضيات ليست مجرد القيام بالحسابات،
ولكنها طريقة لإدراك واختبار
واقع العالم من حولنا.
يقال أن أكاديمية أفلاطون كانت تحمل لافتة
بعنوان : لا تدعوا أي جاهل بالهندسة
يدخل هنا.
كما أن أرشيميدس العظيم قتل على يد جندي
بسبب رفضه لترك برهانًا غير مكتمل
ولكن، ما هو ال "برهان" ؟
ببساطة، البرهان هو حجة مُقنِعة
لإثبات صحة شىء أو خطأه.
على سبيل المثال، إذا كانت كل الكلاب تمتلك أربع أرجل، إذن: هل هذا الشىء كلب ؟
من السهل اثبات أنه ليس لمجرد أن كل الكلاب تمتلك أربع أرجل
فإن كل شىء بأربع أرجل يكون كلبًا.
ماذا عن " البرهان الرياضي" ؟
على الأرجح انك سمعت عن مبرهنة فيثاغورث،
وهي حقيقة رياضية حول أضلع
English:
[MUSIC]
Around 2,500 years ago, a
group of revolutionary thinkers
changed the way we
think about mathematics.
Through the idea of
proof, the ancient Greeks
showed that maths isn't just
about performing calculations,
but a way of
understanding and testing
the reality of the
world around us.
The sign above
Plato's Academy was
said to have read: let no
one ignorant of geometry
enter here.
And the great Archimedes
was even killed by a soldier
because he refused to
leave a proof unfinished.
But, what is a proof?
Simply put, a proof is
a convincing argument
to demonstrate whether
something is true or false.
For example, if all dogs have
four legs, then: is this a dog?
It's easy to prove that just
because all dogs have four
legs, not everything
with four legs is a dog.
How about a mathematical proof?
You've probably heard
of Pythagoras's theorem,
a mathematical fact
about the sides
Japanese:
［音楽］
約2500年前、革命的な思想家のグループが
数学に関する私たちの考えを変えました。
数学による証明という考えを通して、
古代ギリシャ人は
数学は計算するためだけのもの
ではないことを示しました。
数学は私たちの世界の真実を
理解したり、試すことにも使えるのです。
プラトーアカデミーに掲げてあるサインにはこのような標語があります。
「すべての人が幾何学に
関心を持つようになるだろう。
このアカデミーに入学しなさい。」
古代ギリシャの偉大な物理学者であるアルキメデスは
証明を未完成のままにすることを拒絶したために、
兵士に殺されました。
いったい、証明とはなんなのでしょうか？
簡単に言うと、
証明とは何が正しくて何が間違っているのか
判断するために、
証拠を挙げて明らかにしていくことです。
たとえば、すべての犬が4本の足を持つのなら、
これは犬でしょうか？
これを証明するのは簡単です。
すべての犬が4本の足を持っていたからといって
4本の足を持つものがすべて犬とは限りません。
数学的証明はどうでしょうか？
皆さんはおそらくピタゴラスの定理については
ご存知でしょう。
直角三角形の３辺の長さの
English:
of a right-angled triangle.
Here's one demonstration
of the theorem.
Does it convince you?
Good proofs are undeniably true.
200 years after
Pythagoras was around,
another Greek
mathematician called
Euclid perfected the
way to write proofs.
With just a few basic
assumptions known as axioms,
Euclid was able to prove many
other mathematical results.
He compiled these results into
one remarkable book called
The Elements, and his
proofs are as true today as
when it was first
written and have
formed the foundations
of modern mathematics.
From proofs about infinite
prime numbers used
internet encryption to
mathematical formulae used
in engineering,
the ancient Greeks
have provided scientists,
economists, lawyers,
architects, and well,
just about everyone,
with a new mathematical
understanding of our world.
Japanese:
関係を表す数学的な定理です。
これはその定理の1つの説明です。
あなたはこの説明に納得できますか？
よい証明は、非の打ち所のない真実を示します。
ピタゴラスが活躍していた時代から200年後、
ユークリッドという名の他のギリシャ人数学者が
証明を書く手法を考え付きました。
自明の理として知られるいくつかの基本的な仮定を
組み合わせることで
ユークリッドは他の数学的結果を
証明することに成功しました。
彼はこれらの成果を1冊の「原論」というタイトルの
優れた本にまとめました。
彼の証明は今日でも正しいとされています。
彼がこの世で初めて書いたその証明は
現代数学の基礎を作り上げました。
無限数の証明は
インターネットの暗号化に使われています。
数学的公式はエンジニアリングにも使われています。
古代ギリシャ人は、科学者、エコノミスト、弁護士、
建築家、そしてすべての人に
数学を使った新しい世界の理解の仕方を
提供したのです。
Arabic:
المثلث قائم الزاوية.
ها هو اثبات للمبرهنة.
هل أقنعك هذا ؟
البرهاين الصالحة حقائق لا يمكن انكارها.
٢٠٠ عامًا بعد زمان فيثاغورت،
رياضي يوناني آخر يدعى
إقليدس، أتقن طريقة كتابة البراهين.
بإستخدام بعض الافتراضات الأساسية التي تعرف بإسم "المسلمات" ،
تمكن إقليدس من إثبات العديد من النتائج الرياضية.
ثم أجمع تلك النتائج في كتاب عظيم يدعى
"العناصر"، وهذا البراهين حقيقية اليوم كما
كانت عند كتابتها لأول مرة ،
لقد شكلت أساسيات الرياضيات الحديثة.
من براهين حول لانهائية الأعداد الأولية التي استخدمت
في تشفير البيانات الإلكترونية، إلي الصيغ الرياضية
المستخدمة في حرف الهندسة، وهب قدامى اليونانين
العلماء والإقتصاديين والمحاميين
والمعماريين ، وكل شخص تقريبًا ،
بفهم رياضي جديد لعالمنا.
Spanish:
con cuatro patas es un perro.
¿Qué es una demostración matemática?
Probablemente habrás oído hablar del teorema
de Pitágoras, un hecho matemático sobre
los lados de un triángulo rectángulo.
He aquí una demostración del teorema.
¿Te convence?
Las buenas demostraciones son innegablemente
verdaderas.
200 años después de Pitágoras, otro matemático
griego llamadoEuclides perfeccionó la forma
de escribir las demostraciones.
Con sólo unos pocos supuestos básicos conocidos
como axiomas, Euclides fue capaz de probar
muchos otros resultados matemáticos.
Recopiló los resultados en un libro llamado
"Los Elementos" y sus demostraciones son hoy
tan ciertas como cuando fueron escritas por
primera vez y han establecido los fundamentos
de las matemáticas modernas.
Desde demostraciones sobre los números primos
infinitos utilizados en el cifrado de Internet
a fórmulas matemáticas utilizadas en ingeniería,
los antiguos griegos han proporcionado a los
científicos, economistas, abogados,
arquitectos, a casi todo el mundo, una nueva
comprensión matemática de nuestro mundo.
English:
[MUSIC]
Japanese:
［音楽］
Arabic:
[موسيقى]
| YoutubeSubtitles |
In their sophomore year at JMU, any student
who is in the class called Prowess will be
working in a paid position on campus for Aramark.
Aramark is our dining facility. They're a
Fortune 250 company. So our students have
that opportunity to work. So as you look at
these 600 hours of related experience, students
will have their work experience from what
they're bringing, they will also get the Aramark
experience which will deal with food service,
and then all students prior to completion
of this 600-hour requirement, will be working
for 25 hours at the Hotel Madison.
We work very closely with the Hotel Madison
in trying to provide our students with an
opportunity for real life experience.
Because the hotel is only 10 months old, our
students have been involved with a variety
of events, helping them from their grand opening
to a variety of tours as well as other activities
that the hotel has been involved with.
Prior to their junior year, they've had immersion
into a hotel, they know that they've had some
food service experience plus all the other
hours that they bring in. Then, in between
their junior and senior year, this is when
students will do a formal internship. What
we try to do in that formal internship is
really work with students to say, are you
more interested in the lodging side, are you
more interested in the food side, or the events
side, or private clubs, or cruise lines or
whatever it is, because what we've learned
is that two out of three students who intern
will get a full-time job offer from that experience.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
YoutubeSubtitles |
|
Oh guys so, um, my only alt might put a link in description down below, is it a fellow concert creator today?
Yeah, I was planning on playing for tonight right and just cooling it all day
And he told me that I need to record as soon as I open up the game now, I'm I've rushed everything
Everything it's recording now as you can clearly see it on the screen. I still got a black hole
He said the intro was fired. It better not be
but I
Can't hear nothing
I got a I
know this is a bit different from what I usually do but it is imperative and
I watched this
That latest rather
Look at the map
You fish for weapons or it's just a cinematic
Bro, it looks so different I can record it pay it is
Wait you have flasks you can
You can shield up to a flow when we're done. I'm gonna calm down
Maybe it's not as crazy as I think it is. Okay. This is freaking just pretty freakin crazy
Battle bus
Or don't get in Coos pose because hey hey
Different game oh
my god
Look, no one played themselves. Am I in the game? What? Oh, my don't go off one better go up boys. Good up
Hold on. Hold on. I'm in but you can kill it. I'm about to freakin killing. Em, I'm about to
Hold up my first game mana always like first game on it's all good. I
Think I'm hello loud. Hold on bro. First of all it always does this it always puts me at lowers
Bro wait put that away. Stop it. Stop it. What are you doing bro? My controls are all freaked, bro
Alright, we are far from the circle. This is kind of crazy. Dude. I'm not gonna lie. I watch this try to catch a body
Nope. Any second gotta catch this body real quick done
Alright, I'm not gonna be playing for tonight that often on the channel, dude
But if I do I'm gonna have to see some gosh darn support watch this. Is that better swimming wait
Wait a minute. I know that brother wasn't swimming that monkey-looking Brotherhood. Oh no wicked or you can swim swim
Go through that shot. Even me that shot me that shotty I just go come here boy. Come here boy. Aah
Get off the water. Get off the freaking Almighty. I'm like a buck
I'm stupid. It's freaking bot you
Dude I cannot aim. Oh my god, bro, I get from a freaking SMG garbage return to lobby. All right
We trapped
We trust I don't know what that was. I got spray. I got mowed down
I got moldy. I got mosey go down aisle saw the edits your boys. Not a casual. I'm gonna have to change my mother
Look at look look at k0. Yes. Here we go and look at a zero
Say look a hero. Yep, we out here playing for at night
Yes, I do it every night and not enough to drink on sprite
I'm about to do a so bright got my girl on the screen there. You know we so clean. Yes
I got the white jeans on and we kidding me better hop into the discord cuz we squat in it
What you even saying bro? I'm about to kill yo. Everybody knows that this might be my last video
Why am I so extra these days I need to relax, you know, we gotta get as he's in love
You
Came come behind. I think I might have to leave quick this move. Ooh, I think I might have to
Oh, dude. Oh, I can't even say mrs. Greg ain't playing bro. Okay, he's not definite pumpkin
All right
Now y'all better see what you know, your boy quiche ear open up to me where I've been putting my hours in you know
Why your boy is naughty casual at this game may know casuals out here. Look at this
I'm double crouching while I pop in minis who you know, does it all know about all eh, I'm average
I'm just be real with you. I'm average. Is that efficient? What the hell is this for? Oh, no, no no, no, no
No, we can actually fish for weapons
Wait the door there's no door on the other side. What am I doing?
Let's go fishing Bois, so is it like do we let you gotta wait for like, oh, maybe I got a wait
What hood Oh baby as soon as I see it splash
Yeah, this is what do you see the splash breath? Oh, I'm catching fish
I'm a Fisher man woman, you know for a feminist out there
Oh, yeah, so super summer summer swimming upstream. Yo, who's this? Crackhead? No, those are fish, huh? Well, can we use this?
No, we can't use it. Ah
don'tdon't
Fight fight
Oh, wait yours, yes
Come on buddy, come here boy. Wait, did I oh boy. I mean whole ordeal without please grab the pool
I'm trash bro. He's right here
Oh
My god, oh my gosh, he's like I can't I can't
If you need help just call
Me up I'm about to get sued please wait
Pick up bodies
How did he freaking hit me bro, I got a plea I got
I'm not I'm not comfortable with this game, bro
You're just chilling on this bus, you know just chillin, you know eating peanut butter but then sandwich
Let's shoot for the same building baby yo Keisha, I'm not gonna make it to you what I'm not gonna make it to you
Um, I'm in the face blade. I'm broke. I have 50 buddy. Go shoot for that shotgun, dude. Oh my god
Shoddy shoddy crap. I don't want to fight this dude. I'm gonna try getting
I
Heard that I'm not to get a couple more Matt
Eliminated
Freaking gold. I got in my lobby. I'm sorry guys. I'm not this toxic. But today I'm toxic. Let's freakin go
Let me pop this freaking big pot
These BOTS out of my lobby room. Oh, yeah. We got a green shotty. Give me that give me all of that
I need all that
Skin though, I seen
a
Nissan Honda what?
Yet dude, he's probably coming out towards rain now I hear him breaking something
Ooh
These are yep, which is bring it
Wow, let's go over maybe oh they were named on the same thing dude, they're not nope, haha
Iam saying yo, yo, you're outside distance. Oh
Yeah, I hit him I hit him for a 19 wait, I'm big shopping behind Southwest I'll come a shot from behind
25 white Hey, obviously, I want me to kill myself. I would see that
All right, bro, we got six buys the tea y'all we are P
Whoa, whoa. Whoa. Whoa. Whoa whoa whoa, whoa, but
Let's just relax
Okay, y'all in the fight and you decide to shoot at me. Oh my gosh, can I get there in time? Yeah. Oh
That's crazy. I'm getting this fight
Oh, yeah, let's go baby. I'm like
We're gonna shot down he shot down a big shot down, dude
This was that crackhead shooting this from holy Stallone's having a mountain where we just came from
what a weirdo and for
1900 what how many days you have? Pick me up bro, please please. I got you
Okay, you should build cover you build pumpkin, but we can be
They really got to sit up there and shut me bro, that's kind of sickening bro, you're the best carry yeah. Oh
My god, it's due to the right. There's a mountain to the right
Don't do it see the same one that downs you or not. That's the dude that I shot
That's the guy
What's this burrito doing I don't know
Oh my gosh, is he gonna like
What
Let's go bro. Oh my gosh what your car hurt? Oh my gosh
He liked it really had to do all that in
Nonsense where I should is one for your car trying to be in there like swimwear, whoa
Let's go before. He kills a Viking
Everybody here for 11. Uh-huh. Uh-huh
Bro, what did you feel that drop it down?
Okay
I need to get
100
All right guys so well, this was for tonight chapter 2 alright season 1 news story new beginnings
We all enjoy this and you want to see more views like this. Yeah, I didn't know to do please be sure
It's a credit shop that like button comment never goes in which you described today
if you knew it's being part of shinobi and like I said before though if we get
Forget about 50 50 likes or something like that, you know saying like, you know, maybe maybe maybe I'm making overcome combos
That's why I just said combos fortnight content. Alright until next time I'll catch you boo boo faces in the next video. Peace
| YoutubeSubtitles |
(water splashing)
- Hey.
(upbeat music)
- Mr. Avie Cado here and I are
back again for another video.
Sir, we're very happy to
have you on the channel.
He has been a great source
of pride and joy in my life.
Since I bought him in July,
we've become fast friends.
He sleeps with me and my
boyfriend every night.
My boyfriend is a big
supporter of Avie Cado.
He loves him just as much as I do.
And so did you guys, when I
introduced Avie to the world,
you guys also fell in love.
I'm very excited to share that
Sir Avie Cado has, in fact,
inspired my new collection of merch.
I don't just love my avocado stuffy.
I love avocado everything.
Avocado toast, guacamole,
avocado on its own, whatever.
I love it all.
So, hey, even avocado ice cream is good,
don't knock it till you try it, okay?
That's all I'm saying.
So, anyways, new merch, out
now, it came out on August 28th.
So you can now purchase it.
Boom. Here it is.
We got this adorable pink tee.
It is a unisex fit.
My amazing best friend
Bradon rocks it all the time.
So don't be afraid to rock this
no matter what gender identity you have.
It says, hi, I'm Avie Cado and it has him
with little hands up
waving and all the outline
of the avocado is puffy
and the writing is puffy.
So it's kind of fun and textured.
We also have, boom,
this lavender phone case
that says the same thing.
Hi, I'm Avie Cado with the avocado.
And we have a pink notebook.
We also released something else
that is not Avie Cado themed
in case anybody wanted new merch
that isn't repping Avie so proudly.
So you can go to fanjoy.co/mollyburke
to shop the whole new
collection right now.
I really hope you love it.
I just thought it was a bit of fun.
I do have another collection
coming out late September
with more fun pieces.
So keep an eye out for that.
We have this cropped top,
which is about to sell out.
It is from my original merch launch
and it will not be coming out.
So once this top is sold
out, it's gone for good.
We also have this shirt
over here, one of a kind,
which is also about to sell out
and I will not be bringing back.
So, if you like, either of those pieces,
check those out right now,
before they are gone for good.
All right, now the reason
we're all actually here.
So a little while back, in early August,
I posted this video right here.
Where I talked about
how since going blond,
I am experiencing damage
for the first time ever
in my two year hair dying journey.
I have been bleaching
my hair for two years,
but this is the lightest
I've ever bleached it.
And it caused me to experience breakage
just on my baby hairs.
The rest of my hair is fine.
But all around my
hairline, all around here,
you can see here, I
have a lot of breakage.
This is the bulk of my
breakage, is right along here,
but I do have some on this side as well.
Right here I have quite
a bit of short breakage
and then around my baby hairs
back here I have some breakage.
All of my breakage is
happening on my baby hairs
all around my hairline.
So I'm really trying to give my hair
a break from any treatments.
I don't heat style my hair at all.
I also pretty much always
let my hair air dry.
Not pretty much, I exclusively
let my hair air dry.
And I use lots of really hydrating,
really healing products on my hair
to try to just be as good as I can be
to this hair 'cause she
has been so good to me.
And so my friend, Fernanda
who owns a beauty salon
in Boston, sent me some instructions
and sent me some products
to do an at home reparative
Olaplex treatment.
And she said I should do this
every single week, once a week.
So today is my first time trying to do
an at home Olaplex reparative
treatment to myself.
I believe this is
something that really like,
you would typically go to a salon
and a professional would do it for you.
But I'm just a girl in my
bedroom who's gonna give it a go
and take you guys on the journey,
the experience, the ride.
I'm not gonna lie, I'm
a little bit nervous.
I'm hoping there's no way I can damage
my hair more by doing this.
I don't think there is, but you know,
I'm pretty clueless when
it comes to this stuff.
So we'll see, she sent detailed
instructions over text,
and I'm just going to give it a try.
And hopefully by the end of this,
my hair is feeling really
soft and silky and hydrated.
Obviously it's not going to
like cure my damage breakage.
You know, it has to just grow back.
And I know that if she's saying
I have to do one treatment a week,
it's not gonna like change my life
to do his treatment today.
But, we're gonna give a try
and just share the journey with you,
see what the results are like.
And maybe this will help some of you
find new things to try
for your hair damage.
So, let's give it a go
and head to the bathroom.
So I have all the products here.
First product I'm supposed
to use is this shampoo
that Fernanda sent by Mizani.
I've never heard of this company,
but she had given me
a hair mask from them.
And it's honestly like my
Holy Grail of hair product.
So, I'm guessing this is gonna be good.
It definitely smells delightful.
And she said that I am supposed
to shampoo three times,
which girl, this hair
is so in need of a wash.
Last night was hair washing night.
But, because I knew I was
filming today, I didn't wash it.
So, it's a day overdue, okay.
She needs to be cleaned.
Especially because I've
been putting so many,
like a lot of different hair oils in,
it's like extra, extra grease ball today.
So, I'm supposed to shampoo
three times and not condition.
But before I get in
the shower and do that,
she said to detangle my hair
because I'm not going to be
able to comb through after.
And she said that when I'm
in the shower doing this
to not like suds it up to
where my hair will get knotted.
But to just kind of like
smooth the shampoo down,
three full rinses, zero conditioner.
And that'll update you with the next step.
By the way, I'm going to go pop
and put a swimsuit on for modesty sake.
But, obviously when I'm
doing this on my own,
I don't usually wear a
swimsuit in the shower,
just to be clear.
All right, my shower is heating
to the right temperature.
It takes a long time.
So I'm just letting it heat up,
I'm going to brush through all my hair.
By the way, if you notice
my armpits aren't shaved.
That's all.
Just calling it out
before anybody else can.
I'm gonna shave 'em when I'm
in the shower, all right?
See, I've brushed through
all of my hair, now.
There's no knots.
So I'm gonna hop in here and do the thing.
In I go.
(water splashing)
I am out of the shower.
I just did exactly how Fernanda said.
I smoothed the shampoo down and through,
instead of scrubbing.
I did it three times.
My hair is very, very
drenched, soaked wet.
Also, probably have
makeup all over my face
because that's what happens
when you shower with makeup on.
But I just have it clipped up right now.
And then what I'm supposed to do,
is blow dry it without detangling.
And once it is dry, she said
it is gonna be like bone dry,
like scary, scary, dry.
Not a nice feeling because
there's zero conditioner in it,
and we cleansed three times.
But that's the point because
apparently it helps open
the hair cuticle so that when I put
the Olaplex treatment in,
it really soaks into the hair shaft.
And so that's what I'm gonna do now.
And I'll see you in a bit.
I've been blow-drying for a while.
So I decided to bring
one of my kitchen chairs
into my bathroom and
that's what we're doing.
(upbeat music)
So my hair is now fully dry, and clean,
and honestly feels really soft.
I don't know.
It doesn't feel dry to me.
Feel it Mom.
- [Niamh] Ooo, yeah, it feels delicious.
- It feels like I used conditioner.
I'm like, very impressed with that shampoo
because it really does feel very soft.
- [Niamh] And this is
not a sponsored video.
- Oh, God, no. Not sponsored.
So here we have this bowl
of our Olaplex mix that we created.
So what was that mix again, Niamh?
- [Niamh] It was, I think,
I'd have to look it up,
- Fourteen ounces,
- [Niamh] Four ounces, was it four or six,
of the Olaplex number
1, and then 16 ounces
of Olaplex number 2, but I
have to double check that.
We can always write on the screen.
- I thought it was 14
and 16, not four and 16,
- [Niamh] I thought it was four.
- Well, you're the one
who read the instructions
and did it, so hopefully.
- ` [Niamh] let's double check on that.
- As per usual, mama bee is correct.
It was four ounces of
Olaplex 1, 16 of Olaplex 2.
I have two clippies here.
I have my shower cap and
I'm now supposed to take
this very liquidy substance
and really drench my hair.
So get it root tip,
clip it up, put this on.
And then she said any heat source will do,
like a blow dryer.
So I'll blow dry through this.
So, I'm just really not sure
how I'm supposed to do this.
I think I'm gonna section my hair out,
but because of the,
- [Niamh] I think you should almost
put your head in the bowl.
- I don't think I can do that
cause I have to get it evenly distributed.
- [Niamh] Right.
- I can't just stick my head in and hope.
- [Niamh] Yeah, hope for the best.
- Hope for the best.
- [Niamh] (laughing)
It's pretty small bowl.
Yeah, I don't know what
you're expecting me
to do here Niamh.
- [Niamh] You gonna be a long time
getting all that on your head.
- I'm so hungry.
- [Niamh] Do you want a snack?
- So hungry, time for snack.
Olaplex can wait, Molly needs to eat.
- [Niamh] What are you having?
- Tuna.
- [Niamh] Mm, looks delish.
- Okay, so snack break's over,
Molly's feeling nice and fulfilled.
Took my vitamins for the
day, feeling good, okay.
It's like, I don't know if I'm allowed
to touch it with my hands.
- [Niamh] I was wondering about that.
- So I only have one proper
glove and one cleaning glove.
I'm lefthanded, so this one I feel like
will allow me to feel a bit
more, which is important for me.
I hate wearing gloves.
I truly do because it
takes away my sensation
and I can't just like look in the mirror
and see what I'm doing.
So, we'll see how this goes.
♪ Do, do, do ♪
Okay.
(upbeat music)
- Okay, to be honest,
it did drip a little bit
like on down the side of my ear
and like a little bit around my back.
But not as much as I thought I would
for how liquidy it is and
how I was trying to apply it.
I still have quite a lot
left here in the bowl.
So, I'm gonna like, bottle that up
and have it for the next time
I do this treatment next week.
But, for now, I try to really focus
on saturating all around my root line.
So, all around those baby hairs
and all around under here.
And then I also tried to make sure
the tips of the hair were super saturated.
So I did actually like
dip the end right into it
and squeeze that out.
But, I feel like I'm pretty
well saturated throughout.
So, I'm gonna remove
these, pop a shower cap on,
and get going.
I figured because I'll be
blow drying for half an hour
under this little heated blow dryer,
I'll put it on extra hot,
I should just chill in bed.
Make myself comfy, put on a podcast.
I'm going to be listening
to "The Thing About Pam"
in case anybody's wondering.
I'm gonna set an alarm for 30 minutes,
which is how long I have to do this for.
And I will check in with you then.
(upbeat music)
I am hot after half an hour.
Thank God I thought to put a podcast on
and that made time go by faster.
Highly recommend that podcast.
Comment down below what podcasts
you guys are listening to
'cause I'm definitely a podcast fanatic.
Anyways, I'm gonna jump in.
Fernanda said to just rinse thoroughly,
the Olaplex out, but not
with shampoo or anything.
Just rinse it out with water.
And then I use this Mizani hair mask
that I said earlier is like
one of my Holy Grail products.
So I'm gonna do that.
Once I get out, I'll put this
Brazilian blowout product
on all the baby hairs around the edges,
and I'll see you then.
Clearly my hair is wet once again.
I rinsed it out with water, did the mask.
Then I just put the
Brazilian blow out treatment
around my little baby hairs.
And I'm gonna leave it
to just air-dry tonight.
You can probably tell that
the lighting's pretty dark,
it's after seven o'clock and I have to run
to a medical appointment.
So I'm gonna go do that.
And then tomorrow I will check in with you
when it's all dry and
show the final results.
On Wednesdays, we wear pink.
Right, Gallup?
Are you wearing pink? Yes.
Cause real men wear pink.
Anyways, welcome back.
It's the next day.
My hair is really nice.
It's really soft.
I mean, to be honest, this is what's crazy
about my breakage, is the rest of my hair
has remained really soft this whole time.
It's just the breakage
around all the roots,
around the,
- [Niamh] Perimeter?
- Hairline, the hairline.
- [Niamh] The hairline.
(Siri talking quietly)
- Oh, my phone's talking.
So yeah, I will definitely
keep doing this.
It is a lot of work, but
I feel like the first time
is always the hardest, right?
'Cause you've never done it before,
so I'm gonna keep doing it, might as well.
If I'm told it's good for
my hair, girl, I'll do it.
And you know, the reality is,
no one hairdresser is
at fault for the damage
that I have in my hair.
You know, that's how I feel about it.
And that's why I'm not upset about it.
You know, like in my first video
where I talked about having damage,
this one right here, I
wasn't upset about it.
In this video, you see,
I'm not upset about it.
Like, this is a choice I made.
I've been choosing to bleach my hair.
And you know that eventually, you know,
I knew the reality is I
have extra strong hair.
You are Fernanda say it in the last video,
I have very strong hair.
But I knew, eventually, the day would come
when it would get damaged.
And I kept making the choice to dye it.
This is on me.
I don't blame any one hairdresser
over the last two years,
I've seen about four
different hairdressers
and all of them played a part in
where my hair is today, right?
So, I'm not like mad
at any specific person.
This is all my life choice.
So, I just want to mention that.
Nobody's like attacking any
of the hairdressers I've seen.
I just wanted to put it out there.
Like, at the end of the day,
you might be surprised
that I don't seem like,
more upset about my hair damage.
I've said from day one, it's hair,
it will grow back.
There are things that I can do.
So, such is life.
see you next time.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
English:
-Wow.
Wow.
-What?
-Was that an earthquake or
did you just rock my world?
Hi, Kong.
-Sorry, do you have a band-aid?
-No, I don't.
I'm sorry.
-Oh, that's okay.
I just scraped my
knee falling for you.
-Oh, my god.
-Oh, my god!
-Did you really just say that?
Did you really just say that?
Do you want my number?
-Fuck yeah, I do.
-Kiss me if I'm wrong, but
dinosaurs still exist, right?
-No.
-Well, that sucks for me.
-No.
No.
-Did you just fart?
-No, maybe that was you.
-Because you blew me away.
-That was funny.
-Come on.
Give it back.
-What?
-Give it back.
-What are you talking about?
-My heart.
-Shut up.
Get out of here.
-What?
-Here, write it down, babe.
-Let me write on your tits.
Portuguese:
Uau, uau
O quê?
Isso foi um terremoto?
Ou você que balançou o mundo?
Oi, Kong.
Desculpe, você tem um curativo?
Não, não tenho. Desculpe.
Ah tudo bem, é que eu acabei de
ralar o meu joelho caindo por você.
Ah, meu deus!
Você realmente disse isso?
Você quer o meu número?
Claro que eu quero!
Me beije se eu estiver errado.
Mas dinossauros ainda existem, certo?
Não.
- Bom, que ruim para mim.
- Não, não.
Você peidou?
Não, talvez foi você.
É porque você tirou o meu ar.
Essa foi engraçada.
Qual é. Me devolve.
O que?
Me devolve.
Do que você está falando?
Meu coração.
- Cala boca. Sai fora daqui.
- O que?
- Aqui, escreve isso, baby. Qual o seu nome?
– Deixa eu escrever nos seus peitos.
English:
-How am I going to see this?
Karen, you have to tell
me what this number is.
He's literally writing on my
chest and I'm letting him.
What's your name?
-See, I'm dating someone so
I don't think he'd really--
[SHUSHING]
-Okay.
What is your number?
-My number is 3-1-0.
-3-1-0.
-Can I get your picture
to prove to all my friends
that angels really do exist?
-Oh, that's so cute.
Sure.
-Do you mind taking our picture?
-There you go.
-Cool.
Thank you.
-That's really sweet.
I'm Hannah.
-Very nice to meet you.
I'll put it on Facebook.
I'll tag you.
-For sure.
-Hashtag, angel.
-Can I borrow your
phone real quick?
-Like the calling--
-Oh, yeah.
Give me the phone.
Thanks.
-Yeah.
Hi, mom.
Yeah.
I think I just met
the girl of my dreams.
Yeah. she's standing
right in front of me.
-Oh, my gosh.
-Hey.
Can I get directions?
-I am not familiar.
Portuguese:
Como eu vou ver isso?
Karen, você vai ter que me falar
qual é o número dele.
Ele está literalmente escrevendo nos meus peitos
e eu estou deixando. Qual o seu nome?
Olha, eu estou namorando uma pessoa
e eu não acho que ele realmente...
Certo.
- Qual é o seu número?
- Meu número é 3-1-0
3-1-0
Posso tirar uma foto sua para
provar para todos os meus amigos
que anjos realmente existem?
Oh, isso é tão fofo.
Claro.
- Você se importa em tirar nossa foto?
– Aqui está.
- Legal.
- Obrigado.
- Isso foi muito doce. Sou Hannah
Prazer em conhecê-la.
Vou por esta foto no facebook e te marcar.
- Claro.
– Hashtag, anjo.
Posso pegar seu celular emprestado
bem rápido?
- Pra ligar pra alguém?
- Sim, me dê ele. Obrigado.
Oi, mãe? Sim.
É. Eu acho que encontrei a garota
dos meus sonhos.
- Sim, ela está na minha frente agora.
- Ai meu deus
Ei. Hmm.
Pode me dar uma direção?
Não sou familiar.
English:
-Well, I need directions
to your heart.
-Oh, what is your number?
-Oh, 7-6-0.
-7-6-0.
-I have to stop you
because I actually
forgot the pick up line
I'm supposed to use.
Are you a parking ticket?
-No.
-Because you've gotten
fine written all over you.
-If I had $0.05 for
every time I saw someone
as beautiful as you,
I would have $0.05.
-Thanks.
-Hi.
Question-- I have to say my
love for you is like diarrhea.
I just can't hold it in.
-Nice pick up line.
-Give me a hug.
All right.
Now, give me your number.
-No, I'm going to class.
-Why?
Excuse me.
Do you have the time?
It is 12--
-No, no, no-- the time for
me to take your number down.
-Oh.
-What race are you, by the way?
-I'm white.
Portuguese:
Bem, eu preciso de direção para
o seu coração.
- Qual é o seu número?
- 7-6-0.
7-6-0.
Eu tenho que parar você, porquê...
eu na verdade esqueci qual era
a cantada que eu deveria usar.
Você é uma multa de estacionamento?
- Não.
- Porquê você tem “boa” escrito em você inteira.
Se eu ganhasse 5 centavos cada vez que eu visse
alguém tão linda quanto você.
Eu teria 5 centavos.
Obrigada.
Oi. Pergunta.
Eu preciso dizer que meu amor por
você é como diarreia.
Eu simplesmente não consigo conter.
Bela cantada.
Me dê um abraço.
- Certo, agora me dê seu número.
- Não, eu estou indo para a aula.
Por que?
Com licença. Você tem tempo?
São doze.
Não, não, não... tempo para eu anotar o teu número.
- Qual a sua raça, a propósito?
- Sou branca.
English:
I'm German, Swedish,
Czechoslovakian.
-Really?
Mm-hmm.
-I would have thought
you were Jamaican.
-Really?
What would have
made you think that?
-Because you're making me crazy.
-Excuse me.
Do You know if there's
an airport nearby?
-An airport nearby?
-Yeah, or was that just
my heart taking off
because you walked past?
-Oh, my gosh.
-If you are words on a
page, you'd be fine print.
-Hey, that was a good one.
-Yeah?
Now, what is your number?
-9-1-6.
-9-1-6.
-Mm-hmm.
-All right.
What is it?
-8-0-5.
-8-0-5.
-Okay, what is your number?
-3-2-3.
-3-2-3.
-5-5-9.
-5-5-9.
-It's 6-6-1.
-Hi.
I have to ask, I love
this rolling backpack.
And I felt like if--
let me ask you question.
Did you fall?
Did it hurt?
What do
-You mean?
Portuguese:
Sou alemã, sueca e tchecoslovaquiana.
- Sério?
- Aham.
- Eu pensei que você fosse jamaicana.
Sério?
O que te teria feito pensar isso?
Porque você está me deixando louco.
Certo.
Com licença. Sabe existe um aeroporto por perto?
Um aeroporto por perto?
- Sim, ou será que foi apenas o meu
coração decolando porque você passou?
- Ah, meu deus.
Se você fosse palavras numa página.
você seria uma bela impressão.
- Ei, essa foi boa.
- É?
- Agora, qual o seu número?
- 9-1-6.
Aham.
- Certo, qual é?
- 8-0-5.
8-0-5.
- Certo, qual é o seu número?
- 3-2-3.
3-2-3.
- 5-5-9.
- 5-5-9.
É 6-6-1.
Oi. Eu preciso perguntar.
Eu amo essa mochila de rodinha.
E, hum.
Eu senti que se, hum.
Deixe-me fazer uma pergunta.
Você caiu? Machucou?
O que você quer dizer?
Portuguese:
Quando você caiu do...
- Do céu. Machuca.
- Não.
Uau, isso foi uma falha gigante. Merda.
Então, nós estamos fazendo cantadas bregas
para as pessoas e filmando.
- Você se importa se usarmos isto?
- Não mesmo.
- Não, eu acho isso super fofo.
- Obrigado.
- Eu gostaria que mais caras fosse, assim para
frente e fofos desse jeito.
- É?
Então agora, nós estamos provando para rapazes que
É possível usar cantadas bregas.
Com certeza, vocês podem.
Caras não tem mais coragem para fazer nada hoje,
eles são horríveis.
Exatamente.
English:
-When you're fell from the sky.
-No.
-Hurts.
Wow, that was a
huge fail-- shit.
-So we're doing cheesy lines say
to people and we're filming it.
Do you mind if we use that?
-Not at all.
-No, I think it's super cute.
Like, I wish more guys
were actually forward
and cute like that.
-Yeah.
-So now, we're here
to prove to guys
that you can use
cheesy pickup lines.
-Hell yeah, you can.
Guys don't have the guts
for anything anymore.
They suck.
-Exactly.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
| YoutubeSubtitles |
[dramatic, jazzy music]
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Spanish:
- Oye, escucha, ¡no puedo entender una palabra de lo que dices !!
- No hablo idioma campana!
- Bueno, qué es lo que tenemos aquí...
- Esto vale la pena, Ahhh...!!
- ¿De dónde salió esa luz graciosa?
Tu necesitas..
- Así no es como lo imaginé ...
- ¡Oye!
- Un gusto conocerte!
- Vamos, gran amigo.
- Salgamos de aqui.
- ¡Bueno!
- Fue un wisp que me metió en este lío ...
- ¿Un qué?
- ¡Vamos al norte!
- No, al sur!
- Y esto que es ...
- Oh, vamos, ¿EN SERIO?
- ¡Y otra vez! ¡Y otra vez!
- ¡¡Eres libre!!
Chinese:
嘿，你可以听吗，你说的话我什么都不明白！
我不讲你废话语言！
哦，这到底是什么呢？
你别浪费我的时间
哪奇怪光灵到底从哪里来的？
你应该 —
我没想到会变到这样。。。
嘿！
很高兴见到了你！
同伴，快走啦。
我们快逃走吧。
说得好！
全部的困难都是哪一个奇怪灯球引起的。。。
一个什么？
- 快去北！
- 错了，去南！
【欸】
可以发光吗？
来这儿！
好。
这到底是什么意思？他们在做什么？
我碎。
什么？
你开玩笑吗？真的这样？？！
多一次！多一次！
你瘨了。瘨！
你自由了！
English:
- Oy, listen, I can't understand a word you just said!
- I don't speak chimey bell talk!
- Well, what have we here...
- This better be worth the...
- Where'd that funny light come from?
- You need to—
- This ain't how I pictured it...
- Hey!
- Pleased to meet ya!
- Come on, big fella.
- We'll get ourselves out.
- Okay!
- It was a wisp that got me into this mess...
- A what?
- Let's go north!
- No, south!
[exasperated groan]
- Can we get a light?
- This way!
- Okay.
- What does that even mean...
- Squish.
- WHAT?!
- Oh, come on, REALLY?!
- And again! And again!
- You're mental, son. Mental!
- You're free!!
French:
- Hé, écoute, j'ai pas compris un seul mot !
- Les sons de cloche, je connais pas ça comme langue !
- Tiens, c'est intéressant, ça...
- Ça a intêret à en valoir la peine—
- Et elle venait d'où cette drôle de lumière ?
- Il faut que tu—
- Je m'imaginais pas ça...
- Hé !
- Content de te rencontrer !
- Viens avec moi, le costaud.
- On trouvera la sortie.
- Ok !
- C'est une sorte de feu follet qui m'a entraîné ici...
- Un quoi ?
- Vers le nord !
- Non, le sud !
[soupir exaspéré]
- On peut faire de la lumière ?
- Par ici !
- D'accord.
- Mais à quoi ça rime, tout ça...
- Squish.
- QUOI ?!
- Oh, mais t'es sérieux là ?
- Et encore un ! Et encore un !
- T'es dingue, toi. Dingue !
- Tu es libre !!
Russian:
- Хой, слушай, я не могу понять ни единого слова что ты сказал!
- Я не разговариваю как колокольчик!
- Что-же, что у нас здесь...
- Лучше бы было...
- Откуда этот забавный светящийся шарик?
- Тебе нужно-
- Это не то как я представлял...
- Хэй!
- Рады видеть тебя!
- Ладно, гигантик.
- Мы вытащим друг друга отсюда.
- Окей!
- Это был Висп который меня столкнул сюда...
- Эмм.. Что?
- Пошли на север!
- Нет, на юг!
[раздраженный стон]
- Может огоньку?
- Туда!
- Окей.
- Что-же это значит...
- Бам.
- ЧТО?!
- Ах, ты серьёзно?!
- Опять! И опять!
- Ты псих, дружок. Псих!
- Ты свободен!
Turkish:
- Bak dinle, söylediğin hiçbir şeyi anlamıyorum.
- Konuştuğun dili konuşamıyorum.
- Ne varmış burada?
- Buna değse iyi...
- O komik ışık nerden çıktı?
- Senin ihtiyacın olan—
-Tahmin ettiğim şey bu değildi...
- Hey!
- Tanıştığıma memnun oldum!
- Hadi ilerle koca oğlan.
- Buradan çıkmamız gerekiyor.
- Tamamdır!
- Beni bu saçmalığa sokan o minnak ışıktı...
- Aa şimdi ne var?
- Hadi kuzeye gidelim.
- Hayır güneyden!
[Bıtkınlık içinde iç çekme]
- Işık yakabilir miyiz?
- Bu taraftan.
- Tamam.
- Bu ne anlama geliyor?
- Ezmek.
- NE!?
- Siz ciddi olamazsınız?
- Ve diğeri! Ve diğeri!
- Siz hastasınız oğlum. HASTA!
- Sen özgürsün!!
Turkish:
- Sanmıyorum. Bence o öldü.
- Ah, hadi ama...
[Teklenmekten sinirlenen bir yaratığın hırıltısı]
- Hey!
- Selam!
- İhtiyacımız yoktu am—
- Çeneni kapat ve teşekkür et.
- Bir saniye bekle...
- [Sahne dışı gülüşmeler]
- Aha Wisp,
senin iğneleyici zekan çimenler üzerinde berbat ediliyor.
- [Tehlike biplemesi]
- Ne?
- DUR!
- [Gülüşmeler]
- Bekleyin, Bundan ister misiniz ha?!
Spanish:
- Nah, creo que está muerto.
- Ohh, vamos ...
- ¡Oye!
- ¡Hola!
- No necesitamos-
- Cállate y di gracias.
- Espera un minuto...
- [Puck riendose]
- Ah, Wisp,
tu ingenio, se desperdicia en estos seres burdos.
- ¿Huh?
- ¡DETENTE!
- Oh, quieres algo de esto, ¿eh?
Russian:
- Не, я думаю он мёртв.
- Ах, давай же!
[рык злобного существа, который получил удар в колено]
- Хэй!
- Привет!
- Нам не нужн-
- Заткнись и скажи спасибо.
- Подожди-ка...
- Ах, Висп,
твой мерзкий ум впустую тратится на этих мерзких существ.
- Мм?
- ОСТАНОВИСЬ!
Ох, тебе хочется получить, а?!
English:
- Nah, I think he's dead.
- Ah, come on...
[growling of an angry creature that got kicked in the knee]
- Hey!
- Hi!
- We didn't need—
- Shut up and say thank you.
- Hold on a minute...
- [off-screen laughter]
- Ah, Wisp,
your mordant wit is wasted on these gross beings.
- [alarmed beeping]
- Huh?
- STOP!
- [laughter]
- Oh, you want some of this, eh?!
Chinese:
自由？我认为他已经死了。
啊啊，又困难。。。
【生气地咆哮】
嘿！
你好！
我们其实不需要 —
快闭嘴说谢谢吧。
等一等。。。
【隐形的玩笑】
啊啊，小球。
你在这些作呕生物前，你真的浪费你媒染剂智力。
【慌张地蜂鸣】
啊啊？？
住手！
【笑声】
哇，你要打架啊？
French:
- Non, je crois qu'il est mort.
- Ah, bon sang...
[grondement menacant d'une très grosse créature qui vient de se prendre un coup de pied dans le genou]
- Hé !
- Salut !
- On avait pas besoin—
- Tais-toi et dis merci.
- Attends une seconde...
- Ah, Wisp,
c'est dommage de gâcher un sens de l'humour aussi sophistiqué sur des bêtes aussi primitives que ça.
Hein ?
- STOP!
- [rires]
- Quoi, vous en voulez, vous aussi?
| YoutubeSubtitles |
[MUSIC PLAYING]
Good morning to everybody again.
We start now the second session
of this exciting meeting.
And we are going to talk about
stem cells and gene therapy.
We like to call stem
cell and gene therapy
definitive therapy,
because we want
that this is one-time
therapy for our patients.
And the goal is indeed
to cure diseases
that today are really incurable.
So when we think about gene
therapy and stem cell therapy,
we heard today
that we can use it
to treat many
diseases, including
damage after brain cancer.
But in reality, today
we will focus mostly
on genetic diseases and what we
call monogenic diseases, which
is one mistake in one gene.
And this mistake in one
gene leads to disease.
These kinds of diseases are
fortunately relatively rare.
But when you take
them all together,
they really affect many millions
of people, and mostly children.
And when I started to
work with genetic diseases
a few years ago, we had
approximately identified 3,000
monogenic diseases.
And today, we are over
10,000, and it's still rising.
Every day, we characterize as
monogenic diseases, diseases
that until yesterday we
thought were acquired diseases.
So the field is
really expanding.
And today, what we can
do for our patients
is a therapy to
alleviate the symptoms.
But in reality, this
is not our goal.
Our goal is to cure
this patient for life.
And, indeed, the next
frontier for curing
these patients is
regenerative medicine--
stem cell therapy, gene
therapy, tissue engineering.
And our contribution
to precision medicine
is really to establish
successful therapies which
are tailored to that
specific disease
and to that specific
patients population.
And again, we want one
therapeutic intervention
to take care of the
problem for the rest
of the life of the child.
So you have to start to
think of this session
as a session in which we use
cells and genes as drugs.
So stem cells can regenerate
and replace damaged tissue
and really cure or
treat a condition.
And genes can be
inserted in the cells
to reestablish a function
which is missing.
And with this approach, using
cells and genes as drugs,
we can treat many diseases in
addition to genetic diseases.
We can treat cancer,
neurodegenerative diseases,
heart diseases.
But you can ask-- and
actually, I get this question
many times-- if stem
cell and gene therapy
is such a tremendous potential
for so many diseases, why
it's not on the market?
Why our doctor cannot prescribe
stem cell and gene therapy
to me as a patient, if I
need it, or to my child,
or to my relatives,
if they need it?
Well, there are many
reasons for that.
But the bottom line is
that we are not there.
We had tremendous acceleration
in the field in the last 10
years.
But still, today, we
have only a couple
of drugs that are registered
and marketed for gene therapy
and for stem cell therapy.
And we have a handful of
diseases that we can cure.
And one of the major reasons why
we are still working and really
want to accelerate
the field, but we
were stuck for many
years, if you wish,
is because there was really what
we call "the valley of death"
between basic research
and clinical practice.
But fortunately, although
this valley of death
stayed there for many years,
and we had academic scientists
working on basic
problems to solve,
and then the industry to develop
drugs for clinical practice,
in the last five years,
and more to come,
we really see an acceleration
towards translational research.
And many institutions,
and Stanford Medicine
is the forefront of
translational research,
really invest in translational
research to close this gap
and to bring discoveries to
the bad side of the patients.
So we want to translate our
discoveries into new medicines
for our patients.
And with that, I want
to introduce, really,
the speakers of this session.
The first speaker comes from
industry, Martin Andrews.
He will give you the perspective
of the industry for stem cell
and gene therapy.
Then we have an academic leader
in the field, Nadia Rosenthal,
will give you the perspective
of an academic scientist that
devotes her career
to stem cell therapy.
And finally, we will have a
panel of four Stanford Medicine
speakers, Hiro Nakauchi, Sean
Wu, Matt Porteus, and Tony Oro.
And I want to recognize that
they're not the only scientists
working in stem cell and
gene therapy at Stanford.
We have been really lucky to
have an institute for stem cell
biology and regenerative
medicine directed
by Irv Weissman.
And in this institute,
really, there
is a critical mass of
excellent scientists
working on the problems
we try to address today.
And also, for gene therapy,
we have the Division
of Human Gene Therapy
directed by Mark
Kay and many excellent
scientists in gene therapy.
Some are today in the audience.
So I hope that with
the four speakers,
you will have a
flavor of what we
are doing at Stanford Medicine.
And if you want to
learn more about that,
we are at your disposal.
So without further
ado, I would like
to introduce Martin Andrews.
Martin Andrews
started his career
in a pharmaceutical company
in 1985, in the Beecham Group.
He joined
GlaxoSmithKline in 1992,
and he worked his
successful career
in many different disease
areas, including neurology,
gastroenterology, vaccine.
And we have been very fortunate
to have him as the senior vice
president of GlaxoSmithKline and
responsible for orphan disease
globally since 2013.
So Martin's team
really is pushing hard
to bring gene therapy and
cell therapy to the market.
And without further ado, Martin,
thank you for being here.
Thank you.
[APPLAUSE]
Thank you.
Well, good morning,
ladies and gentlemen.
Thank you, Professor
Roncarolo and Dean Minor
for this fabulous opportunity
to talk with you today
at this inaugural
Child X conference.
It's a real privilege to
be here for me, actually.
But it's also somewhat
of a daunting privilege,
especially when I'm addressing
many great minds in the area
of maternal and child health.
And it's a somewhat daunting
privilege in respect
it feels a bit like being asked
to talk about your golf swing
to Tiger Woods or Arnold Palmer.
So anyway, it also
feels a bit daunting
in the sense of the
format we've got.
It's like being asked to do
that but from Martha Stewart's
Living room at the same time.
But anyway, I'll do
what I can to give you
an industry perspective.
What you're not going
to hear from me today
is any original research
about cell and gene therapy.
I'm going to leave that to
everybody else, the experts.
I'm not a treating physician.
I'm not a research scientist.
But I spent my whole
career in industry.
And therefore, what
I'm going to try and do
is to give you an
industrial perspective,
if you like, on the
potential application
and what we're really doing
in cell and gene therapy
at GlaxoSmithKline.
Now, first of all, you may
ask the question, well,
what's a company like GSK
even doing in rare diseases?
And there's really three reasons
why we're present in this area.
The first reason is
that it's absolutely
consistent with our
mission as a company.
We are here to help people do
more, feel better, and live
longer.
That's the core mission of GSK.
It's in our DNA to do that.
But secondly, it
also, by working
in orphan diseases with
very, very high unmet need,
allows us to apply
cutting edge science
to solving these problems.
And I'll give you a
couple of examples.
The use of oligonucleotides
for gene silencing
or for exon skipping is
a good example of that.
The use of ex vivo autologous
gene therapy, which
is what I'll talk
about more today,
gives us an opportunity
to do that as well.
And doing these in
high unmet need areas
is far more tractable
to take something
from the bedside to the
clinic and hopefully
one day to the marketplace.
But there's a third reason.
I think this is arguably
one of the most important.
And that is because
researching and developing
medicines for
ultra-rare diseases
gives us a window
into human biology.
The biggest single reason why
medicine development fails
is usually because of a
poor target validation.
And in studying and applying
medicine development
to rare diseases,
it usually allows
us to look at a very exquisitely
precise mechanism that
underlies the disease.
And in the case of
monogenic genetic disorders,
that's very, very
exquisitely precise.
And here, one of the reasons why
this is beneficial for us is it
allows us to look at interacting
with a fundamental pathway that
causes the disease may
well teach us things
that we can apply
either upstream
or downstream or at the same
point in that pathway for more
common diseases.
And, I think, as previous
speakers this morning
have alluded to, the science is
generating at such a huge pace
here.
And as the
bioinformatics revolution
untangles all the strands
of the human genome,
it's very likely that
common disease populations
will be segmented and
subsegmented and substratified,
such that personalized medicine
is not going to be desirable.
It's going to be
essential in the future.
So these baby steps
we take today,
as science and
technology matures,
and we learn to apply that
science and technology,
we really see that
as a huge benefit.
So that's why GSK is
involved in rare diseases,
and specifically,
cell and gene therapy.
But what about myself?
Well, I've actually been in the
industry for over 30 years now.
In fact, when I started, I had
a beautiful, thick head of hair
which has disappeared
over the years.
And actually, 10 of
those 30 years, I
spent in the field of vaccines.
Now, many people ask me, why are
you moving from vaccines, where
everything is done on such a
vast scale, where public health
impact is truly global, where
hundreds of millions of people
every year receive vaccines?
And, in fact, GSK alone
manufacture almost a billion
doses of vaccine every year.
And you're moving to an area
where you can count patients
sometimes on one
hand or both hands,
or at least in the
tens and hundreds.
And the answer really
is the patient.
Now, even though the context
and the scale is very different,
the unmet need is equally raw.
Now, in vaccination, if you
look at the consequences
of not being able
to vaccinate kids
against infectious
disease, there
are really profound
consequences.
Now, there are
many, many occasions
in my previous life
in vaccines where
you know that if you
do not deliver vaccines
where they're needed, there
are significant consequences.
I'll give you an example with
pneumococcal vaccination, where
for every million doses of
pneumococcal vaccine that we
deliver to Sub-Saharan
Africa, it's
about 3,000 children
under five will
be spared a premature death
from pneumococcal pneumonia.
So it's a very, very
binary, if you like,
cause and effect
on the impact you
can have on people's health.
And actually, in
respect to the scale,
the same is true
with rare diseases.
We know that a child
diagnosed with a rare disease
will have about a one in
three chance of seeing
their fifth birthday.
So the unmet need, despite
the scale, is equally raw.
And that's the thing that
attracts me to this area.
To be able to make even a small
difference to a child's life
is profound.
I remember, actually,
we had a patient seminar
on patients who had successfully
been treated with gene therapy.
And there was a lad there
with his mother and father.
He was an early teenager,
typically miserable and sullen,
but very healthy.
And his mother was
describing his journey
through therapy, their
journey through therapy.
And she described how all
the things we take for
granted for our children
when they're healthy,
they had had to adjust
to dramatically,
so things like,
swimming, playing
soccer, skateboarding, being
glued to their gaming machines,
I guess.
But the one thing that
really caught my attention
was the lack of
social interaction
and how on his
first day at school,
he said that he'd never
seen so many kids.
He didn't realize that kids got
together in such big groups.
Because until that point,
he'd had pretty much
an isolated, almost
aseptic existence.
And that's what we think about
transformational medicine.
So when we looked
at this at GSK,
it really felt like
the very first page
of a new chapter of a new
book that has the potential
to transform medicine.
And it's a book that's being
written almost as fast,
I think, as you can read it.
And if we look at all
of the progression
of scientific
research now, going
beyond ex vivo autologous
gene therapy and stem therapy,
but also the discovery
of new vectors,
synthetic vectors,
the application
of gene editing through
nucleases, transposons.
And every day, there seems
to be something new to learn.
And actually, it's
rather a challenge,
because all these
things are great ideas
unless we can actually
apply them and give access
to patients on a global scale.
And that's really what
we're aiming to do at GSK.
So imagine, I'll go back
to my vaccine analogy,
in 1952, when Jonas Salk
created his first polio vaccine,
could you imagine or
could anyone imagine then,
that in a lifetime, it
would be possible to be
on the brink of eradicating
polio worldwide?
Could anyone imagine
that it would
be possible to prevent
hepatocellular carcinoma
as a result of hepatitis?
Or protect a child from
six infectious diseases
with one injection?
Or prevent women from cervical
cancer through immunizations?
All of these things
are tractable
and have been developed
by the confidence
and the continual
application of giving
the immune system a helping
hand through immunization.
And that's, in a
way, I think, how
we're seeing this whole area
of gene and cell therapy.
So let me talk a little
bit now about what we're
trying to do here and how
we're trying to do it.
And I want to give you an
example of a genetic disorder.
Imagine a child who's born
with a single gene defect,
and that gene is
responsible for enabling
the creation of a protein which
is essential for metabolizing
toxic waste in cells that
would otherwise accumulate.
And when it
accumulates, it actually
degrades the ability
of cell division.
Imagine that it's going to be
T and B cells in this case,
so the child rapidly progresses
to immune deficiency.
And so you have a very
profound immune deficiency
on their hands.
They're prone to
and very susceptible
to common infections that
most kids can fight off.
And they may well never
see their first birthday.
Or if they do, if they've
been successfully treated
to a degree with
enzyme replacement,
then they may get
into their teens
but not have a great
quality of life.
That's the kind of patient
that we're thinking about here.
So if you will forgive me
dramatically oversimplifying
what is literally decades
of scientific research
and development, I just want
to walk you through the process
that a patient like that,
with an immune deficiency,
would follow.
So first of all, the patient
would have bone marrow
stem cells extracted.
These cells, in this case, if
it was an immune deficiency,
we are thinking about
CD34 positive cells.
They would be
selected and purified.
And through a multi-step
cell processing process
that happens, obviously
outside the body,
the cells would be mixed
with a viral vector.
So this is a
non-pathogenic virus
which has inserted the
correct human genome sequence.
And that acts as a vector by
transducing those stem cells.
In other words, by
attaching to the cells,
inserting into the
nucleus of the stem cells
the corrected gene
sequence in an, albeit,
fairly indiscriminate fashion.
And with those transduced
cells, clearly the patient
who's going to be
the recipient will
have to undergo a
period of conditioning
to allow-- to make
room for the cells
by removing some of the
uncorrected stem cells that
exist in the child's
immune system.
Now there's a really critical
step that comes here as well,
and that is the quality
assurance release.
Now, somebody in
this process has
to make the decision
to release the product
for readministration
or reinfusion
back into the child from
which the cells came.
Now that's a very
important step,
and I'll come onto
this in a second.
Now clearly, this is an
irreversible procedure.
It's integrative gene therapy.
So once you've done
it, you've done it.
And therefore,
patients are going
to need very long-term
followup, because clearly,
whilst there's the
potential for cure,
there's also the
potential for harm.
So that in a nutshell
is really the process
that we're following
in the gene therapy.
And as we became interested
in this, certainly,
as I became interested
in this, you
start to see the limitations
quite dramatically, which
I think Professor Roncarolo
actually expressed
at the very beginning.
And that is really that
from a geoscape perspective,
once we are used to making
vaccines, biological products,
monoclonal antibodies,
small molecules,
we're not at all experts in the
area of selling gene therapy.
So this really drove
our whole strategy here
to partner with
clinical academia.
Because all of the
research was and still is
being done in clinical
academia, so the basic science,
the translational medicine,
the medical management
of the patient that
surrounds the whole area.
And that's one of
the limitations
that clearly we saw and
drove our partnership
with, in this case,
the Telethon Institute
for Gene Therapy in Milan,
and the Ospedale San
Raffaele in Milan, and the
colleagues of Professor
Roncarolo, and
others in the unit.
And we also see that
there were limitations
that all of the clinical
academics in the area
were also facing, and
that is really the ability
to create a process that is
robust, scalable, predictable,
and controllable,
which allows the filing
under regulatory
scrutiny to take this
from bedside
experimental medicine
into something that
has the right levels
to be considered as a medicine.
And clearly, there's also the
whole manufacturing and control
area which is crucial.
Because if we're
going to do anything,
we need to make sure that
patients can access this,
and it's affordable, and it's
also accessible geographically.
Now, clearly there's a
number of considerations
when we do this, a
number of real learnings
that have been quite hard
for us, and they still are.
So some of the hurdles
we have here are,
first of all,
you're dealing with
an inherently and infinitely
variable starting material,
and that's the patient.
Everybody is different.
Their physiology is different,
even though a lot of the basics
are similar.
The second thing is that we are
also dealing with fresh cells
throughout the whole process.
Now this is quite unusual for
us in a manufacturing sense,
because you cannot
sterilize them.
So in a way, you would be giving
back a non-sterile product
to a patient who's actually
profoundly immune-suppressed.
And that creates
its own challenges.
The third thing is the
release specifications.
I mentioned that somebody
has to make the decision,
from a quality
assurance point of view,
to release a batch of medicine
to treat the sick child.
And that is quite an
issue, because there
are no standard consistently
validated assays
that we'd normally be used to.
How many cells is too little?
How many cells are too much?
How potent do they need to be?
What time window do they need to
be readministered or reinfused?
So quite a lot of issues on the
release aspect of the medicine.
And then, of course, there's the
whole issue of the shelf life.
They're fresh cells.
They don't have
an infinite life.
They lose potency, just
like many vaccine antigens
lose potency with time.
And therefore, there's a
narrow window of opportunity
to reinfuse the cells
into the patient
before they lose potency or
decrease in the quantity.
Then there's the whole
area of disease selection.
So we're thinking
about which diseases
do we really believe are
tractable with cell and gene
therapy.
And there's multiple
considerations here too.
So how strong is the
biological rationale
in the preclinical data?
Is there a really strong
cause relationship
between the metabolic defect
and the gene correction?
Is the preclinical
model really likely
to be predictive of
success in the clinic?
When we're thinking about
the diseases themselves,
how much damage is done
before the child is born?
How rapidly does the
disease progress?
I mean, if the disease
progresses very,
very rapidly after
birth, then can you
really design a study
that will show a treatment
difference rapidly enough
after the therapies had
been initiated?
Or conversely, if it's a very
slowly progressing disease,
you may have to do unfeasibly
long clinical studies
to detect the difference.
So quite a lot of
considerations purely
on the nature of the condition.
And then, of course,
there's the feasibility
from a delivery perspective.
So how realistic is it to
expect the transduced progeny
of the stem cells
to actually reach
the target organs that may be
affected by a rare disease?
So it could be the
heart valve or the eye,
which are inherently
difficult areas
to be precise in
delivering the medicine to.
So a whole range
of difficult issues
that need to be overcome.
Now, in our
partnership with TIGET,
we are targeting a whole
range of different conditions.
So first of all,
there's ADA-SCID,
a primary immune deficiency.
This is where children
lack the ability
to make a single enzyme,
which is adenosine-deaminase.
That creates a difficulty
in cell division.
It's very similar to
what I was describing
on the patient side leading
to profound immune deficiency
and usually an early death.
But there are also
other areas that
are in the scope of
our collaboration.
So Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome,
again, in this syndrome
you've got a single
enzyme defect
which prevents the creation
of the WASP protein,
leading to severe bleeding
disorders and also leukemia.
And then chronic
granulomatous disease,
where again, there's enzyme
deficiencies that preclude
the ability to fight infection.
Now these are all in the primary
and immune deficiency sphere.
But as part of
the collaboration,
we're also looking at a cluster
of lysosomal storage disorders,
so metachromatic
leukodystrophy being one.
And this is, again,
a single gene defect
where the gene that codes for
production of arylsulfatase A
is missing and you get an
accumulation of GAG and fat
in the brain, which results
in very dramatic and quite
horrific reduction
in gross motor
function in children
affected with MLD.
And then, of course, the
mucopolysaccharidosis,
in this case MPS I
or Hurler syndrome.
And here we can see how this
technology can lend itself
very well to MPS I, or
indeed, MPS II or MPS III
And last but not least,
globoid cell leukodystrophy.
So a whole range of disorders in
the lysosomal storage disorder
category.
And last but not least,
globinopathies, in this case,
beta thalassemia.
So what you can see from
this cluster of indications
is the partnership
we have with TIGET
and San Raffaele is going
to allow us to explore
not just different diseases
but actually a range of tissue
compartments and a range
of prevalence of illness
going from the ultra-rare,
such as ADA-SCID or WAS,
through to a still rare
but far more prevalent
condition like beta thalassemia.
So this is really a very, very
significant learning exercise
in how to apply the
technology across this range
of different conditions.
Now, there's also a real
challenge here as well,
and that is to get from
a single center of origin
to being able to manufacture on
a scale that is A, affordable,
because remember, each
patient is its own batch
here and also accessible.
And if we really want to
make the leap from going
from ultra-orphan very, very
specialist treatment to more
common diseases-- and there's
some encouraging science
evolving looking
at CCR5 and HIV-1,
for example, and other such
more common diseases-- then
we really need to make sure
that we can get the medicine
to the patients who need it.
Now this sounds rather easy,
but it involves a hugely complex
technology transfer approach.
So right now, the
center of excellence
that we're working with
is in Milan, in Italy.
And through tech
transfer, we have
to make sure that the process
and everything is transferred
to other centers.
And in transferring
that technology,
the results that come from
the transfer of the technology
are predictable and
reproducible compared
to what the outcomes that were
derived at the original source.
Now it sounds rather
easy, but actually, it's
a little bit like cookery,
rather than chemistry.
And the reason I
say that is it's
a little bit like if I
tried to cook a Michel Roux
dish from one of his cookbooks.
And I can use exactly
the same ingredients.
I can follow the recipe.
But I can guarantee you that
my dish won't taste anything
like the one that
he or his chefs
produce in their restaurant.
So a lot of this is
not just about process.
It's not just about
technology transfer.
It's about know-how
and the ability
to translate know-how
to different centers
in an exquisitely
precise fashion.
Now clearly, in order to extend
the life of the medicine,
we're going to have to work
hard on self-preservation
through chemical preservation
and cryopreservation.
Now we can do this today
with the viral vector.
That can be deep frozen and
shipped pretty much anywhere
in the world.
But ultimately,
the cell processing
or the movement of
transduced cells
presents many, many other issues
that we have to contend with.
So ultimately, we see this as
pretty much an inevitable route
towards automation.
Now, the technology
exists today.
It's certainly used
in cell selection,
but it needs to go further.
It needs to go further in
respect to not just cell
selection or cell purification
but also transduction itself.
So you can make this a
reproducible, consistent,
scalable process
that can actually
take place in the
treating center,
rather than have to have
everybody going to highly
specialized centers and
actually spending months there
in order to go through
the whole treatment cycle.
So that's the vision.
And if we can do
this, then clearly we
can not only make this
medicine approach more
accessible to people
by reducing the cost,
but also increasing the
usability and the proximity
of the medicine.
But it also means that it would
open the door to more prevalent
diseases, so whether it's
HIV, whether it's hepatitis,
it could be many
other mechanisms.
And so what we're trying
to really do within GSK
is to form partnerships.
And that's why I want to
recognize the partners that we
do have in this area today.
I've mentioned already
the Telethon Institute
for Gene Therapy in Milan.
But critically, the
manufacturing partner,
MolMed, who undertake
highly specialized cell
processing and cell
selection and transduction.
And without them, it'd be really
impossible to take the steps
that we need to do
to try and shape
the whole pathway of medicine.
And more recently, we
formed collaboration
with a company
called Adaptimmune,
looking at TCRs in
the field of oncology,
in the intracellular space,
as well as the cell therapy
Catapult in the UK.
So what we're looking for here
is a virtuous partnership where
the basic science, the
translational medicine,
the discovery is really
undertaken where it's best,
in clinical academia.
And what we try to
do is to partner
early enough in order to
make sure that what comes out
of that can be manufactured,
registered, and scaled,
and importantly, that we find
a way of getting paid for doing
all this at the same time
so that we can really
push the boundaries further and
further as the science matures.
So with that, I just
wanted to say a very big
thank you for listening.
And really, thank
you on behalf of all
of these institutions for
the groundbreaking research
that you're doing that
really helps us further
the science but the
application of that science.
Thank you.
[APPLAUSE]
Thank you so much.
Thank you.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Portuguese:
- Você pode ter ouvido a frase,
"O sionismo é racismo".
Embora muitas pessoas pensem que é apenas
uma maneira provocante e controversa
para criticar as políticas
do governo israelense,
a história desta ideia que,
"Sionismo é igual a racismo"
é na verdade muito mais sombrio e complexo.
Mas onde exatamente
esta ideia se origina?
Como evoluiu para uma campanha de
ataque diplomático para desafiar
Legitimidade subjacente de Israel
como um estado soberano?
E o que a União Soviética
tem a ver com tudo isso?
Vamos olhar mais de perto
na Resolução 3379 da ONU.
(música funky)
Em 10 de novembro de 1975, as Nações Unidas
votou para declarar que,
"O sionismo era uma forma de racismo
"e discriminação racial".
Foram exatamente 37 anos
depois da Kristallnacht,
a noite dos quebrados
Vidro, na Alemanha nazista,
que foi um dos primeiros
grandes eventos do Holocausto.
Desde o início, o
proposta da Resolução 3379
estava envolvido em controvérsia.
Isso ficou claro em um
discurso poderoso dado por
então embaixador dos EUA
para as Nações Unidas,
Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
quem mais tarde se tornaria
um célebre senador dos EUA de Nova York.
Falando na ONU, ele disse que,
"O que temos aqui é
uma mentira - uma mentira política
Russian:
Вы, возможно, слышали фразу
"Сионизм — это расизм".
Хотя многие народы думают,
что это просто провокационная и
противоречивая критика политики
израильского правительства,
история идеи, согласно которой
сионизм равняется расизму,
на самом деле намного
темнее и сложнее.
Но откуда в действительности
произошла эта идея?
Как она вылилась в кампанию
дипломатических нападок,
бросивших вызов легитимности
существования Израиля
как суверенного государства?
И какое отношение ко всему этому
имел Советский Союз?
Давайте рассмотрим
резолюцию ООН 3379.
ИСТОРИЯ ИЗРАИЛЯ ПРОСТЫМ
ЯЗЫКОМ
10-го ноября 1975 года
по результатам голосования
в ООН
было сделано заявление, что
"сионизм является формой
расизма
и расовой дискриминации".
Это случилось ровно через 37 лет
после Хрустальной ночи,
или Ночи разбитых витрин,
в нацистской Германии,
что было первым значительным
событием Холокоста.
С самого начала,
предложение резолюции 3379
было окутано противоречиями.
Это стало понятно из яркой речи
занимавшего на то время пост
американского посла ООН
Дэниэла Патрика Мойнихэна,
который позже станет
выдающимся
сенатором из Нью-Йорка.
В своей речи ООН он сказал:
"То, что мы сейчас имеем —
это ложь,
политическая ложь
разновидности,
Spanish:
Puede que hayas oído la frase
"El sionismo es racismo".
Aunque muchos creen
que no es más
que una forma provocadora
y controvertida
de criticar las políticas
del gobierno israelí,
la historia de esa idea
de que "el sionismo es racismo"
es mucho más oscura y compleja.
Pero ¿dónde se originó
esta idea exactamente?
¿Cómo evolucionó
para convertirse en una campaña
de acoso diplomático
para desafiar la legitimidad
subyacente de Israel
como país soberano?
Y ¿qué tuvo que ver
la Unión Soviética con todo esto?
Echemos un vistazo
a la Resolución 3379 de la ONU.
LA HISTORIA DE ISRAEL
EXPLICADA
El 10 de noviembre de 1975,
las Naciones Unidas votaron
para declarar que "el sionismo
es una forma de racismo
y de discriminación racial".
Fue exactamente 37 años después
de la Kristallnacht,
la noche de los Cristales Rotos
en la Alemania Nazi,
uno de los primeros
eventos principales del Holocausto.
Desde el principio,
la propuesta de la Resolución 3379
estaba envuelta en controversia.
Esto quedó claro con el enérgico
discurso pronunciado
por el entonces Embajador
de EE. UU.
ante las Naciones Unidas
Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
quien se convertiría
después en un célebre Senador
de Nueva York en EE. UU.
Ante la ONU, dijo: "Lo que
tenemos aquí es una mentira,
English:
- You may have heard the phrase,
"Zionism is racism."
Though a lot of folks think it's just
a provocative and controversial way
to critique the policies
of the Israeli government,
the history of this idea that,
"Zionism equals racism,"
is actually a lot darker and more complex.
But where exactly does
this idea originate?
How did it evolve into a campaign of
diplomatic assault to challenge
Israel's underlying legitimacy
as a sovereign state?
And what did the Soviet Union
have to do with all this?
Let's take a closer look
at UN Resolution 3379.
(funky music)
On November 10th, 1975, the United Nations
voted to declare that,
"Zionism was a form of racism
"and racial discrimination."
It was exactly 37 years
after Kristallnacht,
the Night of Broken
Glass, in Nazi Germany,
which was one of the first
major events of the Holocaust.
From the outset, the
proposal of Resolution 3379
was embroiled in controversy.
This was made clear in a
powerful speech given by
then U.S. Ambassador
to the United Nations,
Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
who would later become
a celebrated U.S. Senator from New York.
Speaking at the U.N., he said that,
"What we have here is
a lie - a political lie
iw:
בטח יצא לכם לשמוע את הביטוי:
"ציונות היא גזענות"
למרות שרבים חושבים שזו רק דרך
פרובוקטיבית ושנויה במחלוקת
לבקר את קווי המדיניות
של ממשלת ישראל,
ההיסטוריה של הרעיון הזה
"ציונות היא גזענות"
היא הרבה יותר אפלה ומורכבת.
אבל היכן בדיוק התחיל הרעיון הזה?
איך הוא התפתח לקמפיין
של התקפה דיפלומטית לקרוא תגר
על הלגיטימציה של ישראל
כמדינה ריבונית?
ואיך ברית המועצות קשורה לכל זה?
בואו נעיף מבט על החלטה 3379
של העצרת הכללית של האו"ם.
ההיסטוריה של ישראל
מוסברת
ב-10 בנובמבר 1975
התקבלה באו"ם החלטה שקבעה
כי "ציונות היא צורה של גזענות
ואפליה גזעית".
זה קרה בדיוק 37 שנים
אחרי "ליל הבדולח",
ליל הפוגרום ביהודים בגרמניה הנאצית,
שהיה לאחד האירועים
המשמעותיים הראשונים בשואה.
מההתחלה, ההצעה של החלטה 3379
הייתה רוויה במחלוקות.
דבר זה הובהר בנאום העוצמתי
שנשא שגריר ארה"ב באו"ם דאז
דניאל פטריק מויניהן,
שמאוחר יותר כיהן כסנאטור עטור שבחים
מטעם מדינת ניו יורק.
בדבריו באו"ם אמר:
"מה שיש לנו כאן זה שקר,
Spanish:
una mentira política
muy conocida en el siglo XX",
concretamente, el antisemitismo.
Pero a pesar de tales objeciones,
la Resolución 3379 fue aprobada
con un margen de voto de 2 a 1.
Al final, solo 35 naciones
de los 107 miembros votantes
se opusieron a su evidente
manipulación del lenguaje.
Y, aún así,
como en todas las estadísticas,
los números no cuentan
toda la historia, que en realidad
comenzó una década antes
de la aprobación de la resolución.
En 1965, Estados Unidos y Brasil
presentaron una propuesta
en la ONU
para condenar el antisemitismo
y reconocerlo
como una forma de racismo
junto con el nazismo
y la segregación racial.
Pero la Unión Soviética
quiso cambiar
el lenguaje de esa propuesta,
quizá porque la percibían
como una amenaza
para sus propias políticas
nacionales antijudías,
que se habrían puesto bajo la lupa.
Así que los soviéticos presentaron
una enmienda
que añadir a la propuesta
que incluía el sionismo
en la lista
de ideologías condenadas,
junto con el antisemitismo,
el nazismo,
el colonialismo y el racismo.
Parece que este fue
un cambio en la forma de pensar
de los soviéticos.
Dadas las primeras raíces
socialistas de Israel
con el movimiento kibutz,
el joven país fue inicialmente
percibido por los soviéticos
como un posible aliado comunista.
Pero a mediados de los 60,
Russian:
хорошо известной в 20-м веке",
в частности, антисемитизм.
И все же, несмотря на такие
возражения,
резолюция 3379 была принята
с соотношением голосов 2 к 1.
По большому счету, только 35
стран из 107 голосующих членов
высказались против ее явных
речевых манипуляций.
И тем не менее,
как и любая статистика,
цифры не рассказывают
всей истории,
которая началась примерно за
10 лет до принятия резолюции.
В 1965 году США и Бразилия
внесли предложение ООН
осудить антисемитизм
и признать его формой расизма
наряду с нацизмом и апартеидом.
Правда, Советский Союз захотел
изменить текст предложения,
вероятно,
восприняв его как угрозу
собственной антиеврейской
политике,
которая могла попасть
в поле зрения.
Поэтому СССР предложил
изменить текст предложения,
добавив сионизм к списку
осуждаемых идеологий,
который бы тогда включал
антисемитизм,
нацизм, колониализм и расизм.
И все же, казалось,
что СССР изменил свое мнение
в отношении Израиля.
Дело в том, что т.к. корни
израильского
социализма уходили
в движение кибуц,
молодая страна вначале
рассматривалась
Советским Союзом как
потенциальный
коммунистический союзник.
Однако, к 1960-м гг.
Portuguese:
"de uma variedade bem conhecida
para o século 20 ".
Ou seja, anti-semitismo.
Ainda assim, apesar dessas objeções,
Resolução 3379 aprovada
com margem de 2: 1.
No final, apenas 35 nações
dos 107 membros votantes
ficou em oposição à sua
manipulação aberta da linguagem.
E, no entanto, como todas as estatísticas,
os números não contam toda a história,
que na verdade começou cerca de uma década
antes da aprovação da resolução.
Em 1965, os Estados Unidos
e o Brasil introduziu
uma proposta na ONU
condenar o anti-semitismo,
e reconhecê-lo como uma forma de racismo,
junto com o nazismo e o apartheid.
No entanto, a União Soviética procurou
para mudar o idioma
dessa proposta, talvez
porque foi percebido
como uma ameaça à sua própria
políticas domésticas, anti-judaicas,
que pode estar sob escrutínio.
Então, os soviéticos apresentaram uma emenda
para ser adicionado à proposta,
que teria marcado o sionismo
na lista de ideologias condenadas,
incluindo anti-semitismo,
Nazismo, colonialismo e racismo.
E, no entanto, isso parece
tem sido uma mudança no pensamento
da parte dos soviéticos.
Veja, dadas as primeiras raízes socialistas de Israel
no movimento Kibbutz,
o jovem país foi
inicialmente visto pelos soviéticos
como um potencial aliado comunista.
No entanto, em meados da década de 1960, o
força das conexões de Israel
English:
"of a variety well-known
to the 20th Century."
Namely, anti-Semitism.
Still, despite such objections,
Resolution 3379 passed
with a 2:1 vote margin.
In the end, only 35 nations
of the 107 voting members
stood in opposition to its
overt manipulation of language.
And yet, like all statistics,
the numbers don't tell the whole story,
which actually began about a decade
before the passage of the resolution.
In 1965, the United States
and Brazil introduced
a proposal at the U.N.
to condemn anti-Semitism,
and recognize it as a form of racism,
along with Nazism and apartheid.
Yet, the Soviet Union sought
to change the language
of that proposal, perhaps
because it was perceived
as a threat to their own
domestic, anti-Jewish policies,
which might have come under scrutiny.
So, the Soviets submitted an amendment
to be added to the proposal,
that would have tagged Zionism
onto the list of condemned ideologies,
including anti-Semitism,
Nazism, colonialism and racism.
And yet, this would seem to
have been a shift in thinking
on the part of the Soviets.
See, given Israel's early socialist roots
in the Kibbutz movement,
the young country was
initially seen by the Soviets
as a potential communist ally.
Yet, by the mid-1960s, the
strength of Israel's connections
iw:
"שקר פוליטי של זרם ידוע במאה העשרים
"שהוא – אנטישמיות."
ועדיין, למרות התנגדויות כאלה,
החלטה 3379 עברה ביחס של 2 ל-1.
בסופו של דבר, רק 35 אומות
מתוך 105 שהצביעו
התנגדו לעיוות הגלוי בניסוח.
ועדיין, כמו כל הסטטיסטיקות,
המספרים לא מספרים את הסיפור המלא,
שהחל למעשה כעשור לפני קבלת
ההחלטה הזאת.
בשנת 1965, ארה"ב וברזיל
העלו הצעה באו"ם לגנות אנטישמיות
ולהכיר בה כסוג של גזענות,
יחד עם הנאציזם והאפרטהייד.
אך ברית המועצות ביקשה לשנות
את נוסח ההצעה,
אולי כי היא נתפסה כאיום
על קווי המדיניות האנטי-יהודיים
בתוך ארצם,
שעשויים להעמידם תחת חקירה.
אז הסובייטים
הגישו בקשה תיקון שיתווסף להצעה,
שהיה מוסיף את הציונות
לרשימת האידיאולוגיות שיש לגנות,
כולל אנטישמיות, נאציזם,
קולוניאליזם וגזענות.
ועם זאת, נראה שזה היווה שינוי במחשבה
מצד ברית המועצות.
תראו, בהינתן השורשים הסוציאליסטיים
המוקדמים בתנועת הקיבוצים,
המדינה הצעירה נתפסה תחילה
בעיניי הסובייטים
כבת ברית קומוניסטית בפוטנציאל.
עם זאת, עד אמצע שנות השישים,
Spanish:
la fortaleza de las relaciones
de Israel con Estados Unidos
era cada vez mayor.
Así que ese ataque inicial de la
Unión Soviética contra el sionismo
fue visto como una de
las muchas batallas
de poder diplomáticas
de la Guerra Fría.
Bueno, como dijo el embajador
Moynihan en su discurso
tras el voto de la Resolución 3379,
este cambio de los soviéticos
les llevó directamente
a una postura en la que declaraban
que el nazismo era
un tipo de racismo
y que el sionismo
era un tipo de racismo
así que el sionismo estaba
al mismo nivel que el nazismo.
¿Ya te da vueltas la cabeza?
No te preocupes, es normal,
porque este gran ejemplo
del concepto de contradicción
de Orwell no tiene ningún sentido.
Con este cínico enfoque
de hacer pasar
el orgullo nacional del sionismo
por una forma de odio nacional,
los soviéticos convirtieron
el escudo del estado judío
en una perversa arma
de ataque contra sí mismo.
Pero sus esfuerzos para minar
la legitimidad de Israel
como Estado independiente
eran tan transparentes
como su fingido apoyo
a la condena del antisemitismo
en primer lugar.
Después de todo, los rusos
contaban con una larga historia
de opresión y agresión
contra los judíos
que se remontaba a décadas atrás,
a los pogromos del zar
a finales del siglo XIX,
y todo ello está inmortalizado
en los protocolos
de los sabios de Sion,
Russian:
Израиль построил прочные
отношения с США,
которые только укреплялись.
Помимо этого, изначальная
атака СССР против сионизма
рассматривалась как пример
дипломатической борьбы за
голоса в Холодной войне.
Во всяком случае, как сказал
посол Мойнихэн в своей речи
после голосования
по резолюции 3379,
это изменение мнения
поставило СССР в позицию,
где они по сути говорили, что
нацизм был формой расизма,
и сионизм был формой расизма,
т.е. сионизм приравнивался
к нацизму.
У вас уже кружится голова?
Не переживайте, это нормально,
потому что этот мастерский
пример двоемыслия,
описанного Оруэллом,
не имеет никакой логики.
Циничным образом подменив
идею национальной
гордости сионизма
идеей национальной ненависти,
СССР превратил щит
израильской государственности
в извращенное оружие атаки
против самого себя.
Но их попытки поставить
под сомнение легитимность
существования Израиля
как суверенного государства,
были так же очевидны,
как и их притворная поддержка
идеи осуждения антисемитизма
в самом начале.
В конце концов, у русских
была богатая история
угнетений и агрессии
против евреев,
которые насчитывали
десятки лет,
начиная с погромов при царе
в конце 1800-х гг.,
которые увековечены
в Протоколах сионских мудрецов,
этой печально известной
и эпичной фабрикации
English:
to the United States were
increasingly established,
and so, this initial
attack against Zionism
by the Soviet Union was seen as
one of the many diplomatic
proxy battles of the Cold War.
Anyway, as Ambassador Moynihan
addressed in his speech
following the vote on Resolution 3379,
this shift by the Soviets
brought them all the way
to a position where they
were effectively saying
that Nazism was a kind of racism,
and Zionism was a kind of racism,
so that Zionism was on
equal footing with Nazism.
So, is your head spinning yet?
Don't worry, it should be,
because this masterful example
of Orwell's concept of doublethink,
doesn't make any logical sense at all.
By this cynical approach of passing off
the national pride of Zionism,
as a form of national hatred instead,
the Soviets turned the
shield of Jewish statehood
into a perverse weapon
of attack against itself.
But their efforts to
undermine Israel's legitimacy
as an independent state,
were as transparent as
their feigned support
for condemning anti-Semitism
in the first place.
After all, the Russians had
a rich and storied history
of oppression and
aggression against the Jews
that dated back decades, to
the programs under the Czar
in the late 1800s.
All of which is immortalized
in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion,
that infamous and epic fabrication
Portuguese:
para os Estados Unidos foram
cada vez mais estabelecida,
e assim, esta inicial
ataque contra o sionismo
pela União Soviética era visto como
uma das muitas diplomáticas
batalhas por procuração da Guerra Fria.
De qualquer forma, como embaixador Moynihan
abordado em seu discurso
na sequência da votação sobre a Resolução 3379,
esta mudança pelos soviéticos
trouxe-lhes todo o caminho
para uma posição onde eles
estavam efetivamente dizendo
que o nazismo era uma espécie de racismo,
e o sionismo era uma espécie de racismo,
de modo que o sionismo estava em
pé de igualdade com o nazismo.
Então, sua cabeça está girando ainda?
Não se preocupe, deveria ser,
porque este exemplo magistral
do conceito de Doublethink de Orwell,
não faz qualquer sentido lógico.
Por esta abordagem cínica de passar
o orgulho nacional do sionismo,
como uma forma de ódio nacional,
os soviéticos transformaram o
escudo do estado judeu
em uma arma perversa
de ataque contra si mesmo.
Mas seus esforços para
minar a legitimidade de Israel
como um estado independente,
foram tão transparentes quanto
seu apoio fingido
por condenar o anti-semitismo
em primeiro lugar.
Afinal, os russos tinham
uma história rica e contada
de opressão e
agressão contra os judeus
que datava de décadas atrás, para
os programas sob o Czar
no final do século XIX.
Tudo isso é imortalizado
nos Protocolos dos Sábios de Sião,
aquela fabricação infame e épica
iw:
קשריה של ישראל עם ארה"ב
התעצמו והתבססו יותר ויותר.
אז התקפה ראשונית זו נגד הציונות
מצד ברית המועצות
נתפסה כאחת מיני
מאבקים דיפלומטיים דומים רבים
של המלחמה הקרה.
בכל אופן, כשהשגריר מויניהן
התייחס בנאומו
בעקבות ההצבעה על ההחלטה 3379
שינוי זה מצד הסובייטים
הביאה את כולם לעמדה
שבה הם אמרו למעשה
שנאציזם הוא סוג של גזענות,
ושציונות היא סוג של גזענות,
כך שציונות נחשבת כמו נאציזם.
מסתובב לכם הראש כבר?
אל דאגה, בצדק,
כי דוגמה זו של דוחושב (שפה כפולה)
של אורוול אין בה שום היגיון.
בגישה צינית זו
של העברת הגאווה הלאומית של ציונות
כסוג של שנאה לאומית במקום זאת,
הפכו הסובייטים את המגן
של המדינה היהודית
כנשק הפוך להתקפה על עצמה.
אבל מאמציהם לערער על
הלגיטימיות של ישראל כמדינה יהודית
הייתה שקופה כמו
התמיכה המזויפת שלהם
בגינוי אנטישמיות מלכתחילה.
אחרי הכל, לרוסים הייתה
היסטוריה עשירה ומהוללת
של דיכוי היהודים ותוקפנות נגדם,
שהתקיימה עשורים שלמים קודם לכן
עוד מאז הפוגרומים
תחת שלטון הצאר בסוף המאה ה-19.
כל אלה זכו להנצחה
בפרוטוקולים של זקני ציון,
Spanish:
esa infame y épica invención
con propaganda antisemita
que se publicó por primera vez
en el Moscú presoviético
de principios del siglo XX.
Los temas de los Protocolos son
bastante conocidos a estas alturas,
algunos fueron una herencia
de anteriores teorías
conspiratorias antisemitas.
E incluyen algunos
favoritos populares como
la ambición judía de dinero y poder,
la esclavización de los no-judíos,
el control y la manipulación
de los medios, y todo ello
con el evidente propósito
de la dominación global y total.
Los soviéticos tenían influencia
sobre el bloque de Europa del Este
y el más amplio bloque
comunista de naciones.
Y con el persistente antisemitismo
en muchas de esas regiones,
incluso tras
la Segunda Guerra Mundial,
ya tenían una gran base de apoyo
para su plan de minar la legitimidad
del estado israelí
mediante el ataque al sionismo.
Pero también pretendían
extender su influencia,
y ahí es donde entra
una alianza diplomática formada
con el bloque de países árabes
y la Liga Árabe,
de la cual muchas naciones ya
habían entrado en guerra con Israel
en múltiples ocasiones
durante la breve historia del estado
y habían perdido.
Asimismo, como el plan soviético
agrupaba el sionismo
con el colonialismo y el racismo,
logró avivar el sentimiento africano
para conseguir también
el apoyo del bloque africano.
Los rusos iban
amontonando bloques
como si de un Tetris político
se tratara.
English:
of anti-Semitic propaganda
that was first published
in pre-Soviet Moscow at the
start of the 20th Century.
The themes of the Protocols
are, by now, pretty well known,
some having been inherited
from earlier anti-Semitic
conspiracy theories and,
they include some
popular favorites such as
Jewish lust for money and power,
the enslavement of non-Jews,
control and manipulation of the media,
and all of it for the obvious purpose
of global and total domination.
Now, the Soviets had influence over
the Eastern European bloc,
and the larger communist
bloc of nations and,
with the lingering anti-Semitism
in many of these regions,
even in the wake of World War II,
they already had a strong base of support
for their plan to undermine the legitimacy
of the Israeli state,
by attacking Zionism.
But, they also intended to
further expand their influence,
and that's where a
diplomatic alliance formed
with the Muslim country
bloc and the Arab League,
from which many nations
had already gone to war
with Israel multiple times during
the state's brief history, and lost.
Likewise, because the Soviet plan grouped
Zionism with colonialism and racism,
it successfully fueled
pan-African sentiments
to gain the support of
the African bloc as well.
So, the Russians were just
stacking up their blocs
like a political game of Tetris.
Portuguese:
de propaganda anti-semita
que foi publicado pela primeira vez
na Moscou pré-soviética no
início do século XX.
Os temas dos protocolos
são, até agora, bem conhecidos,
alguns foram herdados
de antissemita anterior
teorias da conspiração e,
eles incluem alguns
favoritos populares como
Desejo judaico por dinheiro e poder,
a escravização de não-judeus,
controle e manipulação da mídia,
e tudo isso para o óbvio propósito
de dominação global e total.
Agora, os soviéticos tinham influência sobre
o bloco da Europa Oriental,
e o comunista maior
bloco de nações e,
com o persistente anti-semitismo
em muitas dessas regiões,
mesmo na esteira da Segunda Guerra Mundial,
eles já tinham uma base forte de apoio
por seu plano para minar a legitimidade
do estado de Israel,
atacando o sionismo.
Mas eles também pretendiam
expandir ainda mais sua influência,
e é aí que um
aliança diplomática formada
com o país muçulmano
bloco e da Liga Árabe,
do qual muitas nações
já tinha ido para a guerra
com Israel várias vezes durante
a breve história do estado e perdida.
Da mesma forma, porque o plano soviético agrupou
Sionismo com colonialismo e racismo,
abasteceu com sucesso
sentimentos pan-africanos
para ganhar o apoio de
o bloco africano também.
Então, os russos eram apenas
empilhando seus blocos
como um jogo político de Tetris.
iw:
הסילוף הידוע לשמצה
באמצעות תעמולה אנטישמית
שפורסם לראשונה במוסקבה
שלפני התקופה הסובייטית,
בתחילת המאה העשרים.
הנושאים של הפרוטוקולים
מוכרים היטב עד היום,
חלקם הם גלגול
של תיאוריות קונספירציה אנטישמיות
מוקדמות יותר.
וביניהם כמה נושאים פופולריים כמו
התאווה היהודית לכסף ועוצמה,
השעבוד של לא-יהודים,
שליטה במדיה ומניפולציה שלה,
וכל אלה למען המטרה הברורה
של "השתלטות עולמית וטוטאלית".
הסובייטים היו בעלי השפעה
על גוש מזרח אירופה
והיו לגוש האומות הקומוניסטי
הגדול ביותר.
ועם האנטישמיות המתמשכת
ברבים מאזורים אלה,
גם בפרוץ מלחמת העולם השנייה,
כבר היה להם בסיס תמיכה חזק
לתכנית שלהם לערער על הלגיטימיות
של המדינה היהודית
ע"י התקפות על הציונות.
אבל הם גם התכוונו
להמשיך להרחיב את השפעתם,
וכך נוצרה ברית דיפלומטית
עם גוש המדינות המוסלמיות
ועם הליגה הערבית,
שמתוכן מדינות רבות
כבר עברו מלחמות מול ישראל
פעמים רבות במהלך ההיסטוריה הקצרה
של המדינה, והפסידו.
בדומה לכך,
כיוון שהתכנית של הסובייטים
קיבצה יחד ציונות, קולוניאליזם וגזענות,
הם הציתו בהצלחה את
הרגשות ברחבי אפריקה
לשם השגת תמיכה גם מצד
גוש המדינות האפריקאי.
אז הרוסים רק ערמו את הלבנים שלהם
כמו במשחק טטריס פוליטי.
Russian:
антисемитской пропаганды,
которая была впервые
опубликована
в досоветской Москве
в начале 20-го века.
Темы Протокола сионских
мудрецов
сейчас хорошо известны,
некоторые были заимствованы
из ранних антисемитских
теорий заговора.
Они включали некоторые
излюбленные и популярные идеи:
еврейская страсть к деньгам
и власти,
порабощение всех не евреев,
контроль
и манипулирование СМИ,
и все это с очевидной целью
глобального
и тотального господства.
Нужно отметить,
что СССР имел влияние
на страны Восточного блока,
а также на более крупный блок
коммунистических стран.
И при наличии антисемитских
настроений
во многих из этих регионов даже
после событий Второй
мировой войны
у них уже была
серьезная поддержка
плана по подрыву легитимности
израильского государства
с помощью атак на сионизм.
Но они намеревались и дальше
расширять свое влияние,
например, вступив в
дипломатический союз
с мусульманским блоком и
странами Арабской Лиги,
из которых многие уже
начинали войны против Израиля
за недолгий период
существования
страны и проигрывали.
Более того, поскольку СССР
ставил сионизм в одну группу
с колониализмом и расизмом,
он также успешно подпитывал
панафриканские настроения,
чтобы получить поддержку еще и
стран африканского блока.
Другими словами, русские
складывали в стопку блоки стран,
играя в политический Тетрис.
Russian:
Теперь после арабских поражений
в войнах 1967 и 1973 гг.
созрела возможность
нового подхода
к уничтожению еврейского
государства
без дорогостоящих и
напрасных военных кампаний.
СССР как раз разрабатывал
такое решение — операцию СИГ.
Операция СИГ —
Сионистские государства,
или Сионистские
правительства, —
была последним
российским планом
дипломатической пропаганды
против еврейского суверенитета.
Она называла США
"надменной и заносчивой
феодальной вотчиной евреев,
финансируемой
еврейскими деньгами
и управляемой еврейскими
политиками".
Но, возможно, чтобы укрепить
свой новый союз
с арабским
и мусульманскими блоками,
Операция СИГ добавила
новое заявление
в своей программе,
что целью контроля США
сионистами
было "подчинение всего
исламского мира".
И это место, где начинается
международная история
Ясира Арафата, на тот момент
бывшего лидером-террористом
ООП,
или Организации освобождения
Палестины.
Между двумя неудачными
войнами против Израиля
и всего за несколько лет
до начала Операции СИГ,
КГБ решили, что Арафат —
их человек,
и они будут поддерживать его
как лидера палестинцев.
В обмен на это они попросили
Арафата объявить войну
американскому
"империальному сионизму",
что он без труда сделал.
Скандальные интриги была
раскрыты в статье "Человек КГБ"
Portuguese:
Agora, depois da derrota dos árabes
nas guerras de 1967 e 1973,
uma oportunidade estava madura
para encontrar uma nova abordagem
por esmagar o estado judeu,
sem campanhas de guerra caras e fúteis.
E os soviéticos foram
desenvolvendo apenas a solução,
Operação SIG.
Operação SIG significava
Sioniskeeye Gosudarstva,
ou governos sionistas,
e foi o mais recente russo
plano de propaganda diplomática
contra a soberania judaica.
Referiu-se aos Estados Unidos como,
"... um arrogante e
feudo judeu altivo,
"financiado por dinheiro judaico e
dirigido por políticos judeus ".
Mas, talvez para consolidar
sua nova aliança
com os blocos árabes e muçulmanos,
Operação SIG adicionou um
nova reivindicação à mistura.
Que o propósito do sionista
controle dos Estados Unidos,
"... era subordinar
todo o mundo islâmico ".
E é aí que o
história internacional começa
para Yasser Arafat, então
líder terrorista da OLP,
ou Organização de Libertação da Palestina.
Entre os dois falharam
guerras contra Israel e,
apenas alguns anos antes da Operação SIG,
a KGB decidiu que Arafat era o homem deles,
e apoiaria sua posição
como o líder dos palestinos.
Em troca, eles perguntaram
Arafat para declarar guerra
no sionismo imperial americano,
que ele não teve problema em fazer.
A incrível entrada foi disposta em
Spanish:
Tras la derrota de los árabes
en las guerras de 1967 y 1973,
les llegó la oportunidad perfecta
para encontrar un nuevo enfoque
para destruir el estado judío
sin costosas
e inútiles campañas bélicas.
Y los soviéticos habían estado
desarrollando la solución ideal:
la Operación SIG.
La Operación SIG iba en contra
de los Sioniskeeye Gosudarstva,
o gobiernos sionistas,
y fue el gran plan ruso
de propaganda diplomática
contra la soberanía judía.
Se refería a los Estados Unidos
como a un "feudo judío
arrogante y altivo
financiado con dinero judío
y liderado por políticos judíos".
Pero, quizá para consolidar
su nueva alianza
con los bloques árabes
y musulmanes,
la Operación SIG añadía
una nueva afirmación a la mezcla:
que el objetivo del control sionista
de los Estados Unidos
"era el de subordinar
a todo el mundo islámico".
Y aquí es donde empieza
la historia internacional
de Yasser Arafat, el entonces
líder terrorista de la OLP,
u Organización
para la Liberación de Palestina.
Entre las dos guerras fallidas
contra Israel
y varios años
antes de la Operación SIG,
el KGB decidió que Arafat era
su hombre
y apoyó su posición
como líder de los palestinos.
A cambio, le pidieron a Arafat que
declarara la guerra
al "sionismo imperial"
estadounidense
y él no tuvo problema en hacerlo.
Esta increíble intriga fue expuesta
en un artículo
iw:
אחרי התבוסה של הערבים
במלחמות ששת הימים ויום כיפור
בשלה ההזדמנות למצוא גישה חדשה
לריסוק המדינה היהודית
ללא מבצעים מלחמתיים
יקרים וחסרי תועלת.
והסובייטים פיתחו את הפתרון:
מבצע סי"ג.
מבצע סי"ג,
קיצור של סיוניסקי גוסודרסטבה ברוסית,
שמשמעו - ממשלות ציוניות,
הוא התכנית האחרונה של הרוסים
שהייתה תעמולה דיפלומטית
נגד הריבונות היהודית.
לפיה התייחסו לארה"ב
כאל "ישות יהודית מתנשאת ויהירה
"הממומנת ע"י כסף יהודי
והמנוהלת בידי פוליטיקאים יהודים."
אך אולי כדי לחזק
את הברית החדשה שלהם
עם הגושים הערביים והמוסלמים
מבצע סי"ג הוסיף טיעון נוסף לקלחת,
"שמטרת השליטה של הציונות על ארה"ב
"הייתה לשעבד את כלל העולם המוסלמי."
וכאן הסיפור הבינלאומי מתחיל
עבור יאסר ערפאת,
אז מנהיג טרוריסט של אש"ף,
הארגון לשחרור פלסטין.
בין שתי המלחמות הכושלות נגד ישראל
ושנים ספורות בלבד לפני מבצע סי"ג,
בק-ג-ב החליטו
שיאסר הערפאת הוא האיש שלהם
ותמכו בעמדתו כמנהיג הפלסטינאים.
בתמורה, הם ביקשו מערפאת
להכריז על מלחמה
נגד "הציונות האימפריאליסטית"
האמריקאית,
שלא הייתה לו בעיה לעשות זאת.
הקנוניה המדהימה הזאת נחשפה
English:
Now, after the Arabs defeat
in the 1967 and 1973 wars,
an opportunity was ripe
to find a new approach
for crushing the Jewish state,
without costly and futile war campaigns.
And, the Soviets have been
developing just the solution,
Operation SIG.
Operation SIG stood for
Sioniskeeye Gosudarstva,
or Zionist Governments,
and was the latest Russian
plan of diplomatic propaganda
against Jewish sovereignty.
It referred to the United States as,
"... an arrogant and
haughty Jewish fiefdom,
"financed by Jewish money and
run by Jewish politicians."
But, perhaps to consolidate
their new alliance
with the Arab and Muslim blocs,
Operation SIG added a
new claim to the mix.
That the purpose of Zionist
control of the United States,
"... was to subordinate
the entire Islamic world."
And this is where the
international story begins
for Yasser Arafat, then
terrorist leader of the P.L.O.,
or Palestine Liberation Organization.
Between the two failed
wars against Israel and,
just a few years before Operation SIG,
the KGB decided that Arafat was their man,
and would support his position
as the leader of the Palestinians.
In return, they asked
Arafat to declare war
on American imperial Zionism,
which he had no problem doing.
The amazing entry was laid out in
iw:
במאמר בוול סטריט ג'ורנל ב-2003
שכותרתו: "האיש של ק-ג-ב",
שנכתב ע"י קצין הביון
בדרגה הגבוהה ביותר
שאי פעם ערק מברה"מ לשעבר.
עיקרי הדברים במאמר היו
שהקרמלין מממן את ערפאת,
ומעביר מאות אלפי דולרים כל חודש
ככסף מולבן.
במאמר זה, שנכתב ע"י
קצין ק-ג-ב לשעבר,
נטען כי הסובייטים אפילו השמידו
את רישומי הלידה של ערפאת בקהיר
בכדי להראות כאילו הוא נולד בירושלים
וכך לחזק את דרישתו
לכונן מנהיגות פלסטינית.
היחסים הגיעו לשיאם בנאום בלתי נשכח
שנתן ערפאת בעצרת הכללית של האו"ם
ב-13 בנובמבר 1974, בו הוא הכריז
"הנחישות שלנו לבנות עולם חדש
מחוזקת...
"עולם נקי מקולוניאליזם,
אימפריאליזם, נאו-קולוניאליזם
"וגזענות על כל ביטוייה, כולל ציונות."
ופחות משנה אחר כך
בדיון שלפני ההצבעה על
החלטה 3379 בעצרת האו"ם
הדיקטטור האוגנדי אידי אמין
קרא לא רק לאנשי ארה"ב
להתנער מהציונות,
אלא גם לגירוש ישראל מהאו"ם
ולהשמדת ישראל כמדינה.
כך זה היה, "השמדת ישראל כמדינה."
כמו שרק הרשעים הכי מהוללים
בסרטים מצוירים יכולים להשיג,
Portuguese:
um 2003 Wall Street Journal
artigo intitulado "O Homem da KGB"
escrito pelo mais alto
oficial de inteligência de classificação
já ter desertado de
o antigo bloco soviético.
A essência disso era que
o Kremlin estava financiando Arafat,
transferir centenas de
milhares de dólares por mês
em dinheiro lavado.
O artigo, por este antigo oficial da KGB,
afirma que os soviéticos até destruíram
Registros de nascimento de Arafat no Cairo,
a fim de fazer um caso que
ele nasceu em Jerusalém,
e fortalecer sua reivindicação
para a liderança palestina.
Essa relação culminou
em um discurso inesquecível
que Arafat deu nas Nações Unidas
em 13 de novembro de 1974, quando ele proclamou,
"Nossa determinação de construir um
novo mundo é fortificado -
"um mundo livre do colonialismo, do imperialismo,
"neocolonialismo e racismo
em cada um dos seus casos,
"incluindo o sionismo".
E, menos de um ano depois,
durante a preparação para o
votação da Resolução 3379,
O ditador ugandense Idi Amin telefonou
não só para as pessoas
dos Estados Unidos,
"Para livrar sua sociedade de
os sionistas ", mas também,
"... pela expulsão de
Israel das Nações Unidas,
e a extinção de Israel como um estado ".
Lá estava.
"A extinção de Israel como um estado".
Como apenas os mais célebres
Looney-Tunes de déspotas pode realizar,
English:
a 2003 Wall Street Journal
article entitled "The KGB's Man,"
written by the highest
ranking intelligence officer
ever to have defected from
the former Soviet bloc.
The gist of it was that
the Kremlin was bankrolling Arafat,
transferring hundreds of
thousands of dollars a month
in laundered money.
The article, by this former KGB officer,
claims that the Soviets even destroyed
Arafat's birth records in Cairo,
in order to make a case that
he was born in Jerusalem,
and strengthen his claim
to Palestinian leadership.
This relationship culminated
in an unforgettable speech
that Arafat gave at the United Nations
on November 13th 1974, when he proclaimed,
"Our resolve to build a
new world is fortified -
"a world free of colonialism, imperialism,
"neo-colonialism and racism
in each of its instances,
"including Zionism."
And, less than a year later,
during the lead-up to the
vote on Resolution 3379,
Ugandan dictator Idi Amin called,
not just for the people
of the United States,
"To rid their society of
the Zionists," but also,
"... for the expulsion of
Israel from the United Nations,
and the extinction of Israel as a state."
There it was.
"The extinction of Israel as a state."
As only the most celebrated
Looney-Tunes of despots can accomplish,
Spanish:
del Wall Street Journal de 2003
titulado "El hombre del KGB"
y fue escrito por el agente
de inteligencia de mayor nivel
que ha desertado
del antiguo bloque soviético.
El quid del asunto era que
el Kremlin estaba financiando
a Arafat,
transfiriéndole cientos de miles
de dólares al mes
con dinero blanqueado.
El artículo de este antiguo agente
del KGB afirma que los soviéticos
destruyeron el acta de nacimiento
de Arafat en el Cairo
para poder decir
que nació en Jerusalén
y así reforzar su petición
de ser líder palestino.
Esta relación culminó
con un discurso inolvidable
que Arafat dio
en las Naciones Unidas
el 13 de noviembre de 1974,
cuando proclamó:
"Se fortalece nuestra determinación
de construir un mundo nuevo...
un mundo libre de colonialismo,
de imperialismo,
de neocolonialismo y de racismo
en cada una de sus instancias,
incluyendo el sionismo".
Y menos de un año después,
en vísperas del voto
de la Resolución 3379,
el dictador ugandés Idi Amin
pidió no solo al pueblo
de Estados Unidos
que librara a su sociedad
de los sionistas,
sino también pidió la expulsión
de Israel de las Naciones Unidas
y la extinción de Israel
como estado.
Ahí estaba: "La extinción
de Israel como estado".
Como solo el más loco
de los déspotas podría conseguirlo,
Russian:
в Wall Street Journal article
выпуска 2003 года,
написанной высокопоставленным
офицером разведки,
когда-либо бежавшим из
советского блока.
Если кратко, Кремль
спонсировал Арафата,
отправляя ему сотни тысяч
долларов
отмытых денег ежемесячно.
В статье бывшего
офицера КГБ также
говорится, что СССР даже
уничтожили
записи о рождении
Арафата в Каире,
сделав новые документы о
рождении Арафата в Иерусалиме,
чтобы укрепить его заявку
на роль палестинского лидера.
Кульминацией этих отношений
стала незабываемая речь,
которую Арафат произнес
на заседании в ООН
13-го ноября 1974 года,
когда он объявил:
"Наше намерение построить
новый мир укрепилось —
мир свободный от колониализма,
империализма, неоколониализма
и расизма во всех его
проявлениях, включая сионизм".
И менее года спустя,
во время подготовки к проведению
голосования по резолюции 3379,
диктатор Уганды Иди Амин
не просто призвал народ США
избавить общество от сионизма,
но также исключить Израиль
из Объединенных Наций
и ликвидировать его как
государство.
Именно так — "ликвидировать
Израиль как государство".
В духе самых отъявленных
деспотов из Looney Tunes,
Spanish:
la suya fue la expresión más cruda
y honesta de los objetivos finales
subyacentes en la campaña
"el sionismo es racismo".
Y sus partidarios consiguieron,
en palabras
del embajador Moynihan,
darle a ese lenguaje manipulado
"la apariencia
de sanción internacional"
solo seis semanas después.
Incluso las acciones más atroces
de otros gobiernos,
como el asesinato de
los ciudadanos de su propio país,
como en China
y en la Unión Soviética,
o las políticas racistas
de una nación,
como la segregación
en Estados Unidos
y el Apartheid en Sudáfrica,
no significan
la deslegitimación
de esos otros países
o la amenaza a su soberanía
independiente
y su derecho a existir.
¿Os imagináis
que el movimiento del "Tíbet libre"
no pidiera solo la liberación del
pueblo tibetano del dominio chino,
sino también el fin
de China como nación?
Eso es justamente
lo que está sucediendo
porque el sionismo
se ha convertido
en una herramienta
para atacar a Israel.
Por supuesto, criticar
a un gobierno es otra cosa.
Ese tipo de compromiso
y de desacuerdo
es básico para
cualquier democracia sana.
Pero pedir que se disuelva un país
y negar a la mayoría
de su población
que luchen por y mantengan
su propia autodeterminación,
sobre todo estando en unas tierras
que son tan únicas y especiales
que las condiciones
solo se pueden aplicar a ese país,
Russian:
это было самое честное
и обнаженное выражение
конечной цели кампании
"Сионизм — это расизм".
И ее сторонники преуспели,
как сказал посол Мойнихэн,
в том, чтобы придать этим ловко
используемым
в своих целях речам
"вид международных санкций"
всего шестью неделями позже.
Даже самые тяжкие действия
других правительств,
будь то убийство
собственных граждан,
как в Китае или СССР,
или расистская политика нации,
как дискриминация в США
и апартеид в Южной Африке,
никогда не транслировались
как делегитимизация этих стран
и не угрожали их суверенитету
или праву на существование.
Можете ли вы представить,
что движение "Свободный Тибет"
не просто призывает к
освобождению тибетского народа
от китайского засилья,
но требует уничтожить Китай
как нацию?
И тем не менее, именно это
происходило,
когда сионизм использовали
как орудие атаки против Израиля.
Конечно, критика
правительства — это одно.
Это именно тот вид вовлечения
и несогласия,
который необходим для любой
здоровой демократии.
Но призыв к ликвидации страны
и отрицание стремления
большинства ее населения
преследовать и поддерживать
собственное самоопределение,
особенно основанное на таких
уникальных и частных причинах,
которые можно применить
только к одной стране,
iw:
הייתה זו ההתבטאות הכנה
והשקופה ביותר
של המטרות בבסיס הקמפיין
"ציונות היא גזענות".
ותומכיה יצליחו,
לדבריו של השגריר מויניהן,
"להעניק לניסוח המעוות
"ביטוי של הסנקציה הבינלאומית"
רק שישה שבועות מאוחר יותר.
אפילו הפעולות השערורייתיות ביותר
של ממשלות אחרות,
בין אם זה רצח אזרחים של אותה מדינה,
כפי שהיה בסין ובברה"מ,
או קווי מדיניות גזעניים של מדינה
כמו ההפרדה הגזעית בארה"ב
והאפרטהייד בדרום אפריקה,
כל אלה לא מיתרגמים
לדה-לגיטימציה של אותן מדינות
או מאיימים על הריבונות העצמאית
והזכות שלהן להתקיים.
כלומר, אתם יכולים לדמיין
אם התנועה לשחרור טיבט
לא הייתה רק קוראת
לשחרור העם הטיבטי
מהשלטון הסיני,
אלא גם להורדת השלטון הסיני?
וזה בדיוק מה שקורה
כשמשתמשים בציונות
ככלי התקפה נגד ישראל.
כמובן, ביקורת נגד ממשל זה דבר אחד.
זה בדיוק אותו סוג
של מעורבות וחוסר הסכמה
שהכרחי לכל דמוקרטיה תקינה.
אבל קריאה לפיזור מדינה
והכחשה של רוב אוכלוסייתה
לפעול למען ההגדרה העצמית שלהם
ולשמור עליה,
במיוחד על יסודות
שהם כל כך ייחודיים ואופייניים,
Portuguese:
foi o mais honesto
e expressão nua
dos objetivos finais subjacentes
a campanha "Sionismo é racismo".
E os proponentes seriam bem sucedidos
nas palavras do embaixador Moynihan,
"finalmente dando aquele
linguagem manipulada,
"... a aparência de
sanção internacional ",
apenas seis semanas depois.
Mesmo o mais notório
ações de outros governos,
seja o assassinato de
os cidadãos de um país,
como na China e na União Soviética,
ou as políticas racistas de uma nação,
como era a segregação nos Estados Unidos,
e apartheid na África do Sul,
simplesmente não traduz
para a deslegitimização
desses países,
ou ameaçar sua soberania independente
e direito de existir.
Quero dizer, você consegue imaginar
se o movimento do Tibete Livre
não só pediu a libertação
do povo tibetano do domínio chinês,
mas sim pelo fim
da China como nação?
E, no entanto, isso é
precisamente o que está acontecendo
quando o sionismo é transformado
como uma ferramenta de ataque contra Israel.
Claro, crítica de
o governo é uma coisa,
é precisamente esse tipo de
engajamento e desacordo
isso é essencial para
qualquer democracia saudável,
mas uma chamada para o
dissolução de um país,
e a negação de sua população majoritária
para prosseguir e manter a sua
própria autodeterminação,
especialmente com base em que
eles são tão únicos e particulares
que eles só podem ser aplicados a esse país,
English:
it was the most honest
and naked expression
of the ultimate objectives underlying
the "Zionism is racism" campaign.
And, it's proponents would succeed,
in the words of Ambassador Moynihan,
"in finally giving that
manipulated language,
"... the appearance of
international sanction,"
just six weeks later.
Even the most egregious
actions of other governments,
whether it's the murder of
a country's own citizens,
as in China and the Soviet Union,
or the racist policies of a nation,
as was segregation in the United States,
and apartheid in South Africa,
simply do not translate
to the de-legitimization
of those countries,
or threaten their independent sovereignty
and right to exist.
I mean, can you imagine
if the Free Tibet movement
didn't just call for the liberation
of the Tibetan people from Chinese rule,
but rather for the end
of China as a nation?
And yet, that is
precisely what's happening
when Zionism is turned around
as a tool of attack against Israel.
Of course, criticism of
government is one thing,
it's precisely that kind of
engagement and disagreement
that's essential for
any healthy democracy,
but a call for the
dissolution of a country,
and the denial of its majority population
to pursue and maintain their
own self-determination,
especially on grounds that
they're so unique and particular,
that they can only be applied to that country,
Spanish:
pues bueno,
es algo totalmente diferente.
Básicamente, es un acto
de prejuicio
y discriminación internacional.
Tristemente, a pesar
de todo el trabajo humanitario
y del mantenimiento de la paz
que la ONU hace
a nivel internacional,
su historial en Israel
no es tan bueno.
Piensa que solo
en los últimos cinco años,
el Consejo
de Derechos Humanos de la ONU
ha conseguido justificar
la condenación de Israel
en casi tantas resoluciones
como en el total de las de cualquier
otro país del resto del mundo.
No digo que no haya nada
que criticar.
Solo digo que han ocurrido
muchas cosas malas
por todo el mundo,
de Birmania a Corea del Norte,
de Siria a Irán y Arabia Saudí,
y no nos olvidemos de Venezuela,
Somalia, Rusia y Crimea.
A veces, la lista parece
interminable.
Seguramente deberíamos pararnos
a pensar qué sucede realmente
si se puede juntar todo eso
en un platillo de la balanza
y luego vemos cómo los países
de la ONU señalan al sionismo
y, de alguna forma,
concluyen que coincide
con el cuestionable
peso moral de todo lo demás.
Y, sinceramente, algunas de
esas afirmaciones son absurdas.
¿Decir que Israel
es el principal transgresor
de la salud mental,
física y medioambiental?
Portuguese:
bem, isso é apenas algo completamente diferente.
Ou seja, é um ato de
preconceito internacional
e discriminação.
Infelizmente, para toda a manutenção da paz positiva
e trabalho humanitário que o
ONU pode fazer internacionalmente,
seu historial em Israel
não é tão quente assim.
Considere que, apenas em
nos últimos cinco anos sozinho,
os direitos humanos da ONU
Conselho de alguma forma justificou
condenação de Israel em
quase tantas resoluções
como todos os outros países no
resto do mundo combinado.
Agora eu não estou dizendo isso
não há nada para criticar
Eu só estou dizendo que há
foi muito ruim
acontecendo em todo o mundo.
De Mianmar para a Coreia do Norte,
Síria para o Irã e Arábia Saudita,
não vamos esquecer da Venezuela, Somália,
e a Rússia e a Crimeia.
Às vezes, a lista parece interminável.
Então, nós devemos provavelmente parar e nos perguntar,
o que realmente está acontecendo, se podemos empilhar
tudo isso de um lado de uma escala,
e depois ver como o
países da ONU
aponte para o sionismo,
e de alguma forma concluir que corresponde
a moral questionável
peso de todo o resto.
Honestamente, alguns desses
alegações são simplesmente absurdas.
Quero dizer, condenando Israel
como o principal violador
de mental, física e
saúde Ambiental?
Russian:
что ж, это что-то
совершенно другое.
Как раз это и есть акт
международных
предубеждений и дискриминации.
К сожалению, несмотря на всю
миротворческую
и гуманитарную работу,
которую ООН осуществляла
в мире, ее действия в отношении
Израиля просто не были
настолько хороши.
Подумайте, что только за
последние пять лет,
Совет по правам человека ООН
каким-то образом оправдал
порицание Израиля
в почти таком же количестве
резолюций,
как в отношении всех других
стран вместе взятых.
Конечно, я не хочу сказать,
что критиковать нечего.
Но на протяжении истории
в мире происходило столько
плохих вещей: от Мьянмы
до Северной Кореи, от Сирии
до Ирана и Саудовской Аравии,
и давайте
не будем забывать Венесуэлу,
Сомали и Россию с Крымом.
Иногда список просто
кажется бесконечным.
Так что, возможно,
нам нужно остановиться
и подумать, что происходит,
если мы сложим все мировое зло
на одну чашу весов
и затем посмотрим, как страны
ООН заявляют, что сионизм,
может быть соразмерен
сомнительному моральному весу
всего остального.
И, честно говоря, некоторые
из этих заявлений —
чистый абсурд.
Например, осуждение Израиля
как лидирующего осквернителя
психического, физического
и экологического здоровья?
English:
well, that's just something else entirely.
Namely, it's an act of
international prejudice
and discrimination.
Sadly, for all the positive peacekeeping
and humanitarian work that the
U.N. may do internationally,
its track record on Israel
just ain't that hot.
Consider that, just in
the last five years alone,
the U.N. Human Rights
Council has somehow justified
condemnation of Israel in
nearly as many resolutions
as every other country in the
rest of the world combined.
Now, I'm not saying that
there's nothing to criticize,
I'm just saying that there's
been a lot of bad stuff
going on all over the world.
From Myanmar to North Korea,
Syria to Iran and Saudi Arabia,
let's not forget about Venezuela, Somalia,
and Russia and Crimea.
Sometimes, the list just seems endless.
So, we should probably stop and wonder,
what's really going on if we can pile
all of that on one side of a scale,
and then watch as the
countries of the U.N.
point to Zionism,
and somehow conclude that it matches
the questionable moral
weight of everything else.
Honestly, some of these
claims are just plain absurd.
I mean, condemning Israel
as the leading violator
of mental, physical and
environmental health?
iw:
שניתן ליישם רק על אותה מדינה,
טוב, זה כבר משהו אחר לגמרי.
בעיקר, זהו אקט של דעות קדומות
ואפליה בינלאומית.
למרבה הצער, עם כל העבודה
ההומניטרית ולמען השלום
שמבצעים באו"ם ברמה הבינלאומית,
ההתייחסות לישראל היא לא כזו טובה.
חשבו על כך שרק בחמש השנים האחרונות
מועצת האו"ם לזכויות אדם
איכשהו הצדיקה את הגינוי של ישראל
כל כך הרבה פעמים
כמו כל המדינות האחרות ביחד.
עכשיו, אני לא אומר
שאין על מה להטיל ביקורת.
אני רק אומר
שקרו הרבה דברים רעים בכל העולם,
ממיאנמר לצפון קוריאה,
מסוריה לאיראן וערב הסעודית,
ובל נשכח את ונצואלה, סומליה,
רוסיה וחצי האי קרים.
לפעמים הרשימה הזאת נראית אינסופית.
אז כדאי שנעצור ונחשוב
מה באמת קורה
אם נשים את כל אלה על כף המאזניים
ואז נראה איך המדינות באו"ם
מתייחסות לציונות בצד השני
ואיכשהו נסיק
את המשקל המוסרי המפוקפק
של כל השאר.
ולמען האמת, כמה מהטענות האלה
הן פשוט אבסורדיות.
כמו לגנות את ישראל
כמפרה מובילה
של בריאות נפשית, פיזית וסביבתית?
Spanish:
¿O como el peor infractor de los
derechos de la mujer del mundo?
Israel tuvo una primera ministra
antes de que las mujeres
pudieran conducir
en muchos países.
Como dijo Susan Rice,
la Embajadora
ante las Naciones Unidas
para EE. UU.:
"Cuando los países señalan
a Israel en la ONU
por un trato injusto,
no es solo un problema para Israel,
es un problema
para todos nosotros.
Ningún país es inmune
a la crítica ni debería serlo.
Pero cuando la crítica se hace
en forma de señalar
a un único país de forma injusta,
amarga y despiadada
una y otra vez,
está mal y todos lo sabemos".
En otras palabras, no es
que Israel no haya hecho nada mal.
Pero es que es bastante raro
sugerir
que solo Israel
lo ha hecho todo mal.
Al final, 16 años después
de aprobar la Resolución 3379,
y con el inminente colapso
de la Unión Soviética,
la ONU retomó el asunto
el 17 de diciembre de 1991
pero, esta vez, para derogarla.
Pero el daño ya estaba hecho.
El ataque de "el sionismo
es racismo"
se presentó inicialmente
como una forma de negar
la idea básica
de que Israel es un país.
Y su uso para atacar
de forma desproporcionada a Israel
estaba muy extendido
y aún sigue emergiendo
de formas nuevas
iw:
או כמפרה הגדולה בעולם
של זכויות נשים?
לישראל הייתה ראש ממשלה אישה
עוד לפני שנשים הורשו
לנהוג במדינות מסוימות.
כפי שאמרה שגרירת ארה"ב לאו"ם,
סוזן רייס:
"כשמדינות מגנות רק את ישראל באו"ם
על התנהלות לא הוגנת,
"זו לא רק בעיה של ישראל,
זו הבעיה של כולנו.
"אף מדינה אינה חסינה בפני ביקורת,
וגם לא צריכה להיות.
"אבל כשהביקורת הזאת מופנית
אך ורק כלפי מדינה אחת,
"בצורה לא הוגנת, במרירות
וללא הרף שוב ושוב,
"זה לא בסדר וכולנו יודעים זאת."
במילים אחרות, זה לא אומר
שישראל לא עשתה שום דבר רע,
אלא שזה יותר מקצת מוזר
לטעון שישראל לבדה עשתה רק רע.
בסופו של דבר,
16 שנה לאחר שהתקבלה החלטה 3379
ולקראת התמוטטותה של ברה"מ,
באו"ם העלו את הנושא שוב
ב-17 בדצמבר 1991,
אבל הפעם כדי לבטל אותה.
אך עדיין, הנזק כבר נעשה.
ההתקפה "ציונות היא גזענות"
הוצגה תחילה
כאמצעי לשלול את הרעיון הבסיסי
של ישראל כמדינה.
השימוש בזה כדי לתקוף את ישראל
באופן לא פרופורציוני התבסס היטב,
והוא עדיין ממשיך
להופיע בצורות שונות,
English:
Or the world's worst
violator of women's rights?
I mean, Israel had a female Prime Minister
before women could
drive in some countries.
As U.S. Ambassador to the United
Nations, Susan Rice, said,
"When countries single out Israel
"for unfair treatment at the U.N.,
"it isn't just a problem for Israel,
"it is a problem for all of us."
"No country is immune from
criticism, nor should it be,
"but when that criticism takes the form
"of singling out just one country,
"unfairly, bitterly and relentlessly,
over and over and over,
"that is just wrong - and we all know it."
In other words, it's not to say that
Israel hasn't done anything wrong,
it's just that it's more than a little odd
to suggest that Israel alone
has done everything wrong.
Eventually, 16 years after
Resolution 3379 had passed,
and with the collapse of
the Soviet Union imminent,
the U.N. took up the matter
again on December 17th, 1991,
but this time, to repeal it.
Yet, the damage had already been done.
The "Zionism is racism"
attack was first introduced
as a way to negate the basic
idea of Israel as a country.
And its use in disproportionately
attacking Israel
had become well established.
And, it still continues
to emerge in new forms,
Russian:
Или худший в мире попиратель
прав женщин?
На минутку, женщины премьер-
министры в Израиле появились
раньше, чем в некоторых странах
женщины сели за руль.
Как сказала, посол США в ООН
Сьюзан Райс:
"Когда страны в ООН выделяют
Израиль за несправедливое
обращение,
это не просто проблема Израиля,
это проблема всех нас.
Ни одна страна не может
и не должна
быть защищена от критики.
Но когда эта критика
принимает форму
выделения лишь одной страны,
несправедливо,
горько и безжалостно,
снова, и снова, и снова,
это просто неправильно,
и нам всем это хорошо известно".
Другими словами,
это не означает,
что Израиль
не сделал ничего плохого.
Но немного странно предполагать,
что Израиль один
во всем виноват.
В конце концов, 16 лет после
принятия резолюции 3379
и в условиях неминуемого
развала СССР,
ООН снова взялась за это дело
17-го декабря 1991 года,
но на этот раз с целью отмены.
Однако ущерб уже был нанесен.
Впервые атака "Сионизм —
это расизм"
была представлена под видом
способа отрицать саму идею
Израиля как государства.
Ее чрезмерное использование
для нападений на Израиль
стало установленной практикой
и продолжается до сих пор,
проявляясь в новых формах,
Portuguese:
Ou o pior do mundo
violador dos direitos das mulheres?
Quer dizer, Israel tinha uma primeira-ministra feminina
antes que as mulheres pudessem
dirigir em alguns países.
Como embaixador dos EUA no Reino Unido
Nações, Susan Rice, disse:
"Quando os países escolhem Israel
"por tratamento injusto na ONU,
"não é apenas um problema para Israel,
"é um problema para todos nós."
"Nenhum país está imune
crítica, nem deveria ser,
"mas quando essa crítica toma a forma
"de destacar apenas um país,
"injustamente, amargamente e implacavelmente,
de novo e de novo e de novo,
"isso é simplesmente errado - e todos nós sabemos disso."
Em outras palavras, não é para dizer que
Israel não fez nada de errado
é só que é mais do que um pouco estranho
para sugerir que Israel sozinho
fez tudo errado.
Eventualmente, 16 anos depois
Resolução 3379 tinha passado,
e com o colapso de
a União Soviética iminente,
a ONU assumiu o assunto
novamente em 17 de dezembro de 1991,
mas desta vez, para revogar isso.
No entanto, o dano já havia sido feito.
O "sionismo é racismo"
ataque foi introduzido pela primeira vez
como uma maneira de negar o básico
idéia de Israel como um país.
E seu uso desproporcionalmente
atacando Israel
tornou-se bem estabelecido.
E ainda continua
emergir em novas formas,
English:
including in the often
counter-intuitive demands
of the BDS movement.
Whatever the varying goals
of its individual adherence,
the movement struggles with
its own strain of anti-Zionism,
and has appropriated
the "Zionism is racism"
attack for a new era,
whether with or without
a complete appreciation
of the origins and original
purpose of the phrase.
And so, this, ultimately,
is the sad legacy
of Resolution 3379, and the
phrase "Zionism is racism,"
whose purpose was never to
change governing policy,
but rather to undermine the
basic national sovereignty
of Israel's right to exist
as a nation among the rest of the world.
(funky music)
Spanish:
incluyendo en las demandas,
a menudo contradictorias,
del movimiento BDS.
Sean cuales sean
los diversos objetivos
de sus partidarios,
el movimiento lucha con una
variedad propia de antisionismo
y se ha hecho con el ataque
de "el sionismo es racismo"
para esta nueva era,
ya sea con o sin
una completa comprensión
de los orígenes
y del propósito original de la frase.
Y este es el triste legado
de la Resolución 3379
y de la frase
"el sionismo es racismo",
cuyo propósito nunca fue
cambiar la política normativa,
sino socavar
la soberanía básica nacional
del derecho de existir de Israel
como nación en el resto del mundo.
iw:
כולל בדרישות שלרוב מנוגדות
לאינטואיציה של תנועת הבי-די-אס.
יהיו אשר יהיו המטרות של
תומכיה השונים,
התנועה נאבקה במהלכים
אנטי-ציוניים משלה
והעבירה את מושג המאבק
"ציונות היא גזענות" לעידן חדש,
בין אם יחד או ללא הערכה מלאה
למקור המושג ולמטרתו המקורית.
אז בסופו של דבר זוהי
המורשת העגומה של החלטה 3379
והביטוי "ציונות היא גזענות",
שמטרתו מעולם לא נועדה לשנות מדיניות,
אלא לערער הריבונות הלאומית הבסיסית
של זכותה של ישראל להתקיים
כמדינה ככל המדינות בעולם.
Russian:
например, в часто нелогичных
требованиях движения BDS.
Каковы бы ни были цели его
отдельных сторонников,
движение выступает за
собственное
направление антисионизма,
приспособив призыв
"Сионизм — это расизм"
к новому времени,
с или без полного понимания
истоков и первоначальных
целей призыва.
Такое вот печальное
наследие резолюции 3379
и фразы "Сионизм — это расизм",
чьей целью никогда не было
изменение правящей политики,
но скорее подрыв идеи
национального суверенитета
и права Израиля на
существование
как нации среди
остального мира.
Portuguese:
incluindo no muitas vezes
demandas contra-intuitivas
do movimento BDS.
Quaisquer que sejam os objetivos variáveis
da sua adesão individual,
o movimento luta com
sua própria linhagem de anti-sionismo,
e se apropriou
o "sionismo é racismo"
ataque por uma nova era,
seja com ou sem
uma completa apreciação
das origens e original
propósito da frase.
E assim, finalmente,
é o triste legado
da Resolução 3379, e os
frase "sionismo é racismo"
cujo objetivo nunca foi
mudar a política de governo,
mas sim para minar o
soberania nacional básica
do direito de Israel existir
como uma nação entre o resto do mundo.
(música funky)
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Spanish:
Okay, bueno, bienvenida a Azerim.
Gracias, estoy un poco nerviosa.
No te pongas nerviosa, estaras bien.
Te voy a enseñar lo básico.
Okay, sí.
Okay, bueno.
Primero lo primero, aprendamos cómo caminar.
Caminar, sí, buena idea.
Entonces presiona las teclas WSAD en el
lado izquierdo del teclado.
La tecla W dis dei.
W-WSAD.
WS dei D.
WSA- sí perfecto, sí.
Está bien.
Adelante.
¡Oh!
Sí. ¡Sí, perfecto!
¡Oh!
Sí, okay.
Es asombroso, sí.
Está bien, estoy empezando a entenderlo.
Espera, ¿cómo giro?
- ¿Qué está pasando ahí atrás?
- Vas muy bien. Okay, para rotar usa el mouse.
Okay.
Sí, el mouse.
Oh... ¡oh!
Sí, increíble, sí.
*Un enemigo se acerca gritando*
¡Ah!
Turkish:
Tamam pekala ah Azerim'e hoş geldin. Teşekkürler, biraz gerginim. Gerilme
iyi olacaksın, sana işin inceliklerini göstereceğim. Tamam evet. Tamam, pekala her şeyden önce hadi
yürümeyi öğrenelim. Yürümek, evet iyi fikir. Yani, sen klavyenin sol tarafındaki WASD tuşlarına basıyorsun.
W S De D. WASD evet güzel evet. Tamam pekala.
Yap bakalım. Tamam. Evet mükemmel. Oh evet, tamam.
Bu harika evet. Pekala, kavrıyorum gibi biraz. Bekle, nasıl yönlendiriyoruz?
Arkada neler oluyor? Çok iyi gidiyorsun.
Tamam, yönlendirmek için fareni kullan.
Czech:
Okej. Tak. Vítej v Azerimu.
- Díky. Jsem trochu nervózní.
- Nebuď nervózní. Povedeš
si dobře. Ukážu ti co a jak.
- Okej, jasně.
- Okej nejdříve, pojďme tě naučit
jak se chodí.
- Jop, chůze. Dobrý nápad.
- Takže, stiskni WSAD klávesy na levé straně klávesnice.
W S A D.
- W S A D. Perfektní
- Jasně, dobře. Chápu.
- To je úžasné. Ano!
- Dobře, myslím, že na to už přicházím. Počkej, jak se otočím?
Co se děje tam vzadu?
- Vedeš si dobře...Tak jo. Na otáčení používej tvojí myš.
Russian:
- Хорошо, добро пожаловать в Азерим.
- Спасибо, я немного нервничаю.
- Расслабься
- Всё будет в порядке, я покажу тебе приёмы.
- Ладно, хорошо.
- Отлично, теперь обо всем по порядку, давай узнаем, как ходить.
- Ага, ходить, да, хорошая идея.
- Итак, ты нажимаешь клавиши WSAD на левой стороне клавиатуры.
- WS Day D.
WSAD , ага.
- Действуй. Да, идеально. Отлично!
- Ладно. Это здорово, да.
- Я вроде как привыкаю к этому. Подожди, а как мне повернуться?
- Что там творится за моей спиной?
- У тебя отлично получается. А чтобы повернуться, используй мышь.
Vietnamese:
Chào mừng tới Azerim. Em có hơi lo, đừng lo em sẽ
ổn thôi anh sẽ chỉ em mấy thứ cơ bản. Đầu tiên thì nên học
cách di chuyển. ok ý hay đấy. Được rồi bấm WSAD
W S A D. WSAD đúng rồi á. Được rồi. E bắt đầu đây. Tuyệt vời
Thật tuyệt. Em bắt đầu quen với nó rồi, làm sao để quay lại nhỉ?
Có chuyện gì thế anh? Em làm tuyệt lắm. Để quay lại em phải dùng chuột
Được rồi. đúng rồi tuyệt vời
Spanish:
Bien, ah, bienvenida a Azerim.
¡Gracias! Estoy un poco nerviosa.
Descuida, estarás bien. Te mostraré como jugar.
Ok, bien.
Primero que nada, aprendamos como caminar.
Caminar, buena idea.
Entonces, usas las teclas WSAD en el lado izquierdo del teclado.
W S A D.
WSAD
W S A D
WSAD Sí, bien, lo tienes.
Inténtalo.
Sí ¡perfecto!
¡Asombroso! ¡Sí!
Muy bien, le estoy agarrando el truco.
Espera ¿Cómo giro?
¿Qué sucede ahí atrás?
Lo estás haciendo muy bien.
Bien, para rotar usas el mouse.
¡Sí! ¡Asombroso! ¡Sí!
English:
Okay well ah welcome to Azerim. Thanks I'm
a little nervous. Don't be nervous you'll
be fine I'm gonna show you the ropes. Okay
yeah. Okay well first things first let's learn
how to walk. Walk yep good idea. So you press
the WSAD key on the left side of the keyboard.
W S day D. WSAD yep that good yep. Okay alright.
Go for it. Oh. Yeah. Yes perfect. Oh yeah
okay. That's awesome yes. Alright I'm kind
of getting the hang of it. Wait how do I rotate?
What's going on back there? You're doing so
well. Okay so to rotate you use your mouse.
Portuguese:
Beleza. Bom, seja bem-vinda a Azerim.
Obrigada! Estou um pouco nervosa...
Não se preocupe, você vai ficar bem.
Vou te ensinar como se faz
Beleza...
Bom, primeiro de tudo,
vamos aprender como andar.
Andar, tá... boa ideia.
Então, aperta W, S, A, D na
parte esquerda do teclado.
W, S, D...
W, S, A, D.
W, S, D, D.
W, S, A... pode ser!
Vai lá!
Oh!
Isso!
Isso! Perfeito!
Oh! É!
Incrível! Isso!
Beleza, tô pegando o jeito.
Peraí, como eu me viro?
O que tá acontecendo aí atrás?
Você tá indo muito bem!
Tá! Pra virar, você usa o mouse.
Certo. Pra virar, eu uso o mouse.
Isso! Maravilha!
Italian:
Va bene, benvenuti in Azerim. Grazie sto
un pò nervoso. Non essere nervoso
va bene ti mostrerò le corde. Va bene
si. Va bene, prima di tutto impariamo
come camminare. Cammina, sì, buona idea. Quindi premi
il tasto WSAD sul lato sinistro della tastiera.
WS giorno D. WSAD sì che bene sì. Va bene, va bene.
Fallo. Oh. Si. Si perfetto. o si
va bene. È fantastico, sì. Va bene, sono gentile
di prendere il controllo. Aspetta, come faccio a ruotare?
Cosa sta succedendo laggiù? Lo stai facendo
bene. Va bene, quindi per ruotare usi il mouse.
Italian:
Va bene. Sì fantastico sì. Stai andando così bene.
È così divertente. Woah.
Ehi guarda, voglio solo dire grazie mille per aver fatto lo sforzo per
entrare in qualcosa che amo. Onestamente io
sappi solo quanto ti piace questo gioco e
Mi piacerebbe impararlo con te. Quello è
Perché ti amo tanto. Oh cos'è quello? Che cosa?
Sei stato colpito dalle frecce. Oh
Ho? Io sì ah oh. Ebbene ah vuoi
per andare alla nostra prima missione insieme? Sì. Va bene
ah andiamo. Faccio strada io. si si
vai sì perfetto haha
English:
Okay. Yes awesome yes. You are doing so good.
It's so fun. Woah.
Hey look I just wanna say thank you so much for making the effort to
get into something that I love. Honestly I
just know how much you like this game and
I would love to learn it with you. That's
why I love you so much. Oh what's that? What?
You've got a you've been shot by arrows. Oh
have I? I yeah ah oh. Well ah do you want
to go on our first quest together? Yes. Okay
ah let's go. I'll lead the way. Yeah yeah
you go yes perfect haha
Spanish:
Lo estás haciendo muy bien.
Es divertido.
Oye, mira, solo quiero agradecerte por hacer el esfuerzo de probar algo que amo.
Honestamente sé cuánto amas este juego y a mí me encantaría aprenderlo contigo.
Por eso es que te amo tanto.
¿Qué... ¿Qué es eso?
¿qué?
Tienes una... te están disparando flechas.
Oh ¿sí? Sí, sí, cierto.
Bien. ¿Te gustaría ir en nuestra primera misión juntos?
Sí.
Ok ¡Vamos!
Voy adelante.
Sí, sí, ve.
¡Sí! ¡Perfecto!
Así que...
Bienvenida a Azeroth
Spanish:
- Lo estás haciendo muy bien.
- Es muy divertido.
Guau.
Oye, mira, solo quiero darte las gracias por hacer el
esfuerzo de probar algo que amo.
Honestamente, sé cuánto te gusta este juego y
me encantaría aprenderlo contigo.
Por eso te quiero tanto.
Aww.
¿Qué, qué es eso?
¿Qué?
Tienes un... te están disparando flechas.
¿Oh, sí? Oh sí ah oh. Bueno,
¿quieres empezar nuestra primera misión juntos?
Sí.
Okay ah vamos.
Yo guiaré el camino.
Sí, sí. Adelante, sí perfecto jaja.
*Suspiro*
So... bienvenida a... Azeroth.
- Hey...
- ¡Azerim! ¡M****!
Turkish:
Tamam. Evet harika evet.
Çok iyi gidiyorsun. Bu çok eğlenceli. Vay be.
Hey bak, sevdiğim bir şeye alışmak için çaba göstermenden dolayı sana teşekkür etmek istiyorum.
Gerçekten senin bu oyunu ne kadar sevdiğini biliyorum ve onu seninle öğrenmek isterim. Bu yüzden
seni çok seviyorum. Oh bu ne? Ne? Ok atıyorlar sana. Oh
Öyle mi? Evet, ah oh. Pekala, ah, ilk görevimize beraber gitmek ister misin? Evet. Tamam
Ah, hadi gidelim. Sana yolu göstereyim. Evet evet sen önden git, evet harika haha
Russian:
- Двигай мышкой.
Да, именно так. ДА!
У тебя все отлично получается.
- Это так весело.
- Слушай, я просто хочу сказать тебе большое спасибо за то, что ты приложила усилия, чтобы вместе со мной заниматься тем, что я люблю.
- Честно я просто знаю, насколько тебе нравится эта игра и я с удовольствием бы узнала ее вместе с тобой.
- Вот почему я люблю тебя так сильно.
- Ой, а что это?
- Ты о чем?
- Тебя стрелами истыкали.
- Кого? Меня? Ну да, есть немного.
Хочешь пройти вместе на наш первый квест? Да, я согласна!
- Пошли.
- Я пойду впереди.
- Да, конечно. Ты идешь идеально хаха
Vietnamese:
Em làm tốt lắm
Vui thật đó
woah
Này anh chỉ muốn nói là cám ơn em vì đã dành thời gian với những điều anh thích.
thành thật thì em biết anh rất thích game này và em cũng rất thích đc chơi cùng anh
đó là lí do sao anh yêu em
Hửm? cái gì thế anh?
gì cơ
Anh đang bị bắn vào người kìa
Có hả? à rồi
em có muốn làm nhiệm vụ đầu tiên cùng nhau ko?
Có!
ah đi thôi. em sẽ dẫn đường
YEAH Hoàn hảo haha
Portuguese:
Você está indo MUITO bem!
Até que é legalzinho!
Uau!
Olha, só quero te dizer: Muito obrigado por fazer esse esse esforço pra aprender algo que eu amo.
Sério, eu sei o quanto você gosta desse jogo e eu adoraria aprender com você.
É por isso que eu te amo tanto.
— Quê? Quê isso?
— Isso o quê?
É que tem umas...
Você levou umas flechadas.
Ah. Levei? Ah, é.
Bom, você tá a fim de fazer
nossa primeira quest juntos?
Sim.
Beleza, vamos embora!
Eu vou na frente.
Isso, pode ir!
Isso! Perfeito!
Então...
Seja bem-vinda à "Azeroth".
Czech:
Okej. Ano! Úžasné, ano!
Vedeš si tak dobře.
- Je to zábava... Vau!
Hele podívej. Jen jsem ti chtěl tak moc poděkovat, že si děláš tu námahu se mnou dělat to, co miluju.
- Upřímně...
já vím, jak moc máš rád tuhle hru a tak chtěla jsem se jí naučit od tebe.
- To je
důvod, proč tě tak miluju.
- Oh, co to je?
- Co je co?
- Někdo tě zasáhl šípama.
Vážně?
Takže, chceš jít na náš první společný úkol?
- Ano!
- Okej,
tak pojďme.
Já povedu.
Jo, jop. Až po tobě. Ano! Perfektní.
Russian:
Итак! Добро пожаловать в Азерот...Азерим!
Азерим же!
Turkish:
O zaman Azeroth'a hoş geldin.
Azerim. F***
Spanish:
¡Azerim!
Portuguese:
Azarim!
Spanish:
¡Azerim!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
BAM! Mr. Tarrou. In this calculus lesson
we're all totally going to do three
examples determining the interval of
convergence of a power series what's
power series well it says here if F is a
variable then an infinite series in the
form of the summation where n starts at
0 and goes to infinity at the a sub n
times X minus C raised to the N power is
equal to a sub 0 plus a sub 1 times X
minus C u raised to the first power plus
a sub 2 times X minus C raised to the
second power and we keep adding and so
on and so on until we get to the nth
term and then yeah we just keep adding
because this is a series you know and
goes to infinity we never stop adding
these terms and this is a power series
centered at a constant C now if I were
to come through here and take out all
these variables or this not really
variable but this constant of C and just
have it set equal to 0 then that would
be a power series excuse me
centered at 0 but this is the more
general form so one thing to note here
because now we're talking about you know
convergence and divergence and we have
these Sigma notations or the summations
expression showing up not the sort of
standard looking series that we've been
working through in our previous sections
we talked about ratio and root test and
alternate series tests and so on and so
on but you'll see here that we go when
we go from the summation notation into
our expanded series notation the
variable of n is gone that's starting at
0 and going to infinity we have a
function that is in terms of X so when
we are trying to determine the interval
of convergence what we're actually
trying to determine is when we plug in
some value of x we get a series and does
that series converge or diverge do we
get a real sum from that series if we
get a real sum that occurs right when
our series converge and so if we get an
actual sum for the series if this series
is converging
well then this is going to give us right
that valid well says right here some so
we are oh and by the way you can kind of
notice when you see an expanded series
like this if you have a variable X
raised to some power that's when you
identify and you can go okay that is a
power series this series converges like
I just said a second ago if the series
converges we get a valid sum we are
determining for what values of X does
that summation give us a valid sum we
are looking for the domain of all X's
such that this series right here
converges if it converges we get a valid
sum we're good to go if it diverges well
then our sum would be something like
infinity or undefined that's not what we
are looking for but that's hopefully
giving you a good understanding here an
idea of what is going on now to do these
three examples we're going to use
something that we're going to use that
ratio test we just talked about that in
the previous section because that ratio
test says that a series absolutely
converges if the absolute value of the
ratio of a sub n plus 1 over a sub n is
less than one if it's equal to one it's
in determinant if it's greater than one
then that series diverges so the ratio
test gives us an inequality to work off
of to determine that interval of
convergence so as I read through here
what we're looking for I'm talking about
radius of convergence I'm talking about
doing that ratio test to this series and
we're going to make sure that that ratio
stays less than one if the radius of
convergence is equal to zero
then the power series is going to be
said to converge only at that constant
at that see the center of that power
series if the radius of convergence is
infinity then I'm pausing because I'm
going okay I want to say these zero and
this infinity and then found the
condition here with the outcome no
three if you will is that result again
of setting up the ratio test and looking
at ultimately what we're arriving at
it'll be clear as we do the examples if
the radius of convergence is infinity
then the power series converges
absolutely for all X it doesn't even
matter what X is so these two types of
solutions will be example one and two
and there they're not quite so
interesting because there's no work in
determining what that interval of
convergence is now if we do the ratio
test we set that up and there exists a
real number R that's greater than zero
so not zero not infinity that's where
the little bit of extra work that's
where the skills that we learn in all
these previous sections learning all
these tests alternate and you know
alternating series test and direct and
women comparative test so and so on come
into play well if there exists a real
number R greater than zero such that the
series converges absolutely for the
absolute value of X minus C is less than
R and diverges for the absolute value of
X minus C is greater than R we're going
to be focusing really on this part here
when you get the absolute value of some
binomial alone and it's less than well
whatever your radius of convergence is
going to be we'll be able to identify
what the center of our power series is
if we can't already see it in the
expanded form and through the for the
three examples that we're going to be
doing we're gonna have our series
written like in this format here and
we'll have our radius convergence now
from there we're gonna find that will be
fine we'll have found that radius of
convergence and then we're going to test
whether the power series converges or
diverges at the endpoints of your
interval that's where maybe you need to
once you plug in some particular X
values into the series start looking at
it and trying to go cables this harmonic
I'll alternating harmonic series is it a
geometric series is it something that we
need to do some kind of limit
comparative test to you need we need to
determine whether this series converges
or diverges at the endpoints of our
interval to come up with our
answer now this is a lot of words and
writing and hopefully kind of makes
sense but I think doing these three
examples is going to clarify this up for
you the first one coming up right now so
all the examples are gonna have the same
directions find the interval of
convergence of the power series so we
have our power series the summation
where n starts as your own goes to
infinity of 2 n factorial times X to the
2n over N factorial and just to expand
it out for you here when lit when we let
N equals 0 we're going to have 0
factorial
and 0 factorial well that's defined to
be 1 and X to the 0 power is 1
and now when we let n equal 1 we have 2
factorial over 1 factorial which is 2
and then X to the 2 times 1 which is x
squared and then plus 12
with our N equals 2 we have 2 times 2 is
4 4 factorial is 24 over 2 which comes
out to be 12 and we have X to the 4th
and so on and so on
what's the interval where this series
converges ok so we're gonna do that
ratio test so by the ratio test we're
going to be looking at the limit as n
goes to infinity with this expression
here of a sub n plus 1 just like the
previous section so we have 2 to the n
plus 1 factorial X to the 2 times n plus
1 power over n plus 1 factorial over 2
to the n times X to the 2n over N
factorial so let's get all this cleaned
up until we get that that binomial that
X minus C the absolute value that
compared to our radius of convergence
we're going to take this denominator and
flip it up
we're also going to distribute this to
through the parentheses of n plus 1 and
expand that factorial hopefully with all
that practice from that section will
read first learned the ratio test you
saw a lot of this expansion you got used
to expanding these factorials but just
to show you one more time to plot 2 n
plus 2 factorial is 2 n plus 2 count
down by 1 2 n plus 1 and then count down
by 1 again and we get to that 2 n
factorial so I'm going to stop there and
write 2 n factorial and we can see all
these nice factors cancel out oh and of
course we have down here and plus 1
times and counting down by 1 until you
get to 1 so n factorial so we have the
factors of n factorial cancelling out
well that's been already rewritten and
we have 2 n bases of X in the
denominator and we have 2 n plus 2 bases
of X in the numerator so there's two
more X's in the numerator than in the
denominator so that is going to cancel
out all but two of them and we've got
our 2 n factorials cancelling out let's
clean this up a little bit and see where
we stand
okay I don't know why I took the time to
actually distribute this out for the
numerator because that's not really
truly necessary when we let n go to
infinity the only thing that's going to
control of course the limit of this
first factor is the leading term but at
any rate we have for N squared over N
now l'hopital's rule or dividing the top
of the numerator and denominator by n
whatever it takes that we can see that
the limit here of our first factor is
going to be infinity times X now that
absolute value of that has to remain
less than 1 and we're about to say here
you know infinity and that doesn't
really need to be in the absolute value
symbols now because we know it's going
to pause infinity but infinity times X
infinity times what is going to
guarantee that you have an answer that's
less than 1 well if you put any value in
for X now that doesn't even apps you
guys almost because we could plug in
anything but any value you plug in for X
that's not equal to what 0 I mean
1/10 times infinity is still infinity so
the only thing the only value of x is
going to guarantee that this expression
the absolute value of this expression is
less than 1 is if X is equal to 0 well
kind of a special case we got here and
by the way when we see when I'm saying
that X has to be 0 you might go in you
might be going well if we have infinity
times 0
isn't that indeterminate form when we
were studying l'hopital's rule and we
had to then rework the limit so we had
to be infinity over infinity or 0 over
and vitter 0 over 0 some form that
allows us to apply l'hopital's rule well
no because we're saying that X you know
to make this inequality be true the only
value that X possibly can be is 0 X is a
constant of 0 it is 0 not approaching 0
this for N squared plus 6n plus 2 over n
plus 1 that is approaching
infinity now if we had some kind of end
variable over here that was approaching
something to make this second factor
approach zero well then we would have
some form of an determinant and we'd
have to you know manipulate that with
l'hopital's you know so that we could
eventually apply l'hopital's rule and
evaluate the limit but know this in this
case is not in a determinate form it is
actually equal to zero so the only time
not much an interval here
the only value of x which is going to
make this series converge is x equals
zero yeah
so our radius of convergence is zero
this converges this given series
converges when x is zero and by the way
the center of our power series do we
have any kind of you know X minus a
number here is it just X is just X and
actually it might be beneficial for me
to let's go ahead and pull you know n n
starts at zero and goes to infinity so
this is never going to be negative so
really you just need the absolute value
symbol around the X and I guess you
could say you could divide both sides by
infinity and have the absolute value of
x is less than 1 over infinity which is
zero allowing me to say that that radius
of convergence is equal to zero and thus
x equals zero let's go on to our second
example right now already our second
example we're going to look for the
interval of convergence of this series
here we have n the summation of n
starting at zero going to infinity of 4
times X to the N power over 2 n
factorial and I did a little bit of
expansion here
just to let you see that we again have
that function in terms of X we're
finding the domain of this function such
that it gives us a valid some such that
it converges so we're going to set up
that ratio test and by the ratio test we
have the limit as n goes to infinity of
a sub n plus 1 over a sub n again
instead of dividing by that fraction
we're going to bring it up as a multiple
over reciprocal and clean things up this
factor of 2 in factorial now that we've
done a little bit of expansion on that
factorial notation is going to cancel
out with 2 n factorial in the
denominator of our second factor we have
n bases of 4x here we have just one more
so this is going to cancel out and
believe it's with just one factor of 4x
in the numerator
this is really kind of simplifying very
similar to the previous one but we have
a lot of ends now in our denominator as
opposed into the numerator of our last
one now if we let n go to infinity we're
gonna have 1 over infinity which
approaches zero hmm and zero times 4x is
just zero so the limit here I was going
to write it on the second line but I
don't need any extra room to write zero
the limit as n approaches infinity is
zero and of course zero is always less
than one so since zero is always less
than one and there's not even a place
for X to go right so for all X on the
interval from negative infinity to
positive infinity so therefore
by the ratio no yeah
so therefore the given series converges
absolutely for all pets I'll be right
back and for our third and last example
we have the summation where n starts at
1 and goes to infinity of and negative 1
to the n plus 1 which means that we are
looking at an alternating series by the
way times X minus 3 to the N over N
times 7 to the N power okay so we're
looking for the interval of convergence
of this series this power series which
means that by the ratio test we are
looking at the limit as n approaches
infinity of a sub n plus 1 over a sub n
now we put this in the notes earlier but
how is it you know how do we look at
this and you know how can we tell that
we have a power series now maybe you
could expand it a couple of terms to
make sure you know what those ends kind
of disappear and look at what your
expansion looks like because you're only
you're only going to have that variable
X you have a function in terms of X and
you have an X raised up to some power
that power of course is gonna be
increasing as we let and go from 1 to
infinity so that variable x raised to
some power is your indication that
you're looking at a power series okay as
always with ratio test we're going to
multiply by the reciprocal and clean
things up lots of cancellation so the
limit as n approaches infinity of the
absolute value of the negative 1 raised
to the now n plus 2 power because of
course
plus one times X minus three raised to
the n plus one over n plus one times
seven to the n plus one power multiply
that by the reciprocal of the
denominator we have n times 7 to the N
over negative 1 to the n plus 1 times X
minus 3 to the N power ok so we have n
7s in the numerator of our second
fraction and n plus 1 in the denominator
of our first fraction leaving you with
one factor of seven in the denominator
we have X minus three to the N and X
minus 3 to the n plus one just one more
factor in the numerator and the same
thing here too we have negative 1 to the
n plus 1 and negative 1 to the n plus 2
well it was just one more than 1 now
cleaning this up what do we got we have
the limit as n approaches infinity of
the absolute value of well and actually
let's do this let's take out all those
ends because they're going to be
positive the absolute value again is
going to take care of that factor of
negative 1 we have an N so the limit as
n approaches infinity of n over that's
this one right here in the denominator
we have a factor of n plus 1 and we can
bring that 7 out as well if we want or
we can leave it you know inside the
absolute values I think I'm going to
leave it inside the absolute value not
that 2 value of 7 is just going to be 7
so we have let me just make sure I
didn't copy something down wrong
absolute value taking care of that
negative 1 we have our factor of x minus
3 here we have a 1 over 7 the absolute
value the N is starting at 1 and going
to infinity so it's never gonna be
negative pulling that out in front of
the absolute value so I'm just given
this a little bit of a different look
the limit as n approaches infinity is
this n over n plus one is going to come
out to be one so we have that this is
equal to the absolute value of 1 over 7
times X minus 3 the absolute value of
all of this and remember we are looking
for the domain of this function
well actually this function when it was
expanded that you know the domain of X
that makes the function converged so
that we have that valid sum so that with
the ratio test says that the absolute
value of the ratio of a sub n plus 1
over a sub n must be less than 1 for
that to absolutely converge in the
absolute value of 1/7 is 1/7 so actually
I could bring this go ahead and bring
that out and at this point like I
mentioned earlier in a note so once you
have that X minus C the absolute value
of X minus C is less than well not quite
the absolute value of symbol alone yet
so I'm going to multiply both sides by 7
and we have the absolute value of X
minus 3 I'm gonna started talking there
could you tell and say something that
was incorrect we have 1 times 7 is equal
to 7 now here's at the point you can
look at this and go hey the center of
our power series is 3 and here we have
that Capitol or that real value that's
greater than 0 we have a radius of
convergence of 7
okay so we have now a result that is
going to allow us to set up an
preliminary interval for convergence but
then we're going to test the endpoints
so let's go ahead and write this without
the absolute value signs which means
that this can be well the absolute value
in the sevens can be like 7 or negative
7 but it has to be in between those
values so we have negative 7 is less
than X minus 3 which is then less than 7
solving this compound inequality we
going to you know very difficult here
add everything by 3 and we have negative
4 is less than X which is less than 10
so our interval not I can't say really
interval of convergence because we
haven't tested the endpoints yet but our
preliminary interval here is from
negative 10 or excuse me negative 4 to
10 so now we need to test the endpoints
and I'm going to try and squeeze this
down in here I'll pick a different
colors you can tell the difference of
what I'm doing test the endpoints very
easy for students to forget this part my
textbook that I teach from even
acknowledges hey don't forget to test
the endpoints so what about when X is
equal to negative 4 I'm really afraid
I'm going to run out of room here but
we're going to be looking at the
summation where n goes from 1 to
infinity and I'm just gonna plug I'm
just gonna take out the X and plug in
negative 4 so negative 1 and +1
parenthesis negative 4 minus 3 to the N
power over n times 7 to the N now here's
at the point that no borders with some
simplification that we can go through
but here's where the point that we you
know you might find out that a lot of
these become very easy to determine
whether they converge or die
but you might need to lean on those I
you know start pulling those toolboxes
out are you gonna use maybe a p-series
test a inter the alternating series test
interval integral test limit comparative
test direct comparative test route test
ratio test that here's where it would
come in and we have to use all of those
tools and know which one is appropriate
and many of these mean you know when
your test whether series converge or
diverge most of them have more than one
way to figure that out but what are we
got going on here we have the series
negative 1 to the N plus 1 negative 4
minus 3 of course is negative 7 to the N
and we have n here with the 7 to the N
power so we have a negative 7 to the N
and then our denominator we have
positive 7 to the N looks like we can
almost make those things cancel out
right and what's the square root of 2
times the square root of 3 well that's
just the square root of 6 right you can
multiply inside well what do we have
here we have 2 to the 1/2 power times 3
to the 1/2 and that's 6 to the 1/2 so we
can multiply together 2 times 3 is 6 and
then reverse factor that 6 to be 2 times
3 within those matching rational powers
in this K 12 it because he has a
rational powers in this case we just
have n but I'm just pointing it out to
validate for you here that I can take
the negative 7 to the N power and write
it like this
basically just factor it so we have
negative 1 to the N times 7 to the N
over N times 7 to the N well check this
out now if I rewrite that 7 as negative
1 to forget the plus 1 here as negative
1 times 7 well then the 7 to the N power
over 7 to the N power these are all
factors those common factors will cancel
out we have
a multiplication of like bases well neg
you know when you multiply like bases
you get to add those exponents and n
plus n is 2 n so in the numerator we're
left with negative 1 to the 2n plus 1
over N and 2n plus 1 I think you're
probably pretty comfortable by now if
you take a number and you double it and
you add 1 you're guaranteed to have a
odd answer and negative 1 to an odd
power is always going to come out to be
negative 1 so this looked like an and
was an alternating series but when we
check the end point where X is equal to
negative 4 we actually get negative 1
times the summation or n starts at 1
goes to infinity of 1 over N so it's
negative 1 times the summation of a
harmonic series and harmonic series are
divergent
so when we tested our end point of x
equals negative 4 at negative 4 this
series diverges so that is not going to
be included in our final interval of
convergence now let's check the 10 and I
did run out of room so hopefully this is
okay I'm gonna go ahead and race this
so should one hand just race to all of
it huh all right
taking the next value of 10 plugging it
in what do we got we have negative 1 to
the n plus 1 times 10 not dead anymore
or X for that matter 10 minus 3 to the N
power over n times 7 to the N well of
course 10 minus 3 is 7 and our 7 to the
N power like the previous one 7 over n
divided by 7 over to the nth power
excuse me is equal to 1 and this time
well this simplification for when the
check in the endpoint of x equals 10
comes out to be really nice and
simplifies very quickly with the
summation where n starts at 1 and goes
to infinity of negative 1 to the n plus
1 over N well now this negative 1 to the
n plus 1 that's going to well it's going
to go between positive and negative and
thus we have an alternating harmonic
series an alternating harmonic series
unlike the regular harmonic series
converge so we took our original power
series we set the limit up we did a
ratio test at the women up as n
approaches infinity of a sub n plus 1
over a sub n we did a lot of
simplification unlike the previous
examples the two examples we did get X
minus 3 the absolute value of X minus 3
or X minus C is less than some real R
which is greater than 0 in this case it
was 7 so our Center is 3 our radius of
convergence is 7 we went ahead and wrote
that as a compound inequality we solved
found in preliminary interval of
convergence check the endpoints negative
4 didn't work in the sense that it came
out to be that series came out to be
divergent but 10 did at x equals 10 our
series did converge so our final
interval of convergence and just 2
because I'm running out of space here
this is our interval
of convergence so again if you take
these X values starting from but not
including negative for up to ten plug
them into the function that you get as
you expand out the summation notation
because all the ends would go away this
is actually equal to a function in terms
of X plug these values of X into that
function of X an expansion of that
summation notation you will get a series
that converges this is the domain that
allows this series to converge thus
giving you a valid sum
I'm mister true I am go to your homework
you
| YoutubeSubtitles |
She got a body like an hour glass
But I can give it to you all the time
She got a booty like a Cadillac
But I can send you into overdrive (oh)
You've been waiting for that
Step on up swing your bat
See anybody could be bad to you
You need a good girl to blow your mind, yeah
Bang bang into the room (I know ya want it)
Bang bang all over you (I'll let ya have it)
Wait a minute lemme take you there (ah)
Wait a minute till ya (ah)
Bang bang there goes your heart (I know ya want it)
Back, back seat of my car (I'll let ya have it)
Wait a minute lemme take you there (ah)
Wait a minute till ya (ah)
She might've let you hold her hand in school
But I'm a show you how to graduate
No, I don't need to hear you talk the talk
Just come and show me what your momma gave (oh, yeah)
Okay you've got a very big shhh
Mouth but don't say a thing
See anybody could be good to you
You need a bad girl to blow your mind
Bang bang into the room (I know ya want it)
Bang bang all over you (I'll let ya have it)
Wait a minute lemme take you there (ah)
Wait a minute till ya (ah)
B to da' A to da' N to da' G to da' uh (baby)
See anybody could be good to you
You need a bad girl to blow your mind (your mind)
Bang bang into the room (I know ya want it)
Bang bang all over you (I'll let ya have it)
Wait a minute lemme take you there (ah)
Wait a minute till ya (ah)
Bang bang there goes your heart (I know ya want it)
Back, back seat of my car (I'll let ya have it)
Wait a minute lemme take you there (ah)
Wait a minute lemme take you there (ah)
| YoutubeSubtitles |
The top 5 cryptocurrencies to start off your altcoin season with a bang! Lately
It's been all about Bitcoin and for anyone riding the BTC price wave. It's been great for anyone holding altcoins
It's been a rough ride to say the least. If you've been around the crypto scene long enough. You already know what comes next
altcoin season
Yes, sooner or later
bitcoin will need to hit the pause button and share some of those sweet market cap gains with its little brothers and
sisters in need altcoins
When that time comes you want to be ready and you will be because we are going to be looking at the top
5 altcoins for
2019 not just any altcoins. I'm talking the most promising undervalued crypto projects
These projects are real standouts that have continued to build and show continued progress throughout the crypto winter of
2018 and after watching this video you'll know
Exactly why these projects are unstoppable and primed for impressive returns. Coming up!
If this is your first time here and you want to learn all about cryptocurrencies start now by subscribing and clicking on the bell
So you don't miss anything. At number 5 we have ICON
I really hate the term sleeping giant, but for ICON I'm going to make an exception
This giant is sleeping and it's only a matter of time before it finally wakes up
It's rare to find a project that has the support of a whole country's government as well as most of their biggest companies
ICON is one of the largest blockchain networks in the world
and the largest block chain project in South Korea. ICON has completely dominated its partnerships within the Korean economy
Being a country that is at the forefront of new technology South Korea currently has the greatest level of cryptocurrency
adoption globally ICON being the most advanced blockchain platform created in South Korea has tremendous potential in achieving wide
adoption in the country and beyond to date over 100 businesses have partnered with ICON
while most crypto projects were struggling throughout the bear market icon may be one of the only
Crypto startups that's already getting substantial revenue coming in. They've expanded the team size to up to
160 people and moved into an even larger office space in addition iconloop the blockchain tech company behind
Icon have reported eight million dollars in revenue for 2018 with a projected 12 million in
2019 some upcoming milestones include staking the release of their decentralized exchange
decentralized
Identification service as well as their own native stable coin most importantly
Decentralization is just one step away with icons staking reward system set to launch in August
Users will be able to stake their icx to three different entities
simultaneously this means that if you stake your coins, you can expect an average annualized return rate of more than
15% during the pre voting period icon acts as a bridge to bring separate blockchain networks together as an example
Samsung one of the largest South Korean companies is in the process of developing an ethereum based blockchain platform
since Samsung have already pledged to integrate icons chainID
Onto their phones means that icon will be able to connect the projects together later on this year
Icon is a project that has ongoing business
Relationships with a fleet of billion-dollar companies as well as the backing of the Korean government companies such as Samsung
SBI line daily intelligence are nothing to sneeze at this is icon
Reborn as staking begins and the circulating supply plummets
the Korean ethereum should be primed to break its all-time highs once again coming up at number 4 we have
VeChain
2018 was a phenomenal year for Vechain
Despite the crypto bear market Vechain is much more than a supply chain and logistics
solution Vechains partnerships span continents corporations and even governments from partnerships with
BMW the wine industry and even the Chinese government its offering solutions that the corporate world has been
Grappling with for years and as it continues to resolve them you can bet that its value will grow the use cases are just too
Astronomical to ignore governments cities and multinational companies are already using vechains
technology
since it launched its mainnet Vechain has enjoyed continuous growth in the number of
Transactions on its Vechain Thor blockchain while it's mystory and toolchain solutions have proven to be the
catalysts for VeChain's massive rise in
enterprise adoption throughout the bear market they announced
partnerships with Shanghai eGrid Consulting and Inpi Asia in May they entered into a collaboration with PWC and
DNV GL which is one of the most fruitful partnerships they concluded to date
It seems like Vechain has been gaining one or two similar business
Partnerships almost every month of the year Vechain has showcased the next step in their partnership with automobile manufacturing giant
BMW a new service called verifycar on the VeChain Thor Network the verifycar
application addresses the issue of mileage fraud verifycar is a digital passport that allows users to
Monitor their a domitor and maintenance history another announcement from April is the new solution called
toolchain the solution grants users with limited technical knowledge the ability to create solutions for themselves or their
business on the Vechain Thor blockchain all within 30 seconds
The global counterfeiting market is a four hundred billion dollar business. This provides a strong incentive
for companies to adopt VeChains anti counterfeiting
Technologies if Vechain maintains its relevance in the industry and manages to stay ahead of their competition
It will surely be worth a hundred times more than it is
Now ultimately adoption and transaction fees will drive the VeChain platform and the value of the VET token
number three Tron
Yes
Justin Suns tweets can be a bit too much but Tron's actual business moves are
solid. Tron is aiming to create an entertainment platform that allows content creators full control over their content
think of a decentralized
Combination of Netflix YouTube and the App Store last year, we've witnessed the launch of Trons
Mainnet this allowed for the development of dapps on the Tron blockchain making Tron one of the most formidable
alternatives to the ethereum blockchain currently Tron has reached more than
2.7 million user accounts on their network a new record
Tron has continued to show a steady growth in users and on some days has been the leading
Blockchain platform in daily onchain volume as well as the number of daily
Transactions Tron employs more than a hundred engineers worldwide and has even executed one of the most clever
Acquisitions into crypto space with BitTorrent with the acquisition of the legendary p2p sharing platform and more
Recently Trons partnership with Opera the world's first browser with web 3.0
capabilities means that Tron has just boosted its user base to almost half a billion new users while Tron
Continues to have its fair share of haters the best investments usually start with the least
Consensus Trons results speak louder than either positive hype or negative FUD
partnerships exchange listings trading pairs new
Acquisitions new hires and that recruitment all of this in a bear market Tron
Simply hustles non-stop to be bigger and better with almost half a billion of potential new users
It's easy to see that when the Altcoin Bulls run again
The TRX price will reflect all that hard work at number 2
We have Cardano what really makes Cardano remarkable is the sheer amount of care that goes into its development
Cardano is the first blockchain project to be developed from a scientific philosophy
And the only one to be designed and built by a global team of leading academics and engineers
Cardano is secure
Flexible and scalable for use by many millions of users and has been developed with the same scientific rigor
Applied to mission critical systems such as aerospace and banking it is a third-generation
Blockchain and it's powered by the ADA coin much like in ethereum
It is a smart contract based system that can be used to run decentralized applications
but in a much more
Efficient way the Cardano roadmap has five phases in the Gougen phase that is already underway
The focus will be on the universal language framework development and security improvements for investors
This phase is where the token will gain more utility with the execution of complex
smart contracts the Basho phase will improve
Scalability security and performance by implementing a revised network layer as well as Ouroboros the next-generation
protocol of cardano's proof of state consensus algorithm
The voltaire phase is the final phase of cardano's current roadmap
We will see the implementation of a treasury system and a governance model if Cardano delivers what it promises
It will be set up to become a prime candidate to take over Ethereums throne
Last but not least XRP this cryptocurrency is solving a problem measured in trillions of dollars
cross-border payments
ripple connects banks payment providers and digital asset
Exchanges while quickly becoming the standard for digital value transfer globally rivaling established companies like visa
Recently XRP has claimed several impressive partnerships. Thanks to its parent company Ripple a San francisco-based
blockchain startup that provides international
Settlement protocols including XRapid Xcurrent Xvia and ripplenet XRP is one of the fastest growing
Cryptocurrencies, it is already backed by over 100 financial institutions from all over the world
Ripple are opening multiple offices in Asia
Inaugurated a new London office and have a breathtaking track record with European companies helping them with their global expansion
Ripple is all about the internet of value proposition
It offers innovation and how value moves across the globe it
Does this by being fast reliable and cheap one of ripples biggest and most promising
Partnerships is with SBI Bank of Japan
the bank has a market cap of six billion dollars SBI's chief officer has stated that
SBI aims to leverage XRP in a way that will create mass cryptocurrency
Adoption in Japan. As XRP begins its unstoppable march to the top
It will gain value by settling payments all around the world Ripples
Inter ledger Protocol can connect every payment service in the world and process payments across every network and ledger an
estimated one hundred and fifty five trillion dollars travel across
borders every year by streamlining the means of executing these
Transactions this equals to saving trillions and fees every year essentially banks and payment providers can use the digital
Asset XRP to reduce their costs enable instant payment settlements globally and access new markets
For the coming years there have been
Forecasts ranging anywhere from 20 all the way up to five hundred dollars that might seem high right now
But if it truly becomes the reserve standard across multiple
platforms and Ledger's and the most dominant monetary asset in the world then for XRP the sky is
Truly the limit if you made it to the end of this video, let me know which cryptocurrency you're most bullish on in
2019 also, make sure you subscribe and like this video. Thanks for watching and I'll talk to you later!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
is an adaptation for the general reader of
four lectures on quantum electrodynamics (QED)
published in 1985 by American physicist and
Nobel laureate Richard Feynman.
QED was designed to be a popular science book,
written in a witty style, and containing just
enough quantum-mechanical mathematics to allow
the solving of very basic problems in quantum
electrodynamics by an educated lay audience.
It is unusual for a popular science book in
the level of mathematical detail it goes into,
actually allowing the reader to solve simple
optics problems, as might be found in an actual
textbook.
But unlike in a typical textbook, the mathematics
is taught in very simple terms, with no attempt
to solve problems efficiently, use standard
terminology, or facilitate further advancement
in the field.
The focus instead is on nurturing a basic
conceptual understanding of what is really
going on in such calculations.
Complex numbers are taught, for instance,
by asking the reader to imagine that there
are tiny clocks attached to subatomic particles.
The book was first published in 1985 by the
Princeton University Press.
== The book ==
In an acknowledgement Feynman wrote:
This book purports to be a record of the lectures
on quantum electrodynamics I gave at UCLA,
transcribed and edited by my good friend Ralph
Leighton.
Actually, the manuscript has undergone considerable
modification.
Mr. Leighton's experience in teaching and
in writing was of considerable value in this
attempt at presenting this central part of
physics to a wider audience.Much of Feynman's
discussion springs from an everyday phenomenon:
the way any transparent sheet of glass partly
reflects any light shining on it.
Feynman also pays homage to Isaac Newton's
struggles to come to terms with the nature
of light.
Feynman's lectures were originally given as
the Sir Douglas Robb lectures at the University
of Auckland, New Zealand in 1979.
Videotapes of these lectures were made publicly
available on a not-for-profit basis in 1996
and more recently have been placed online
by the Vega Science Trust.
The book is based on Feynman's delivery of
the first Alix G. Mautner Memorial Lecture
series for the general public at the University
of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1983.
The differences between the book and the original
Auckland lectures were discussed in June 1996
in the American Journal of Physics.
In 2006, Princeton University Press published
a new edition with a new introduction by Anthony
Zee.
He introduces Feynman's peculiar take at explaining
physics, and cites: "According to Feynman,
to learn QED you have two choices: you can
go through seven years of physics education
or read this book".
== The four lectures ==
1.
Photons - Corpuscles of Light
In the first lecture, which acts as a gentle
lead-in to the subject of quantum electrodynamics,
Feynman describes the basic properties of
photons.
He discusses how to measure the probability
that a photon will reflect or transmit through
a partially reflective piece of glass.
2.
Fits of Reflection and Transmission - Quantum
Behaviour
In the second lecture, Feynman looks at the
different paths a photon can take as it travels
from one point to another and how this affects
phenomena like reflection and diffraction.
3.
Electrons and Their interactions
The third lecture describes quantum phenomena
such as the famous double-slit experiment
and Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,
thus describing the transmission and reflection
of photons.
It also introduces his famous "Feynman diagrams"
and how quantum electrodynamics describes
the interactions of subatomic particles.
4.
New Queries
In the fourth lecture, Feynman discusses the
meaning of quantum electrodynamics and some
of its problems.
He then describes "the rest of physics", giving
a brief look at quantum chromodynamics, the
weak interaction and gravity, and how they
relate to quantum electrodynamics.
== Notes
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Serbian:
Иако су слично размишљали, Марко Аурелије био је владар
а Епиктет роб.
Чињеница да је неко из најнижег сталежа
сврстан у међу највеће стоичаре
показује да стоицизам није само за одабране
већ за свакога.
Стоичка философија се једним делом бави
и очувањем сталоженог ума.
Заправо, стоичари верују да
су напредни људи достигли
истинску срећу, која је
неодвојива од спокојства.
Епиктетови радови откривају нам значај
спокојства и да га треба ценити
више од ствари попут новца,
угледа, чак и телесног здравља.
Он нам преноси да се спокој ума не постиже покушајима да се влада окружењем,
већ да се постиже
начином на који размишљамо.
Vietnamese:
Mặc dù họ theo cùng một triết lý,
Marcus Aurelius là một hoàng đế và Epictetus
là một nô lệ.
Thực tế là ai đó từ lớp thấp nhất
trở thành một trong những nhà triết học khắc kỷ vĩ đại nhất
chỉ ra rằng chủ nghĩa khắc kỷ không chỉ dành cho
ưu tú: nó dành cho tất cả mọi người.
Một phần của triết học khắc kỷ là khả năng
giữ một tâm trí bình tĩnh.
Thực tế, Stoics tin rằng
con người trong trạng thái hưng thịnh đã đạt được
hạnh phúc thật sự, luôn đi cùng nhau
với sự bình an nội tâm.
Các tác phẩm của Epictetus cho thấy tầm quan trọng
của sự yên tĩnh, và rằng chúng ta nên coi trọng điều này
trên những thứ ít hơn như tiền bạc, danh tiếng,
và thậm chí cả cơ thể.
Ông nói với chúng tôi rằng một tâm trí bình tĩnh không đạt được
bằng cách cố gắng thay đổi và kiểm soát môi trường xung quanh chúng ta;
nó đạt được theo cách chúng ta nghĩ.
English:
Even though they followed the same philosophy,
Marcus Aurelius was an emperor and Epictetus
was a slave.
The fact that someone from the lowest class
became one of the greatest Stoic philosophers,
indicates that Stoicism isn’t just for the
elite: it’s for everyone.
Part of Stoic philosophy is the ability to
keep a calm mind.
As a matter of fact, the Stoics believe that
humans in a state of flourishing have attained
true happiness, which always goes together
with inner peace.
The works of Epictetus reveal the importance
of tranquility, and that we should value this
over lesser things like money, reputation,
and even the body.
He tells us that a calm mind is not achieved
by trying to alter and control our surroundings;
it’s achieved by the way we think.
Spanish:
A pesar de que seguían la misma filosofía, Marco Aurelio era un emperador y Epicteto
era un esclavo.
El hecho que alguien de la clase mas baja se convirtiera en uno de los grandes filósofos Estoicos
indica que el Estoicismo no es solo para la elite: es para todos.
Parte de la filosofía estoica es la habilidad de mantener una mente calma.
De hecho, los estoicos creen que los humanos en un estado de florecimiento han alcanzado
la verdadera felicidad, que siempre va de la mano con la paz interior.
los trabajos de Epicteto revelan la importancia de la tranquilidad, y de que deberíamos valor esto
sobre cosas menores como el dinero, la reputación e incluso el cuerpo.
El nos dice que una mente calma no se alcanza tratando de alterar y controlar nuestros alrededores;
se alcanza a través de la forma en que pensamos.
Spanish:
Aunque seguían la misma filosofía, Marco Aurelio era un emperador y Epicteto
era un esclavo.
El hecho de que alguien que venía de la clase más baja se convirtió en uno de los estoicos más grandes
indica que el Estoicismo no es solo para la élite: es para todos.
Parte de la filosofía estoica es la habilidad de mantener una mente tranquila.
De hecho, los estoicos creen que los humanos en un estado de florecimiento han alcanzado
la verdadera felicidad, que siempre va junto a la paz interior.
Los trabajos de Epicteto revelan la importancia de la tranquilidad y que debemos valorarla
por encima del dinero, la reputación e incluso el cuerpo.
Él nos dice que una mente tranquila no se alcanza al intentar alterar o controlar nuestro entorno;
se alcanza mediante nuestra forma de pensar.
Serbian:
Најважнији Епиктетов рад је назван "Разговори".
То је збирка предавања записаних
од стране ученика
по имену Аријан.
Исти ученик је саставио и "Енхиридион",
што значи "Приручник", врло лак
за читање и усвајање.
Из ових извора можемо видети како је
Епиктет излазио на крај за сталним бригама,
непријатностима, тешкоћама,
остајући сталожен на свешто живот донесе.
Кренимо са првим:
(1) Поступај у складу са природом.
Док је Епиктет поучавао, један од
ученика му је рекао да жели кући јер
је био болестан.
Епиктет га је послао кући.
Такође га је упитао
може ли у тренутном стању
да побољша свој морал. Стога је
његов долазак на час био исправан.
Рекао је:
"Иди и обави шта имаш код куће.
Spanish:
La obra principal de Epicteto se llama Discursos; una colección de lecciones que fueron escritas
por un pupilo llamado Arrian.
El mismo pupilo también compiló el Enquiridion, que significa "Manual" y es bastante simple
de leer y entender.
En estas fuentes, podemos descubrir cómo, según Epicteto, se debe lidiar con las preocupaciones diarias,
eventos estresantes y penurias, para mantener una mente tranquila sin importar lo que nos arroje el mundo.
Empecemos con la primera:
(1) Actúa acorde con la naturaleza.
Cuando Epicteto estaba enseñando, uno de sus estudiantes le dijo que quería ir a casa,
porque estaba enfermo.
Epicteto, entonces, lo mandó a casa.
Pero también le preguntó a su estudiante si creía o no que con con condición era capaz
de mejorar su propósito moral y que, por lo tanto, venir a clase era lo correcto.
Él dijo:
"Regresa y atiende tus asuntos en casa.
Vietnamese:
Công việc chính của Epictetus được gọi là Diễn ngôn;
một tập hợp các bài giảng đã được viết
xuống bởi một học sinh tên Arrian.
Học sinh này cũng đã biên soạn Enchiridion,
có nghĩa là 'cẩm nang' và khá dễ dàng
để đọc và tiêu hóa.
Trong các nguồn này, chúng ta có thể khám phá cách Epictetus
nghĩ về việc đối phó với những lo lắng hàng ngày, căng thẳng
sự kiện và khó khăn, vì vậy chúng tôi có thể giữ bình tĩnh
tâm trí bất kể những gì thế giới ném vào chúng ta.
Hãy bắt đầu với cái đầu tiên:
(1) Hành động phù hợp với tự nhiên.
Khi Epictetus đang giảng dạy, một trong những học sinh của ông
nói với anh rằng anh muốn về nhà, bởi vì
anh bị ốm
Epictetus, sau đó, gửi anh ta về nhà.
Nhưng cũng hỏi học sinh của mình có hay không
anh ta nghĩ rằng với điều kiện của mình, anh ta có thể
để cải thiện mục đích đạo đức của mình và, do đó, anh ta
đến lớp là điều đúng đắn.
Anh nói:
Quay trở lại và có xu hướng các vấn đề của bạn ở nhà.
Spanish:
La obra principal de Epicteto es llamada Discursos; una colección de lecturas que fueron transcritas
por un pupilo llamado Arrian.
Este mismo pupilo también compiló el "Enchiridion", que significa "libro de mano" y es bastante fácil
de leer y digerir.
En estas fuentes, podemos descubrir como Epicteto pensaba acerca de lidiar con las preocupaciones, eventos estresantes
y dificultades de la vida diaria, para que podamos mantener una mente calmada a pesar de lo que el mundo nos lance.
Comencemos con la primera:
(1) Actua en concordancia con la naturaleza
Cuando Epicteto esta enseñando, uno de sus estudiantes le dijo que quería ir a casa, porque
estaba enfermo.
Epicteto, entonces, lo envío a casa.
Pero también le preguntó al estudiante si creía o no que en su condición estaba apto
para mejor su propósito moral, y si es que el viniendo a clases era la cosa correcta de hacer.
El dijo:
Vuelve y atiende tus asuntos en casa.
English:
The main work of Epictetus is called Discourses;
a collection of lectures that were written
down by a pupil named Arrian.
This same pupil also compiled the Enchiridion,
which means ‘handbook’ and is quite easy
to read and digest.
In these sources, we can discover how Epictetus
thought about coping with daily worries, stressful
events, and hardships, so we can keep a calm
mind regardless of what the world throws at us.
Let’s start with the first one:
(1) Act in accordance with nature.
When Epictetus was teaching, one of his students
told him that he wanted to go home, because
he was sick.
Epictetus, then, sent him home.
But also asked his student whether or not
he thinks that with his condition he is able
to improve his moral purpose and, thus, him
coming to class was the right thing to do.
He said:
Go back and tend to your affairs at home.
Serbian:
Јер ако твоје начело није у складу
са природом, нема сумње
да се твоје ситно парче земље
може ускладити с њом."
Крај цитата.
Ова поука нам говори да треба извршити оно
што ситуација захтева од нас.
Све што превазилази наше моћи
воља је универзума.
Нема потребе за притиском. Кад смо
болесни избегнимо
необавезне ствари.
Често је прихватање болести најбољи
пут ка излечењу, најпаметнији
тренутни избор.
Наравно, Епиктет је знао да је болест
препрека за тело, али не и за нашу
могућност избора.
Ово не значи да се приморавамо
на вршење дужности што би само
погоршало ствари, већ да
упркос телесној сметњи имамо избор
да паничимо или да мирно
доносимо разумне одлуке.
Ако посматрамо пандемију, нпр. видимо
две крајности: на једној страни паника,
а на другој потпуни немар.
Spanish:
Porque si tu principio rector no se puede poner en conformidad con la naturaleza, sin duda
su miserable terreno puede ser conformado con él.
Fin de la cita.
La lección que tomamos de esto es que debemos hacer lo que la situación actual demanda de nosotros.
Lo que sea que nos sobrepase, es el camino del universo.
No hay necesidad de forzar cosas, así cuando estamos enfermos no deberíamos forzarnos
a hacer cosas que no podemos.
En muchos casos, la mejor forma de tratar una enfermedad es aceptándola, y haciendo lo que es mejor
para nosotros en ese dado momento.
Seguro, Epicteto también escribió que la enfermedad es un obstáculo para el cuerpo, pero no para nuestra habilidad
de elegir.
Lo que no significa que deberíamos forzarnos a nosotros mismo a realizar nuestras labores, las cuales podrían
empeorar las cosas; significa que a pesar de los obstáculos físicos , todavía podemos elegir
entre entrar en pánico o tomar opciones racionales de una manera más tranquila.
Cuando observamos una pandemia, por ejemplo, vemos dos extremos; por un lado esta el pánico
y en el otro tenemos esta completa indiferencia.
Vietnamese:
Vì nếu nguyên tắc quản trị của bạn không thể
không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa
mảnh đất nhỏ bé của bạn có thể được thực hiện để phù hợp
với nó.
Trích dẫn cuối.
Bài học chúng ta rút ra từ đây là chúng ta nên
làm những gì tình hình hiện tại yêu cầu từ chúng tôi.
Bất cứ điều gì vượt qua chúng ta là cách của vũ trụ.
Không cần phải ép buộc mọi thứ, vì vậy khi
chúng ta bị bệnh, chúng ta không nên ép buộc bản thân
để làm những việc chúng ta không thể làm.
Trong nhiều trường hợp, cách tốt nhất để điều trị bệnh
là bằng cách chấp nhận nó, và làm những gì tốt nhất
cho chúng tôi trong thời điểm đó
Chắc chắn, Epictetus cũng tuyên bố rằng bệnh tật là
một trở ngại cho cơ thể, nhưng không phải khả năng của chúng ta
chọn.
Điều đó không có nghĩa là chúng ta nên ép buộc
chính chúng ta để thực hiện nhiệm vụ của chúng tôi mà có thể
chỉ làm cho nó tồi tệ hơn; nó có nghĩa là mặc dù
trở ngại vật lý, chúng ta vẫn có thể chọn
hoảng loạn hoặc đưa ra lựa chọn hợp lý trong một
thời trang yên tĩnh hơn.
Khi chúng ta nhìn vào một đại dịch, ví dụ, chúng ta
thấy hai thái cực: ở một đầu, có hoảng loạn,
ở đầu bên kia có sự bất cần hoàn toàn này.
Spanish:
Porque si tu principio rector no puede conformarse a la naturaleza, no hay duda de que
tu miserable pedazo de tierra puede conformarse a ella."
Fin de la cita.
La lección que tomamos de esto es que deberíamos hacer lo que la situación actual pide de nosotros.
Lo que viene a nosotros viene del universo.
No hay necesidad de forzar las cosas, así que cuando estemos enfermos no debemos forzarnos
a hacer cosas que no podemos hacer.
En muchos casos, la mejor forma de tratar una enfermedad es aceptándola, y hacer lo que es mejor
para nosotros en cada momento.
Claro, Epicteto también dijo que las enfermedades son un obstáculo para el cuerpo, pero no para nuestra
habilidad para decidir.
Lo que no significa que debamos forzarnos a realizar nuestros deberes, ya que
solo nos haría daño; significa que a pesar de los impedimentos físicos, todavía podemos elegir
el pánico o las decisiones racionales de forma serena.
Cuando miramos a las pandemias, por ejemplo, vemos los dos extremos: por un lado, el pánico;
en el otro hay una completa despreocupación.
English:
For if your governing principle cannot be
brought into conformity with nature, no doubt
your paltry piece of land can be made to conform
with it.
End quote.
The lesson we take from this is that we should
do what the current situation asks from us.
Whatever overcomes us is the way of the universe.
There’s no need to force things, so when
we’re sick we shouldn’t force ourselves
to do things we cannot do.
In many cases, the best way to treat an illness
is by accepting it, and doing what’s best
for us in that given moment.
Sure, Epictetus also stated that illness is
a hindrance to the body, but not to our ability
to choose.
Which doesn’t mean that we should force
ourselves to perform our duties which might
only make it worse; it means that despite
the physical hindrance, we still can choose
to panic or to make rational choices in a
more tranquil fashion.
When we look at a pandemic, for example, we
see two extremes: on one end, there’s panic,
on the other end there’s this complete nonchalance.
Spanish:
En el primer caso, la gente esta superada por el miedo y la emoción, y en el segundo caso
la gente se rehusa a ver el problema y , quizás, tratar de verse duros.
Pero actuar en conformidad con la naturaleza, es decir la naturaleza del universo así como nuestra
naturaleza humana, empieza por reconocer la situación, hacer una investigación adecuada, y tomar
las medidas necesarias mientras mantenemos la cabeza fría.
No importa como decidamos reaccionar; es importante recordar que la enfermedad y la muerte son simplemente
parte de la naturaleza.
Todos nos vamos algún día.
Lo que nos lleva al siguiente punto:
(2) Observa tus jucios.
La ansiedad no es causada por el entorno.
Es causada por la posición que tomamos frente al entorno.
Todos tenemos nuestros cuadro de referencia, y desde ese cuadro, decidimos lo que toleramos y
lo que no.
No hay nada malo con eso.
A menudo, esto sirve al propósito de discernir el bien del mal.
Como sea, nuestros juicios se convierten en un problema si nos hacen sentir con el derecho a cosas que
naturalmente no tenemos derecho.
English:
In the first case, people are overtaken by
fear and emotion, and in the second case,
people refuse to see the problem and, perhaps,
try to make themselves look tough.
But acting in accordance with nature, meaning
the nature of the universe as well as our
human nature, starts by acknowledging the
situation, doing proper research, and taking
the necessary measures while keeping a cool
head.
No matter how we choose to react; it’s important
to remember that sickness and death are simply
part of nature.
We all go someday.
Which brings us to the next one:
(2) Watch your judgments.
Anxiety isn’t caused by the environment.
It’s caused by the position we take towards
the environment.
We all have our frames of reference, and from
that frame, we decide what we tolerate and
what we don’t tolerate.
There’s nothing wrong with that.
Oftentimes, it serves a purpose to discern
right from wrong.
However, our judgments become a problem if
they make us feel entitled to things that
we’re naturally not entitled to.
Serbian:
У првом случају, људи су обузети страхом
и другим осећањима, а у другом
одбијају суочавање са проблемом,
можда мислећи да тако делују јаче.
Али деловање у складу са природом (људском
и космичком) почиње прихватањем ситуације, ваљаним истраживањем и
спровођењем потребних мера,
без узнемиравања.
Какву год реакцију одабрали,
треба упамтити да су болест и смрт просто
део природе.
Сви ћемо једном отићи.
Што нас доводи до следећег:
(2) Пази на расуђивање.
Узнемиреност не проузрокује околина.
Она је последица нашег становишта
у односу на околину.
Сви ми имамо свој систем вредности
и уависно од њега одлучујемо
шта прихватамо а шта не.
То је сасвим у реду.
То често служи да разлучимо
добро од лошег.
Ипак, наше процене постају проблем
ако нас терају на ствари којима
по природи нисмо склони.
Vietnamese:
Trong trường hợp đầu tiên, mọi người bị qua mặt bởi
sợ hãi và cảm xúc, và trong trường hợp thứ hai,
mọi người từ chối nhìn thấy vấn đề và, có lẽ,
cố gắng để làm cho mình trông khó khăn.
Nhưng hành động phù hợp với tự nhiên, ý nghĩa
bản chất của vũ trụ cũng như của chúng ta
bản chất con người, bắt đầu bằng cách thừa nhận
tình hình, làm nghiên cứu thích hợp, và lấy
Các biện pháp cần thiết trong khi giữ mát
cái đầu.
Cho dù chúng ta chọn phản ứng thế nào; nó quan trọng
hãy nhớ rằng bệnh tật và cái chết chỉ đơn giản là
một phần của tự nhiên.
Tất cả chúng ta sẽ đi một ngày nào đó.
Điều này đưa chúng ta đến cái tiếp theo:
(2) Xem bản án của bạn.
Lo lắng không phải do môi trường.
Nó được gây ra bởi vị trí chúng ta hướng tới
môi trường.
Tất cả chúng ta đều có khung tham chiếu và từ
khung đó, chúng tôi quyết định những gì chúng tôi chịu đựng và
những gì chúng ta không chịu đựng được.
Không có gì sai với điều đó.
Thông thường, nó phục vụ một mục đích để phân biệt
đúng từ sai.
Tuy nhiên, phán đoán của chúng tôi trở thành một vấn đề nếu
họ làm cho chúng ta cảm thấy có quyền với những thứ mà
chúng tôi tự nhiên không được hưởng.
Spanish:
En el primer caso, las personas son superadas por el miedo y la impresión; en el segundo,
las personas se rehúsan a ver el problema y, tal vez, traten de hacerse los fuertes.
Pero actuar de acuerdo a la naturaleza significa tanto la naturaleza del universo como
la naturaleza humana, empezando por reconocer la situación, hacer la debida investigación y tomar
las medidas necesarias mientras se mantiene la cabeza fría.
No importa cómo decidamos reaccionar; es importante recordar que enfermedad y muerte son simplemente
parte de la naturaleza.
Todos nos iremos algún día.
Lo que nos trae el siguiente.
(2) Vigila tus juicios.
La ansiedad no es causada por el ambiente.
Es causada por la posición que tomamos hacia este.
Todos tenemos límites de referencia, y desde estos límites decidimos qué tolerar
y qué no tolerar.
No hay nada malo en esto.
Frecuentemente, nos sirve para discernir entre lo bueno y lo malo.
Sin embargo, nuestro juicios se vuelven un problema si nos hacen sentir que tenemos derecho sobre cosas
a las cuales no tenemos derecho naturalmente.
Spanish:
Por ejemplo, podemos estar enojados de por vida porque nos sentimos con el derecho a tener buenos padres
los cuales nunca tuvimos.
Pero Epicteto señala que no tenemos derecho a buenos padres.
Solo a tener padres.
Y esto es verdad para muchas cosas.
Entonces, porque deberíamos sentirnos afligidos por cosas que completamente naturales?
Yo cito:
Distingue dentro de tu propia mente, y esta preparado para decir , "no es el accidente que aflige
a esta persona, porque este no aflige a otra persona, es el juicio que él hace
acerca de este."
Fin de la cita.
De nuevo, esto es importante cuando nos enfrentamos a la enfermedad o la muerte.
Estas cosas no son nada nuevo.
Son parte de la naturaleza, tanto como la guerra y la violencia, y deberían más bien ser abordadas
con ecuanimidad que con fuerte aversión.
Además, cuando no cargamos fuerte deseos y aversiones, somos más capaces de lidiar
con la situación en una forma racional, que cuando somos llevados por pensamientos irracionales y
emociones.
Spanish:
Por ejemplo, podemos enfadarnos toda la vida porque creemos que tenemos derecho a los buenos padres
que nunca tuvimos.
Pero Epicteto apunta que no tenemos derecho a un buen padre.
Solo a un padre.
Y esto es verdad de muchas cosas.
Así que, ¿por qué sentimos angustia por cosas que son completamente naturales?
Cito:
"Distingue en tu propia mente, y prepárate para decir: «No es el incidente lo que angustia
a esta persona, porque no angustia a otra persona; es el juicio que él hace
sobre el incidente.»"
Fin de la cita.
De nuevo, esto es importante cuando enfrentamos enfermedad o muerte.
Estas no son nuevas en el mundo.
Son parte de la naturaleza, tanto como la guerra y la violencia, y deben ser enfrentadas
con imparcialidad en vez de repulsión.
En cambio, cuando no tenemos fuertes deseos y aversiones, somos más capaces de lidiar
con las situaciones de forma racional; que cuando nos dejamos guiar por pensamientos irracionales
y emociones.
English:
For example, we can be angry for a lifetime
because we feel entitled to the good parents
we never had.
But Epictetus points out that we’re not
entitled to a good parent.
Just to a parent.
And this is true for many things.
So, why should we feel distressed by the things
that are entirely natural?
I quote:
Distinguish within your own mind, and be prepared
to say, “It's not the accident that distresses
this person, because it doesn't distress another
person; it is the judgment which he makes
about it.”
End quote.
Again, this is important when we face illness
or death.
These things are nothing new.
They’re part of nature, as much as war and
violence, and should rather be approached
with equanimity than strong aversion.
Moreover, when we don’t carry strong desires
and aversions, we’re more capable of dealing
with the situation in a rational way, than
when we’re led by irrational thoughts and
emotions.
Vietnamese:
Chẳng hạn, chúng ta có thể tức giận cả đời
bởi vì chúng tôi cảm thấy có quyền đối với cha mẹ tốt
chúng tôi không bao giờ có.
Nhưng Epictetus chỉ ra rằng chúng ta không
được hưởng một phụ huynh tốt.
Chỉ cần cho cha mẹ.
Và điều này đúng với nhiều thứ.
Vì vậy, tại sao chúng ta nên cảm thấy đau khổ bởi những điều
điều đó là hoàn toàn tự nhiên?
Tôi trích dẫn:
Phân biệt trong tâm trí của bạn, và được chuẩn bị
có thể nói, đó không phải là tai nạn gây đau khổ
người này, bởi vì nó không làm phiền người khác
người; đó là sự phán xét mà anh ấy đưa ra
về nó."
Trích dẫn cuối.
Một lần nữa, điều này rất quan trọng khi chúng ta đối mặt với bệnh tật
hoặc chết.
Những điều này không có gì mới.
Chúng là một phần của tự nhiên, nhiều như chiến tranh và
bạo lực, và nên được tiếp cận
với sự bình tĩnh hơn ác cảm mạnh mẽ.
Hơn nữa, khi chúng ta không mang theo những ham muốn mạnh mẽ
và ác cảm, chúng ta có khả năng giao dịch nhiều hơn
với tình hình một cách hợp lý, hơn
khi chúng ta bị dẫn dắt bởi những suy nghĩ phi lý và
những cảm xúc.
Serbian:
На пример, можемо бити доживотно љути
желећи добре родитеље које
никад нисмо имали.
Али Епиктет истиче да
није обавезно имати добре родитеље,
већ само родитеље.
Ово важи за много тога.
Стога, зашто да се узнемиравамо
потпуно природним стварима?
Цитирам:
У свом уму разлучи и буди спреман да кажеш:
"Овој особи не смета незгода,
јер другој особи она не смета.
Њу погађа само сопствено расуђивање
о незгоди."
Крај цитата.
Опет, ово је важно када се
суочимо са болешћу или смрћу.
То није ништа ново.
Оне су део природе, као што рат и насиљу треба прићи више
сталожено него са
јаком одбојношћу.
Штавише, ако не гајимо јаке жеље
и отпоре способнији смо за суочавање
са ситуацијом на разуман начин
више него кад нас воде неразумне
помисли и осећања.
Vietnamese:
(3) Tập trung ít hơn vào những thứ nằm ngoài tầm kiểm soát của bạn.
Khi bắt đầu Enchiridion, chúng tôi sẽ
tìm sự phân đôi nổi tiếng của kiểm soát, mà
là một nền tảng của suy nghĩ Stoic.
Nó nhấn mạnh rằng một số điều là tùy thuộc vào chúng ta,
và những người khác thì không và chúng ta nên tập trung
về cái trước, và có sự khinh miệt cái sau.
Là những sinh vật sống trong vũ trụ này, chúng ta có
để đối phó với những gì xung quanh chúng ta.
Chúng ta có thể mong muốn kiểm soát thế giới bên ngoài,
có lẽ bằng tiền, một vị trí quyền lực, thể chất
sức mạnh, thông minh, hoặc đe dọa.
Nhưng, vào cuối ngày, đây chỉ là
dụng cụ có thể ảnh hưởng nhưng không bao giờ kiểm soát.
Và ngay cả khi chúng ta có thể kiểm soát một số thứ,
luôn có hàng tỷ thứ khác
mà trượt ra khỏi tay của chúng tôi.
Những gì chúng ta kiểm soát theo Epictetus
là giảng viên của chúng tôi.
Và đó là những gì chúng ta nên tập trung vào.
Những gì xảy ra xung quanh chúng ta không quan trọng.
Nó quan trọng hơn những gì chúng ta làm với nó.
Do đó, chúng ta có thể chọn tập trung sự chú ý của mình
trên suy nghĩ và cảm xúc của chúng ta, hơn là
Serbian:
(3) Мање обраћај пажњу на оно
што није у твојој власти.
На почетку "Приручника" наићи ћемо
на чувену "дихотомију контроле",
која је у темељу
стоичке мисли.
Она истиче да неке ствари зависе од нас,
друге не, и да се треба посветити
првима а занемарити друге.
Као створења која живе у овом универзуму
морамо се суочавати са свиме што је око нас.
Можда желимо власт над спољашњим светом,
можда новац, висок статус, телесну
снагу, интелигенцију или
застрашивање.
Али крајем дана, ово су само средства
којима се утиче али никад не влада.
Чак и ако овладамо нечим,
има милијарда других ствари
које нам измичу из руку.
По Епиктету, оно чиме владамо
јесу наше сопствене могућности.
На то треба да се
усредсредимо.
Оно што се догађа око нас
није тако важно.
Важније је шта чинимо с тим.
Тако, можемо усмерити пажњу на
своје мисли и осећања, пре него
Spanish:
(3) Concentrate menos en las cosas fuera de tu control
Al comienzo del Enchiridion, encontramos la famosa dicotomía de control, la cual
es una piedra angular en el pensamiento estoico.
Esta enfatiza que algunas cosas dependen de nosotros, y otras no y que deberíamos centrarnos
en las primeras y despreciar estas últimas.
Como criaturas vivientes en este universo, tenemos que lidiar con lo que esta a nuestro alrededor
Podemos desear el control del mundo exterior, quizás con dinero, una posición de poder,
fuerza física, inteligencia o intimidación.
Pero al final del día, estos son solo instrumentos que pueden influenciar pero nunca controlar.
E incluso si logramos controlar algunas de las cosas, siempre van a haver un billon de otras cosas
que se nos resbalarán de las manos.
Lo que si controlamos, según Epicteto, es nuestra propia facultad.
Y eso es en lo que nos deberíamos concentrar.
Lo que pasa alrededor nuestro no es tan importante.
Es mas importante lo que hacemos con eso.
Así, podemos elegir concentrar nuestra atención en nuestros propios pensamientos y emociones, más bien que
English:
(3) Focus less on things outside of your control.
At the beginning of the Enchiridion, we’ll
find the famous dichotomy of control, which
is a cornerstone of Stoic thinking.
It emphasizes that some things are up to us,
and others are not and that we ought to focus
on the former, and have contempt of the latter.
As living creatures in this universe, we have
to deal with what’s around us.
We might desire to control the outside world,
perhaps by money, a position of power, physical
strength, intelligence, or intimidation.
But, at the end of the day, these are just
instruments that can influence but never control.
And even if we do manage to control some things,
there’s always a billion of other things
that slip out of our hands.
What we do control according to Epictetus
is our own faculty.
And that’s what we should focus on.
What happens around us isn’t that important.
It’s more important what we do with it.
Therefore, we can choose to focus our attention
on our own thoughts and emotions, rather than
Spanish:
(3) Enfócate menos en las cosas fuera de tu control.
Al principio del Enquiridion, veremos la famosa dicotomía del control, la cual
es una piedra angular del pensamiento estoico.
Enfatiza que algunas cosas están en nuestro control y otras no, y que debemos enfocarnos
en la primera, e ignorar la segunda.
Como criaturas vivas en este universo, debemos tratar con lo que nos rodea.
Podemos desear controlar el mundo exterior, quizás mediante el dinero, una posición de poder, fuerza física
inteligencia o intimidación.
Sin embargo, al final del día, estos son solo instrumentos que pueden influenciar pero nunca controlar.
E incluso si logramos controlar algunas cosas, hay siempre mil millones de cosas
que se escapan de nuestras manos.
Según Epictero, lo que sí controlamos son nuestras propias facultades.
Y eso en en lo que nos debemos enfocar.
Lo que pase alrededor no es tan importante.
Es más importante cómo reaccionemos a esto.
Así, podemos elegir enfocarnos en nuestros propios pensamientos y emociones, en vez de
Spanish:
preocuparnos constantemente sobre cosas que no podemos cambiar.
Esto no significa que nos tengamos que apartar completamente.
Significa que desarrollemos una indiferencia saludable hacia los eventos, de manera que
no nos estresen demasiado.
Aquí es donde entra "amor fati", amor al destino.
Porque qué mejor manera de lidiar con lo inevitable que aceptándolo.
Gracias por ver.
Spanish:
estar constantemente preocupándonos sobre las cosas que de todas formas no podemos hacer mucho al respecto.
Esto no significa que nos encerramos en nosotros completamente.
Significa que desarrollamos una saludable indiferencia frente a los eventos exteriores para que no
nos estresen tanto.
Aquí es donde el "amor fati", el amor de la fé, entra en juego.
Porque, ¿ Hay una mejor forma de lidiar con lo inevitable que abrazarlo?
Gracias por ver el video.
Serbian:
стално бринути о стварима
које ионако нису до нас.
То не значи да се
потпуно затворимо.
Ово значи да треба развијати здраву
равнодушност према догађајима
како нас не би сувише погађали.
Овде наступа "amor fati",
љубав према судбини.
Има ли бољег начина за
суочавање са неизбежним
него да га пригрлимо?
Хвала на пажњи.
Vietnamese:
liên tục lo lắng về những thứ chúng ta không thể
làm nhiều về bất cứ điều gì
Điều này không có nghĩa là chúng ta đóng chính mình
tắt hoàn toàn.
Nó có nghĩa là chúng ta phát triển một sự thờ ơ lành mạnh
đối với các sự kiện bên ngoài để họ sẽ không
nhấn mạnh chúng tôi quá nhiều.
Đây là nơi tình yêu fati, tình yêu của số phận,
vào đi.
Bởi vì có một cách tốt hơn để đối phó với
Điều không thể tránh khỏi, hơn là ôm lấy nó?
Cảm ơn vì đã xem.
English:
constantly worrying about stuff we can’t
do much about anyway.
This doesn’t mean that we close ourselves
off completely.
It means that we develop a healthy indifference
towards outside events so that they won’t
stress us out too much.
This is where amor fati, the love of fate,
comes in.
Because is there a better way to deal with
the unavoidable, than to embrace it?
Thank you for watching.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Turkish:
Bu son ayların en sıcak günü,
biz de potansiyel müşterilerle
röportaj yapmak için sokaklardayız.
Hadi bakalım.
Temel müşteri sorunlarında başarılı olmak için
korkusuz olmalısınız.
İnsanlarla konuşun.
En kötü ne olabilir?
Evet ama vaktim yok.
Sorun değil,
başkasıyla konuşursunuz.
Bir dakika ayırdığınız için teşekkürler.
Sizi güzel bir bahar gününde durdurduğumu biliyorum.
Merak ediyorum, cumartesi günü
bu mağazada ne yapıyorsunuz?
Alışveriş yapıyorum.
Dolaşıyorum.
Yeni geldim, Boston'a ilk gelişim.
Güzel bir gün.
Hava çok güzel.
Hokkabazlık yaparak evsizleri
eğlendireceğiz.
Bunu videoya çekip
sonunda bir evsize 50$ vereceğiz.
Durun.
Persian:
امروز گرمترين روز آخرين ماه سال است
و ما رسما آمديم بيرون در ميان مردم
تا با شوق و اشتياق با چند مشتري بالقوه مصاحبه داشته باشيم
پس بريم
براي اين که در شناسايي نيازهاي اوليه مشتري موفق باشيد
بايد نترس باشيد
بريد و با مردم صحبت کنيد
بدترين چيزي که ممکن است اتفاق بيافتد چيست؟
بله، ولي من الان وقت ندارم.
ممنونم
شما ميرويد و دنبال يک نفر ديگه ميگرديد
بسيار از شما بابت وقتي که داديد سپاسگزارم
ميدانم که در يک روز خوب بهاري وقت شما را ميگيرم
ببخشيد فضولي نباشه ولي شما اينجا چه ميکنيد؟
توي اين مغازه در روز يکشنبه
دارم خريد ميکنم
فقط دارم قدم ميزنم
من تازه اومد به شهر بوستون
روز زيبا و دلپذيري است
زيباست
ما ميخواهيم چند تا از بيخانمانها را سرگرم کنيم
با يک سري از حرکات بازي با توپ و دست
و مي خواهيم ازش يک ويديو بسازيم
و در آخر هم به يکي از بيخانمانها 50 دلار هديه بدهيم
ولي يک لحظه صبر کنيد
Chinese:
这是上个月以来最暖和的一天
我们现在来到街上
来随机地采访一些潜在客户
这样可以使你在获得初期客户的问题上
少一些害怕
这是可能发生的最糟糕的情况之一
我现在很忙
你还是去找其他人吧
非常感谢你花时间来给我们做采访
我们在这样一个美丽的春日相遇
只是出于好奇，你这周六
在商店里都做些什么呢？
我就逛逛街，买点东西
到处闲逛
我第一次来到Boston
今天天气很好
我们打算玩玩杂耍
给无家可归的人们带来欢笑
然后做一个视频
最后给他们每人五十块钱
English:
This is the warmest day of the last month,
and we are officially out on the street
to enthusiastically interview some prospective customers,
so here we go.
For you to be successful at primary customer issues,
you've got to be fearless.
Go and talk to people.
What's the worst thing that could happen?
Yeah, but I don't have time right now.
That's OK.
You'll go and find someone else to talk to.
Thank you so much for a minute of your time.
I know I'm catching you on a beautiful spring day.
Out of curiosity, what are you doing
in the store on this Saturday.
Just shopping around.
I'm just walking around here.
I just came. First time to Boston
It's a beautiful day.
It's beautiful.
We are going to entertain some homeless people
with some of my juggling.
And we're going to make a video out of it
and end up giving a homeless person $50 in the end.
But, wait.
French:
C'est le jour le plus
chaud du dernier mois,
et nous sommes officiellement dans la rue
pour interviewer avec enthousiasme
certains potentiels clients.
Allons-y.
Pour réussir aux questions
primaires avec la clientèle,
Vous ne devez pas avoir peur.
Allez et parlez aux personnes.
Quel est le pire qui pourrait arriver?
Oui, je n'ai pas de temps maintenant.
Ca va.
Vous allez rencontrer une autre
personne avec qui discuter.
Merci d'avoir sacrifié quelques
minutes de votre temps.
Je viens à vous dans un
beau jour de printemps.
Juste par curiosité, que faites-vous
dans la boutique ce samedi.
Juste pour faire des courses.
Je me promenais juste dans les parages.
Je suis venu. Première fois à Boston
C'est un beau jour.
C'est beau.
Nous allons nous entretenir avec
certaines personnes sans abri
avec certains de mes jonglages.
Et nous allons réaliser
une vidéo à ce propos
et finir par donner à une personne 50 $.
Mais, attendez.
Portuguese:
Esse é o dia mais quente do último mês,
e nós estamos oficialmente na rua
para entusiasticamente entrevistar alguns consumidores,
lá vamos nós.
Pra você ter sucesso na causa primária dos consumidores,
você tem que ir sem medo.
Vá e fale com as pessoas.
Qual é a pior coisa que poderia acontecer?
Sim, mas eu não tenho tempo agora.
Isso é ok.
Vá e ache outra pessoa para falar.
Muito obrigado por um minuto do seu tempo.
Eu sei que estou te segurando em um dia lindo de primavera.
Por curiosidade, o que você está fazendo
na loja nesse sábado.
Só fazendo as compras.
Só caminhando aqui.
Acabei de chegar. Primeira vez em Boston.
É um dia lindo.
Muito bonito.
Nós vamos entreter algumas pessoas desabrigadas
com um pouco do meu malabarismo.
E nós vamos fazer um vídeo sobre isso
e dar $50 pra pessoa desabrigada no final.
and end up giving a homeless person $50 in the end.
Mas, espere.
Spanish:
...
Este es el día más
caluroso del mes pasado,
y oficialmente salimos a la calle
a entrevistar con mucho entusiasmo
a algunos clientes prospectivos,
así que aquí vamos.
...
Para uno tener éxito es
situaciones con clientes primarios,
hay que atreverse.
Ir y hablar con la gente.
¿Qué es lo peor que podría pasar?
Bueno sí, pero ahora no tengo tiempo.
...
Está bien.
Irás y encontrarás a alguien
más con quien hablar.
Le agradecería mucho
un minuto de su tiempo.
Sé que lo estoy demorando en
un hermoso día de primavera.
Por curiosidad, ¿qué hace usted
en la tienda en este día sábado?
Solo ando vitrineando.
Solo me doy unas vueltas por aquí.
Acabo de llegar. Primera vez en Boston.
Es un hermoso día.
Es hermoso.
Vamos a entretener a
algunas personas indigentes
con algunos de mis malabares.
Y vamos a hacer un video de eso
para al finar darle a la
persona indigente $50.
Pero espere.
Korean:
오늘은 지난 달 중 가장 따뜻한 날입니다.
그리고 저희는 예상고객들을 열렬히 인터뷰하기 위해서
공식적으로 거리에 나와있습니다.
자, 시작해볼까요.
주요고객과 관련된 사안을 잘 알려면
겁이 없어야 합니다.
사람들을 만나서 대화를 나누세요.
그렇게 해서 일어날 수 있는 최악의 사태가 무엇인가요?
지금은 시간이 없어요.
괜찮아요.
다른 사람을 찾으면 되니깐요.
시간을 내주셔서 정말 감사합니다.
아름다운 봄 날씨에 붙잡았죠.
궁금해서 물어보는 것인데,
토요일에 이 가게에서 무엇을 하고 계시나요?
그냥 쇼핑 중이에요.
그냥 걸어다니고 있어요.
여기 막 도착했어요. 보스턴이 처음이에요.
아름다운 날이네요.
아름다워요.
우리는 노숙자들을 즐겁게 해줄 것입니다.
저의 저글링 솜씨로요.
그리고 우리는 그것을 비디오로 만들어
노숙자들에게 50불을 기부 할 것입니다.
하지만 잠깐만요.
Portuguese:
Nós precisamos vir com uma ideia.
Então qual é a ideia.
Que tal um site onde você pode comprar
roupas sazonais com um desconto grande.
Eu não tenho ideia quem possa estar interessado em um site
assim.
Eu gostei.
É mais barato.
Eu gostei muito.
Eu definitivamente faria isso.
Nós estamos aqui na avenida Newbury, que é
um dos centros de compras mais populares em Boston.
Você vai encontrar muitas pessoas aqui de diferentes tipos,
enquanto compra aqui hoje.
O que você faz?
Trabalho pra uma empresa de software.
Sou contador.
Acabei de me formar e estou trabalhando em Boston.
Sou vice presidente de comunicação de marcas
de uma empresa da Dinamarca.
Eu trabalho no MIT em uma empresa que gerencia investimentos.
Estou na escola agora.
Ainda estou no ensino médio.
Estou tentando descobrir no que vai dar minha vida.
Assistente executivo em uma firma de RH.
Representante comercial em uma fábrica.
Sou um mediador.
Vamos fazer algumas suposições.
Primeiramente, a pessoa
que estaria interessada nesse site já compra roupas online.
Você também compra online?
Sim.
Sim.
Spanish:
Tenemos que idear algo.
Entonces, cuál es nuestra idea.
Qué tal un sitio web
donde usted pueda comprar
ropa de temporada con un gran descuento.
No tengo idea a quién podría
interesarle un sitio web
como ese.
Me gusta.
Es más barato.
Me gusta mucho.
Definitivamente lo haría.
Hoy estamos en Newbury Street, que es
uno de los barrios de comercio
más populares en Boston.
Aquí se encontrarán con muchos
tipos de personas distintas
que han venido a comprar hoy.
¿Qué hace usted?
Trabajo para una compañía de software.
De hecho soy abogado tributario.
Acabo de graduarme de la escuela
y estoy trabajando en Boston.
Soy vicepresidente de
comunicación de branding
para una empresa danesa.
Trabajo en el MIT para la compañía
de administración de inversiones.
Ahora estoy en la escuela.
Sigo en secundaria.
Solo estoy tratando de
ver qué hacer con mi vida.
Asistente ejecutivo en firma de RR. PP.
Representante de Ventas para
un fabricante de muebles.
Soy Mediador.
Hagamos algunas suposiciones.
Suposición número uno, la persona que
estaría interesada en este
sitio web ya vitrinea en línea.
¿Usted también vitrinea en línea?
Sí.
Sí.
Persian:
ما بايد يک ايده داشته باشيم
خوب، ايده شما چيست؟
نظرتون در مورد يک وب سايت فروشگاهي چيه
که بتوانيد لباسهاي فصل پيش را توي اون با تخفيف هاي بسيار خوب بخريد؟
من هيچ نظري در مورد اين که چه کسي ممکن است اين وب سايت را دوست داشته باشدندارم
خوبه دوست دارم
دوست دارم
ارزانتره
من خيلي ميپسندم
من حتما ازش خريد ميکنم
ما امروز در خيابان نيوبري هستيم که
يک از محبوب ترين مراکز خريد در شهر بوستون است
شما آدمهاي مختلفي را در اينجا ميبينيد
که امروز در حال خريد هستند
کار شما چي هست؟
من براي يک شرکت نرمافزاري کار ميکنم.
من مشاور مالياتي هستم
من تازه از دانشگاه فارغالتحصيل شدم و الان در بوستون کار ميکنم
من معاون ارتباطات ارتقاء برند هستم
براي يک شرکت دانمارکي
من براي شرکت مديريت سرمايه گذاري دانشگاه امآيتي کار ميکنم
من دانشجو هستم
من هنوز دانش آموز هستم
من هنوز دارم به انتخاب شغل فکر ميکنم
دستيار مديري اجرايي در يک شرکت عمومي هستم
فروشنده يک شرکت سازنده مبلمان هستم
من يک ميانجي هستم
بياييد چند تا فرضيه داشته باشيم
فرضيه اول:کسي که
از وب سايت ما خريد ميکنه تجربه خريد اينترنتي را دارد
آيا شما اينترنتي خريد ميکنيد؟
بله
بله
Korean:
우리는 아이디어를 내야해요.
그렇다면, 우리 아이디어는 무엇인가요?
계절별 의복을 파격할인해서 판매하는
웹사이트는 어떨까요?
과연 누가 그런 웹사이트에 흥미를 가질지는
모르겠네요.
마음에 듭니다.
더 싸잖아요.
정말 마음에 들어요.
저라면 방문 할 것 같아요.
저희는 오늘 보스턴의 쇼핑가로 유명한 뉴버리 거리에
나와있습니다.
오늘 이곳에서 쇼핑을 하면서
다양한 종류의 사람들을 많이 만나볼 수 있습니다.
직업이 무엇인가요?
소프트웨어 회사에서 일합니다.
저는 세무사입니다.
막 학교를 졸업해서 지금 보스턴에서 일하고 있습니다.
저는 덴마크 회사의
브랜드 커뮤니케이션팀 부사장입니다.
저는 MIT의 투자관리 회사에서 일합니다.
지금 학교를 다니고 있어요.
아직 고등학생입니다.
제 인생을 어떻게 살지 아직도 고민 중이에요.
PR회사의 이사님 비서에요.
저는 가구회사의 영업 사원입니다.
저는 중재인입니다.
몇 가지 가정을 해봅시다.
첫번째 가정은 이 웹사이트에 관심을 가지는 사람이
이미 온라인 쇼핑을 하는 사람이라는 것이죠.
온라인 쇼핑을 하시나요?
네, 그렇습니다.
네 그래요.
Turkish:
Bir fikir bulmalıyız.
Fikrimiz ne?
Büyük bir indirimle mevsimi geçmiş kıyafetler
alabileceğiniz bir siteye ne dersiniz?
Böyle bir siteyle kim ilgilenir,
bilmiyorum.
Ben beğendim.
Daha ucuz.
Çok beğendim.
Kesinlikle kullanırım.
Bugün Boston'ın en popüler alışveriş
bölgelerinden Newbury Sokağı'ndayız.
Burada alışveriş yaparken
çok farklı insanlar görebilirsiniz.
Mesleğiniz ne?
Bir yazılım şirketinde çalışıyorum.
Vergi avukatıyım.
Yeni mezun oldum, Boston'da çalışıyorum.
Danimarkalı bir iletişim şirketinin
başkan yardımcısıyım.
MIT Yatırım Yönetimi Şirketi'nde çalışıyorum.
Henüz okuyorum.
Daha lisedeyim.
Hayatımı oturtmaya çalışıyorum.
Halkla ilişkiler şirketinde yönetici asistanıyım.
Mobilya imalatçısında satış temsilcisiyim.
Arabulucuyum.
Varsayımlarda bulunalım.
Birinci varsayım, bu siteyle ilgilenen
kişi zaten internetten alışveriş yapıyordur.
İnternetten alışveriş yapıyor musunuz?
Evet.
Evet.
Chinese:
我们必须想点啥
我们能有什么点子呢
一个你可以买过季衣服的
折扣超高的网站怎么样？
我不知道谁会对这个感兴趣
它更便宜
我太爱这个想法了，一定会试试看
我们现在在Newbury大街，
这里是波士顿最繁华的购物地带之一
在这里你会碰到各种不同的
在购物的人
我在一个软件公司上班
我是个税务律师
我刚毕业现在在波士顿工作
我是一个丹麦公司的品牌管理副总裁
品牌管理副总裁
我在MIT的一个投资管理公司上班
我还在上学
我还在上高中
我正在思考人生
公关公司执行助理
家具制造商的销售代表
我是一个媒体人
让我们来做一些假设
假设一，对这个网站感兴趣的人
已经在网上买过东西了
你会在网上购物吗
French:
Nous allons adopter cette idée.
Alors, quelle est notre idée.
Que pensez-vous d'un site
web où vous pouvez acheter
des vêtements saisonniers
à un prix réduit important.
Je n'ai aucune idée de celui
qui pourrait être intéressé
par un site web comme ça.
C'est bon.
C'est moins coûteux.
Je préfère cela.
C'est ce que je dois faire.
Nous sommes ici aujourd'hui
à Newbury Street,
l'un des districts commerciaux
les plus populaires de Boston.
Vous rencontrerez ici
différents types de personnes,
en faisant des achats ici.
Que faites-vous?
Je travaille dans une
entreprise de logiciels.
Je suis en fait un conseiller fiscal.
Je suis un jeune diplômé
et je travaille à Boston.
Je suis un vice-président de
marque et de communication
d'une entreprise danoise.
Je travaille à MIT pour la
société de gestion de placements.
Je suis encore à l'école.
Je suis encore au secondaire.
Je voulais juste aborder
tous les aspects de ma vie.
Assistant administratif
dans une société PR.
Un représentant commercial
dans une menuiserie.
Je suis un médiateur.
Faisons certaines propositions.
Proposition numéro une, la personne
qui serait intéressée par ce site
web fait déjà des achats en ligne.
Faites-vous aussi des achats en ligne?
Oui.
Oui.
English:
We have to come up with an idea.
So, what is our idea.
How about a website where you can buy off
seasonal clothing at a steep discount.
I have no idea who might be interested in a website
like that.
I like it.
It's cheaper.
I like it a lot.
I would definitely do it.
We're here today on Newbury Street, which
is one of the most popular shopping districts in Boston.
You will meet many people here of different types,
while shopping here today.
What you do?
I work for a software company.
I'm actually a tax attorney.
I just graduated from school and I'm working in Boston.
I'm a vice president branding communication
from a Danish company.
I work at MIT for the investment management company.
I'm in school right now.
I'm still in high school.
I'm just trying to figure out the deal with all my life.
Executive assistant at PR firm.
A Sales Rep for a furniture manufacturer.
I'm a Mediator.
Let's make some assumptions.
Assumption number one, the person
who would be interested in this website already shops online.
Do you also shop online?
I do.
I do.
Korean:
아마존에서 시간을 꽤 보내는 것이 유감스럽죠.
항상 온라인에서 득템하려고 기회를 봐요.
특히, 이메일을 받으면요.
어제 갭(Gap)에서 바지를 샀어요.
항상 (온라인 쇼핑을) 해요.
저는 온라인 쇼핑을 더 하는 편이에요.
가끔해요. 가끔.
저는 항상 온라인 쇼핑을 합니다.
무슨 쇼핑을 하나요?
저는 주로 가전제품이나 의류 쇼핑을 해요.
그런 것들이죠.
저희는 이베이(eBay)를 자주 애용해요.
궁금한 것이 많아야 해요.
사람들이랑 대화를 나누어요.
그들에 대해서 배우세요.
그들의 삶에 대해서 배우세요.
길거리에서 잡아서 죄송해요.
하지만 이렇게 근사한 코트를 어디서 사셨는지
물어봐야겠어요.
선물로 받았어요.
저희 어머니가 페이퍼 스토어 (Paper Store)에서 사주셨어요.
나중에 뭐하고 싶으세요?
졸업 후에 무엇을 하고 싶나요?
아직 잘 모르겠어요.
아직 잘 몰라요.
기업가도 꽤 괜찮을 것 같아요.
열린 사고를 가지고 있어야하고 편파적이지 않아야 하죠.
당신이 변호 모드가 아니라 질문/탐구 모드인 것을 기억하세요.
봄이 오고 있습니다. 어떤 봄 의상을
찾고 계시나요?
밝은 색상과 긴 원피스요.
Portuguese:
Eu acho que, infelizmente, gasto tempo demais na Amazon.
Eu estou sempre online olhando promoções.
Particularmente, quando eu recebo emails.
Eu comprei algumas calças da Gap ontem.
Todo o tempo.
Eu tendo a fazer compras online.
As vezes, as vezes,
Eu compro online todo o tempo.
O que você compra?
Eu vou comprar tipicamente eletrônicos, roupas
esse tipo de coisas.
Sim. Nós usamos muito o eBay.
Você tem que ser curioso.
Falar com as pessoas.
Conversar sobre elas.
Aprender sobre a vida delas.
Me desculpe por interromper você na rua,
mas eu tenho que perguntar onde você comprou
esse casaco super fabuloso?
Esse foi um presente.
Minha mãe comprou pra mim na papelaria.
O que você quer ser?
O que você quer ser quando se formar?
Eu ainda não sei.
Eu não tenho certeza.
Empreendedor parece uma boa ideia.
E você tem que ter a mente aberta, imparcial.
Lembre, você está no modo de perguntar, não de advogar.
Primavera está chegando, que tipo de roupas você
está procurando?
Cores claras e vestidos longos.
Persian:
بله متاسفانه من وقت زيادي را روي وب سايت آمازون صرف ميکنم
من هميشه روي اينترنت دنبال تخفيف هستم
به خصوص وقتي برام اميل تبليغاتي ميرسه
بله من همين ديروز چند تا شلوار از شرکت گپ خريدم
بله هميشه
من علاقه دارم که بيشتر اينترنتي خريد کنم
بعضي وقتها ، بعضي وقتها
من هميشه اينترنتي خريد ميکنم
چه چيزي مي خريد؟
من براي لوازم الکترونيکي،لباس
و اين جور چيزها خريد ميکنم
بليه ما از اييبي خيلي استفاده ميکنيم
بايد جستجوگر باشيد
با مردم صحبت کنيد
در مورد آنها بياموزيد
در مورد زندگي آنها بياموزيد
بخشيد که توي خيايان جلوي شما را ميگيرم
ولي مجبورم از شما بپرسم که
اين کت بسيار زيبا را از کجا خريديد؟
اين هديه است
مادرم اين را براي من از پيپر استور خريده
مي خواهي چه کاره شوي؟
ميخواهي وقتي که فارعالتحصيل شدي چه شغلي را انتخاب کني؟
هنوز نميدانم
هنوز مطمئن نيستم
کارآفريني به نظرم خيلي جالب مياد
بايد روشنفکر و بي طرف باشيد
يادتون باشه شما در حالت جستجوگر هستيد نه دفاع از طرح
بهار در راه است.شما دنبال چه نوع لباسي براي
بهار هستيد؟
رنگهاي روشن و لباسهاي زنانه بلند
Chinese:
我发现糟糕的是，我花了点时间在亚马逊上
我总是在网上找东西
特别是当我收到邮件时
我其实昨天已经买了裤子了
今天还是想在网上买东西
有的时候
我完全停不下来在网上购物
你买些什么呢？
我一般都偏向买一些电子产品和衣服
这一类的东西
我们经常上eBay买东西
你必须充满好奇心
去跟人们交谈
了解他们的生活
很抱歉在街上打扰你
我想问一下你在哪里买的
这么漂亮的大衣？
这个一件礼物
我妈妈在纸店给我买的
你想成为什么样的人？
当你毕业的时候你想做什么？
我还不知道呢
不太确定
创业听起来不错
你必须思想开放，摒弃偏见
记住，你是在查询模式，而不是宣传模式
春天就要到了
你想买什么样的春装呢
亮色的长裙
English:
I find that unfortunately, I spent a bit of time on Amazon.
I'm always online looking for deals.
Particularly, when I get emails.
I actually bought some pants off Gap yesterday.
All the time.
I tend to do more online shopping.
Sometimes, sometimes,
I shop online all the time.
What do you shop for?
I'll shop typically for either consumer electronics, clothing,
those sorts of things.
Yes. We use eBay a lot.
You've got to be curious.
Talk to people.
Learn about them.
Learn about their lives.
I'm so sorry to interrupt you on the street,
but I have to ask where did you buy
this fabulous, fabulous coat?
This was a gift.
My mother purchased it for me at the Paper Store.
What do you want to be?
What do you want to do when you graduate?
I don't know yet.
I'm not to sure.
Entrepreneur actually sounds pretty good.
And you've got to be open minded, and unbiased.
Remember, you're in inquiry mode, not in advocacy mode.
Spring is coming, and what kind of spring clothes
are you looking for?
Bright colors and long dresses.
Turkish:
Maalesef, Amazon'da biraz zaman geçirdim.
İnternette sürekli indirim arıyorum.
Özellikle e-posta gelirse.
Hatta dün Gap'ten pantolon aldım.
Sürekli.
Daha çok internetten alışveriş yapıyorum.
Bazen, bazen.
Sürekli internetten alışveriş yapıyorum.
Ne alıyorsunuz?
Genelde elektronik eşyalar, kıyafetler,
o tip şeyler.
Evet, eBay'i çok kullanıyoruz.
Meraklı olmalısınız.
İnsanlarla konuşun.
Onları tanıyın.
Hayatlarını tanıyın.
Sizi durdurduğum için kusura bakmayın
ama bu muhteşem paltoyu
nereden aldığınızı sormam lazım.
Hediye geldi.
Annem, Paper Store'dan aldı.
Ne olmak istiyorsunuz?
Mezun olunca ne yapmak istiyorsunuz?
Henüz bilmiyorum.
Emin değilim.
Girişimcilik fena bir fikir değil.
Açık fikirli, tarafsız olmak gerekiyor.
Unutmayın, soruşturma hâlindesiniz, savunma hâlinde değil.
Bahar geliyor, nasıl bahar kıyafetleri
arıyorsunuz?
Parlak renkler ve uzun elbiseler arıyorum.
Spanish:
Me parece que desgraciadamente paso
cierta cantidad de tiempo en Amazon.
Siempre que estoy en línea
ando buscando ofertas.
En particular, cuando
recibo correos electrónicos.
En realidad me compré unos
pantalones rebajados ayer en Gap.
Todo el tiempo.
Tiendo a hacer más compras en línea.
A veces, a veces,
Vitrineo en línea todo el tiempo.
¿Qué vitrinea?
Habitualmente vitrineo
electrónicos de consumo, ropa,
ese tipo de cosas.
Sí. Usamos eBay bastante.
Tienes que ser curioso.
Hablar con la gente.
Aprender de ellos.
Aprender sobre sus vidas.
Discúlpeme por interrumpirlo en la calle,
pero quisiera preguntarle
dónde compró usted
este fabuloso, muy fabuloso abrigo.
Este fue un regalo.
Mi madre me lo compró en Paper Store.
¿Qué quieres ser?
¿Qué quieres ser cuando te gradúes?
Todavía no lo sé.
No tengo certeza.
Emprendedor en realidad
suena bastante bien.
Y hay que tener la mente
abierta, sin prejuicios.
Recuerde, usted anda en modo de
averiguación, no en modo de defensa.
Se acerca la primavera; ¿
qué tipo de ropa primaveral
anda buscando?
Colores brillantes y vestidos largos.
French:
Malheureusement, j'ai passé
un peu de temps à Amazon.
Je suis toujours en ligne
à la recherche d'aubaines.
Particulièrement, lorsque
je reçois des e-mails.
J'ai acheté certains sous-vêtements hier.
A tout instant.
J'ai tendance à faire
plus d'achats en ligne.
Parfois, parfois,
je fais des achats en ligne régulièrement.
Qu'est-ce que vous achetez?
Typiquement des appareils
électroniques, des vêtements,
toutes ces choses.
Oui. Nous utilisons beaucoup plus eBay.
Vous devez être curieuse.
Parlez aux gens.
Renseignez-vous à leur sujet.
Renseignez-vous sur leurs vies.
Je suis très désolé de vous
interrompre dans la rue,
mais je voulais savoir où vous avez acheté
ce manteau fabuleux?
C'était un cadeau.
Ma mère me l'a acheté à Paper Store.
Que voulez-vous devenir?
Que voulez-vous faire après vos études?
Je ne sais pas encore.
Je ne suis pas très certain.
Entrepreneur, c'est ce qui m'attire.
Et vous devez avoir l'esprit
ouvert, et être impartial.
Rappelez-vous, vous êtes en
mode offensif et non défensif.
Nous entrons dans le printemps
et de quels types de vêtements
avez-vous besoin?
Des robes longues et de couleurs vives.
Spanish:
¿Qué cree usted que este abrigo nos dice
sobre su estilo?
Diría que da la idea de
estudiante preuniversitario.
Me gusta ir a la moda.
Y cuando se trata de vestuario, no compro
mucho del gusto muy estandarizado.
¿Cómo definiría usted su estilo?
¿La moda que uso?
...
Atractiva, creo.
Simplemente elijo lo que se me ve bien.
Me gusta la ropa ajustada.
Me gusta la ropa ajustada.
¿Dónde vitrinea en línea?
Net-a-Porter y MyCloset,
y sitios similares.
Shoes, Zappos.
J Crew, la liquidadora de fábrica
de J Crew, Revolve, Guilt.
Si me permite, ¿por qué usted
vitrinea en esos sitios?
Porque tienen las marcas que me gustan.
Y no siempre tengo tiempo
para ir a vitrinear.
Jamás me compraría
zapatillas de tenis en línea.
A nivel mundial, ese es el asunto.
Puedes obtener cualquier cosa en línea.
Es mundial.
Suposición número dos, la persona
Turkish:
Bu palto moda zevkiniz hakkında
bize ne söylüyor?
Biraz havalı diyebilirim.
Modayı takip etmeye çalışıyorum.
İş kıyafete gelince standart
şeyler almıyorum.
Moda zevkinizi nasıl tanımlarsınız?
Moda zevkimi mi?
Herhalde şık olarak.
Bana yakışanı giyerim.
Dar kıyafetleri seviyorum.
Dar kıyafetleri seviyorum.
İnternette nereden alışveriş yapıyorsunuz?
Net-A-Porter, MyCloset, buralardan.
Shoes, Zappos.
J.Crew, J.Crew fabrika satış mağazası, Revolve, Guilt.
Neden bu sitelerden alışveriş yaptığınızı sorabilir miyim?
Çünkü sevdiğim markalar var.
Her zaman alışverişe gitmeye vaktim olmuyor.
Asla internetten spor ayakkabısı almam.
Dünya çapında moda bu.
İnternetten her şey alınabilir.
Dünya çapında.
İkinci varsayım,
Korean:
이 코트가 당신의 패션 스타일에 대해서
어떤 얘기를 해주는 것 같나요?
미국 명문대 패션이라고 생각해요.
저는 유행을 따르는 것을 좋아합니다.
그리고 저는 표준화된 스타일의 옷을
별로 구매하지 않는 편이에요.
당신의 패션 스타일을 어떻게 정의하시나요?
제 패션 스타일이요?
“멋짐” 아닐까요.
저는 저한테 어울리는 옷을 고릅니다.
딱 붙는 의상이 좋아요.
딱 붙는 의상이 좋아요.
온라인 쇼핑은 어디서 합니까?
네타포르테 (Net-a-Porter)나 마이클로젯 (MyCloset)같은데서 해요.
슈즈 (Shoes), 자포스 (Zappos).
제이크루 (J Crew), 제이크루 상설매장 (J Crew Factory Outlet), 리볼브 (Revolve), Guilt (길트).
왜 이런 사이트에서 쇼핑을 하나요?
제가 좋아하는 브랜드가 들어와있어서요.
그리고 저는 항상 쇼핑 할 시간이 있지 않아요.
온라인에서 테니스 신발을 절대 사지 않겠죠.
전세계적으로 직구가 가능하잖아요.
온라인으로는 무엇이든 살 수 있어요.
글로벌하게요.
두번째 가정은 이런 웹사이트에 관심이 있는 사람이
French:
Ce manteau peut-il nous donner une idée
sur votre mode?
Je dirais que c'est un peu chic.
J'aime rester à la mode.
Et lorsqu'il s'agit de vêtements, je
n'achète pas assez de goûts
de qualité uniformisée.
Comment définissez-vous votre mode?
Ma mode?
Belle, je pense.
Je cherche juste ce qui me va.
J'aime des vêtements serrés.
J'aime des vêtements serrés.
Où faites-vous vos achats en ligne?
Net-a-Porter et MyCloset,
des trucs comme ça.
Des chaussures, Zappos.
J Crew, centre commercial
J Crew, Revolve, Guilt.
Puis-je savoir, pourquoi faites-vous
des achats sur ces sites?
Parce qu'ils ont mes marques préférées.
Je ne dispose pas toujours du
temps pour faire mes courses.
Je n'achèterais jamais des
chaussures de tennis en ligne.
International, c'est la raison.
Vous pouvez tout avoir en ligne.
C'est partout dans le monde.
Proposition numéro deux, la personne
English:
What do you think this coat tells us
about your fashion style?
I'd say it's a little bit preppy.
I like to keep up with the styles.
And when it comes to apparel I don't
buy a lot of pretty standardized taste.
How do you define your fashion style?
My fashion style?
Good looking I guess.
I just go for whatever's good on me.
I like tight clothes.
I like tight clothes.
Where do you shop online?
Net-a-Porter and MyCloset, and stuff like that.
Shoes, Zappos.
J Crew, J Crew factory outlet, Revolve, Guilt.
If I may ask you, why do you shop on those sites?
Because they have the brands I like.
And I don't always have time to go do shopping.
I would never buy tennis shoes online.
Worldwide, that's the thing.
You can get anything online.
It's worldwide.
Assumption number two, the person
Chinese:
这件衣服体现了你
怎样的穿衣风格呢？
这个有一点点为春天做准备了
我想保持这个风格
买衣服的话，我不会买很多
大众的衣服
你如何形容你的穿衣风格？
我的穿衣风格
好看的？我就买那些适合我的
我喜欢紧身衣
我喜欢紧身衣
你上哪些网站购物？
Net-a-Porter和MyCloset,还有一些类似的
鞋子之类的
J Crew, J Crew Outlet，Revolve, Guilt.
你为什么在这些地方买东西？
因为他们有我喜欢的品牌啊
而且我也不经常有空出来买东西
我绝对不会在网上买网球鞋
全球化是根本
你可以在网上买到任何东西
这是全球化的
假设二
Persian:
فکر ميکنيد کت شما در مورد
نوع پوشش شما به ما چي ميگه؟
به نظرم يک جورهايي دانشجويي روشنفکري هست
من دوست دارم که هميشه رو مد باشم
وقتي که بخواهم رخت و لباس بخرم
من معمولا چيزهايي معمولي را نميخرم
شما وضعيت رخت و لباس خودتان را چگونه ارزيابي ميکنيد
وضعيت رخت و لباسم؟
خوش تيپ هستم گمونم
من هرچيزي را که بهم بياد ميخرم
من لباسهاي تنگ را دوست دارم
من لباسهاي تنگ را دوست دارم
از چه فروشگاه اينترنتي خريد ميکنيد؟
از نت پرتز و مايکلوست اين جور سايتها
شوز، زپوز
جي کرو، فروشگاه جي کرو، ريولت،گيلت
ممکن است بپرسم چرا از اين سايتها خريد ميکنيد؟
براي اينکه برندهايي که من دوست دارم را دارند
و من معولا وقتي براي خريد رفتن ندارم
من اصلا کتاني تنيس را اينترنتي نميخرم
به صورت کلي همين
شما ميتوانيد همه چيز را اينترنتي بخريد
به صورت کلي
فرضيه دوم
Portuguese:
O que você acha que esse casaco nos diz
sobre o seu estilo de moda?
Eu diria que é um pouco infantil.
Eu gosto de estar em dia com os estilos.
E quando vem pro vestuário eu não
compro um monte de coisas de gosto padrão.
Como você define o seu estilo de moda?
Meu estilo?
Parece bom, eu acho.
Eu vou com o que fica bom em mim.
Eu gosto de roupas apertadas.
Eu gosto de roupas apertadas.
Onde você compra online?
Net-a-Porter e MyCloset, e sites assim.
Shoes, Zappos.
J Crew, J Crew factory outlet, Revolve, Guilt.
Se me permite perguntar, por que você compra nesses sites?
Porque eles têm as marcas que eu gosto.
E eu nem sempre tenho tempo de fazer as compras.
Eu nunca compraria tênis online.
Global, essa é a coisa.
Você pode conseguir qualquer coisa online.
É mundial.
Suposição número dois, a pessoa
Korean:
계획을 잘 세우는 사람이고
미래는 내다보는 사람이라는 것이죠.
그래서 우리는 지금
이것에 관심을 가지는 사람들은
타고난 플래너라고 가정하는 것이죠.
그들은 미리 앞을 내다보고 계획하는 것을 좋아해요.
당신은 당신이 플래너라고 생각하시나요?
네
반반이에요.
특정 구매, 특히 규모가 큰 것들은,
미리 계획을 세워서 사려고 하죠.
하지만 다른 것들은
가게에서 즉흥적으로 삽니다.
저는 회사를 다니면서 스케줄을 계획하고
사회생활을 하면서도 스케줄을 계획하죠.
모든 것을 말이죠.
이벤트도 계획하죠.
자선 행사도 계획합니다.
제 인생도 계획하죠.
그리고 저는 그 사람이 알뜰 쇼핑객이라고 가정하고 있습니다.
그들은 할인 구매를 좋아하지요.
그래서 길트 (Gilt), 루라라 (Rue La La),
혹은 제이크루 아울렛 (J Crew Outlet)에서 쇼핑을 한다는 것 자체가
당신이 할인을 좋아한다는 것을 알려줍니다.
저는 할인을 좋아합니다.
네, 당연하죠.
저는 제가 거의 알뜰 쇼핑객이라고 생각합니다.
하지만 그럼에도 불구하고 절대적인 할인을 위해
품질을 매번 포기하는 것은 아닙니다.
와우
그렇다면 당신은 플래너이군요.
Turkish:
bu siteyle ilgilenen kişi
plancıdır, ileriyi düşünür.
Bununla ilgilenen kişilerin
doğal olarak plancı olduğunu
varsayıyoruz.
Önceden plan yapıyorlar.
Sizce siz plancı mısınız?
Evet.
Karışık bir durum.
Özellikle büyük alışverişlerimi
önceden planlıyorum.
Ama diğer alışverişleri mağazadayken
aklıma eserse yapabiliyorum.
İşimi planlarım.
Sosyal hayatımı planlarım.
Her şeyi planlarım.
Eğlenceler planlarım.
Hayır işleri planlarım.
Hayatımı planlarım.
Bu kişinin indirimden alışveriş yaptığını da varsayıyorum.
İndirimli şeyler almayı seviyor.
Guilt'ten, Rue La La'dan, J.Crew
satış mağazasından alışveriş yapmanızdan
indirim sevdiğinizi çıkarıyorum.
Gerçekten seviyorum.
Evet, tabii.
Genelde indirimden alışveriş yapıyorum.
Yine de indirim için her zaman
kaliteden ödün vermem.
Vay be.
Yani plancısınız.
English:
who would be interested in such a website
is a planner, who likes to look ahead.
Now we are assuming that the people who
might be interested in this are the people who are naturally
planners.
They like to plan things ahead.
Would you consider yourself a planner?
Yes.
It's a mixed bag.
For some purchases, especially larger ones,
I'll usually try to plan it out.
But for other purchases, I may just
impulsively buy when I'm in the store.
I mean, I plan my schedule for work.
I plan my schedule socially.
I mean, everything.
I plan events.
I plan charity functions.
I plan my own life.
And I'm also assuming that that person is a discount shopper.
They like to buy things that are discount.
So by virtue of the fact that you shop at Gilt,
that you shop at Rue La La, that you shop at J Crew outlet,
it tells me that you like discounts.
I do like discounts.
Yeah, of course.
I would say I'm mostly a discount shopper.
But that being said, I won't sacrifice quality all the time
for an absolute discount.
Wow.
So you are a planner.
French:
qui sera intéressée par un tel site web
est un planificateur, qui
aime regarder l'avenir.
Maintenant, nous supposons
que les personnes qui
pourraient être intéressées
par ces affaires sont celles
qui sont naturellement des planificateurs.
Elles aiment planifier
des choses pour l'avenir.
Vous considérez-vous
comme un planificateur?
Oui.
Il est difficile de le dire.
Pour certains achats, de quantité
importante en particulier,
J'essaye toujours de planifier.
Mais pour d'autres achats, je peux juste
acheter par impulsion lorsque
je suis dans la boutique.
C'est-à-dire, j'établis
mon programme de travail.
J'établis un programme global.
Je veux dire, pour tout.
Je planifie des évènements.
Je planifie des activités de charité.
J'établis un plan de ma vie.
Et je suppose aussi que cette
personne est un client de soldes.
Ils aiment acheter des articles en solde.
Alors, pour la simple raison que
vous faites des achats à Guilt,
à la Rue La La, au
centre commercial J Crew,
ça me fait comprendre que
vous aimez les soldes.
J'aime les soldes.
Oui, bien sûr.
Je dirais que je suis
particulièrement un client de soldes.
Mais ceci étant dit, je ne dois
pas toujours sacrifier la qualité
pour une ristourne absolument.
Waouh.
Donc vous êtes un planificateur.
Persian:
کسي که اين وب سايت را دوست داشته باشد بايد
يک برنامه ريز باشد که دوست دارد براي آينده را مد نظر داشته باشد
حالا فرض ميکنيم که آدمهايي که
اين سايت را دوست دارند آدمهايي اهل
برنامه ريزي هستند
آنها دوست دارند همه چيز را از قبل برنامه ريزي کنند
آيا شما خودتان را آدمي برنامه ريز ميدانيد؟
بله
هم آره هم نه
براي بعضي خريدها به خصوص خريدهاي بزرگ
سعي ميکنم از قبل برنامه ريزي کنم
ولي براي خريدهاي ديگر
به صورت معمولي از مغازه خريد ميکنم
منظورم اين که من برنامه کاريم را از قبل تنظيم ميکنم
من برنامه اجتماعيام را تنظيم ميکنم
منظورم همه چيز هست
من مراسمي راکه ميخواهم بروم تنظيم ميکنم
برنامههاي نيکوکاري را تنظيم ميکنم
تمام زندگيام را برنامه ريزي ميکنم
و من فرض ميکنم که مشتري ما به دنبال تخفيف هست
چيزهايي را دوست دارند بخرند که تخفيف دارد
خوب با توجه به اين که شما از گيلت خريد ميکنيد
از قولهله و جيکرو خريديد ميکنيد
به نظرم مياد که شما تخفيف را دوست داريد
بله من تخفيف را دوست دارم
بله البته
بايد بگم که من بشتر خريد با تخفيف را دوست دارم
ولي اين بدين معني نيست که کيفيت را فداي
تخفيف کنم
واي
پس شما برنامه ريز هستيد
Portuguese:
que estaria interessada nesse site
é uma planejadora, que gosta de olhar adiante.
Agora nós estamos assumindo que a pessoa
que possa estar interessada nisso são as pessoas que são naturalmente
planejadoras.
Elas gostam de planejar adiante.
Você se considera um planejador?
Sim.
É uma sacola misturada.
Para algumas compras, especialmente as grandes,
Eu geralmente tento planejar.
Mas as outras compras, eu só
impulsivamente compro quando estou na loja.
Eu digo, eu planejo minha agenda pra trabalho.
Eu planejo minha agenda socialmente.
Eu digo, tudo.
Planejo eventos.
Planejo ações de caridade.
Eu planejo minha própria vida.
E também estou assumindo que a pessoa é um comprador de descontos.
Eles gostam de comprar coisas que estão em desconto.
Então por virtude do fato que você compra na Gilt,
na Rue La La, que você compra na J Crew outlet,
me diz que você gosta de descontos.
Eu gosto de descontos.
Sim, com certeza.
Eu diria que sou um comprador de descontos.
Mas isso sendo dito, eu não vou sacrificar a qualidade todo o tempo
por um desconto absoluto.
Wow.
Então você planeja.
Chinese:
对这个网站感兴趣的人
是一个计划者，喜欢提前安排
现在我们假设
对这个网站感兴趣的人
是那些喜欢提前安排事情的人
你认为你是一个计划者吗？
是
这很难说
对一些大宗购买来说
我通常会提前准备
但是对于其他的
我可能就在商店里顺手买了
我是说，我为工作而计划
我为社交制定日程
所有的事情都不一样
我会计划一个慈善会
我会为自己的生活安排好
我同时假设那个人是一个专买打折货的人
他们喜欢买打折货
所以当你在Guilt购物时
在Rue La La,J Crew Outlet购物时
你显得很喜欢打折的商品
我确实喜欢打折的东西
我几乎就是个打折买家
但还是那句话，我不会牺牲质量
来出一个低廉的价格
所以你是一个计划者
Spanish:
que estaría interesada
en un sitio web como este
es un planificador, al
que le gusta proyectar.
Ahora estamos suponiendo que la gente que
podría estar interesada en esto
son personas que por naturaleza
son planificadores.
Les gusta preparar las cosas con tiempo.
¿Usted se considersaría un planificador?
Sí.
Uso un enfoque mixto.
Para algunas compras, en
particular las más grandes,
habitualmente trato de planificarlas.
Pero para otras compras, es posible
que solo haga una compra
impulsiva estando en la tienda.
Es decir, planifico mi
horario para trabajar.
Planifico mi actividad social.
O sea, todo.
Planifico eventos.
Planifico funciones de beneficencia.
Planifico mi propia vida.
Y también estoy suponiendo que esa
persona vitrinea buscando rebajas.
Le gusta comprar cosas rebajadas.
Entonces en virtud del hecho
de que usted vitrinea en Guilt,
que vitrinea en Rue La La, que
vitrinea en la liquidadora de J Crew,
deduzco que a usted le gustan las rebajas.
Me encantan las rebajas.
Sí, por supuesto.
Diría que más que nada
vitrineo para hallar rebajas.
Ahora bien, no sacrificaría
la calidad siempre
por un descuento absoluto.
Ajá.
Entonces usted es planificador.
Korean:
미래를 내다보는군요.
당신은 알뜰 쇼핑객이에요.
굉장한 행운아죠.
온라인 쇼핑을 하시나요?
어디서 하시나요?
아마존을 좋아하시나요?
할인을 좋아하시나요?
품질이 좋은 물건을 사는 것을 좋아하시나요?
당신을 봐봐요.
고품격 쇼핑을 좋아하신다는 것을 압니다.
바로 알 수 있어요.
Portuguese:
Você olha pro futuro.
Você é um comprador de descontos.
Você é bem sortudo.
Você compra online?
Onde você vai?
Você gosta da Amazon?
Você gosta de descontos?
Você gosta de comprar com qualidade?
Olhe pra você.
Eu sei que você ama produtos de qualidade.
Nós podemos dizer já aqui.
English:
You look into the future.
You are a discount shopper.
You are very lucky.
Do you shop online?
Where do you go?
Do you like Amazon?
Do you like discounts?
Do you like quality shopping?
Look at you.
I know that you love quality shopping.
We can tell it right away.
French:
Vous regardez dans l'avenir.
Vous êtes un client de soldes.
Vous êtes très chanceux.
Faites-vous des achats en ligne?
Où?
Aimez-vous Amazon?
Aimez-vous les soldes?
Aimez-vous les achats de qualité?
Regardez-vous.
Je sais que vous aimez
les achats de qualité.
ça se voit sur vous.
Turkish:
Geleceğe bakıyorsunuz.
İndirimden alışveriş yapıyorsunuz.
Çok şanslısınız.
İnternetten alışveriş yapıyor musun?
Nereye gidiyorsun?
Amazon'u seviyor musun?
İndirim seviyor musun?
Kaliteli şeyler almayı seviyor musun?
Baksana,
kaliteli şeyler almayı sevdiğini biliyorum.
Hemen anlaşılıyor.
Spanish:
Mira al futuro.
Usted vitrinea rebajas.
Usted es muy afortunado.
...
¿Vitrinea en línea?
¿A dónde va?
¿Le gusta Amazon?
¿Le gustan las rebajas?
¿Le gusta vitrinear buscando calidad?
Mírese.
Sé que le gusta vitrinear de calidad.
Uno lo sabe de solo mirarle.
...
Persian:
شما آيندهنگر هستيد
شما تخفيف را دوست داريد
شما خيلي خوش شانس هستيد
آيا شما اينترنتي خريد ميکنيد؟
از کجا خريد ميکنيد؟
آمازون را دوست داريد؟
تخفيف را دوست داريد؟
شما خريد اجناس با کيفيت را دوست داريد؟
به خودتان نگاه کنيد
من ميدانم که شما خريد اجناس با کيفيت را دوست داريد
اين را خيلي راحت ميشه فهميد
Chinese:
你往前看
你是一个打折买家
你非常幸运
你喜欢打折吗？
你喜欢高质量的购物吗？
我知道你喜欢高质量的购物
我们马上就可以分辨出来
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Jean-Claude Camus était bien entouré pour son anniversaire
Le producteur a soufflé ses 79 bougies en compagnie de la famille Hallyday : ancien producteur de Johnny Hallyday pendant 30 ans, les deux hommes sont très proches
Autre invité prestige autour de la table : le chanteur Patrick Bruel, qui a lancé "Bravo !" à Jean-Claude Camus
"Joyeux anniversaire @JeanClaudeCamus on t'aime fort", a souhaité Laeticia Hallyday sur son compte Twitter, accompagné de la vidéo de leur grande tablée
"Quelle belle amitié ! Et un grand plaisir de vous voir heureux" ; "Très bien entouré et beaucoup d'émotions dans ce que je vois", ont réagi les internautes, touché par leur profonde amitié
Joyeux anniversaire @JeanClaudeCamus on t’aime fort ❤️ ❤️ @JohnnySjh @PatrickBruelOff pic
twitter.com/g4qBJplz9s— Laeticia Hallyday (@LHallyday) October 29, 2017 Si le succès n'est arrivé que sur le tard dans la vie de Jean-Claude Camus, aux alentours de ses 41 ans, il reconnaît devoir une fière chandelle à Johnny Hallyday : "J'ai sans doute, avec mes petits moyens, amené beaucoup de choses à Johnny de mon côté
Mais ce que je sais, c'est ce que lui m'a apporté parce que je ne pense pas que j'aurais fait la carrière que j'ai faite si je n'avais pas eu Johnny dans les bras
C'était le sésame pour tout"
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Even in the early days, if you set a computer
on every desk in every home, and you'd say,
"Okay, how many homes are there in the world?
How many desks are there in the world?
Can I make $20 for every home, $20 for every
desk?" you could get these big numbers.
But part of the beauty of the whole thing
was we were very focused on the here and now.
Should we hire one more person?
If our customers didn't pay us, would we have
enough cash to meet the payroll?
We really were very practical about that next
thing, and so involved in the deep engineering
that we didn't get ahead of ourselves.
We never thought how big we'd be.
I remember when one of the early lists of
wealthy people came out and one of the Intel
founders was there, the guy that ran Wang
computers actually was still -- Wang was still
doing well -- and we thought, "Hmm.
Boy, if the software business does well, the
value of Microsoft could be similar to that."
But it wasn't a real focus.
The everyday activity of just doing great
software drew us in.
And some decisions we made -- like the quality
of the people, the way we were very global,
the vision of how we thought about software
-- that was very long term.
But other than those things, we just came
into work every day and wrote more code and
hired more people.
It wasn't really until the IBM PC succeeded,
and perhaps even until Windows succeeded,
that there was a broad awareness that Microsoft
was very unique as a software company, and
that these other companies had been one-product
companies, hadn't hired people, couldn't do
a broad set of things, didn't renew their
excellence, didn't do research.
So we thought we were doing something very
unique, but it was easily not until 1995,
or even 1997, that there was this wide recognition
that we were the company that had revolutionized
software.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
In 1485, Artist “Leonardo Davinci” Drew a diagram
that explains human proportions.
The drawing, simply, is of a man who stands
on two different positions,
the first is inside a circle, and the second is inside a square
Leonardo named his diagram “Vitruvian man”.
Leonardo Davinci was born in Florence, in 1452
He spent his early years in this small rural house
In 1466 he attended Verrocchio art workshop
to learn painting
from master Andrea di Cione who was
famously known as Verrocchio
Since the beginning, Leonardo showed a very good level in
drawing techniques and theories of drawing.
His first solo work was of the place where he was
raised, it was completed in 1473
Due to his impressive skills, his master Verrocchio
involved him in painting “The Baptism Of Christ”
which they completed in 1475.
Leonardo’s role was to draw the young angel
holding Jesus,
his drawing was so precise and surprising
which made Verrocchio quit painting .
Then, Leonardo Started his own workshop, but he did not
end his relationship with Verrocchio.
That was until 1478, when he went to live
with the “Medici” family.
And started working in Neo-Platonic Academy, in The Piazza
San Marco in Venice,
which was established by The Medici Family.
In this period, he received his first of two independent
commissions
But none of them was completed, because he stopped
working on them to travel to Milan
The reason he travelled was that Leonardo – who had
become a talented musician -
created a lyre in the shape of a horse's head.
Which made Lorenzo de Medici who was known as
"The Magnificent"
to send Leonardo to Milan bearing the lyre as a gift
to the duke of Milan at that time in order to achieve peace.
But Leonardo was smart, he wrote a letter explaining
the many marvelous things
he could achieve, and attached it to the lyre.
This letter was the reason behind Leonardo’s settlement
in Milan, where he lived until 1499.
In this period he painted a number of great works such as
“Virgin of the rocks”
and “the last supper”
“The last supper is considered to be the main
inspiration for a number of Novels
such as” The Davinci Code” by Dan brown.
Leonardo Also worked on a design for the dome of Milan Cathedral
and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza.
By the time the second Italian war started in 1499,
and the French troops’ invasion – under the leadership
of Louis XII – entered the Italian cities,
Davinci went to Venice to work as a military engineer.
And then he went to Florence to draw again,
where he drew “The virgin and the Child”
on 8 Pieces of cartoon using chalk.
And he drew a map of the city of Imola,
which was considered a very unique work.
And then he went to Florence in 1503
to start working on his greatest work,
or perhaps the greatest piece in art history.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
>> Hello, everyone.
Welcome today to our webinar on what you
need to know bout COVID-19 and the role
of community health workers
in the Latino community.
This webinar is a collaboration
between NACHW and CDC.
My name is Colleen Barbaro.
I'm a health scientist on the applied research
and translation team in CDC's Division
for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention.
And I'm here today with Denise Smith
and I will let her introduce herself.
>> Good afternoon, everyone.
Thank you so much, Colleen and the whole
team at the Centers for Disease Control.
My name is Denise Octavia Smith,
and I'm the executive director
of the National Association
of Community Health Workers.
Great to be joining you.
>> Great. So just a few housekeeping
items before we get started.
I first wanted to mention
that the slides and recording
from this webinar will be posted afterwards.
So you will have access to these things later.
We'll also be taking questions
at the end through the Q
and A button at the bottom of your screen.
And you do have access to the
Q and A box during the webinar.
So feel free to type in questions for
myself and/or Denise at any point.
And we'll do our best to answer your
questions after the presentation.
Next slide.
So today's objectives for the presentation
will first provide an overview of COVID-19
that community health workers can
apply when guiding COVID-19 prevention
in the communities that they serve.
We'll discuss the evidence-based
COVID-19 prevention recommendations
on how individuals can help themselves,
their families and communities in preventing
or slowing the spread of COVID-19.
We'll share messages, tools and other resources
in Spanish that health promotors may use
to inform at-risk groups including older
adults and people with underlying conditions.
And we'll discuss the experiences of
community health workers and the changing roles
that they face in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Next slide.
Let's start with the coronavirus background.
So the coronavirus refers to a large family
of viruses that cause respiratory illness.
It was first isolated in the 1960's.
It's named for the crown-like
spikes on the surface.
There are four subgroupings,
alpha, beta, gamma and delta.
And some of the coronaviruses can
spread between animals and humans
or what is known as zoonotic disease.
Next slide.
Okay, next slide.
There are seven human coronaviruses
listed on this slide.
The common human coronaviruses
are provided at the top,
and then other human coronaviruses
include SARS and MERS.
Next slide.
So the common human coronaviruses --
let's talk now about the clinical
presentation and diagnosis.
They usually cause mild to moderate
upper respiratory tract illnesses
like the common cold.
They may cause more severe disease
like pneumonia or bronchitis.
They're more common in infants,
older adults and people
with underlying conditions
that weaken the immune system.
The symptoms of coronaviruses may include
runny nose, headache, cough, sore throat,
fever and general unwell feeling.
Diagnosis involves lab tests that can be used
to test respiratory specimens in serum or blood
for coronavirus infection in
patients with more severe disease.
Next slide.
So common human coronaviruses --
let's talk now about how they spread.
They're most commonly spread from an infected
person to others through respiratory droplets
by coughing, sneezing or talking.
Close personal contact such as touching
or shaking hands, and touching an object
or surface that has the virus on it.
These viruses commonly occur in fall and
winter, but they can occur year-round.
Young children are most likely to get
infected with the common human coronaviruses.
And most people will get infected
at least once in their lifetime.
Next slide.
So let's talk briefly now about
some other human coronaviruses
that you may have heard of called SARS and MERS.
Next slide.
SARS and MERS were recognized in the early
and mid-2000's -- I'm sorry -- after 2010.
The SARS virus was first
recognized in 2002 in China.
The MERS virus was recognized
in 2012 in Saudi Arabia.
And the scope of the outbreaks included
SARS having 8,000-plus probable cases
and 774 deaths from 2002-2003.
There's been no known human
cases of SARS since 2004.
For MERS, there were 2,400-plus
lab-confirmed cases
and 850-plus deaths as of October 3rd, 2019.
And two US cases in 2014 were
among healthcare professionals.
Next slide.
Looking at the clinical picture
for SARS and MERS, it involves --
these viruses involve transmission between
people through close person-to-person contact.
The most common symptoms include fever and
chills, body aches, cough, shortness of breath.
Complications can include pneumonia
in SARS and MERS particularly,
as well as kidney failure in MERS.
As far as treatment, there's no specific
antiviral treatment licensed for SARS or MERS.
And individuals seek medical
care to relieve their symptoms.
Looking at prevention, no vaccine is
available and everyday preventive actions
to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses
including hand hygiene are important.
Next slide.
Let's move on now to discuss coronavirus
disease 2019, or what is known as COVID-19.
Next slide.
COVID-19 was first identified in
Wuhan, China in December of 2019.
It's caused by the virus SARS-COV-2.
Early on, many patients were reported to have a
link to a large seafood and live animal market.
Later patients did not have
exposure to animal markets,
and this indicated person-to-person spread.
Travel-related exportation
of cases has been reported.
The first US case was reported
on January 21st, 2020.
And CDC is reporting confirmed
COVID-19 cases in the US online
at our website, and the link is provided here.
Feel free to keep updated on
the cases here using that link.
Next slide.
COVID-19, we know a little
bit about how it spreads based
on what is known from other coronaviruses.
But investigations are ongoing to better
understand the spread of this particular virus.
It is presumed to occur primarily
through close person-to-person contact
through respiratory droplets produced when
the infected person coughs, sneezes or talks.
And it is possibly spread by touching a
surface or object that has the virus on it
and then touching the mouth, nose or eyes.
Next slide.
So symptoms of COVID-19, the main symptoms
include fever, cough and shortness of breath.
There have been a wide range of illness
severity that has been reported.
Some have mild to severe illness
and it can result in death.
Estimated incubation period is 2-14 days,
and complications may include pneumonia,
respiratory failure and multi-system
organ failure.
Next slide.
We'll talk now about how
you can prevent COVID-19.
There are some everyday actions that you
can take to prevent respiratory illnesses.
You want to avoid exposure to the virus.
You can wear cloth face covering
if you're leaving the house.
You don't want to touch your
eyes, nose or mouth.
You want to cover your mouth
when you're coughing or sneezing
with a tissue and then discard it after use.
You'll also want to avoid
contact with people who are sick.
And you'll want to stay home if you are sick,
recognizing the fact it will be easier for some
to stay -- easier for some
to stay home than others,
makes practicing these everyday
actions at work all the more important.
Next slide.
So everyday actions to prevent respiratory
illnesses include covering your cough or sneeze
with a tissue and throwing
it away, as I mentioned.
Washing your hands often with soap or water
for at least 20 seconds is also important.
And you wat to use a alcohol-based hand
sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol if soap
and water are not readily available.
You also want to clean and disinfect
frequently-touched objects and surfaces.
And we do acknowledge that many poor families
are without soap and sanitizer at this time.
And some individuals are homeless.
And we see a role for community
health workers in coordinating
with community-based organizations
including the police departments,
fire departments to help access
these essential products.
Next slide.
So let's talk a minute now about
washing your hands the right way.
First, you'll want to wet your hands with
clean tap water and close the key in soap.
Then you should rub your hands
together with the soap to create a foam.
You want to be sure to wash
the backs of your hands,
between your fingers and under your fingernails.
And the whole process should last 20 seconds.
If you don't have a watch handy, you can
keep rubbing your hands until you're done
as you're washing them, and sing
the Happy Birthday song twice.
You can rinse your hands thoroughly with clean
tap water and dry your hands with a clean towel,
electric hand dryer or air dryer.
Soap and friction are what help to
lift the dirt, grease and microbes.
And that's why it's so important to wash
your hands by following these steps.
Wet, lather, scrub, rinse and dry.
So you can stay healthy and
keep those around you healthy.
Next slide.
Cleaning and disinfecting, as
I've said, is very important.
You'll want to wear disposable
gloves to clean and disinfect.
You'll want to routinely clean
and disinfect high-touch surfaces
and high-touch surfaces include tables,
doorknobs, light switches, countertops, handles,
desks, phones, keyboards,
toilets, faucets, sinks, et cetera.
You'll want to clean the visible
dirty surfaces using soap and water,
and when you're disinfecting you'll want to
use EPA-registered household disinfectants.
And we've provided a link here on
this slide to those disinfectants.
You can visit that website and find the list.
You will want to make sure you follow the
instructions on the label to ensure safe
and effective use of the product.
So just a moment here, we'll discuss using
household bleach to disinfect surfaces.
To do this you mix five tablespoons or
one-third cup of bleach per gallon of water.
Or you can mix four teaspoons
of bleach per quart of water.
Let me say that again because I tripped
over my words and I want to get it correct.
Four teaspoons of bleach per quart of water.
You'll want to follow the
manufacturer's instructions
for proper application and ventilation.
And you'll want to check to make sure the
product hasn't passed its expiration date.
You never want to mix household bleach
with ammonia or any other cleaner.
Unexpired domestic bleach will be effective
against coronaviruses when properly diluted.
Next slide.
So we can talk a minute now
about social distancing.
This is keeping space between yourself
and other people outside of your home.
And this is essential to preventing
the spread of the coronavirus.
To practice social distancing, you'll want
to stay at least six feet or two meters away
from other people when outside of the home.
You do not want to gather in groups.
You want to avoid crowded
places and mass gatherings.
And do not hug, kiss or shake hands.
Another thing is to avoid close
contact with people who have symptoms.
And this public health measure
is just very important
and something you've probably
been hearing a lot about.
And we do know that social
distancing is a challenge
for many families who are sharing one space.
It's even more crucial that these
households follow safety guidance when trying
to prevent the spread of coronavirus.
And that includes handwashing,
cleaning surfaces, et cetera.
There is a webpage on the CDC coronavirus
or COVID-19 website that discusses guidance
for those living in close quarters.
Next slide.
CDC recommends wearing cloth face
coverings outside of the home
to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.
I'm sure you've been hearing about
the use of cloth face coverings.
You do not place the cloth face coverings
on children under the age of two or anyone
who has trouble breathing or is
unconscious, incapacitated or otherwise unable
to remove the mask without assistance.
A washing machine can be used to
wash a face covering routinely.
And you'll want to continue to
take other preventive actions,
even when you're wearing a cloth face covering.
You'll want to remain at least six
feet apart from other individuals.
You'll want to wash your hands often.
You'll want to clean high-touch
surfaces in your home often.
And you do still want to
stay home when you're sick.
The cloth face coverings recommended are
not surgical mask or N-95 respirators.
Those are critical supplies that must
continue to be reserved for healthcare workers
and other medical first responders.
Next slide.
We know now that some are potentially
at a higher risk for COVID-19.
And these individuals include those 65
years or older, people who are living
in a nursing home or long-term care facility.
People of all ages with underlying
medical conditions,
particularly if they're not well-controlled.
And this includes people with chronic
lung disease or moderate to severe asthma.
And people with serious heart conditions.
Next slide.
Another group that are highly at risk
are those who are immunocompromised.
Cancer treatments, smoking, bone marrow or
organ transplantation, immune deficiencies
and poorly controlled HIV or
AIDS put individuals at risk.
Prolonged use of corticosteroids
and other immune weakening medications are
also putting some individuals at a higher risk.
People with severe obesity, which is defined as
a body mass index or BMI of 40 or higher as well
as people with diabetes, people with
chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis,
and people with liver disease
are also all at risk.
At this present time, we
have no specific information
about the risk of COVID-19 in people with HIV.
The risk from immune suppression is not known,
but with other viral respiratory
infections the risk for people
with HIV getting very sick is greatest in
people with a low CD-4 cell count and people not
on HIV treatment, anti-retroviral
therapy or ART.
People with HIV can also be at an increased
risk of getting very sick with COVID-19 based
on their age and other medical conditions.
Next slide.
We are now talking about COVID-19 treatment.
There's no specific antiviral
treatment license for COVID-19.
There is supportive care to relieve symptoms
and manage pneumonia and respiratory failure.
Next slide.
You do want to seek medical care
if you feel sick with a fever,
cough or difficulty breathing, and if you have
been in close contact known to have COVID-19
or if you live in or have recently been in
an area with ongoing spread of COVID-19.
There are additional symptoms that
indicate it's a medical emergency
and immediate care is needed.
This includes troubled breathing, persistent
pain or pressure in the chest, new confusion
or inability to arouse, and bluish lips or face.
And there's more about that on the
CDC website, so please visit it.
Next slide.
So lastly, there's a few links on this slide.
You do want to stay informed about
COVID-19 and the most recent information --
all the information I've been discussing
is found online at www.cdc.gov/covid-19.
There's also the CDC travel advisories
that you'll want to check and find areas
with ongoing spread and with level
two or three travel health notices.
And there's also pages on stress and
coping that you might find helpful.
All right, so I'd like to turn the presentation
over now to Denise to talk about the role
of community health workers and COVID-19.
>> Well good afternoon again, everyone.
My name is Denise Octavia Smith and
I'm the founding executive director
of the National Association
of Community Health Workers.
I just want to thank Colleen and Betsy and
the team at the Centers for Disease Control
for taking time to develop this presentation
specifically for community health workers.
Next slide please.
Who is a community health worker?
If you are looking at the slides
now, I'm referring to the definition
by the American Public Health Association.
I know there are some that are
connecting to us only by phone.
We've put here this definition of CHW's as
trusted members of who have unusually close
or unique understanding of the
community that they're serving.
Those who are serving as a liaison between
health and social services in the community.
Those who facilitate access to a
variety of services from health systems.
Behavioral health and community-based services.
Those who improve the quality and
cultural competence of service delivery.
Those who increase individual and community
capacity by increasing health awareness.
And I'm going to use the term today
community health worker as an umbrella term.
This includes [Spanish term] or
community health representative.
And more than 50 titles that are
used for roles around the country
that describe the work of
community health workers.
Next slide please.
Like all health or medical professionals,
we want community health workers
to build their capacity, their knowledge
and their readiness to understand COVID-19
and to be able to transmit
accurate and factual information
in their communities and through their services.
We want community health workers to
receive training by health personnel.
We want community health workers to be
authorized and recognized by their health teams
to deliver medical information about COVID-19.
We want community health workers to be prepared
to inform, to guide and educate your peers
to conduct appropriate health
promotion and disease prevention.
Next slide, please.
So I'm giving here a snapshot of the
roles of community health workers.
Many of these descriptions may resonate
with you in your work in community,
in a health or social service system.
Some of you may be promoting let's say
preventative actions, increasing the ability
of individuals to manage their chronic
disease or promote healthy behavior.
Many of you are providing information
right now to break down the myths
and rumors that are present about COVID-19.
Many of you are busy trying to identify
populations who are most at risk,
and earlier Colleen presented
that comprehensive list to you.
And a number of you are right
now actively referring clients
to services beyond medical services
to help meet their psychosocial needs.
Next slide, please.
Community health workers can be an
ear right now for so many millions
of people whose lives have been
disrupted by this pandemic.
They may be experiencing loneliness
or a time of social estrangement.
CHW's, many of you right now are
helping to organize food delivery,
helping people to enroll in utility assistance.
You're advocating with landlords to make sure
that people are able to maintain their homes
or negotiate their rents due to unemployment.
A lot of you, I know, are busy explaining
the changing role and facilitating enrollment
for social benefits and resources
that are now available
in your community and perhaps in your state.
You're promoting preventive health
behaviors to curve contagion.
Social distancing, appropriate handwashing,
the appropriate way to wear a cloth mask.
All of these are ways that you can
promote to prevent the contagion.
And many of you are busy reinforcing
public health messages about COVID-19.
We want to thank you for the critical role
that you are playing and all of the ways
that you're stepping up in this time.
Next slide, please.
Community health workers as experts during
this COVID-19 emergency response time.
Next slide.
I want to say and list up this
important and critical workforce.
Each of you who are on the call and
you are community health workers,
you are a frontline public health workforce
that is critical for localities and states
to provide immediate response
to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Next slide, please.
Some of the factors that are going to promote
your effectiveness in service delivery
in your community -- community health workers
are someone who comes from within the community.
Someone who shares the experience, the language,
perhaps the same chronic disease state.
You speak the language and
you share the experiences
of that community where you're
providing services.
You know the customs and the
issues that your communities face,
those barriers and how to overcome them.
You share the same social or
cultural background of the community
and that can include the same local
language, the same dress, the same face.
You also understand the myths and beliefs
that are moving through community,
and how best to communicate actual and
factual information to dispel those myths.
Next slide, please.
I'd like to shift gears now and speak
to the important role that a number
of community health workers may be serving in.
And that is in going into the
community and conducting home visits
or providing community services
at a shelter, at a food pantry.
You may be shopping and delivery
food to a person's home.
This provides greater opportunity and a greater
need for you to have the right information
and accurate kind of protocols
and methods to protect yourself
when you're conducting a home visit.
So let's talk about what a
home visit is and the ways
that you can prepare yourself
with your employer.
A home visit is a set of social and
health activities that are provided
at a person's home or in their apartment.
This is care that allows the
CHW to detect, to support
and control health problems
that the individual may face.
And also to help them move
toward their health goals.
It can enhance the autonomy of the
individual that you're serving.
And the overall goal is to improve the
quality of that person or that family's life.
Home visiting can be a set of specific
tasks, making it a means of your liaisoning
between the family and the health system
and the services that people are providing.
Next slide, please.
During the COVID-19 pandemic,
CHW's must establish priority
criteria for making home visits.
We know that social distancing is a critical
way to reduce the spread of COVID-19.
And so making a decision to conduct
home visits is a important decision
that should be prioritized.
We're looking at families who have adults living
in their home who are over 60 years or over.
People who live alone or who are
without family networks and support.
People who are unable to travel easily to their
health center or clinic or medical provider.
Families with ill or handicapped
family members or patients.
People who've been recently
discharged from the hospital
that you're conducting follow-up services for.
And people taking vital medications.
These may all be reasons and different
categories of community members
that you might prioritize in
conducting your home visits.
Next slide, please.
Set goals for your home visiting services.
Are you going to coordinate care for
people who cannot leave their homes
and access services at a
health center or clinic.
How much information, education or
support are you going to provide
to the patient, individual or to the family?
Will you facilitate primary, secondary
or tertiary prevention services?
Will you suggest and do you have the protocols
to suggest when to go to an emergency room?
Is this home visit necessary?
Or can this safely and effectively
be provided through other means?
Will you help the continuation and coordination
of these services between the provision
of health and social service systems?
Next slide, please.
There are a number of safety
practices that we'll list up now
for the community health worker
workforce when conducting a home visit
and providing community services.
We want to develop and sustain a culture of
safety, even during these times when we know
that there are many needs at the
individual or community level.
If you're conducting a home visit or providing
community services, ask if the individual
or family members have experienced
coughing, fever or shortness of breath.
Ask if the family members have traveled
recently to certain international destinations
or those geographies in the US that are known
hotspots like California, New York, Louisiana,
Washington state or other states that currently
have high numbers of people with COVID-19.
Always follow universal precautions.
Seek training if you do not have
training on universal precautions.
Those of course include handwashing before and
after your visit, or if you're able to carry
and use hand sanitizer with you,
that hand sanitizer should have
60% or more alcohol content.
Do not eat or drink during the visit.
Avoid touching surfaces and
carry with you disposable tissue.
Wear your gloves and your cloth
face covering as instructed.
Keep your distance from others,
although that may be new for you.
About six feet or two meters when
you're conducting home visits
or your community services.
And don't take unnecessary risks.
Go back to your priorities and seek
guidance before you conduct that home visit.
Next slide, please.
There are myths and legends about
the novel coronavirus or COVID-19.
We're going to list up just a few here.
Rinsing your nose prevents contagion.
This is not true.
The virus is spread, as Colleen talked
about, in a number of different ways.
And we want to promote and practice reduction of
that infection and spread by washing our hands
or using hand sanitizer, covering
our mouth and nose with a face cloth,
and applying our universal precautions.
But rinsing your nose will
not prevent the contagion.
Nor will eating garlic.
While that may be a cultural norm and
it may have positive benefits that you
and your doctor have discussed, eating
garlic is not going to protect you
against COVID-19 or the novel coronavirus.
Nor will sesame oil kill COVID-19.
Spraying your body with alcohol or chlorine is
not effective and it is not recommended for you
to address the COVID-19 novel coronavirus.
These are myths and legends.
And if you hear them in community or among
your peers, refer back to these slides and back
to the factual information that was
provided earlier so that people know how
to effectively protect themselves.
Next slide, please.
Now I would like to turn the
presentation back over to Colleen.
She's going to explore some of the bilingual
resources that are available through the CDC.
>> Great. Next slide.
So CDC offers a variety of graphics that
you can use to educate others about COVID-19
and the precautions that need to
be taken to stop the spread of it.
There are graphics that you can use
on social media shown on this slide.
Next slide.
And some more graphics here, and
showcasing that we have bilingual resources,
and go on the website to see the
variety of languages covered.
Next slide.
There are tip sheets as well that
can be helpful in communicating
with your clients and with
those in the community.
So this slide shows the symptoms
of coronavirus disease.
There's a tip sheet there.
And then also how to stop when you're
feeling sick and identify potential symptoms.
Next slide.
So more tip sheets here, just a lot that you can
look through and decide what's helpful for you.
Next slide.
A few other examples here as well
showing our bilingual resources.
Next slide.
We have infographics as well,
similar to the graphics.
These are helpful in getting across
a good amount of information,
really focusing on the factual information
and messaging that's so important for you
to disseminate in your communities
and educate others.
So these are useful as well.
Next slide.
And there are posters as well.
And if you want to put these up
in your community or in places
where you can help spread awareness.
These are helpful resources as well.
Next slide.
And lastly, there are videos and those
are in English as well as Spanish.
And handwashing -- it explains some of the
steps of handwashing, but there are these videos
that provide the visual and show you kind of the
amount of time and could be very helpful for you
in helping to spread awareness about one of the
most essential practices of proper handwashing.
Next slide.
Right, so this is the end
of our presentation today.
And we hope that it was helpful for you.
Denise and my contact information
is on this slide.
And so you can feel free to follow
up with any additional questions.
As we mentioned at the beginning of the
presentation, the slides and a recording
of this webinar will be posted
on the CDC website.
So you'll be able to access it.
We'll now move on to the Q and A section, and
we've seen that you've ben entering questions
and using the question and answer
button during the presentation.
You can type any more questions you have now
into the chat box or the
question and answer box.
And know that we're documenting
all of these questions and concerns
and we'll be using them to
inform future efforts.
And we'll move now to trying to answer
some of the questions that we can today.
>> We have a few questions.
One of them is, can this still be transmitted
through kissing or community smoking?
>> So that is a good question.
I think that there was a slide on this.
Yes, it can be transmitted through kissing.
And there is probably the potential
or anything that your mouth touches
to spread those respiratory droplets.
Just following the best precautions you can
about social distancing is really important,
and hygiene and not spreading
respiratory droplets is important.
>> There is a question for --
I think this one is for Denise.
Denise, they're asking if you see
a role for community health workers
in any state doing contact tracing efforts.
And what role could that be?
>> Sure. That's a great question.
We have heard a lot I'm sure in the media and
on the news in your state and around the country
about the need to continue to scale
up testing and contact tracing
so that we can really understand the
infection rates across the country
so that we can continue to protect our citizens.
Community health workers historically
have had specific roles in contact tracing
for community health workers working with STD's.
They would have received this type of training,
and many CHW's have done
this work over many decades.
Right now there are states or cities in
specific parts of our nation who are exploring
and developing initiatives
to stand up contact tracing.
And often they are centering and prioritizing
the community health worker workforce,
not only to perform the specific act of contact
tracing, but when they are engaging individuals
and community members to link them to care
coordination and navigation of services
and other supported systems which are the
role and where the skill and competencies
of community health workers really shine.
If you are interested in contact
tracing within your state,
I would look to your department
of public health.
I would carefully track the activity and those
initiatives as they will usually be presented
by your governor, your state health
department or other source for you
to get more information about
those opportunities.
>> I have a question.
It's a general question that I have here.
But it's on three levels.
One person is asking if sop and water
are sufficient for disinfecting,
while another person is commenting on
whether the cloth fabric masks are sufficient
for avoiding the virus to come through.
And if the answer is no, would
that be in the best interest
of the patients when we're visiting?
>> So those are both two great questions
regarding disinfecting your hands.
Hand washing with soap and water
for the recommended 20 seconds
is what is being recommended.
And so that's really important for your hands,
or you use the alcohol-based
hand sanitizer with 60% alcohol.
As far as disinfecting surfaces,
that's where the recommendations
to dilute some solution of
bleach are recommended.
And so that is how you clean the surfaces.
But I advise you to go to the CDC COVID webpages
to look at more on disinfection, hand hygiene.
There's a lot of good information there.
And so whatever your specific purpose,
there's just a lot there that you can look up
and make sure you're doing the practice
that is recommended for what you're doing.
And I'm sorry, the second part of the
question was about cloth face coverings.
So we don't know everything yet
about how things are spreading.
The CDC recommendation right now is
wearing cloth face coverings in public.
And I've advised you to go to the
website and look at that as well.
And really there's a lot of
guidance on the webpages.
There's an FAQ section and you might
find some references to pages there
about preventing infection and protecting
both yourself as a health professional
and also working in communities and
you know, working with households.
So I would look at those and make some
decisions, you know, based on that information
and continue to look at it as we're updating
it with new guidance and information.
We don't know everything yet, and so webinars
like today are really important for us
to take your questions and
take that back and continue
to develop that information to help you.
>> Okay.
There are conditions such as HIV and many people
on the chat box were discussing
all these conditions
that are -- that do affect the body greatly.
But in the case of HIV, once
it's treated and controlled,
are these immune compromising diseases
a risk of infection or complication --
at any higher risk of infection
or complication of COVID?
>> Can you repeat the question?
>> Yes. Specifically in the case of the HIV
where you know it's an immunocompromising
disease but it can be treated and controlled.
Once treated and controlled,
are they still at a higher risk
of contracting the virus or
developing complications?
>> I don't think we can --
>> Well, just briefly I'll refer to the
earlier slides that Colleen presented.
There are many different categories
that can put someone at increased risk.
So if the person is asking -- if that
person is able to manage their HIV,
if they're taking their medications or if that
is not an issue, there may still be other issues
that make that person at greater risk.
And so maybe we'll have Colleen just
go over those increased risk factors
and those categories again for people to
understand that there can be intersection.
There can be many factors that can
increase your risk for infection.
>> That's right, Denise.
And it's important to remember that we
can't speak to your risk as an individual,
but we have these categories of individuals
where we know that the risk is higher.
And the notes that we have are that there's
not all the information we want right now
about the risk of COVID-19 in people with HIV.
We know that those that don't have
a control are probably more at risk,
but we can't say that those with control,
you know, are not going to be at risk.
So I think it's safe to really
look at these categories
and take the precautions needed
if those risk factors are there.
And in your patients and yourself, it's just
very important to protect these populations.
So I'm referring now to slide 23
with those who are immunocompromised.
I'm just going to read the list one more time.
This includes those undergoing cancer treatment,
smoking, bone marrow or organ transplantation.
Immune deficiencies, and
poorly controlled HIV and AIDS.
And then the use of any immune
weakening medications.
So it really could be a lot of individuals,
so just really important to focus
on those people and not underestimate the risk.
>> There is a question here
that is making reference
if we have other languages available
for resources besides Spanish.
>> Yes. And I'm not sure the exact number
of languages represented on our website.
But we have a number of different resources.
So please visit our communications and those
resources and see if you can find what you need.
And if you can't, please contact us and let us
know what you need and we'll communicate that.
>> Another question I have has to
do with community health workers.
Are they factored in the workforce development
planning for coronavirus contact tracing teams?
>> Sure. So as mentioned before, there are
a number of national initiatives as well
as initiatives happening at the state or city
level that are all considering the critical role
that community health workers can play right now
to enhance public health capacity
specific to contact tracing.
Contact tracing is an important aspect
of the role of community health workers.
One, because we have an ability to really
build trust and to provide respectful services
in a language and in a context that many
communities that may be not difficult to reach
but may experience barriers to accessing the
health system or information about infection.
And CHW's are able to reach them.
So yes, there are many initiatives that
include a role for community health workers.
The National Association of Community Health
Workers, what we are doing is offering
to people clarity on the role of community
health workers, that we are effective
to support contact tracing efforts.
And that we are also effective to continue
to provide all of the other services
within our roles and our qualities and
skills in this time of emergency response.
>> Thank you for that.
>> There is another question related, and
this is I guess for you again, Denise.
If you have any pearls of wisdom
to share with them about how
to best spread the preventative
measures and messages in Indian country.
Especially in rural areas.
>> Yeah. Our rural communities
have unique challenges.
There are many community health workers
who had their initial face-to-face
or community-based services disrupted
and a lot of them transferred
or transitioned those services to
phone-based services, onto Zoom,
onto different web platforms or even telehealth.
But for our rural communities there are
real barriers and there are real challenges
for community health representatives or
CHW's to connect with their communities.
If you are still conducting home visits, one,
I hope that you have support
in your transportation.
So if people are reimbursing you for
the services that you're providing.
I know many of you have to drive several
miles to reach and connect with your clients.
Please refer back to all of the safety
precautions to conduct your home visits.
Oftentimes if people are coming into town
or coming into clinics to get tested,
that may be an opportunity for you
to share or distribute information
so that you don't always have to travel to
communities to conduct those home visits.
This is really going to take a networking
and a collaborative effort for all of us,
but particularly for folks in rural communities.
So for instance if you are attempting
to service elders and you know
that perhaps there is a separate
service, one that you do not provide,
that brings food to the home, maybe you
want to try and coordinate your education
and you services with those services.
So that you're better able to get the
services to the elders who need them.
And folks don't have to make as many
visits to the home, increasing the risk
of infection for that vulnerable individual.
At NACHW, we have representatives
from the CHR community
who we would love to make connections with you.
They work across the country.
So that you can get specific
answers on ways to innovate
and coordinate services in your tribal nation.
>> Colleen, I believe that someone is
asking regarding the probable cases.
Can you expand on that a little bit more,
specifically on the perspective
of testing being available?
>> So the testing, probable cases and kind of
suspected cases of COVID and kind of erring
on the side of caution, when those are sick,
that's kind of how we've been going about this.
But testing is you know, picking up and
we will be able to confirm cases of COVID
when testing is widely available in communities.
But kind of in the meantime, as testing's been
stood up and tried to get it widely implemented
in communities, we do need to
take the necessary precautions
around probable cases and
around suspected cases.
And really the guidance and the recommendations
by CDC right now is erring on the side
of caution with regard to symptoms
and following these safety practices.
And that's what you're seeing with
our social distancing measures
and all of the messaging and
recommendations right now.
>> Is it also a myth that people who
suffer the flu are at a high risk
of testing false positive to the virus?
>> I have not heard that to be true.
And I'll see if any others
on the call have heard that.
I don't think I've heard that.
I'll look on the website.
>> I haven't seen that in
the Q and A anywhere there.
>> No.
>> Thank you.
>> There is another question here for Denise.
And that question is --
Are CHW's being given additional
resources and training to learn how
to conduct some visits through telehealth?
These might help reach more
clients in rural areas.
>> Yes. So I have certainly heard from community
health workers and employers across the country
that they are offering -- for those who
offer telehealth services and for those
who can reach their clients that way,
they are offering free trainings.
There are also a number of
different online platforms
that are offering free software
and free trainings as well.
If you worked with a employer,
I'd reach out to that employer
and see what is the approved platform
for you to conduct telehealth services.
But certainly there are a number --
all of the kind of popular platforms
including the Google Hangouts and Zoom,
a number of them -- Microsoft teams, a number
of them are offering free services and supports.
So that if you want to transition
your telehealth services,
you can better understand the benefits
and kind of the functions of those tools.
>> On that very same thought, what are
the thoughts about virtual home visits
and maintaining patient privacy,
patient/client privacy?
>> Yeah, well if you've already been providing
services to those clients, that individual
or family member, hopefully you already
have the appropriate waivers or approvals
or signatures to provide service.
So let's assume that that person has
been working with that client before.
There are some security issues
with using telehealth.
We know that -- I've even had one
of my Zoom meetings to be hacked.
I don't know what the official term is.
But someone just kind of jumped onto the meeting
and fortunately we were not addressing HIPAA
protected or a confidential issue at the time.
This is why you really want to understand the
platform that you're using and why you want
to receive proper training about that.
You need to get the approval from the patient,
from the individual or family to be able
to communicate with them in that way.
I know when I was providing services
for people living with HIV/AIDS,
we needed to get that individual's
consent before we could make a phone call,
before you can leave a voicemail, before you
can leave a note or notice in the mailbox.
So please consider all of those privacy
and protection protocols before you
are rushing to implement telehealth.
Even in your desire to want to reach
clients, we have to protect their privacy.
>> There's another question
here for you, Denise?
Should community health workers continue
with routine home visitation activities?
Or should home visit only be reserved
for those patients more at risk
or with serious conditions or needs?
>> Yeah. So if you are -- if you have an
employer and your employer is recommending
or asking you to continue to conduct home
visits, I would hope and would advocate
for that employer to provide you with the
appropriate personal protective equipment.
As well as some of the safety precautions
and protocols that Colleen mentioned before.
So if you don't have training in universal
precautions, if you do not have access
to gloves, hand sanitizer and appropriate
cloth masks, if you are not able to conduct
that home visit and maintain a social distance
of six feet or more while you're conducting
that visit -- and if this
is not a priority visit,
if there is a way to conduct the same
service in a no-touch or a low-touch fashion,
I am advocating for your safety and for
the safety of your peers, your coworkers,
your family members that you do all that you
can to protect yourself and your clients.
So work with your employer.
Make sure that you understand and that you
receive training as we mentioned earlier
from a medical professional so that you really
understand how this novel coronavirus is
transmitted or how it can infect you.
Understand the risks of the
clients that you may be serving.
And if they're at high risk, do what you
can to reduce that risk by practicing
and applying all of those safety precautions.
>> We're reaching the time to
almost conclude our webinar today.
But I want to leave you,
Colleen, the last question.
And this one is, why is an N95 not
recommended to wear during a home visit?
>> So these masks are being reserved
for healthcare professionals right now.
And so I'm not sure that we've provided at
CDC any recommendations for home visits yet.
But that is the guidance we have right now,
is the N95 masks are recommended
for healthcare professionals.
But I think it's important
to talk to your employer.
And I would advise you to go to the
CDC website and look at those pages
for healthcare professionals and what's
being recommended to protect yourself
and protect others and be knowledgeable
of that and talk with your employer.
>> So we have reached five-oh-one PM.
We should be concluding the webinar.
Ladies, please go ahead and
conclude the webinar for today.
Thank you very much for being with us.
Please conclude the webinar.
>> Thank you.
It's been great and these questions have
all been helpful, helpful discussion.
And it's been great to hear Denise as well.
>> Thank you, everyone.
Thank you, Betsy and Colleen
and all the team at CDC.
And for everyone on the call, my
prayers are with you and your family
and your community during this time.
>> Slides and webinar are going
to be available pretty soon.
Stay tuned.
Some of the questions that have
been raised will not be forgotten.
So stay tuned.
We're going to be coming back to you.
Thank you very much.
>> Thank you, bye.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Danish:
Yo guys Kieran fra Street Soccer
International her og velkommen til
dagens video noget lidt
anderledes en unboxing godt ikke korrekt
unboxing fordi min datter ønskede mig at
Åbn posen tidligere, så det er allerede
åben i grunden har vi fået en masse
spørgsmål af jer, hvilken bold var der
Jack Downer bruger i sindssyge
Street færdigheder video han brugte en af
Disse typer bolde, som er en Monta Ball
bold nu tror jeg, jeg har ret meget
version han havde på ham på det tidspunkt
helt sikkert da det var nærende mig det
det er hele kigget på det, du kan se
Monta skiltet og dette er shredderen
dette er Monta Jeg synes, det er deres
nyeste produkt ud som er shredder
bold meget lyse flotte farver her
naturligvis i videoen vi har nede
og på Pannahouse World
Mesterskaber bolden er meget falmet
hvad sker der med disse bolde som dig
kan se, men du får meget ud af det
Arabic:
يا شباب كيران من شارع كرة القدم
الدولية هنا ومرحبا بكم
فيديو اليوم شيء قليلا
مختلفة بشكل غير صحيح وليس صحيح
سبب unboxing ابنتي أرادتني أن
فتح الحقيبة في وقت سابق لذلك بالفعل
فتح في الأساس كنا تحصل على الكثير من
الأسئلة من قبلك يا رفاق ما كانت الكرة
جاك داونر يستخدم في المجانين
فيديو مهارات الشارع كان يستخدم واحدة من
هذه الأنواع الكرات التي هي مونتا الكرة
الكرة الآن أعتقد أنني حصلت على حد كبير
نسخة لديه على ذلك الوقت
بالتأكيد عندما كان جوزة الطيب لي ذلك
هذا هو النظرة الكاملة في ذلك يمكنك أن ترى
علامة مونتا وهذا هو التقطيع
هذا هو مونتا وأعتقد أنه من
أحدث المنتجات التي هي التقطيع
الكرة ألوان جميلة مشرقة جدا هنا
من الواضح في الفيديو لدينا أسفل
وعلى عالم Pannahouse
بطولات الكرة تلاشت كثيرا
الذي يحدث لهذه الكرات مثلك
يمكن أن نرى ولكنك تحصل على الكثير من الاستخدام
iw:
יו חבר 'ה Kieran מ כדורגל רחוב
הבינלאומי כאן וברוכים הבאים
הווידאו של היום משהו קצת
שונה היטב unboxing לא תקין
ללא שם: unboxing לגרום הבת שלי רצה שאני
לפתוח את התיק קודם לכן אז זה כבר
פתוח בעצם אנחנו כבר מקבל הרבה
שאלות על ידי חבר 'ה מה הכדור היה
ג'ק דאונר משתמש בטירוף
רחוב מיומנויות וידאו הוא משתמש באחד
אלה סוגים של כדורים שהוא כדור מונטה
הכדור עכשיו אני חושב שאני די הרבה
גרסה שהיתה לו עליו באותה עת
בוודאי כאשר זה היה מטורף אותי כך
זה כל המבט שאפשר לראות
את השלט מונטה וזה המגרסה
זה מונטה אני חושב שזה שלהם
המוצר האחרון אשר הוא המגרסה
הכדור צבעים מאוד בהיר נחמד כאן
כמובן בסרטון שאנחנו למטה
ועל עולם פאנהאוס
אליפויות הכדור הוא דהוי הרבה
אשר קורה כדורים אלה כמוך
אבל אתה יכול לעשות הרבה שימוש החוצה
Gujarati:
સ્ટ્રીટ સોકરથી યો ગાય્સ કિરાન
અહીં આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય અને સ્વાગત છે
આજે વિડિઓ કંઈક થોડી
વિભિન્ન અનબૉક્સિંગ સારી નથી
મારી પુત્રી મને કરવા માગે છે કારણ કે unboxing કારણ
અગાઉ બેગ ખોલી તેથી તે પહેલેથી જ છે
મૂળભૂત રીતે આપણે ઘણું બધુ મેળવીએ છીએ
તમે ગાય્સ દ્વારા કયા પ્રશ્નો બોલ હતા
જેક ડાઉનરેરનો ઉપયોગ કરીને પાગલ
સ્ટ્રીટ કુશળતા વિડિઓ તેમણે એક ઉપયોગ કરી રહ્યા હતા
આ પ્રકારના દડાઓ જે મોન્ટા બોલ છે
બોલ હવે મને લાગે છે કે હું ખૂબ ખૂબ મળી
આવૃત્તિ તે સમયે તેમના પર હતી
ચોક્કસપણે જ્યારે તે મને જંતુનાશક હતી તેથી
તે તેના પર સંપૂર્ણ દેખાવ છે જે તમે જોઈ શકો છો
Monta સાઇન અને આ કટકા કરનાર છે
આ મોન્ટા છે મને લાગે છે કે તે તેમના છે
કટકા કરનાર છે જે તાજેતરની ઉત્પાદન બહાર
બોલ ખૂબ જ તેજસ્વી સરસ રંગો અહીં
દેખીતી રીતે વિડિઓ અમે નીચે મળી છે
અને પન્નાહાઉસ વિશ્વ પર
ચેમ્પીયનશીપ બોલ ખૂબ ઝાંખુ છે
જે આ દડાને તમે થતાં નથી
જોઈ શકે છે પરંતુ તમને ઘણો ઉપયોગ થાય છે
Indonesian:
Yo guys Kieran dari Street Soccer
Internasional di sini dan selamat datang
video hari ini sesuatu yang sedikit
berbeda dengan unboxing dengan baik tidak tepat
unboxing menyebabkan putri saya menginginkan saya
buka tas tadi jadi sudah
buka pada dasarnya kami sudah mendapatkan banyak
pertanyaan oleh kalian apa bola itu
Jack Downer menggunakan gila
Video keterampilan jalanan yang ia gunakan salah satunya
bola jenis ini yang merupakan Bola Monta
bola sekarang saya pikir saya cukup banyak mendapat
versi yang dia miliki pada saat itu
tentu ketika itu pala saya begitu
itulah keseluruhan tampilan yang bisa Anda lihat
tanda Monta dan ini adalah shredder
ini Monta Saya pikir itu milik mereka
produk terbaru yang merupakan shredder
bola warna bagus sangat cerah di sini
jelas dalam video yang kami turunkan
dan di Pannahouse World
Kejuaraan bola banyak memudar
yang terjadi pada bola-bola ini seperti dirimu
dapat melihat tetapi Anda mendapatkan banyak penggunaan
Italian:
Yo guys Kieran di Street Soccer
Internazionale qui e benvenuto
video di oggi qualcosa di un po '
diverso un pozzo unboxing non corretto
unboxing perché mia figlia voleva che lo facessi
apri la borsa prima così è già
open in pratica ne abbiamo ricavate molte
domande da voi ragazzi che cosa fosse la palla
Jack Downer usa il pazzo
Video di abilità di strada che stava usando
questi tipi di palle che è una Monta Ball
palla ora penso di aver praticamente ottenuto il
versione che aveva su di lui in quel momento
certamente quando mi stava mordicchiando così
questo è l'intero sguardo che puoi vedere
il segno di Monta e questo è lo shredder
questo è Monta, penso che sia loro
ultimo prodotto fuori che è lo shredder
palla colori molto vivaci qui
ovviamente nel video ci siamo abbassati
e sul Pannahouse World
Campionati la palla è molto sbiadita
che succede a queste palle come te
puoi vedere ma hai un sacco di utilizzo
German:
Yo Jungs Kieran von Street Soccer
International hier und willkommen bei
heutiges Video etwas ein bisschen
anders ein unboxing gut nicht richtig
Unboxing, weil meine Tochter mich wollte
Öffne die Tasche früher, also ist es schon
offen im Grunde haben wir eine Menge bekommen
Fragen von euch Jungs, was für ein Ball war
Jack Downer mit den Wahnsinnigen
Street Skills Video benutzte er eines von
diese Arten Bälle, die ein Monta Ball ist
Ball jetzt denke ich, dass ich ziemlich viel habe
Version hatte er auf ihn zur Zeit
sicher, als es mich so verpflegte
Das ist der ganze Blick darauf, den du sehen kannst
das Monta-Zeichen und das ist der Schredder
Das ist Monta. Ich denke, es ist ihre
das neueste Produkt, welches der Shredder ist
Ball sehr helle schöne Farben hier
offensichtlich in dem Video, das wir haben
und auf der Pannahouse-Welt
Meisterschaften Der Ball ist sehr verblasst
was passiert mit diesen Kugeln wie du
kann sehen, aber Sie bekommen viel Nutzen aus
Thai:
Yo guys Kieran จาก Street Soccer
International ที่นี่และยินดีต้อนรับสู่
วิดีโอวันนี้มีอะไรนิดหน่อย
ที่แตกต่างกัน unboxing ดีไม่เหมาะสม
ทำให้ลูกสาวของฉันต้องการฉัน
เปิดกระเป๋าก่อนหน้านี้จึงมีอยู่แล้ว
เปิดกว้างเราได้รับจำนวนมาก
คำถามโดยพวกคุณว่าลูกบอลเป็นอะไร
แจ็ค Downer ใช้ในบ้า
วิดีโอทักษะ Street เขาใช้หนึ่งใน
เหล่านี้ลูกประเภทซึ่งเป็นบอล Monta
ลูกบอลตอนนี้ฉันคิดว่าฉันสวยมาก
รุ่นที่เขามีกับเขาในเวลา
แน่นอนเมื่อมัน nutmegging ฉันเช่นนั้น
นั่นคือรูปลักษณ์ทั้งหมดที่คุณสามารถมองเห็นได้
เครื่องหมาย Monta และนี่คือเครื่องหั่นย่อย
นี่คือ Monta ฉันคิดว่ามันเป็นของพวกเขา
ผลิตภัณฑ์ใหม่ล่าสุดซึ่งเป็นเครื่องหั่นย่อย
ลูกบอลสีสดใสดีมากที่นี่
ชัดในวิดีโอที่เราได้ลง
และบนโลก Pannahouse
ชิงแชมป์บอลเป็นจำนวนมากจางหายไป
ที่เกิดขึ้นกับลูกเหล่านี้ตามคุณ
สามารถมองเห็น แต่คุณจะได้รับประโยชน์จากการใช้งานมาก
Dutch:
Yo jongens Kieran van Street Soccer
Internationaal hier en welkom bij
de video van vandaag iets een beetje
anders een unboxing is niet goed
unboxing want mijn dochter wilde dat ik dat deed
open de tas eerder dus het is alweer
open in principe hebben we veel gekregen
vragen van jullie, wat een bal was was
Jack Downer gebruikt krankzinnigen
Video over straatvaardigheden die hij gebruikte van een van
deze soorten ballen die een Monta Ball is
bal nu denk ik dat ik de
versie die hij op tijd had
zeker toen het me zo nutmuskeerde
dat is de hele blik die je kunt zien
het Monta-bord en dit is de shredder
dit is Monta, ik denk dat het van hen is
nieuwste product dat de shredder is
bal erg heldere mooie kleuren hier
natuurlijk in de video die we hebben gemaakt
en op de Pannahouse World
Kampioenschappen de bal is een beetje vervaagd
wat met deze ballen gebeurt als jij
kan zien, maar je krijgt er wel veel gebruik van
Hindi:
स्ट्रीट सॉकर से यो लोग कियरन
यहां अंतर्राष्ट्रीय और आपका स्वागत है
आज का वीडियो थोड़ा सा है
अलग एक अनबॉक्सिंग अच्छी तरह से उचित नहीं है
अनबॉक्सिंग कारण मेरी बेटी मुझे चाहता था
पहले बैग खोलें ताकि यह पहले से ही हो
मूल रूप से खुले तौर पर हमें बहुत कुछ मिल रहा है
आपके द्वारा प्रश्न क्या लड़के थे
पागल में उपयोग कर जैक डाउनर
स्ट्रीट कौशल वीडियो वह एक का उपयोग कर रहा था
इन प्रकार की गेंदें जो मोंटा बॉल है
गेंद अब मुझे लगता है कि मुझे काफी मिला है
उस समय उनके पास संस्करण था
निश्चित रूप से जब यह मुझे nutmegging था
यह पूरी तरह से देखो आप देख सकते हैं
मोंटा साइन और यह श्रेडर है
यह मोंटा है मुझे लगता है कि यह उनका है
नवीनतम उत्पाद जो श्रेडर है
गेंद यहाँ बहुत उज्ज्वल अच्छे रंग
स्पष्ट रूप से वीडियो में हम नीचे आ गए हैं
और पन्नाहाउस वर्ल्ड पर
चैम्पियनशिप गेंद बहुत फीका है
जो आप के रूप में इन गेंदों के साथ होता है
देख सकते हैं लेकिन आप बहुत उपयोग करते हैं
Vietnamese:
Yo Kieran từ Street Soccer
Quốc tế ở đây và chào mừng bạn đến
video của ngày hôm nay
khác nhau một unboxing cũng không thích hợp
unboxing khiến con gái tôi muốn tôi
mở túi trước đó để nó đã
về cơ bản, chúng tôi đã nhận được rất nhiều
câu hỏi của các bạn quả bóng là gì
Jack Downer sử dụng trong điên
Video kỹ năng đường phố anh ấy đang sử dụng một trong
những loại quả bóng đó là một quả bóng Monta
bóng bây giờ tôi nghĩ rằng tôi khá nhiều có
phiên bản anh ấy có vào anh ấy vào thời điểm đó
chắc chắn khi nó nhục mạ tôi
đó là toàn bộ cái nhìn vào nó, bạn có thể thấy
dấu hiệu Monta và đây là máy hủy tài liệu
đây là Monta tôi nghĩ đó là của họ
sản phẩm mới nhất ra là máy hủy tài liệu
bóng màu sắc rất tươi sáng ở đây
rõ ràng là trong video chúng tôi đã
và trên thế giới Pannahouse
Vô địch bóng rất nhiều đã bị mờ
điều này xảy ra với những quả bóng này như bạn
có thể thấy nhưng bạn nhận được rất nhiều sử dụng
Korean:
Street Soccer의 Yo guys Kieran
국제 여기에 오신 것을 환영합니다.
오늘의 비디오 조금
다른 언 박싱 우물은 적합하지 않다.
내 딸이 나를 원해 왔어.
가방을 일찍 열어서 벌써
기본적으로 우리는 많은 것을 얻었습니다.
너 무슨 질문을 했니?
잭 다우 너는 미친 사람을 사용하여
그가 사용했던 스트리트 스킬 비디오
몬타 공인이 유형의 공
이제 공을 거의 가지고 있다고 생각합니다.
그는 그에게 그에게 걸린 버전
확실하게 그것이 나를 그렇게 nutmegging했을 때.
그게 너가 볼 수있는 전체 모습이야.
몬타 사인과 이것은 분쇄기입니다.
이건 몬타 야.
최신 제품은 분쇄기입니다.
매우 밝은 색 좋은 여기 공
분명히 우리가 가지고있는 비디오에서
그리고 Pannahouse 세계에
챔피언 쉽 공이 많이 흐려집니다.
너처럼이 공들에게 일어나는 일이야.
볼 수는 있지만 많이 사용하지는 않습니다.
Japanese:
ストリートサッカーからのYoの男Kieran
インターナショナルはこちら
今日のビデオはちょっと何か
異なったアンボックスの井戸は適切ではない
私の娘が私に
前もってバッグを開けるので、すでに
基本的に私たちはたくさんの
あなたがボールをどのようにしていたかという質問
ジャックダウナーは、狂人で使用する
彼が使っていたストリートスキルビデオ
モンタボールであるこれらのタイプのボール
ボールは今私がかなり得たと思う
彼がその時に彼に持っていたバージョン
確かにそれは私をそばにしていたとき
それはあなたが見ることができる全体を見ている
モンタのサインとこれはシュレッダーです
これはモンタだと思う
最新の製品はシュレッダーです
非常に明るい素敵な色のボールはここに
明らかにビデオでは私たちはダウンしている
パンナハウスの世界
選手権はボールが大きく色あせています
あなたと同じようにこれらのボールに起こる
あなたが見ることができますが、あなたは多くの使用を得る
Russian:
Йо парни Киран из Street Soccer
Международный здесь и приветствуем
сегодняшнее видео что-то немного
различная распаковка хорошо не подходит
unboxing, потому что моя дочь хотела, чтобы я
откройте сумку раньше, так что уже
открытые в основном мы получали много
вопросы, вы, ребята, какой мяч был
Джек Даунер использует в сумасшедшем
Уличные навыки видео он использовал один из
эти типы шаров, которые являются Monta Ball
Теперь я думаю, что я в значительной степени получил
версия, которую он имел на нем во время
конечно, когда это меня мучило
вот и весь взгляд на это вы можете видеть
знак Монты, и это измельчитель
это Монта, я думаю, что это их
последний продукт, который является измельчителем
Здесь очень яркие яркие цвета
очевидно, в видео, которое мы получили
и в мире Паннахауза
Чемпионаты по мячу сильно поблекли
что происходит с этими шарами, поскольку вы
может видеть, но вы получаете много пользы
English:
Yo guys Kieran from Street Soccer
International here and welcome to
today's video something a little
different an unboxing well not proper
unboxing cause my daughter wanted me to
open the bag earlier so it's already
open basically we've been getting a lot of
questions by you guys what ball were was
Jack Downer using in the insane
Street skills video he was using one of
these types balls which is a Monta Ball
ball now I think I pretty much got the
version he had on him on the time
certainly when it was nutmegging me so
that's the whole look at it you can see
the Monta sign and this is the shredder
this is Monta I think it's their
latest product out which is the shredder
ball very bright nice colors here
obviously in the video we've got down
and on the Pannahouse World
Championships the ball is a lot faded
which does happen to these balls as you
Spanish:
Yo chicos Kieran de Street Soccer
Internacional aquí y bienvenido a
el video de hoy algo un poco
diferente un unboxing bien no es apropiado
unboxing porque mi hija quería que yo
abre la bolsa antes, así que ya está
abrir, básicamente, hemos estado recibiendo una gran cantidad de
preguntas de ustedes, qué bola era
Jack Downer usando en locura
Video de habilidades callejeras que estaba usando uno de
estos tipos bolas que es una Bola Monta
bola ahora creo que prácticamente obtuve el
versión que tenía sobre él en el momento
Ciertamente cuando me estaba dando vueltas tan
esa es toda la mirada que se puede ver
el signo de Monta y esta es la trituradora
esto es Monta, creo que es su
último producto que es la trituradora
bola muy brillantes colores agradables aquí
obviamente en el video que tenemos abajo
y en el mundo de Pannahouse
Campeonatos, la pelota está muy desvanecida
que le sucede a estas bolas como tú
puede ver, pero se obtiene un gran uso
French:
Yo les gars de Street Soccer
International ici et bienvenue à
la vidéo d'aujourd'hui quelque chose un peu
différent un unboxing bien pas approprié
cause déballage ma fille voulait que je
ouvrir le sac plus tôt pour qu'il soit déjà
ouvert essentiellement nous avons eu beaucoup de
des questions par vous les gars étaient balle
Jack Downer utilise dans la folie
Street compétences vidéo, il utilisait l'un des
ces types de balles qui est une balle Monta
balle maintenant je pense que j'ai à peu près la
version qu'il avait sur lui le temps
certainement quand il était me museler si
c'est tout ce que vous pouvez voir
le signe Monta et c'est le déchiqueteur
c'est Monta je pense que c'est leur
dernier produit qui est le broyeur
balle très brillante de belles couleurs ici
évidemment dans la vidéo, nous avons baissé
et sur le monde de Pannahouse
Championnats la balle est beaucoup fanée
qui arrive à ces boules comme vous
peut voir, mais vous obtenez beaucoup d'utilisation
Afrikaans:
Julle ouens Kieran van Street Soccer
Internasionaal hier en welkom by
vandag se video iets 'n bietjie
anders 'n unboxing goed nie behoorlik nie
Unboxing omdat my dogter my wou hê
Maak die sak vroeër oop sodat dit alreeds is
oop basies ons het baie gekry
Vrae vir julle wat die bal was
Jack Downer gebruik in die krankzinnige
Straatvaardigheidsvideo hy gebruik een van
hierdie tipe balle wat 'n Monta Ball is
bal nou ek dink ek het pretty much die
weergawe wat hy op hom gehad het
beslis toe dit my so vermag het
dit is die hele blik op dit wat jy kan sien
die Monta-teken en dit is die shredder
dit is Monta Ek dink dit is hulle
nuutste produk wat die shredder is
bal baie helder mooi kleure hier
natuurlik in die video het ons afgekom
en op die Pannahouse World
Kampioenskappe die bal is baie vervaag
wat gebeur met hierdie balle soos jy
kan sien, maar jy kry baie gebruik uit
Portuguese:
Yo guys Kieran da Street Soccer
Internacional aqui e bem vindo a
vídeo de hoje algo um pouco
diferente um unboxing bem não apropriado
unboxing causa minha filha queria que eu
abra o saco mais cedo por isso já é
abra basicamente temos recebido muito
perguntas por vocês que bola foram foi
Jack Downer usando no insano
Vídeo de habilidades de rua, ele estava usando um dos
estes tipos de bolas que é uma bola de Monta
bola agora eu acho que praticamente tenho o
versão que ele tinha sobre ele no tempo
Certamente, quando foi noz-me assim
essa é a aparência toda, você pode ver
o sinal de Monta e este é o triturador
este é Monta eu acho que é a sua
mais recente produto fora, que é o desfibrador
bola cores muito brilhantes agradáveis aqui
Obviamente, no vídeo que temos para baixo
e no Pannahouse World
Campeonatos a bola está muito desbotada
o que acontece com essas bolas como você
pode ver, mas você tem um monte de uso
Portuguese:
deles vamos bombear e nós vamos ter
um pouco mais olhar em detalhes
ok então estamos aqui testando o
Monta triturador de tudo o que eu só vou trazer
Silas em que ele está me ajudando Silas é um
Mansfield Town está na bolsa de estudos
programa certo sim, então ele não é mais de um
futebolista de rua ele é mais de um regular
jogador de futebol para que você possa fazer certo
as pessoas precisam ser muito melhores que eu
em termos de mover esses espaços e
posições e que por isso estamos usando um bom
chance de testar essa bola, minha opinião
bola novamente II não quis dizer assim
bola em um primeiro desculpe esteticamente é
não a bola mais bonita que eles tiveram
Russian:
из них давайте накачать его, и у нас будет
немного подробнее об этом подробнее
хорошо, поэтому мы здесь тестируем
Монта измельчитель всего, что я собираюсь принести
Сайлас, он помогает мне. Сайлас - это
Город Мэнсфилд находится на стипендии
правильно, да, он не больше
уличный футболист, он больше обычного
футболистом, чтобы вы могли сделать
люди должны быть намного лучше меня
с точки зрения перемещения этого пространства и
позиции, и поэтому мы используем хорошие
шанс проверить этот мяч, мое мнение
Мяч снова II не означал так
мяч в первый жаль эстетически это
не самый красивый, у них был
Dutch:
van hen laten we het oppompen en we zullen hebben
een beetje meer uitstraling ervan in detail
Oké, dus we zijn hier aan het testen
Monta shredder van alles wat ik ga brengen
Silas, hij helpt me. Silas is een
Mansfield Town is op de beurs
programmeer goed ja, dus hij is niet meer een
straat voetballer hij is meer een normale
voetballer, zodat je bepaalde dingen kunt doen
mensen moeten veel beter zijn dan ik
in termen van het verplaatsen van deze ruimte en
posities en dat gebruiken we dus goed
kans om deze bal te testen, mijn mening de
weer bal II bedoelde niet zo
bal in een eerste spijt esthetisch het is
niet de best uitziende bal die ze hebben gehad
Hindi:
उनमें से चलो इसे पंप करें और हमारे पास होगा
विस्तार से इसका थोड़ा और देखो
ठीक है तो हम यहां परीक्षण कर रहे हैं
मोंटा श्रेडर मैं बस लाने वाला हूँ
सिलास की मदद से वह मुझे सिलास है
मैन्सफील्ड टाउन छात्रवृत्ति पर है
कार्यक्रम सही हाँ तो वह एक से अधिक नहीं है
सड़क फुटबॉलर वह नियमित रूप से अधिक है
फुटबॉल खिलाड़ी ताकि आप निश्चित कर सकें
लोगों को मुझसे ज्यादा बेहतर होना चाहिए
इन जगहों को स्थानांतरित करने के मामले में और
पदों और इसलिए हम एक अच्छा उपयोग कर रहे हैं
इस गेंद का परीक्षण करने का मौका, मेरी राय
गेंद फिर से द्वितीय इस तरह का मतलब नहीं था
पहली बार माफ करना मूल रूप से यह माफ करना है
उनके पास सबसे अच्छी दिखने वाली गेंद नहीं है
German:
von ihnen lassen wir es aufpumpen und wir werden es tun
ein bisschen mehr davon im Detail
okay, also sind wir hier draußen testen die
Monta Schredder von allem, was ich nur bringen werde
Silas auf, er hilft mir Silas ist ein
Mansfield Town ist auf dem Stipendium
Programm richtig ja, also ist er nicht mehr a
Straßenfußballer ist er eher regelmäßig
Fußballspieler, so können Sie sicher sein
Menschen müssen viel besser sein als ich
in Bezug auf die Bewegung dieser Raum und
Positionen und das verwenden wir ein gutes
Chance, diesen Ball zu testen, meine Meinung der
Ball wieder II meinte das nicht so
Ball in einer ersten Entschuldigung ästhetisch ist es
nicht der schönste Ball, den sie hatten
Japanese:
彼らはそれを汲み上げてみましょう
それをもう少し詳しく見る
大丈夫だからここで
私がちょうど持っているすべてのモンタシュレッダー
Silasは私を助けてくれているSilasは
マンスフィールドタウンは奨学金を受けています
プログラムはそうです
ストリートサッカー選手
あなたが特定のことをすることができるようにサッカー選手
人々は私よりずっと良いことが必要です
これらの空間を動かすという点で
私たちは良いものを使っています
このボールをテストするチャンス、私の意見
再びボールIIはこのような意味ではなかった
申し訳ありませんが、審美的にはボールです
彼らが持っていた最も美しいボールではない
Vietnamese:
trong số chúng ta hãy bơm nó lên và chúng ta sẽ có
một chút chi tiết hơn về nó một cách chi tiết
được rồi, vì vậy chúng tôi ra đây thử nghiệm
Monta shredder của tất cả tôi sẽ mang
Silas về anh ấy giúp tôi Silas là một
Mansfield Town là học bổng
chương trình phải vâng vì vậy anh ta không nhiều hơn một
cầu thủ bóng đá đường phố anh ấy thường xuyên hơn
cầu thủ bóng đá để bạn có thể làm
mọi người cần tốt hơn tôi nhiều
về việc di chuyển các không gian này và
vị trí và vì vậy chúng tôi đang sử dụng tốt
cơ hội để kiểm tra quả bóng này, ý kiến của tôi
bóng một lần nữa II không có nghĩa là như thế này
bóng trong một xin lỗi đầu tiên thẩm mỹ nó
không phải là quả bóng đẹp nhất mà họ đã có
Danish:
af dem lad os pumpe det op og vi får det
lidt mere kig på det i detaljer
okay så vi er her testet
Monta shredder af alt, hvad jeg bare skal medbringe
Silas, han hjælper mig Silas er en
Mansfield Town er på stipendiet
program lige ja så han er ikke mere af a
street fodboldspiller han er mere af en regelmæssig
fodboldspiller så du kan gøre visse
folk skal være meget bedre end mig
i form af at flytte disse rum og
stillinger og det gør vi så godt
chance for at teste denne bold, min mening
bolden igen, jeg betød ikke sådan
bolden i en første beklager æstetisk det er
ikke den bedste bue, de har haft
Afrikaans:
van hulle laat ons dit oppomp en ons sal hê
'n bietjie meer kyk daarvan in detail
okay so ons is hier besig om die
Monta shredder van alles wat ek net gaan bring
Silas op hy help my Silas is a
Mansfield Town is op die beurs
program reg ja so hy is nie meer van a nie
straat sokker is hy meer van 'n gereelde
sokker speler, sodat jy kan seker maak
mense moet baie beter as ek wees
in terme van die verskuiwing van hierdie spasie en
posisies en so gebruik ons 'n goeie
kans om hierdie bal te toets, my mening die
weer bal Ek het nie so bedoel nie
bal in 'n eerste jammer esteties dit is
nie die beste bal wat hulle gehad het nie
English:
can see but you do get a lot of use out
of them let's pump it up and we'll have
a little more look of it in detail
okay so we are out here testing the
Monta shredder of all I'm just gonna bring
Silas on he's helping me Silas is a
Mansfield Town is on the scholarship
program right yeah so he's not more of a
street footballer he's more of a regular
football player so you can do certain
people needs to be a lot better than me
in terms of moving these space and
positions and that so we're using a good
chance to test this ball, my opinion the
ball again I I didn't mean like this
ball in a first sorry aesthetically it's
not the best-looking ball they have had
iw:
של אותם בואו נשאוב את זה ואנחנו נהיה
עוד קצת מבט על זה בפירוט
בסדר אז אנחנו כאן בדיקות
מונטה Shredder של כל אני רק הולך להביא
סלאס על זה שהוא עוזר לי סלאס הוא
מנספילד טאון הוא על המלגה
תוכנית כן כן אז הוא לא יותר
שחקן כדורגל ברחוב הוא יותר קבוע
שחקן כדורגל, כך שאתה יכול לעשות מסוימים
אנשים צריכים להיות הרבה יותר טוב ממני
במונחים של העברת החלל
עמדות ולכן אנחנו משתמשים טוב
הזדמנות לבדוק את הכדור הזה, לדעתי
הכדור שוב לא התכוונתי ככה
הכדור הראשון מצטער אסתטית זה
לא את הכדור הכי טוב שיש להם
Italian:
di loro lo pompiamo e lo faremo
un po 'più in dettaglio
okay, siamo qui a testare il
Monta shredder di tutto quello che sto per portare
Silas su mi sta aiutando Silas è un
Mansfield Town è sulla borsa di studio
programma giusto sì, quindi non è più di un
il calciatore di strada è più normale
calciatore per cui puoi essere sicuro
le persone devono essere molto meglio di me
in termini di spostamento di questi spazi e
posizioni e che quindi stiamo usando un bene
possibilità di testare questa palla, il mio parere il
palla di nuovo II non intendeva questo
palla in un primo scusa esteticamente è
non è la palla più bella che abbia mai avuto
Indonesian:
dari mereka mari memompanya dan kita akan memilikinya
sedikit lebih memeriksanya secara detail
oke jadi kita di sini menguji
Monta shredder dari semua yang aku bawa
Silas pada dia membantu saya Silas adalah a
Mansfield Town ada di beasiswa
program yang tepat ya jadi dia tidak lebih dari
Pesepakbola jalanan dia lebih dari biasa
pemain sepak bola sehingga Anda bisa memastikan
orang perlu jauh lebih baik daripada saya
dalam hal memindahkan ruang ini dan
posisi dan itu jadi kami menggunakan yang baik
kesempatan untuk menguji bola ini, pendapat saya
Bola lagi II tidak berarti seperti ini
bola di pertama menyesal estetis itu
bukan bola dengan penampilan terbaik yang mereka miliki
Arabic:
من لهم دعونا ضخه وسنكون لدينا
أكثر من ذلك بقليل بالتفصيل
حسنا لذلك نحن هنا اختبار
مونتا التقطيع من كل ما أنا سأحضر
سيلاس على انه يساعدني سيلاس هو
مانسفيلد تاون على المنحة الدراسية
برنامج صحيح نعم حتى انه ليس أكثر من
لاعب كرة قدم في الشارع هو أكثر من العادية
لاعب كرة قدم حتى تتمكن من القيام بعمل معين
يجب أن يكون الناس أفضل مني بكثير
من حيث نقل هذه المساحة و
المواقف وهذا ما نستخدمه جيدًا
فرصة لاختبار هذه الكرة ، رأيي في
الكرة مرة أخرى الثاني لم يكن يعني هذا
الكرة في أول آسف من الناحية الجمالية
ليس أفضل كرة تبدو لديهم
Gujarati:
તેમને તે પંપ દો અને અમે પડશે
વિગતવાર તે થોડી વધુ દેખાવ
ઠીક છે તેથી અમે અહીં પરીક્ષણ કરી રહ્યા છીએ
મોન્ટા કટકા કરનાર બધા હું લાવવા જ છું
સિલાસ મને મદદ કરી રહ્યો છે તે સિલાસ છે
મેન્સફિલ્ડ ટાઉન સ્કોલરશીપ પર છે
કાર્યક્રમ હા હા જેથી તેઓ એક વધુ નથી
શેરી ફૂટબોલર તે વધુ નિયમિત છે
ફૂટબોલ ખેલાડી જેથી તમે ચોક્કસ કરી શકો છો
લોકોએ મારા કરતા ઘણું સારું હોવું જોઈએ
આ જગ્યા ખસેડવાની દ્રષ્ટિએ અને
સ્થિતિ અને તે એટલા સારા છે કે અમે તેનો ઉપયોગ કરી રહ્યાં છીએ
આ બોલ ચકાસવા માટે તક, મારા મતે
બોલ ફરી બીજાનો આનો અર્થ એ નથી થતો
પ્રથમ માફ સૌમ્ય સૌંદર્યલક્ષી તે બોલ છે
તેઓ પાસે સૌથી શ્રેષ્ઠ દેખાવ નથી
Thai:
ของพวกเขาให้ปั๊มขึ้นและเราจะมี
ดูเพิ่มเติมในรายละเอียด
เอาล่ะเรามาที่นี่เพื่อทดสอบ
Monta shredder จากทั้งหมดที่ฉันเพิ่งจะนำมา
Silas กับเขาช่วยฉัน Silas คือ
Mansfield Town อยู่ในทุนการศึกษา
โปรแกรมใช่ใช่เพื่อให้เขาไม่มากของ a
เขาเป็นคนปกติมากขึ้น
ฟุตบอลเพื่อให้คุณสามารถทำบางอย่าง
คนต้องดีกว่าฉันมาก
ในแง่ของการย้ายพื้นที่เหล่านี้และ
ตำแหน่งและเพื่อให้เราใช้ดี
โอกาสที่จะทดสอบบอลนี้ความคิดของฉัน
บอลอีกครั้ง II ไม่ได้หมายความอย่างนี้
ลูกในครั้งแรกขอโทษ aesthetically ก็
ไม่ใช่ลูกที่ดูดีที่สุดที่พวกเขามี
Spanish:
de ellos vamos a bombearlo y tendremos
un poco más de detalle en detalle
bien, entonces estamos aquí probando el
Monta trituradora de todo lo que voy a traer
Silas me está ayudando Silas es un
Mansfield Town está becado
programa bien, sí, así que no es más de un
futbolista callejero él es más de un habitual
jugador de fútbol para que pueda hacer ciertas
la gente tiene que ser mucho mejor que yo
en términos de mover estos espacios y
posiciones y eso, así que estamos usando un buen
oportunidad de probar esta pelota, mi opinión la
bola de nuevo II no significaba esto
bola en un primer lo siento estéticamente es
no es la pelota más bonita que han tenido
Korean:
그 (것)들의 펌프는 그것을 위로 양수하고 우리는
세부 사항에 대한 좀 더 자세히 살펴 보자.
좋습니다. 그래서 우리는 여기에서
내가 가져올 모든 것의 몬타 슈 레더.
실라가 나를 도와주고있어 실라가
맨스필드 타운 장학금에
프로그램 그래, 그래서 그는 더 이상 아니에요.
거리 축구가 더 많아.
당신이 확실하게 할 수있는 축구 선수
사람들은 나보다 훨씬 더 잘해야한다.
이 공간을 움직이는 관점에서
우리는 좋은 것을 사용하고 있습니다.
이 공을 시험 할 기회, 내 생각은
다시 II가 이런 뜻이 아니 었어.
처음에는 공을 미학적으로 미안하다.
그들이 가진 가장 잘 생긴 공이 아니라
French:
d'entre eux nous allons pomper et nous aurons
un peu plus en détail
ok donc nous sommes ici pour tester la
Monta déchiqueteuse de tout ce que je vais juste apporter
Silas sur mon aide Silas est un
Mansfield Town est sur la bourse
programme bien ouais donc il n'est plus d'un
footballeur de rue, il est plus régulier
joueur de football afin que vous puissiez faire certains
les gens doivent être beaucoup mieux que moi
en termes de déplacement de ces espaces et
positions et que nous utilisons un bon
chance de tester cette balle, mon avis le
balle à nouveau II ne voulait pas dire comme ça
balle dans un premier désolé esthétiquement c'est
pas la meilleure balle qu'ils ont eu
Thai:
ออก แต่มันเติบโตขึ้นกับฉันเมื่อเวลาผ่านไป
และใช่มันดูดีมันคมชัดและ
สดใสคุณสามารถมองเห็นลูกได้ง่ายมาก
ทำให้สนุกกับการเล่นด้วย
มันไม่ได้จับมากเกินไปบนพื้นมัน
ดีสำหรับเช่นนั้นแล้ว SISM บอลสำหรับ
ว่าเพราะเขาช่วยจับที่ดี
โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งบนพื้นผิวแห้งนี้มี a
จำนวนมากของชิปเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ และหินในนี้
พื้นผิวที่เรากำลังเล่นอยู่และ SISM
ลูกบอลสามารถจับได้จริงๆในขณะที่นี้
มอนสเตอร์ดูเหมือนว่าจะเหินได้ง่ายกว่ามาก
Silas มาแล้วความคิดของคุณคืออะไร
ลูกเป็นอย่างดีก็มีเบาะที่ดีไป
รู้สึกไม่เป็นไรและไม่ยากเกินไป
นุ่มไม่มันมีด้ามจับที่ดีในนั้น
จับมันไม่ได้เป็น grippy เช่น
ลูก SISM แต่ก็มีด้ามจับเพียงพอ
คุณชอบ groundmoves ควบคุมมันย้าย
รอบดี ดังนั้นสิ่งที่ฉันจะทำคือผู้ชาย
French:
dehors mais il a grandi sur moi au fil du temps
et oui, il a l'air bien est-il pointu et
lumineux, vous pouvez voir la balle assez facilement
rend amusant de jouer avec
il n'y a pas trop de prise sur le sol c'est
mieux pour comme alors cette balle SISM pour
cela parce qu'il garde une bonne prise en main
en particulier sur cette surface sèche il y a un
beaucoup de petits copeaux et de pierres dans ce
surface sur laquelle nous jouons et le SISM
balle peut vraiment se faire attraper alors que cela
monstre semble glisser beaucoup plus facilement
So Silas il y a quelles sont vos pensées sur la
balle aussi, il a un bon coussin à elle
il se sent bien et ce n'est pas trop difficile ce n'est pas
à doux pas, il a une bonne prise en main
prise sur elle est pas à saisir comme le
Balles SISM mais il a assez de grip
donc comme vous déplacez le contrôle, il se déplace
autour du bien Donc ce que je vais faire c'est les gars
Danish:
men det er vokset på mig over tid
og ja det ser godt ud er det skarpt og
lyst kan du se bolden ganske let
gør det sjovt at lege med
Det er ikke for meget greb på gulvet, det er
bedre for da da denne SISM-bold til
det fordi han holder et godt greb
især på denne tørre overflade er der en
mange små chips og sten i dette
overflade vi spiller på og SISM
bolden kan blive rigtig fanget, mens dette
monster synes at glide meget lettere
så Silas siden hvad er dine tanker om
bolden har det også en god pude
det føles okay, og det er ikke for svært det er det ikke
at bløde ikke, det har et godt greb om det
greb om det, det er ikke grippy som
SISM bolde, men det har nok greb
så ligner du jordskærme, kontrollerer den, at den bevæger sig
omkring godt. Så hvad jeg skal gøre er fyre
German:
aber es ist im Laufe der Zeit auf mich gewachsen
und ja es sieht gut aus ist es scharf und
hell Sie können den Ball ziemlich leicht sehen
macht es Spaß mit ihm zu spielen
es ist nicht zu viel Halt auf dem Boden
besser für wie dann dieser SISM Ball für
weil er einen guten Griff behält
besonders auf dieser trockenen Oberfläche gibt es ein
viele kleine Chips und Steine in diesem
Oberfläche, auf der wir spielen, und der SISM
Ball kann währenddessen wirklich erwischt werden
Monster scheint viel leichter zu gleiten
Also, vor Silas, was denkst du über die
Ball auch, es hat ein gutes Polster dazu
es fühlt sich gut an und es ist nicht zu schwer es ist nicht
zu weich nicht, es hat einen guten Griff drauf
greife es an, es ist nicht zu grippy wie das
SISM Bälle, aber es hat genug Grip
so wie du gemurmelt hast, bewegt es sich
um gut. Also was ich machen werde, Jungs
Gujarati:
બહાર પરંતુ તે સમય જતાં મારા પર ઉગાડવામાં આવે છે
અને હા તે સારું દેખાય છે તે તીક્ષ્ણ છે અને
તેજસ્વી તમે ખૂબ સરળતાથી બોલ જોઈ શકો છો
તેની સાથે રમવાનું આનંદદાયક બનાવે છે
તે ફ્લોર પર તે ખૂબ પકડ નથી
આના માટે આ SISM બોલની જેમ સારી છે
કારણ કે તે એક સારા પકડ રાખે છે
ખાસ કરીને આ શુષ્ક સપાટી પર ત્યાં એક છે
આમાં થોડી ચિપ્સ અને પત્થરો
સપાટી પર અમે રમી રહ્યા છીએ અને SISM
બોલ વાસ્તવમાં કેચ કરી શકે છે જ્યારે આ
રાક્ષસ ઘણું સરળ સરકાવવા લાગે છે
તેથી સિલાસ પહેલાં તમારા વિચારો શું છે?
બોલ પણ, તે તેને એક સારો ગાદી મળી છે
તે ઓલરાઇટ લાગે છે અને તે ખૂબ મુશ્કેલ નથી તે નથી
નરમ નથી, તે તેના પર સારી પકડ મળી છે
તેના પર પકડ તે જેમ grippy નથી
SISM બોલમાં પરંતુ તે પર્યાપ્ત પકડ મળી છે
જેથી તમે તેને જમીન પર ખસેડી શકો છો
સારી આસપાસ તેથી હું શું કરીશ ગાય્સ છે
Indonesian:
tetapi itu tumbuh pada saya seiring waktu
dan ya itu terlihat bagus apakah itu tajam dan
terang Anda bisa melihat bola dengan mudah
membuatnya menyenangkan untuk dimainkan
itu tidak terlalu banyak pegangan di lantai itu
lebih baik untuk seperti itu maka bola SISM ini untuk
itu karena dia menyimpan pegangan yang baik
terutama pada permukaan kering ini ada a
banyak keripik dan batu kecil di ini
permukaan yang kita mainkan dan SISM
bola bisa benar-benar tertangkap sedangkan ini
monster sepertinya meluncur jauh lebih mudah
jadi Silas lalu apa pendapatmu tentang itu
bola juga, itu punya bantalan yang bagus untuk itu
rasanya baik-baik saja dan tidak terlalu sulit
untuk tidak lembut, itu punya pegangan yang bagus
pegangan di atasnya itu bukan untuk grippy seperti
Bola SISM tapi punya pegangan yang cukup
jadi seperti Anda groundmoves mengontrolnya bergerak
sekitar baik. Jadi yang akan saya lakukan adalah teman-teman
Portuguese:
fora, mas é cultivado em mim ao longo do tempo
e sim, parece bom é afiado e
brilhante você pode ver a bola com bastante facilidade
torna divertido brincar com
não é muito aperto no chão é
melhor para como então esta bola SISM para
isso porque ele mantém uma boa aderência
especialmente nesta superfície seca há uma
monte de pequenas lascas e pedras neste
superfície que estamos jogando e o SISM
bola pode ficar realmente pego enquanto isso
monstro parece deslizar muito mais fácil
Então, Silas atrás, quais são seus pensamentos sobre o
bola também, tem uma boa almofada
me sinto bem e não é muito difícil não é
para não suave, tem uma boa aderência
aperto nele não é a grippy como o
Bolas SISM mas tem aderência suficiente
Então, como você groundmoves controle move
em torno de bom. Então o que eu vou fazer é galera
Spanish:
pero ha crecido en mí con el tiempo
y sí, se ve bien, es nítido y
brillante se puede ver la pelota con bastante facilidad
lo hace divertido jugar con
no es demasiado agarre en el piso es
mejor para como esta entonces esta bola SISM para
eso porque él mantiene un buen agarre
especialmente en esta superficie seca hay un
muchas pequeñas virutas y piedras en este
superficie en la que estamos jugando y el SISM
bola puede quedar realmente atrapado mientras que esto
monstruo parece deslizarse mucho más fácil
por lo que Silas hace ¿cuál es su opinión sobre el
bola también, tiene un buen amortiguador
se siente bien y no es demasiado difícil, no lo es
no es suave, tiene un buen agarre
agarre en él no es tan adherente como el
Bolas SISM pero tiene suficiente agarre
así que, ¿lo controlas en movimiento?
alrededor de bueno. Entonces lo que haré es chicos
Hindi:
बाहर लेकिन यह समय के साथ मुझ पर उगाया जाता है
और हाँ यह अच्छा लग रहा है यह तेज है और
उज्ज्वल आप गेंद को आसानी से देख सकते हैं
इसके साथ खेलने के लिए मजेदार बनाता है
यह मंजिल पर बहुत अधिक पकड़ नहीं है
इसके लिए इस एसआईएसएम गेंद के लिए बेहतर है
क्योंकि वह एक अच्छी पकड़ रखता है
विशेष रूप से इस शुष्क सतह पर एक है
इसमें बहुत कम चिप्स और पत्थरों
सतह हम खेल रहे हैं और एसआईएसएम
जबकि गेंद वास्तव में पकड़ा जा सकता है
राक्षस बहुत आसान लग रहा है
तो Silas पहले पर आपके विचार क्या है
गेंद भी, यह इसके लिए एक अच्छा कुशन मिला है
यह ठीक लगता है और यह बहुत मुश्किल नहीं है
नरम करने के लिए, यह उस पर एक अच्छी पकड़ है
उस पर पकड़ यह गड़बड़ नहीं है
एसआईएसएम गेंदें लेकिन इसे काफी पकड़ मिली है
तो जैसे आप जमीन पर नियंत्रण करता है इसे नियंत्रित करता है
चारों ओर अच्छा तो मैं क्या करूँगा दोस्तों है
Arabic:
خارج ولكن نمت علي مع مرور الوقت
ونعم تبدو جيدة انها حادة و
مشرق يمكنك رؤية الكرة بسهولة تامة
يجعلها ممتعة للعب معها
انها ليست قبضة كبيرة على الأرض
أفضل لمثل ثم هذا SISM الكرة ل
ذلك لأنه يحتفظ بقبضة جيدة
خصوصا على هذا السطح الجاف هناك
الكثير من الرقائق والحجارة الصغيرة في هذا
السطح الذي نلعب عليه و SISM
الكرة يمكن أن تحصل على القبض حقا في حين أن هذا
يبدو أن الوحش ينزلق أسهل بكثير
هكذا قبل Silas ما هي أفكارك على
الكرة أيضا ، انها حصلت على وسادة جيدة لذلك
تشعر أنها بخير وليس من الصعب جدا انها ليست كذلك
حتى لا ينعم ، إنها قبضة جيدة عليه
قبضة عليه انها ليست لامعة مثل
كرات SISM لكنها حصلت على قبضة كافية
مثل ذلك هل تسيطر على groundmoves يتحرك
حول جيد. إذن ما سأفعله هو الرجال
Russian:
но он вырос на меня со временем
и да, это выглядит хорошо, это круто и
яркий, вы можете легко увидеть мяч
делает забаву играть с
это не слишком сильное сцепление на полу.
лучше, чем тогда, этот шар SISM для
это потому, что он держит хорошую хватку
особенно на этой сухой поверхности есть
много маленьких чипов и камней в этом
поверхность, на которой мы играем, и SISM
мяч может стать действительно пойманным, тогда как это
монстр, кажется, скользит намного легче
так Силас, что ты думаешь о
мяч также, он получил хорошую подушку к нему
он чувствует себя хорошо, и это не слишком сложно, это не
к мягкому нет, у него хорошее сцепление с ним
хватайтесь за нее, это не так сложно, как
Шарики SISM, но у него достаточно хвата
так, как вы, суслики, контролируете его движение
вокруг хорошо. Так что я буду делать, это ребята
Afrikaans:
maar dit het oor die tyd met my gegroei
en ja dit lyk goed is dit skerp en
helder jy kan die bal redelik maklik sien
maak dit pret om mee te speel
Dit is nie te veel greep op die vloer nie
beter vir soos hierdie SISM bal vir
dit omdat hy 'n goeie greep hou
veral op hierdie droë oppervlak is daar 'n
baie klein skyfies en klippe in hierdie
oppervlak waarop ons speel en die SISM
bal kan regtig gevang word terwyl dit
monster lyk baie makliker
So Silas gelede, wat is jou gedagtes oor die
bal ook, dit het 'n goeie kussing daarvoor
dit voel goed en dit is nie te moeilik nie
Om nie sag te maak nie, dit het 'n goeie greep daaroor
Gryp dit is nie te grippy soos die
SISM balle, maar dit het 'n genoeg greep
So, soos jy dit doen, beheer jy dit beweeg
rondom goed. So wat ek sal doen is ouens
Japanese:
それは時間の経過とともに私の上で成長している
ええ、それは良いと思うそれは鋭いです
明るいあなたはボールをかなり簡単に見ることができます
遊ぶのが楽しくなる
それはあまりにも床のグリップではない
このSISMボールのように
彼は良いグリップを保つので
特にこの乾燥した表面には
これには小さなチップと石がたくさんあります
私たちがプレイしている表面とSISM
ボールは本当に捕らえられる
モンスターがもっと楽に滑るようだ
だからSilas前にあなたの考えは何ですか？
ボールも同様にクッションが良い
それは大丈夫だと思うし、それほど難しくない
ソフトではない、それには良いグリップがある
それをつかむことは、
SISMボールだが十分なグリップがある
あなたは地面を動かすように動きをコントロールします
まあまあ。だから私がやることは男だ
Vietnamese:
nhưng nó phát triển theo thời gian
và vâng nó có vẻ tốt là nó sắc nét và
sáng bạn có thể thấy bóng khá dễ dàng
làm cho nó thú vị để chơi với
nó không phải là quá nhiều va li trên sàn nhà của nó
tốt hơn cho như vậy thì quả bóng SISM này cho
bởi vì anh ấy giữ được độ bám tốt
đặc biệt trên bề mặt khô này có
rất nhiều chip và đá nhỏ trong này
bề mặt chúng ta đang chơi và SISM
bóng có thể bị bắt trong khi điều này
quái vật dường như lướt dễ dàng hơn rất nhiều
vì vậy Silas trước suy nghĩ của bạn về
bóng là tốt, nó có một đệm tốt cho nó
nó cảm thấy ổn và nó không quá khó nó không
để mềm không, nó có một va li tốt về nó
bám chặt vào nó, nó không bị nghẹt như
SISM bóng nhưng nó có một va li đủ
như vậy bạn có kiểm soát nó
xung quanh tốt. Vì vậy, những gì tôi sẽ làm là guys
Korean:
나가서 시간이 지남에 따라 자란다.
그리고 네 그것은 선명하게 보입니다.
너는 공을 아주 쉽게 볼 수있다.
함께 놀 수있게 해준다.
그것은 바닥에 너무 많은 그립이 아니에요.
이 SISM 볼을 좋아하면
그가 좋은 그립을 유지하기 때문에
특히이 건조한 표면에는
작은 조각과 돌이 많이 있어요.
우리가 플레이하고있는 표면과 SISM
공이 실제로 잡힐 수 있지만
괴물이 훨씬 쉽게 미끄러지는 것처럼 보입니다.
그래서 Silas는 당신의 생각을 전합니다.
공도 좋고, 쿠션도 좋네.
괜찮아요. 그렇게 어렵지도 않습니다.
부드럽지 않은데, 그걸 잘 잡았어.
그립을 쥐고있는 것처럼 그것은 껄끄 러운 것처럼 보이지 않습니다.
SISM 볼은 있지만 그립은 충분합니다.
그래서 당신은 groundmoves가 움직이는 것을 제어합니다.
주위 좋은. 그래서 내가 뭘 할건지 사람들이야.
iw:
אבל זה גדל עלי לאורך זמן
ו כן זה נראה טוב זה חד
בהיר אתה יכול לראות את הכדור די בקלות
עושה את זה כיף לשחק איתו
זה לא יותר מדי אחיזה על הרצפה זה
טוב יותר עבור כמו אז זה הכדור עבור SISM
כי הוא מחזיק אחיזה טובה
במיוחד על משטח יבש זה יש
הרבה שבבים ואבנים קטנים זה
פני השטח אנחנו משחקים על מערכת ההפעלה
הכדור יכול לתפוס באמת בעוד זה
מפלצת נראה לדאות הרבה יותר קל
אז Silas לפני מה המחשבות שלך על
גם יש לו כרית טובה
זה מרגיש בסדר וזה לא קשה מדי זה לא
כדי לא רך, יש לה אחיזה טובה
אחיזה על זה זה לא לגרגר כמו
SISM כדורים אבל יש לו אחיזה מספיק
אז כמו שאתה groundmoves שליטה זה נע
סביב טוב. אז מה אני אעשה זה בחורים
English:
out but it's grown on me over time
and yeah it looks good is it sharp and
bright you can see the ball quite easily
makes it fun to play with
it's not too much grip on the floor it's
better for like then this SISM ball for
that because he keeps a good grip
especially on this dry surface there's a
lot of little chips and stones in this
surface we're playing on and the SISM
ball can get really caught whereas this
monster seems to glide a lot easier
so Silas ago what's your thoughts on the
ball as well, it's got a good cushion to it
it feels alright and it's not too hard it's not
to soft not, it's got a good grip on it
grip on it it's not to grippy like the
SISM balls but it's got a enough grip
so like do you groundmoves control it moves
around good. So what I'll do is guys
Dutch:
maar het is me in de loop van de tijd gegroeid
en ja het ziet er goed uit, het is scherp en
helder zie je de bal vrij gemakkelijk
maakt het leuk om mee te spelen
het is niet al te veel grip op de vloer
beter voor zoals dan deze SISM-bal voor
dat omdat hij een goede grip houdt
vooral op dit droge oppervlak is er een
veel kleine spaanders en stenen hierin
oppervlak waarop we spelen en de SISM
bal kan echt worden gevangen terwijl dit
monster lijkt veel gemakkelijker te glijden
dus Silas geleden, wat is jouw mening over de
bal ook, het heeft een goed kussen
het voelt goed en het is niet te moeilijk, dat is het niet
te zacht niet, het heeft er een goede grip op
hou je vast aan het is niet te grippen zoals de
SISM-ballen, maar het heeft voldoende grip
dus hou je van groundmoves om het te besturen
rond goed. Dus wat ik ga doen is jongens
Italian:
fuori ma è cresciuto con me nel tempo
e sì, sembra buono, è nitido e
brillante puoi vedere la palla abbastanza facilmente
rende divertente giocare con
non è troppo stretto sul pavimento è
meglio per come poi questa palla SISM per
questo perché mantiene una buona presa
specialmente su questa superficie asciutta c'è un
molte piccole fiches e pietre in questo
superficie su cui stiamo giocando e il SISM
la palla può essere catturata davvero mentre questo
il mostro sembra scivolare molto più facilmente
così Silas fa cosa pensi di
palla pure, ha un buon cuscinetto
ci si sente bene e non è troppo difficile non lo è
a soft no, ha una buona presa su di esso
tienilo stretto non è per afflitto come il
Palle SISM ma ha una presa sufficiente
così come le tattiche di base che muove
in giro bene. Quindi quello che farò sono ragazzi
Italian:
se vuoi dare un'occhiata a Monta
shredder lascerò un link nel
descrizione in modo da poter dare un'occhiata
il loro sito web lo acquista se lo desideri
a loro hanno molti tipi differenti di
palle come certamente il pugno da un pollice
La variazione di Bruce Lee è probabilmente una delle
quelli più belli che è sicuramente uno dei miei
i miei preferiti, comunque, grazie
per guardare questo video grazie a
Silas per avermi aiutato anche a vedere
di nuovo nel prossimo video
German:
wenn Sie einen Monta auschecken möchten
Schredder Ich werde einen Link in der verlassen
Beschreibung, so dass Sie gehen können
Ihre Website kaufen Sie, wenn Sie wollen
zu ihnen haben viele verschiedene Arten von
Bälle mögen sicherlich den Ein-Zoll-Schlag
Bruce Lee Variation ist wahrscheinlich einer der
nettesten, das ist sicherlich einer von meinen
persönliche Favoriten jedenfalls gut danke
Zum Ansehen dieses Videos danke an
Silas, dass sie mir auch geholfen haben und sehen
du wieder im nächsten Video
Japanese:
あなたがMontaをチェックしたいのであれば
シュレッダー私は
あなたがチェックアウトすることができるように説明
あなたが望むなら、彼らのウェブサイトはそれを購入する
彼らにはさまざまな種類の
確かに1インチのパンチのようなボール
Bruce Leeのバリエーションはおそらく
それは確かに私の
とにかくあなた個人のお気に入りもよくありがとう
このビデオを見てくれてありがとう
私を助けてもらうためのシラス
もう一度次のビデオに
Danish:
hvis du vil tjekke en monta
Shredder Jeg vil efterlade et link i
beskrivelse så du kan gå tjekke ud
deres hjemmeside køber det, hvis du ønsker det
at de har mange forskellige typer af
kugler som bestemt en-tommers slag
Bruce Lee variation er nok en af
de bedste, der helt sikkert er en af mine
personlige favoritter godt alligevel tak
for at se denne video tak til
Silas for at hjælpe mig også og se
du igen i den næste video
French:
si vous voulez vérifier un Monta
déchiqueteuse je vais laisser un lien dans le
description afin que vous puissiez aller vérifier
leur site Web l'acheter si vous voulez
ils ont beaucoup de différents types de
boules comme certainement le coup de poing d'un pouce
Bruce Lee variation est probablement l'un des
les plus gentils qui est certainement l'un de mes
favoris personnels bien quand même merci
pour regarder cette vidéo merci à
Silas pour m'aider aussi et voir
vous encore dans la prochaine vidéo
Gujarati:
જો તમે મોન્ટા તપાસવા માગો છો
કટકા કરનાર હું એક લિંક છોડી શકશો
વર્ણન જેથી તમે તપાસો જઈ શકો છો
જો તમે ઇચ્છતા હો તો તેની વેબસાઇટ તેની ખરીદી કરો
તેઓના ઘણાં વિવિધ પ્રકારના હોય છે
ચોક્કસપણે એક ઇંચ પંચ જેવા બોલમાં
બ્રુસ લી વિવિધતા કદાચ એક છે
ચોક્કસપણે છે કે મારા એક ચોક્કસપણે છે
વ્યક્તિગત મનપસંદ સારી રીતે કોઈપણ રીતે આભાર
આ વિડિઓ જોવા માટે આભાર
સિલાસને મારી મદદ કરવા માટે અને જુઓ
તમે ફરીથી આગામી વિડિઓમાં
Thai:
ถ้าคุณต้องการตรวจสอบ Monta
shredder ฉันจะปล่อยให้ลิงก์ใน
คำอธิบายเพื่อให้คุณสามารถไปเช็คเอาท์
เว็บไซต์ของพวกเขาซื้อหากคุณต้องการ
มีหลายประเภทด้วยกัน
ลูกอย่างแน่นอนหมัดหนึ่งนิ้ว
การเปลี่ยนแปลงของ Bruce Lee อาจเป็นหนึ่งใน
คนที่อร่อยที่สุดที่แน่นอนหนึ่งของฉัน
รายการโปรดส่วนตัวดีต่อไปขอบคุณ
สำหรับการดูวิดีโอนี้ขอบคุณ
สิลาสช่วยออกไปได้เหมือนกันและดู
คุณอีกครั้งในวิดีโอถัดไป
Indonesian:
jika Anda ingin melihat Monta
shredder Saya akan meninggalkan tautan di
deskripsi sehingga Anda dapat memeriksanya
situs web mereka membelinya jika Anda menginginkannya
untuk mereka memiliki banyak jenis yang berbeda
bola seperti tentu saja pukulan satu inci
Variasi Bruce Lee mungkin salah satunya
yang paling bagus yang pastinya salah satu dari saya
favorit pribadi juga sih terima kasih
untuk menonton video ini, terima kasih
Silas untuk membantu saya keluar dan melihat
Anda lagi di video berikutnya
Portuguese:
Se você quiser verificar um Monta
triturador vou deixar um link no
descrição para que você possa ir conferir
seu site comprá-lo se você quiser
para eles têm muitos tipos diferentes de
bolas como certamente o soco de uma polegada
Bruce Lee variação é provavelmente um dos
mais bonitos que é certamente um dos meus
favoritos pessoais bem de qualquer maneira obrigado
para assistir este vídeo obrigado a
Silas por me ajudar também e ver
você de novo no próximo vídeo
Hindi:
अगर आप एक मोंटा देखना चाहते हैं
श्रेडर मैं एक लिंक छोड़ दूंगा
विवरण ताकि आप चेक आउट कर सकें
यदि आप चाहें तो उनकी वेबसाइट इसे खरीदती है
उनके पास बहुत से प्रकार हैं
बॉल निश्चित रूप से एक इंच पंच की तरह
ब्रूस ली विविधता शायद एक में से एक है
सबसे अच्छे लोग जो निश्चित रूप से मेरे में से एक है
निजी पसंदीदा वैसे भी धन्यवाद
इस वीडियो को देखने के लिए धन्यवाद
मुझे बाहर निकलने और देखने में मदद करने के लिए सीलास
आप फिर से अगले वीडियो में
iw:
אם אתה רוצה לבדוק מונטה
shredder אני אשאיר קישור ב
תיאור כדי שתוכל לבדוק
אתר האינטרנט שלהם לרכוש אותו אם אתה רוצה
יש להם הרבה סוגים שונים של
כדורים כמו בהחלט את האגרוף אחד אינץ '
וריאציה ברוס לי הוא כנראה אחד
היפים ביותר זה בהחלט אחד שלי
המועדפים האישיים גם בכל מקרה תודה
עבור צופה זה וידאו תודה לך
סילה שעזרה לי גם לראות ולראות
אתה שוב בסרטון הבא
Vietnamese:
nếu bạn muốn kiểm tra một Monta
shredder tôi sẽ để lại một liên kết trong
mô tả để bạn có thể đi kiểm tra
trang web của họ mua nó nếu bạn muốn
họ có rất nhiều loại khác nhau
quả bóng như chắc chắn cú đấm một inch
Bruce Lee biến thể có lẽ là một trong những
những người đẹp nhất chắc chắn là một trong những
yêu thích cá nhân tốt anyway cảm ơn bạn
để xem video này cảm ơn bạn
Silas cũng giúp tôi và xem
bạn một lần nữa trong video tiếp theo
Russian:
если вы хотите проверить Монту
Измельчитель Я оставлю ссылку в
описание, чтобы вы могли проверить
их веб-сайт покупает его, если вы хотите
у них есть много разных типов
шары, как, конечно, однодюймовый удар
Вариант Брюса Ли, вероятно, является одним из
самые красивые, это, безусловно, один из моих
личные фавориты хорошо в любом случае спасибо
для просмотра этого видео спасибо вам
Сайлас тоже помогает мне
вы снова в следующем видео
Dutch:
als je een Monta wilt bekijken
shredder Ik laat een link achter in de
beschrijving zodat u kunt gaan uitchecken
hun website koopt het als je dat wilt
ze hebben veel verschillende soorten
ballen zoals zeker de one-inch punch
Bruce Lee-variatie is waarschijnlijk een van de
de aardigste die zeker een van mijn is
persoonlijke favorieten en toch bedankt
voor het bekijken van deze video, bedankt
Silas om me ook te helpen en te zien
jij opnieuw in de volgende video
Korean:
몬타를 확인하고 싶다면
슈레더 나는
당신이 체크 아웃 할 수 있도록 설명
원하는 경우 자신의 웹 사이트 구매
그들에게는 다양한 종류의
확실히 1 인치 펀치와 같은 공
Bruce Lee 변이는 아마도
확실히 좋은 것들은 내
어쨌든 개인 즐겨 찾기 잘 어쨌든 감사합니다.
이 비디오를 시청 해 주셔서 감사합니다.
나를 도우려는 시라스
다음 동영상에서 다시 너
Arabic:
إذا كنت ترغب في التحقق من مونتا
سأترك رابط في
وصف حتى تتمكن من الخروج
موقع الويب الخاص بهم شرائه إذا كنت تريد
لديهم الكثير من أنواع مختلفة من
كرات مثل بالتأكيد لكمة بوصة واحدة
بروس لي الاختلاف هو على الارجح واحدة من
أجمل منها بالتأكيد واحدة من بلدي
المفضلة الشخصية بشكل جيد على أي حال شكرا لك
لمشاهدة هذا الفيديو شكرا لك
سيلاس لمساعدتي في الخارج
أنت مرة أخرى في الفيديو التالي
Afrikaans:
as jy 'n Monta wil nagaan
Shredder Ek sal 'n skakel in die
beskrywing sodat jy kan gaan kyk
hul webwerf koop dit as jy wil
Hulle het baie verskillende soorte
balle soos die een duim-punch
Bruce Lee variasie is waarskynlik een van die
lekkerste wat beslis een van my is
persoonlike gunstelinge goed in elk geval dankie
om hierdie video te kyk, dankie
Silas om my ook te help en te sien
jy weer in die volgende video
Spanish:
si quieres ver un Monta
trituradora voy a dejar un enlace en el
descripción para que pueda ir a echar un vistazo
su sitio web lo compra si quieres
tienen muchos tipos diferentes de
bolas como sin duda el golpe de una pulgada
La variación de Bruce Lee es probablemente una de las
los más bonitos que sin duda es uno de mis
favoritos personales bien de todos modos gracias
para ver este video, gracias
Silas por ayudarme a salir y ver
de nuevo en el siguiente video
English:
if you want to check out a Monta
shredder I'll leave a link in the
description so you can go check out
their website purchase it if you do want
to they have a lot of different types of
balls like certainly the one-inch punch
Bruce Lee variation is probably one of the
nicest ones that's certainly one of my
personal favorites well anyway thank you
for watching this video thank you to
Silas for helping me out as well and see
you again in the next video
| YoutubeSubtitles |
English:
Hi, I’m Francis,
the host of this show "Cooking with Dog."
First, let’s make the sushi vinegar.
Combine the rice vinegar, sugar and the salt.
Stir to dissolve well.
Next, to the corn, add mayonnaise,
salt
and pepper.
Mix it with a spoon.
Vietnamese:
Hi, tôi là Francis,
chủ của chương trình "Cooking with Dog."
Đầu tiên, chúng ta hãy làm giấm cho sushi.
Kết hợp dấm gạo, đường và muối.
Khuấy đều để hòa tan tốt.
Tiếp theo, cho ngô, thêm sốt mayonnaise,
muối
and tiêu.
Trộn với một muỗng.
Japanese:
みなさんこんにちは 僕はフランシスです
この”Cooking with Dog”の司会をやっています
始めにすし酢を合わせます
酢に砂糖 塩を加えて
よく溶かしておきます
次にコーンの水煮にマヨネーズ
塩
コショウを振りかけ
スプーンで混ぜます
English:
Now, place the fresh steamed rice into a bowl.
Gradually pour the sushi vinegar over the rice paddle
to distribute it evenly.
Toss to coat using a slashing motion
to avoid crushing the grains.
Use a fan to slightly cool the rice.
This will help give it a glossy texture
and remove the excess moisture.
Next, we will show you how to cut the nori seaweed.
Most square sheets of nori have lines every 3.3cm
and this will be the height of the gunkanmaki.
First, cut off one edge of the nori perpendicular to the lines.
Vietnamese:
Bây giờ, đặt cơm tươi vào tô.
Dần dần đổ giấm sushi trên muỗng múc gạo
để phân phối đồng đều.
Quăng áo bằng một chuyển động chậm
để tránh bị nghiền hạt.
Sử dụng quạt để làm nguội cơm.
Điều này sẽ giúp cung cấp cho nó một kết cấu bóng
và loại bỏ độ ẩm quá mức.
Tiếp theo, chúng tôi sẽ cho bạn thấy làm thế nào để cắt rong biển nori.
Hầu hết các tấm hình vuông của nori có đường mỗi 3.3 cm.
và đây sẽ là chiều cao của gunkanmaki.
Đầu tiên, cắt một cạnh của nori vuông góc với các đường dây.
Japanese:
炊きたてのご飯をボウルに移し
しゃもじを使って合わせ酢を回しかけ
しゃもじを使って合わせ酢を回しかけ
米粒を潰さないように切るように
上下を返して全体に行き渡らせます
完全に行き渡ったらうちわであおぎます
こうするとご飯に照りが出て余分な水分が取れます
こうするとご飯に照りが出て余分な水分が取れます
次に海苔の切り方をお見せします
正方形の海苔には3.3cm幅の線があり
これが軍艦の高さになります
海苔の表面についている線の幅で縦に1本切り取り
Vietnamese:
Sau đó, cắt phần còn lại của nori thành dải dọc theo dòng.
Cuối cùng, cắt bỏ các dải dài đầu tiên và bạn có 6 dải nori.
Bây giờ, lau thớt
với một chiếc khăn hơi ẩm để giúp tránh dính.
Thêm một chút dấm gạo vào nước.
Làm ướt tay bằng nước
và mất khoảng 20g gạo sushi.
Hình dạng gạo thành một hình bầu dục.
Dàn đều wasabi trên đầu và đặt gạo lên.
English:
Then, cut the rest of the nori into strips along the lines.
Finally, trim off the first longer strip and you have 6 strips of nori.
Now, clean off the cutting board
with a slightly damp towel to help avoid sticking.
Add a sprinkle of rice vinegar to the water.
Wet your hands with the water
and take about 20g of sushi rice.
Shape the rice into an oval.
Spread the wasabi on top and place the rice onto the board.
Japanese:
残りは線に沿って切り離します
最初に切った海苔の長さを揃え 合計6本取ります
濡れ布巾でまな板を拭き
すし飯がくっつくのを防ぎます
水に酢を少量加えて薄い酢水を作ります
これで手を濡らし
すし飯を20gほど取り
軽く握って俵型を作ります
わさびを塗って台に置き
English:
Wrap the rice with the strip of nori with the glossy side facing outward.
Using a rice grain, close the end of the nori.
This is the basic shape of the gunkanmaki.
The nori seaweed will keep the loose topping from falling off.
Now, we will show you how to use the sushi rice mold.
Wet your hands again and measure out 100g of sushi rice.
Fill the mold with the rice.
Cover with the lid and lightly press the rice.
And flip it over.
Then, remove the 5 pieces.
Make the base of the gunkanmaki
Japanese:
ツヤのある方を外側にし周りを海苔で巻きます
巻き終わりをご飯粒で止めます
これが軍艦巻きの基本形です
海苔のおかげでネタが崩れることはありません
握り寿司用の押し型の使い方をお見せします
軽く手酢で濡らし100gの寿司飯をとります
型に均等に入れます
押し板で押し
ひっくり返し
5つ分を取り出します
軍艦巻きの基本形を作り
Vietnamese:
Quấn gạo với dải nori với phía bóng đối mặt với bên ngoài.
Sử dụng một hạt gạo, đóng chặt nori.
Đây là hình dạng cơ bản của gunkanmaki.
Các rong biển nori sẽ giữ topping lỏng không bị rơi xuống.
Bây giờ, chúng tôi sẽ cho bạn thấy làm thế nào để sử dụng các khuôn cơm sushi.
Làm ướt tay của bạn một lần nữa và đo ra 100g gạo sushi.
Điền vào các khuôn gạo.
Che đậy lại và nhẹ nhàng nhấn gạo.
Và lật nó lên.
Sau đó, loại bỏ 5 miếng.
Làm cho gunkanmaki một chỗ trống
Vietnamese:
và để lên đầu ikura shoyuzuke, trứng cá hồi ướp.
Tương tự như vậy, để lên đầu với những lát dưa chuột
và ika somen, mực thái lát vào dải giống như mì mỏng.
Tiếp theo, để trên cùng với bơ
và cá hồi tươi.
Và đây là cá ngừ tươi xắt nhỏ.
Đặt hành lá lá trên đầu.
Cuối cùng, chúng ta hãy xem xét quá trình đóng gói một lần nữa.
Japanese:
いくらの醤油漬けをのせます
同様にきゅうりの薄切りと
イカそうめんをのせます
次はアボカドと
サーモン
次はマグロのたたきをのせ
青ねぎを散らします
最後にもう一度海苔の巻き方をお見せします
English:
and top with the ikura shoyuzuke, marinated salmon roe.
Likewise, top with the cucumber slices
and the ika somen, squid sliced into thin noodle-like strips.
Next, top with the avocado
and the fresh salmon.
And here is the fresh chopped tuna.
Place the spring onion leaves on top.
Finally, let’s review the wrapping process one more time.
English:
With a grain of rice, wrap the sushi rice with the nori.
You can leave out the wasabi for this corn mayo topping.
Place the 5 kinds of gunkanmaki onto a plate.
Gunkanmaki was invented
at the sushi restaurant Ginza Kyubey in 1941.
This invention enabled the use of soft loose ingredients
as a sushi topping.
Gunkan means warship
and the name of the dish is derived from the shape.
Enjoy the gunkanmaki before the nori gets soggy
and the toppings fall off.
Good luck in the kitchen!
Japanese:
すし飯に海苔を巻きご飯粒を使って固定します
コーンマヨはわさびを省いて大丈夫です
大葉を敷いたお皿にのせて出来上がりです
軍艦巻きは1941年に銀座「久兵衛」が考案したそうです
軍艦巻きは1941年に銀座「久兵衛」が考案したそうです
この発明で柔らかくバラけやすい材料も
握り寿司のネタとして使われるようになりました
このお寿司の名前は軍艦にその姿が
似ていることからつけられました
海苔が湿って形が崩れないうちに
是非ご賞味下さい
Good luck in the kitchen!
Vietnamese:
Với một hạt gạo, bọc gạo sushi với nori.
Bạn có thể bỏ wasabi ra rồi cho topping mayo bắp này.
Đặt 5 loại gunkanmaki lên một cái dĩa.
Gunkanmaki được phát minh
tại nhà hàng sushi Ginza Kyubey vào năm 1941.
Sáng chế này cho phép việc sử dụng các thành phần mềm lỏng lẻo
như một lớp mặt sushi.
Gunkan có nghĩa là tàu chiến
và tên của các món ăn có nguồn gốc từ hình dạng
Thưởng thức gunkanmaki trước khi nori được chưa chín
và các bánh rơi ra.
Chúc may mắn trong nhà bếp!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
They are massive, and extremely dense.
They rip apart anything and everything
that gets close to them.
We can't see black holes.
But we know they have the destructive power
to wipe everything out of existence.
This is WHAT IF,
and here's what would happen
if a black hole deleted the Universe.
Before we get to the part
where a black hole erases the Universe,
let's make something clear.
The Universe is a giant supercomputer
processing information.
Without information, there can be no Universe.
In physics, information is the property
of a specific state of a particle.
I know, it sounds confusing.
Here's a simpler way of looking at it.
This is a carbon atom.
A bunch of these can be arranged
to make a hard diamond.
But if you change the arrangement of atoms,
you can get soft graphite.
The basic building blocks are the same.
It's information that makes them different.
In quantum mechanics,
information is like energy -
it can't disappear into nothingness.
So how in the Universe can one
black hole do the impossible?
Black holes act like monstrous
cosmic trash compactors.
They squeeze stars, planets
and unfortunate astronauts
who crossed the event horizon
into a microscopic point.
So what happens to the information
about every particle that
a black hole consumes?
Since information can never be destroyed,
it has to be stored somewhere
inside that black hole, right?
Our original understanding
of black holes assumed that
everything that disappeared in the black hole,
stayed in the black hole.
The moment an object
passed the event horizon,
it got crushed into the
density of the black hole.
The information about it
could never be retrieved again.
That's what we thought
before Stephen Hawking
introduced Hawking radiation.
Hawking realized that
black holes aren't static.
Rather, they release their mass and
energy back into the Universe
particle by particle,
until there is nothing left.
So, does that mean the
information within a black hole
can somehow escape with the
black hole's outgoing radiation?
Not quite.
The black hole doesn't preserve
the information it consumes.
It chaotically mixes it together
with other bits of information,
making it impossible to recover.
If the information can be lost,
that would mean that black holes
can eventually delete the Universe.
Forever.
But there is a possibility that the black
hole doesn't delete the information.
It may be hiding it in a baby universe -
a small self-contained part of the
universe that branched off of ours.
The information wouldn't
technically be lost,
but we wouldn't be able to interact with it.
Another possibility is that black
holes can encode the information,
according to the holographic principle.
If you were to get trapped
inside a black hole,
you'd still experience
three-dimensional space.
For us looking at you from the outside,
you'd appear stretched on the flat surface.
Just like a hologram.
That would mean that the
information paradox is resolved,
and we don't need to
rewrite the laws of physics.
But we'd have to rethink our
understanding of reality.
The Universe could be a 3D
image projected off a 2D surface.
And you may be a hologram
on the surface of a black hole.
And the best part -
the black hole couldn't
delete the Universe after all.
Wait, how can we be living in a hologram?
Well, that's a story for another WHAT IF.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
German:
Das ist der neue Bravia OLED-Fernseher
von Sony im mittleren Segment
mit Flaggschiff-Technologie, der A8.
Er ist in 55 und 65“ erhältlich
und mit dem X1 Ultimate ausgestattet,
unserem leistungsstärkten Bildprozessor.
Zudem kommen Pixel Contrast Booster,
unser einzigartiger Bildschirmtreiber,
ein Triluminos Display und
X-Motion Clarity zum Einsatz.
Die OLED-Technologie sorgt dafür,
dass Bilder voll zur Geltung kommen,
da jedes Pixel
eine eigene Lichtquelle ist.
Das ermöglicht tiefe Schwarztöne,
einen beeindruckenden Kontrast
und einen großen Betrachtungswinkel,
sodass alle ins Geschehen eintauchen.
Aber nicht nur der Bildschirm
ist für tolle Bilder verantwortlich,
sondern auch der Bildprozessor
von Sony,
der die überragende Bildqualität
des A8 erst ermöglicht.
Unser hochgelobter X1 Ultimate
Bildprozessor
nutzt verschiedene objektbasierte
Technologien,
um farbenprächtige Bilder zu erschaffen.
Polish:
Oto nowy
telewizor OLED Sony BRAVIA średniej klasy
z flagową technologią: A8,
dostępny w wersjach z ekranem 55" i 65".
A8 jest wyposażony w nasz najwydajniejszy
procesor obrazu, X1 Ultimate,
unikatowy sterownik panelu
Pixel Contrast Booster,
wyświetlacz Triluminos
oraz technologię X-Motion Clarity.
Technologia panelu OLED ma
kilka ważnych zalet,
bo każdy piksel
jest własnym źródłem światła.
Niezrównane poziomy czerni,
niesamowity kontrast
i szeroki kąt widzenia,
dzięki któremu wszyscy widzą dobry obraz.
Ale sam panel
to nie wszystko.
Procesor obrazu Sony
odgrywa pierwszorzędną rolę
w zapewnianiu doskonałego
obrazu na telewizorze A8.
Renomowany procesor obrazu
X1 Ultimate
wykorzystuje kilka obiektowych
technologii,
by obraz stawał się bogatszy.
Italian:
Questo è il nuovo
TV OLED Bravia di fascia media
con tecnologia all'avanguardia, A8.
Disponibile con schermo da 55" e 65"
A8 dispone del processore di immagini
più potente, X1 Ultimate,
il nostro driver esclusivo,
Pixel Contrast Booster
display Triluminos
e X-Motion Clarity.
La tecnologia dei pannelli OLED fornisce
numerosi punti di forza
perché ogni pixel
è la propria fonte di luce.
Livelli di nero imbattibili,
contrasto sorprendente
e un ampio angolo di visione
in modo che tutti abbiano una vista fantastica.
Ma è molto di più che
un semplice pannello.
Il processore di immagini di Sony
è anche il responsabile
della straordinaria qualità dell'immagine
di A8.
Il nostro acclamato processore di immagini
X1 Ultimate
utilizza diverse
tecnologie
"object-based" per arricchire la foto.
Dutch:
Dit is Sony's nieuwe
mid-range BRAVIA OLED-tv
met de nieuwste technologie: de A8.
De A8 is beschikbaar in 55 en 65 inch
en bevat onze krachtigste
beeldprocessor, de X1 Ultimate,
ons unieke schermstuurprogramma,
Pixel Contrast Booster,
een Triluminos-scherm
en X-Motion Clarity.
OLED-schermtechnologie heeft
diverse sterke punten,
want elke pixel
is zijn eigen lichtbron.
Onovertroffen zwartniveaus,
schitterend contrast
en een grote beeldhoek,
zodat iedereen het goed kan zien.
Het houdt echter niet op
bij het scherm.
Onze beeldprocessor
is de sleutel
tot de prachtige
beeldkwaliteit van de A8.
Onze vermaarde X1 Ultimate-
beeldprocessor
gebruikt op objecten gebaseerde
technologieën
om het beeld te verrijken.
Spanish:
Este es el nuevo televisor
BRAVIA OLED de gama media de Sony
con tecnología insignia, el A8.
Disponible en tamaños de pantalla de 55" y 65",
el A8 cuenta con nuestro procesador
de imágenes más potente, el X1 Ultimate,
nuestro exclusivo controlador de panel,
Pixel Contrast Booster,
pantalla TRILUMINOS
y X-Motion Clarity.
La tecnología de panel OLED cuenta
con varios puntos fuertes inherentes,
ya que cada píxel
es su propia fuente de luz.
Los niveles de negro son incomparables,
el contraste es asombroso
y el ángulo de visión amplio, para que todos
disfruten de una gran experiencia visual.
Pero hay mucho más
que el panel.
El procesador de imágenes de Sony
es en última instancia
el que proporciona la asombrosa
calidad de imagen del A8.
Nuestro aclamado procesador
de imágenes X1 Ultimate
emplea varias tecnologías
basadas en objetos
para enriquecer la imagen.
French:
Voici le nouveau téléviseur
Bravia OLED de milieu de gamme de Sony
équipé de nos technologies phare : l'A8.
Disponible en deux tailles d'écran, 55" et 65",
l'A8 intègre notre processeur d'image
le plus puissant, le X1 Ultimate,
notre pilote d'affichage unique
Pixel Contrast Booster,
un écran Triluminos
et la technologie X-Motion Clarity.
La technologie d'écran OLED comporte
de nombreux avantages
car chaque pixel
équivaut à sa propre source de lumière.
On obtient des noirs incomparables,
un niveau de contraste saisissant
et un grand angle de visualisation
pour que tout le monde puisse en profiter.
Mais ce modèle ne se résume pas
à son écran.
Le processeur d'image de Sony
est en fin de compte
ce qui détermine la qualité d'image
exceptionnelle de l'A8.
Notre remarquable processeur
d'image X1 Ultimate
a recours à plusieurs technologies
basées sur objets
pour enrichir votre image.
Russian:
Перед вами — новый OLED-телевизор Sony
Bravia среднего класса
с флагманской технологией A8.
Доступные размеры экрана: 55 и 65 дюймов.
В A8 установлен самый мощный
процессор нового поколения X1 Ultimate,
имеется уникальный драйвер панели,
технологии Pixel Contrast Booster,
Triluminos Display
и X-Motion Clarity.
Технология OLED имеет ряд преимуществ
над другими панелями,
поскольку у каждого пикселя
есть индивидуальный источник подсветки.
Такая панель отличается
непревзойденными черными цветами,
высокой контрастностью
и широким углом обзора.
Но преимущества
не ограничиваются панелью.
За великолепное
качество
изображения на A8 отвечает
процессор от Sony.
В X1 Ultimate
используется
несколько объектных
технологий
для улучшения картинки.
Portuguese:
Esta é a nova TV Bravia
OLED de gama média da Sony
com tecnologia de topo, a A8.
Disponível em ecrãs de 55" e 65"
a A8 possui o nosso mais potente
processador de imagem, o X1 Ultimate
o nosso controlador de painel
único, Pixel Contrast Booster
Ecrã Triluminos
e X-Motion Clarity.
A tecnologia de painel OLED possui
vários pontos fortes inerentes
dado que cada pixel é
a sua própria fonte de luz.
Níveis de preto imbatíveis,
contraste deslumbrante
e um amplo ângulo de visão,
para que todos tenham uma boa visão.
Mas há mais para além
do painel.
O processador de imagem da Sony
é, derradeiramente
o que dá à A8 uma
incrível qualidade de imagem.
O aclamado processador
de imagens X1 Ultimate
usa várias tecnologias
object-based
para enriquecer a imagem.
English:
This is Sony's new
mid-range Bravia OLED TV
with flagship technology, the A8.
Available in 55" and 65" screen sizes
the A8 features our most powerful
picture processor, the X1 Ultimate
our unique panel driver,
Pixel Contrast Booster
Triluminos display
and X-Motion Clarity.
OLED panel technology yields
several inherent strengths
because each pixel
is its own light source.
Unbeatable black levels,
stunning contrast
and a wide viewing angle,
so everyone gets a great view.
But there's more to it
than just the panel.
Sony's picture processor
is ultimately
what provides the A8's
stunning image quality.
Our acclaimed X1 Ultimate
picture processor
uses several object-based
technologies
to enrich your picture.
Turkish:
Bu, Sony’nin öncü teknolojiye
sahip, yeni orta aralıklı
Bravia OLED TV’si A8.
55 inç ve 65 inç ekran boyutu seçenekleri
olan A8’de, en güçlü görüntü
işlemcimiz X1 Ultimate,
eşsiz panel sürücümüz
Pixel Contrast Booster,
Triluminos ekran
ve X-Motion Clarity bulunuyor.
OLED panel teknolojisi,
yapısı gereği birçok güçlü yöne sahip
çünkü her piksel kendi
ışık kaynağını sağlıyor.
Rakipsiz siyah seviyeleri,
büyüleyici kontrast
ve geniş izleme açısıyla, herkes
mükemmel görüşe sahip oluyor.
Ancak tüm özellikler
panelden ibaret değil.
A8’in büyüleyici görüntü
kalitesini sağlayan,
nihayetinde
Sony’nin görüntü işlemcisi.
Beğenilen X1 Ultimate
görüntü işlemcimiz,
görüntünüzü zenginleştirmek için
nesne tabanlı birçok
teknoloji kullanıyor.
Italian:
Funziona identificando
ogni oggetto all'interno dell'immagine.
Quindi ne migliorare dettagli,
colore e contrasto
per una visione totalmente coinvolgente.
Il nostro esclusivo Pixel
Contrast Booster assicura
che le prestazioni del
pannello OLED siano massimizzate
per fornire trame naturali
e creare un'immagine superba e realistica.
Netflix Calibrated Mode, Dolby
Vision e Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
e la modalità immagine
personalizzata di Sony
co-sviluppata con Sony
Pictures, sono tutti inclusi.
Vedi film, programmi TV e giochi
con il colore, il contrasto e il movimento
che erano nelle intenzioni del regista.
Il nostro Acoustic Surface Audio, con doppio
subwoofer, si occupa del suono.
Acoustic Surface Audio
ricrea il suono coinvolgente
che si ha nelle sale
cinematografiche.
Gli attuatori fanno vibrare lo schermo in maniera impercettibile
creando onde sonore che arrivano
direttamente dallo schermo.
I subwoofer doppi forniscono
i toni di frequenza più bassa
per offrire un ricco
audio multidimensionale.
French:
Pour ce faire, il identifie
chaque objet dans l'image
puis accentue les détails,
les couleurs et les contrastes
pour une immersion totale.
Notre technologie unique
Pixel Contrast Booster permet
d'optimiser les performances
de l'écran OLED
pour des textures naturelles
et une image d'un grand réalisme.
Les fonctionnalités Netflix Calibrated Mode,
Dolby Vision et Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
et le mode image personnalisé de Sony,
mis au point
en partenariat avec Sony Pictures,
sont tous inclus.
Découvrez vos films, séries et jeux vidéo
avec des couleurs, des contrastes et des mouvements
fidèles à l'intention de leurs créateurs.
Notre système Acoustic Surface Audio doté de
deux caissons de basses se charge du son.
L'Acoustic Surface Audio
reproduit l'expérience audio
immersive que vous vivez
dans les salles de cinéma.
Des actionneurs invisibles font vibrer l'écran
pour créer des ondes sonores qui proviennent
directement de l'écran.
Les deux caissons de basses
se chargent de diffuser les graves
pour produire un son riche
et multidimensionnel.
German:
Dabei wird jedes Objekt
im Bild identifiziert.
Anschließend werden Details,
Farbe und Kontrast optimiert,
um mitreißende Bilder zu erzeugen.
Unser einzigartiger Pixel
Contrast Booster bewirkt,
dass die Leistung des
OLED-Bildschirms noch gesteigert wird,
um natürliche Texturen und
unverfälschte Bilder darzustellen.
Netflix Calibrated Mode, Dolby
Vision und Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
und der von Sony in Zusammenarbeit
mit Sony Pictures entwickelte
Bildmodus
sind ebenfalls enthalten.
So erleben Sie Filme, Serien und Spiele
mit den Farben, Kontrasten und Bewegungen
wie vom Produzenten vorgesehen.
Acoustic Surface Audio mit zwei
Subwoofern sorgt für satten Sound.
Acoustic Surface Audio
erzeugt den mitreißenden Klang,
den man vom Kino
kennt.
Durch Aktuatoren vibriert der Bildschirm
unmerklich, was Schallwellen erzeugt,
die direkt vom Bildschirm kommen.
Die beiden Subwoofer
stellen die tiefen Basstöne bereit,
die für satten, multidimensionalen
Klang unabdingbar sind.
English:
It works by identifying
each object within the picture.
Then enhancing the detail,
colour and contrast
for a full immersive view.
Our unique Pixel
Contrast Booster ensures
the performance of
the OLED panel is maximised
to provide natural textures
for a superbly realistic picture.
Netflix Calibrated Mode, Dolby
Vision and Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
and Sony's own custom picture mode
setting
co-developed with Sony
Pictures, are all included.
You see films, TV shows and games
with the colour, contrast and motion
the creator intended you to see.
Our Acoustic Surface Audio with twin
subwoofers takes care of the sound.
Acoustic Surface Audio
recreates the immersive
sound from picture experience
you get in the cinema.
Actuators invisibly vibrate the screen
creating sound waves that come
directly from the screen.
Twin subwoofers provide
the lower frequency bass tones
to deliver rich
multi-dimensional sound.
Portuguese:
Estas funcionam através
da identificação de cada objeto.
Melhorando depois o detalhe,
cor e contraste
para uma visão imersiva.
O nosso Pixel
Contrast Booster garante
que o desempenho do
painel OLED é maximizado
para obter texturas naturais
e uma incrível imagem realista.
Estão incluídos o Netflix Calibrated
Mode, Dolby Vision e Atmos, IMAX
Enhanced e o modo de imagem personalizado
da Sony
codesenvolvido com a Sony
Pictures.
Vai ver os filmes, programas televisivos e
jogos com a cor, contraste e movimento
pretendidos pelos criadores.
O nosso Acoustic Surface Audio com subwoofers
duplos trata do som.
O Acoustic Surface Audio
recria o som imersivo
da experiência cinematográfica
que tem no cinema.
Os atuadores vibram o ecrã de forma invisível
criando ondas de som que vêm
diretamente do ecrã.
Os subwoofers duplos fornecem
graves com uma frequência mais
baixa para dar um
som multidimensional detalhado.
Polish:
Identyfikuje
poszczególne obiekty w obrazie,
a następnie uwydatnia detale,
kolor i kontrast,
by zapewnić urzekający obraz.
Unikatowy sterownik Pixel
Contrast Booster pozwala
lepiej wykorzystać możliwości
panelu OLED w celu
nadania naturalnego wyglądu fakturom
i zapewnienia realizmu obrazu.
Netflix Calibrated Mode, Dolby
Vision i Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
oraz nasze firmowe, własne
ustawienie trybu obrazu
opracowane we współpracy z Sony
Pictures - wszystko to jest w zestawie funkcji.
Oglądane filmy, programy telewizyjne i gry
mają kolor, kontrast i ruch
zgodny z zamierzeniem twórcy.
Nad jakością dźwięku czuwa technologia
Acoustic Multi-Audio z dwoma subwooferami.
Technologia Acoustic Surface Audio
naśladuje intensywne
wrażenie „dźwięku z obrazu”,
jakie znamy z kina.
Niewidoczne drgania ekranu wywołane
przez siłowniki wytwarzają fale dźwiękowe
dobiegające bezpośrednio z ekranu.
Dwa subwoofery wytwarzają
bas o niższych częstotliwościach,
będący jednym z elementów
wielowymiarowego dźwięku.
Spanish:
Funciona identificando
cada objeto de la imagen y,
luego, mejorando el detalle,
el color y el contraste para ofrecer
una visualización totalmente envolvente.
Nuestro exclusivo Pixel
Contrast Booster garantiza que
el rendimiento del
panel OLED se maximice
para ofrecer texturas naturales y
obtener una imagen increíblemente realista.
Netflix Calibrated Mode, Dolby
Vision y Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
y la configuración de modo de imagen
propia de Sony,
desarrollada junto con Sony
Pictures: todo está incluido.
Verás las películas, los programas de TV y los juegos
con el color, el contraste y el movimiento
que concibió el creador.
Nuestro Acoustic Surface Audio con doble
subwoofer se encarga del sonido.
Acoustic Surface Audio
recrea la experiencia
Sound-from-Picture cinematográfica
que disfrutas en el cine.
Los accionadores hacen vibrar la pantalla de forma
invisible para crear ondas sonoras que salen
directamente de la pantalla.
El doble subwoofer proporciona
los tonos graves de menor frecuencia
para ofrecer un sonido
multidimensional detallado.
Dutch:
Eerst worden alle objecten
in het beeld geïdentificeerd.
Daarna worden details,
kleuren en contrast verbeterd
voor meeslepend beeld.
Onze unieke Pixel
Contrast Booster zorgt
dat het OLED-scherm
optimaal presteert
en natuurlijke texturen toont
voor hyperrealistisch beeld.
Netflix Calibrated Mode, Dolby
Vision en Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
en de eigen beeldmodusinstelling
van Sony,
ontwikkeld samen met Sony
Pictures, zijn allemaal inbegrepen.
Je ziet films, tv-programma's en games
met de kleuren, contrasten en beweging
die de maker voor ogen had.
Onze Acoustic Surface Audio met twee
subwoofers verzorgt het geluid.
Acoustic Surface Audio
creëert de meeslepende
geluid-uit-beeldervaring
van een bioscoop.
Door actuatoren trilt het scherm onzichtbaar,
zodat geluidsgolven rechtstreeks
van het scherm komen.
Twee subwoofers zorgen voor
de bastonen met lagere frequentie,
voor rijk,
multidimensionaal geluid.
Russian:
Сначала на изображении
определяются все объекты.
Потом улучшается детализация,
цвет и контрастность, чтобы сделать
картинку максимально реалистичной.
Наша технология Pixel
Contrast Booster обеспечивает
эффективную работу
панели OLED, чтобы
воссоздать естественные текстуры
и сверхреалистичное изображение.
Также поддерживаются режимы Netflix Calibrated Mode, Dolby
Vision и Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
и наш собственный режим изображения,
разработанный
совместно с Sony
Pictures.
Вы сможете наслаждаться фильмами, телепередачами и играми
в цвете, контрастности и динамике,
какими их задумывал автор.
За звук отвечают Acoustic Surface Audio
и сабвуферы.
Технология Acoustic Surface Audio
создает кинематографический
звук как
в кинотеатре.
Приводы создают незаметные вибрации,
генерируя звуковые волны
непосредственно с экрана.
Два сабвуфера обеспечивают
качественный низкочастотный бас,
создавая насыщенный
многомерный звук.
Turkish:
Görüntüdeki her nesneyi
tanımlayarak çalışıyor.
Sonra sürükleyici bir izleme için
ayrıntıları, rengi ve
kontrastı iyileştiriyor.
Eşsiz Pixel Contrast
Booster teknolojimiz,
OLED panelin performansını
en üst düzeye çıkararak
üstün gerçekçiliğe sahip
bir görüntü için doğal dokular sağlıyor.
Netflix Calibrated Mode, Dolby
Vision ve Atmos, IMAX Enhanced
ve Sony Pictures ile birlikte
geliştirilen Sony’nin kendi özel
görüntü modu ayarı;
hepsi bu TV’de.
Filmleri, TV programlarını ve oyunları
içerik oluşturucunun planladığı
renk, kontrast ve hareketle görüyorsunuz.
Çift subwoofer’lı Acoustic Surface Audio
teknolojimiz işin ses kısmını hallediyor.
Acoustic Surface Audio
sinemada gördüğünüz
etkileyici görüntüden ses
deneyimini yeniden yaratıyor.
Aktüatörler, ekranı görünmeyecek şekilde
titreterek doğrudan ekrandan gelen
ses dalgaları oluşturuyor.
Çift subwoofer’lar, zengin
ve çok boyutlu ses sunmak için
düşük frekanslı
bas tonları sağlıyor.
Polish:
Te zaawansowane technologie
obrazu i dźwięku są połączone
z charakterystyczną dla Sony,
minimalistyczną stylistyką One Slate.
Dzięki niej cała uwaga skupia się
na tym, co najważniejsze: akcji.
Nasza technologia optymalizacji do otoczenia
dopasowuje obraz i dźwięk
do warunków panujących w otoczeniu.
Automatycznie dostosowuje
jasność obrazu
do oświetlenia pomieszczenia:
zwiększa ją w jasnych pomieszczeniach,
a zmniejsza w ciemnych,
tworząc optymalny klimat przy oglądaniu.
Technologia ta
wykrywa w pomieszczeniu obiekty,
które mogą tłumić lub odbijać dźwięk,
na przykład zasłony i meble.
Następnie precyzyjnie koryguje akustykę,
zapobiegając pogorszeniu dźwięku.
I wreszcie, wysoko wydajny
chipset telewizora Sony
z platformą Android TV umożliwia
szybki i bezproblemowy dostęp
do ulubionych treści.
Elementem pilota
jest wbudowany mikrofon,
a dzięki Asystentowi Google można
obsługiwać telewizor i urządzenia
do inteligentnego domu oraz wyszukiwać
rozrywkę za pomocą poleceń głosowych.
Do odkrycia jest ponad 5000 aplikacji
z serwisu Google Play.
Spanish:
Estas avanzadas tecnologías
de imagen y sonido
se envuelven en el distintivo concepto
de diseño integral minimalista de Sony,
que consigue que centres la atención
en lo que es importante: la acción.
Nuestra tecnología de optimización ambiental
adapta la imagen y el
sonido a tu entorno.
Esta ajusta automáticamente
el brillo de la imagen
a la iluminación de la habitación,
aumentándolo en habitaciones iluminadas
y reduciéndolo en habitaciones oscuras,
para una visualización atmosférica perfecta.
Esta tecnología puede incluso
detectar objetos en la habitación,
como cortinas y muebles,
que pueden absorber o reflejar el sonido,
ajustando con precisión la acústica para que
el sonido no se vea afectado.
Por último, con un chipset
de alto rendimiento,
Android TV de Sony te ofrece
un acceso rápido y sin esfuerzo
a todos tus contenidos favoritos.
Hemos integrado un micrófono
en el mando a distancia
y, con el Asistente de Google,
podrás controlar tu televisor,
tu hogar inteligente y buscar nuevo
entretenimiento con la voz.
Explora las más de 5000 aplicaciones
disponibles en Google Play Store
German:
Die hochmodernen Bild- und
Sound-Technologien sind in das
minimalistische One Slate Design von
Sony eingefasst, das Ihnen die
Freiheit lässt, sich auf das Wichtige
zu konzentrieren – das Bild.
Unsere Technologie für
Umgebungsoptimierung passt Bild
und Ton an Ihre Umgebung an.
So wird mit einer höheren
Helligkeit
in hellen Räumen
und dunklerem Bild
in dunklen Räumen ein
perfektes Fernseherlebnis erreicht.
Die Technologie erkennt
sogar Objekte wie Vorhänge und
Möbel im Raum, die Sound verschlucken
oder reflektieren könnten,
und passt den Klang
entsprechend an.
Mit dem leistungsstarken
Chipsatz des Android TV von Sony
ist der Zugriff auf Ihre Lieblingsinhalte
ganz einfach in Sekundenschnelle
möglich.
In der Fernbedienung
befindet sich ein Mikrofon, sodass
sich Ihr Fernseher und
Smart Home-Geräte mit Google Assistant
steuern lassen und
Sie im Handumdrehen neue Inhalte finden.
Entdecken Sie mehr als 5.000 Apps
im Google Play Store und
French:
Ces technologies avancées
en matière d'image et de son
sont intégrées dans le design minimaliste
emblématique de Sony, One Slate,
qui attire votre attention
sur l'essentiel : l'action.
Notre technologie d'optimisation ambiante
adapte l'image et le son
à votre environnement.
Elle ajuste automatiquement
la luminosité de l'image en fonction
de l'éclairage de la pièce
en l'augmentant dans les pièces lumineuses
et en la réduisant dans les pièces sombres
pour une image harmonieuse.
Cette technologie peut même
détecter les objets de la pièce
comme les rideaux et les meubles
qui peuvent absorber ou réfléchir le son
pour perfectionner l'acoustique et
sublimer le son.
Enfin, grâce à une puce
haute performance,
le téléviseur Android de Sony vous
permet d'accéder facilement
à tous vos contenus préférés.
Nous avons intégré un microphone
à la télécommande
afin que vous puissiez contrôler
vocalement votre téléviseur,
Smart Home et trouver de nouveaux
divertissements grâce à l'Assistant Google.
Découvrez plus de 5 000 applications
téléchargeables sur Google Play Store
Portuguese:
Estas avançadas tecnologias
de som e imagem são
finalizadas pelo conceito de design
minimalista One Slate de assinatura
da Sony que mantém o foco
sobre o que é importante, a ação.
A tecnologia de otimização do ambiente
adapta a imagem e o
som ao seu ambiente.
Esta ajusta automaticamente
o brilho da imagem
à luminosidade da divisão
aumentando-o em divisões iluminadas e
reduzindo-o em divisões escuras
para uma vista atmosférica perfeita.
Esta tecnologia pode até
detetar objetos na divisão
como cortinas e móveis
que possam absorver ou refletir o som
aperfeiçoando a acústica para
que o som não seja comprometido.
Por fim, um chipset de alto
desempenho
para a Android TV da Sony dá-lhe
um acesso rápido e simples
aos seus conteúdos favoritos.
Incorporámos um microfone
no telecomando
e com o Google Assistant
pode controlar a TV, uma
Casa Inteligente e encontrar
novo entretenimento com a voz.
Explore mais de 5000 aplicações
na Google Play Store
Turkish:
Bu gelişmiş görüntü ve ses
teknolojileri, önemli olana,
yani aksiyona odaklanmanızı sağlayan,
Sony imzalı minimal
tek parçalı tasarımda
bir araya geliyor.
Ortam optimizasyonu teknolojimiz,
görüntü ve sesi
ortamınıza göre uyarlıyor.
Görüntü parlaklığını
odadaki ortam ışığına göre
otomatik olarak ayarlıyor ve
mükemmel bir atmosferik görüntü için
parlaklığı aydınlık odalarda artırıp
karanlık odalarda azaltıyor.
Bu teknoloji, odada
sesi emebilecek veya yansıtabilecek
perde, mobilya gibi nesneleri
dahi algılayıp sesten ödün
vermemeniz için akustiği
incelikle ayarlayabiliyor.
Son olarak, yüksek performanslı
bir çip setine sahip olan
bu Sony Android TV,
tüm favori içeriklerinize hızla
ve kolayca erişmenizi sağlıyor.
Uzaktan kumandaya
dahili bir mikrofon ekledik
ve Google Assistant’la
TV’nizi, Akıllı Ev cihazlarınızı
sesinizi kullanarak kontrol edebiliyor ve
yeni eğlenceler bulabiliyorsunuz.
Google Play Store’daki
5000’i aşkın uygulamayı keşfedin,
Russian:
Передовые видео-
и аудиотехнологии
дополняет фирменный
минималистичный дизайн One Slate от Sony,
который помогает зрителю
сосредоточиться на происходящем на экране.
Технология адаптации к окружающей среде
подстраивает изображение и звук
под условия в помещении.
Она автоматически настраивает
яркость изображения
в зависимости от освещения в комнате —
увеличивает при ярком свете
и снижает в темных комнатах
для создания нужной атмосферы.
Эта технология даже может
определять объекты в комнате,
например шторы и мебель,
которые поглощают или отражают звук,
чтобы тонко
настроить акустику.
Наконец, благодаря высокопроизводительному
чипсету
телевизор Android TV от Sony обеспечивает
быстрый доступ
ко всему любимому контенту.
В пульте имеется микрофон,
что позволяет
с помощью Google Assistant
искать новый контент и управлять телевизором
и системой Smart Home,
отдавая голосовые команды.
В магазине Google Play
доступно более 5000 приложений,
Dutch:
Deze geavanceerde beeld-
en geluidstechnologieën
zijn verpakt in het minimalistische
One Slate-ontwerp van Sony
dat je aandacht gericht houdt
op waar het om draait: de actie.
Onze omgevingsoptimalisatietechnologie
past het beeld en
geluid aan op je omgeving.
De helderheid van het beeld
wordt automatisch aangepast
aan het licht in de ruimte.
Meer in lichte ruimtes
en minder in donkere ruimtes,
voor een sfeervol beeld.
Deze technologie kan zelfs
objecten detecteren,
zoals gordijnen en meubels,
die geluid absorberen of weerkaatsen
en de akoestiek zo afstemmen
op optimale geluidskwaliteit.
Ten slotte geeft dankzij
een hoogwaardige chipset
Android TV van Sony
snelle toegang
tot je lievelingscontent.
De afstandsbediening heeft
een microfoon
en met Google Assistent
kun je je tv en smarthome
bedienen en nieuwe entertainment
vinden door te praten.
Ontdek ruim 5000 apps
in de Google Play Store
Italian:
Queste tecnologie audio e
video avanzate
sono racchiuse nella firma di Sony,
nel design One Slate minimalista
che mantiene tutta la tua attenzione
su ciò che conta davvero: l'azione.
La tecnologia di ottimizzazione ambientale
adatta l'immagine e
l'audio al tuo spazio.
Questa tecnologia adatta automaticamente
la luminosità dell'immagine
alla luce nella stanza
potenziandola in stanze luminose e
riducendola in ambienti bui
per una visione ottimale.
Questa tecnologia è inoltre in grado di
rilevare oggetti nella stanza,
come tende e mobili,
che possono assorbire o riflettere il suono
perfezionando così l'acustica
in modo che l'audio non sia compromesso.
Infine, con un chipset
a prestazioni elevate
Android TV di Sony ti consente
di accedere velocemente e senza sforzo
a tutti i tuoi contenuti preferiti.
Abbiamo integrato un microfono
nel telecomando
e grazie all'assistente Google
puoi controllare TV,
Smart Home e scoprire nuove
forme di intrattenimento usando la voce.
Esplora le oltre 5000 app disponibili
dal Google Play Store
English:
These advanced picture
and sound technologies
are wrapped up in Sony's signature,
minimalist One Slate design
that keeps all your focus
on what's important—the action.
Our ambient optimisation technology
adapts the picture and
sound to your environment.
It will automatically adjust
the picture brightness
to the light in the room
boosting it in bright rooms and
reducing it in dark rooms
for a perfect atmospheric view.
This technology can even
detect objects in the room
such as curtains and furniture
that may absorb or reflect sound
fine tuning the acoustics so
your sound isn't compromised.
Finally, with a high-performance
chipset
Sony's Android TV gives you
fast, effortless access
to all your favourite content.
We've built a microphone
into the remote control
and with Google Assistant,
you can control your TV,
Smart Home and find new
entertainment using your voice.
Explore over 5000 apps available
from the Google Play Store
Spanish:
y utiliza Google Chromecast
o Apple Air Play
para transmitir desde tu iPhone, iPad,
dispositivo Android u ordenador portátil
directamente al televisor.
Dutch:
en gebruik Google Chromecast
of Apple Air Play
om beeld vanaf je iPhone,
iPad, Android-apparaat of laptop
naar de tv te casten.
English:
and use Google Chromecast
or Apple Air Play
to cast from your iPhone,
iPad, Android device or laptop
straight to the TV.
Portuguese:
e use o Google Chromecast
ou o Apple Air Play
para transmitir do iPhone,
iPad, dispositivo Android ou portátil
diretamente para a TV.
Polish:
Używając technologii Google Chromecast
lub Apple AirPlay
można przesyłać treści z telefonu iPhone,
iPada, urządzenia z systemem Android lub laptopa
prosto na telewizor.
German:
übertragen Sie mit Google Chromecast
oder Apple Air Play den
Bildschirm Ihres iPhones oder iPad
bzw. Android-Geräts oder Notebooks
direkt auf den Fernseher.
Russian:
которые с помощью Google Chromecast
или Apple Air Play
можно транслировать с iPhone,
iPad, мобильного устройства или ноутбука с Android
напрямую на телевизор.
Italian:
e utilizza Google Chromecast
o Apple Air Play
per trasmettere dal tuo iPhone,
iPad, dispositivo Android o laptop
direttamente al televisore.
French:
et utilisez Google Chromecast
ou Apple Air Play
pour afficher le contenu de votre iPhone, iPad,
périphérique Android ou ordinateur portable
directement sur le téléviseur.
Turkish:
ayrıca Google Chromecast
veya Apple Air Play ile
iPhone, iPad, Android cihazınızdan
veya dizüstü bilgisayarınızdan
içerikleri doğrudan TV’ye yansıtın.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
dj market
like share
subscribe
best dk market
new dj itmes
| YoutubeSubtitles |
-This first poll asked,
"Will you listen to
Rudy Giuliani's podcast abou
Trump being impeached?"
75% said "no."
24% said "yes."
Rudy Giuliani said,
"What podcast?
I never said there was
gonna be a podcast.
Okay, fine, there's a podcast,
but I never said that.
Why would you think I said that?
I didn't say that."
This poll asked,
"How do you communicate
with your relatives?"
20% said "by phone."
20% said "by e-mail."
60% said, "Occasionally liking
one of their Facebook post
to let them know
we're still cool."
This next poll asks,
"How many drinks
is the appropriate amount
with co-workers?"
20% said, "One is fine."
20% said,
"Yeah, sure, okay, two."
20% said, "You know what?
I could do three."
20% said, "Well, if we're doin
four, we're doing five."
20% said, "H.R. is telling m
12 was too many."
[ Cheers and applause ]
Next, they asked,
"What is love?"
33% said, "Baby don't hurt me.
33% said, "Don't hurt me."
34% said, "No more."
[ Cheers and applause ]
♪♪♪♪
This next poll asks,
"How do you take your coffee?"
10% said "black."
15% said "milk and sugar."
10% said, "One Splenda,
one Equal, oat milk, steamed
Then have them put some ice in
it so it's not too hot,
two pumps vanilla,
and cinnamon sprinkles."
10% said, "Uh, sorry.
That was one Splenda, one Equal,
what else?"
10% said, "Oat milk, steamed
but have them put some
ice in it so it's not too hot,
two pumps vanilla,
and cinnamon sprinkles."
10% said, "Great.
Can I get your name?"
35% said, "Jennnnnifer
with five N's."
These are polls.
These are polls that --
-Wow. Polling people --
-They're polling people an
getting really interesting -
-That many people are name
Jennnnnifer with five N's?
-"Don't spell it wrong or else
I won't be able to know
it's my drink."
-No one will know
it's her drink.
-This last poll asked,
"What's your favorite food
at Thanksgiving?"
60% said "turkey."
35% said "organic turkey."
5% said, "Wild Turkey
I chugged in the bathroom
just to get through this thing."
That's all the time we have fo
"Tonight Show Polls."
| YoutubeSubtitles |
after nelson mandela passed away a tweet
from paris Hilton alleged street from
paris Hilton is making its rounds on
Twitter it was going viral:
but some are wondering whether or not it
was true it so the following
rest in peace Nelson Mandela your I have
a dream speech was so inspiring
amazing man are rather be reading it I
have to be honest I was one of the
people that bought
and I was in the studio and I was like
all got
for my bro
I'm okay this is unfair right everybody
rushed over my computer
and then BuzzFeed quickly to both dead
and it turned out there was completely
fake it was a
a Photoshop tweet by an account at
deleted tweets
so anyway after that happened Paris open
with a little upset
because a lot of people read tweeted it
may actually did believe that you dumb
enough to mix up the two
I miss you said the following in
response whoever made that stupid fake
tweet lacks respect to the Los the world
is mourning right now
the same goes for all the blogs to run
with it alright with it
so there were a bunch why would they
pick it up yes somebody wrote that week
for her
yeah jin Shin Bet a little too
articulate an element that are not
well hold the whole because it's going
to get a little less eloquent but
it comes one from her I bet head I love
this one
I'm so sick of people lying about me in
using my name please get a way to go
it stop talking about my yes it's beyond
hash tag your prophetic hash tag get
your own life yet that's that's her
II my favorite out of all this is
it's beyond yeah secretly in love
I airhead talk I think it sounds
hilarious so now I just want to you but
that's why I think dramas I say it
as a joke obviously and now it's beyond
will be part of my
yeah I like they got me excited I know I
have a totally with you i i like that
any day any time since somebody says
like
Martin Bashir its be a it's beyond I
can't be doing a lot of you don't really
fast
she says please get a life and stop
talking about mine which I love coming
from a woman whose career began going to
parties to be talked about
happening I love film to be talked about
and then doing a reality show to be
taught a
she is a reality star telling people
start talking about her life
and slashed by the way and now that
she's not really
hot anymore and and people are talking
about her jesse Moore livid about that
that she is about these kinda big tweets
she probably secretly got a little
excited by the thought he had always
been talking a lot about my wife
our game it they're not even talk about
a good how about the fake me
that's why we're not really noticed
probably wouldn't be surprised
I'm still battle that she ever became
famous p you she's not
that pretty known I got she doesn't do
anything she's not intelligent when she
talks are interesting or didn't know it
at night in the US doesn't really hot
female artist rendering liking people
that have no talent
so I when it really hit hard action has
a
you know I real nice yes you know like
he has that I bet it's a pretty you know
with world-class
down there people live in paris Hilton
is have some
but combat your debts and you know what
though
I there was appeared in my life where I
thought paris Hilton was super sexy out
really
yeah I was like I said all right channel
8 months no no I know I don't want
either but she had that look alike
yours so me I may be a
have right and I was like oh that's
fascinating you know it was a
yes he looks down at you Mike like no
place in like
only tell me to tell me more you know I
like so that it had that element to it
so I enjoy that she looks she might be a
big girl job burke et today when I was
19
that were good for you it was a fun
topic sai RAM Sai but now we're beyond
get me out of here
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Okay now another type of tip up is the trap
line tip up or horizontal tip up. It's set
up a little bit different as I mentioned earlier.
It has a horizontal reel on it and the rod
twists to let go of the flag. In order to
set this up, you might use this on something
like walleye or large slabber perch. Onto
that you might have a six inch leader and
simply by taking your hook, your perfection
end of your loop and hooking it through, and
then doubling back on itself. You basically
come up with a hook that's attached directly
to a six foot monofilament leader. Now for
this to work out on a particularly windy day
like we've got today, we hook this on the
larger side of the notch. On a less windy
day there's a small notch right here and on
a less windy day you want to set that. It's
a little more gentle setting. But on a windy
day like we have today you want to set it
in this harder notch. Now when the fish comes
along underneath and is pulling on this. They
will pull on the line spinning the reel and
setting the flag off. This is a trap style
horizontal tip up and it is used a lot of
times for large slabber perch as well as walleye.
So you could use it on salmon as well, but
I prefer the cross set up with a vertical
spring.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
THE STORE WILL BE OPEN FOR
BUSINESS.
TOM: PORTSMOUTH'S INTERIM POLICE
CHIEF IS TAKING HIS PUSH FOR
FULL TRANSPARENCY, TO THE
TELEVISION AIRWAVES.
CHIEF DAVID MARA AND DETECTIVE
ROCHELLE JONES TAPED THE
INAUGURAL EPISODE OF 'P-P-D T-V'
TODAY.
EACH SEGMENT THEY PLAN TO
INTRODUCE A MEMBER OF THE
DEPARTMENT AS WELL AS TALK ABOUT
IMPORTANT PUBLIC ISSUES.
MARA, WHO RETIRED FROM THE
MANCHESTER POLICE DEPARTMENT
LAST YEAR, SAYS HE'S OPEN TO
SUGGESTIONS AND CALLS IT A WORK
IN PROGRESS.
>> I WANT THE PEOPLE OF
PORTSMOUTH TO KNOW WHAT KIND OF
POLICE DEPARTMENT THEY HAVE.
I'VE BEEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT FOR
29 YEARS, AND IN A SHORT PERIOD
OF TIME I'VE COME TO REALIZE
THAT THIS IS A GREAT POLICE
| YoutubeSubtitles |
"The development of Cryptography I have been
pushing for the past 20 Years, to protect
the integrity and privacy of the individuals
and the sovereignty of states from domination
by these large players" - Julian Assange
The exchange of digital information has become
an integral part of our society.
Already tens of millions of emails are sent
each day, the Internet has provided the infrustructure
for the digital marketplace, and e-commerce
is thriving.
Money is flowing through cyberspace, and it
as estimated that every day half of the world's
gross domestic product travels through the
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunications (SWIFT) network.
Democrocies that referanda will begin to have
online voting, and governments will increasingly
use the Internet to help administer their
countries, offering facilties such as online
tax returns.
Without a doubt, the Information Age is under
way, and we live in a wired world.
Critically, the success of the Information
Age depends on the ability to protect the
information as it flows around the world,
and this relies on the power of cryptography.
Encryption can be seen as providing the locks
and keys of the information Age.
For two thousand years encryption has been
importance only to government and the military,
but today it also has a role to play in facilitating
business, and tomorrow ordinary people will
rely on cryptography in order to protect their
privacy.
Fortunately, just as the Information Age is
taking off, access to extraordinary strong
encryption.
The development of public-key cryptography,
particulary the RSA cipher, has given today's
cryptographers a clear advantage in their
continual power struggle against cryptanalysts.
If the value of N is large enough, then finding
p and q takes Eve and unreasonable amount
of time, and RSA encryption is therefore effectively
unbreakable.
Most important of all, public-key cryptography
is not weakened by any key-distribution problems.
In short, RSA guarantees almost unbreakable
locks for our most precious pieces of information.
However, as with every technology, there is
a darkside to encryption.
As well as protecting the communications of
law-abiding citizens, encryption also protects
the communication of criminals and terrorists.
Currently, police forces use wiretaping as
a way of gathering evidence to counter organized
crime and terrorism , but this word be ineffective
if criminals used unbreakable ciphers.
In the twenty-first century, the fundamental
dilema for cryptography is to find a way of
allowing the public and businesses to use
encryption in order to exploit the benefits
of the Information Age, without allowing criminals
to abuse encryption and avade arrest.
There is currently and active and vigorous
debate about the best way forward, and much
of the discussion has been inspired by the
story of Phil Zimmermann, an American crytographer
whose attempts to encourage the widespread
use of strong encryption have frightened America's
security experts, threatened the billion dollar
National Security Agency and made him the
subject of a major inquiry and grand-jury
investigation.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
The following content is
provided under a Creative
Commons license.
Your support will help MIT
OpenCourseWare continue to
offer high quality educational
resources for free.
To make a donation or view
additional materials from
hundreds of MIT courses, visit
MIT OpenCourseWare at
ocw.mit.edu.
PROFESSOR: Hello, and welcome.
Last week we started to think
about programming.
Programming was the first
module in this class.
And it was important for
two different reasons.
First, we're going to use
programming throughout the
term in the study of all the
different things that we do.
So it's important that you learn
to program now, just so
you can use that tool.
More importantly perhaps, we
didn't just learn how to
program, we focused on how to
program in a fashion that
would let us construct
complicated systems out of a
simpler systems.
This is the way that we
can manage complexity.
This is the only possible
way that we can
make complicated systems.
So that was the more important
intellectual theme from the
first part, where we introduced
our mantra, PCAP --
primitives, means of
combination, abstraction and
identifying patterns.
That's the key to this
modular approach to
hierarchical kind of design.
Today what I want to do is start
the second major theme.
First theme was the design of
complex systems, we saw that
by reference to programming.
Today we're going to start
thinking about modeling and
controlling physical systems.
The idea here is not so much
how you construct systems--
but we will get back to that.
The idea is to characterize
the systems that you've
constructed and say something
about their metrics as being
positive or negative.
So what we want to do is, in
fact, focus on behavior.
So to illustrate that, I'll
start with an example.
This is an example that you did
in design lab last week,
or for some of you, yesterday.
The idea was to program the
robot so that it could sense
the distance to a wall.
Represented two ways here,
sort of the view that you
would get from Soar, and a more
schematic representation
showing the position of a robot,
the position of a wall.
The idea is that you can sense
the position to the wall using
the sonars.
You know where you would
like to be, because
some user told you.
You'd like to be say, half a
meter away from the wall.
And your job was to write a
program that moves the robot
from where it is to where
you'd like it to be.
So here's the kind of behavior
we might have liked--
so I'll do that again.
So we might have liked that if
you started here, you have a
nice smooth progression up to
where you'd like to be.
Very graceful, ballet type, and
you just sort of smoothly
glide into the position
that you'd like.
Some of you probably achieved
that behavior, and some of you
probably did other things.
So that might be the
intended behavior.
One way to achieve the intended
behavior is to use
what we call a proportional
controller.
In a proportional controller,
you make the command be, in
some way, proportionate to
the intended response.
So imagine this code, which
might establish a class for
finding the wall.
So the important thing-- as we
saw, for all state machines,
the important thing is to define
a start state and a
getNextValues routine.
What this getNextValues routine
does is it establishes
the desired distance to
be a half a meter.
It figures out the current
distance to the wall by
reading the sonars, and then
it specifies an action.
So the first question is what
would you like fvel to be in
order to make a proportional
controller?
Which of those expressions
makes sense?
Take 30 seconds, talk to your
neighbor, figure out some
answer between (1) and (5).
I will ask you in 30 seconds to
raise your hand with that
number of fingers.
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
PROFESSOR: So what's the right
kind of expression if we
wanted the controller
to be proportionate?
Everybody raise your
hand, show me
some number of fingers.
OK, the vast majority
is saying (2).
Everybody likes the idea of
current minus desired.
Why is that the right answer?
That is the right answer.
Why is that the right answer?
How do you prove that
to somebody?
AUDIENCE: Well, in current
divided desired, once you meet
your desired distance, you're
still going to have to
[UNINTELLIGIBLE] velocity
[UNINTELLIGIBLE], which really
doesn't make sense
at this point.
PROFESSOR: Exactly.
So that method, we might
call extreme cases.
Think of the simplifying cases
that give you some insight
into the problem.
So one simple case is
what if desired and
current were the same?
You'd better stop.
OK, that's a simple case.
So the simple case says that you
better have one of these--
whatever the right answer is,
it better have the property
that when current equals
desired, fvel is 0.
Otherwise it's not
going to work.
And in fact, using just that
one simple case, you can
eliminate all the
ones except (2).
There are some other simple
cases, what are some other
simple cases?
Simple cases.
Yeah.
AUDIENCE: currentDistance
greater than desiredDistance?
PROFESSOR: Current bigger
than desired.
So if current were bigger, that
would mean that you were
starting out way over
here someplace.
So if you were way over there
someplace, you'd want the
velocity to be positive.
The forward velocity
should be positive.
That's how you would
disambiguate the sign.
Similarly, if the current were
shorter than desired, if you
were too close to the wall,
you'd like the forward
velocity to be negative.
OK.
So that's the proportional
controller that we'd like.
So we might fill in our wall
finder class this way.
And then when we built it, if
things went really well, we
would get exactly the
behavior we wanted.
But if things went more
naturally, it wouldn't quite
work that way, and
you might get a
different kind of behavior.
Let's do that again.
So here is the resulting
behavior for that simple
controller that I just showed.
So in some sense, that's
not as good behavior.
And the way we want to think
about behaviors--
the way we're going to develop
today, is to think about
behaviors in terms of signals.
Plots.
So the first question is, what
plot best represents the
behavior that I saw here?
So which of those plots best
represents that behavior?
Take 30 seconds, talk to your
neighbor, figure out what's
the right answer?
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
PROFESSOR: OK, so which behavior
best represents the
illustrated cartoon that
I showed previously?
Raise your hand, show some
number fingers so that I can
see if you're with it.
Not all correct, but more
than 90% correct.
The more than 90% answer
is number (2).
What's good about number (2)
that's not good about numbers
(1), (3), and (4)?
AUDIENCE: The initial
value is different
than the final value.
PROFESSOR: Initial
is different.
So here, I try initial and final
being roughly the same.
So what's showed here,
is a plot.
Current distance on
the y-axis, step
number on the x-axis.
And so we can see from here--
and the implication of the
axes, by the way, is 0.
So the implication of the
vertical axis is it intersects
this at 0, unless I label
it otherwise.
And similarly, this horizontal
line intersects the vertical
at 0 unless I label
it otherwise.
So that's the point (0, 0).
So the implication here is that
the initial and the final
values are the same,
as they are here.
Here they're not, what makes
(2) better than (1).
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
the current distance is
decreasing [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
PROFESSOR: The current distance
starts out bigger
than it ultimately is.
So we start out bigger than
the final value, the final
value is presumably
half a meter.
We start out roughly
twice that far, and
then we see some approach.
The approach is not monotonic.
So the answer is (2).
Why do you think
it under-shot?
So on the way to going from
one to one-half, it
transiently went through
something
smaller than one-half.
Why do you think it did that?
Yeah.
AUDIENCE: Because [INAUDIBLE]
this way, there's a small--
there's a small interval of
time when its moving at the
velocity where it couldn't
[INAUDIBLE].
PROFESSOR: So it's a small
interval of time between when
it does one thing, and it
does something else.
When it senses and moves,
for example.
So there could be a time delay,
in the system and in
fact, that's true, there
is a time delay.
So it takes some amount of
time for the sonars to
register the distance.
Then it takes some amount of
time for the computer inside
the robot to register that
the sonar has told
it something different.
Than it takes some time from the
time the computer commands
the wheels until the robot
starts moving.
All of those cumulative effects
mean that you have the
potential to overshoot where
you're going, because there's
delay in the system, there's
inertia in the robot.
All of those reasons can
lead to overshoot.
And the point of today is to
figure out some way of
predicting and correcting
for those kinds
of unintended behaviors.
So what we will do then, is
develop an approach focused on
signals, not systems.
So, so far, we've been thinking
about how do you
build the system?
Now we're going to think
about behavior.
We're going to think about
analyzing that behavior.
And the focus is going to be
on what was the input, what
was desired?
What was the output,
what was achieved?
So we're going to be looking
at those output signals in
order to figure out how
good the behavior was.
That approach is called the
signals and systems approach.
The idea is characterize your
system-- whatever that system
is, a physical system, a
mathematical system, a
computational system, whatever
it is, think about it by the
way it transforms an input
signal into an output signal.
That's kind of a bizarre way
to think about systems.
So let me just illustrate that
by way of a system that you've
all seen before.
OK, here's a simple
system, right?
You've all seen this, right?
Anything like 8.01
ring any bells?
OK, so that's a simple system,
you all know how to solve it.
There's a gazillion ways
you could solve
this system, right?
Free body diagrams, kinetic
energy, potential energy,
there's a gazillion ways
you could do it.
You all know how to do it,
that's not the point.
The point is, that we're going
to learn a different
way to solve it.
We're going to think about the
mass and spring system--
not like potential energy and
kinetic energy, not like free
body diagrams, we're going to
think about it as transforming
an input signal into
an output signal.
So the input signal--
it's kind of arbitrary what I
use besides the output, but
clearly the thing I have control
over is my hand.
So it seems natural to associate
a variable with the
position of my hand,
that would be x.
Also it seems natural to
associate a variable with the
position of the mass, that
could be the output y.
That's not unique.
Every time we try to solve a
problem we ask ourselves,
what's the meaningful input,
what's the meaningful output?
The meaningful output
could have been the
force on the spring.
I'm just sort of arbitrarily
saying for the purpose of my
analysis, I'm going to consider
the input to be the
position of the hand,
the output to be the
position of the mass.
And I'm going to think about the
mass and spring system as
a box that transforms
x into y.
So rather than thinking about
it in terms of free body
diagrams, and kinetic energy,
and potential energy, I'm
going to think there's some
input signal x, and there's
some output signal y.
And what I'd like to do is
given x, calculate y.
OK, bizarre, why would
I do that?
One of the reasons I want to
do that is that it's a very
general way of thinking
about behaviors.
It works for the mass and spring
system, it works for
water tanks.
What happens if I have
water flowing into
a tank that's leaky?
Well, it leaks into another tank
which is leaky, and that
leaks more.
Completely different physics.
Probably wasn't covered
in 8.01.
Probably is something you
could figure out.
The point is that from the
signals and systems point of
view, I'm going to map this
physics, whatever it is, into
this structure.
Think about the tank system as
the system that transforms
some input.
The input is that there's water
spurting for some small
interval of time.
The output is that there's
water coming out.
And the idea is that I'm going
to characterize the system--
whatever it is, as the rule
that transforms the input
signal into the output signal.
Here's a third example.
I could think of a cell
phone system.
Here again, there are very
complicated ways we could
think about the system, but
I'm going to take the
particularly simple approach
called signals and systems.
Then I'm going to characterize
the phone system by the way it
transforms some input sound
into some output sound.
And as you can imagine, there's
a way of thinking
about performance in terms
of that transformation.
Ideally, we would like this to
bear some resemblance to that.
So the point then,
is that we're
going to focus on behaviors.
And to do so, we're going to
think about the signals and
systems approach.
Represent a system, whatever
it is, by the way it
transforms inputs
into outputs.
One of the reasons we
like the approach is
that it's so general.
So you can use it for virtually
any kind of a system
for which you can develop a
mathematical underpinning.
You can use it to analyze
electrical systems, mechanical
systems, optical systems,
acoustic systems, biological
systems, financial systems if
you're on the dark side.
So there's lots of different
kinds of systems that are
amenable to this kind
of approach.
Also, this approach has
a nice modularity.
Having represented a cellphone
by transformation from sound
in to electromagnetic field out,
as illustrated by this
cartoon depicting sound going
in and having a radio wave
transmitting to a tower.
Then we represent tower to tower
communication some way,
maybe via an optical fiber,
maybe via a satellite.
Then tower to cell by the same
kind of reverse transformation
that we used in the first one.
We can piece those all together,
we can treat them as
modules, because each box takes
an input signal and
makes an output signal.
The method is oblivious to
the underlying physics.
That affords us a certain
amount of power.
And in particular, it's
very modular.
You can put together modules
that represent very different
physical substrates.
That allows us to
go back to PCAP.
If the underlying
representations for the
different physical substrates
are the same, we will be able
to-- and we will over the next
three weeks, develop a bunch
of techniques for combining
multiple modules into one.
That provides the same kind of
abstraction and modularity
that we saw in programming
for the last two weeks.
So that's the idea.
What we want to do is represent
a system by the way
it transforms an input signal
to an output signal.
There are many different kinds
of inputs and outputs, but a
fundamental distinction that we
are going to have to make
is continuous time,
and discrete time.
This system works in what
we will refer to
as continuous time.
Because my position of my hand
is a continuous function of
the continuous variable, time.
The robots, by contrast, work
with what we will call,
discrete time.
Steps.
It turns out the math for those
two different approaches
are very different.
And we will focus entirely in
this class on discrete time,
because our area of application
is the robot.
It's not that continuous is
deeper, or harder, or anything
like that, it's different.
So we'll focus on
discrete time.
And the point of today then,
is to develop some
representations for signals and
systems of this free time
nature, that will let us analyze
and predict behaviors
of systems like the
robot system.
The first class of methods for
representing such systems is
difference equations.
Difference equations are a lot
like differential equations,
except there's no differentials,
there's
differences.
Difference equations are the
discrete time analog of
differential equations for
continuous time systems.
Simplest possible
example here.
Say I have an output y, that for
reasons that I don't care
about, I know can be represented
as the difference
between two values
of the input --
x at time n, and x at
time n minus 1.
That's a way to represent the
behavior of a system, a
discrete time system, by using
a difference equation.
That's in fact, almost
a complete
description of the system.
So let me just explain the
way you would use that.
It's almost-- because
I didn't tell you
anything about the input.
I'll tell you something about
the input for the purpose of
example, where I'll
use the simplest
possible input I can imagine.
Something that we'll call
a delta function.
A delta function is a signal.
It's a discrete time signal.
It has the value 1 if the time
index is 0, and has the value
0 everywhere else.
It's, in some sense, the
simplest possible signal that
we could imagine.
So it's natural to
start there.
So what I want to do now is
think about if this were a
characterization of the system,
and if this were the
input to that system?
What would the output be?
That's after all--
that was the question that
I posed at the beginning.
We would like to build a
representation for a system so
that we can predict the output,
given the input.
So how does that work?
So given the difference
equation, all we need to do is
step through it.
OK, it's trivial.
We call that analyzing
by step by step.
So given the difference
equation, given the input
signal, all we need to do is
sequentially go through the
different values of n, and think
about the implication of
the system on that input.
So if I were to use the value
of n, being minus 1, this
general form of the difference
equation tells me that the
minus 1 value of n for the
output is related by this
difference, with the input.
So y of minus 1 is x of minus
1 minus x of minus 2.
Since both of those are 0, it
says that the output at time
minus 1 is 0.
Trivial, right?
Trivial.
And similarly, we can just
iterate through the solution
to the whole signal.
So y of 0 is x of 0 minus
x of minus 1.
x of 0 is that special
one, that is 1.
So now we get 1 minus
0, which is 1.
y of 1 is x of 1 minus x of 0.
Now the special one is on the
other side of the minus sign,
so the answer is minus 1.
y of 2 is x of 2
minus x of 1 --
they're both 0.
And in fact, all the answers
from now on are going to be 0.
So what I just did is a
trivial example of --
I use a difference equation to
represent a system, and I
figured out the output signal
from the input signal.
That's the method
that we call--
that's the representation for
discrete time systems that we
refer to as difference
equations.
Difference equations
are very powerful.
As we will see, of all the
representations we look at,
difference equations is the most
compact representation.
But there are features of other
kinds of representations
that are also valuable.
So the next representation
I want to look
at is a block diagram.
What I'm trying to show here is
a picture, a diagram, that
represents the same system that
we just analyzed with
difference equations.
Here though, I'm thinking
about it as
a signal flow path.
I'm thinking about what's the
cascade of operations that you
need to do on each sample in
order to get from the input to
the output?
So the difference equation said
every value of the output
should be equal to the
corresponding value of the
input less the value
before that.
I represent that in a block
diagram by saying there's a
straight through path, y of
n is equal to x of n.
The plus just adds the signals
on these two paths.
So y of n is equal to x of n.
Subtract out, because I'm
multiplying by minus 1.
Delay, so I'm getting
the one from before.
So this block diagram just is
a symbolic representation of
that difference equation.
The value of the
block diagram--
we'll see several of them,
but one of them is focus
on signal flow path.
If you want to visualize the
transformation from input to
output, the block diagram can
provide visual insight into
what that transformation
is like.
So as before, if I gave you
this representation rather
than the difference equation,
you could still step by step
and figure out the
way it worked.
It's still easy.
There's one new caveat here.
We have to start the
system in a state.
The state that we will usually
talk about is what we will
call, at rest.
At rest just means all the
outputs of all the delays are
initially 0.
So that specifies the state of
the system at the time the
signal was turned on.
So the system is at rest,
which means that all the
delays start out with
output equal to 0.
So at rest means this delay
has an output of 0.
Well, if I tell you the output
is 0 times 0 for this delay,
then it's a simple matter of
stepping through what is the
output for each corresponding
input?
So if I--
the special value of the delta
function is that it's
1 at the time 0.
So at the time 0, there's
1 coming in.
That 1 makes it through
the adder, adds to 0.
Well, this is 0 because
it was at rest.
So the 1 adds to 0 and
the output becomes 1.
Notice that the 1 also goes
down this path, and goes
through the gain of minus
1 to give me minus 1.
But I'm in step 0.
So at step 0, the output of the
delay is 0, not minus 1.
So the output then, for time
equals 0, is y equals 1.
Just like we solved for the
difference equation--
after all, I'm hypothesizing
that those two systems are the
same, they better give
me the same answer.
So then at the next instant, as
the time index goes from 0
to 1, two things happen.
The input goes from
1 to 0, and the
delay box gets updated.
The delay is now reporting
to me the value
that was at its input.
So the output of the delay,
which had been 0 because it
was at rest, becomes minus 1.
So then what happens?
The 1 goes to 0, the 0 goes to
minus 1, the 0 adds to minus
1, and we get an answer
which is minus 1.
Then the input becomes 0.
That 0 comes down here,
the minus 1 goes to 0.
We end up with 0 being added to
0, and the next answer is
0, et cetera.
So the idea then, is that you
can step through the block
diagram representation, just
like you would a difference
equation, it's just that now
we're thinking about these
blocks characterizing the
system, rather than thinking
of math as characterizing
the system.
Why on earth would
you do that?
What's good and bad?
What's the relative merits of
difference equations verses
block diagrams?
Take 30 seconds, talk to your
neighbor, figure out some good
feature of each.
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
PROFESSOR: OK, we'll start
with the easy one.
What's a feature, what's a
property of the difference
equation that makes
it very good.
I already said it, so.
What's good about the
difference equation?
Yeah.
AUDIENCE: They can be solved
mathematically.
PROFESSOR: They can be solved
mathematically.
The block diagram could
be solved, maybe not
mathematically, but kind of.
Could you refine that
a little more?
What's special about difference
equations that's
different from block diagrams?
Oh come on, I said it.
AUDIENCE: Use math?
PROFESSOR: They use
math, yes yes.
They're concise, a
little, right?
It's a very simple expression
to say that.
It's by contrast, a bit more
complicated to draw this
picture, right?
It's mathematically
concise, right?
It's completely accurate,
self-contained, concise, small.
It's a very concise
representation of a system.
So why would we want to
use block diagrams?
Can anybody think of any good
reason for block diagrams
other than Freeman's up front
saying, do block diagrams?
AUDIENCE: Electrical
engineering?
PROFESSOR: Electrical
engineering.
There should be a deeper
reason, I would hope.
I don't disagree with
that reason.
Why do electrical engineers
like this?
Yes.
AUDIENCE: It's a more physical
representation of this.
PROFESSOR: It's more physical?
Is there anything that
you can see that you
can't see in math?
Yes.
AUDIENCE: In the way that you're
actually going to be
programming it.
Like, you're gonna make the
delay machine, you're gonna
make the state machine that
multiplies them by negative 1
and you're gonna see how
to connect them.
PROFESSOR: That's a
really good point.
It's kind of isomorphic
to the implementation.
Everybody get that?
It's kind of a picture
of the way you
would build the system.
Along those lines, there's
some bit of information--
there's actually more
information in this one, than
there is in that one.
There is exactly one bit more
information in the block
diagram, what's that bit?
AUDIENCE: Delay?
PROFESSOR: Delay?
There's kind of delay
by the n minus 1.
Yeah.
AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
PROFESSOR: The input and
output are explicit.
Yes.
The arrows are the
big difference.
You can't tell from the
difference equation, what's
the input and the output?
You can tell from the block
diagram, what is the input and
the output by the direction
of the arrows.
So there's more information
in the block diagram.
There's another way of thinking
about it, and this is
kind of a summary of several
comments that
came from the audience.
The difference equation
is declarative.
It tells you a true statement
about what the system will do.
The block diagram
is imperative.
It tells you what to do now.
Take the input, put
into an adder.
Take the input, multiply
by minus 1.
Put it into a delay.
Take the delay output,
put it into an adder.
The representation with a block
diagram is imperative.
It tells you what to do.
So there's extra information,
but it comes at a cost.
It's a more complicated
representation.
It's a whole picture instead
of just an equation.
What we'd like to do, and what
I'm going to do now, is
develop a different mathematical
approach where
you get a difference equation
that has the same properties
of concision, the same
conciseness, but also contains
all of the information that
was in the block diagram.
And the way to do that is
to change our focus.
And this is the big abstraction
of the day.
Change our focus from thinking
about samples, to thinking
about signals.
Stop thinking about x of n,
start thinking about the
input signal x.
This is the same kind of
lumping that was key to
abstraction in Python.
Put all the interesting data
together into a list, put all
the interesting operations
together into a definition.
Here put all of the interesting
samples together
into one signal.
So what we want to do, is
develop a math by which we can
operate on signals instead
of samples.
So what I'm going to do is
replace the representation x
of n, little x of n, with cap-X.
Cap-X means, all of the
n's, it's the signal X. Cap-Y
means the signal Y. And I'm
going to reinterpret
all the boxes.
This box means, take this
signal, the whole thing, all n
values on it, multiply it sample
by sample, by minus 1.
Flip the whole signal
upside down.
So I'm going to reinterpret all
of the operations on the
block diagram in terms of
signals, rather than samples.
To do that, I need a
representation--
a mathematical representation,
for the delay box.
And I'm going to call that R,
the right shift operator.
If you apply the right shift
operator to a single X, it
takes the whole signal X and
shifts it to the right one.
That's all it does.
So I'm going to say Y equals
R applied to X, or more
abbreviated, RX.
Simply says, let Y represent the
signal that is the same as
X, except every sample was
shifted to the right.
The entire signal was shifted
to the right.
That's going to let me
represent this block
diagram this way.
Y--
the whole signal Y, is the sum
of the whole signal X,
subtract out R applied to X.
Or, even more concisely,
calculate Y by applying to
X the operator 1 minus R.
So I'm thinking now
of an operator.
An operator is not something
that works on a number.
Operations work on numbers,
operators operate on signals.
So I'm thinking about
operator expression.
I'm going to try to formulate
the transformation from the
input to the output in
terms of operators.
The way I take X, which is the
input, and turn it into Y, is
to operate on it with the
operator 1 minus R.
OK, just to see that you're with
me, connecting signals
and samples, assume the
Y is RX, which of the
following is also true?
Take 30 seconds, talk
to your neighbor.
Figure out some number
-- (1) through (5).
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
PROFESSOR: OK, so which
representation works best?
(1), (2), (3), (4), or
none of the above?
Everybody raise a hand,
tell me some number.
OK, virtually 100% correct.
The answer was (2), why
is the answer (2)?
Can somebody explain
that concisely?
No no,no.
I asked that wrong, of
course everybody
can explain it concisely.
Do I have a volunteer to
explain it concisely?
Yes.
AUDIENCE: The R operator just
shifts all of the values in X
of n to the right.
So you just add 1 to each
of these basically?
PROFESSOR: So you think about
it-- so a good way to think
about this is to think
about simple cases.
Right?
That's the same thing I
talked about earlier.
What's a simple case?
Well what if X--
let's imagine that
X is simple.
So let's say that X
looks like that.
So X is delta.
What would happen, what
is the signal RX?
It's a right shift operator.
So what does the signal
RX look like?
Shifted to the right, right?
That's the whole point.
So the right shift operator
gives you that signal, and
we've said that that's Y. So is
it true that Y of n is X of
n, for all n?
No.
Is it true that Y of (n
plus 1) is equal to X
of n for all n?
Well, is it true
for n equals 0?
So if we did n equals 0 we get Y
of 1, which happens to be 1.
And X of 0, which also
happens to be 1.
And if we choose any other
n, we would get two 0's.
So at least for this simple
case, and it seems to be true,
and if you think about building
upon this simple
case, you can convince yourself
that number (2) is
always true.
And in fact, the general rule
is going to be that the left
hand side has to have a number
that's bigger than
the right hand side.
Which is only true
for number (2).
So the idea then, is that by
changing our focus, by looking
not at samples, but looking
instead at signals, we can
generate an algebra that looks
for all the world like
difference equations.
Except it knows the direction
from the input to the output.
So it's more powerful.
And in fact, this new algebra
is going to obey some very
simple properties which we
can get a hint at here.
If we were to cascade two
systems, imagine this system
which looks just like the system
we've been looking at,
but it's cascaded
with a clone.
The question is, what would be
the behavior of that cascade?
Well, according to our operator
representation, this
Y1 signal is just the 1 minus
R operator applied to X.
Analogously, the Y2 signal
should be a similar 1 minus R
operator applied to the Y1
signal, which gives us a very
concise representation
for the cascade.
The point of the slide is that
the operator representation
gives us a representation that
is just as compact as
difference equations.
It has other features, that it
can be manipulated just like
difference equations.
So if we continue with this same
example and try to think
of the transformation on a
sample level, we could say
that Y2 is Y1, the straight
path, minus Y1 delayed.
But then we could substitute for
Y1 of n, that Y1 of n is X
of n, this path, subtract
X of (n minus 1).
Similarly, collapse, and we
get a simple expression.
Now if we think about that same
sequence of operations in
operator notation, we get a
much simpler expression.
Throw away the index arithmetic,
it's just R. So
the Y2 operator is 1 minus R
applied to the Y1 signal.
The Y1 signal is 1 minus R
applied to the X signal.
The total is 1 minus R the
operator squared, which by
polynomial math is just 1 minus
2R plus R squared, the
same thing we got there.
The point is, the operator
notation is just as compact as
the difference equation
representation.
And it contains all
the information
that's in block diagrams.
And it's just as easy to
manipulate as a polynomial.
So it's got lots of features
that make it superior to
difference equations.
The most important of which,
is you will be able to
understand all systems that we
represent using the R operator
using polynomial arithmetic,
something you
learned in high school.
There's nothing new here.
That's what we like.
Representations that simplify
the task of finding an answer.
We'll be able to find the
answer to these operator
expressions by treating
them as polynomials.
So you can get a feeling for the
way that works by looking
here, the power of this.
So the power here is that, among
other things, you'll be
able to use the operator
representation to prove
equivalences.
The idea is that here's a
system that we looked at
before, that was the cascade of
two simple delay systems.
Here's a somewhat more
complicated, somewhat simpler,
representation.
The point is, it's different.
And if we compare the operator
representations for the two,
we see that they are the same.
And what I'm about to prove,
is that when the operator
representations are the same,
the systems represent the same
transformations--
provided they all
start at rest.
The provided is important.
Obviously since they have
different delays in them, if
the delays didn't all start out
at 0, the differences in
the delays could propagate
into the output.
So all of the statements that
I'm making are premised on the
idea of initial rest.
The other important thing to
remember about operators is
that it's a higher level
of abstraction.
We can think about the operator
as composing things,
but the things that are composed
are whole signals,
not samples.
And here's an illustration of
how to think about that
previous example.
How do you think about this
transformation, 1 minus 2R
plus R squared.
What happens when you apply
that operator to an
input signal X?
Well let's say that X was
our unit sample signal.
In order to apply this operator
1 minus 2R plus R
squared, all we need to do is
think about each component.
1 times X is X. Minus 2R applied
to X is minus 2RX.
Plus R squared X is just plus
R squared X. So we start out
with X, which is a unit sample,
minus 2RX means shift
it to the right and multiply
by minus 2.
Shift it to the right,
multiply by minus 2.
Plus R squared X means shift
it twice to the right.
So the result, this operator
1 minus 2R plus R squared
applied to X is just the
sum of these things.
So you can think about the
operator expression, it's just
like algebra, except that
the elements are
signals, not samples.
And as I alluded previously,
you can make powerful
statements about the way these
operators work which map
isomorphically onto
polynomial math.
So for example, it's easy to
prove that if you were to
cascade the 1 minus R operator
with R. So start with X, apply
1 minus R. Start with X, apply
1 minus R. Then apply R.
That's going to result in the
same signal, assuming initial
rest, as if you were to
flip those operators.
The way I can see that is by
thinking about signal flow.
You'll remember that I said,
one of the features, one of
the powers of the block diagram
representation is that
we can look at signal
flow paths.
We can use that as a way
of proving things.
This system has two signal flow
paths, the one that goes
straight through that way, and
the one that goes down this
way and up that way.
Because of the addition, all it
does-- the adder just adds
the result of those
two flow paths.
So the first flow path
introduces one delay, the
second flow path inverts
and puts in two delays.
So there are two ways to get
from the input to the output.
Similarly here, there are two
ways to get from the input to
the output.
One of them goes through a delay
and then goes through
the adder, the other
goes through two
delays at a minus 1.
But that's the same two
signal paths that
were in the top one.
So that's a way of using the
block diagram to prove a
relationship about
the operator.
What I've just showed, is
that the operators obey
commutativity.
So what I was able to show is
that I can commute these two
operators--
doing a general proof is
slightly more complicated, I
proved it in a special case.
But the general case
works too.
Just like polynomials,
operators commute.
And I indicated why you should
think that's true by thinking
about signal flow paths.
Multiplication distributes
over addition.
I apologize, the diagram
in your notes is wrong.
This is right.
I will always post the notes--
I get up in the morning, I
make coffee, I read the
lecture notes, and I say,
oh my goodness,
there's a wrong figure.
In this particular case, one of
the staff members wrote me
an email and said, Hey
Freeman, your slides,
something or other, is wrong.
He was right.
So this is the right diagram.
So the idea is that if
multiplication distributes
over addition, we should expect
that R applied to 1
minus R, would give
R minus R squared.
And we can again get a feeling
for why that ought to be true
by thinking about the
signal flow paths.
The two signals flow paths that
represent-- so the signal
flow path that represents here,
this says take the 1
minus R operator and apply it
to X, then apply R to the 1
minus R operator, result.
As opposed to this one says,
apply the R operator to X,
then apply the R squared
operator to the X
and subtract them.
If you think about the signal
flow paths through those two
systems, they're also the same
two signal flow paths.
And here's a more complicated
example that shows
associativity.
You can think through
that, same idea.
The reason that the idea--
the big important point is,
difference equations are a
good representation for
discrete time systems.
They're mathematically
compact.
Block diagrams are a good
representation, but they have
more information.
They tell you what is the input,
what is the output, and
what are all the different flow
paths through the system?
Operators kind of combine the
best features of both.
It's mathematically concise,
it tells you which is the
input and which is the output.
And you can visualize all the
flow paths by thinking about
all the ads in the operator
expression.
OK, to make sure that
everybody's up with me, how
many of the following systems
are equivalent?
You have 30 seconds.
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
PROFESSOR: OK, so how many
of those are equivalent?
More hands, more hands.
Not necessarily more fingers,
but more hands.
OK, about 75% correct,
roughly speaking.
OK, how many distinct signal
flow paths are going through
the first system?
How many distinct signal
flow paths can you see?
Well, here's one.
How many more are there?
AUDIENCE: Three.
PROFESSOR: Three more.
So here's one, here's one,
here's one, and here's one.
All you need to do to think
about this system, is think
about all of the signal flow
paths through all of them,
make a sum, and see how many
of them have the same sum.
So the path with the greatest
delay through this path is two
times two delay delay.
Two delays with a
multiply by 4.
What's the path with
the biggest delay
through this one?
Also straight through.
Also delay of two, also
a coefficient of 4.
How about this one?
So that's this way.
So they all have the same paths
with maximum delay.
The delay is 2 and the
coefficient is 4.
This one has four possible
paths, this
one only has three.
So there's one straight
through this way.
There's one that has
one fewer delay.
And there's one that
only has--
so there's a straight through
one, there's a delay of 2, and
there's a delay of 1.
So let's do the straight
through one.
This one has a straight
through path.
No delay, coefficient is 1.
This one has a straight
through path,
coefficient is 1.
This one has a straight
through path,
coefficient is 1.
So all three systems have the
same maximum delay path, they
all have the same minimum delay
path, we only have one
in the middle yet.
This one has two ways
to get a delay of 1.
2 delay, 2R, or 2R.
Since they're both 2R, they
sum, so that's 4R.
This one only has one way that
we can get 1 delay, and that
is to come this way and then
go that way, that's 4R.
This one, to get 1 delay,
I take the center
path, and that's 4R.
Each path has the same ways to
get through the system with
zero delay, 1 delay,
and 2 delays.
They're equivalent in the sense
that if you started them
with initial rest, they would
all generate the same output
given the same input.
So the answer's (3).
OK?
So far I've only worked with
systems that propagate the
inputs systematically through
to the outputs.
We call such systems
feedforward.
Things are a little
bit different
when you have cycles.
We call such systems feedback.
So what I want to think about
now is how do you think about
a system that has a feedback
loop in it?
The interesting thing that
happens when you have a
feedback loop is that the
operator expression no longer
represents a simple sum
of input signals.
Let's look at what
happens here.
So Y is apparently the
sum of two things.
It's the signal RY, which
comes around that way.
Does everybody see that?
So if I think about labeling
this input as X, labeling this
output as Y, then the correct
label for this point is--
don't everybody shout at once.
If this can be labeled as the
point Y, what is the correct
label to a label at this point?
RY.
So the signal Y must be, RY
plus X. What that says, is
that if I apply the 1 minus R
operator to Y, I should get X.
OK, that's a fine operator
expression, except that it's
not a formulaic operator
applied to the input.
The operator is applied
to the output.
OK, the difference here is
the difference between an
imperative system, like we
talked about block diagrams
when we were thinking
about samples.
The block diagram tells you
what to do step by step.
Regardless of whether you have
feedback, the block diagram
always tells you take X of n,
add it to Y of n, whatever.
There's an imperative
rule, do this.
We took the block diagrams and
we turned them into operators,
and we ended up with something
that is not imperative.
This is much more the kind of
statement we got when we did
difference equations.
This is a statement of truth,
it's declarative.
If you tell me the signal X,
it must be true that the
resulting signal Y when operated
upon by 1 minus R, is
X. So the idea is that it's
a declaration, it's not an
imperative rule.
Does everybody get that?
So this statement up here told
me a rule, start with X, apply
the 1 minus R operator and
you will get Y. That's an
imperative operation, do this.
This is a declaration.
If you tell me X, Y must be the
signal that when operated
on by 1 minus R, gives you X.
But it doesn't tell me a way
to find it.
It tells me a truth, but it
doesn't tell me how to find
that truth.
So let's go back,
let's back up.
OK, we got a representation,
we like the representation.
It's concise, it has many
of the features of block
diagrams, it doesn't seem
to be imperative.
Well, that's a problem.
So let's back up, think about
how this same system that ran
into a problem with the
operator, think about what
must the answer be.
Well the answer we can figure
out by doing step by step.
Imagine that it starts
at rest, so the
output starts at 0.
And now I just tick through
the samples.
So when the first sample comes
in, X is equal to 1, I'm
thinking about the unit
sample response.
We call the delta function
the unit sample.
When the unit sample at time n
equals 0 comes in, it has a
value of 1.
The 1 adds to the initial
condition, which is
0, to give me 1.
Then, this output is 1, so
when the clock ticks, the
input goes from 1 to 0, but the
output of the delay goes
from 0 to 1.
So when the clock ticks,
I get another 1.
And that persists.
Does everybody see
what's going on?
So I initially had a 0 coming
out of the delay.
The unit sample made the first
output be one, but then that 1
fed back in to make this be 1.
Which combined with the next 0
to give me the same 1, and
that state persisted.
What's different, is that the
output signal persists long
after the input went away.
In fact, there is a prescriptive
way to figure out
the relationship between the
input and the output.
It's just that it takes an
infinite number of delays.
Here's an alternative system
that would generate the same
response to a unit sample signal
as was generated by the
simple feedback system.
It needs to generate the
answer 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 --
when the input is just 1.
Well, the output at 0 happens
through this path.
The output at 1 happens
through this path.
The output at 2 happens
through this path.
3--
et cetera.
There's a separate path for
every one of those separate
components of the output.
That's how we can think about
this construction.
The input had a single non-zero
entry, the output has
an infinite number.
We can think about that as
resulting from an infinite
number of paths, or something
similar, about the simple
feedback system, which can be
represented by that operator
representation, and the infinite
feedforward system.
This is a simple feedback
system.
This is an infinite feedforward
system.
There's something the same
about those two.
In fact, they're equivalent in
the sense that if all the
delays start out with initial
conditions of 0, they will
generate the same response to
all possible input signals.
Those two signals are
equivalent, and
that's proved here.
All you do is you say, OK, Y2
depends on X2 this way.
If X2 is the same as X1,
I can substitute it.
But X1, according to this rule,
looks like 1 minus RY1.
When you multiply out this
mess, you get Y1.
What I just showed is that if X1
is equal to X2, then Y1 is
equal to Y2.
Those two systems
are the same.
Well that's weird.
So there's something
the same about that
operator and that operator.
We write that this way.
So here's the feedback system,
we think about that as
representing the operator Y over
X, 1 over (1 minus R).
So in order to calculate X,
cross multiply by X. Y is the
operator, 1 minus
R applied to X.
So we want to say Y is the
operator 1 minus R applied to
X. What is the operator
1 over (1 minus R)?
Well, if you didn't know
anything but polynomial math,
you might have expanded
this in a series.
And in fact, that gives you
exactly the right answer if
you were to expand 1
over R in a series.
So, for example, evaluate it
using synthetic division,
evaluate it with a Taylor
series, however
you want to do it.
Think about R as though it were
a number, just like you
would if it were a polynomial.
Expanded just like you would
if it were a polynomial.
And what you see, is that
there's a representation for
this operator 1 over (1 minus
R) that is equivalent.
That's exactly the same as if I
applied the operator 1 plus
R plus R squared plus R cubed to
X. Those two are equivalent
in the sense that if both
systems start out at rest, and
if they are both applied to
the same input, they both
generate the same output.
So that gives us that way of
thinking about operators that
have numerators and
denominators.
So, to make sure you're up to
speed, a system is described
by the following operator
expression.
Determine the output of the
system when the input is a
unit sample.
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
PROFESSOR: What's the first
thing I should do?
OK, this is one of those
systems that has the R
polynomial in the bottom.
So it says that X must be
the same signal by cross
multiplying--
X must be the same signal as
the (1 plus 2R) operator on
the Y. OK, that's backwards.
That's not the way I want
to think about it.
How do I make that into a
forward statement that tells
me what operator gets
applied to X?
The answer is that.
So what do I do?
Multiply by--
actually you could
cross multiply.
How do I convert this into an
operator that looks like just
the numerator times X. Yeah.
AUDIENCE: 1 minus 2R
plus 4R squared.
PROFESSOR: Exactly.
What I want to do is convert
it by synthetic division,
Taylor series, whatever
method.
I want to think about
what would 1 over (1
plus 2R) look like?
What's the reciprocal
of 1 plus 2R?
That is 1 minus 2R plus
4R squared, et cetera.
So now I have this, which
I apply to X,
which is a unit sample.
So now I want to think about
applying this operator to the
unit sample signal.
But that's easy.
The first term just
brings out delta.
Minus 2R applied to delta
shifts the delta by 1.
Gives me delta of n minus 1,
and multiplies by minus 2.
And that whole mess then
just says that my
output looks like this.
If the input was X, which was
a unit sample signal, my
output has an infinite
number of terms.
Each one is a delayed version
of the predecessor, and the
weights go 1, minus 2, plus 4,
minus 8, plus 16, and diverge.
So what we just did was
pretty complicated.
We just solved a block diagram,
but we did it with
polynomial math.
We did it with math that you
learned in high school.
That's the point.
In fact, the point of today is
that any system that's built
out of simple parts--
delays, adders, scalers,
that sort of thing--
can be represented by a
difference equation.
Fine, that's good, difference
equations are wonderful.
They can equivalently
be represented
by an operator equation.
The operator equation has
more information in it.
It knows how to get from the
input to the output.
It's imperative.
It's easy to manipulate.
You use the same rules that
you use for polynomials.
So all in all, this is a
more powerful kind of
representation.
And any system that can be
represented by a difference
equation can similarly
be represented
by an operator equation.
That's why we're focusing
on operators.
So final question.
Think about--
do everything backwards now.
Here's a block diagram,
find the
associated difference equation.
And the idea is to take
advantage of operators.
In the interest of time,
let me just do it.
If we wanted to--
because I'm running
out of time.
So I could start with the block
diagram, I could stay in
block diagram domain.
Presumably that will
work, that's hard.
I want to do the easy way.
So convert it to operators.
How do you convert a block
diagram to operators?
Replace the delays by R,
label all the signals.
x becomes X, y becomes Y. I
don't have a name for this, so
I'll call it E, error.
I don't have a name for this, so
I'll call it W, who knows.
And then I'll express each of
the relationships imposed by
the plus sign, this
R or this R, by a
line of operator reasoning.
The plus says that the E signal
is X plus W. The R says
that the Y signal is R applied
to E. This box says that the W
signal is R applied to Y.
I get three equations in R. I
just solve algebraically.
None of this difference stuff,
none of the square brackets
with n's in them.
I just use algebra.
So I solve it algebraically
and I get this.
And that translates into a
corresponding difference
equation, showed here.
The point.
The point is three different
representations.
Difference equations, block
diagrams, operators.
Operators are easiest.
Even when I was asked to solve
a problem that has no
operators in it, it's easier
to cast it into an operator
expression, solve it in the
operator domain, and then turn
it back into a difference
equation.
Starting next week, we will
figure out much more powerful
things that we can do
with operators.
This is just the beginning.
So with that, let me just
summarize that we looked at
three representations, and the
point of the labs for the week
are going to be to exercise
this, to get some experience
with representing signals
in Python.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Space Missions Part 6 Class 10th Maharashtra Board New Syllabus
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Turkish:
Merhaba. Ben John Green ve bu her şeyin
tarihini inceleyeceğimiz Crash Course Big History. Bing Bang'ten bu yana , 13.8 milyar yıllık bir süreçten
bahsediyorum. Bu seride size , Douglas Adams'ın meşhur deyimiyle '' Yaşam , evren ve her şey'' in
öyküsünü anlatmaya çalışacağım.
Bay Green! Bay Green! O tarih değil. Bu bilim ve bilim inek öğrenciler için!
Ah, geçmişteki ben! Eğer bunu kabul etseydin işler senin için çok daha kolay olurdu.
sen, aslında, bir ineksin! Ve bu sorun değil! Yani, az bir şu resme bak olum ya!
Her neyse, akademisyenler genellikle tarihi şöyle tanımlıyor, "yazmaya başladığımızdan beri olan tüm şeyler"
her şey bizim bazı şeyleri yazmamızla başladı, onlar öyle düşünüyor çünkü en güvenilir bilgilere sahip olduğumuz yer orası.
Ve evet, sanırım yazının ortaya çıkışı büyük bir olay, tabii ki,
ama tarihin başladığı zaman demek, tamamen keyfi yani! Aynı kuma bir çizgi çizip
"tamam, işte tarih şimdi başladı!" demek gibi.
German:
Hi. Ich bin John Green und das ist Crash Course: Große Geschichte,
wo wir einen Blick werfen auf die Geschichte von, naja, allem.
Ich rede von 13,8 Milliarden Jahren, seit dem Urknall bis heute.
Ich meine, in dieser Serie werden wir buchstäblich versuchen, euch die Geschichte von dem zu erzählen,
was Douglas Adams berühmterweise „das Leben, das Universum und der ganze Rest“ nannte.
[Vergangenheit-John] Mister Green! Mister Green! Das ist nicht Geschichte. Das ist Wissenschaft,
und Wissenschaft ist was für Nerds!
Oh, Ich aus der Vergangenheit! Die Dinge wären so viel einfacher für dich, wenn du einfach akzeptieren würdest,
dass du, tatsächlich, ein Nerd bist! Und das ist in Ordnung!
Ich mein, schau dir dieses Bild an, Alter!
Wie auch immer, Akademiker beschreiben Geschichte oft als quasi all das Zeug, das passiert ist,
seit wir begannen, Dinge niederzuschreiben, aber sie beginnen nur dort,
weil wir dort die besten Informationen haben.
Und ja, ich glaube, dass der Beginn des Schreibens eine große Sache war, offensichtlich,
aber als ein Beginn für Geschichte ist es total willkürlich! Es ist einfach eine Linie,
die wir in den Sand malten und dazu sagten: „Okay, Geschichte beginnt jetzt!“
In Große Geschichte beginnen wir Geschichte, wenn sie wirklich beginnt
Hungarian:
Sziasztok, én John Green vagyok, ez pedig a Crash Course Nagy Történelem, aminek keretei közt meg fogjuk tekinteni
a történelmét, nos, mindennek. Konkrétan az előző 13,8 milliárd évről beszélek, az ősrobbanástól
a mai napig. És ez alatt tényleg azt értem, hogy ebben a sorozatban megpróbáljuk elmesélni neked annak a történetét,
amit Douglas Adams csak így nevezett: ,,Az élet, a világmindenség, meg minden."
Mr Green! Mr Green! Ez nem történelem. Ez valami természettudomány, és a természettudományok a kockáknak valók.
Oh, én a múltból. Annyival könnyebben mennének számodra a dolgok, ha egyszerűen elfogadnád, hogy te
valójában kocka vagy. És ez tök oké. Mármint, haver, nézd már meg ezt a képet.
Szóval, a történelmet sokszor úgy kezeljük, mintha akkor kezdődött volna, amikore
elkezdtük leírni a dolgokat, de ez csak azért van így, mert onnantól kezdve vannak
a legjobb információink. És persze, úgy gondolom, hogy az írás kialakulása elég nagy dolog, nyilvánvalóan,
de a történelem kezdőpontjának teljesen önkényes. Csak egy vonal amit a homokba húztunk és azt
mondtuk, ,,Oké, akkor kezdődhet a történelem!"
English:
Hi. I'm John Green and this is Crash Course
Big History, in which we'll be looking at
the history of, like, everything. I'm talking about
13.8 billion years, from the big bang to now.
I mean, in this series, we are literally
going to attempt to tell you the story of
what Douglas Adams famously called
"life, the universe, and everything."
Mr Green! Mr Green! That's not history. That's
science, and science is for nerds!
Oh, me from the past! Things would be so much
easier for you if you would just accept that
you are, in fact, a nerd! And that's okay!
I mean, look at this picture, dude!
Anyway, academics often describe history as
like, all the stuff that's happened since
we started writing things down, but they only start there
because that's where we have the best information.
And yeah, I think that the advent of writing
was a huge deal, obviously, but as a start
date for history, it's totally arbitrary! It's just a line we
drew in the sand and said "okay, history begins now!"
Polish:
Cześć. Nazywam się John Green, a to jest
Szybki Kurs z Historii Wszechświata, w którym
przyjrzymy się bliżej historii wszystkiego.
Mam na myśli około 13,8 miliarda lat,
od Wielkiego Wybuchu do teraz. W tej serii
podejmiemy próbę opowiedzenia historii tego,
co Douglas Adams określił jako
„życie, Wszechświat i wszystko“.
Panie Green! Panie Green! To nie jest historia.
To nauka, a nauka jest dla kujonów!
Oho, to ja z przeszłości. Byłoby o wiele łatwiej,
gdybyś po prostu pogodził się z tym,
że tak naprawdę jesteś kujonem! Nie ma w tym
nic złego! No popatrz tylko na to zdjęcie, stary!
Wracając do tematu, naukowcy często
opisują historię jako wszystko,
co nastąpiło od momentu wynalezienia pisma, jednak historia ma swój początek właśnie wtedy tylko dlatego,
że takie mamy źródła informacji. I jasne, myślę, że pojawienie się pisma było ogromnym sukcesem,
to oczywiste, ale jako data początków historii jest całkowicie nieadekwatne! Przecież to tak,
jakby ktoś narysował linię na piasku i powiedział:
„Dobra, historia zaczyna się od teraz!“
Dutch:
Hallo, ik ben John green en dit is Crash Course Big History, waar we gaan kijken naar
de geschiedenis van alles. Ik heb het over 13.8 miljard jaar, vanaf de oerknal
tot nu. Ik bedoel, in deze serie, gaan we letterlijk proberen om u het verhaal te vertellen van
wat Douglas Adams "leven, het universum en alles" noemde.
Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Dat is geen geschiedis. Dat is wetenschap, en wetenschap is voor nerds.
Oh, mij uit het verleden! Alles zou zo veel makkelijker voor je zijn als je gewoon zou accepteren dat,
je in feite, een nerd bent! En dat is oké! Ik bedoel, kijk naar deze foto, kerel!
hoe dan ook, academici beschrijven de geschiedenis vaak als al het gene dat is gebeurd sinds
we zijn begonnen met het neerschrijven van dingen, maar ze starten daar omdat dat de
beste informatie is. En ja, ik denk dat de opkomst van schrijven iets groots was, uiteraard,
maar als een startdatum voor de geschiedenis, is het totaal willekeurig! Het is gewoon een grens die
we getrokken hebben en zeiden "Oké, de geschiedenis begint nu!"
Swedish:
Hej, jag är John Green och det här Crash Course Big History (Stora Historian), där vi kommer prata om
historien om, typ, allting. Jag pratar om 13.8 miljarder år, från Big Bang
tills nu. Jag menar, i denna serien av avsnitt, kommer vi bokstavligen att försöka berätta historien om
vad Douglas Adams kallade "Livet, Universum och Allting".
Mr Green! Mr Green! Det är inte historia.
Det är vetenskap, och vetenskap är för nördar!
Åh, jag från mitt förflutna! Saker och ting skulle bli så mycket bättre för dig om du bara accepterade att
du är, faktum med, en nörd! Och det är okej! Jag menar, mannen, titta på denna bilden!
Nåväl, akademiker beskriver ofta historia som,
typ, allt som hänt sedan
vi började skriva ned saker, men de börjar där vara för att det är där vi har den
bästa informationen. Och visst, jag anser också att upfinningen av det skrivna språket var viktigt, uppenbarligen,
men som ett startdatum för historien, det är helt ovidkommande! Det är bara en linje vi drog i
sanden och sade "Okej, historien börjar nu!"
Spanish:
Hola. Soy John Green y esto es Crash Course Historia Grande, en el cual vamos a ver
la historia de, ... , TODO. Estoy hablando de 13.800 millones de años, desde el big bang
hasta ahora. En esta serie, vamos a literalmente intentan contar la historia de
lo que Douglas Adams famosamente llamo:" la vida, el universo y todo".
Sr. Green!, Sr. Green! Eso no es historia.
!Eso es ciencia, y la ciencia es para nerds!
¡Oh, yo del pasado! Las cosas serian mucho mas fáciles para ti si aceptas que
tu eres, de hecho, un nerd! ¡Y eso está bien!, mira esta imagen amigo!
Igualmente, los académicos generalmente describen las historia como todas las cosas que pasaron desde
que empezamos a escribir, pero ellos empiezan allí porque allí es donde tenemos mejor
información. Y si, yo creo que la llegada de la escritura fué importante, obviamente
pero como un comienzo para la historia, no tiene sentido! Es solo una marca que hicimos
y luego dijimos "Ok, ¡la historia comienza ahora!"
Japanese:
どうもジョン・グリーンです
クラッシュコース・ビッグヒストリー
( 集中講座 : 大きな歴史 )へようこそ
これから１０回にわたって
歴史のすべてを見ていきましょう
１３８億年分
ビッグバンから現在までの歴史です
つまりこのシリーズで
みなさんと一緒に見ていくのは
かの『 銀河のヒッチハイクガイド 』
に記されたフレーズ
「 生命、宇宙、そして万物 」についての物語です
グリーン先生！
そんなの歴史ではありません
科学ですよ
科学なんてオタクどもに
任せておけばいいんです
ああ 昔の僕！
自分をオタクと認められたら
君はどんなに楽になれたか
もういいんだよ！
こいつは一体誰だ
さて
学者が好きな歴史というのは
人類が何かを書き残してからの話です
やっぱり記録が残っているって
ちゃんとしてる感じがしますよね
もちろん
記述の発明が超重要なのは
僕だって
そりゃ認識してますよ
でもその後の歴史ばかり
贔屓しすぎですよね！
ではこちらも
勝手に砂場に線を引かせてもらいます
「 よっしゃ 歴史は今始まった！」
ビッグヒストリーの始まりは
本当の歴史の始まり
Romanian:
Bună. Sunt John Green și acesta e Crash Course Big History', în care o să urmărim
istoria a tot. Vorbesc de aproximativ 13,8 miliarde de ani, de la Big Bang
până în prezent.Vreau să spun că în această serie, vom încerca literalmente să vă explicăm povestea a
ceea ce Douglas Adams într-un mod celebru a numit "viața, universul și totul".
D-le Green! D-le Green! Aceea nu e istorie. Aceea e știinta, iar știința e pentru tocilari!
Oh, eule din trecut! Lucrurile ar fi mult mai simple pentru tine dacă ai accepta că
în fapt ești un tocilar! Si e ok! Adică, uită-te la poza asta!
Academicienii descriu adesea istoria ca fiind toate lucrurile ce s-au întâmplat de atunci
când am început să scriem, dar ei
încep de acolo pentru că de acolo avem
cele mai bune informații. Și da, cred, că nașterea scrisului a fost un eveniment uriaș, în mod evident,
dar ca o dată de început a istoriei, este absolut arbitrară! E doar o linie desenata de noi in nisip
unde am zis: "Bine, istoria începe de aici!"
Russian:
Здравствуйте, я Джон Грин и добро пожаловать в Crash Course: Большая История, где мы будем рассматривать
историю, по большому счёту, всего. Я имею в виду 13,8 миллиардов лет, с Большого Взрыва
до настоящего времени. То есть, я попытаюсь, в буквальном смысле, рассказать Вам историю
того, что Дуглас Адамс назвал "жизнью, Вселенной, и всем остальным".
Мистер Грин! Мистер Грин! Это не история. Это наука, а наука - для нёрдов!
Ах, прошлый Я. Тебе было бы настолько легче, если бы ты мог просто смириться с тем, что ты
есть нёрд! И это нормально! Ну посмотри на эту картинку!
Так или иначе, учёные часто описывают историю как то, что произошло с
того момента, когда мы начали вести запись событий, но они только начинают отсчёт там потому, что там у нас есть
лучшая информация. И да, я думаю, что появление письменности было крайне важно, ясен фиг,
но в качестве даты старта истории этот момент абсолютно произвольный! Это лишь линия, нарисованная нами
в песке со словами: "Окей, история начинается здесь!"
Danish:
Hej, mit navn er John Green og det her er Crash Course Big History, hvor vil skal se på
historien om, ja, alting. Jeg taler om 13.8 millarder år, fra Big Bang
til nu. I denne serie vil vi bogstaveligt talt give dig fortællingen
om, med Douglas Adams berømte ord: "Livet, Universet og Alting".
Hr. Green! Hr. Green! Det er ikke en historie. Det er videnskab, og videnskab er for nørder!
Nå, mig selv fra fortiden! Det hele ville være meget lettere for dig hvis du blot accepterede
at du faktisk ER en nørd. Og det er OK! Se bare det her billede!
Akademikere beskriver ofte historie som det der er sket siden
vi begyndte at skrive ting ned, men det gør de kun, fordi det er derfra,
vi har den bedste information. Og naturligvis synes jeg at skriftsprogets opståen var en kæmpe ting,
men som udgangspunkt for historien, er det helt håbløst. Det er blot en linje vi har trukket
i sandet, og sagt: "ok, herfra starter historien".
Italian:
Ciao. Sono John Green e questo è il Crash Course
Big History in cui prenderemo in esame
la storia di tutto. Sto parlando di 13,8 miliardi di anni,
dal Big Bang fino a oggi.
Voglio dire, in questa serie, tenteremo letteralmente
di raccontarvi la storia di
quello che Douglas Adams aveva notoriamente
chiamato "La vita, l'universo e tutto quanto".
Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Questa non è storia!
Questa è scienza, e la scienza è per i nerd!
Oh, me stesso del passato! Le cose sarebbero
molto più semplici se tu accettassi che
tu, in realtà, sei proprio un nerd! E va bene così!
Voglio dire, guarda questa foto, amico!
Comunque, spesso gli studiosi descrivono la
storia come tutte le cose che sono accadute da quando
abbiamo iniziato ad annotarle, ma iniziano da lì solo perché è a partire da allora che abbiamo maggiori informazioni.
Sì, ovviamente, penso che l'avvento della scrittura
sia stata una grande riforma, ma come data di inizio
per la storia, è totalmente arbitraria! Abbiamo disegnato una linea sulla sabbia e abbiamo detto: "ok, la storia inizia da qui!"
Vietnamese:
Chào. Tôi là John Green và đây là Crash Course Lịch sử Vĩ Đại, thứ mà chúng ta sẽ xem xét về
lịch sử của, để xem nào, tất cả mọi thứ. Tôi đang nói đến 13,8 tỉ năm, từ vụ nổ Big Bang
cho đến nay. Ý tôi là, trong sêri này thì chúng tôi sẽ ráng kể cho bạn nghe câu chuyện
mà Douglas Adams nổi tiếng gọi là "cuộc sống, vũ trụ và mọi thứ".
Thầy Green! Thầy Green! Cái đó đâu phải là lịch sử. Cái đó là khoa học mà, và khoa học thì dành cho bọn mọt sách!
Ồ, tôi của ngày hôm qua ơi! Chuyện sẽ dễ dàng hơn nhiều nếu cậu chịu chấp nhận sự thật rằng
chính bạn, là một thằng mọt sách. Và điều đó chả sao cả, í tôi là, nhìn tấm ảnh này này, cậu bé!
Đằng nào đi nữa, những học giả đều miêu tả lịch sử là những thứ xảy ra từ khi
chúng ta bắt đầu ghi lại chúng, nhưng họ chỉ bắt đầu từ chỗ đó vì đó là khi chúng ta có nhũng
thông tin chính xác nhất. Và ừ, tôi nghĩ là sự xuất hiện của chữ viết cũng là một mấu chốt, hiển nhiên rồi,
nhưng nếu nói về nó như ngày bắt đầu của lịch sử thì thật là tuỳ tiện! Nó chỉ là một đường thẳng mà ta vẽ
trên cát rồi bảo rằng "Ờ, lịch sử bắt đầu bây giờ nghen!"
Finnish:
Hei. Minä olen John Green ja katsot Crash Coursen Isoa Historiaa, jossa
käsittelemme… no, kaiken historiaa. Puhun nyt 13,8 miljardista vuodesta, alkuräjähdyksestä
tähän hetkeen. Yritämme siis kirjaimellisesti kertoa tarinan, joka liittyy,
Douglas Adamsin kuuluisten sanojen mukaan, ”elämään, maailmankaikkeuteen ja kaikkeen muuhun sellaiseen”.
Herra Green, Herra Green! Eihän tuo ole historiaa. Tuo on tiedettä, joka on nörttien hommaa!
Ah, minä menneisyydestä! Elämä olisi paljon helpompaa sinulle, jos vain hyväksyisit, että
olet oikeasti nörtti. Ja se on okei! Katso nyt tätä kuvaa!
Joka tapauksessa, tutkijat usein kuvailevat historiaa asioina, jotka tapahtuivat
kirjoittamisen aloittamisen jälkeen, mutta he aloittavat siitä vain koska siltä ajalta
meillä on parasta informaatiota. Ja kyllä, tietenkin pidän kirjoitustaidon alkua todella tärkeänä tapahtumana,
mutta historian alkuhetkenä se on täysin tuulesta temmattu! Se on vain viiva, jonka piirsimme
hiekkaan ja sanoimme ”okei, tästä alkaa historia!”
Portuguese:
Olá. Eu sou John Green
e esse é o Crash Course: Big History.
Onde nós estaremos olhando a História de, tipo, tudo.
Estou falando de 13,8 bilhões de anos.
Do Big Bang até agora.
Digo, nessa série, nós iremos,
literalmente, tentar te contar a história
que Douglas Adams chamou de
"a Vida, o Universo e Tudo o Mais".
Sr. Green! Isso não é História.
Isso é ciência, e ciência é pra nerds!
Ah, Eu Do Passado! Tudo seria tão mais fácil para você
se apenas aceitasse que você é, de fato, um nerd!
E não há nada de errado com isso!
Sério, olhe pra essa foto, cara!
De qualquer forma, acadêmicos descrevem História como:
"tudo que aconteceu desde que começamos a escrever",
mas a História só começa com isso porque é quando adquirimos informações confiáveis.
E claro que o advento da escrita foi importantíssimo, obviamente,
mas como data de nascimento da História, é totalmente arbitrário!
É apenas uma linha que desenhamos na areia que diz "okay, a História começa agora!"
Arabic:
مرحبًا، أنا جون غرين، وهذه سلسلة
Crash Course Big History،
حيث سنتحدث عن تاريخ كل شيء، وأتحدث عن 13،8
مليار عام، منذ الانفجار العظيم حتى الآن.
في هذه السلسلة، سنحاول أو نروي لكم القصة
التي أطلق عليها دوغلاس آدمز
"الحياة، الكون، وكل شيء".
سيد غرين، سيد غرين، هذا ليس تاريخًا.
إنّه علم، والعلم للحمقى.
هكذا كنت في الماضي، ستكون الأمور أسهل عليك
لو اعترفت أنّك أحمق.
ولا بأس بذلك، انظر إلى هذه الصورة!
على أي حال، يصف الأكاديميون التاريخ غالبًا
بأنّه ما حدث منذ بدأنا الكتابة.
لكنّهم يبدؤون من تلك المرحلة،
لأنّها حيث نحصل على أفضل المعلومات.
وصحيح أنّ بداية الكتابة حدَث مهم حتمًا. لكنّ
اعتباره بداية للتاريخ هو تصرّف اعتباطيّ جدًا.
إنّه مجرّد خطّ رسمناه على الرمال
وقلنا "حسنًا، سيبدأ التاريخ الآن"!
Korean:
안녕, 존그린입니다. '큰 역사'에 관한 크래쉬코스로 여기서 모든 것에 대한 역사
를 얘기하려고 합니다. 138억년 전의 빅뱅부터 지금까지의 역사를..
저는 이 시리즈에서 , 실제로 여러분에게 더글러스 아담스 말대로
"생명체, 우주, 그리고 모든 것"에 관한 얘기를 하려고 합니다.
그린씨, 그린씨! 그건 역사가 아니예요. 그건 과학이지요. 샌님들의 과학말이예요.
아 내 어렸을 적이군! 네가 샌님이란 것을 깨닫고 인정하면 세상은 훨씬 이해하기
쉬워질꺼야! 어쨋든 괜찮아! 내 말은, 잘난 녀석, 이 사진을 보면 그럴듯 하네
전통교육에선 역사의 출발을 인류가 기록을 남긴 때 부터
시작하려고 들지. 그런데 그렇게 된 건 그 전것은 정보가 별로 없어서 였었지.
문자의 츨현은 역시 대단한 사건이지만, 그 출현 시점부터 역사를 시작하는 것은
완전히 주관적인 것이지! 이건 마치 모래위에 선을 긋고 " 이제 이 선부터 역사가 시작한다" 라고 말하는 것과 같아.
iw:
היי. אני ג'ון גרין וזה "קראש קורס" - ההיסטוריה הגדולה, שבו אנו נסתכל
על ההיסטוריה של, הכל. אני מדבר
על 13.8 מיליארדים של שנים, מהמפץ הגדול
עד עכשיו, אני מתכוון, שבסדרה זו, אנחנו ממש הולכים לנסות לספר לכם את הסיפור של
מה שדאגלס אדמס קרא לו "החיים, היקום והכל"
מר גרין! מר גרין! זה לא היסטוריה. זה מדע, ומדע זה לחנונים!
או, אני מהעבר! דברים ילכו הרבה יותר בקלות אם רק תקבל את זה
שאתה, למעשה, חנון! וזה בסדר! אני מתכוון, תסתכל על התמונה חבוב
בכל מקרה, האקדמיה מתארת לעיתים קרובות היסטוריה ככל הדברים שקרא מאז
שהתחלנו לכתוב דברים, אבל היא מתחילה שם רק בגלל שזאת הנקודה בה
יש לנו את המידע הכי מהומן. וכן, אני חושב שהמצאת הכתב היה מאוד חשוב
אבל ככל שאנו מתארכים את ההיסטוריה, זה מאוד נזיל! זה בסך הכל קו דביוני שציירנו
בחול ואמרנו לעצמנו "אוקיי, היסטוריה מתחילה כאן"
French:
Bonjour. Je suis John Green et bienvenue à Crash Course la grande histoire, aujourd'hui nous allons étudier
l'histoire de tout. Je parle de 13,8 milliards d'années, qui s'étendent du big bang
jusqu'à maintenant.
En fait, nous allons littéralement tenter de vous raconter l'histoire
de ce que Douglas Adams a fameusement appelé
"la vie, l'univers et le reste".
Monsieur Green! Monsieur Green!
C'est pas de l'histoire.
C'est de la science, et la science c'est pour les intellos!
Oh, moi du passé! Les choses pourraient être tellement plus simples pour toi si tu pouvais juste accepter que
tu es, en fait, un intello! Et ce n'est pas grave!
Je veux dire, regarde cette photo, mec!
Bref, les académies décrivent souvent l'histoire comme toutes les choses qui se sont passées depuis
qu'on a commencé à écrire, mais ils ne commencent que là parce que ce n'est qu'à partir de là que nous avons
les informations les plus précises. Et oui, je pense que le début de l'écriture était quelque chose d'énorme, évidemment,
mais en tant que date de départ de l'histoire, c'est complètement arbitraire! C'est juste une ligne qu'on a tracé dans le
sable en disant "Ok, l'histoire commence là!"
Portuguese:
Olá. Eu sou John Green e esse é o Crash Course: Big History (A Grande História), onde nós estaremos visando
a História de, tipo, tudo. Estou falando de 13.8 bilhões de anos, do Big Bang
à agora. Digo, nessa série, nós iremos, literalmente, tentar te contar a história
que o Douglas Adams famosamente chamou de "a vida, o universo e tudo mais".
Sr. Green! Sr. Green! Isso não é História. Isso é ciência, e ciência é pra nerds!
Oh... Eu do passado! Tudo seria tão mais fácil para você se apenas aceitasse que
você é, de fato, um nerd! E não há nada de errado com isso! Sério, olhe pra essa foto, cara!
De qualquer forma, acadêmicos geralmente descrevem História como: tudo que aconteceu desde o momento
em que começamos a escrever os acontecimentos, mas eles só começaram com isso porque foi quando tivemos
as melhores informações. E sim, eu acho que o advento da escrita foi um grande negócio, obviamente,
mas como data de nascimento da História, é totalmente arbitrário! É apenas uma linha que desenhamos
na areia que diz "okay, a História começa agora!"
Hungarian:
Mi itt a Nagy Történelemben ott kezdjük a történelmet, amikor ténylegesen elkezdődött - vagy legalábbis, ahol gondoljuk, hogy elkezdődött -,
az univerzum keletkezésénél, és ott fejezzük be, ahol a történet véget ér. Légyszi,
hadd legyen azután, hogy meghalok! Nos, biztosan azután lesz, hogy én meghalok, csak jó lenne
ha azért nem rögtön utána lenne.
Szóval, ki fogunk készíteni néhány hagyományos történészt azzal, hogy a fizika segítségével megpróbáljuk
megjósolni a jövőt, és évmilliárdokkal később fogunk végezni, amikor
az univerzum maga, vigyázz, spoiler: meghal. Legalábbis, bizonyos értelemben.
Hey. Én nem John vagyok. Ha úgy látod, hasonlítunk egymásra, az valószínűleg azért lehet, mert testvérek
vagyunk. A nevem Hank. Mindenesetre, ha világmindenség 13,8 milliárd éves történelmét annyi
idő alatt szeretnéd megtanulni, mint amennyi Amerika 238 évéhez kellett,
valószínűleg csalódni fogsz.
Természetesen fontos tudni az amerikai történelem neveit és évszámit, de a Nagy Történelmben
ez egyszerűen lehetetlen.
Polish:
W Historii Wszechświata rozpoczniemy historię
wtedy, kiedy naprawdę się zaczęła
(a przynajmniej tak nam się wydaje) – w momencie powstania Wszechświata, a następnie zakończymy ją
tam, gdzie się kończy – BŁAGAM, niech to będzie po mojej śmierci! Hm, w sumie i tak wtedy umrę...
ale chodzi o to, żeby minęło
jeszcze potem trochę czasu!
Tak więc wywołamy zgrozę u historyków-tradycjonalistów, posiłkując się fizyką
przy przewidywaniu przyszłości,
i skończymy wiele bilionów lat od teraz,
gdy Wszechświat (uwaga, spoiler!) umrze.
A przynajmniej tak to można określić.
Hej! Nie, to nie John. Jeśli wydaje Wam się, że wyglądamy podobnie – to dlatego, że jesteśmy braćmi.
Mam na imię Hank. W każdym razie, jeśli chcielibyśmy poznać historię Wszechświata trwającą 13,8 mld lat
w tyle samo czasu, ile zazwyczaj zajmuje
opowiedzenie 238 lat historii Ameryki,
popsułby nam się trochę punkt widzenia.
Oczywiście w historii USA ważne jest
poznanie wszystkich nazwisk i dat,
jednak nie da się tak
z historią Wszechświata.
Japanese:
つまり
限界まで遡って宇宙創造の時
そして終わりは
歴史の全てが終わる時
どうか
僕が死んでからにしておくれ
絶対そうなんだけど
とにかく
生きてる間に終わらないで
とにかく
昔ながらの歴史家が引いちゃおうが
かまわず
物理学を使って未来予測もします
今から何兆年も何兆年もずっとずっと先の
最後の場面で
宇宙そのものが
いきなりネタバレしますが
終わるところまで
そういうことです
どうも！ジョンじゃない人だよ
なんか似たような奴が出てきたわけだけど
弟のハンクと申します
さて
１３８億年分の歴史の全てを学ぶといっても
普通にアメリカの歴史
２３８年を学ぶのと
同じやり方じゃキツいよね
そりゃアメリカ史には
名称や年号は重要だけど
ビッグヒストリーに
そういうやり方は手に余る
French:
Dans La Grande Histoire, nous allons commencer l'histoire là où elle commence vraiment
- ou du moins, où l'on pense -
à la création de l'univers, et nous allons finir cette histoire là où elle se termine
- En espérant
que ça soit après ma mort! Enfin, je présume que ce sera probablement après ma mort, c'est juste que -
Je veux que ça dure un bon moment après ma mort!
Donc nous allons même terrifier les historiens traditionnels en utilisant la physique pour faire des prédictions
sur le futur, et nous allons terminer à des trillions et des trillions d'années de maintenant,
quand l'univers lui-même, alerte spoiler: meurt.
Du moins, c'est une façon de parler.
Hey! Je ne suis pas John. Si vous pensez qu'on se ressemble un peu, c'est parce qu'on est
frères. Je suis Hank. Quoiqu'il en soit, si vous voulez apprendre les 13,8 milliards d'années d'histoire de l'univers
dans le même laps de temps que nous avons l'habitude de prendre pour couvrir les 238 années de l'histoire de l'Amérique, vous
n'allez pas avoir la même précision.
Bien sûr, connaissant les noms et dates de
l'histoire américaine est important, on ne peut tout simplement
pas faire ça dans la Grande Histoire.
Portuguese:
Nessa série, nós iremos começar a História de onde
ela realmente começou (ao menos, onde nós achamos)
Na criação do Universo, e nós iremos
terminar essa história onde ela termina.
Por favor, que seja após a minha morte!
Bom, eu acho que será, definitivamente, após a minha morte.
Mas quero que seja muito tempo
depois da minha morte!
Então, nós iremos aterrorizar historiadores tradicionais,
usando Física para fazermos algumas predições sobre o futuro,
e iremos terminar em muitos trilhões
e trilhões de anos no futuro;
quando o próprio Universo,
*alerta de spoiler*: morre, por assim dizer.
E aí! Eu não sou o John.
Se você acha que somos parecidos,
é porque somos irmãos.
Eu sou o Hank.
Se quer aprender os 13,8 bilhões de anos de História do Universo
no mesmo tempo que cobrimos
os 238 anos de História dos Estados Unidos,
você não vai ter a mesma resolução.
Claro, saber os nomes e datas da História dos EUA é importante,
mas não podemos fazer isso nessa série.
Romanian:
În 'Big History vom porni cu istoria când începe cu adevărat – cel puțin așa credem
– la crearea universului, și vom termina povestea unde se termină – mă rog ca
asta să fie după ce voi muri! Bine, ghicesc că va fi cu siguranță după ce voi muri, doar că – aș vrea
să fie un timp după ce voi muri!
Deci o să-i terorizăm pe istoricii tradiționali prin a folosi fizica pentru a face unele previziuni
cu privire la viitor și o să ne ia multe trilioane și trilioane de ani de acum
când universul însuși,sună alerta: moare.Cel puțin, într-un fel de a spune .
Hei! Nu sunt John. Dacă sunteți de părere că semănăm puțin asta e pentru că suntem frați.
Sunt Hank. Oricum, dacă vreți să învățați istoria de 13800000000 ani a universului
în aceeași perioadă de timp, în care, de obicei, acoperim cei 238 de ani de istorie americană, nu
vom acea aceeași rezoluție.
Desigur, cunoașterea numelor și datelor Istoriei americane este importantă, dar nu vom
face doar asta la Big History.
Russian:
В Большой истории мы начнём историю там, где она на самом деле начинается (по меньшей мере, как нам кажется)
- у сотворения Вселенной, и закончим мы историю там, где она заканчивается...
... и только бы это было ПОСЛЕ того, как я умру! Ну, наверное, это в любом случае будет после моей смерти
Пусть пройдёт приличное время после моей смерти!
Так что мы даже введём классических историков в шок и используем физику для того, чтобы сделать предсказания
насчёт будущего, и мы закончим через много триллионов лет после сего момента,
когда сама Вселенная [СПОЙЛЕР] умрёт. Ну, в каком то смысле.
Хей! Я не Джон. Если Вас кажетс, что мы похожи, то это потому, что мы
братья. Я Хэнк. Так или иначе, если Вы хотите познать историю Вселенной (13,8 миллиардов лет)
за то же время, за которое мы обычно освещаем 238 лет американской истории, Вы
не получите той же детализации.
Конечно, знать имена и даты американской истории важно, но в
Большой истории этого просто не сделать.
Turkish:
Büyük Tarih'de, tarih gerçekte ne zamandan başladıysa
o zaman başlayacağız. En azından tahmin ettiğimiz.
Evrenin yaradılışından, hikayenin sonuna kadar gideceğiz.
Lütfen,
ben öldükten sonra olsun. Yani, aslında kesinlikle ben öldükten sonra olacak. Sadece ben öldükten bir süre sonra olmasını istiyorum.
Bu yüzden gelecekle ilgili bazı tahminlerde bulunmak için fizik kullanarak geleneksel tarihçileri dehşete düşüreceğiz
ve şu andan itibaren trilyonlarca yıl katedeceğiz
ne zaman ki evrenin kendisi, spoiler uyarısı: ölürse.
En azından, lafın gelişi.
[Tema Müziği]
Hey! John değilim. Eğer az da olsa benzediğimizi düşünüyorsanız, kardeş olduğumuz içindir.
Ben Hank. Her neyse, eğer evrenin 13.8 milyar yıllık yaşını
238 yıllık Amerikan tarihini kapsadığımız süreyle öğrenmek istersen aynı sonucu elde edemezsin
Tabii ki, Amerikan tarihinin isimlerini ve tarihlerini bilmek önemlidir, ancak bunu Büyük Tarih'de yapamayız
Finnish:
Isossa historiassa aloitamme historian sieltä, missä se oikeasti – ainakin tietojemme mukaan – alkaa,
maailmankaikkeuden synnystä, ja lopetamme sen sinne, missä se loppuu
– toivon mukaan kuolemani jälkeen! No, kyllähän se varmasti tapahtuu kuolemani jälkeen, mutta haluaisin,
että kuolemastani olisi ehtinyt kulua jonkin aikaa!
Joten aiomme jopa pelotella perinteisiä historioitsijoita tekemällä fysiikan avulla joitakin ennustuksia
tulevaisuudesta, ja lopetamme sarjan biljoonia ja biljoonia vuosia tästä hetkestä,
, jolloin itse maailmankaikkeus, spoiler alert, kuolee. No, ainakin tavallaan.
Hei! En ole John. Jos näytämme mielestäsi vähän samalta, se johtuu siitä että olemme
veljeksiä. Minä olen Hank. Joka tapauksessa, jos haluat oppia 13,8 miljardista vuodesta maailmankaikkeuden
historiaa samassa ajassa, jonka yleensä käytämme
238 vuoteen Amerikan historiaa,
tulos ei tule olemaan sama.
Tietenkin Amerikan historian nimien ja päivämäärien tietäminen on tärkeää, mutta
emme voi käsitellä isoa historiaa samoin.
English:
In Big History, we're gonna start history
when it really starts - at least, we think
- at the creation of the universe, and we're
gonna end that story where it ends - please
let that be after I die! Well, I guess it will definitely
be after I die, just - I want it to be a while after I die!
So we're even gonna terrify traditional historians
by using physics to make some predictions
about the future, and we're gonna end many
trillions and trillions of years from now,
when the universe itself, spoiler alert: dies.
At least, in a manner of speaking.
[Theme Music]
Hey! I'm not John. If you're thinking we look
a little bit the same, that's because we're brothers.
I'm Hank. Anyway, if you wanna learn the 13.8 billion
year history of the universe in the same amount
of time that we usually cover the 238 years of American
history, you're not gonna get the same resolution.
Of course, knowing the names and dates of American history is important, but we just can't do that in Big History.
Spanish:
En "Historia Grande", vamos a comenzar la historia donde comienza realmente, en la
creación del universo, y vamos a terminar donde termina realmente - por favor
que eso sea después de que yo muero!, Definitivamente va a ser después que yo muera
¡Quiero que sea "un tiempo después" que yo muera!
Así que vamos a aterrorizar a los historiadores tradicionales usando la física para hacer predicciones
sobre el futuro, y vamos a terminar muchos trillones de años en el futuro
donde el universo mismo, muere. Al menos figurativamente.
¡Hey! No soy John. Si piensas que nos vemos parecidos, es porque somos hermanos.
Soy Hank. Si quieres aprender los 13.800 millones de años de historia del universo
en la misma cantidad de tiempo que usualmente cubrimos los 238 años de historia norteamericana
no vas a tener el mismo detalle.
Por supuesto que saber nombres y fechas de Historia Norteamericana es importante, pero
no podemos hacer eso en "Historia Grande"
Dutch:
In Big History gaan we de geschiedenis beginnen wanneer hij echt begint - althans, dat denken we
- met de schepping van het universum, en we gaan dat verhaal beëindigen waar het eindigt - en aub,
laat dat zijn nadat ik sterf! Nou, ik denk het zeker zal zijn nadat ik sterf, maar - ik wil
dat het een tijdje na ik sterf eindigt!
Dus we gaan zelfs traditionele historici angst aanjagen door met behulp van de fysica voorspellingen over de
toekomst te maken, en we gaan vel biljoenen en biljoenen jaren van nu eindigen,
wanneer het universum zelf, spoiler alert: sterft! Ten minste bij wijze van spreken.
Hey! Ik ben niet John. Als je denkt dat we een beetje op elkaar lijken, dat is omdat we broers zijn.
Ik ben Hank. Hoe dan ook, als je de 13.8 miljard jaar geschiedenis van het heelal wil leren
in dezelfde hoeveelheid tijd die we gewoonlijk gebruiken voor 238 jaar Amerikaanse geschiedenis,
dan ga je niet dezelfde resolutie krijgen.
Natuurlijk is het kennen van de namen en data van de Amerikaanse geschiedenis belangrijk, maar dat
kunnen we gewoon niet doen in Big History.
iw:
בהיסטוריה הגדולה, אנו נתחיל את ההיסטוריה איפה שהיא באמת מתחילה- או לפחות, איפה שאנחנו חושבים שהיא התחילה
בבריאת היקום, ואנו הולכים לסיים את ההיסטוריה היכן שהיא מסתיימת -
בבקשה שזה יהיה אחרי שאני אמות! טוב, אני מנחש שזה בטוח יהיה אחרי שאני אמות, פשוט - אני רוצה
שזה יהיה קצת הרבה אחרי שאני אמות
אז אנחנו הולכים להפחיד מעט היסטוריונים קלאסיים על ידי שימוש בפיזיקה בשביל לנסות לחזות מעט
על העתיד, ואנחנו הולכים לסיים טריוליוני שנים מהיום
כאשר היקום עצמו [זהירות, ספוילר]: ימות.
היי! אני לא ג'ון. אם אתם חושבים שאנחנו קצת דומים, זה בגלל שאנחנו
אחים. אני האנק. בכל מקרה, אם תרצו ללמוד 13.8 ביליון שנות היסטוריה של היקום
באותו כמות זמן, אנחנו בדרך כלל מסקרים את 238 שנות ההיסטוריה האמריקאית,
אז לא נקבל את אותה הרזולוציה
כמובן, לדעת את השמות והתאריכים של ההיסטוריה האמריקאית זה חשוב (לא באמת), אבל אנחנו
לא יכולים לעשות את זה גם ב"היסטוריה גדולה"
Korean:
"큰 역사"에선, 역사의 시작 순간부터 출발할꺼야 - 우리 지식에 근거하여
우주의 창조부터 시작하여 우주의 종말까지를 얘기할꺼야 - 아 제발 그 종말은
내가 죽은 후에 일어나기를! 그래, 내 생각엔 확실히 내가 죽은 후에 종말이 와 - 내가 죽고나서도 한참 후에 오기를!
이제 우린 물리학을 동원하여 미래에 대한 과학적 예측을 해서, 전통 역사학자
들을 겁줄꺼야, 그리고 몇 조년, 몇 조년 아주 오랜 후까지 얘기한 후 끝낼꺼야
그 땐 우주가 - 주의- 사망함. 최소한 그렇게 말할 수 있지.
안녕! 난 존이 아닙니다. 우리가 닮았다고 생각한다면 그건 우리가 형제라서요.
전 행크고요. 138억년 간의 우주역사를 미국 238 년 역사 배우는 시간내에
배우려면, 미국 역사 배우듯이 가까이 드려다 보며 자세히 얘기할 수는 없지요.
물론 미국역사에서 사람이름과 사건날짜를 배우는 것도 중요하나 큰 역사에선 그렇게 할 순 없어요.
Danish:
I Big History, starter vi historien derfra hvor det faktisk starter - i hvert fald derfra hvor vi tror -
ved dannelsen af universet, og vil vil slutte historien hvor den ender - jeg håber det bliver
efter jeg dør! Det bliver sikkert efter jeg dør, men jeg vil gerne have
at det bliver langt tid efter!
Vi vil endda skræmme livet af traditionelle historikere, ved at anvende fysikken til at lave nogle forudsigelser
om fremtiden, og vi vil slutte mange trillioner og atter trillioner af år fra nu,
når universet selv - spoiler alert - dør. På en måde i hvert fald.
Hov, jeg er ikke John. Hvis du synes vi ligner hinanden er det fordi
vi er brødre. Jeg hedder Hank. Hvis du vil høre den 13.8 mia lange historie om universet
på samme tid som vi normalt dækker 238 år af Amerikas historie, vil du
ikke helt opnå samme grad af detalje.
Det er naturligvis vigtigt at kende navne og datoer i Amerikansk historie, men det kan
vi ikke arbejde med i Big History.
Portuguese:
Na "Big History (A Grande História)", nós iremos começar a História de onde ela realmente começou — ao menos, nós achamos
— na criação do universo, e nós iremos terminar essa história onde ela termina — por favor
que seja após a minha morte! Bom, eu acho que será, definitivamente, após a minha morte — eu quero
que acabe um tempo depois da minha morte!
Então nós iremos aterrorizar historiadores tradicionais, usando Física para fazermos algumas proposições
sobre o futuro, e iremos terminar em muitos trilhões e trilhões e trilhões de anos partindo de agora,
quando o universo, e tudo mais, alerta de spoiler: morre. Ao menos, em um dos modos de dizer.
E aí! Eu não sou o John. Se você está se perguntando porque somos um pouco parecidos, é porque somos
irmãos. Eu sou o Hank. Seguindo, se quer aprender os 13.8 bilhões de anos de História do universo
no mesmo período de tempo que normalmente cobrimos os 238 anos de História dos Estados Unidos, você
não terá o mesmo resultado.
Claro, saber os nomes e datas da História dos Estados Unidos é importante, mas nós
não podemos, simplesmente, fazer isso na "Big History (A Grande História)".
Vietnamese:
Trong "Lịch sử Vĩ Đại", chúng ta sẽ bắt đầu lịch sử khi nó thực sự bắt đầu - hay chí ít là ta nghĩ vậy
- khi vũ trụ hình thành, và ta sẽ kết thúc nó khi nó tàn - làm ơn
làm ngày đó kết thúc khi tôi chết đi! Thực sự mà nói, tôi đoán nó chắc chắn sẽ kết thúc sau khi tôi chết - Tôi muốn
nó phải thật lâu sau khi tôi chết cơ!
Vậy chúng ta phải làm các nhà sử học truyền thống lo ngại bằng cách sử dụng Vật Lý Học để dự đoán
tương lai, và chúng ta sẽ đi đến kết thúc hàng tỷ tỷ năm nữa
khi mà chính vũ trụ sẽ tuyên bố: Xong rồi!...Ít ra vẫn tuyên bố đàng hoàng.
[Nhạc nền]
Chào! Tôi phải là John. Nhưng nếu bạn nghĩ tôi nhìn khá giống anh ấy thì đúng rồi, chúng tôi là anh em.
Tôi tên Hank. Thôi quay lại vấn đề. Nếu bạn muốn học Lịch sử Vũ trụ vốn có 13.8 tỷ niên sử với lượng thời gian
như chúng ta học 238 niên sử Hoa Kỳ
Các bạn sẽ nản thôi.
Dĩ nhiên là học các tên và ngày tháng trong sử Mỹ khá quan trọng
nhưng mà làm vậy với Lịch sử Vĩ đại là không được đâu.
Arabic:
في هذه السلسلة، سنبدأ حديثنا عن التاريخ
حين بدأ فعليًا، حسب اعتقادنا على الأقل
وذلك عند بداية الكون.
وسنختم تلك القصة حيث ستنتهي.
أتمنى أن يحدث ذلك بعد موتي! أظنّه سيحدث بعده
حتمًا، لكنّي أريد حدوثه بعد موتي بوقت طويل.
إذن، سنرعب المؤرّخين التقليديين
باستخدام الفيزياء للتوصل لتنبؤات عن المستقبل.
وسنختم بعد ترليونات السنوات من الآن.
وذلك حين ينتهي الكون نفسه،
بطريقة ما على الأقل.
مرحبًا، أنا لست جون، إن كنتم تفكّرون
بأنّنا نشبه بعضنا، فذلك لأنّنا أخوَين.
أنا هانك. على كلّ، إن أردتم التعرّف
على تاريخ الكون الممتد لـ14،8 مليار سنة
خلال نفس الوقت الذي نغطّي فيه الـ238 سنة
لتاريخ أمريكا، فلن نتوصّل إلى نفس النتيجة.
بالطبع، معرفة أسماء وتواريخ التاريخ الأمريكي
مهمة، لكنّنا لا نستطيع فعل ذلك في سلسلتنا.
Italian:
In Big History, inizieremo la storia da quando
è realmente iniziata – o almeno, pensiamo –
alla creazione dell'Universo e concluderemo
questa storia quando esso finirà – per favore
fate che succeda quando non ci sarò più! Beh, direi che sarà proprio dopo la mia morte, solo – vorrei che succedesse quando sarò già morto da un po'!
Dunque, spaventeremo persino gli storici
tradizionali usando la fisica per fare predizioni
sul futuro e finiremo a molte migliaia
di miliardi di anni da oggi
quando l'Universo stesso – allarme spoiler – muore.
O almeno in un certo senso.
Ehi! Non sono John. Se pensi che ci assomigliamo
un po' è perché siamo fratelli.
Sono Hank. In ogni caso, se volete imparare 13,8
miliardi di storia dell'Universo nello stesso tempo
che di solito coprono i 238 anni della storia
Americana, non avrete la stessa risoluzione.
Naturalmente, conoscere i nomi e le date della storia americana è importante, ma non possiamo farlo
in Big History.
German:
– zumindest, denken wir das – bei der Bildung des Universums,
und wir werden mit der Erzählung enden, wo sie endet. Bitte, lass es sein, nachdem ich sterbe!
Nun, ich nehme an, es wird definitiv sein, nachdem ich sterbe,
ich will nur, dass es eine ganze Weile ist, nachdem ich sterbe!
Also, wir werden sogar traditionelle Historiker (und -innen) in Schrecken versetzen, indem wir
Physik benutzen, um einige Vorhersagen über die Zukunft zu treffen, und wir werden nach Billionen
und Aberbillionen Jahren von heute gesehen enden, wenn das Universum selbst, Spoiler-Alarm: stirbt.
Zumindest gewissermaßen.
[Titelmusik]
Anbruch des Universums:
- Leben könnte per Anhalter zur Erde auf einem Meteoriten mitgefahren sein.
- Keine Sorge, das Universum ist nur ein Hologramm.
- Riesenwolken von primitiven Elementen vereinigten sich zu Sternen.
- Galaxien formten sich etwa 850 Millionen Jahre nach dem Urknall.
- Zeitweise waren wir alle Quark-Gluonen-Plasma.
- Diese Episode brauchte 13,8 Milliarden Jahre bis zur Erstellung.
Frühes Leben:
- Die Erde bietet Heimat für rund 8,7 Millionen Lebensformen.
- Hank ist im Wahn in der Membran.
- Leben auf der Erde startete vor 3,7 – 4,4 Milliarden Jahren.
- Einige abiotische Moleküle sind offenkundig selbstreplizierend.
- Modernes Leben stammt höchstwahrscheinlich aus einer RNA-Welt.
- Leben könnte sich in hydrothermalen Quellen entwickelt haben.
Frühes Leben:
- Die Erde bietet Heimat für rund 8,7 Millionen Lebensformen.
- Hank ist im Wahn in der Membran.
- Leben auf der Erde startete vor 3,7 – 4,4 Milliarden Jahren.
- Einige abiotische Moleküle sind offenkundig selbstreplizierend.
- Modernes Leben stammt höchstwahrscheinlich aus einer RNA-Welt.
- Leben könnte sich in hydrothermalen Quellen entwickelt haben.
3: Prehuman:
- Die Toba-Supereruption drängte uns an den Rand der Ausrottung.
- Homo sapiens ist die einzige ausgestorbene Spezies, von der man weiß, dass sie Monopoly gespielt hat.
- Monolithen wurden mit dem exakten Verhältnis von 1:4:9 geschaffen.
- Krähen, Delfine, Elefanten und Tragossos [Pokemon] benutzen ebenfalls Werkzeug.
- Moderne Menschen verließen Afrika vor rund 90.000 – 130.000 Jahren.
- Diese Maschine tötet Faschisten.
3: Posthuman:
...und wir werden also bei der Singularität sein allezeit. [Verballhornung von 1.Thessalonicher 4,17]
- Die Keytarre ersetzt 2021 offiziell die Gitarre.
- Wir vertrauen auf R.O.B.
- Künstliche Intelligenz wird letztendlich übertrumpft von künstlicher Dummheit.
- Ich bin ein Computer.
- Der dritte Weltkrieg wird von Radiant und Dire geführt. [Fraktionen in dem Computerspiel Warcraft 3]
Crash Course: Große Geschichte
[Hank] Hey! Ich bin nicht John. Falls ihr denkt, dass wir uns ähnlich sehen, liegt das daran,
dass wir Brüder sind. Ich bin Hank.
Wie auch immer, wenn man die 13,8 Milliarden Jahre umfassende Geschichte des Universums
in der gleichen Zeitspanne lernen will, in der wir normalerweise 238 Jahre
der amerikanischen Geschichte behandeln, dann bekommt man nicht dieselbe Auflösung.
Sicherlich, die Namen und Daten der amerikanischen Geschichte zu kennen ist wichtig,
aber wir können das einfach nicht machen in Große Geschichte.
Swedish:
I Big History, kommer vi börja historien där den faktiskt började - eller åtminstone, vi tror vi det
- vid skapandet av Universum, och vi kommer avsluta den historien där den slutar - snälla
snälla säg att det är efter jag dör! Okej, jag antar det definitivt kommer ske efter jag har dött, bara - Jag
vill att det ska vara ett tag efter jag dött!
Så nu ska vi skrämma traditionella
historiker genom att använda fysik för att skapa förutsägningar
om framtiden, och vi kommer sluta triljoners triljoner antal år från nu,
när hela universumet - spoilervarning - dör.
I alla fall, på sätt och vis.
Hej! Jag är inte John. Om du tycker att vi liknar varandra, är det för att vi är
bröder. Jag är Hank. I alla fall, om du vill lära dig alla 13.8 miljarder år av universums historia
på samma tid vi vanligtvis tar för att gå igenom 238 år av Amerikas historia, så kommer
du inte få samma slutsats.
Självklart, vidkännande av namn och datum i Amerikas historia är viktigt, men vi kan
helt enkelt inte göra det i Big History.
Danish:
Der findes meget større historiske spørgsmål i universets historie, som kun kan
blive undersøgt hvis man zoomer ud på den ultimative skala. Når man zoomer ud ser man meget
mere af billedet. Detaljerne bliver lidt slørede, men vi ser hurtigt at historien er alt.
Kosmologi, geologi, biologi, samfundsvidenskab, litteratur, fysik...det hele!
Du tror måske at denne skala vil være fyldt med for mange detaljer, men mængden
af detaljer et svar har behov for, afhænger af det spørgsmål der er stillet. Nogle spørgsmål kan
kun undersøges ved at zoome ud. Det er dét Big History gør.
Nu vi taler om at zoome ud, så er dette en jordopgang, et af de mest berømte fotografier
nogensinde. William Anders, som var astronaut på Apollo, tog det i 1968. Fra overfladen af en anden verden
kan vi se at vores planet er en lille kugle i rummet. Ingen grænser, ingen mennesker, ingen bygninger.
Kun oceaner og skyer og kontinenter, hvorpå solen lader sit lys skinne.
Denne skala giver mig perspektiv. Jeg kan forestille mig kompleksiteten af alt liv på jorden,
lige fra den benzindrevne motor, der bragte mig hertil, til den politiske ustabilitet
English:
There are much broader historical questions
in the story of the universe that can only
be explored by zooming out to the ultimate
scale. As you zoom out, you see a lot more
of the picture. The details get a little fuzzy,
but we quickly realize that history is everything.
Cosmology, geology, biology, social sciences,
literature, physics... Everything!
You might think that such a scale would be
filled with way too much detail, but the amount
of detail an answer requires, depends on the
nature of the question. Some questions can
only be explored by zooming out. That is what
Big History does.
Speaking of zoomed out, this is Earthrise,
one of the most famous photographs of all
time. William Anders, an Apollo astronaut,
took it in 1968. From the surface of another
world, we see our planet as a little ball
in space. No borders, no people, no buildings.
Just oceans and clouds and continents being
shined upon by the sun.
That sheer expansion of scale gives me perspective.
It lets me imagine all the complexity of life
on Earth, from the gasoline engine that powered
my trip to the studio, to political instability
Portuguese:
Há uma maior amplitude nas dúvidas da História do Universo,
que só podem ser exploradas quando analisadas até a última escala.
Quanto mais se vê de longe,
mais você entende o quadro geral.
Os detalhes ficam confusos,
mas rapidamente vemos que História é tudo.
Cosmologia, Geologia, Biologia,
Ciências Sociais, Literatura, Física... tudo!
Talvez você pense que
essa escala deva estar cheia de detalhes,
mas a quantidade de detalhes nas respostas depende da natureza da pergunta.
Certas perguntas só podem ser exploradas
quando vistas de longe. É o que a série propõe a fazer.
Falando em ver de longe, este é o "Nascer da Terra",
uma das fotografias mais famosas de todos os tempos.
William Anders, astronauta da Apollo,
tirou a foto em 1968.
Da superfície de outro mundo, nós vemos nosso planeta como uma pequena bola no espaço. Sem fronteiras, sem pessoas, sem prédios.
Apenas oceanos e nuvens e continentes,
sendo iluminados pelo Sol.
Da superfície de outro mundo, nós vemos nosso planeta como uma pequena bola no espaço. Sem fronteiras, sem pessoas, sem prédios.
Apenas oceanos e nuvens e continentes,
sendo iluminados pelo Sol.
Essa simples expansão de escala me dá perspectiva.
Me permite imaginar toda a complexidade da vida na Terra,
do motor à gasolina que energiza minha viagem até o estúdio,
Swedish:
Det finns så mycket bredare historiska frågor i berättelsen om vårt universum som kan enbart
utforskas genom att zooma ut till maximum. Genom att zooma ut, ser man avsevärt mer
av bilden. Detaljerna må bli lite suddiga,
men vi inser snart att historia är allt.
Kosmologi, geologi, biologi, sociala vetenskaper, litteratur, fysik... Allt!
Du kanske må tro att en sådan skala skulle blir fylld med alltför mycket detaljer, men mängden
av detalj ett svar kräver, beror på själva frågan.
Vissa frågor kan
endast utforskas genom att zooma ut.
Detta är vad Big History gör.
På tal om att zooma ut, detta är "Jorduppgång",
en av de mest berömda fotografierna genom
tiderna. William Anders, en Apollo astronaut, tog bilden 1968. Från ytan av en annan
värld, ser vi vår planet som en liten boll i rymden.
Inga gränser, inga människor, inga byggnader.
Bara hav och moln och kontinenter
som lyses upp av solen.
Den otroliga expansionen av skala ger mig perspektiv. Det tillåter mig föreställa mig livets komplexitet
på jorden, från bensinmotorn som drev min resa till studion, till politiska instabilliteter
German:
Es gibt da viel umfassendere geschichtliche Fragen in der Erzählung des Universums,
welche nur untersucht werden können, indem man bis auf die äußerste Skala herauszoomt.
Wenn man herauszoomt, sieht man viel mehr vom Bild. Die Details werden ein bisschen unscharf,
aber wir sehen ein, dass Geschichte alles ist. Kosmologie, Geologie, Biologie, Sozialwissenschaften,
Literatur, Physik... Alles!
Ihr denkt vielleicht, dass solch eine Skala mit viel zu vielen Einzelheiten gefüllt wäre,
aber die Menge an Einzelheiten, die eine Antwort benötigt, hängt von der Natur der Frage ab.
Manche Fragen können nur untersucht werden, indem man herauszoomt.
Das ist, was Große Geschichte tut.
Apropos Herauszoomen, dies ist „Earthrise“ (Erdaufgang), eines der
bekanntesten Fotografien aller Zeiten. William Anders, ein Apollo-Astronaut, nahm es 1968 auf.
Von der Oberfläche einer anderen Welt aus sehen wir unseren Planeten
als einen kleinen Ball im Weltraum. Keine Grenzen, keine Leute, keine Gebäude.
Nur Ozean und Wolken und Kontinente, die von der Sonne beschienen werden.
Dieses schiere Expandieren des Maßstabs gibt mir Perspektive.
Es lässt mich all die Komplexität des Lebens auf der Erde wähnen,
vom Benzinmotor, der meine Fahrt zum Studio angetrieben hat,
iw:
ישנן שאלות היסטוריות רחבות בהרבה בסיפור של היקום שיכולים
להביחן על ידי זום אאוט לסקאלה הגדולה. כשאתה עושה זומ אאוט אתה רואה הרבה יותר
מהתמונה. הפרטים מתחילים להיות מעט מתושתשים, אבל אנחנו מבינים מהר מאוד שהיסטוריהזה הכל:
קוסמולוגיה, גיאולוגיה, ביולוגיה, מדעי החברה, ספרות, פיזיקה... הכל
אתם יכולים לחשוב שסקאלה כזאת רחבה תהיה מלאה ביותר מדי פרטים, אבל כמות
הפרטים שהתשובה צריכה, תלויה באופי השאלה. ישנן שאלות
שניתנות לבחינה רק על ידי זום-אאוט. זה מה שהיסטוריה גדולה עושה
אם מדברים על זום-אאוט, זוהי "ארת'רייז", אחת מהתמונות המפורסמות בכל
הזמנים. וויליאם אנדרס, אסטרונאוט מאפולו, לקח את התמונה ב-1968. מפני השטח של עולם אחר
אנו רואים את הפלנטה שלנו ככדור קטן ביקום. ללא גבולות, ללא אנשים, ללא בניינים
רק אוקיינוסים, עננים ויבשות מוארים על ידי השמש
מבט בסקאלה הזאת מאפשר לי לקבל פרוספקטיבה. מאפשר לי לדמיין את כל המורכבות של החיים
על פני כדור הארץ, החל ממנוע בנזין אשר הביא אותי לסטודיו, לאי-יציבות פוליטית בנפטל
Polish:
Mamy tam bowiem do czynienia z kwestiami o
o wiele szerszym zakresie historycznym,
które można zbadać tylko i wyłącznie
uciekając się do najmniejszej możliwej skali.
Stosując pomniejszenie widzimy dużo większy obraz.
Szczegóły są trochę rozmyte,
jednak szybko zdajemy sobie sprawę,
że mamy do czynienia z historią wszystkiego.
Kosmologii, geologii, biologii,
nauk społecznych, literatury, fizyki... Wszystkiego!
Można by pomyśleć, że taka skala będzie
wypełniona zbyt wieloma szczegółami,
jednak ilość szczegółów wymaganych na potrzeby odpowiedzi zależy od rodzaju pytania. Niektóre kwestie
można zbadać wyłącznie poprzez oddalenie obrazu.
Na tym właśnie polega Historia Wszechświata.
Skoro już mowa o oddaleniu, oto wschód Ziemi,
jedno z najbardziej znanych zdjęć w historii.
Zrobił je w 1968 roku William Anders,
astronauta z załogi Apollo. Z powierzchni
innego świata widzimy naszą planetę jako małą kulę
w przestrzeni kosmicznej. Bez granic, ludzi, budynków.
Tylko oceany, chmury i kontynenty
oświetlone przez Słońce.
Tak znacząca zmiana skali ukazuje mi całkiem nową perspektywę, pozwala wyobrazić sobie całą złożoność
życia na Ziemi, od silnika, dzięki któremu dojechałem
do studia, do niestabilności politycznej w Nepalu –
French:
Il y a des questions historiques beaucoup plus grandes
dans l'histoire de l'univers qui ne peuvent
être explorées qu'en faisant un zoom arrière à l'échelle absolue. Au fur et à mesure que vous zoomez en arrière, vous voyez bien plus de choses
sur l'image. Les détails deviennent un peu flous, mais on réalise rapidement que l'histoire est tout.
La cosmologie, la géologie, la biologie, les sciences sociales,
la littérature, la physique ... Tout!
Vous pourriez penser qu'à une telle échelle on aurait bien trop de détails, mais la quantité
de détails nécessaires dépend de la nature de la question. Certaines questions ne peuvent
seulement être explorées qu'en zoomant en arrière.
C'est ce que la Grande Histoire fait.
En parlant de zoom arrière, voici Levé de Terre,
l'une des plus célèbres photographies de tous les
temps. William Anders, un astronaute d'Apollo, l'a prise en 1968. A partir de la surface d'un autre
monde, nous voyons notre planète comme une petite boule dans l'espace.
Pas de frontières, pas de gens, pas de bâtiments.
Juste des océans et des nuages et des continents éclairés par le soleil.
Cette expansion considérable de l'échelle me donne une nouvelle perspective.
Elle me permet d'imaginer toute la complexité de la vie
sur Terre, du moteur à essence qui a alimenté
mon voyage au studio, à l'instabilité politique
Dutch:
Er zijn veel bredere historische vragen in het verhaal van het universum, die alleen onderzocht
kunnen worden door uit te zoomen naar de ultieme schaal. Als u uitzoomt, zie je veel meer
van het beeld. De details worden een beetje wazig, maar we beseffen snel dat geschiedenis alles is.
Kosmologie, geologie, biologie, sociale wetenschappen, literatuur, fysica... Alles!
Je zou denken dat een dergelijke schaal gevuld zou worden met veel te veel detail, maar de hoeveelheid
detail een antwoord vereist, hangt af van de aard van de vraag. Sommige vragen kunnen
alleen onderzocht worden door uit te zoomen. Dat is wat Big History doet.
Over uitgezoomd gesproken, dit is 'Earthrise', een van de beroemdste foto's ooit.
William Anders, een Apollo-astronaut, nam hem in 1968. Van het oppervlak van een andere
wereld, zien we onze planeet als een kleine bal in de ruimte. Geen grenzen, geen mensen, geen gebouwen.
Gewoon oceanen en wolken en continenten beschenen door de zon.
Deze pure schaalvergroting geeft me perspectief. Het laat me de complexiteit van het leven
op aarde voorstellen, van de benzine motor die mijn reis naar de studio heft aangedreven, tot politieke
Hungarian:
Az univerzum történetét sokkal tágabb kérdések feszítik, amiket
csak akkor érthetünk meg, ha eléggé lekicsinyítjük a képet. Kicsinyítés közben sokkal többet látsz
a nagy egészből. A részletek ugyan elmosódnak, de hamar rájössz majd, hogy a történelem minden.
Kozmológia, geológia, biológia, társadalomtudományok, irodalom, fizika... minden.
Azt gondolhatnánk, hogy egy ilyen apróvá zsugorított skála részletekkel van túlzsúfolva, de az, hogy
a válasz milyen részletességet igényel, a kérdés jellegétől függ. Néhány kérdést
csak akkor érthetünk igazán, ha elég nagyot lépünk hátra. Ez az amiről a Nagy Történelem szól..
Ha már a távlati vizsgálódásról beszélünk, ez itt a Földfelkelte, a valaha készített leghíresebb fényképek egyike.
William Anders, az Apollo egyik asztronautája készítette 1968-ban. Egy másik bolygó felszínéről nézve,
a miénk csak egy kis labdának tűnik az űrben. Sem határok, sem emberek, sem épületek.
Csak a Nap által megvilágított óceánok és felhők és kontinensek.
A skála puszta kiterjesztése ad perspektívát. Emiatt tudom elképzelni az élet komplexitását,
a stúdióig vezető utamat biztosító benzinmotortól elkezdve a politikai instabilitásig Nepálban,
Romanian:
Există întrebări istorice mult mai largi
în povestea universului care pot
fi explorate doar dând zoom la ultima scală. Pe măsură ce măriți, veți vedea mult mai multe
imagini. Detaliile obține par un pic neclare,dar ne dăm repede seama că istoria este totul.
Cosmologie, geologie, biologie, științe sociale,
literatura, fizica ... Totul!
Ai putea crede că o astfel de scară ar putea fi umplută cu prea multe detalii, dar suma
detaliilor pe care le necesită un răspuns, depinde de natura întrebării. Unele întrebări pot
fi explorate doar prin zoom out. Asta este ceea ce face Big History.
Vorbind de zoom out, aceasta este Earthrise, una dintre cele mai faimoase fotografii din toate
timpurile. William Anders, un astronaut Apollo, a luat-o în 1968. De pe suprafața unei alte lumi
vedem planeta ca o minge mică
în spațiu. Nici granițe, nici oameni nici clădiri.
Doar oceane și nori și continente luminate de către soare.
Această veritabilă extindere de scară îmi oferă perspectiva.Îmi permite să-mi imaginez toată complexitatea vieții
de pe Pământ, de la motorul pe benzină care a alimentat călătoria mea la studio, la instabilitatea politică
Japanese:
宇宙の歴史の物語への
大いなる問いに立ち向かうには
究極的なスケールに
ズームアウトしてのぞまなきゃ
頭に全体が表示されれば
細かい部分はざっくりしても
歴史の全てが 一望できる
宇宙論
地質学
生物学
社会科学
文学
物理学
なにもかも！
ざっくりしてもらっては困る
ディティールが大事
とおっしゃるかもしれない
でも答えに要求されるディティールって
質問の質によるよね
ズームアウトしなければ
気づけない問い
そこに迫るためのビッグヒストリーなんだ
ズームアウトと言えば・・・
『 地球の出 』
誰もが見たことある写真だね
ウィリアム・アンダースが
アポロ８号から１９６８年に撮影した
この惑星も外から見れば
空間の中にぽつんとある小さなボール
国境も人間も建物も消えて
海と雲と大陸が
ただ太陽に照らされている
そんな目線を保ったままの僕が
この星のすべての命の複雑さに想いを馳せれば
スタジオに来るのにガソリンを使ってる事や
Spanish:
Hay preguntas históricas mucho mas amplias en la historia del universo que solo
pueden ser exploradas lléndonos a la mas grande escala. Desde allí se ven mucho
mas de la imagen. Los detalles se pierden un poco pero nos damos cuenta que la historia es todo.
La cosmología, geología, biología, ciencias sociales, literatura, física... TODO!
Debes pensar que a esta escala hay demasiados detalles, pero la cantidad de
detalles que requiere una respuesta, dependen de la pregunta. Alguna preguntas pueden
solo ser exploradas alejándonos. Eso es lo que "Historia Grande" hace.
Hablando de alejarse, esto es Amanecer terrestre, una de las mas famosas fotos de todos los
tiempos. William Anders, un astronauta Apolo, la tomó en 1968. Desde la superficie de otro
mundo, vemos a nuestro planeta como una pequeña bola en el espacio. Sin fronteras, sin gente ni edificios.
Solo océanos y nubes y continentes alumbrados por el sol.
Esta gran escala me da perspectiva. Me deja imaginar toda la complejidad de la vida
en la tierra, desde el motor de gasolina que me trajo este estudio, hasta la inestabilidad política
Russian:
Тут намного более масштабные исторические вопросы, которые
можно рассмотреть только удалившись на всеобщий уровень. По мере удаления начинаешь видеть
намного больше от картины в целом. Детали сливаются, но мы быстро осознаём, что история - это всё.
Космология, геология, биология, общественные науки, литературы, физика... ВСЁ!
Вам может показаться, что такой картинка может быть перегружена деталями,но количество
деталей, которые требуются для ответа на вопрос, зависит от природы вопросы. На какие-то
можно ответить только на удалении. Этим и занимается Большая история.
К вопросу об удалении, это - Восход Земли, одна из самых известных фотографий
в истории. Уильям Андерс, космонавт с Аполлона, снял её в 1968. С поверхности
другого мира, мы видим нашу планету как маленький шарик в космосе. Ни границ, ни людей, ни строений.
Лишь океаны, облака, континенты, освещённые солнцем.
Само это увеличение масштаба даёт определённую перспективу. Оно позволяет представить всю сложность жизни
на Земле, от бензинового двигателя, довёзшего меня до студии, до политической нестабильности
Korean:
우주의 얘기에는 훨씬 폭넓은 역사적 질문이 들어 있는데, 그것은 오직
최고로 멀리서 바라봐야만 알 수 있어요. 멀리서 볼수록 훨씬 많은 큰 그림들을
보게되요. 자세히 알려면 좀 어렵지만, 금방 역사는 모든 것이 얽혀 있다는 것을 깨닫게 되요.
우주학, 지질학, 생물학, 사회학, 문학, 물리학.. 모든 것들이 연결되어 있어요.
이런 큰 스케일엔 많은 세부항목들이 얽혀 있다고 걱정할 수 있으나
해답에 필요한 세부항목의 양은 질문의 특성에 따라 좌우됩니다. 어떤 질문들은
멀리서 봐야만 답할 수 있어요. 이것이 바로 '큰 역사'에 해당됩니다.
멀리서 본다고 하면, 이것이 지구 뜨는 모습, 역사상 가장 유명한 사진 중 하나죠.
아폴로선 우주비행사, 윌리암 앤더스가 1968년에 찍었어요. 다른 세계에서 보면
우리 지구가 우주의 작은 공으로 보여요. 국경도 사람도 건물도 안 보여요.
대양과 구름 그리고 햇빛에 빛나는 대륙들만 보이지요
이런 스케일만의 팽창이 제게 새 감각을 줘요. 지구상의 복잡한 삶을 상상할 수 있죠.
저를 스튜디오까지 데려다 준 자동차 엔진부터 네팔의 정치불안까지
Turkish:
Evrenin öyküsünde, yalnızca en büyük ölçeğe yaklaşarak keşfedilebilecek daha geniş tarihsel sorular vardır
Büyüttükçe resmin daha fazlasını görürsünüz.
Detaylar biraz bulanıklaşıyor, ancak hızlı bir şekilde tarihin her şey olduğunu fark ettik
Kozmoloji, jeoloji, biyoloji, sosyal bilimler,
edebiyat, fizik ... Her şey!
Böyle bir ölçeğin çok fazla detayla doldurulacağını düşünebilirsiniz,
Bazı sorular ancak büyütülerek incelenebilir. İşte Büyük Tarih böyle yapar.
Büyütmekten bahsetmişken, bu tüm zamanların en ünlü fotoğraflarından olan, Earthrise.
Bir apollo astronotu olan William Anders bunu 1968'de çekti.
Başka bir dünyanın yüzeyinden, gezegenimizi uzayda küçük bir top olarak görüyoruz
Sınır yok, insanlar yok, bina yok. Yalnızca okyanuslar, bulutlar ve güneş tarafından aydınlatılan kıtalar.
Ölçeğin genişlemesi bana perspektif kazandırıyor. Bu, dünyadaki hayatın tüm karmaşıklığını,
stüdyoya gittiğim benzinli motoru, Nepal'deki siyasi istikrarsızlığı
Portuguese:
Há uma maior amplitude nas dúvidas da História do universo, que só
podem ser exploradas quando analisadas até a última escala. Quanto mais ampla, mas você percebe
sobre a imagem. Os detalhes ficam um tanto embaçados, mas, rapidamente, vemos que História é tudo.
Cosmologia, Geologia, Biologia, Ciências Sociais, Literatura, Física... e tudo mais!
Talvez você pense que essa escala deva estar completamente cheia de detalhes, mas a quantidade
de detalhes e respostas requeridas dependem da natureza da pergunta. Certas questões somente podem
ser respondidas quando ampliadas. E isto é o que a série "Big History (A Grande História)" propõe fazer.
Falando em ampliar, está é a "Earthrise (Nascer da Terra)", uma das fotografias mais famosas de todos
os tempos. William Anders, um astronauta da missão "Apollo 8", tirou-a em 1968. Da superfície de um outro
mundo, nós vemos nosso planeta como uma pequena bola no espaço. Sem fronteiras, sem pessoas, sem prédios.
Apenas oceanos e nuvens e continentes, sendo iluminados pelo Sol.
Esta simples expansão de escalas me dá perspectiva. Deixa eu imaginar toda a complexidade da vida
na Terra, do motor à gasolina que energiza minha viagem até o estúdio, à instabilidade política
Finnish:
Maailmankaikkeuden tarinassa on paljon laajempia historiallisia kysymyksiä, joita voidaan tutkia vain
mahdollisimman laajasta näkökulmasta. Kun teemme näin, näemme isomman osan
osan kokonaisuudesta. Yksityiskohdat hämärtyvät hieman, mutta tajuamme pian, että historia on kaikkea.
Kosmologiaa, geologiaa, biologiaa, yhteiskuntatieteitä, kirjallisuutta, fysiikkaa… kaikkea!
Saatat ajatella, että tässä mittakaavassa yksityiskohtia olisi aivan liian paljon, mutta se, kuinka paljon
yksityiskohtia vastaus tarvitsee, riippuu kysymyksen laadusta. Joitakin kysymyksiä voidaan
tutkia vain laajemmassa näkökulmassa. Tätä iso historia tekee.
Näkökulmista puheen ollen, tässä on Earthrise (Maannousu), yksi kuuluisimmista valokuvista ikinä.
William Anders, Apollon astronautti, otti sen vuonna 1968. Toisen taivaankappaleen pinnalta
näemme planeettamme vain pienenä pallona avaruudessa. Ei rajoja, ei ihmisiä, ei rakennuksia.
Vain meriä ja pilviä ja maanosia, joille aurinko paistaa.
Näin suuri mittakaavan laajennus antaa minulle uuden näkökulman. Se antaa minun kuvitella Maapallon
elämän moninaisuuden – bensiinimoottorista, jonka avulla matkustin studiolle, Nepalin poliittisen
Arabic:
هناك أسئلة تاريخيّة أشمل في قصة الكون
لا يمكن استكشافها سوى بالنظر للصورة العامة،
عند إلقاء نظرة عن بُعد، سنرى الصورة أفضل.
قد تصبح التفاصيل مشوّشة بعض الشيء،
لكن سرعان ما سندرك أنّ التاريخ يضمّ كلّ شيء.
علم الكون وعلوم الأرض والأحياء
والعلوم الاجتماعية والأدب والفيزياء، كلّ شيء!
قد تظنّون أنّ هذه الصورة
ستكون مليئة بالتفاصيل.
لكنّ كمّية التفاصيل التي تتطلّبها إجابة ما،
تعتمد على طبيعة السؤال.
بعض الأسئلة لا يمكن الإجابة عنها سوى بالنظر
إلى الأمور عن بُعد. وذلك ما سنفعله في سلسلتنا.
بمناسبة الحديث عن النظر عن بُعد، هذه هي صورة
شروق الشمس، إحدى أشهر الصور في التاريخ.
التقطها ويليام أندرز، رائد الفضاء في أبولو
في عام 1968، من سطح عالم آخر
نرى كوكبنا ككرة صغيرة في الفضاء،
بدون حدود أو بشر أو مباني.
مجرّد محيطات وغيوم وقارّات
تشرق عليها أشعّة الشمس.
ذلك العرض على مستوى واضح يجعلني أرى الأمور
من منظور آخر، ويجعلني أتخيّل تعقيدات الأرض
من محرّك البنزين
الذي ساعدني للوصول إلى الأستوديو
Italian:
Le questioni sono talmente vaste riguardo la storia
dell'Universo che possono
essere esplorate solo zoomando indietro fino alla
massima scala. Più zoomi indietro, più cose vedi
nell'immagine. I dettagli diventano un po' sfocati,
ma capiamo subito che la storia è ogni cosa.
Cosmologia, geologia, biologia,
scienze sociali, letteratura, fisica... Tutto!
Potreste pensare che a questa scala
ci siano troppi dettagli, ma la quantità
di dettagli di una risposta dipende dalla
natura della domanda. Alcune questioni possono
essere approfondite solo zoomando indietro.
Questo è ciò che fa Big History.
Parlando di zoom all'indietro, questa è la Terra
che sorge, in una delle più famose fotografie
di tutti i tempi. William Anders, un astronauta di Apollo, l'ha scattata nel 1968. Dalla superficie di un altro
pianeta, vediamo la Terra come una piccola sfera nello spazio. Niente confini, niente persone, niente edifici.
Solo oceani, nuvole e continenti illuminati dal Sole.
Questa espansione di scala mi dà prospettiva. Mi
permette di immaginare la complessità della vita
sulla Terra, dal motore a benzina che ha reso possibile il mio viaggio in studio, all'instabilità politica
Vietnamese:
Có rất nhiều câu hỏi xa vời trong sử vũ trụ
mà để biết câu trả lời thì phải dùng thuật phóng to đến mức không tưởng. Khi mà bạn phóng to ra, bạn sẽ
thấy được toàn cảnh. Các chi tiết trở nên mờ đi nhưng chúng ta nhanh chóng nhận biết được lịch sử của vạn vật.
Vũ trụ học, Địa chất học, Sinh học, Xã hội học, Văn học, Vật lý học...Mọi thứ!
Bạn có thể tưởng rằng ở mức độ phóng to như thế thì có quá nhiều chi tiết, nhưng lượng chi tiết
cần thiết dựa vào tính chất của câu hỏi. Một số nghi vấn
chỉ có thể được trả lời bằng thuật phóng to. Đó chính là Lịch sử Vĩ đại!
Nói về phóng to, đây là Earthrise (Địa cầu thăng), một trong những bức ảnh nổi tiếng nhất mọi thời đại.
William Anders, phi hành gia trên sứ mệnh Apollo đã chụp nó. Ở một góc
nhìn khác, chúng ta thấy Trái Đất như một quả banh tròn trong không gian. Không ranh giới, không người, không nhà cửa.
Chỉ đại dương, mây, và các lục địa sáng lên nhờ ánh mặt trời.
Chỉ nhìn ở mức độ khác đã cho tôi khả năng tưởng tượng được sự phức tạp của sự sống
trên Trái Đất,
từ động cơ chất đốt trong xe hơi tôi lái đến trường quay, đến bất ổn chính trị
iw:
כחלק מהחיים הגואשים והמוצלחיים על כדור קטנה שמעופף לו בריק של היקום
מה שהתמונה הזאת עושה למרחב פיזיקלי, היסטוריה גדולה מכוונת לעשות להכל
אני מתכוון, אנו רוצים לתת תוכן לכל הקיום. אנחנו רוצים להשים דגש על החידושים החזקים והחשובים ביותר
בסקאלה העצומה של הקיום, ואיך אנחנו יודעים מה שאנחנו יודעים
ולמה אנחנו בטוחים שאנחנו יודעים את זה
אוקיי, בואו נלך לבועת המחשבה. אז היקום הוא גדול. כאילו, ממש גדול. וזקן
למעשה, 13.8 שנות זקנה, שזה יותר מדי
בשביל באמת לתאר אותו בתקופות הגיל שלו. אז בואו נצמצם את הגיל ל13 שנים, קטן דיו בשביל
שהמוחות האנושיים שלנו יוכלו להתמודד עם זה
על ציר הזמן, היקום החל לפני 13 שנים, ב-2001. גורג' בוש
בדיוק הושבע לנשיאות ארצות הברית, מרבית האמריקאים התחברו לאינטרנט בעזרת
המודמים הטלפוניים שלהם
אז הכוכבים הראשונים והגאלקסיות נוצרו לפני 12 שנים, אך יעברו עוד 7.5 שנים
עד שכדור הארץ יוותר, לפני כ-4.5 שנים. נעבור קצת
Swedish:
i Nepal som en del av en blomstrande, levande, vimlande massa av liv, som far genom tomma rymden.
Så vad den bilden lyckas göra för fysisk rymd, är vad
Big History försöker göra för allting.
Jag menar, vi vill ge kontext till allt i vår existens.
Vi vill ge en översikt över de kraftfullaste, viktigaste
genombrotten, den otroliga skalan av vår existens,
och hur vi vet vad vi vet,
och varför vi är så säkra på att vi vet det.
Ok, låt oss komma till Tankebubblan. Så vårt universum är stort. Alltså, riktigt stort. Och
det är också gammalt. Alltså, 13.8 miljarder år gammal,
vilket är tillräckligt med år att det inte finns inget sätt
att riktigt föreställa sig det. Så istället trycker vi samman den åldern till 13 år, tillräckligt liten så att våra
små hjärnor kan hantera det.
På den tidsskalan, skulle vårt universum börjat 13 år sedan, år 2001. George W. Bush
hade precis avlagt sin ed som president, de flesta amerikanerna på nätet var uppkopplade
till det med telefonmodem.
Okej, så de första stjärnorna och galaxerna skulle då ha format 12 år sedan, men sju och en
halv år till skulle passerat innan jorden formades, ungefär 4.5 år sedan. Om man flyttar framåt
Vietnamese:
ở Nepal như là một phần của sự trú ngụ, phát triển, trải rộng của sự sống, vốn trôi dạt trong sự hư vô của không gian
Ờ cái hình đó thì cho ta biết về cấu trúc vật lý, còn Lịch sử Vĩ đại thì cho ta biết mọi sự.
Ý tôi là chúng ta muốn mô phỏng sự tồn tại. Chúng ta muốn phác họa các bước ngoặc quan trọng nhất
mức độ khủng khiếp của sự tồn tại, và làm sao ta biết thứ mà ta nghĩ là ta biết,
và tại sao chắc chắn là ta biết được.
Được rồi, sao đây là Thought Bubble (Bong bóng Ý nghĩ). Vậy ta biết vũ trụ rất to lớn.
Và...rất già! Cỡ 13.8 tỷ năm tuổi. Gìa đến nỗi mà ta
cũng không biết rõ được. Vậy thì hãy giả sử nó chỉ 13 tuổi, đủ nhỏ để
bộ não mình có thể tưởng tượng được.
Ở thước đo thời gian đó, vũ trụ chỉ mới chào đời 13 năm trước, năm 2001. George W. Bush
vừa mới tuyên thệ trở thành tổng thống, và hầu hết người Mỹ vừa có Internet
thông qua modem điện thoại
Ờ, vây là ngôi sao và thiên hà đầu tiên vừa mới được hình thành 12 năm trước. Bảy năm rưỡi sau,
Trái đất mới được hình thành, tức là khoảng 4 năm rưỡi trước tính từ giờ
Hungarian:
ennek a növekvő, élő, bővelkedő, az ürességben lebegő életekkel teli sziklának a részeként.
Tehát, amit az a fotó csinál a fizikai térrel, azt szeretné a Nagy Történelem mindennel.
Úgy értem, szeretnénk minden létező dolgot kontextusba helyezni. Szeretnénk áttekinteni a leghatalmasabb és
legfontosabb áttöréseket, a létezés gigantikus méretét, azt, hogy honnan tudjuk amit tudunk,
és azt, hogy miért tudjuk biztosan, hogy tudjuk.
Rendben, nézzük meg a Gondolatbuborékot. Tehát, az univerzum nagy. Mármint, nagyon nagy.
És régi. Mármint, 13,8 milliárd éves, ami elég hosszú idő ahhoz, hogy hogy ne is lehessen igazából felfogni.
Ezért húzzuk össze 13 évre, ami elég kevés ahhoz, hogy
a halandó elménk tudjon mit kezdeni vele.
Ezen az intervallumon az univerzum 13 évvel ezelőtt, 2001-ben keletkezett volna. George W Bush most
esküdött fel elnöknek, az amerikaiak legnagyobb részének pedig
betárcsázós internetje van.
Oké, tehát a legelső csillagok és galaxisok 12 éve keletkeztek volna, de újabb hét és fél évnek
kellett volna eltelnie a Föld megjelenéséig, négy és fél évvel ezelőttig. Menjünk előre
Italian:
in Nepal come parte di una fiorente e brulicante
massa di vita che galleggia nel vuoto dello spazio.
Quindi, ciò che questa foto fa per lo spazio fisico, Big History si propone di farlo su tutto.
Insomma, vogliamo contestualizzare tutta l'esistenza: vogliamo illustrare le svolte più importanti,
la straordinaria scala dell'esistenza, come sappiamo quello che sappiamo, e perché siamo sicuri di saperlo.
Dunque, arriviamo al Thought Bubble. L'Universo
è grande, molto grande. Ed è anche vecchio.
13,8 miliardi di anni, sono così tanti che non
c'è modo di comprenderli realmente.
Comprimiamo, quindi, questa età in soli 13 anni, che sono abbastanza pochi da essere compresi dal nostro piccolo cervello.
Seguendo questa scala temporale, l'Universo è nato 13 anni fa, nel 2001. George W Bush
era appena diventato presidente e la maggior parte degli americani erano connessi a internet con modem dial-up.
Dunque, le prime stelle e le prime galassie si sono
formate 12 anni fa, ma ancora sette anni e mezzo e più
sarebbero dovuti passare prima della formazione
della Terra, circa 4,5 anni fa. Spostatevi un po'
Portuguese:
à instabilidade política no Nepal, como parte da próspera, vívida
e abundante massa de vida flutuando na imensidão do espaço.
Então o que aquela foto proporciona para o Espaço,
a "Big History" mira nas explicações de tudo.
Quero dizer, nós queremos contextualizar toda a existência.
Queremos esboçar os mais poderosos
e importantes avanços, a tremenda escala existencial,
e como nós sabemos o que sabemos,
e por que nós temos certeza do que sabemos.
(Beleza, vamos para a Bolha de Pensamento)
Então, o Universo é grande.
Tipo, imensamente enorme.
E é, também, bastante velho.
Tipo, tem 13,8 bilhões de anos.
Que é o suficiente para
não conseguirmos compreender.
Então vamos comprimir para uma escala de 13 anos.
Para que os nossos
pequenos cérebros possam entender.
Neste calendário, o Universo
teria começado há 13 anos, em 2001.
George W. Bush tinha sido eleito presidente,
os americanos se conectavam na Internet por conexão discada.
Então as primeiras estrelas e galáxias
viriam a se formar há 12 anos,
mas 7,5 anos passariam até que a Terra
fosse formada, cerca de 4,5 anos atrás.
Finnish:
epävakauteen – osana kukoistavaa, kuhisevaa, elävää massaa, joka kelluu avaruuden tyhjyydessä.
Saman, mitä tämä valokuva tekee fyysiselle avaruudelle, iso historia yrittää tehdä kaikelle.
Haluamme siis antaa kontekstin koko olemassaololle. Haluamme esitellä suurimmat ja tärkeimmät
läpimurrot, olemassaolon suunnattoman mittakaavan ja miten tiedämme, mitä tiedämme
ja miksi olemme varmoja, että tiedämme sen.
Okei, mennään ajatuskuplaan. Universumi on iso. Siis, tosi iso. Ja
se on myös vanha. Siis, 13,8 miljardia vuotta vanha, joka on niin paljon, että sitä on mahdoton
oikeasti ymmärtää. Tiivistetään se siis 13 vuoteen, joka on tarpeeksi pieni luku,
että mitättömät aivomme pystyvät sen ymmärtämään.
Tällä asteikolla, maailmankaikkeus syntyi 13 vuotta sitten, vuonna 2001.
Bushista oli juuri tullut presidentti ja useimmat amerikkalaiset käyttivät internetiä
modeemien avulla.
Ensimmäiset tähdet ja galaksit olisivat muodostuneen 12 vuotta sitten, mutta siitä olisi kulunut vielä
7,5 vuotta Maan syntyyn, joka siis olisi ollut 4,5 vuotta sitten. Siirrytään siitä hieman eteenpäin
Russian:
в Непале, как части процветающей, живущей, наполненной жизненной массы, плавающей в пустоте космоса.
И то, что та фотография делает для космоса, Большая история пытается сделать для всего.
То есть, мы хотим поместить наше существование в контекст. Мы хотим пометить самые сильные и важные
прорывы, великий масштаб бытия, и как мы знаем то, что мы знаем,
и почему мы уверены, что мы это знаем.
Ладно, давайте в Thought Bubble. Вселенная большая. Очень.
И старая. 13,8 миллиардов лет - достаточно, чтобы не было возможности
это собственно понять. Поэтому давайте сожмём этот возраст до 13 лет, чего достаточно, чтобы наши
мелкие мозги могли с этим справиться.
В таком масштабе, Вселенная началась бы 13 лет назад, в 2001. Джордж Буш-мл.
только что принял присягу Президента, большинство американцев с доступом в Интернет использовали
dial-up-модемы.
Так, первые звёзды и галактики тогда сформировались 12 лет назад, но 7
с половиной лет пройдёт, пока появится Земля, т.е. 4-5 лет назад. Сдвинемся вперёд
Turkish:
gelişen, yaşayan, uzay boşluğunda iç içe yüzen hayat yığınını hayal etmemi sağlıyor
Böylece fotoğraf için ne fiziksel
uzay, Büyük Tarih her şeyi yapmayı amaçlar.
Sanırım varoluşun tüm contextualize istiyorum, demek istedim. Biz
istiyorum en güçlü ve önemli anahat
devrimler, varoluşun muazzam ölçek,
ve biz bildiklerini biliyorum,
emin olmamızın sebebi ve biz bunu biliyoruz.
Pekala, Düşünce Bubble gidelim. Yani
Evren büyük. Gibi, gerçekten büyük. Ve
o da eski. , 13,8 milyar yaşında gibi
hangi yolu yoktur yeterli yıl
aslında kavrayabilme. Yani sadece sıkıştırmak let
yeterince yaş 13 yaş küçük olduğunu bizim
cılız beyinler işleyebilir.
O zaman ölçeğinde, evren olurdu
2001 George W. Bush, 13 yıl önce başlamış
sadece cumhurbaşkanı olarak yemin edildiğini, çoğu
Internette Amerikalılar bağlayan edildi
dial-up modemler ile ona.
Doğru, ilk yıldızlar ve galaksiler olur böylece
12 yıl önce oluşmuş, ancak yedi ve var
Yarım yıl daha Dünya'ya kadar geçerdi
yaklaşık 4.5 yıl önce kurdu. Biraz Taşı
Dutch:
instabiliteit in Nepal als onderdeel van een bloeiende, levende, krioelende massa van het leven zweven in de leegte van de ruimte.
Dus wat die foto doet voor de fysieke ruimte, wil Big History doen voor alles.
Ik bedoel, we willen het hele bestaan contextualiseren. We willen een overzicht van de meest krachtige en
belangrijkste doorbraken, de enorme omvang van het bestaan, en hoe we weten wat weten,
en waarom we zeker weten dat we het weten.
Oke, laten we naar de Gedachte Bel gaan. Dus het universum is groot. Als is, heel groot. En
het is ook oud. Al in, 13.8 miljard jaar oud, wat jaren genoeg zijn dat er geen manier is om het
echt te begrijpen. Dus, laten we die leeftijd gewoon samendrukken tot 13 jaar, klein genoeg dat onze
nietige hersenen het aankunnen.
Op die tijdschaal zou het universum 13 jaar geleden zijn begonnen, in 2001. George W Bush
is net president geworden, de meeste Amerikanen op het internet waren ermee aan het
aansluiten met een inbel-modem.
Juist, dus de eerste sterren en sterrenstelsels zouden 12 jaar geleden gevormd zijn, maar 7 en een
half jaar meer zou voorbijgaan totdat de Aarde zich vormde, ongeveer 4.5 jaar geleden. Een beetje bewegen
Portuguese:
no Nepal como parte da próspera, vívida, abundante massa de vidas flutuando na imensidão vazia do espaço.
Então o que aquela foto proporciona para o campo da Física espacial, a "Big History (A Grande História)" mira nas explicações de tudo e dispara.
Quero dizer, nós queremos contextualizar toda a existência. Nós queremos esboçar os mais poderosos e importantes
avanços, a tremenda escala existencial, e como nós sabemos o que sabemos,
e por que nós temos certeza do que sabemos.
Beleza, vamos para a Bolha de Pensamento. Então, o universo é grande. Tipo, realmente grande.
E é, também, bastante velho. Tipo, "13.8 bilhões de anos" velho, que é o suficiente
para não conseguirmos compreender. Então vamos comprimir para uma escala de 13 anos,
pequena o bastante para que os nossos simplórios cérebros possam lidar.
Neste calendário, o universo teria começado há 13 anos, em 2001. George W. Bush
tinha acabado de ser elegido presidente, a maioria dos americanos estavam se conectando na Internet
com modems dial-up (Internet discada).
Certo, então as primeiras estrelas e galáxias viriam a se formarem há 12 anos, mas sete e meio anos
mais viriam a se passar até que a Terra fosse formada, cerca de 4.5 anos atrás. Envelheça um pouco mais,
Spanish:
en Nepal como una pujante y viva masa de vida flotando en el vacio del espacio.
Lo que esa foto hace por el espacio físico, "Historia Grande" intenta hacer por todo.
Queremos contextualizar toda la existencia. Queremos subrayar los acontecimientos mas poderosos e
importantes, la tremenda escala de la existencia y como sabemos lo que sabemos,
y por que estamos seguros que lo sabemos.
Ok, vamos a la Burbuja de Pensamiento. Así que el universo es grande. Como muy grande. Y también es
viejo. Como 13.800 millones de años de edad, tantos años que es imposible de
comprender. Así que comprimamos esa edad a 13 años, suficientemente pequeño
para que nuestros cerebritos lo comprendan.
En esta escala, el universo habría comenzado 13 años atras, en 2001. Bush
recién habia jurado como presidente, y los Norteamericanos se conectaban a internet
por modems a 56 kbps.
Así que las primeras galaxias se habrían formado hace 12 años, pero 7 años y medio
pasarian hasta que la tierra se formara, 4,5 años atras. Hace 4 años atrás
Danish:
i Nepal, som en del af en rivende, levende, myldrende masse af liv, der flyder omkring i verdensrummets tomhed.
Dét fotografiet gør for det fysiske rum, forsøger Big History at gøre for alting.
Vi vil forsøge at sætte alt der eksisterer, i dets rette kontekst. Vi vil opridse de største og vigtigste
gennembrud, eksistensens ufattelige skala, samt hvordan vi ved, det vi ved,
og hvorfor vi er sikre på, at vi ved det.
Godt, lad os bevæge os ind i tankeboblen. Universet er altså stort. Virkeligt stort.
Det er også gammelt, omkring 13.8 mia år, hvilket er så mange år, at det er umuligt
at fatte det. Lad os derfor trykke det sammen til 13 år, kort nok tid til at vores
små hjerner kan håndtere det.
På denne tidsskala, ville universet være begyndt for 13 år siden i 2001. George W. Bush
var lige blevet præsident, de fleste amerikanere kom på internettet med
opkalds-modemmer.
De første stjerner og galakser ville have formet sig for 12 år siden, men syv en halv
år mere skulle gå før Jorden blev dannet, for omkring 4,5 mia. år siden. Ryk lidt
French:
au Népal dans le cadre d'une florissant et grouillante masse de vie flottante dans le vide de l'espace.
Ce que cette photographie fait pour l'espace physique, La Grande Histoire vise à le faire pour tout.
Je veux dire, on veut contextualiser toute l'existence.
On veux esquisser les plus puissantes et importantes
percées, l'énorme échelle de l'existence,
et comment nous savons ce que nous savons,
et pourquoi nous sommes sûrs de ce que nous savons.
Bon, passons à la bulle de pensées. Bon
l'univers est grand, mais alors, vraiment grand.
Et il est aussi vieux, ancien de 13,8 milliards d'années,
ce qui représente assez d'années pour qu'il n'y ait aucun moyen
de réellement le comprendre. Alors on va juste résumer son âge à 13 ans, assez petit pour que nos
faibles cerveaux puissent s'en sortir.
Sur cette échelle de temps, l'univers aurait
commencé il y a 13 ans, en 2001. George W Bush
venait d'être assermenté au titre de président, la plupart des
Américains sur Internet se connectaient dessus
avec des modems dial-up.
Bon, alors les premières étoiles et galaxies se seraient formées il y a 12 ans.
Ce n'est que 7,5 années
années plus tard que la Terre se serait formée, il y a environ 4,5 années. Allez un peu plus
English:
in Nepal as part of a thriving, living, teeming
mass of life floating in the emptiness of space.
So what that photograph does for physical
space, Big History aims to do for everything.
I mean, we wanna contextualize all of existence.
We wanna outline the most powerful and important breakthroughs,
the tremendous scale of existence, and how we
know what we know, and why we're sure we know it.
All right, let's go to the Thought Bubble. So
the universe is big. Like, really big. And it's also old.
Like, 13.8 billion years old, which is enough
years that there is no way to actually comprehend it.
So let's just compress that age to 13 years,
small enough that our puny brains can handle it.
On that timescale, the universe would have
begun 13 years ago, in 2001. George W Bush
had just been sworn in as president, most Americans on
the internet were connecting to it with dial-up modems.
Right, so the first stars and galaxies would
have formed 12 years ago, but seven and a
half more years would pass until the Earth
formed, about 4.5 years ago. Move a little
German:
bis zur politischen Instabilität in Nepal, als Teil einer florierenden, lebendigen,
wimmelnden Masse von Leben, die in der Leere des Weltalls schwebt.
[John] Also, was dieses Foto für den materiellen Raum macht, danach strebt Große Geschichte für alles.
Ich meine, wir wollen die ganze Existenz verorten.
Wir wollen die gewaltigsten und wichtigsten Durchbrüche umreißen
und den Maßstab der Existenz und wie wir wissen, was wir wissen,
und warum wir sicher sind, dass wir es wissen. In Ordnung, lasst uns zur Gedankenblase gehen.
Also, das Universum ist groß. Also, wirklich groß. Und es ist auch alt. Sowas wie 13,8 Milliarden Jahre alt,
was genug Jahre sind, damit es keine Möglichkeit gibt, es zu begreifen.
Lasst uns also dieses Alter auf 13 Jahre stauchen,
klein genug, damit unsere kümmerlichen Gehirne damit umgehen können. Auf dieser Zeitskala
würde das Universum vor 13 Jahren beginnen, im Jahre 2001. George W. Bush wurde gerade als
Präsident vereidigt, die meisten Amerikaner im Internet haben sich mit Wählmodems mit ihm verbunden.
In Ordnung, also die ersten Sterne und Galaxien hätten sich vor 12 Jahren gebildet, aber 7,5 weitere Jahre
würden vergehen, bis sich die Erde bildete, vor etwa 4,5 Jahren.
Korean:
다 우주 빈 공간에 떠 있는 번창하고 살아있고 꽉 차 있는 생명체의 일부 흔적들이지요
아까 지구사진이 물리공간을 다뤘다면 큰 역사는 전부를 다루려고 해요
즉 모든 존재하는 것의 전후맥락을 설명하고, 가장 강력하고 중요한 사고의 돌파구, 실체의 거대한 스케일,
그리고 무엇을 알고 어떻게 알고 왜 안다고 확신하는 지에 대한 윤곽을 그릴 겁니다.
그럼 이제 상상을 해 보지요. 그래요, 우주는 큽니다. 매우 큽니다. 그리고 늙었어요
138 억년이나 되어 감을 잡을 수 없을 정도이지요.
그래서 스케일을 바꿔 13년이라고 하죠. 그래야 우리 미약한 두뇌가 상상할 수 있어요
이 스케일이면 우주는 2001년 즉 13년 전에 탄생된 것이네요. 조지부시가
대통령 취임선서를 한 해인데, 많은 미국인들이 전화모뎀으로 인터넷에 연결하여 시청하였죠.
12 년 전에는 첫 별과 은하계가 탄행사고, 다시 7년 반이 지나야 즉 4.5 년
전에야 지구가 나타납니다. 조금 더 진행하여
Arabic:
إلى الاضطرابات السياسية في نيبال، كجزء
من حياة مزدحمة مزدهرة تطفو فوق فراغ الفضاء.
إذن، ما تفعله هذه الصورة للفضاء المادّي،
تهدف سلسلتنا فعله في كلّ شيء.
نريد وضع سياق لكلّ الوجود،
ونريد تلخيص أهمّ وأقوى الاكتشافات.
والتدرّج الهائل للوجود، وتقديم كيفية معرفتنا
لما نعرفه، وما يجعلنا متأكّدين أنّنا نعرفه.
حسنًا، فلننتقل إلى فقرة "فقاعة الفكرة"،
الكون كبير، كبير جدًا، لكنّه قديم أيضًا.
عمره 13،8 مليار سنة،
ولا يمكن إدراك كلّ هذا العدد من السنوات.
لذا، فلنضغط هذا العمر ليصبح 13 عامًا،
وهو رقم يمكّن عقولنا البسيطة من استيعابها.
وفقًا لهذا المقياس للزمن،
فقد بدأ الكون قبل 13 عامًا، في عام 2001
حين أصبح جورج بوش الرئيس، وكان معظم
الأمريكيين يتصلون بالإنترنت بالمودم القديم.
إذن، تشكّلت أولى النجوم والمجرات
قبل 12 عامًا،
لكن ستمرّ 7 سنوات ونصف حتّى تتشكّل الأرض
قبل حوالى 4 سنوات ونصف.
Japanese:
政情不安のネパールまで
栄え
営み
群集う
生命のかたまりが
宇宙の虚空に漂っている
まさにそれと同じことを
ビッグヒストリーでは
あらゆる全てでやるんです
かつて、今この時、そして
この後存在する全てを結び合わせたい
そして全体像を見失わぬよう
人類が知り得た一番すごい大発見
この存在する世界の
とてつもないスケールと
それを知るに至った過程
確信の理由
それを頼りに
ではここで
『 吹き出し(ThoughtBubble) 』に入ります
宇宙はでかい
でか過ぎるし
ずっと前からある
１３８億年か
いくらなんでも
実感の湧きようがないな
なら１３８億歳はやめて
１３歳ということにしちゃおう
これで
僕たちのいたいけな脳にも扱いやすい
それなら宇宙が生まれたのは
１３年前
２００１年は
ジョージ・W・ブッシュが大統領に就任したばかり
アメリカのネット接続はダイヤルアップ・モデム
ということは
最初の星と銀河は１２年前にできた
７年半経って
地球が生まれるのは４年半前
Romanian:
din Nepal, ca parte a unei înfloritoare, vii, roditoare mase de viață plutind în vidul spațiului.
Deci, ceea ce fotografia face pentru spațiul fizic , Big History are ca scop de a face pentru tot.
Adică, să contextualizeze toată existența. Noi vrem să conturăm cele mai puternice și importante
descoperiri, scara imensa a existenței,
și cum știm ceea ce știm,
și de ce suntem siguri că știm.
Bine, să mergem la Balonul de Gândire.Așa că Universul este mare. Într-adevăr mare. Și
este, de asemenea, vechi. Cum ar fi, 13,8 miliarde de ani, suficient de mulți ani că nu există nicio cale
să-l înțelegem. Deci, hai să comprimăm această durată în 13 ani, suficient de puțin încât
creieru nostru mărunt să se poată descurca.
Pe această scară a timpului, universul ar fi început în urmă cu 13 ani, în 2001. George W. Bush
tocmai a fost investit în funcția de președinte, cei mai mulți americani erau conectați la internet
cu modemuri dial-up.
Corect, deci primele stele si galaxii s-ar
fi format în urmă cu 12 ani, dar încă șapte ani
și jumătate ar trece până la formarea Pământului în urmă cu aproximativ 4.5 ani. Mutați-vă un pic
Polish:
wyrazów stale rozwijającej się, pełnej życia, tętniącej masy istot żywych płynącej przez pustkowia kosmosu.
Cykl ten ma na celu osiągnięcie dokładnie takiego samego efektu, jaki to zdjęcie miało na postrzeganie przestrzeni – tylko że względem wszystkiego.
A dokładniej – osadzić całość istnienia w pewnym kontekście. Chcemy przedstawić najpotężniejsze
i najważniejsze przełomy, ogromną skalę istnienia
oraz pokazać, skąd wiemy to, co wiemy,
i dlaczego jesteśmy tego pewni.
Dobra, chodźmy do Bańki Rozważań.
Tak więc Wszechświat jest duży. Naprawdę duży.
Jest również stary. Ma aż 13,8 miliarda lat,
czyli tak wiele, że właściwie nie jesteśmy
w stanie tego pojąć. Może zatem ściśnijmy
ten wiek do 13 lat, okresu na tyle krótkiego,
że nasz mizerny mózg będzie w stanie go ogarnąć.
W takim przedziale czasowym Wszechświat miał
swój początek 13 lat temu, w 2001 roku.
George W. Bush właśnie został zaprzysiężony na prezydenta, większość Amerykanów korzysta z Internetu
za pomocą modemów telefonicznych.
Tak więc pierwsze gwiazdy i galaktyki powstały
12 lat temu, musiało jednak minąć jeszcze
siedem i pół roku do narodzin Ziemi około
4,5 roku temu. Podgońmy trochę
Finnish:
– neljä vuotta sitten ensimmäinen yksisoluinen elämä muodostui Maapallolla.
Siitä kului taas melkein 3,5 vuotta ensimmäisiin monisoluisiin
organismeihin ja Kambrin räjähdykseen.
Yritän selittää, että kaikki monimuotoinen elämä Maapalolla on suhteellisen uutta.
Tällä asteikolla dinosaurukset kuolivat sukupuuttoon noin kolme viikkoa sitten – samoihin aikoihin
kun viimeksi päivitin Facebook-statukseni.
Ihmiset ja simpanssit erosivat viimeisestä yhteisestä kantaisästään noin kolme päivää sitten!
Ensimmäinen homo sapiens ilmaantui 50 minuuttia sitten, samoihin aikoihin kuin viimeksi tarkistin sähköpostini.
Me lähdimme Afrikasta 26 minuuttia sitten. Amerikan intiaanit saapuivat Amerikkoihin 6 minuuttia sitten
– samoihin aikoihin kuin viimeksi tarkistin Twitterini.
Keksimme maanviljelyn 5 minuuttia sitten. Muinainen Egypti? 3 minuuttia sitten! Musta Surma? 24 sekuntia
sitten. Teollinen vallankumous? 6 sekuntia. Ensimmäinen maailmansota? 2 sekuntia.
Kylmä sota, ihminen Kuun pinnalla, syntymäsi, internet, Big Mac? Kaikki viimeisen sekunnin aikana.
Korean:
4년 전 까지 가면, 이 때에 지구상의 첫 단세포 생명체가 생겨납니다.
다시 3.5년이 더 지나가야 다세포 생명체가 첫 출현을 하면서
캠브리아폭발시대가 됩니다
제 말은, 지구상의 고등 생명체는 모두 최근에야 나타났다는 겁니다.
지금의 스케일로 보면 공룡들은 3 주 전에 멸종이 되었네요
제가 페이스북에 최종 업로드한 때네요
인류와 침팬지가 최후의 공통조상으로 부터 갈라진 것은 3일 전입니다
첫 호모사피엔스가 나타난 것은 50 분전인데, 내가 마지막으로 이메일 확인시점이네요
우리 호모사피엔스는 26분 전에 아프리카를 떠났고 인디안은 6분 전에 미국에 첫 도착했네요
마지막으로 내 트위터 확인 시점!
농경기술은 5분 전에 발명했고, 고대 이집트는 3분 전 사건이고 대흑사병은
24초 전 사건. 산업혁명은 6초 전, 1차 세계대전은 2초 전. 냉전,
최초 인류 달 착륙, 당신의 탄생, 인터넷, 빅맥 등은 모두 1초 전도 안됩니다.
하지만 고등 생명체난 인류는 여러 면에서 특별합니다. 상상력아, 고맙다
Arabic:
وحين نتحدّث عمّا حدث قبل 4 سنوات، عندها
نشأت الحياة بالكائنات وحيدة الخلية على الأرض.
ثمّ سنقفز إلى الأمام، لتجاوز 3 سنوات ونصف
قبل ظهور الكائنات متعدّدة الخلايا
في انفجار كامبري.
ما أحاول شرحه هو أنّ كلّ أشكال الحياة المعقّدة
على الأرض هي تطوّرات حديثة نسبيًا.
فعلى هذا المقياس، انقرضت الديناصورات
قبل 3 أسابيع.
أي حين غيّرت حالتي
على فيسبوك للمرّة الأخيرة تقريبًا.
انفصل البشر والشمبانزي عن أسلافهم المشتركين
قبل 3 أيام تقريبًا!
ظهر أوّل البشر العاقلين قبل 15 دقيقة،
أي حين تفقّدت بريدي الإلكترونيّ آخر مرّة تقريبًا.
غادرنا إفريقيا قبل 26 دقيقة، ووصل
الأمريكيون الهنود إلى الأمريكيتين قبل 6 دقائق
أي حين تفقّدت حسابي على تويتر تقريبًا.
ابتُكرت الزراعة قبل 5 دقائق، ووُجدت مصر القديمة
قبل 3 دقائق، والموت العظيم قبل 24 ثانية.
وكانت الثورة الصناعية قبل 6 ثواني،
والحرب العالمية الأولى قبل ثانيتين.
والحرب الباردة، ووصول البشر للقمر، وميلادك
والإنترنت وبيغ ماك، كلها في الثانية الأخيرة.
لكن بطرق أخرى عديدة، الحياة المعقّدة والبشريّة
استثنائيان، شكرًا لهذه الفكرة.
Romanian:
cu 4 ani în urmă atunci când primele forme de viață unicelulare s-au format pe Pământ.
Apoi salt înainte de aproape trei ani și jumătate înainte de primul organism multi-celular
în explozia de viață din Cambrian ...
Ceea ce încerc să explic este că toată complexitatea vieții de pe Pământ este o dezvoltare destul de recentă..
Că, pe această scară, dinozaurii au dispărut cu aproximativ trei săptămâni în urmă, - aproximativ ultima dată când
mi-am schimbat starea mea de Facebook.
Oamenii și cimpanzei s-au desprins din ultimul lor strămoș comun cu aproximativ trei zile în urmă!
Primul homo sapiens a apărut în urmă cu cincizeci de minute, aproximativ ultima dată când am verificat e-mail meu.
Am plecat din Africa în urmă cu 26 minute. Indienii americani au ajuns în America în urmă cu 6 minute - aproximativ
ultima dată când am verificat Twitterul meu.
Am inventat agricultura acum 5 minute. Vechiul Egipt? Acum 3 minute! Moartea Neagra? Cu 24 de
secunde în urmă. Revoluția industrială - 6 secunde. Primul Război Mondial, 2 secunde. Războiul Rece,
primul om pe Lună, nașterea ta, internetul, Big Mac? Toate în ultima secundă..
Hungarian:
négy évvel ezelőttig. Ekkor jelentek meg a Földön az első egysejtűek.
Aztán lépjünk előre három és fél évet a kambriumi robbanáskor megjelenő
első többsejtű életformákig.
Azt próbálom mondani, hogy az összetett életformák a Földön meglehetősen új dolgok.
Ezzel a méretaránnyal például a dinoszauruszok három héttel ezelőtt haltak ki - nagyjából ennyi idő telt el
azóta, hogy utoljára frissítettem a Facebook státuszomat.
Az emberek és a csimpánzok kábé három napja váltak el a közös ősüktől.
Az első Homo Sapiens úgy 50 perccel ezelőtt jelent meg, nagyjából ennyi ideje csekkoltam utoljára az e-mailemet.
Afrikából 26 perccel ezelőtt léptünk le. Az amerikai őslakosok 6 perccel ezelőtt érkeztek meg Amerikába,
ekkor néztem utoljára a Twitteremet.
A mezőgazdaság 5 perccel ezelőtt kezdődött. Ókori Egyiptom? 3 perce! A fekete halál?
24 másodperce. Első világháború, 2 másodperc. A Hideg
Háború, az első ember a holdon, a születésed, az internet, a Big Mac? Mind az utolsó másodpercen belül.
Swedish:
lite grann till 4 år sedan - det var då den första encelliga livsformen kom till på jorden.
Hoppa sedan framåt nästan 3 och ett half ytterligare år innan den första flercelliga
organismen i den Kambriska explosionen...
Vad jag försöker säga är att allt komplext liv på jorden är en någorlunda ny utveckling.
Som, på den här skala, dog dinosaurierna ut ungefär tre veckor sedan - ungefär den senaste gången
jag uppdaterade min Facebook status.
Människor och schimpanser utvecklades isär från deras gemensamma urfader tre dagar sedan! Den
första Homo Sapien kom fram 50 minuter sedan, ungefär när jag sist kollade min email.
Vi lämnade Afrika 26 minuter sedan. Amerikan-Indianerna nådde Amerika ungefär 6 minuter sedan - ungefär
när jag sist kollade min Twitter.
Vi uppfann agrikultur 5 minuter sedan.
Forntida Egypten? 3 minuter sedan! Digerdöden? 24 sekunder
sedan. Den industriella revolutionen - 6 sekunder. Första världskriget, 2 sekunder. Det kalla kriget,
den första mannen på månen, din födelse, internet, Big Mac? Allting inom den senaste sekunden.
iw:
ללפני 4 שנים - כאשר היצור החי הראשון נוצר על כדור הארץ
נעבור קדימה ל3 וחצי שנים כאשר הופיע היצור הרב-תאיי הראשון
בפיצוץ הקמבריאני
מה שאני מנסה להסביר זה שכל החיות המורכבת בכדור הארץ היא התפתחות מאוחרת למדי מאז בריאת היקום
כאילו, בציר הזמן הזה, הדינוזאורים נכחדו רק לפני שלוש שבועותת בערך אותה הזמן
שבו שיניתי לאחרונה את הסטאטוס שלי בפייסבוק
בני אדם ושימפנזות התפצלו מקרוב המשפחה הרחוק שלהם בערך לפני שלוש ימים!
ההומו-ספיאנס הראשונים הופיעו לפני 50 דקות,בערך הפעם האחרונה שבה בדקתי את האי-מייל שלי
עזבנו את אפריקה לפני 26 דקות. האמריקאינדים הגיעו לאמריקות בערך לפני 6 דקות, בערך הפעם
האחרונה שבה בדקתי את חשבון הטוויטר שלי
המצאנו את החקלאות לפני 5 דקות. מצרים העתיקה? לפני 3 דקות! המגפה השחורה? 24
שניות. המהפכה התעשייתית - 6 שניות. מלחמת העולם השנייה, 2 שניות. המלחמה
הקרה, האדם הראשון על הירח, היום הולדת שלכם, האינטרנט, הביק מאק? הכל בתוכי השנייה האחרונה.
Vietnamese:
Mới 4 năm trước, sinh vật dạng đơn bào đầu tiên mới xuất hiện ở TĐ
Phải 3 năm rưỡi sau thì sinh vật đa bào mới xuất hiện
trong kỷ Cambri
Cái mà tôi đang ráng diễn giải là mọi vật thể sống phức tạp trên TĐ đều phát triển khá ổn
Như trong thước đo thời gian này, loài Khủng long vừa mới bị tuyệt chủng 3 tuần trước
Cỡ bằng khoảng thời gian tôi đổi dòng tâm trạng trên Facebook.
Con người và khỉ đột chỉ vừa tách ra khỏi tổ tiên gần nhất mới cách đây 3 ngày
Loài Homo Sapiens (Người khôn ngoan) chỉ vừa mới trỗi dậy 50 phút trước, cỡ lúc tôi vừa coi email trước đó.
Chúng ta chỉ vừa rời khỏi châu Phi mới 26 phút trước. Người Da đỏ chỉ vừa mới tới châu Mỹ 6 phút trước
Cỡ lúc tôi vừa kiểm tra tài khoản Twitter trước đó
Chúng ta vừa mới phát minh Nông nghiệp 5 phút trước. Ai Cập cổ đại? 3 phút. Nạn Dịch hạch? 24 giây trước
Cách mạng Công nghiệp - 6 giây. Đệ nhất Thế chiến - 2 giây. Chiến tranh Lạnh
người đầu tiên đặt chân lên Mặt trăng, sinh nhật của bạn, Internet, bánh bơ-gơ Big Mac. Tất cả chỉ mới 1 giây qua!
Portuguese:
para quatro anos atrás — isto é quando a vida do primeiro ser unicelular é formada na Terra.
Então salte adiante, aproximadamente três anos e meio, até o primeiro ser multicelular
formado na explosão Cambriana.
O que estou tentando explicar é que toda a vida complexa na Terra é um desenvolvimento, razoavelmente, recente.
Por exemplo, nesta escala, os dinossauros foram extintos por volta de três semanas atrás — a última vez, mais ou menos,
que troquei o meu "status" no Facebook.
Humanos e chimpanzés se dividiram do seu último ancestral compartilhado por volta de três dias atrás!
O primeiro "Homo Sapiens" só foi aparecer há cinquenta minutos, quase a última vez que chequei meu E-mail.
Nós deixamos a África há 26 minutos. Os nativo-americanos chegaram às Américas há 6 minutos atrás — aproximadamente
a última vez que chequei meu Twitter.
Nós inventamos agricultura há 5 minutos. Antigo Egito? Três minutos atrás! A Peste Negra? Vinte e quatro
segundos atrás. A Revolução Industrial — 6 segundos. Primeira Guerra Mundial, 2 segundos. A Guerra Fria,
o primeiro homem na Lua, seu nascimento, a Internet, o Big Mac? Tudo isso no último segundo.
Italian:
a 4 anni fa – questo è il momento in cui la prima
forma di vita cellulare si è formata sulla Terra.
Poi fate un balzo in avanti di quasi tre anni e mezzo
prima del primo organismo
multicellulare nell'esplosione cambriana...
Quello che sto cercando di spiegare è che tutte le
forme di vita complesse sulla Terra sono uno
sviluppo abbastanza recente.
Su questa scala, i dinosauri si sono estinti
tre settimane fa –
più o meno l'ultima volta che ho cambiato
il mio stato su Facebook.
Gli esseri umani e gli scimpanzé si sono divisi dal
loro ultimo antenato comune circa tre giorni fa!
I primi homo sapiens sono apparsi 50 minuti fa, più
o meno l'ultima volta che ho controllato la mia mail.
Abbiamo lasciato l'Africa 26 minuti fa. Gli indiani
d'America hanno raggiunto l'America 6 minuti fa –
più o meno l'ultima volta che ho controllato
il mio Twitter.
Abbiamo inventato l'agricoltura cinque minuti fa.
L'Antico Egitto? Tre minuti fa. La Morte Nera?
24 secondi fa. La rivoluzione industriale? Sei secondi
fa. La Prima Guerra Mondiale? Due secondi fa.
La Guerra Fredda, il primo uomo sulla Luna, la tua
nascita, internet, il Big Mac? Tutto nell'ultimo secondo.
Ma in molti altri modi, la vita complessa e gli esseri
umani sono eccezionali. Grazie, Thought Bubble!
Japanese:
半年すぎて
４年前
ここで地球上で初めての
単細胞生命が生まれる
そこから
３年半経って、つまり今から半年前
やっと多細胞生物が現れて
カンブリア大爆発か
要するに
この地球上の複雑な生命は
ほんのつい最近発展したにすぎないのです
この尺度では恐竜が絶滅したのは
３週間前
最期のFacebookの更新ってその頃だったような
人間とチンパンジーが共通の祖先から分岐したのは
３日前！
一人目のホモサピエンスは
５０分前に現れた
メールを確認してたな
現生人類は２６分前にアフリカを出発
アメリカインディアンは６分前アメリカに到着
僕はTwitterをチェック
農業を発明したのは
５分前か
古代エジプト？
３分前！
ペスト？
２４秒前
産業革命
６秒
第一次世界大戦
２秒
冷戦
月面到達
あなたが生まれた
インターネット
ビックマック？
全部たったの１秒前
でもそうは言っても
複雑なる生命たち
特に人類は
格別の存在感だ
English:
bit up to four years ago - that's when the
first single celled life formed on Earth.
Then leap forward nearly three and a half
more years before the first multi-cellular
organisms in the Cambrian explosion...
What I'm trying to explain is that all complex
life on Earth is a fairly recent development.
Like, on this scale, the dinosaurs went
extinct about three weeks ago --
roughly the last time I changed my Facebook status.
Humans and chimpanzees split from their last
shared ancestor about three days ago!
The first homo sapiens emerged fifty minutes ago,
roughly the last time I checked my email.
We left Africa 26 minutes ago. The American-Indians
reached the Americas 6 minutes ago --
roughly the last time I checked my Twitter.
We invented agriculture 5 minutes ago. Ancient
Egypt? 3 minutes ago! The Black Death? 24
seconds ago. The Industrial Revolution - 6
seconds. World War One, 2 seconds. The Cold
War, th e first man on the moon, your birth, the internet,
the Big Mac? All within the last second.
But in many other ways, complex life and humanity
are exceptional. Thanks, Thought Bubble!
French:
plus loin jusqu'à il y a 4 ans - C'est là que la première vie unicellulaire s'est formée sur Terre.
Puis faites un bond en avant de près de trois ans et demi avant de trouver les premiers organismes
multi-cellulaires dans l'explosion cambrienne ...
Ce que j'essaie d'expliquer, c'est que toutes les formes de vie complexes sur Terre sont des aboutissements assez récent.
Par exemple, à cette échelle, les dinosaures se sont éteints il y a environ trois semaines
- à peu près la dernière fois
que j'ai changé mon statut facebook.
Les humains et les chimpanzés se sont séparés de leurs dernier ancêtre commun il y a environ trois jours!
Le premier homo sapiens a émergé il y a 50 minutes,
à peu près quand j'ai vérifié mes emails pour la dernière fois.
Nous avons quitté l'Afrique il y a 26 minutes.
Les Indiens d'Amérique ont atteint les Amériques il y a 6 minutes
- A peu près quand j'ai vérifié mon Twitter pour la dernière fois.
Nous avons inventé l'agriculture il y a cinq minutes. L'Egypte antique?
Il y a 3 minutes! La peste noire? Il y a
24 secondes. La révolution industrielle - 6
secondes. La Première Guerre mondiale, deux secondes. La guerre
froide, le premier homme sur la lune, votre naissance, Internet,
le Big Mac? Tous dans la dernière seconde.
Dutch:
tot 4 jaar geleden en dat is wanneer de eerste eencellige leven zich vormde op aarde.
Neem nu een sprong voorwaarts tot bijna 3 en een half jaar voor de eerste meercellige
organismen in de Cambrische explosie...
Wat ik probeer uit te leggen is dat al het complexe leven op aarde een vrij recente ontwikkeling is.
Op deze schaal stierven de dinosauriërs ongeveer 3 weken geleden uit - ruwweg de laatste keer
dat ik mijn Facebook status veranderde.
Mensen en chimpansees splitsten van hun laatste gemeenschappelijke voorouder af ongeveer 3 dagen geleden!
De eerste Homo Sapiens ontstond 50 minuten gelden, ruwweg de laatste keer dat ik mijn email checkte.
We verlieten Afrika 26 minuten geleden. The Amerikaans-indianen bereikte de Amerikanen 6 minuten
geleden, ruwweg de laatste keer ik mijn Twitter checkte.
we vonden de landbouw 5 minuten geleden uit. Oud Egypte? 3 minuten geleden! De Zwarte Dood? 24
seconden geleden. De Industriële revolutie, 6 seconden. Wereldoorlog 1, 2 seconden. De Koude
Oorlog, de eerste man op de maan, je geboorte, het internet, de Big Mac? Allemaal binnen de laatste seconde.
German:
Bewegt euch ein bisschen weiter, zu vor 4 Jahren – das ist der Zeitpunkt,
als das erste einzellige Leben auf der Erde entstand. Dann springt um fast 3,5 weitere Jahre weiter,
bevor sich die ersten mehrzelligen Organismen in der kambrischen Explosion... Was ich zu
erklären versuche ist, dass alles komplexe Leben auf der Erde eine ziemlich kürzliche Entwicklung ist.
Zum Beispiel, auf dieser Skala sind die Dinosaurier vor etwa 3 Wochen ausgestorben,
etwa das letzte Mal, dass ich meinen Facebook-Status geändert habe.
Menschen und Schimpansen trennten sich von ihrem letzten gemeinsamen Vorfahren vor etwa drei Tagen.
Die ersten Homo sapiens traten vor 50 Minuten auf, etwa das letzte Mal, dass ich meine Mails checkte.
Wir verließen Afrika vor 26 Minuten. Die Indianer erreichten Amerika vor 6 Minuten
– etwa das letzte Mal, dass ich mein Twitter gecheckt habe.
Wir erfanden die Landwirtschaft vor 5 Minuten. Das alte Ägypten? Vor 3 Minuten!
Das Schwarze Tod? Vor 24 Sekunden! Die industrielle Revolution – vor 6 Sekunden.
Erster Weltkrieg – 2 Sekunden. Der Kalte Krieg, der erste Mann auf dem Mond, deine Geburt,
das Internet, der Vorwerk-Staubsauger? Alles innerhalb der letzten Sekunde.
Aber in vielerlei Hinsicht sind komplexes Leben und Menschheit außergewöhnlich.
Polish:
do momentu 4 lata temu – wówczas na Ziemi
powstały pierwsze jednokomórkowe formy życia.
Następnie przeskakujemy do przodu o prawie
3,5 roku do pojawienia się pierwszych
organizmów wielokomórkowych
podczas eksplozji kambryjskiej...
Chcę Wam dać do zrozumienia, że wszystkie złożone formy życia są na Ziemi stosunkowo od niedawna.
Np. w takiej skali dinozaury wyginęły około
3 tygodnie temu – mniej więcej
kiedy ostatni raz zmieniłem swój status na Facebooku.
Ludzie i szympansy wyodrębnili się ze swojego
ostatniego wspólnego przodka około 3 dni temu!
Pierwszy homo sapiens pojawił się 50 minut temu,
mniej więcej gdy po raz ostatni sprawdzałem maila.
Z Afryki wyszliśmy 26 minut temu.
Indianie dotarli do Ameryki 6 minut temu –
mniej więcej gdy ostatnio
sprawdzałem konto na Twitterze.
Rolnictwo wynaleźliśmy 5 minut temu.
Starożytny Egipt? 3 minuty temu! Czarna śmierć?
24 sekundy temu. Rewolucja przemysłowa – 6 sekund.
I wojna światowa – 2 sekundy. Zimna wojna,
pierwszy człowiek na Księżycu, Wasze narodziny, Internet, Big Mac? Wszystko to w ostatniej sekundzie.
Danish:
længere frem til for fire år siden - der opstod den første encellede organisme på Jorden.
Hop så næsten 3½ år længere frem, hvor den første flercellede
organisme opstod i den Kambriske eksplosion...
Det jeg forsøger at sige er, at alt det komplekse liv på Jorden er en ret ny opfindelse.
På denne tidsskala uddøde dinosaurerne for tre uger siden, eller cirka der hvor jeg sidst
skrev noget på Facebook.
Mennesker og chimpanser adskilte sig fra deres fælles stamfader for tre dage siden!
De første Homo Sapiens kom frem for 50 minutter siden, eller der hvor jeg sidst tjekkede min email.
Vi forlod Afrika for 26 minutter siden. De amerikanske indianere nåede til Amerika for 6 minutter siden -
eller der hvor jeg sidst var på Twitter.
Vi opfandt landbrug for 5 minutter siden. Det gamle Ægypten? For 3 minutter siden. Den sorte død?
24 sekunder siden. Den industrielle revolution - 6 sekunder. 2. verdenskrig, 2 sekunder. Den kolde
krig, den første mand på månen, din fødsel, internettet, Big Maccen? Det hele indenfor det seneste sekund.
Turkish:
dört yıl önce kadar bit - o zaman var
Yeryüzünde oluşan ilk tek hücreli yaşam.
Sonra ileri Yaklaşık üç buçuk sıçrama
ilk çok hücreli önce yıl daha
Kambriyen patlaması organizmalar ...
Ne anlatmaya çalışıyorum tüm karmaşık olduğunu
Dünya üzerindeki yaşamın oldukça yeni bir gelişmedir.
Gibi, bu ölçekte, dinozorların nesli tükenmiş gitti
önce yaklaşık üç hafta - kabaca son kez
Benim Facebook durumunu değiştirdi.
İnsanlar ve şempanzeler son ayrılan
yaklaşık üç gün önce atası paylaştı!
İlk homo sapiens, elli dakika önce ortaya çıktı
kabaca son kez benim e-posta kontrol.
Biz 26 dakika önce Afrika'yı terk etti. Amerikan Kızılderililer
6 dakika önce Amerika'yı ulaştı - kabaca
Geçen sefer benim Twitter kontrol etti.
Biz 5 dakika önce tarımı icat etti. Eski
Mısır? 3 dakika önce! Black Death? 24
önce saniye. Endüstri Devrimi - 6
saniye. Birinci Dünya Savaşı, 2 saniye. Soğuk
Savaş, aya ilk adam, doğum, internet,
Big Mac? Tüm son saniye içinde.
Russian:
до 4 лет назад - тут появляется первая одноклеточная жизнь на Земле.
Теперь делаем скачок на ещё три с половиной года, когда появляются первые многоклеточные
организмы (в ходе Кембрийского взрыва)...
Я пытаюсь объяснить, что вся сложная жизнь на Земле появилась очень недавно.
То есть, на этой шкале динозавры вымерли примерно три недели назад - примерно тогда же, когда я в последний раз
сменил свой статус на Фейсбуке.
Люди и шимпанзе отмежевались от своего последнего общего предка примерно три дня назад!
Первые homo sapiens появились 50 минут назад, примерно когда я в последний раз проверял почту.
Мы покинули Африку 26 минут назад, американские индейцы достигли Америк 6 минут назад...
...примерно тогда, когда я в последний раз проверил свой Твиттер
Мы изобрели сельское хозяйство 5 минут назад. Древний Египет? 3 минуты назад! Чёрная Смерть?
24 секунды назад. Промышленная революция - 6 секунд. Первая Мировая - 2 секунды. Холдоная
Война, первый человек на Луне, Ваше рождение, Интернет, Биг Мак? Всё в течение последней секунды.
Portuguese:
Um pouco depois, 4 anos atrás:
a vida unicelular é formada na Terra.
Então salte 3,5 anos adiante, até surgir vida multicelular
(Explosão Cambriana)
O que estou tentando explicar é que
toda a vida complexa na Terra é bem "recente".
Nesta escala, os dinossauros
foram extintos por volta de 3 semanas atrás.
(Por volta da última vez que troquei o meu "status" no Facebook)
Humanos e chimpanzés tiveram um
ancestral em comum por volta de 3 dias atrás!
O primeiro "Homo Sapiens" só apareceu há 50 minutos.
(Por volta da última vez que chequei meu e-mail)
Nós deixamos a África há 26 minutos.
Os índios chegaram às Américas há 6 minutos atrás.
(A última vez que chequei meu Twitter)
Nós inventamos agricultura há 5 minutos.
Antigo Egito? 3 minutos atrás!
A Peste Negra? 24 segundos atrás.
A Revolução Industrial — 6 segundos.
Primeira Guerra Mundial, 2 segundos.
A Guerra Fria, homem na Lua, seu nascimento,
a Internet, o Big Mac?
Tudo no último segundo.
Spanish:
se formaría la primera vida unicelular en la tierra.
Luego saltemos 3 años y medio hasta que los primeros organismos multicelulares
en la explosión Cambrica...
Lo que intento decir es que la vida compleja en la tierra es un desarrollo reciente.
En esta escala los dinosaurios se extinguieron hace 3 semans, aprox. cuando cambié mi estatus
en Facebook por última vez.
¡Los humanos y los chimpancés se separaron de su ancestro en común hace 3 días! El primer
homo sapiens emergío hace 50 minutos, cuando miré por última vez mi e-mail.
Dejamos Africa hace 26 minutos. Los indios americanos alcanzaron américa hace 6 minutos,
cuando miré por última vez mi Twitter.
Inventamos la agricultura hace 5 minutos. ¿El Antigüo Egipto? Hace 3 minutos. ¿La peste negra? hace
24 segundos. La Revolución Industrial, 6 segundos. La primera guerra mundial, 2 segundos. ¿La guerra
fría, el primer hombre en la luna, tu nacimiento, la internet, la Big Mac? Todo dentro del último segundo.
Arabic:
شيء آخر استثنائي أيضًا، المغول.
حسنًا، فلنبدأ عند البداية، الانفجار العظيم.
هانك، انتظر، لا أدري كيف تأكّدنا
أنّ الانفجار العظيم هو البداية.
ماذا حدث قبل الانفجار العظيم؟
حسنًا، يقول علماء الفيزياء النظرية
إنّ الفراغ والزمن ليسا مختلفين.
إنّهما تعبيرين لشيء واحد، واسمه "الزمكان"،
وقد نشأ "الزمكان" من الانفجار العظيم.
أي أنّ الزمن لم يكن له وجود
قبل الانفجار العظيم.
لذا، ليس من المنطقي أن نتساءل
عمّا حدث قبله، لأنه لم يكن هناك زمن آنذاك.
بالطبع، هذا كالكثير من الأفكار في علم الكون،
ليس منطقيًا بالنسبة لعقولنا البشرية الصغيرة.
وهو يفوق قدراتنا الاستيعابيّة بكثير،
وأشبه بتفسير الألوان لشخص كفيف.
نعرف أنّه صحيح لأنّ الحسابات ناجحة،
وتفسّر ملاحظاتنا بأسلوب أنيق.
لكنّه بعيد جدًا عن رؤيتنا للعالم.
ولا أظنّ حتّى الفيزيائيين العباقرة
يستطيعون تخيّله.
Italian:
Eccezionali sono stati, tra l'altro, anche i mongoli. [Mongoltage]
Ok, cominciamo dall'inizio! Il Big Bang!
[Letteralmente: Grande Scoppio]
Hank, un attimo! Alt, alt alt, alt, aspetta!
Non capisco come facciamo a sapere che
il Big Bang è davvero l'inizio? Che cosa è
successo prima del Big Bang?
Bene. Ok. Uh... i fisici teorici dicono che spazio
e tempo non sono due cose distinte.
Sono due espressioni per una cosa: lo spazio-tempo.
E lo spazio-tempo si è creato con
il Big Bang, perciò il tempo non esisteva prima
del Big Bang, quindi non ha senso
chiedersi che cosa era successo prima.
Non c'è un "prima"!
Naturalmente, questa, come molte idee in cosmologia,
sembra non avere alcun senso per il nostro
gracile cervello umano. È ampiamente al di là
della nostra comprensione, un po' come spiegare
i colori a un non vedente.
Sappiamo che è vero perché la matematica funziona
e spiega le nostre osservazioni in modo elegante,
ma è parecchio lontano da come percepiamo
direttamente il mondo, tanto che penso nemmeno
i fisici più geniali siano in grado di immaginarlo.
Spanish:
Pero en muchas formas, la vida compleja y la humanidad son excepcionales ¡Gracias, Burbuja de pensamiento!
También son excepcionales, ¡los Mongoles!
¡Ok, empecemos desde el principio! ¡El big bang!
¡Hank, espera un segundo! Despacio, despacio, despacio. No entiendo como sabemos que
el Big Band es realmente el principio. ¿Que pasó antes del Big Bang?
Bueno, Ok. Los físicos teóricos dicen que el espacio y el tiempo son una sola cosa.
Son 2 expresiones de una cosa, el Espacio-Tiempo y el Espacio-Tiempo fué creado en
el Big Bang, así que el tiempo no existía antes del Big Bang, así que no tiene sentido
preguntar que pasó antes de eso. Pués no existía "tiempo" en ese entonces.
Por supuesto, esta, como muchas ideas en la cosmología no tienen sentido para nuestros pequeños
cerebros humanos. Está más allá de nuestra comprensión, como explicar el color a un ciego.
Sabemos que es verdad porque la matemática funciona y explica nuestras observaciones elegantemente pero
está tan lejos de como percibimos el mundo que no creo que sea algo que incluso los más
geniales físicos puedan imaginar.
English:
Also exceptional, by the way, the Mongols!
[Mongoltage]
Okay, let's begin at the beginning! The big
bang!
Hank, wait a second! Woah, woah, woah, woah,
woah. I- I don't understand how we know that
the big bang is really the beginning. Like,
what happened before the big bang?
Well. Okay. Uh... Theoretical physicists say
that space and time are not two different
things. They are two expressions of one thing
- space-time. And space-time was created by
the big bang, thus time didn't exist before
the big bang, so it doesn't make much sense
to ask what happened before it. There was
no "then", then!
Of course, this, like many ideas in cosmology,
doesn't really make any sense to our puny
human brains. It's largely beyond our comprehension,
rather like explaining color to a blind person.
We know that it's true because the math works
and it explains our observations so elegantly,
but it's so far outside of how we directly
perceive the world, that I don't think it's
something even the most genius physicists
are able to imagine.
Portuguese:
Mas em diversas outras formas, vidas complexas e humanidade são excepcionais! Obrigado, Bolha de Pensamento.
Igualmente, a propósito, os Mongóis!
Okay, vamos começar do começo! O Big Bang!
Hank, espere um segundo! Uau, uau, uau, uau, uau. Eu não entendo como nós sabemos que
o Big Bang é, realmente, o início. Digo, o que aconteceu antes do Big Bang?
Bom. Okay. Uh... Físicos teóricos dizem que o "espaço" e o "tempo" não são duas coisas distintas.
Eles são duas expressões de apenas uma realidade — "espaço-tempo". E espaço-tempo foi criado pelo
Big Bang, deste modo o "tempo" não existia antes do Big Bang; logo, não faz muito sentido
perguntar o que aconteceu antes. Não houve "antes", então.
Obviamente, isto, assim como muitas ideias na Cosmologia, não faz sentido aos nossos simplórios
cérebros humano. É extremamente além da nossa compreensão, como explicar cores para um cego.
Nós sabemos que é verdade porque a matemática funciona e explica as nossas observações tão elegantemente,
mas é bem externo a como percebemos, diretamente, o mundo, que não acredito que seja,
nem mesmo, algo que o mais genial Físico possa imaginar.
Hungarian:
De sok más szempontból a komplex élet és az emberiség kivételes. Kösz, Gondolatbuborék. És
a kivételesről jut eszembe, mongolok!
Oké, kezdjük akkor a kezdeteknél. A Nagy Bumm.
Hank, várj egy pillanatot. Woah, woah, woah, woah, woah. Ne-Nem értem honnan tudjuk, hogy az ősrobbanás tényleg
A Kezdet. Mármint, mi volt előtte?
Nos. Rendben. Ööö. Az elméleti fizikusok szerint a tér és idő nem két különböző dolog, hanem
két oldala egy dolognak - a téridőnek. És mivel a téridő a Nagy Bumm által
keletkezett, ezért előtte nem volt idő, tehát nincs sok értelme
ast kérdezni, hogy mi volt előtte. Előtte nem volt „előtte".
Természetesen ennek, mint a kozmológiában sok másnak, a mi aprócska agyunk számára nincs értelme.
Messze a felfogóképességünk mögött áll, nagyjából mintha egy színt próbálnál elmagyarázni egy vak embernek.
Tudjuk, hogy ez így van, mert a matek itt is működik és elegánsan megmagyarázza a megfigyeléseinket
de mivel ez annyira távol áll attól, ahogy a világot érzékeljük, nem hiszem,
hogy akár a legzseniálisabb fizikusok is el tudnák képzelni.
Dutch:
Maar op vele andere manieren, complex leven en mensheid zijn uitzonderlijk. Danku Gedachte Bel!
Ook uitzonderlijk trouwens: de Mongolen!
Oké, laten we beginnen bij het begint! De Oerknal!
Hank, wacht even! wow, wow, wow, wow. Ik, Ik begrijp niet hoe we weten dat
de Oerknal echt het begin is. Wat gebeurde er voor de oerknal?
Wel, Oké. Uh... Theoretisch natuurkundigen zeggen dat ruimte en tijd twee verschillende dingen
zijn. Ze zijn 2 uitingen van één ding: ruimte-tijd. En ruimte-tijd werd gemaakt door
de oerknal, dus tijd bestond niet voor de oerknal, dus het heeft weinig zin om
te vragen wat ervoor gebeurde. Er was geen 'toen', toen!
Natuurlijk dit, zoals vele ideeën is kosmologie, klinkt niet zinvol in onze kleine nietige
menselijke hersens. Het is grotendeels buiten ons bevattingsvermogen, een beetje zoals het uitleggen van kleur aan een blinde persoon.
We weten dat het waar is, omdat de wiskunde werkt en het onze observaties zo elegant,
maar het is zo ver buiten hoe e rechtstreeks de wereld waarnemen, dat ik niet denk dat het iets is
dat zelfs de meest geniale natuurkundigen zich kunnen voorstellen.
Portuguese:
Mas de outras formas, vidas complexas e a humanidade
são excepcionais! Obrigado, Bolha de Pensamento.
Igualmente excepcionais, a propósito... os Mongóis!
Okay, vamos começar do começo: o Big Bang!
Hank, espera! Eu não entendo como nós sabemos que o Big Bang é, realmente, o início.
Digo, o que aconteceu antes do Big Bang?
Físicos teóricos dizem que o "espaço"
e o "tempo" não são duas coisas distintas.
Eles são duas expressões de uma só coisa: espaço-tempo.
E espaço-tempo foi criado pelo Big Bang,
deste modo o "tempo" não existia antes do Big Bang.
Logo, não faz muito sentido perguntar o que aconteceu antes. Não houve "antes", então.
Obviamente, isto, assim como muitas ideias na Cosmologia, não faz sentido aos nossos simples cérebros humanos.
Está além da nossa compreensão,
como explicar cores para um cego.
Nós sabemos que é verdade porque a matemática funciona
e explica as nossas observações tão elegantemente,
mas é algo tão contraintuitivo, que não acredito que nem o mais genial Físico possa imaginar.
German:
Danke, Gedankenblase! Außerdem außergewöhnlich, übrigens, die Mongolen! [Musik, Pferdehufe]
[Hank] Okay, lasst uns beim Beginn beginnen! Dem Urknall!
[John] Hank, warte eine Sekunde! Woah, woah, woah, woah, woah. Ich – ich verstehe nicht, woher wir wissen,
dass der Urknall wirklich der Beginn ist. Also, was passierte vor dem Urknall?
[Hank] Nun. Okay. Ähm... Theoretische Physiker (und -innen) sagen, dass Raum und Zeit nicht
zwei verschiedene Dinge sind. Sie sind zwei Ausdrücke von einer Sache – Raumzeit.
Und Raumzeit wurde vom Urknall erschaffen, daher existierte Zeit nicht vor dem Urknall,
also ergibt es nicht viel Sinn danach zu fragen, was davor passiert ist. Es gab kein „davor“ davor!
Natürlich, das, wie viele Ideen der Kosmologie, macht nicht wirklich Sinn
für unsere kümmerlichen menschlichen Gehirne. Es liegt größtenteils jenseits unseres Verständnisses,
ähnlich wie einem Blinden eine Farbe zu erklären.
Wir wissen, dass es wahr ist, weil die Mathematik funktioniert und es unsere Beobachtungen
so elegant erklärt, aber es ist so weit davon weg, wie wir die Welt direkt wahrnehmen, dass ich glaube,
dass nicht mal die genialsten Physiker (und -innen) in der Lage sind, es sich vorzustellen.
Swedish:
Men på många andra sätt är komplext liv och mänsklighet exceptionella. Tack, Tankebubblan! Även
exceptionellt, förresten, mongolerna!
Okej, vi börjar från början! Big Bang!
Hank, vänta lite! Woah, woah, woah, woah, woah. Ja- Jag förstår inte hur vi vet att
Big Bang verkligen är början. Liksom, vad hände innan Big Bang?
Nåväl, Okej. Öh... Teoretiska fysiker påstår att rymd och tid är inte två olika
saker. De är två uppfattningar av en sak - tidrymd. Och tidrymd skapades av
Big Bang, därmed existerade inte tiden innan Big Bang, så det verkar inte logiskt
att fråga vad som hände innan. Det fanns inget "då", då!
Självklart är dessa, som många idéer inom kosmologi, svårgreppade för våra pyttesmå
mänskliga hjärnor. Det är i stort sett bortom vår uppfattning, ungefär som att förklara färger för en blind person.
Vi vet att det är sant på grund av att matten fungerar och att det förklarar våra observationer så elegant,
men det är så långt från hur vi direkt uppfattar världen, att jag inte tror att det
är något även de mest genialiska fysikerna
kan förställa sig.
Japanese:
『 吹き出し 』でした！
ところで格別の存在といえば
モンゴル人！
よし
じゃあ最初から始めよう！
ビッグバンだ！
ハンク
ちょっと待った！
視聴者にそこから始める理由を説明しないと
その前の話を無視すると思われるだろう？
ビッグバンの前は？って
はいはい そうね えー・・・
理論物理学者が言うには
空間と時間を
別々に切り離す事はできない
２つ呼び名があるだけで
本当は１つの
時空があるだけ
それを産んだのがビッグバンなんだから
時間そのものが動き出すのは
その後
要するに
それより前ってなに？って話
少なくとも「 前 」は無い！
とは言うものの
この手の宇宙論の概念って
僕たち凡人には
何が何だかさっぱりわかりません
あまりにも理解を超えていて
目の見えない人が
色を説明されてる感じかな
そうなんだけど
納得せざるを得ないのは
蓄積した観察結果を
数学が見事に説明するから
でも
この今生きてる世界からかけ離れた何事かを
天才達なら想像できるものなんだろうか
Romanian:
Dar în multe alte feluri, viața complexă și omenirea sunt excepționale. Multumesc, Balonule de Gândit. De asemenea
excepționali, de altfel, mongolii!
Bine, să începem cu începutul! Big Bang.
Hank, așteptați o secundă! Woah, woah, woah, woah, woah. - Nu înțeleg cum știm că
Big Bang este într-adevăr la început. Cum ar fi, ce s-a întâmplat înainte de Big Bang?
Bine. Bine. Uh ... Fizicienii teoretici spun
ca spațiul și timpul nu sunt două lucruri diferite.
Ele sunt două expresii ale aceluiași lucru spațiu timp. Și spațiul-timp a fost creat de
Big Bang, deci timp nu exista înainte de Big-Bang așa că nu prea are sens
să ne întrebăm ce s-a întâmplat înainte de el .Nu există apoi, apoi!
Desigur, aceasta, la fel ca multe idei în cosmologie, nu are nici un sens pentru îngustul
creier uman. Este în mare măsură dincolo de înțelegerea noastră, mai degrabă putem explica culoarea unei persoane oarbe.
Știm că este adevărat pentru că lucrările de matematica ne explică observațiile noastre atât de elegant,
dar este atât de departe față de modul direct în care percepem lumea, încât cred
că nici cei mai geniali fizicieni nu pot să-l imagineze.
Turkish:
Ama birçok başka yollarla, karmaşık yaşam ve insanlık
olağanüstü. Teşekkürler, Düşünce Kabarcık! Ayrıca
olağanüstü arada, Moğollar tarafından!
Tamam, başında başlayalım! Büyük
patlama!
Hank, bir saniye bekle! , Hop, hop, hop, hop
woah. Ben- Ben biliyorum nasıl anlamıyorum
big bang gerçekten başlangıçtır. Sevmek,
Büyük patlamadan önce ne oldu?
Peki. Tamam. Ah ... Teorik fizikçiler söylüyor
Bu uzay ve zaman iki farklı değildir
şeyler. Onlar bir şey iki ifadelerdir
- boş zaman. Ve zaman-mekan tarafından oluşturulan
big bang, böylece zaman önce yoktu
big bang, bu yüzden çok mantıklı değil
daha önce ne olduğunu sormak için. Oradaydı
"sonra" hayır, o zaman!
Tabii ki, bu, kozmoloji birçok fikir gibi,
Gerçekten bizim Puny herhangi mantıklı değil
insan beyni. Bu, büyük ölçüde bizim anlama ötesinde
yerine kör bir kişi renk açıklayan gibi.
Biz bunun doğru olduğunu biliyorum matematik eserleri nedeniyle
ve o kadar zarif gözlemlerimizi açıklıyor
ama doğrudan şimdiye kadar dışarıda nasıl biz bir var
Ben sanmıyorum ki dünyayı algılama
bir şey bile en deha fizikçiler
hayal edebiliyoruz.
French:
Mais de nombreuses autres façons, la vie complexe et l'humanité sont exceptionnelles.
Merci, la bulle de pensées!
Tout aussi exceptionnel, en passant, les Mongols!
Bon, commençons par le commencement!
Le Big Bang!
Hank, attends une seconde! Woah, woah, woah, woah,
woah. J- Je ne comprends pas comment nous savons que
le big bang est vraiment le début. Je veux dire, qu'est ce qui est arrivé avant le Big Bang?
Eh bien. D'accord. Euh ...
Les physiciens théoriciens disent que l'espace et le temps ne sont pas deux choses différentes.
Ils sont tous deux expressions d'une même chose: L'espace-temps.
Et l'espace-temps a été créé par
le Big Bang, de ce fait le temps n'existait donc pas avant le Big Bang, donc ça n'a pas beaucoup de sens
de se demander ce qui s'est passé avant.
Il n'y avait pas de "avant", avant!
Bien sûr, ce concept, comme beaucoup d'idées dans la cosmologie, n'a pas vraiment de sens pour nos petits
cerveaux humains. C'est largement au-delà de notre compréhension, un peu comme expliquer les couleurs à un aveugle.
Nous savons que c'est vrai parce que les travaux mathématiques fonctionnent
et expliquent nos observations si élégamment,
mais c'est tellement éloigné de la façon dont nous percevons directement le monde, que je ne pense pas que c'est
quelque chose que même les physiciens les plus géniaux
sont capables d'imaginer.
Vietnamese:
Nhưng bằng nhiều cách khác nhau, sự sống phức tạp và nhân loại rất đặc biệt. Cảm ơn Thought Bubble!
Cái này cũng đặc biệt nè! Quân Mông Cổ [nhạc nền chiến tranh]
Ok, vậy bắt đầu nào. Vụ Nổ lớn!
Ê Hank đợi chút đã. Từ từ. Làm sao mà anh biết
Vụ Nổ lớn là khởi đầu cho tất cả? Vậy trước Vụ Nổ lớn là gì?
Ờ, OK. Vật lý gia nói Không gian và Thời gian không phải là hai thứ riêng biệt.
Cả hai đều là một thứ gọi là Không-Thời gian. Và Không-Thời gian được tạo nên bởi Vụ Nổ lớn.
Vì vậy, Thời gian không tồn tại trước Vụ Nổ lớn, nên cũng thật khó hiểu
để tự hỏi điều gì xảy ra trước đó. Không hề có "sau đó" ha!
Đương nhiên, là nhiều ý tưởng trong vũ trụ học cũng khó nuốt
cho cái não của con người lắm, giống như là giải thích màu sắc cho người bị mù màu vậy.
Mình biết là đúng bởi Toán học nó giải thích mấy cái quan sát của mình thấy rất khớp.
Nhưng nó cũng vẫn quá xa vời để mình có thể liên tưởng đến,
đến nỗi tôi nghĩ những nhà vật lý đại tài nhất cũng không hình dung được.
Finnish:
Mutta monilla eri tavoin monimuotoinen elämä ja ihmiskunta ovat poikkeuksellisia. Kiitos, ajatuskupla! Muuten,
poikkeuksellisia olivat myös Mongolit!
Okei, aloitetaan alusta! Alkuräjähdyksestä!
Hank, odota hetki! Hei, hei, hei, hei… En ymmärrä miten tiedämme, että
alkuräjähdys on oikeasti alku. Tai siis, mitä tapahtui ennen alkuräjähdystä?
Okei. No… Teoreettiset fyysikot sanovat, että avaruus ja aika eivät ole erillisiä
asioita. Ne ovat kaksi ilmentymää samasta asiasta – aika-avaruudesta. Aika-avaruus syntyi
alkuräjähdyksessä, joten aikaa ei ollut olemassa ennen alkuräjähdystä eikä ole syytä
kysyä, mitä ennen sitä tapahtui. ”Silloin” ei ollut silloin olemassa!
Tietenkin tämä, kuten monet kosmologian ideat, ei kuulosta kovin järkevältä mitättömille
ihmisaivoillemme. Se on pitkälti ymmärryksemme ulottumattomissa, kuin värien selittäminen sokealle.
Me tiedämme, että se on totta, koska se toimii matemaattisesti ja selittää havaintomme niin elegantisti,
mutta se on niin kaukana siitä, miten me hahmotamme maailmaa, että en usko
edes nerokkaimpien fyysikoiden pystyvän kuvittelemaan sitä.
Danish:
Men på mange andre måder er komplekst liv og menneskeden exceptionel. Tak for det tankeboble!
Andre, der i øvrigt er exceptionelle, er mongolerne!
Men lad os starte fra begyndelsen. Big Bang!
Hank, vent lige! Hov hov hov, jeg forstår ikke hvordan vi ved, at
Big Bang virkelig er begyndelsen. Hvad skete der før Big Bang?
Jamen, ifølge fysikerne er tid og rum ikke to forskellige
ting. De er to udtryk for én ting - rum-tid. Og rum-tiden blev skabt
ved Big Bang, derfor eksisterede tid ikke før Big Bang, så det giver ikke mening
at spørge hvad der skete før det. Der var ikke noget "dengang", dengang.
Det giver naturligvis ikke ret meget mening i vores små
menneskehjerner. Det er i det store og hele udenfor vores fatteevne, lidt som at beskrive farver til en blind person.
Vi ved at det er rigtigt, fordi matematikken virker, og den forklarer vores observationer meget elegant,
men det ligger så langt fra hvordan vi opfatter verden, at jeg ikke tror
det er noget selv den mest geniale fysiker, er i stand til at forestille sig.
iw:
אבל בהרבה מובנים אחרים, מורכבות החיים והאנושות מאוד יוצאי דופן. תודה, בועת מחשבה!
גם יוצאי דופן, דרך אגב, המונגולים!
אוקיי, בואו נתחיל בהתחלה! הנפץ הגדול!
האנק, חכה שניה! וואה, וואה, וואה, וואה, וואה. אני לא מבין איך אנחנו יודעים את זה
שהנפץ הגדול הוא באמת ההתחלה. כאילו, מה קרה לפני הנפץ הגדול?
טוב אממ... פיזיקאים תאורתיים אמרו שמרחב וזמן אינם שני דברים שונים
הם שניהם התגלמות של דבר אחד מרחב-זמן. ומרחב זמן נוצר על ידי
הנפץ הגדול, משמע, זמן לא היה קיים לפני הנפץ הגדל, אז אין הרבה הגיון
בלשאול מה קרה לפני כן. לא היה "אז", אז
כמובן שזה, כמו רעיונות שונים בקסמולוגיה, חסרי הגיון למוח
האנושי שלנו. זה מעבר ליכולות התפיסה שלנו, כמו להסביר צבע לאדם עיוור
אנחנו יודעים שזה נכון בגלל שהמטמתיקה עובדת וזה מסביר את התצפיות שלנו באלגנטיות
אבל זה רחוק מאוד מהתפיסה שלנו של העולם, שאני לא חושב שזה
משהו שאפילו הפיזיקאים הגאונים ביותר יכולים לדמיין
Polish:
Jednak w wielu innych aspektach złożoność życia i ludzkość są wyjątkowe. Bańka Rozważań – dziękujemy!
A tak przy okazji, wyjątkowi
są również Mongołowie!
OK, zacznijmy od początku!
Wielki Wybuch!
Hank, poczekaj no chwilę! Zaraz zaraz zaraz.
Nie bardzo rozumiem, skąd wiadomo,
że wszystko zaczęło się właśnie od Wielkiego Wybuchu. No a co działo się przed nim?
No cóż. Hm... Fizycy-teoretycy twierdzą, że czas
i przestrzeń wcale nie stanowią dwóch różnych pojęć.
Są to tak naprawdę dwa wyrażenia określające
jeden koncept – czasoprzestrzeń, która powstała
podczas Wielkiego Wybuchu, więc czas nie istniał
przed Wielkim Wybuchem, zatem nie ma sensu pytać,
co działo się przed nim.
Po prostu nie było wtedy żadnego „wtedy“!
Jak wiele innych pomysłów w dziedzinie kosmologii,
zdaje się to bez sensu dla mizernego, ludzkiego mózgu.
W dużej mierze wykracza to poza nasze rozumienie, podobnie jak próby wyjaśnienia niewidomemu, czym są kolory.
Wiemy, że to prawda, bo obliczenia się zgadzają i ta teoria tak elegancko współgra z naszymi obserwacjami,
jednak tak daleko wykracza poza nasze
empiryczne postrzeganie świata,
że pewnie nawet najgenialniejsi fizycy
nie są w stanie sobie tego wyobrazić.
Korean:
물론 몽골도 특별합니다.
오케이, 처음부터 시작하지요! 빅뱅부터!
행크, 잠깐! 오,오,오, 난 왜 빅뱅이
역사의 처음인지 이해가 안가요. 빅뱅전에는 어떤 일이 있었나요?
좋아요. 이론 물리학자들은 공간과 시간이 실제론 서로 다른 것이 아니라고 합니다.
그것들은 시공간이라는 하나의 개념이 둘로 표현된 것입니다. 이 시공간은 바로 빅뱅에 의해
탄생되었습니다. 그래서 빅뱅 전에는 시간이 존재하지 않아요. 그래서 빅뱅 전에 무슨 일이 있었냐는
질문은 좀 말이 안 됩니다. 빅뱅 전엔 시간의 개념이 없어요
물론, 이런 것은 천체의 다른 많은 개념처럼 우리의 작은 뇌로는 이해가 안 가는 것
들이지요. 우리의 인식 밖에 있는 것입니다. 마치 장님에게 색이 잘 인식이 안되는 것처럼
이런 개념이 사실인 것은 수학적으로는 성립하고 천체 관측과 너무 잘 맞기 때문이죠
하지만 우리의 세상 인식과는 너무 동떨어져 있어서 저는 세상의 가장
천재적 물리학자들이라도 상상을 할 수 있다곤 안 믿습니다
Russian:
Но, во многих смыслах, многоклеточная жизнь и человечество всё же исключительны. Спасибо, Thought Bubble! А ещё, кстати,
исключительны: Монголы.
Ладно, начнём с начала! С Большого Взрыва!
Хэнк, погоди. Стоп-стоп-стоп. Я не понимаю, откуда мы знаем, что
Большой Взрыв - действительно начало. То есть, что было до него?
Ну, э... Теоретические физики говорят, что пространство и время - не две разные
вещи. Они два выражения одной вещи - пространства-времени. И пространство-время было создано
Большим Взрывом, то есть, времени не существовало до него, так что бессмысленно
спрашивать, что было до него. Тогда не было никакого "тогда"!
Конечно, это, как и многие идеи в космологии, бессмысленно для наших мелких
человеческих мозгов. Это во многом за пределами нашего понимания, подобно тому, как цвета непонятны слепым людям.
Мы знаем, что это так, потому что математика сходится, и это очень элегантно объясняет наши наблюдения,
но это так далеко от того, как мы непосредственно воспринимаем мир, что едва ли даже
самые гениальные физики могут это вообразить.
Italian:
Sì, se stai facendo uno studio cronologico
sull'Universo, la creazione del tempo
è probabilmente un buon punto per iniziare la storia.
Dunque il Big Bang non è qualcosa che si è verificato
dentro l'Universo e nemmeno si espande dentro
una specie di vuoto. È letteralmente il momento
in cui lo spazio e il tempo sono stati creati.
La cosa che stava esplodendo era l'Universo stesso.
Da un punto incredibilmente piccolo
si stava espandendo un Universo incredibilmente
grande, in modo incredibilmente veloce.
In pratica, "incredibile" è il sottotitolo
per la storia del Big Bang, ma poi
è una sorta di sottotitolo per ogni
altra cosa in Big History.
Voglio dire, lo faccio solo occasionalmente,
ma ogni tanto guardo fuori e penso
"Oh mio Dio! È una follia! Come siamo arrivati
ad avere gli alberi?!" (Inutile dire che parleremo anche di questo).
Ad ogni modo, l'Universo è un grande lavoratore,
e ha svolto gran parte del lavoro pesante
nei primi secondi. In confronto, mi ci vogliono
almeno venti minuti dopo essermi svegliato
per mettermi in piedi. Ma l'Universo
è molto più efficiente.
Swedish:
Men, ja, om du ska göra en kronologisk studie av vårt universum, tidens födelse
är en ganska bra plats att börja på.
Så, Big Bang var inte något som hände i vårt universum, eller expanderade till
någon form av tomrymd. Det var bokstavligen ögonblicket då både tid och rymd skapades.
Det som bangade var själva universumet. Det expanderade från en otänkbart liten
punkt till ett otänkbart stort universum,
otänkbart snabbt.
Otänkbart är i stort sett undertiteln till historien om Big Bang, men samtidigt,
är det också undertiteln till allting annat i Big History.
Jag menar, jag kan bara göra det här ibland, men då och då tittar man ut och är liksom,
"Åh herre Gud! Det här är ju galet! Hur kom träden till?" Behövs väl inte sägas men vi kommer prata om detta.
I alla fall, vårt universum jobbar hårt, och det fick det allra tyngsta jobbet gjort under
de första sekunderna. För att jämföra, tar det mig ungefär 20 minuter efter jag har vaknat för att
jag ska få mig själv att komma i en stående position. Men universumet är något mer effektivt.
Portuguese:
Mas, é, se você fará um estudo cronológico do universo, a criação do tempo
é provavelmente um ótimo lugar para começar a história.
Então o Big Bang não foi algo que aconteceu dentro do universo, tampouco expandiu de
algo similar ao vazio. Foi, literalmente, o momento em que ambos, tempo e espaço, foram criados.
O que estava explodindo era o universo, em si. Ele foi expandindo de um ponto inimaginavelmente pequeno
a um inimaginavelmente largo universo, inimaginavelmente rápido.
Inimaginável é, basicamente, o subtitulo para a história do Big Bang; não obstante,
é, também, o subtítulo para o "e tudo mais" na "Big History (A Grande História)".
Digo, eu só posso fazer isso de vez em quando, mas às vezes você olha lá pra foram e pensa:
"Oh, meu deus! Isso é muito doido! De onde vieram as árvores?" Nem preciso dizer, iremos conversar sobre isso.
De qualquer forma, o universo é trabalhador forte, e ele levantou a maioria das bugigangas pesadas
nos primeiros segundos. Comparando, levo em média vinte minutos após acordar para
conseguir, ao menos, ficar de pé. Porém, o universo é um pouquinho mais eficiente.
Spanish:
Si, pero si vas a hacer un estudio cronológico del universo, la creación del tiempo es
probablemente un buen lugar para empezar la historia.
Así que el Big Bang no fué algo que pasó en el universo, ni este se expandió en algún
tipo de vacio. Literalmente fué el momento en que ambos, espacio y tiempo fueron creados. Lo
que se estaba explotando fué el universo en si mismo. Se estaba expandiendo desde un punto
inimaginablemente pequeño hasta ser inimaginablemente grande, inimaginablemente rápido.
Inimaginable es basicamente la historia del Big Bang, pero también es la carácterística
de todo lo demás en "Historia Grande"
Quiero decir, a veces miro hacia afuera y digo, "¡Oh, mi dios! Esto es de locos!
¿Como obtuvimos árboles?" Demás está decir que hablaremos de eso después.
Igualmente el universo es muy trabajador, e hizo las cosas más difíciles en
esos primeros segundos. Para comparar, me toma 20 minutos desde que despierto para
poder ponerme de pie. Pero el universo es más eficiente.
Polish:
Ale tak, jeśli mielibyśmy poukładać dzieje
Wszechświata w porządku chronologicznym,
powstanie czasu byłoby chyba
całkiem niezłym punktem startowym.
Zatem Wielki Wybuch nie miał tak właściwie miejsca
we Wszechświecie, sam Wszechświat nie uległ także
nagłemu rozszerzeniu w swego rodzaju pustce.
Była to dosłownie chwila stworzenia zarówno czasu,
jak i przestrzeni.
Tym, co wtedy wybuchło, był sam Wszechświat. Rozszerzał się z niewyobrażalnie maleńkiego
punktu do niewyobrażalnie ogromnego
Wszechświata, niewyobrażalnie szybko.
Słowo „niewyobrażalny“ mogłoby w zasadzie zostać wpisane jako podtytuł historii Wielkiego Wybuchu,
a w sumie nawet wszystkiego innego
w Historii Wszechświata.
Znaczy, może zdarza się to tylko od czasu do czasu,
ale czasem spoglądamy na zewnątrz i myślimy:
„O ja cię! To niesamowite! Jak niby powstały drzewa?" Oczywiście powiemy również o tym.
W każdym razie, Wszechświat się nie obijał –
wykonał większość ciężkiej pracy
w ciągu pierwszych kilku sekund. Dla porównania,
mi samo osiągnięcie pozycji pionowej
po obudzeniu się zajmuje około 20 minut.
Wszechświat jest jednak nieco bardziej wydajny.
iw:
אבל כן, אם אתם הולכים לעשות תצפית כרונולוגית של היקום, בריאת הזמן
יכול להיות נקודה טובה למדי להתחיל את הסיפור
אז הנפץ הגדול לא היה משהו שקרה מחוץ ליקום, או משהו שקדם והביא
ליצירתו. זה היה הרגע שבו זמן ומרחב נוצרוץ
הדבר שהתפוצץ היה למעשה היקום עצמו. הוא התרחב מנקודה פיצפונת
ליקום ענק באופן לא ניתן לדמיון, במהירות שלא ניתנת לדמיון
לא ניתן לדמיין זה למעשה כותרת המשנה של סיפור הנפץ הגדול, אבל שוב
זאת כותרת משנה לכל דבר אחר בהיסטוריה הגדולה
אני מתכוון, אני יכול לעשות זאת לעיתים רחוקות, אבל לפעמים אתם מסתכלים לבחוץ ואתם
"אלוהים ישמור, זה מטורף! איך נהיו כל העצים האלה" לא צריך לציין שנדבר גם על זה
בכל מקרה, היקום עבד ועובד קשה ואת נשיאת המשא הכבד ביותר נעשה
במספר השניות האלה (אחרי הנפץ הגדול). לצורך השוואה, לוקח לי קרוב לעשרים דקות אחרי שאני קם
להביא את עצמי לנקודת עמידה. אבל היקום הרבה יותר יעיל
German:
Aber klar, wenn ihr ein chronologisches Studium des Universums vorhabt,
dann ist die Erschaffung der Zeit wahrscheinlich ein ziemlich guter Punkt, um die Erzählung zu beginnen.
[John] Also, der Urknall war weder etwas, das im Universum passierte,
noch dehnte er sich in so etwas wie Leere aus. Er war buchstäblich der Moment,
in dem Raum und Zeit erschaffen worden sind.
Das Ding, das da knallte, war das Universum selbst. Es dehnte sich aus von einem unvorstellbar kleinen Punkt
auf ein unvorstellbar großes Universum, unvorstellbar schnell.
„Unvorstellbar“ ist im Grunde genommen der Untertitel zu der Erzählung des Urknalls, aber andererseits
ist es auch so etwas wie der Untertitel zu allem anderen in Große Geschichte.
Ich meine, ich kann das nur gelegentlich tun, aber manchmal schaut man nach draußen,
und denkt so: "Meine Güte, das ist krass, wie ist es zu Bäumen gekommen?"
Natürlich, wir werden darüber reden.
Wie auch immer, das Universum ist ein tüchtiger Arbeiter und es bekommt den größten Teil
des Schwerlasttransports in diesen ersten paar Sekunden geschafft.
Zum Vergleich, ich brauche nach dem Aufwachen etwa 20 Minuten,
um mich überhaupt in eine stehende Position zu bekommen.
Aber das Universum ist da ein bisschen effizienter.
Im bloßen Bruchteil der ersten Sekunde bläht sich das Universum von etwas,
Vietnamese:
Ờ, nếu học về biên niên sử của vũ trụ thì sự khởi đầu của Thời gian
có lẽ là cột mốc hợp lý nhất.
Vậy Vụ Nổ lớn không phải là cái gì đó diễn ra ở trong vũ trụ hoặc phình ra tạo nên hư vô
Nói đúng nghĩa thì nó là khoảnh khắc Không gian và Thời gian hình thành.
Cái mà đang phình ra là vũ trụ. Chính nó! Nó đang phình ra từ một cái điểm nhỏ không tưởng,
thành một cái khoảng không lớn không tưởng, với tốc độ không tưởng.
"Không tưởng" có lẽ là phụ đề của Vụ Nổ lớn, nhưng mà nói đi nói lại
Nó cũng như là phụ đề của mọi thứ khác trong Lịch sử Vĩ đại.
Ý tôi là lâu lâu tôi cũng làm vầy, nhưng mà thỉnh thoảng bạn nhìn ra ngoài và kiểu
"Trời ơi! Thật là điên rồ! Làm thế nào chúng ta có được cây cối?" Không phải lo, chúng ta sẽ bàn về vấn đề này
Nói gì nói, vũ trụ làm việc rất siêng năng, và nó hoàn thành mấy việc nhọc nhất
trong mấy giây đầu tiên. Thử so sánh xem, thật ra tôi phải mất 20' sau khi tôi dậy
để đứng lên được. Nhưng mà vũ trụ làm việc hiệu quả hơn nhiều.
French:
Bien entendu, si vous allez faire une étude chronologique de l'univers, la création du temps
est probablement un très bon endroit pour commencer cette histoire.
Ainsi, le big bang n'était pas quelque chose qui s'est passé à l'intérieur de l'univers, il ne s'est pas non plus dilaté dans
une sorte de vide. C'est littéralement le moment durant lequel l'espace et le temps ont été créés. La
chose qui faisait bang était l'univers lui-même.
Il était en expansion à partir d'un point incroyablement minuscule
jusqu'à donner un univers incroyablement grand
et cela, incroyablement rapidement.
Incroyable est en fait le sous-titre de
l'histoire du Big Bang, mais là encore,
c'est aussi un peu le sous-titre de tout
le reste dans la Grande Histoire.
Je veux dire, je ne peux faire cela que de temps en temps, mais parfois vous regardez à l'extérieur et vous êtes un peu du genre
"Oh, mon Dieu! C'est fou! Comment ça se fait qu'on a des arbres?"
Inutile de dire que nous allons parler de cela.
Bref, l'univers est un travailleur acharné, et
il a fait la majorité du gros travail dans ses
premières secondes.
A titre de comparaison, il me faut une vingtaine de minutes après mon réveil juste pour
être capable de me lever.
Mais l'univers est un peu plus efficace.
Danish:
Men altså, hvis du vil lave en kronologisk oversigt over universet, er skabelsen af tid
nok et meget godt sted at starte historien.
Big Bang skete ikke inde i universet, og det udvidede sig heller ikke
ud i en tomrum. Det var bogstaveligt talt dét øjeblik hvor både tid og rum blev dannet.
Det der sagde bang, var universet selv. Det udvidede sig fra et ubegribeligt lille
punkt, til et ubegribeligt stort univers, ubegribeligt hurtigt.
Ubegribeligt er faktisk underteksten til hele historien om Big Bang, men så igen,
er det også underteksten til alt andet i Big History.
Jeg kan kun gøre det her somme tider, men nogle gange kigger man ud og bliver helt:
"Hold da op! Hvor vildt! Hvordan fik vi træer?" Det skal vi også tale om.
Men universet er en slider, og det udførte det meste af det hårde arbejde i de
første få sekunder. Til sammenligning tager det mig omkring tyve minutter efter jeg vågner,
før jeg kan få mig selv i oprejst stilling. Men universet er en del mere effektivt.
Korean:
그러나 만약 당신이 우주의 연대기를 연구한다면 시간의 탄생 부분이
아마도 좋은 출발점이 될 것입니다.
빅뱅이란 것은 우주안에서 생긴 것도 아니고 어떤 빈 공간으로 팽창해 간 것도 아니죠
빅뱅은 시간과 공간이 탄생한 순간입니다.
꽝한 것은 우주자체이고요. 상상불가의 작은 것으로 부터 팽창하여
상상불가의 거대한 우주로 상상불가의 속도로 빨리 변했습니다.
상상불가란 빅뱅 얘기의 부제쯤 되는데
또한 대역사의 모든 것에 해당되기도 합니다.
내말은, 난 가끔 그러지만, 밖을 내다 보면 이렇게 내뱉게 됩니다
"와, 끝내 주네요. 도대체 이런 나무들이 어떻게 생겨났나요?" 우린 이런 문제도 대역사에서 다룹니다.
어쩃든, 우주는 열심히 일하고 있는데, 가장 힘든 일을 빅뱅 첫 몇 초 안에 해냈습니다.
그에 비해, 난 깨어난 다음에 일어서기 까지도
20 분 정도나 걸립니다. 우주는 훨씬 효율적이었어요.
Dutch:
Maar ja, als je een chronologische studie van het universum gaat doen: de creatie van tijd
is waarschijnlijk een vrij goede plek om het verhaal te starten
Dus de oerknal was niet iets dat in het universum gebeurde, noch breide het zich uit in
een soort leegte. Het was letterlijk het moment wanneer zowel tijd als ruimte zijn gecreëerd. Het
ding dat aan het knallen was, was het universum zelf. Het was het uitbreiden van een onvoorstelbaar klein
puntje tot een onvoorstelbaar groot heelal, onvoorstelbaar snel.
Onvoorstelbaar is in principe de ondertitel van het verhaal van de oerknal, maar nogmaals,
het is ook een soort van ondertitel aan al het andere in Big History.
Ik bedoel, ik kan dit alleen maar af en toe, maar soms kijk je naar buiten en ben je zoals:
"Oh mijn god! Dit is gek! Hoe kregen we bomen?" Onnodig te zeggen: we zullen praten over dat.
Hoe dan ook, het universum is een harde werker en het kreeg het grootste deel van het zware werk gedaan in
die eerste paar seconden. Ter vergelijking, het kost me 20 minuten nadat ik wakker word om
mezelf in een staande positie te krijgen. Maar het heelal is enigszins meer efficiënt.
Romanian:
Dar da, dacă vei face un studiu cronologic al universului, crearea timpului
este, probabil un loc destul de bun pentru a începe povestea.
Deci Big Bang nu a fost ceva ce s-a întâmplat în interiorul universului, nici nu s-a extins într-un
fel de vid. A fost literalmente momentul
când atât timpul cât și spațiul au fost create.
Lucrul care a explodat a fost universul însuși. Aceasta a fost extinderea de la un inimaginabil mic
punct la un univers neînchipuit de mare, inimaginabil de repede.
Inimaginabil este, în principiu subtitrarea la povestea Big Bang, dar apoi, din nou,
este, de asemenea un fel de subtitrare pentru orice altceva în Big History.
Adică, nu poți face acest lucru ocazional, dar uneori te uiți în jur și îți spui
"Oh, Doamne! E o nebunie! Cum de avem copaci?"
Inutil să spun, vom vorbi despre asta.
Oricum, universul este un muncitor, și
a și a ridicat cea mai grea parte în acele prime câteva secunde.
Pentru comparație, mi-a luat aproximativ douăzeci de minute după ce m-am trezit
ca să ajung într-o poziție în picioare.
Dar universul este ceva mai eficient.
Arabic:
لكن نعم، إن كنا سنجري دراسة للكون
بالترتيب الزمني
فسيكون نشوء الزمن بداية جيدة للقصة.
إذن، لم يكن الانفجار العظيم قد حدث في داخل
الكون، ولم يتمدّد أيضًا إلى فراغ من نوع ما.
بل كان اللحظة التي نشأ فيها الزمان والمكان.
ما كان ينفجر هو الكون نفسه، فقد كان يتمدّد
من نقطة صغيرة لدرجة لا يمكن تصوّرها
ليصبح كونًا كبيرًا جدًا بسرعة لا يمكن تخيّلها.
قد تكون الأشياء التي لا يمكن تخيّلها
هي العنوان الفرعيّ لقصّة الانفجار العظيم.
لكنّها في الواقع، قد تكون عنوانًا فرعيًا
لكلّ شيء آخر في التاريخ.
أستطيع فعل هذا من وقت لآخر، لكن أحيانًا،
تنظر للخارج ويكون لسان حالك "يا إلهي!"
"هذا جنون! كيف نشأت الأشجار؟".
لا داعي للقول إنّنا سنتحدث عن ذلك.
على أيّ حال، الكون يعمل بجد، وأنجز
معظم تلك الأعمال الصعبة في اللحظات الأولى.
للمقارنة، أستغرق حوالى 20 دقيقة
بعد أن أستيقظ لأستطيع الوقوف حتّى.
لكنّ الكون أكثر كفاءة.
Turkish:
Kalacaksın Ama eğer evet, kronolojik yapmak
Evrenin çalışma, zamanın yaratılması
başlamak için oldukça iyi bir yer muhtemelen
Hikaye.
Yani büyük patlama oldu bir şey değildi
Evrenin içinde, ne de haline dönüşmeye vermedi
boşluğun bir çeşit. O anlamıyla andı
zaman ve mekan hem de oluşturulan zaman.
beceriyor şey evrenin kendisi oldu.
Bir hayal edilemeyecek küçücük gelen genişlediğini
hayal edilemeyecek büyük evren gelin, akıl almaz derecede
çabuk.
Tasavvur edilemez temelde altyazı olduğunu
Big Bang'in hikayesi, ama sonra tekrar,
o da her şeyi altyazı tür
Büyük tarihinin başka.
Ben sadece bazen bunu yapabilirsiniz demek, ancak
bazen dışarıda bakmak ve gibisin,
"Aman Tanrım! Bu delilik! Nasıl ağaçları aldın?"
Söylemeye gerek yok, biz bu konuda konuşuyor olacak.
Neyse, evren çalışkandı ve
ağır kaldırma çoğu olanlarda bitti
İlk birkaç saniye. Karşılaştırma için, onu alır
Ben uyanmak sonra bana yaklaşık yirmi dakika
beni bile ayakta pozisyonda kendimi içine alır.
Ama evren biraz daha verimlidir.
English:
But yeah, if you're gonna do a chronological
study of the universe, the creation of time
is probably a pretty good place to start the
story.
So the big bang wasn't something that happened
inside the universe, nor did it expand into
some kind of void. It was literally the moment
when both time and space were created. The
thing that was banging was the universe itself.
It was expanding from an unimaginably tiny
point to an unimaginably large universe, unimaginably
quickly.
Unimaginable is basically the subtitle to
the story of the big bang, but then again,
it's also kind of the subtitle to everything
else in big history.
I mean, I can only do this occasionally, but
sometimes you look outside and you're like,
"Oh, my goodness! This is nuts! How did we get trees?"
Needless to say, we will be talking about that.
Anyway, the universe is a hard worker, and
it got most of the heavy lifting done in those
first few seconds. For comparison, it takes
me about twenty minutes after I wake up for
me to even get myself into a standing position.
But the universe is somewhat more efficient.
Portuguese:
Mas, é, se você vai fazer um estudo cronológico do Universo,
a criação do tempo é um ótimo lugar para começar.
Então o Big Bang não foi algo que aconteceu "dentro"
do Universo, nem expandiu "no vazio".
Foi, literalmente, o momento em que ambos,
tempo e espaço, foram criados.
O que estava expandindo era o próprio Universo.
Ele foi expandindo de um ponto inimaginavelmente pequeno
a um inimaginavelmente grande Universo, inimaginavelmente rápido.
Inimaginável é, basicamente,
o subtítulo para a história do Big Bang.
Mas também é o subtítulo para tudo na "Big History".
Digo, às vezes você olha lá pra fora e pensa:
"Oh, meu Deus! Isso é muito doido!
De onde vieram as árvores?"
Nem preciso dizer, iremos conversar sobre isso.
De qualquer forma, o Universo trabalha duro;
ele terminou o trabalho pesado nos primeiros segundos.
Comparando, levo uns 20 minutos após acordar
para conseguir, ao menos, ficar de pé.
Mas, o Universo é mais eficiente.
Em sua origem, numa fração de segundo,
Japanese:
でもまあ
宇宙の歴史を追って行くなら
時間の誕生から話を始めるのは
悪くないね
ビッグバンは宇宙のどこかで起きたのでも
何か空っぽの中に広がったのでもなく
それまで無かった
時間と空間の誕生です
宇宙そのものが生まれた爆発の瞬間です
想像を絶する
小さな点から
想像を絶する大宇宙にまで
想像を絶する速さで拡大していきました
ビッグバンは
何もかも想像を絶しますけど
そもそもビッグヒストリー自体が
想像の外へ向かっていく行為です
だからこんな具合に
外に出て気付いて言うわけです
" あれま！
ナッツ落ちてるよ！
木なんかどうやってこさえた？ "
当然ながら詳しい説明も必要でしょう
とにかく
宇宙はやたら張り切って
大半の大仕事を
最初の数秒間で片付けてしまいます
僕なんて目覚めて２０分かけたところで
なんとか立ち上がれそうになるだけなのに
宇宙の方は
もう少し朝型なんです
宇宙は最初のほんの極一瞬で
Russian:
Но да, если заниматься хронологическим изучением Вселенной, то сотворение времени -
скорее всего, неплохое место для того, чтобы начать рассказ.
Итак, Большой Взрыв не был чем-то, что произошло ВО вселенной, и он не произошёл
в некой пустоте. Это был именно момент, когда пространство и время появились.
Взрывалась сама Вселенная. Она расширялась от невообразимо малой
точки до невообразимо большой Вселенной, и невообразимо быстро.
"Невообразимо" - по большому счёту, подтекст всей истории Большого Взрыва,но, опять же
это ещё и, в своём роде, подтекст вообще всего в Большой истории.
То есть, я могу делать это лишь периодически, но иногда Вы выглядываете наружу, и думаете:
"Господи! Это сумасбродно! Откуда у нас деревья?!" Понятное дело, мы будем об этом говорить.
В любом случае, Вселенная много работала, и сделала бОльшую часть работы в течение
первых нескольких секунд. Для сравнения, у меня уходит 20 минут после пробуждения
на то, чтобы перевестись в вертикальное положение. Но Вселенная несколько более эффективна.
Finnish:
Jos aiomme tehdä kronologisen tutkimuksen maailmankaikkeudesta, ajan syntymä
on luultavasti aika hyvä kohta aloittaa tarina.
Eli alkuräjähdys ei tapahtunut maailmankaikkeuden sisällä, eikä se laajentunut
jonkinlaiseen tyhjiöön. Se oli kirjaimellisesti hetki, jolloin sekä aika että avaruus syntyivät.
Se, mikä räjähti, oli maailmankaikkeus itse. Se laajeni käsittämättömän pienestä
pisteestä käsittämättömän suureksi maailmankaikkeudeksi käsittämättömän nopeasti.
Käsittämätön on käytännössä alkuräjähdyksen tarinan alaotsikko, mutta toisaalta
se on tavallaan alaotsikko kaikelle muullekin, mitä isossa historiassa käsitellään.
Voin tehdä tätä vain ajoittain, mutta joskus katsomme pihalle ja mietimme:
”Hyvänen aika! Sekopäistä! Mistä puut tulivat?” On sanomattakin selvää, että tulemme puhumaan siitä.
Joka tapauksessa, maailmankaikkeus on kova työntekijä ja se sai suurimman osan raskaasta työstä tehtyä
muutaman ensimmäisen sekunnin aikana. Vertailun vuoksi, minulla kestää 20 minuuttia heräämisen jälkeen
päästä seisoma-asentoon. Mutta maailmankaikkeus on hieman tehokkaampi.
Hungarian:
Szóval ja, ha kronológiailag szeretnéd vizsgálni az univerzumot, az idő kezdete
valószínűleg egy elég jó kezdőpont hozzá.
Szóval, az ősrobbanás nem olyasvalami ami az univerzumban történt, vagy ami valamiféle
ürességbe töltött ki. Konkrétan az a pillanat volt, amikor az idő és a tér is megszületett.
A dolog, ami robbant, maga az univerzum volt. Egy elképzelhetetlenül apró pontból terjedt
ki egy elképzelhetetlenül nagy univerzummá, elképzelhetetlenül gyorsan.
Az elképzelhetetlen valószínűleg az ősrobbanás alcíme, de ha jobban belegondolok,
ez az alcíme majdnem mindennek a Nagy Történelemben.
Mármint, néha csak kinézel az ablakon, és azt gondolod,
„Te jó ég! Ez őrület. Mégis honnan a francból vannak a fák?" Ne aggódjatok, erről is szót ejtünk majd.
Szóval, az univerzum egy szorgos gyerek, és a legnagyobb súlyokat azokban az első
másodpercekben emelte. összehasonlításképpen, nekem nagyjából 20 percembe telik, hogy reggelente egyáltalán
álló pozícióba tornázzam magam. Az univerzum valamivel effektívebb nálam.
Polish:
W najmniejszym ułamku pierwszej sekundy
Wszechświat rozszerzył się z czegoś o wiele,
wieeeele mniejszego od atomu mniej
więcej do rozmiaru grejpfruta.
Wyobraźcie to sobie tak: znacznie szybciej niż w mgnieniu oka Wszechświat w pierwotnym rozmiarze
piłki tenisowej osiągnąłby średnicę rzędu
ponad 90 miliardów lat świetlnych.
Ta teoria inflacji kosmologicznej została poparta solidnymi dowodami matematycznymi już jakiś czas temu,
niedawno jednak pojawiły się nowe, oszałamiające dowody pochodzące z projektu BICEP
na Biegunie Południowym, który niestety nie ma nic wspólnego z moimi mięśniami.
10 sekund po Wielkim Wybuchu Wszechświat
rozszerzył się na tyle, że obowiązywały w nim już
normalne zasady, które znamy i kochamy, łącznie z siłami atomowymi, grawitacją i elektromagnetyzmem.
Cała antymateria stworzona w Wielkim
Wybuchu połączyła się z materią
i uległa unicestwieniu, pozostawiając tylko
jedną miliardową materii powstałej podczas
Wielkiego Wybuchu. I ta zaledwie jedna miliardowa jest wszystkim, co dziś znamy! Dosłownie wszystkim.
Jest w każdym ziarenku piasku, każdej jagodzie,
każdej gwieździe, którą widzimy – we wszystkim!
Próbowaliśmy już zrozumieć, jak wiele to miliard,
ale zatrzymajcie się na chwilę i pomyślcie o tym –
Danish:
I en lille brøkdel af det første sekund, oppustede universet sig fra noget mange
mange, mange gange mindre end et atom, til samme størrelse som en grapefrugt. Tænk på det på
denne måde: På mindre end et øjeblik, hvis det fra starten havde været på størrelse med en
tennisbold, ville det have oppustet sig til mere end 90 mia. lysår stort.
Udvidelsesteorien har været bakket op af matematikken i lang tid, men den
har for nyligt fået fantastisk ny støtte fra BICEP-projektet ved Syd-polen.
Hvilket ikke har noget at gøre med mine arme (biceps)..
Ti sekunder efter Big Bang, havde universet udvidet sig nok til, at de normale regler
i universet: atomare kræfter, tyngekraft og elektromagnetisme, som vi kender og elsker
i dag, alle gjaldt. Alt det anti-stof, som blev dannet under Big Bang, var gået sammen
med stof, og havde tilintetgjort sig, og kun efterladt en milliardene-del af det stof der blev dannet
til at starte med, og den milliardene-del er alting! Og jeg mener ALTING. Hvert eneste sandkorn,
hvert blåbær du nogensinde vil spise, hver eneste stjerne du nogensinde får at se - alting!
Vi har allerede forsøgt at forstå hvor stor en milliard er, men tænkt lige over
Turkish:
Birinci, ikinci barest fraksiyon olarak,
Birçok şeyden şişirilmiş evren,
yaklaşık bir atom daha küçük birçok, birçok kez
Bir greyfurt büyüklüğünde. Gibi düşün
bu şekilde: Bir bir yanıp daha az
Göz, başlangıçta bir boyutu olsaydı
tenis topu, bitti şişirilmiş olurdu
90000000000 ışıkyılı.
Bu enflasyon teorisi de yedeklenen olmuştur
uzun bir süre için matematik tarafından şimdi, ama
Son zamanlarda bazı şaşırtıcı Yeni aldı
South BiCEP projesinden destek
Ne yazık ki ile ilgisi Pole, benim
silahlar.
On saniye büyük patlamadan sonra evren
normal kurallar yeterince genişletti
atomik kuvvetler ve yerçekimi ile evrenin
Bildiğimiz ve sevgi ve elektromanyetizma
Bugün, sorumlu zaten vardı. Tümü
big bang oluşturulan anti-madde kombine vardı
madde ile ve bırakarak, kendini yok
yaratılan maddenin sadece milyarda biri arkasında
big bang içinde ve bu milyarıncı her şeydir!
Ve her şey demek. Her bir kum tanesini,
Hiç yemek her yaban mersini, her yıldız
Hiç göreceksiniz - her şey!
Biz zaten ne kadar büyük anlamaya çalıştım
Bir milyar, ama sadece düşünmek duraklatmak
Swedish:
I den minsta bråkdelen av den allra första sekunden, förstorades universumet från något många,
många, många gånger mindre än en atom till storleken av en grapefrukt. Typ, tänk på det
på det här sättet: snabbare än du kan blinka, om det hade ursprungligen varit storleken av en
tennisboll, skulle det ha förstorats till 90 miljarder ljusår på tvären.
Denna förstoring har haft mycket stöd från matematiker ett ganska bra tag nu, men det
har nyligen fått förbluffande nytt stöd från BICEP-projektet på syd-
-polen,
vilket tyvärr inte har något att göra med mina vapen.
10 sekunder efter Big Bang, hade universumet expanderat tillräckligt att de normala reglerna
av vårt universum, med atomkrafter och gravitation och elektromagnetism som vi alla känner till
idag, vi har redan koll på detta. Allt anti-materia som hade skapats i Big Bang hade kombinerats
med materia och förintade sig självt, lämnandes enbart en miljarddel av materian som blev skapat
i Big Bang, och den miljarddelen är allt! Och jag menar verkligen allt. Varje sandkorn,
varje blåbär du någonsin kommer äta, varje stjärna du kommer se - allt!
Vi har redan försökt förstå hur stort en miljard är, men bara pausa och tänk på
Japanese:
原子よりもはるかにずっとずっと小さなところから
おおよそグレープフルーツの大きさにまで
一気に膨らんだんです
それがどのくらい凄いかと言うと
その瞬きよりはるかに短い一瞬の出来事を
最初の大きさを
テニスボールに変更すると
９０億光年を超えて膨らむ急激さです
長い間このインフレーション理論は
数学によって裏付けがなされてきましたが
最近驚くべき観察結果を携え
南極のBICEPプロジェクトが援軍に加わりました
僕のバイセップスが力になれなくて無念です
ビッグバンの１０秒後
すでに宇宙は十分に拡大して
４つの基本相互作用による
おなじみの物理法則が支配するようになりました
ビッグバンによって通常の物質と
一緒に生成された反物質が
全て物質と結合して
消滅したせいで
最終的には生成された物質は
最初の１０億分の１しか残りませんでした
そして１０億分の１というのが
今ある全てなんです
言ってることそのまま
この宇宙の全部の砂粒も
今まで食べたブルーベリー１粒１粒
あなたが目にする全ての星屑１粒１粒
何もかも！
何十億という数の大きさを
実感するために努めてきたましたけど
どうしたもんでしょう
全てを
この世の全てを集めても
Russian:
В мельчайшую долю секунды Вселенная расширилась от чего-то
НАМНОГО меньше атома до примерно размера грейпфрута. То есть, рассуждайте так:
меньше, чем в мгновение ока, будь она первоначально размером с
теннисный мячик, она бы разрослась до 90 миллиардов световых лет в диаметре.
Эта теория разрастания уже давно подкреплена математикой, но
недавно она получила дополнительные доказательства от проекта BICEP на Южном
Полюсе, который, к сожалению, не имеет отношения к моим красавцам.
Спустя 10 секунд после Большого Взрыва Вселенная расширилась настолько, что обычные
правила Вселенной, с ядерной силой и гравитацией и электромагнетизмом, которые мы знаем и любим
сегодня, уже были главными. Все антивещество, созданное в Большом взрыве, смешалось с
веществом и самоуничтожилось, оставив только одну миллиардную вещества, созданного
в Большом Взрыве,и эта миллиардная - всё. И я имею ввиду, ВСЁ. Каждая песчинка,
каждая съеденная ягода черники, каждая увиденная звезда - всё!
Мы уже попытались понять, насколько велик миллиард, но остановитесь и подумайте -
Portuguese:
No estresse do despertar, na fração do primeiro segundo, o universo inflou para algo muitas,
muitas, muitas vezes menor que um átomo para algo do tamanho de uma toranja. Sério, pense nisso
desta forma: em muito menos de um piscar de olhos, se tivesse, originalmente, o tamanho
de uma bola de tênis, ele inflaria mais que 90 bilhões de anos-luz de lado a lado.
Essa teoria de inflação tem sido fortemente apoiada por matemáticos há um longo tempo até agora,
mas recentemente ela recebeu alguns golpes cambaleantes do projeto "BICEP", no Pólo Sul,
que infelizmente não tem nada a ver com os meus músculos.
Dez segundos após o Big Bang, o universo expandiu o bastante para que as leis universais
do universo, como as forças nuclear e gravidade e electromagnetismo que nós conhecemos e amamos
nos dias de hoje, onde já conseguimos controlar. Toda a antimatéria criada no Big Bang foi combinada
com matéria e aniquilaram-se entre si, deixando para trás, apenas, um bilionésimo da matéria criada
no Big Bang, e aquele um bilionésimo é tudo! E eu quero dizer tudo, mesmo. Cada grão de areia,
toda "blueberry (mirtilo)" que você já comeu, toda estrela que você verá até o fim da sua vida — e tudo mais!
Nós já tentamos entender o quão grande um bilhão é, mas apenas pare e pense sobre
Romanian:
In cea mai veche fracțiune a primei secunde Universul s-a umflat de la ceva mult mai mic
decât un atom la ceva
de mărimea unui grapefruit. Cum ar fi, cred că
în acest fel: în mai puțin de o clipire din
ochi, în cazul în care ar fi fost inițial de mărimea unui
mingi de tenis, s-ar fi umflat la peste
nouăzeci miliarde de ani-lumină în diametru.
Această teorie a inflației a fost bine primită de matematicieni pentru o lungă perioadă de timp , dar
a primit recent un nou uluitor
sprijin din partea proiectului BICEPl la Polul Sud
Pole, care din păcate nu are nimic de a face cu meu armele mele.
Zece secunde după Big Bang, Universul s-a extins suficient ca normele obișnuite
ale universului, ca forțe atomice și gravitația și electromagnetismul pe care le știm și le iubim astăzi
să fie deja responsabile. Toată
anti-materia creată în Big Bang s-a combinat
cu materie și s-a anihilat, lăsând
în spatele lor doar o miliardime din materia creată
în Big Bang, și această miliardime este totul! Și vreau să spun totul. Fiecare fir de nisip,
fiecare afină pe care ați mâncat-o vreodată, fiecare stea pe care o veți vedea vreodată - totul!
Am încercat deja să înțelegem cât de mare este un miliard , dar luați doar o pauză să vă gândiți la asta: totul!
English:
In the barest fraction of the first second,
the universe inflated from something many,
many, many times smaller than an atom to about
the size of a grapefruit. Like, think of it
this way: in much less than a blink of an
eye, if it'd originally been the size of a
tennis ball, it would have inflated to over
ninety billion light-years across.
This inflation theory has been well backed-up
by mathematics for a long time now, but it
has recently received some staggering new
support from the BICEP project at the South
Pole, which sadly has nothing to do with my
guns.
Ten seconds after the big bang, the universe
had expanded enough that the normal rules
of the universe, with atomic forces and gravity
and electromagnetism that we know and love
today, were already in charge. All of the
anti-matter created in the big bang had combined
with matter and annihilated itself, leaving
behind only one billionth of the matter created
in the big bang, and that billionth is everything!
And I mean everything. Every grain of sand,
every blueberry you will ever eat, every star
that you will ever see - everything!
We've already tried to understand how big a billion is,
but just pause to think about that - everything!
German:
das viel, viel, viel kleiner ist als ein Atom, zu etwa der Größe einer Grapefruit auf.
Also, stellt es euch so vor: In weniger als einem Wimpernschlag, wenn es ursprünglich
die Größe eines Tennisballs gehabt hätte, hätte es sich auf über 90 Milliarden Lichtjahre weit aufgebläht.
Diese Inflationstheorie ist jetzt seit Langem gut von der Mathematik gesichert,
aber es erhielt neulich umwerfende neue Unterstützung durch das BICEP-Projekt am Südpol,
welches leider nichts mit meinen Muckis zu tun hat.
Zehn Sekunden nach dem Urknall hatte sich das Universum genug ausgedehnt, dass
die normalen Regeln des Universums mit den Kernkräften und der Schwerkraft und
dem Elektromagnetismus, die wir heute kennen und lieben, bereits galten.
Alle Antimaterie, die beim Urknall erschaffen worden ist, hat sich mit Materie vereinigt und sich selbst ausgelöscht.
Nur ein Milliardstel der Materie, die beim Urknall erschaffen worden ist, blieb zurück.
Und dieses Milliardstel ist alles!
Ich meine alles. Jedes Sandkorn, jede Blaubeere, die ihr je essen werdet, jeder Stern,
den ihr je sehen werdet – überhaupt alles!
Wir haben bereits versucht, zu verstehen, wie groß eine Milliarde ist, aber haltet mal eben inne, um darüber
Hungarian:
Az első másodperc töredéke alatt felfújta magát egy atomnál
sokkal sokkal kisebb valamiből egy grapefruit méretére. Gondolj rá így:
egy szempillantásnál sokkal rövidebb idő alatt, ha eredetileg teniszlabda
méretű lett volna, 90 milliárd fényév átmérőjűre puffadt volna.
A tágulási elméletet már rég rengeteg matematikus alátámasztotta, de
nemrég elképesztő új bizonyítékok érkeztek a BICEP projekttől a Déli Sarkról,
aminek sajnos semmi köze az én bicepszeimhez.
A Nagy Bumm után 10 másodperccel az univerzum eléggé kitágult ahhoz, hogy az univerzum törvényei,
az atomerővel, gravitációval és elektromágnesességgel, amiket ma ismerünk és szeretünk
már működjenek. Mindaz az az ősrobbanáskor keletkezett antianyag egyesült
az anyaggal és megsemmisítette önmagát, mindössze a keletkezett anyag milliárdad részét hagyva meg.
És ez a milliárdad minden! És ezt úgy értem, hogy minden. Minden homokszem,
minden áfonya ami valaha enni fogsz, minden csillag amit valaha látni fogsz - minden.
Már megpróbáltuk elképzelni, hogy milyen nagy is egy milliárd, de egy pillanatra próbáld meg ezt megérteni -
Korean:
첫 개시 1초보다 훨씬 작은 시간 내에 우주는 원래 크기인 원자보다도
훨씬 작은 사이즈에서 포도만큼으로 커졌습니다. 이렇게 생각하세요.
처음 눈깜박할 시간보다도 훨씬 짧은 시간내에 원래의 테니스 공
만한 크기에서 90 억 광년의 크기로 팽창했습니다.
이 팽창 이론은 오랜 기간 수학에 의해 이론적으로 주장되었으나
최근에 남극에서의 바이셉 프로젝트에 의해 더 한층 공고해졌습니다.
이 바이셉(이두박근)은 내 알통과는 무관.
빅뱅 후 10초 만에 우주는 벌써 충분히 팽창하여 원자 단위의 힘이나
중력 전자기력 등 우리에게 익숙한 것들이 벌써 탄생하여 역할을
하기 시작합니다. 빅뱅 때에 탄생한 모든 반입자들이 입자들과 결합하여
소멸되고 빅뱅 시 탄생한 입자들 중 단지 십억분의 일 정도밖에 안되는 살아 남은 입자들이
이 우주를 만들었습니다. 이 우주라는 것은 모든 것을 말합니다. 모래 한알 한알 모두
우리가 먹는 모든 블루베리 모두, 우리가 보는 모든 별 모두를 만들었습니다.
우리는 십억이 얼마나 큰지 이해하려고 노력하지만, 그냥 이렇게 이해하세요. 모든 걸 만들었다고..
French:
Dans une stricte fraction de la première seconde,
l'univers gonflé de quelque chose de beaucoup,
beaucoup, beaucoup de fois plus petit qu'un atome à environ la taille d'un pamplemousse.
Imaginez-le comme ça: en moins d'un clin d'oeil, si il avait été à l'origine de la taille d'une
balle de tennis, il aurait gonflé à plus de
90 milliards années-lumière.
Cette théorie de l'inflation a été bien appuyée
par les mathématiques depuis longtemps, mais il
a récemment reçue un surprenant nouvel appui du projet de BICEP au Pole sud,
qui n'a malheureusement rien à voir avec mes biscoteaux.
Dix secondes après le Big Bang, l'univers
s'était assez étendu pour que les lois ordinaires
de l'univers, avec les forces atomiques, la gravité
et de l'électromagnétisme que nous connaissons et aimons
aujourd'hui puissent gouverner. Tout l'antimatière créée dans le big bang s'était combinée à
la matière s'anéantissant alors, laissant seulement derrière un milliardième de la matière créée
dans le big bang, et ce milliardième est tout!
Et je dis bien tout. Chaque grain de sable,
tous les bleuets que vous aurez jamais mangé, chaque étoile que vous verrez dans votre existence - tout!
Nous avons déjà essayé de comprendre à quel point un milliard est grand, prenez un moment pour réfléchir au fait
Finnish:
Sekunnin hienoimmassa murto-osassa maailmankaikkeus laajeni jostakin atomia monta,
monta, monta kertaa pienemmästä noin greipin kokoiseksi. Ajattele asiaa
näin: paljon silmänräpäystä nopeammin, jos se olisi alun perin ollut
tennispallon kokoinen, se olisi kasvanut halkaisijaltaan yli 90 miljardin valovuoden levyiseksi.
Matematiikka on pitkään vahvasti tukenut teoriaa laajenemisesta, mutta
se on äskettäin saanut huikeaa uutta tukea Etelänavalla toimivasta BICEP-tutkimuksesta,
jolla ei ikävä kyllä ole mitään tekemistä muskelieni kanssa.
Kymmenen sekuntia alkuräjähdyksen jälkeen maailmankaikkeus oli laajentunut tarpeeksi, jotta sen
normaalit säännöt, atomivoimat ja painovoima ja sähkömagnetismi, jotka ovat meille tuttuja ja rakkaita,
vallitsivat jo. Kaikki alkuräjähdyksessä syntynyt antimateria oli yhdistynyt
aineeseen ja tuhonnut itsensä, jättäen jäljelle vain miljardisosan alkuräjähdyksessä
syntyneestä aineesta, ja tuosta miljardisosasta koostuu kaikki! Ja tarkoitan kaikkea. Jokainen hiekanjyvä,
jokainen mustikka jonka ikinä syöt, jokainen tähti jonka ikinä näet – kaikki!
Olemme jo yrittäneet ymmärtää kuinka paljon miljardi on, mutta pysähtykää miettimään tätä hetkeksi:
Italian:
In una piccolissima frazione di secondo,
l'Universo si è espanso da qualcosa di molto,
ma molto più piccolo di un atomo, a circa
le dimensioni di un pompelmo. Provate a pensarla
in questo modo: in meno di un batter d'occhio,
se fosse stato originalmente grande come
una palla da tennis, si sarebbe espanso a oltre
90 milioni di anni luce di diametro.
Questa teoria dell'inflazione cosmica ha trovato
l'appoggio della matematica per lungo tempo,
ma ha ricevuto di recente nuovo sbalorditivo
supporto dal progetto BICEP al Polo Sud.
(Che sfortunatamente non ha nulla a che fare con le mie armi).
Dieci secondi dopo il Big Bang, l'Universo
si era espanso abbastanza che le normali leggi
dell'Universo, con le forze atomiche, la gravità e l'elettromagnetismo che conosciamo e ci piacciono oggi,
erano già presenti. Tutta l'antimateria
creata dal Big Bang si era combinata
con la materia e si era annichilita, lasciando dietro
di sé solo un miliardesimo della materia creata
nel momento del Big Bang, e quel miliardesimo è
tutto! Intendo dire ogni cosa! Ogni granello di sabbia,
ogni mirtillo che potrai mai mangiare,
ogni stella che potrai mai vedere – tutto!
Abbiamo già cercato di capire quanto è grande un miliardo – ma fermiamoci un attimo a pensare a questo – tutto!
Arabic:
الجزء الأول من اللحظة الأولى،
تضخّم الكون من شيء أصغر بكثير من الذرّة
ليصبح بمثل حجم الغريبفروت.
فكّروا في الأمر بهذه الطريقة، خلال أقلّ
من طرفة عين، إن كان بمثل حجم كرة التنس
لتضخّم على اتساع 90 مليار سنة ضوئيّة.
نظرية التضخّم هذه مدعومة
من علماء الحساب منذ زمن طويل،
ولكنّها تلقّت مؤخرًا دعمًا مدهشًا
من مشروع مصفوفة "بايسيب" في القطب الجنوبي.
بعد الانفجار العظيم بعشرة لحظات، كان الكون قد
تمدّد بدرجة كافية حتى أنّ قوانين الكون الطبيعية
بقوى الذرّة والجاذبية والمغناطيسية الكهربائية
التي نعرفها ونحبها اليوم كانت مسؤولة فعليًا.
كل المادة المضادة التي وُجدت في الانفجار
العظيم اندمجت مع المادة ودمرت نفسها
لتترك جزءًا من مليار جزء من المادة
التي نتجت في الانفجار العظيم.
وذلك الجزء من المليار هو كلّ شيء وأعني
أنّه كل شيء، كل حبيبة رمل وثمرة توت أكلتها
وكل نجم ستراه في حياتك، كل شيء!
سبق أن حاولنا أن نستوعب حجم المليار،
لكن توقّف قليلًا للتفكير في ذلك، كل شيء!
Portuguese:
o Universo inflou de muito menor que um átomo
para o tamanho de uma laranja.
Em muito menos de um piscar de olhos,
se tivesse o tamanho de uma bola de tênis,
ele inflaria mais de 90 bilhões de anos-luz.
Essa teoria da inflação tem sido
fortemente apoiada pela matemática,
e recentemente ela recebeu mais suportes
surpreendentes do projeto "BICEP",
que infelizmente não tem
nada a ver com os meus músculos.
Dez segundos após o Big Bang, o Universo expandiu o bastante para que as leis universais
(a força nuclear, gravidade e eletromagnetismo que nós conhecemos e amamos hoje) já estarem em funcionamento.
Toda a antimatéria foi combinada com matéria e aniquilaram-se entre si,
deixando para trás, apenas, um bilionésimo da matéria criada no Big Bang.
e aquele um bilionésimo é tudo!
E eu quero dizer tudo, mesmo.
Cada grão de areia, cada amora que você já comeu,
cada estrela — e tudo mais!
Nós já tentamos entender quão grande um bilhão é,
mas apenas pare e pense sobre isso — tudo!
Dutch:
In de strikte fractie van de eerste seconde, blies het heelal op vanuit iets dat vele,
vele, malen kleiner is dan een atoom ter grootte van een pompelmoes. Denk eraan op deze
manier: in veel minder dan het knipperen van een oog, als het oorspronkelijk de grootte van een
tennisbal was geweest, zou het hebben opgeblazen tot meer dan 90 miljard lichtjaar.
Deze inflatie theorie is goed ondersteund geweest door wiskundigen voor een lange tijd nu, maar het
heeft onlangs duizelingwekkende nieuwe steun gekregen van het BICEP project op de Zuidpool,
dat helaas niets te maken heeft met mijn geweren.
10 seconden na de oerknal heeft het heelal genoeg uitgebreid dat de normale regels van
het universum, met atomaire krachten en de zwaartekracht en elektromagnetisme dat we kennen en waarvan houden
vandaag, de leiding al hadden. alle anti-materie gemaakt in de oerknal was gecombineerd
met materie en vernietigde zichzelf, en liet enkel één miljardste van de gecreëerde materie die in oerknal
achter, en dat miljardste is alles! En ik bedoel alles. Elke zandkorrel,
elke bosbes die je ooit zult eren, elke ster die je ooit zult zien, alles!
We hebben al geprobeerd om te begrijpen hoe groot een miljard is, maar pauzeer even om te denken
Spanish:
En la mínima fracción del primer segundo, el universo se infló desde algo muchísimas
veces más pequeño que un átomo hasta el tamaño de un pomelo. Piénsalo así:
en mucho menos que un parpadeo, si originalmente tenía el tamaño de una bola
de tenis, luego se hubiera inflado hasta los 90.000 millones de años luz de díametro.
Esta teoría de la inflación ha sido bien respaldada por las matemáticas por mucho tiempo, pero
recientemente ha recibido gran respaldo del projecto BICEP en el
polo sur, el que tristemente nada tiene que ver con mis brazos.
10 segundos luego del Big Bang, el universo se expadió lo suficiente para que las reglas normales
del universo, las fuerzas atómicas, la gravedad y el electromagnetismo que tanto queremos
hoy, se pusieron al mando. Toda la antimateria creada en el Big Bang se combinó con
la materia y se aniquiló, dejando atrás solo una milmillonésima parte de la materia creada
en el Big Bang, ¡y esa milmillonésima parte es todo! Literalmente todo. ¡Cada grano de arena,
cara arándano que comerás, cada estrella que verás, todo!
Ya tratamos de entender cuan grande es un billón, pero has una pausa y piensa en esto,
Vietnamese:
Trong mấy khắc đầu tiên, vũ trụ phình ra
từ kích cỡ nhỏ hơn một hạt nguyên tử rất rất nhiều lần thành cỡ một trái bưởi.
Nghĩ như vầy nè, trong một khoảng nhanh hơn cái chớp mắt, nó phình từ
kích cỡ một trái banh quần vợt thành một thứ gì đó có kích cỡ 90 tỷ năm ánh sáng
Thuyết Giãn nở đã được dẫn chứng bằng Toán học từ rất lâu, nhưng mới đây
nó vừa mới được củng cố thêm từ đề án BICEP ở Nam Cực.
Cũng buồn là nó chẳng liên quan gì đến súng của tôi cả.
10 giây sau Vụ Nổ lớn, vũ trụ đã giãn ra đến mức các luật phổ biến của vũ trụ
như Lực Nguyên tử, Lực Hấp dẫn, Điện từ mà chúng ta biết và trân trọng ngày nay
đều có hiệu lực. Tất cả các thứ Phi Vật chất được tạo ra từ Vụ Nổ lớn đã kết hợp với
Vật chất và tự diệt, để lại 1 phần 1 tỷ vật chất tạo ra trong Vụ Nổ lớn
Và 1 phần tỷ đó là tất cả! Và "tất cả" đó có nghĩa là mỗi hạt cát,
mỗi trái việt quất mà bạn ăn, mọi vì sao mà bạn ngắm... Mọi thứ!
Ta đã tìm hiểu 1 tỷ lớn như thế nào, nhưng mà tạm dừng và nghĩ xem
iw:
בחלקיק של השנייה הראשונה להיווצרותו, היקום התרחב ממשהו שקטן בהרבה
הרבה הרבה יותר מאטום, לגודל של אשכולית. במחשבה על כך
בהרבה פחות זמן ממיצמוץ, אם זה היה במקור בגודל של
כדור טניס, זה התרחב למעל תשעים ביליון שנות אור ברחבי המרחב
תאוריית התפיחה הזאת גובתה רבות על ידי מתמתיקאים מזה הרבה זמן, אבל
לאחרונה זה קיבל מספר אישושים מפרויקט "ביסף" בקוטב הדרומי
שלצערי לא קשור לנשקים שלי.
עשר שניות אחרי הנפץ הגדול, היקום כבר התרחב מספיק כדי שהחוקים הרגילים
של היקום, עם הכוחות האטומים והכבידה והאלקטרומגנטיות שאנחנו אוהבים ומכירים
כיום, כבר החלו לפעול. כל האנטי-חומר שנוצר בנפץ הגדול התרכב
עם חומר וביטל את עצמו והשאיר ביליונית מהחומר שנוצר
בנפץ הגדול והביליונית הזאת היא הכל! ואני מתכוון להכל, כל חלקיק חול,
כל אוכמניה שתאכל וכל כוכב שאי פעם תראה, הכל!
כבר ניסינו להבין עד כמה גדול זה ביליון, אבל תעצרו שניה ותחשבו על זה
German:
nachzudenken – alles! Alles ist ein Milliardstel der Materie, die beim Urknall erschaffen worden ist.
Das erste Gesetz der Thermodynamik besagt, dass Materie und Energie weder geschaffen
noch vernichtet werden können. Alles, was wir jetzt haben, hatten wir damals.
Die Materie, die euren Körper ausmacht in diesem Moment, war schon da seit diesen Momenten
vor 13,8 Milliarden Jahren. Sie hat einfach nur die Form verändert.
Nach nur 3 Minuten war das Universum kühl genug, dass sich Atomkerne begannen zu formen
– nur Wasserstoff und Helium damals, die zwei einfachsten Elemente,
aber merkt euch die. Denn es stellte sich heraus, wenn man einen Haufen Wasserstoff nimmt und wartet,
sowas wie mehrere Milliarden Jahre, dann könnte man sich einen Menschen züchten!
Lasst uns daran erinnern: Zu dieser Zeit war das Universum noch sehr, sehr heiß.
Ich will das Wort „unvorstellbar“ nicht zu häufig benutzten, aber es war unvorstellbar heiß!
Das Universum verblieb als megaheißes Meer, dominiert von Strahlung.
Aber dann zum Glück kühlte es sich auf milde 2760 Grad Celsius ab, rund 380.000 Jahre nach dem Urknall,
was Masse und Strahlung gestattete, sich zu trennen.
English:
Everything! Is one billionth of the matter
created in the big bang. [Explosion sound]
The first law of thermodynamics is that matter
and energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Everything we have now, we had then. The matter
that makes up your body right now has been
around since those moments 13.8 billion years
ago. It's simply changed form.
After just three minutes, the universe was
cool enough that the nuclei of atoms started
forming - just hydrogen and helium back then,
the two simplest elements - keep those two
in mind, however, because it turns out, if
you take a bunch of hydrogen and you wait
like, several billion years, you might just
grow yourself some humans!
Let's remember: at this time, the universe
was still very, very hot. I don't wanna use
the word unimaginable too often, but it was
unimaginably hot!
The universe remained like an uber-hot sea
dominated by radiation, but then luckily,
it simmered down to a balmy 5,000 degrees
Fahrenheit about 380 thousand years after
the big bang, allowing matter and radiation
to separate.
Japanese:
ビッグバンでできた物質の
たったの１０億分の１
熱力学第一法則は説明します
物質とエネルギーは
新しく生み出されも消え去りもしません
現在ある全ては
初めから存在した
だから今あなたを形作っている物質も
世界に存在するどんな物質も
１３８億年前のその瞬間に
全部一緒に生じ
かたちを組み変えてきました
ちょうど３分経った宇宙は
原子核が壊れない程良い冷め具合で
水素とヘリウム
最も単純な元素二種類が現れ始めます
この二つは良いものですよ
１３８億年くらいそいつを大事にとっておけば
それが人間になるわけですから！
しかし冷めたと言っても
宇宙はまだまだめちゃくちゃ暑いんです
" 想像を絶する "なんて
何回も言いたくないけど
想像を絶する暑さでした！
宇宙空間全体が放射線でごった返して
こんがらがっていたのです
ですが幸いにも
ビッグバンから３８万年も経てば暑さも緩み
宇宙気温２７６０℃まで
落ち着いてくれたお陰で
物質と放射線の
区別がつくようになりました
ところで物質とはエネルギーが
ぎゅっと凝縮したものな訳です
Danish:
det - alting! Alting er kun en milliardene-del af det der først blev skabt i Big Bang.
Termodynamikkens første lov siger at stof og energi hverken kan blive skabt eller gå i stykker.
Alt det vi har nu, havde vi altså dengang. Det stof der lige nu udgør din krop har været
her siden disse første øjeblikke for 13,8 mia. år siden. Det har blot ændret form.
Efter tre minutter var universet koldt nok til at atomkernerne begyndte
at forme sig - kun brint og helium dengang, de simpleste elementer.
Husk på dem, for det viser sig at hvis du tager noget brint og venter
nogle milliarder år, kan du måske dyrke nogle mennesker!
Husk på: På dette tidspunkt var universet meget meget varmt. Jeg vil ikke bruge
ordet ubegribeligt for ofte, men det var ubegribeligt varmt!
Universet forblev et über-varmt sted domineret af stråling, indtil det heldigvis
svalede lidt af til rare 2760 grader Celcius cirka 380 år efter
Big Bang, hvilket tillod stof og stråling at blive skilt ad.
Polish:
wszystko... WSZYSTKO to zaledwie jedna miliardowa część materii stworzonej w Wielkim Wybuchu.
Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki mówi, że nie
można stworzyć ani zniszczyć materii.
Wszystko, co mamy teraz, istniało również kiedyś. Materia, która obecnie tworzy nasze ciała,
istnieje już od tamtych chwil, 13,8 miliarda lat temu.
Po prostu zmieniła swoją formę.
Po zaledwie trzech minutach Wszechświat na tyle
się ochłodził, że zaczęły się formować
jądra atomów – tylko wodoru i helu, dwóch najprostszych pierwiastków – zapamiętajcie je,
bo okazuje się, że jeśli wziąć trochę wodoru i poczekać
jedynie kilka miliardów lat,
można sobie wyhodować człowieka!
Pamiętajcie: wówczas we Wszechświecie
było jeszcze bardzo, bardzo gorąco.
Nie chciałbym nadużywać określenia „niewyobrażalny“, ale... było niewyobrażalnie gorąco!
Wszechświat był niczym nader gorące morze zdominowane przez promieniowanie; potem jednak,
ok. 380 tysięcy lat po Wielkim Wybuchu, temperatura na szczęście spadła do „kojących“ 2760 stopni Celsjusza,
umożliwiając rozdzielenie się materii i promieniowania.
Turkish:
Bu - her şey! Her şey! Milyarda biridir
big bang yaratılan maddenin.
Termodinamiğin birinci yasası o konudur
ve enerji oluşturulan veya yok edilemez.
Şimdi var her şeyi, biz sonra vardı. Madde
şu an vücudunuzu oluşturan olmuştur
etrafında o anları 13,8 milyar yıldan beri
önce. Bu sadece formu değişti.
Sadece üç dakika sonra, evrenin oldu
atomların çekirdekleri başladı yeterince serin
şekillendirme - sadece hidrojen ve helyum geri, sonra
İki basit elemanları - Bu ikisini tutmak
düşünülerek, ancak, eğer, çıkıyor çünkü
Eğer hidrojen bir demet alıp beklemek
gibi, birkaç milyar yıl, sadece olabilir
kendinize biraz insanlar büyümek!
Unutmayalım: Şu anda, evren
hala çok, çok sıcaktı. Ben kullanımını istemiyorum
düşünülemez kelime çok sık, ama öyleydi
düşlenemeyecek sıcak!
Evren bir uber-sıcak deniz gibi kaldı
sonra neyse ki radyasyon hakim, ancak,
Bir çatlak 5000 dereceye kadar simmered
Fahrenheit yaklaşık 380 bin yıl sonra
madde ve radyasyon izin big bang,
ayırmak.
Portuguese:
Tudo é um bilionésimo da matéria criada no Big Bang.
A 1ª lei da termodinâmica é:
"Matéria e energia não podem ser criadas ou destruídas."
Tudo que há agora, existe desde o início.
A matéria que forma seu corpo está por aí
desde aqueles momentos, 13,8 bilhões de anos atrás.
Apenas mudou de forma.
Depois de apenas 3 minutos, o Universo já estava "frio" o bastante
para que o núcleo dos átomos começassem a se formar
(Só hidrogênio e hélio naquela época, os dois elementos mais simples — guarde esses dois)
Porque se você pegar um monte de hidrogênio e esperar
vários bilhões de anos, você pode criar alguns humanos!
Mas lembre-se: o Universo ainda estava muito, muito quente.
Eu não quero usar a palavra "inimaginável" o tempo todo,
mas estava inimaginavelmente quente!
O Universo permaneceu assim, dominado por radiação,
Até que ele esfriou até uns agradáveis 3.000 graus Cº,
por volta de 380 mil anos depois do Big Bang,
permitindo que a matéria e a radiação se separassem.
Vietnamese:
MỌI THỨ! Mọi thứ là 1 phần tỷ của vật chất tạo ra từ Vụ Nổ lớn [Bùm]
Luật thứ nhất của Nhiệt học, vật chất và năng lượng không thể tạo ra và mất đi
Mọi thứ mà ta có bây giờ là thứ ta có về sau. Thứ mà tạo nên cơ thể bạn đã có từ
mấy khoảnh khắc 13.8 tỷ năm về trước. Chỉ là thay đổi hình dạng thôi.
Chỉ sau 3 phút, vũ trụ đã mát lại để nhân nguyên tử được tạo ra -
- mới đầu chỉ có hydro và heli - 2 nguyên tố cơ bản nhất. Hãy nhớ 2 thứ này
bởi vì nếu bạn gôm một đống nguyên tử Hydro,
sau vài tỷ năm, có thể bạn sẽ tạo ra con người.
Xin nhớ rằng tại thời điểm này, vũ trụ lúc này vẫn còn rất rất nóng, tôi không muốn dùng từ
"không tưởng" quá nhiều, nhưng mà nóng không tưởng!
Vũ trụ như là một đại dương siêu nóng, thống trị bởi bức xạ, nhưng may thay
nó xuống độ tới chừng 2760 độ C sau khi Vụ Nổ lớn xảy ra được 380 ngàn năm
Điều này cho phép vật chất và các bức xạ phân tách.
Italian:
Tutto è un miliardesimo della materia
creata dal Big Bang.
La prima legge della termodinamica afferma che materia ed energia non possono essere create o distrutte.
Tutto ciò che abbiamo ora, lo avevamo anche allora.
La materia che ora compone il vostro corpo
è in circolo da 13,8 miliardi di anni fa.
Ha solo cambiato forma.
Dopo appena tre minuti, l'Universo era abbastanza
freddo da permettere la formazione dei nuclei atomici
– in quel momento solo idrogeno ed elio –
teneteveli in mente,
perché si scoprirà che se prendente un po'
di idrogeno e aspettate
qualcosa tipo parecchi miliardi di anni,
potrete far crescere da soli alcuni esseri umani!
Ricordiamo che in questo momento l'Universo
è ancora molto, molto caldo. Non voglio usare
troppo spesso la parola "incredibilmente",
ma era incredibilmente caldo!
L'Universo era un mare super-caldo
dominato dalla radiazione, poi fortunatamente
è sceso alla mite temperatura di 5000 gradi
Fahrenheit circa 380 mila anni dopo
il Big Bang, permettendo
a materia e radiazione di separarsi.
Dutch:
dat, alles! alles! is één miljardste van de materie gecreëerd in de oerknal.
De eerste wet van thermodynamica is dat energie niet kan ontstaan of vernietigd.
Alles wat we nu hebben, hadden we toen. De materie dat je lichaam maakt was er al
13.8 miljard jaar geleden. Het is gewoon van vorm veranderd.
Na amper 3 minuten was het universum koel genoeg dat atoomkernen zich begonnen te
vormen, gewoon waterstof en helium toen, de 2 simpelste elementen, houdt rekening met die 2,
want het blijkt dat als je een bos waterstof neemt en dan
enkele miljarden jaren wacht, je zelf een aantal mensen laat groeien.
Laten we niet vergeten: op dit moment is het universum nog steeds zeer, zeer warm. Ik wil het woord
onvoorstelbaar niet te vaak gebruiken, maar het was onvoorstelbaar warm!
Het universum bleef zoals een uber-hete zee gedomineerd door straling, maar dan koelde
het gelukkig af tot 2760 graden Celsius ongeveer 380 duizend jaar na
de oerknal, waardoor materie en straling konden scheiden
Romanian:
Totul! Este o miliardime a materiei creată în Big Bang.
Prima lege a termodinamicii este că materia și energia nu pot fi create sau distruse.
Materia care formează corpul vostru acum a fost aici
în jurul acelui moment de acum13,8 miliarde de ani. Pur și simplu și-a schimbat forma.
După doar trei minute, universul a fost
destul de rece ca nucleii de atomi să înceapă
să se formeze - doar hidrogen si heliu atunci, cele mai simple două elemente - păstrați-le pe cele două
în minte,totuși, pentru că în cazul în care luați o grămadă de hidrogen și așteptați
cum ar fi, mai mulțe miliarde de ani, s-ar putea să creșteți câțiva oameni!
Să ne amintim: în acest moment, universul era încă foarte, foarte fierbinte. Nu vreau să folosesc
cuvântul de neimaginat prea des, dar a fost neînchipuit de fierbinte!
Universul a rămas ca un mare uber-hot
dominat de radiație, dar apoi din fericire,
a scăzut până la un benefic 5000 de grade Fahrenheit în aproximativ 380 mii de ani după
Big Bangl, permitând materiei și radiațiilor să se separe.
Finnish:
kaikki! Kaikki koostuu yhdestä miljardisosasta kaikesta aineesta, joka syntyi alkuräjähdyksessä.
Termodynamiikan ensimmäinen pääsääntö sanoo, että ainetta ja energiaa ei voida luoda eikä tuhota.
Kaikki, mitä meillä on nyt, meillä oli silloin. Aine, josta kehosi koostuu, on ollut
olemassa noista hetkistä 13,8 miljardia vuotta sitten asti. Se on vain muuttanut muotoaan.
Vain kolmen minuutin jälkeen maailmankaikkeus oli niin viileä, että atomien ytimet alkoivat
muodostua – silloin vain vedyn ja heliumin, kahden yksinkertaisimman alkuaineen. Muista kuitenkin
nämä kaksi, sillä vaikuttaisi siltä, että jos otat nipun vetyä ja odotat
useita miljardeja vuosia voit kasvattaa itsellesi muutaman ihmisen!
Muistetaan kuitenkin, että tässä vaiheessa maailmankaikkeus oli edelleen hyvin, hyvin kuuma. En halua käyttää
sanaa käsittämätön liian usein, mutta se oli käsittämättömän kuuma!
Maailmankaikkeus oli kuin superkuuma säteilyn hallitsema meri, mutta sitten, onneksi,
se viileni leutoon 540 celsiusasteen lämpötilaan noin 380 tuhatta vuotta
alkuräjähdyksen jälkeen, jolloin aine erosi säteilystä.
iw:
שהכל! הכל! הוא ביליונית מהחומר שנוצר בנפץ הגדול.
החוק הראשון בטרמודינמיקה הוא שחומר ואנרגיה לא יכולים להיווצר או לההרס
כל מה שיש לנו עכשיו, היה גם אז. החומר שמרכיב את הגוף שלך כרגע היה
בסביבה באותם הרגעים לפני 13.8 ביליון שנים. זה בסך הכל שינה צורה
אחרי 3 דקות בסך הכל, היקום היה קר מספק שהניקלאוידים של האטומים התחילו
להיווצר - רק מימן והליום דאז, שני האלמנטים הפשוטים ביותר. תזכור את שני אלה
אבל מסתבר שאם אתה לוקח הרבה מימן ומחכה
כמה ביליון שנים, אתה עלול לגדל לעצמך כמה בני אנוש!
בואו נזכור: בנקודה ההיא היקום היה עדיין מאוד, מאוד חם. אני לא רוצה
להשתמש במושג לא ניתן לתיאור יותר מדי, אבל זה היה לא ניתן לתיאור חם!
היקום נותר כמו ים מאוד חם, המורכב בעיקר מרדיאציה, אבל למזלנו
הוא ירד מ-2760 מעלות בערך 380 אלף שנה אחרי
הנפץ הגדול, מה שאפשר לחומר ולרדיאציה להיפרד
Spanish:
¡Todo! ¡Todo! es una milmillonésima parte de la materia creada durante el Big Bang.
La primera ley de la termodinámica dice que la materia y la energía no pueden ser creadas o destruidas.
Todo lo que tenemos ahora, lo teníamos antes. La materia de tu cuerpo ahora mismo ha estado
aqui desde esos momentos 13.800 millones de años atrás. Simplemente cambió de forma.
Luego de 3 minutos, el universo se enfrió suficiente para que los núcleos atómicos se empezaran a
formar, solo hidrógeno y helio en ese entonces, los 2 elementos más simples, tenlos
en mente, dado que si tomas un montón de hidrógeno y esperas como varios miles de millones de años
quizás puedas obtener algunos humanos!
Recordemos: en este momento, el universo estaba todavía muy, pero muy caliente. No quiero
decir inimaginablemente caliente, pero lo estaba.
El universo permaneció como un mar super caliente dominado por la radiación, pero luego,
por suerte se enfrió hasta los 2700 ºc, 380 mil años después del
Big Bang, permitiéndo a la materia y la radiación separarse.
French:
que - tout! Tout! Est un milliardième
de la matière créée dans le Big Bang.
La première loi de la thermodynamique dit que la matière et l'énergie ne peuvent pas être créées ou détruites.
Tout ce que nous avons maintenant, nous l'avions avant. La matière qui constitue votre corps en ce moment même a
existé depuis ces 13,8 milliards années. Elle a juste changé de forme.
Après seulement trois minutes, l'univers était assez froid pour que les noyaux des atomes commencent
à se former - juste l'hydrogène et l'hélium à l'époque,
les deux éléments les plus simples - garder les
à l'esprit, cependant, car il s'avère que si
vous prenez un tas d'hydrogène et vous attendez
genre, plusieurs milliards d'années, vous pourriez vous retrouver avec des humains!
Rappelons-nous en: à ce moment, l'univers
était encore très, très chaud. Je ne veux pas utiliser
le mot incroyable trop souvent, mais c'était
incroyablement chaud!
L'univers est resté sous la forme d'une soupe très chaude dominé par le rayonnement, mais heureusement,
il a mijoté jusqu'à un doux 5000 degrés Fahrenheit environ 380 000 ans après
le Big Bang, permettant à la matière et au rayonnement de se séparer.
Arabic:
كل شيء هو جزء من مليار جزء من المادة
الناجمة عن الانفجار العظيم!
القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية
هو أنّ المادة والطاقة لا تفنى ولا تُستحدث.
كل ما لدينا الآن، كان موجودًا آنذاك.
المادة التي تشكّل جسدك الآن
كانت موجودة منذ تلك اللحظات قبل 13،8
مليار عام. لكنّها تغيّرت في الشكل فحسب.
بعد 3 دقائق فقط، أصبح الكون باردًا
بالدرجة الكافية لتبدأ نوى الذرّات بالتشكّل.
وكانت ذرّات الهيدروجين والهيليوم فقط آنذاك،
أبسط العناصر، لكن تذكّروا هذين العنصرين
لأنّه تبيّن أنّك إن أحضرت كمية من الهيدروجين
وانتظرت بضعة مليارات السنوات
فقد تصنع لنفسك بعض البشر.
تذكّروا أنّه في هذا الوقت،
كان الكون ساخنًا جدًا.
لا أريد تكرار استخدام كلمة "لدرجة لا يمكن
تخيّلها"، لكنّه كان ساخنًا لدرجة لا يمكن تخيّلها.
بقي الكون أشبه ببحر شديد السخونة،
تسيطر عليه الإشعاعات.
ولحسن الحظ، هبطت حرارته لـ5 آلاف فهرنهيتية
قبل حوالى 380 ألف سنة بعد الانفجار العظيم
مما أتاح للمادة والإشعاع الانفصال.
Russian:
ВСЁ! Всё есть одна миллиардная вещества, созданного в Большом Взрыве.
Первый закон термодинамики - вещество и энергия не могут быть ни созданы, ни уничтожены.
Всё, что у нас есть сейчас, у нас было тогда. Вещество, составляющее Ваше тело сейчас, существовало
с тех мгновений 13,8 миллиардов лет назад. Оно лишь изменило форму.
Спустя всего лишь 3 минуты, Вселенная была достаточно охлаждена, чтобы ядра атомов
начали появляться - тогда лишь водород и гелий, два простейших элемента. Но держите их
в уме, поскольку, как выясняется, если взять много водорода и подождать
несколько миллиардов лет, то можно вырастить людей!
Не забываем, в это время Вселенная была ОЧЕНЬ горячей. Не хочу использовать
"невообразимо" слишком часто, она она была невообразимо горячей!
Вселенная оставалась таким сверхраскалённым морем радиации, но, к счастью,
оно успокоилось до приятных 5000 градусов по Фаренгейту (2760 по Цельсию) примерно через 380 тысяч лет после
Большого Взрыва, позволив веществу и радиации разделиться.
Hungarian:
minden. Minden! Az egy milliárdad része annak, ami az ősrobbanáskor keletkezett.
A termodinamika első főtétele szerint az anyagot illetve energiát nem lehet létrehozni vagy elpusztítani.
Minden, amink most van, volt akkor is. Az anyag ami most a testedet építi fel, itt van
13,8 milliárd éve. Csupán a formája változott meg.
Három perc múlva, az univerzum lehűlt annyira, hogy az atomok atommagjai elkezdtek
formálódni - akkor még csak hidrogén és hélium, a két legegyszerűbb elem. Azonban figyelj rájuk,
mert kiderül, hogy ha fogsz egy kis hidrogént és héliumot, és vársz, úgy
7 milliárd évet, növeszthetsz magadnak néhány szép embert!
Ne felejtsük el, ekkor az univerzum még mindig nagyon, nagyon forró volt. Nem akarom túl sokszor használni az
"elképzelhetetlen" szót, de elképzelhetetlenül forró volt.
Az univerzum maradt ez a sugárzó über-meleg tenger, de aztán, szerencsére
lehűlt a kellemes 5000 Fahrenheitre, úgy 380 ezer évvel az
ősrobbanás után, és lehetővé tette az anyag és sugárzás különválását.
Korean:
빅뱅시에 창조된 물질의 단지 10 억분의 1 만이 소멸되지 않고 남아 모든 것을 만들어 냈다는 것을 알아두세요.
열역학 제 1 법칙에 의하면 물질과 에너지는 새로이 만들어지거나 없어질 수 없습니다.
그래서 빅뱅 때 탄생한 물질들이 옛날이나 지금이나 우주를 구성합니다. 우리 몸을 구성하는 물질들은
138 억년전부터 있던 물질들입니다. 단지 형태만을 바꿔갈 뿐입니다.
빅뱅 후 불과 3분 만에 우주는 많이 식어서 원자핵이 만들어지기
시작합니다. 당시엔 수소나 헬륨, 즉 가장 간단한 원소만 형성되었으나 . 이 두
원소를 잘 기억해야 하는 것이, 수소를 잔뜩 갖고
수십억년을 기다리면 인간으로 바뀔 수 있기 때문이지요.
그런데 아직은 우주가 매우 매우 뜨겁습니다. 난 상상불가란 말을
함부러 쓰는 것을 싫어하지만 정말 상상불가로 뜨겁습니다.
우주는 아직 너무 뜨거워 엄청 복사빛을 발사하지만, 결국 비교적 온화한
화씨 5,000 도까지 빅뱅 38 만년 만에 식게 됩니다.
이 때에 물질과 빛이 분리가 되는 것이지요.
Swedish:
det - allting! ALLTING är en miljarddel av materian skapad i Big Bang.
Termodynamikens första lag är att materia och energi kan inte skapas eller förstöras.
Allting vi har nu, hade vi förr. Materian som din kropp består av har funnits
i världen sedan de där ögonblicken
13.8 miljarder år sedan. Det har bara ändrat form.
Efter endast 3 minuter, var universumet svalt nog att atomkärnorna började
formas - bara väte och helium på den tiden, de två enklaste elementen - behåll dem två
i tankarna dock, för att det visar sig, om du tar en mängd väte och du väntar
typ, flera miljarder år, är det mycket möjligt att odlat fram några människor!
Kom ihåg: vid denna tid var universumet fortfarande väldigt, väldigt varmt. Jag vill inte använda
ordet otänkbart för ofta, men det var otänkbart varmt!
Universumet förblev som ett übervarmt hav dominerad av strålning, men sedan som tur var,
sjöd det ned till en ljummen grad av 2760 grader Celsius ungefär 380 tusen år efter
Big Bang, tillåtandes materia och strålning att separera.
Portuguese:
isso — tudo! Tudo!, é um bilionésimo da matéria criada no Big Bang.
A primeira lei da termodinâmica é: "Matéria e energia não podem ser criadas ou destruídas."
Tudo que conhecemos agora, continuará. A matéria que empilha o seu corpo neste momento está,
por aí, desde aqueles 13.8 bilhões de anos atrás. Somente mudou de forma.
Após, apenas, três minutos, o universo já estava fresco o bastante para que o núcleo dos átomos começassem
a se formar — só Hidrogênio e Hélio naquela época, os dois elementos mais simples — guarde esses dois
no coração, no entanto, porque acontece de, se você pegar um monte de hidrogênio e esperar
vários bilhões de anos, você pode criar, você mesmo, alguns humanos!
Vamos lembrar: a esta hora, o universo ainda estava muito, muito quente. Eu não quero usar
a palavra "inimaginavelmente" a todo momento, mas estava inimaginavelmente quente!
O universo permaneceu assim, como um incomparável oceano fervente, dominado por radiação, até que então, felizmente,
ele esfriou até os agradáveis 5,000 graus Fahrenheit, por volta de 380 mil anos após
o Big Bang, permitindo que a matéria e a radiação se separassem.
Portuguese:
E lembre-se, matéria é apenas
uma forma de energia mais palpável.
Digo, você é uma firme bolsa de energia.
No meu caso, não tão firme.
Todavia, a 3.000 graus Cº, a radiação foi finalmente
capaz de seguir seu caminho livremente pelo Universo,
e nós vemos essa radiação hoje como o fim
da "Idade das Trevas" que prosseguiu o Big Bang,
e o início de um brilhante flash que chamamos
de "Radiação Cósmica de Fundo (RCF)".
(Um ótimo nome para uma banda)
Físicos a chamam de "impressão digital" do Universo e é uma das mais importantes evidências que temos do Big Bang.
Porque a RCF está em todo lugar.
Ligue o rádio numa frequência que não tenha estação,
uma porção de estática que você ouve é,
na verdade, aquela RCF sendo transmitida pelo rádio.
Então você pode, literalmente,
ouvir o Universo em sua infância!
Às vezes é complicado saber o que é verdade, especialmente
quando se trata de acontecimentos que ocorreram há tanto tempo.
É por isso que criamos ciência,
o elegante sistema para separar o joio do trigo.
Turkish:
Ve mesele sadece daha pıhtılaşmış olduğunu unutmayın
enerji formu. Yani, sen biraz vardır
enerji firması çanta. Benim durumumda, değil firması.
Neyse, 5000 Fahrenheit at, radyasyon
Sonunda serbestçe hareket edebildi
evren ve biz bugün bu radyasyon bakın
ardından Karanlık Çağ sonuna kadar
big bang ve parlak bir başlangıcı
Kozmik Arkaplan Radyasyon çağrı flaş,
hangi bir grup için büyük bir isim.
Fizikçiler parmak diyorlar
evren ve en önemlilerinden biri var
biz var tarihsel kanıtlar parçaları
big bang, CBR her yerde çünkü.
Değil bir frekansa ayarlayın radyo
Bir istasyonu var - statik bir kısmını size
duymak aslında kozmik fon radyasyon
senin telsizle alınıyor. Böylece yapabilirsiniz
kelimenin tam anlamıyla emekleme döneminde evreni duyuyorum!
Bazen ne olduğunu bilmek zor olabilir
Gerçek, özellikle biz bahsediyoruz zaman
uzak şimdiye kadar oldu şeyler
Geçmiş. Biz bilim yarattı yüzden yani,
gerçekleri sıralamak için zarif sistemi
bir gübre.
Yani sadece sınırlı insan duyuları kullanırken,
19. aynı sonuca olabilir
Vietnamese:
Và nhớ rằng Vật chất cũng giống như năng lượng tụ lại. Ý tôi là bạn cũng
giống như một cái túi năng lượng. Trong trường hợp của tôi thì cái túi không được chắc lắm.
Nói gì nói, ở cái độ 2760 độ C, bức xạ đi khắp vũ trụ
và chúng ta thấy được bức xạ ngày nay là từ ngày cuối của Thời kỳ Tăm Tối
của Vụ Nổ lớn, và là khởi đầu của một vệt sáng chói lóa mà ta gọi là Bức Xạ Phông Vi Sóng Vũ Trụ (BXPVSVT).
Đặt tên này cho ban nhạc cũng hay à nghen!
Các nhà vật lý học gọi đó là "dấu vân tay" của vũ trụ và đó là một trong
những bằng chứng lịch sử quan trọng nhất cho Vụ Nổ lớn, bởi vì BXPVSVT có ở khắp nơi.
Hãy mở máy thu thanh lên ở một tần số vô chủ nào đó - một phần tĩnh mà bạn nghe thật chất là
tần số của BXPVSVT được máy thu thanh bắt được.
Nói đúng nghĩa luôn là bạn đang nghe thấy tuổi thơ của vũ trụ đấy.
Đôi khi cũng căng ở chỗ là một nhận định có đúng hay không, đặc biệt là về thứ
đã xảy ra quá lâu trong quá khứ. Cho nên chúng ta mới có Khoa học,
để chứng thực các phán đoán hay nhận định một cách có hệ thống và bằng chứng.
Nếu chỉ dùng các giác quan đơn thuần, bạn rất dễ đi vào kết luận y như hồi thế kỷ 19
German:
Und denkt dran, Masse ist einfach eine erstarrtere Form von Energie. Ich meine, ihr seid
ein einigermaßen fester Beutel aus Energie. In meinem Fall, nicht ganz so fest.
Also, wie auch immer, bei 2760 Grad Celsius war Strahlung endlich fähig, sich frei durch das
Universum zu bewegen, und wir sehen diese Strahlung heute als das Ende des finsteren Mittelalters an,
welches auf den Urknall folgte, und als den Beginn eines strahlenden Blitzes,
den wir kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung nennen, was ein großartiger Name für eine Band ist.
Physiker (und -innen) nennen es den Fingerabdruck des Universums und es ist eines der wichtigsten Teile
des historischen Nachweises, den wir haben für den Urknall, denn CBR ist überall.
Stellt euer Radio auf eine Frequenz ein, die keinen Sender hat – ein Anteil der atmosphärischen Störungen,
die ihr hört, ist tatsächlich diese kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung,
die von eurem Radio eingefangen wird.
Also könnt ihr buchstäblich das Universum in seiner Anfangsphase hören!
[Hank] Manchmal kann es knifflig sein zu wissen, was zutrifft, ganz besonders wenn wir über Zeug reden,
das sich so weit entfernt in der Vergangenheit abspielte. Das ist der Grund, warum
wir Wissenschaft ins Leben gerufen haben, dieses elegante System, um die Fakten vom Dünger zu trennen.
Also, indem ihr eure begrenzten menschlichen Sinne benutzt, mögt ihr zur gleichen Schlussfolgerung kommen
Russian:
Помните, вещество - лишь более плотная форма энергии. То есть, Вы просто несколько
упругий мешок с энергией. В моём случае, не очень упругий.
Так, 2760 по Цельсию и радиация получила возможность свободно перемещаться
по Вселенной,и мы видим эту радиацию как конец Темных Веков, последовавших за
Большим Взрывом, и началом великолепной вспышки под названием космическая радиация,
отличное название для музыкальной группы.
Физики называют её отпечатком пальца Вселенной и одним из важнейших
исторических доказательств Большого Взрыва, потому что космическая радиация есть везде.
Настройте радио на частоту, где нет станции - частью шума
будет космическая радиация. Так что можно,
в буквальном смысле, слушать Вселенную в её молодости!
Иногда сложно понять, что правда, особенно когда речь о
вещах, произошедших настолько давно. Поэтому мы создали науку, эту
элегантную систему, отделяющую факты от удобрений.
Просто используя свои ограниченные органы чувств, можно придти к тому же заключению, что
iw:
ותזכרו, חומר הוא בסך הכל צורה מצומצמת יותר של אנרגיה. אני מתכוון, אתם בסך הכל שק גדול של אנרגיה
בכל מקרה, ב-2670 מעלות, רדיאציה יכלה סופסוף לנוע בחופשיות ברחבי
היקום, ואנו רואים את הרדיאציה הזאת היום כסוף "ימי הביניים" של
הנפץ הגדול, ותחילת הפלאש הגאוני "קרינת רקע קוסמית"
שיכול להיות אחלה שם ללהקה.
פיזיקאים קוראים לזה טביעת האצבע של היקום וזאת אחת הפיסות היסטוריה החשובות
ביותר שיש לנו אודות הנפץ הגדול. בגלל שזה נמצא בכל מקום
תדליקו את הרדיו שלכם על ערוץ ללא תחנה - חלק ממה שאתם שומעים
זה למעשה הקרינת רקע קוסמי שנקלט ברדיו שלכם. אז אתם אשכרה יכולים
לשמוע את היקום בילדותו
לפעמים זה יכול להיות טריקי לדעת מה נכון, במיוחד כאשר מדברים על דברים
שקראו כל כך בעבר. בגלל זה המצאנו את "המדע"
מערכת אלגנטית שמבודדת את העובדות מהדשן
אז רק על ידי שימוש בחושים האנושיים המוקבלים שלך, את יכול להגיע לאותה מסקנה כמו מדענים
English:
And remember, matter is just a more congealed
form of energy. I mean, you are a somewhat
firm bag of energy. In my case, not that firm.
So anyway, at 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit, radiation
was finally able to move freely through the
universe, and we see that radiation today
as the end of the Dark Ages that followed
the big bang, and the beginning of a brilliant
flash that we call Cosmic Background Radiation,
which is a great name for a band.
Physicists call it the fingerprint of the
universe and it's one of the most important
pieces of historical evidence we have for
the big bang, because CBR is everywhere.
Tune your radio to a frequency that doesn't
have a station - a portion of the static you
hear is actually that cosmic background radiation
being picked up by your radio. So you can
literally hear the universe in its infancy!
Sometimes it can be tricky to know what's
true, especially when we're talking about
stuff that happened so far in the distant
past. That is why we created science, that
elegant system for sorting out the facts from
the fertilizer.
So just using your limited human senses, you
might come to the same conclusion as 19th
Finnish:
Ja muista, että aine on vain jähmeämpää energiaa. Olet siis jotenkuten
kiinteä säkki energiaa. Minun tapauksessani vähemmän kiinteä.
Joka tapauksessa, 540 celsiusasteessa säteily pystyi vihdoin vapaasti liikkumaan
maailmankaikkeudessa, ja nykyään me pidämme tuota säteilyä merkkinä alkuräjähdyksen
jälkeisen Pimeän ajan lopusta, ja alkuna välähdykselle, jota kutsumme kosmiseksi taustasäteilyksi
– mikä olisi hieno nimi bändille.
Fyysikot kutsuvat sitä maailmankaikkeuden sormenjäljeksi ja se on yksi tärkeimpiä
historiallisia todisteita alkuräjähdyksestä, sillä kosminen taustasäteily on kaikkialla.
Viritä radiosi taajuudelle, jolla ei ole kanavaa – osa kuulemastasi kohinasta
on itse asiassa radiosi havaitsemaa kosmista taustasäteilyä. Voit siis
kirjaimellisesti kuulla, miltä varhainen maailmankaikkeus kuulosti!
Joskus voi olla vaikeaa tietää, mikä on totta, etenkin kun puhumme asioista,
jotka tapahtuivat niin kaukana menneisyydessä. Tämän vuoksi kehitimme tieteen, tuon
elegantin järjestelmän, jolla erottelemme tosiasiat tyhjänpäiväisyyksistä.
Käyttämällä rajallisia ihmisaistejasi saatat tulla samaan lopputulokseen kuin 1800-luvun
Portuguese:
E lembre-se, matéria é meramente uma forma de energia mais palpável. Digo, você é um saco
de energia, firme. No meu caso, não tão firme.
Todavia, a 5,000 graus Fahrenheit, a radiação foi finalmente capaz seguir seu caminho livremente pelo
universo, e nós vemos essa radiação hoje como o fim da Idade das Trevas que prosseguiu
o Big Bang, e o início de um brilhante clarão que nós chamamos de "Radiação Cósmica de Fundo (CBR)",
que é um ótimo nome para uma banda.
Físicos chamam de "impressão digital" do universo e é uma das mais importantes
peças da evidência histórica que temos do Big Bang, por causa a CBR está em todo lugar.
Ligue a sua rádio em uma frequência que não tenha uma estação — a porção de estática que você
ouve é, na verdade, aquela radiação cósmica de fundo sendo transmitida pelo rádio. Então você pode,
literalmente, ouvir o universo em sua infância!
Às vezes pode parecer complicado saber o que é verdade, especialmente quando estamos falando de
acontecimentos que ocorreram há tanto tempo, num passado muito distante. É por isso que criamos ciência,
o elegante sistema para organizar os fatos do fertilizante.
Logo, usando sua limitada inteligência humana, você pode chegar a mesma conclusão
Dutch:
En onthoud, materie is gewoon een meer gestolde vorm van energie. Ik bedoel, je bent een enigzins
stevige zak van energie, in mijn geval niet zo stevig.
Dus hoe dan ook, op 2760 graden Celcius was de straling eindelijk is staat om zich vrij te bewegen door
het universum, en we zien die straling vandaag als het einde van de donkere tijden na de
oerknal, en als het begin van een briljante flits die we Kosmische Achtergrondstraling noemen,
welke een geweldige naam is voor een band.
Natuurkundigen noemen het de vingerafdruk van het universum en het is een van de meest belangrijkste
stukken van historisch bewijs dat we hebben voor de oerknal, omdat CBR overal is.
Stem uw radio af op een frequentie die geen zender heeft, een deel van het geluid dat je
hoort is eigenlijk die kosmische achtergrondstraling die opgepikt wordt door uw radio. Dus je kan
letterlijk het universum horen in zijn kinderschoenen.
Soms kan het lastig zijn om te weten wat waar is, zeker wanneer we het hebben over
dingen die tot nu toe in het verre verleden gebeurden. Dat is waarom we de wetenschap gecreëerd hebben,
dat elegante systeem om de feiten van de meststof te onderscheiden.
dus gewoon uw beperkte menselijke zintuigen gebruiken en misschien kom je tot dezeldfe conclusie als de 19e
Spanish:
Y recuerden, la matería es solo una forma de energía más condensada. Quiero decir que solo eres
una bolsa más o menos firme de energía. En mi caso, no tan firme.
Así que a 2700º c, la radiación finalmente pudo moverse libremente por el universo,
y podemos ver esa radiación hoy, como el fín de la Edad Oscura que siguió al Big Bang
y el comienzo de un flash brillante que llamamos "Radiación Cósmica de Fondo", el cual
es un gran nombre para una banda.
Los físicos la llaman la huella dactilar del universo y es una de las más importantes piezas
de evidencia histórica que tenemos del Big Bang, porque la Rad. Cósm. de Fondo está en todos lados
Pon tu radio en una frecuencia que no tenga una estación y una porción de la estática que
escuchas es de hecho la Rad. Cósm. de Fondo captada por tu radio. ¡Así que
puedes literalmente oir el universo en su infancia!
A veces puede ser difícil saber que es verdad, especialmente cuando hablamos sobre
cosas que pasaron hace tanto tiempo. Por eso creamos la ciencia, ese sistema
elegante para separar los hechos, del fertilizante.
Así que solo utilizándo tus limitados sentidos humanos, llegarías a la conclusión a la que los científicos
Hungarian:
Ne felejtsd el, hogy az anyag csak a energia egy dermedtebb formája. Úgy értem, te magad is
valahol egy zsák kemény energia vagy. Az én esetemben nem is olyan kemény.
Tehát, 5000 Fahrenheiten a sugárzás végre képes volt szabadon mozogni az univerzumban
és mi ezt a sugárzást ma az ősrobbanást követő sötét korszak végének és
a vakító villanás, a kozmikus háttérsugárzás (CBR) kezdetének gondoljuk, ami egyébként
remek bandanév.
A fizikusok ezt az univerzum ujjlenyomatának is hívják és ez az egyik legfontosabb
bizonyítéka az ősrobbanásnak, mivel a CBR mindenhol ott van.
Tekerd a rádiódat olyan frekvenciára, amin nincs csatorna - a statikus zaj egy része
igazából a kozmikus háttérsugársás lesz, amit a rádió felvett. Tehát hallgathatod
az univerzum csecsemőkorát!
Néha nehéz megmondani, hogy mi is igaz, főleg, ha ilyen rég
történt dolgokról beszélünk. Ezért teremtettük meg a tudományt, ezt
az elegáns módszert arra, hogy kiszűrjük a tényeket a trágyából.
Tehát a limitált emberi érzékszerveidet használva arra a konklúzióra juthatsz, amire a 19. századi
Romanian:
Și amintiți-vă, materia este doar o mai congelată formă de energie. Adică, ești oarecum un
sac de firmă de energie. În cazul meu, nu firma asta.
Deci, oricum, la 5.000 de grade Fahrenheit, radiațiile în cele din urmă au fost capabile să se deplaseze liber prin
univers, și vom vedea astăzi radiatii
ca la sfârșitul Evului Mediu care au urmat
Big Bang-ului, și începutul unui
Flash strălucitor pe care o numim Cosmic radiație de fond,
care este un nume bun pentru o trupă.
Fizicienii o numesc amprentă a
Universului și este una dintre cele mai importante
piese a evidenței istorice pe care o avem pentru Big Bang pentru că CBR este peste tot.
Dă radioul la o frecvență care nu
e pe stație - o parte din semnalul pe care îl
auzi este de fapt acea radiație cosmică de fond
preluată de radio. Asa că poți
literalmente auzi universul în fază incipientă!
Uneori poate fi dificil să știi ce e
adevărat, mai ales atunci când vorbim despre
lucruri care s-au întâmplat atât de departe în trecut. De aceea am creat știința, acest
sistem elegant pentru scoaterea faptelor din îngrășământ.
Deci, folosind doar simțurile dvs. umane limitate, puteți ajunge la aceeași concluzie ca și
Italian:
E ricordate, la materia è solo una forma più
congelata di energia. Voglio dire, siete un po' come
una sacca stabile di energia.
(Nel mio caso, non poi tanto stabile).
Comunque, a 5000 gradi Fahrenheit la radiazione è stata finalmente in grado di muoversi liberamente attraverso
l'Universo, e oggi vediamo la radiazione
come la fine dell'età oscura che ha seguito
il Big Bang, e l'inizio di un lampo brillante
che chiamiamo "Radiazione Cosmica di Fondo" (RCF),
che è un gran bel nome per una band.
I fisici la definiscono l'impronta digitale
dell'Universo, ed è una delle più importanti
testimonianze storiche che abbiamo
sul Big Bang perché la RCF è ovunque.
Sintonizzate la radio in una frequenza che
non ha stazione – una parte della statica
che si sente è proprio la radiazione cosmica
di fondo catturata dalla vostra radio, quindi potete
letteralmente ascoltare l'Universo nella sua infanzia!
A volte può risultare arduo sapere che cosa è vero,
soprattutto se si parla di cose
accadute così lontano nel passato.
Ecco perché abbiamo creato la scienza,
quel sistema elegante per il riordinamento
dei fatti dal guazzabuglio.
Usando solamente i limitati sensi umani,
si potrebbe arrivare alla stessa conclusione
Danish:
Og husk på, stråling er blot en ændret form for energi. Du er jo en ret
fast pose af energi. I mit tilfælde, knap så fast.
Ved 2760 grader Celcius kunne strålingen bevæge sig frit gennem
universet, og vi kan i dag se denne stråling, som afslutningen på de mørke tider der fulgte
Big Bang, og begyndelsen på et et skarpt lysglimt som vi kalder for den kosmiske baggrundsstråling,
hvilket også er et storartet navn til et band.
Fysikere kalder det universets fingeraftryk, og det er et af de vigtigste
stykker af historisk bevis vi har for Big Bang, for den kosmiske baggrundsstråling er overalt.
Sæt din radios frekvens et sted hvor der ikke er en station, og en del af det støj du hører
vil være fra den kosmiske baggrundsstråling der bliver samlet op af din radio. Du kan altså
bogstaveligt talt høre universet som spæd!
Nogle gange kan det være svært at regne ud hvad der er rigtigt, især når vi taler om
ting der skete så langt tilbage i den fjerne fortid. Derfor har vi opfundet videnskab,
som er et elegant system til at adskille fakta fra fup.
Ved at bruge dit begrænsede sanseapparat kunne du måske komme frem til den samme konklusion som
Korean:
물질이란 에너지가 좀 더 응결된 형태라는 것을 기억하세요. 내 말은 당신의 육체는 에너지의
견고한 백입니다. 제 경우엔 별로 견고하지 못해요.
어쩃든, 화씨 5000도가 되어 복사에너지는 마침내 우주 공간을 자유로이 움직이게
되었고, 우리는 천체 관찰을 통해 빅뱅 이후 암흑시대가 마침내 마감되어 나타난 그 빛을
관측할 수 있는데, 그 것을 과학자는 우주 배경복사라고 부르지요. 이 배경 복사는
거대한 우주의 음악 밴드라고 할까요죠.
물리학자들은 우주배경복사를 우주의 지문으로 부르며, 이 복사는
빅뱅의 가장 중요한 증거가 되었습니다. 왜냐하면 우주 어디에도 있으니까요.
방송국 주파수가 없는 곳으로 라디오를 맞춰보면 주파수와 관계없이 나타나는
잡음 중 일부가 바로 라디오가 수신한 우주 배경복사입니다. 즉 우주의
영아시절의 소리를 듣는 것이지요.
특히 우리가 아주 옛 적 얘기를 할 때엔 무엇이 사실인지를 알기가
어렵습니다. 그래서 우린 과학을 창조하여 이 탁월한 시스템으로
복잡한 비료로부터 여러 사실들을 추려내지요.
당신의 한계가 있는 인간의 감각으로는 아마 19세기 과학자와 같은
French:
Et rappelez-vous que la matière n'est qu'une forme plus figée d'énergie. Je veux dire, vous êtes un peu
comme un sac costaud d'énergie.
Dans mon cas, pas si costaud que ça.
Enfin, bref à 5000 degrés Fahrenheit, le rayonnement était enfin capable de se déplacer librement à travers
l'univers, et nous voyons le rayonnement aujourd'hui comme la fin de l'âge des ténèbres qui a suivit
le Big Bang, et le début d'un brillant
éclair que nous appelons le fond diffus cosmologique,
ce qui est un nom sympa pour un groupe de musique.
Les physiciens l'appellent l'empreinte digitale de l'univers et c'est l'une des preuves historiques
les plus importantes pour le Big Bang, parce le FDC est partout.
Ajustez votre radio à une fréquence qui n'a pas de station lui correspondant - une partie du bruit statique que vous
entendez est en fait ce fond diffus cosmologique que votre radio arriver à capter.
Donc vous pouvez littéralement entendre l'univers durant son enfance!
Parfois, il peut être difficile de savoir ce qui est vrai, particulièrement quand on parle de
choses qui se sont produites il y a tellement de temps. C'est pour cela qu'on a créé la science,
ce système élégant permettant de retrouver la vérité parmi tout le reste.
Donc, juste en utilisant vos sens humains limités, vous pourriez en venir à la même conclusion que les scientifiques
Polish:
Pamiętajmy, że materia to po prostu bardziej zastygła forma energii. Znaczy – każdy z nas jest
w pewnym sensie workiem stwardniałej energii.
No, w moim przypadku wcale nie takiej twardej.
Tak czy siak, w temperaturze 2760°C promieniowanie mogło się w końcu swobodnie przemieszczać po
Wszechświecie – dziś postrzegamy je jako koniec swoistego kosmicznego średniowiecza, które miało
miejsce po Wielkim Wybuchu, oraz początek jasnego przebłysku zwanego kosmicznym promieniowaniem tła [ang. CBR],
co byłoby świetną nazwą rockowego zespołu.
Fizycy nazywają ten fenomen odciskiem palca Wszechświata. Stanowi on jeden z najważniejszych
dowodów historycznych, jakie posiadamy w temacie Wielkiego Wybuchu, gdyż CBR jest tak właściwie wszędzie.
Wystarczy nastawić radio na częstotliwość, na której
nie ma żadnej stacji – część słyszanych dźwięków
stanowi właśnie kosmiczne promieniowanie tła wychwytywane przez odbiornik radiowy.
Można dosłownie posłuchać odgłosów
Wszechświata w powijakach!
Czasami prawda może być trudna do poznania,
zwłaszcza gdy mówimy o rzeczach,
które miały miejsce w tak bardzo odległej przeszłości. Dlatego też stworzyliśmy naukę –
elegancki system wyodrębniania faktów z bredni.
Za pomocą jakże ograniczonych ludzkich zmysłów możemy dojść do tych samych wniosków,co XIX-wieczni
Swedish:
Kom ihåg, materia är bara en stilla form av energi. Jag menar, du är något av en
fast påse av energi. Eller i mitt fall, inte så fast.
Så i alla fall, vid 2760 grader Celsius, var strålningen äntligen fri att förflytta sig genom
universumet, och vi kan se den strålningen idag, som slutet av den mörka medeltiden som kom efter
Big Bang, och början av en brilliant blixt vi kallar Kosmisk Bakgrundsstrålning,
vilket är ett jättebra namn för ett band.
Fysiker kallar det för universums fingeravtryck och det är en av de viktigaste
stycken av historiskt bevis vi har för Big Bang, eftersom KB är överallt.
Vrid radion till en frekvens som inte har en station - en del av det brus du
hör är faktiskt Kosmisk Bakgrundsstrålning som radion fångar upp. Så du kan
bokstavligen höra universums barndom!
Ibland kan det vara svårt att veta vad som är sant, speciellt när man pratar om
saker som hände så pass långt bak i det förflutna. Detta är anledningen till att vi skapade vetenskapen, detta
eleganta system för att sortera ut faktan från gödningsmedlet.
Så, enbart användandes dina begränsade mänskliga sinnen, kanske du skulle komma till samma slutsats som 1800-tals
Japanese:
だからあなたは
エネルギーが充満した饅頭なんです
十万石 (じゅうまんごく) 饅頭
じゃなくて
とにかく
２７６０℃まで下がった宇宙なら
放射線は自由に飛び交うので
それまで何も見通せなかった
宇宙の暗黒時代から
霧が晴れ上がり
光が射したよう
その時の最初のひらめきは
現在も観測できる宇宙背景放射
バンドの名前にピッタリでしょう
これは物理学者に言わせれば
事件現場の指紋のようなもので
宇宙がビッグバンした時に残した
重要証拠なんだそうで
というのも宇宙背景放射は
宇宙全体のどこにでもありますから
試しにラジオを局の無いあいた周波数に合わせると
その静寂に混ざった
微かな騒めきは
ラジオが拾った本物の宇宙背景放射です
今あなたにも聴こえるでしょう宇宙の産声が！
( ラジオのノイズの音 )
何が本当なのか知るのって
厄介な時あるよね
余りにも遠い昔に起こった事なんて特に
だったらそんな時は
科学を用いて
事実からどうでもいいものを
科学を用いて
事実からどうでもいいものを
綺麗さっぱり
ふるい落せば良いんだ
人間の限られた感覚だけに頼ってたら
Arabic:
وتذكروا، المادة هي مجرّد
شكل أكثر تحجّرًا من الطاقة.
أي أنّكم مجرّد كيس صلب من الطاقة.
في تلك الحالة، أنا لست صلبًا جدًا.
على أي حال، بحرارة 5 آلاف فهرنهيتية،
استطاعت الإشعاعات التنقل بحرية عبر الكون.
ونرى تلك الإشعاعات اليوم، على أنّها نهاية
العصر المظلم الذي تبع الانفجار الكبير
وبداية ضوء مشرق نطلق عليه
اسم "الإشعاع الخلفيّ الكونيّ".
وهم اسم رائع لفرقة موسيقية.
يسمّي الفيزيائيون ذلك بصمة الكون، وهو
من أهمّ الأدلة التاريخية على الانفجار العظيم
لأنّ الإشعاع الخلفيّ الكونيّ
موجود في كلّ مكان.
عند ضبط مذياعك على تردّد لا يحتوي محطّة،
سيكون جزء من التشويش الذي تسمعه
هو ذلك الإشعاع الخلفيّ الكونيّ
الذي التقطه مذياعك
إذن، يمكنك سماع الكون في طفولته
بالمعنى الحرفيّ!
قد يكون من الصعب أحيانًا معرفة الحقيقة
خاصة حين نتحدث عن أشياء وقعت
في الماضي البعيد، لذلك ابتكرنا العلم.
ذلك النظام الأنيق لتمييز الحقائق
عن الهراء.
إذن، فقط باستخدام حواسك البشرية المحدودة،
قد تتوصل لنفس استنتاجات علماء القرن الـ19
Russian:
учёные 19 века - Вселенная статична, вечна и бесконечна... А вот если использовать
наши разумы, то, если Вселенная бесконечна и в ней бесконечное количество звёзд и она была всегда,
то ночное и дневное небо были бы набиты
звёздами, причём до такой степени, что дневное и ночное время были бы неотличимы. Это, явно,
не так, так что что-то упущено.
Вселенная, вероятно, не статична, не бесконечна, и не вечна. Что именно?
Знаете, как, когда скорая едет к вам, звуковые волны сжимаются и
сирена звучит более высокой, а по мере приближения волны растягиваются
и она звучит ниже? Это эффект Допплера.
А вот ещё одно знакомое имя: Эдвин Хаббл. Он понял, что свет делает то
же самое. Свет движущихся от нас галактик и звёзд растягивается и становится
более красным, а движущихся к нам - сжимается и становится более синим.
Вкупе с работой Генриетты Левитт, позволившей нам точно определить,
насколько далеко звёзды, Хаббл смог определить, что звёзды в целом улетают друг от друга.
Korean:
결론을 내릴 것입니다. 즉 우주는 정적이고 영원하고 무한하다.. 단 그러면 생각을 해보죠. 우주가
정말로 무한하고 무한한 별들을 갖고 있고 별들은 항상 그자리에 있다면
그러면 밤낮관계없이 우주의 어느 방향으로도 별들은 꽉 차있어야 합니다.
그래서 우주 방향을 구별할 수 없어야죠. 그런데 분명히 그렇지는 않죠
그래서 뭔가는 잘 못 된거네요.
우주는 정적이지 않거나, 무한하지 않거나. 영원하지 않거나입니다. 그렇죠?
앰뷸런스가 경적을 울리며 다가오면 음파는 압축되어
소리가 높아지고 반대로 멀어지면 파장은 길어져 소리는 저음이 되지요?
이것을 도플러 효과 라고 합니다.
또 다른 유명한 이름이 있어요. 에드윈 허블, 그는 빛도 마찬가지 원리가 성립한다는 것을 알았죠.
우리로 부터 멀어져 가는 은하군이나나 별들은 파장이 좀 더 붉은 쪽으로 이동하고
우리에게 다가오는 별들의 빛은 압축되어 좀 더 푸른 색을 띱니다
헨리에타 리빗의 연구결과, 즉 별의 거리 추정법을 근거로 하여
허블은 별들이 전체적으로 서로 멀어져 간다는 것을 알아 내었습니다
Danish:
videnskabsfolkene fra det 19. århundrede gjorde, nemlig at universet er uforanderligt, evigt og uendeligt... Men
ved at at bruge vores hjerner, kan vi se, at hvis universet er uendeligt og indeholder et uendeligt antal stjerner og altid har eksisteret,
så ville nattehimlen, og for den sags skyld dag-himlen, være fyldt op med
stjerner, så man ikke kunne kende forskel på dag og nat. Det er jo ikke tilfældet,
så noget passer ikke sammen.
Enten er universet ikke uforanderligt, ikke uendeligt eller ikke evigt. Hvilket er det så?
Kender du lyden af en ambulance der nærmer sig, hvor lyden bliver sammenpresset og
sirenen lyder højere, og når den er forbi dig, strækkes lyden ud så
den bliver dybere? Det kaldes Doppler-effekten.
Her er noget andet du nok har hørt om. Edwin Hubble. Han opdagede at lys gør det samme som lyden.
Galakser og stjerner, der bevæger sig væk fra os, får deres lys strukket ud, hvilket
gør det mere rødt, og stjerner der bevæger sig imod os, får deres lys sammenpresset, hvilket gør det mere blåt.
Kombineret med Henrietta Leavitts forskning, som tillod os at lave nøjagtige målinger
af hvor langt væk stjerner er, kunne Hubble afgøre at stjerner, i det store og hele, bevæger sig væk fra hinanden.
English:
century scientists, that the universe is static,
eternal and infinite... But then, using our
minds, if the universe is infinite and contains
infinite stars and it has always existed,
then the night sky, and the day-time sky for
that matter, would literally be filled with
stars - so much that day and night would be
indistinguishable! This is clearly not the
case, so something must be amiss.
The universe must either be not static, not
infinite or not eternal. So which is it? You
know how when an ambulance drives towards
you, the sound-waves are compressed and the
siren sounds higher pitched, and as it speeds
away, the waves are stretched out and the
pitch is lower? It's the Doppler effect.
Well, here's another name you've heard. Edwin
Hubble. He realized that light does the same
thing. Galaxies and stars moving away from
us have their light stretched out, making
it more red, and stars moving toward us have
their light compressed, making it more blue.
Combined with the work of Henrietta Leavitt,
which allowed us to accurately estimate how
far away stars are, Hubble was able to determine that
stars, on the whole, are flying away from each other.
Finnish:
tieteilijät – että maailmankaikkeus on muuttumaton, ikuinen ja ääretön. Mutta järjellä ajateltuna,
jos maailmankaikkeus on ääretön ja sisältää äärettömästi tähtiä ja on aina ollut olemassa,
niin taivaan täytyisi yöllä, ja itse asiassa päivälläkin, olla kirjaimellisesti täynnä
tähtiä – niin täynnä ettei yötä ja päivää voisi erottaa toisistaan! Asia ei selvästi ole näin,
joten jonkin täytyy olla vialla.
Maailmankaikkeus ei siis ole joko muuttumaton, ääretön, tai ikuinen. Joten mitä se on?
Tiedätkö kuinka, kun ambulanssi ajaa sinua kohti, ääniaallot puristuvat kasaan ja
sireeni kuulostaa koreammalta, ja kun se ajaa pois, aallot venyvät ja
ääni on matalampi? Kyseessä on Doppler-ilmiö.
Tässä on toinen nimi, jonka olet kuullut: Edwin Hubble. Hän tajusi, että valo tekee samoin.
Valo galakseista ja tähdistä, jotka liikkuvat meistä poispäin, venyy ja
on punaisempaa, ja valo meidän suuntaamme liikkuvista tähdistä puristuu kasaan ja on sinisempää.
Käyttäen apunaan Henrietta Leavittin työtä, joka auttoi meitä tarkasti määrittelemään
tähtien etäisyyttä meistä, Hubble onnistui päättelemään, että kokonaisuudessaan tähdet liikkuvat toisistaan poispäin.
Polish:
naukowcy – że Wszechświat jest statyczny, wieczny
i nieskończony... Jednak z drugiej strony,
jakby tak o tym pomyśleć, jeżeli Wszechświat miałby być nieskończony i zawierałby nieskończoną ilość gwiazd,
i istniałby od zawsze, to nocne niebo (i w sumie też to widziane za dnia) byłoby całkowicie wypełnione
gwiazdami, i to w takiej ilości, że nie bylibyśmy
w stanie odróżnić dnia od nocy!
Oczywiście tak to nie wygląda, więc
coś musi nie grać z tą teorią.
Wszechświat musi albo nie być statyczny, albo nieskończony, albo wieczny. Więc jak to jest?
Zauważyliście może, że gdy karetka jedzie w Waszą stronę, fale dźwiękowe są bardziej skompresowane
i syreny wydają się wchodzić na wyższe tony,
gdy zaś się oddala, fale ulegają rozciągnięciu
i dźwięk staje się mniej intensywny?
To efekt Dopplera.
A teraz kolejne znajome nazwisko: Edwin Hubble. Hubble zdał sobie sprawę, że światło działa tak samo.
Światło galaktyk i gwiazd oddalających się od nas ulega rozciągnięciu, przez co wydaje się czerwonawe,
zaś światło gwiazd zbliżających się do nas jest skompresowane, a przez to raczej niebieskawe.
W połączeniu z osiągnięciem Henrietty Leavitt,
która umożliwiła nam dokładne oszacowanie
odległości, w jakiej znajdują się gwiazdy, Hubble'owi udało się ustalić, że ogólnie rzecz biorąc gwiazdy oddalają się od siebie.
Italian:
degli scienziati del XIX secolo: che l'Universo è
statico, eterno e infinito... ma poi, usando
le nostri menti, se l'Universo è infinito e contiene
infinite stelle, ed è sempre esistito,
allora il cielo, sia notturno che diurno,
dovrebbe essere letteralmente pieno
di stelle – così tanto che la notte e il giorno sarebbero
indistinguibili. Questo non è chiaramente
il nostro caso, per cui c'è qualcosa che non va.
L'Universo non è né statico, né infinito,
né eterno. Quindi che cos'è?
Sapete che quando un'ambulanza si avvicina
le onde sonore sono compresse,
quindi il suono della sirena ha un tono più alto, e quando si allontana le onde sonore vengono stirate
e il tono è più basso? È l'effetto Doppler.
Bene, ecco un altro nome che avete già sentito: Edwin Hubble. Comprese che la luce si comporta allo stesso modo.
La luce di galassie e stelle che si
allontanano da noi è stirata, ed è quindi
più rossa, mentre la luce delle stelle che si
avvicinano a noi è compressa, ed è quindi più blu.
Assieme al lavoro di Henrietta Leavitt,
che ci ha permesso di stimare con precisione
quanto lontane sono le stelle, Hubble è stato in grado di determinare che le stelle, nel complesso, si stanno allontanando una dall'altra.
Turkish:
yüzyıl bilim adamları, evrenin statik olduğunu,
ebedi ve sonsuz ... Ama sonra, adresimizi kullanarak
zihinleri, eğer evren sonsuz olduğunu ve içerdiği
her zaman var olan ve sonsuz yıldız,
Daha sonra gece gökyüzü ve gündüz gökyüzü için
bu konuda tam anlamıyla dolu olacak
yıldız - gece ve gündüz olacağını çok
ayırt edilemez! Bu açık bir şekilde değil,
durum, yani bir şeylerin yanlış olmalı.
Evren ya statik değil olmalıdır
sonsuz veya sonsuz değil. Yani hangisi? Sen
Bir ambulans doğru sürücüler zaman nasıl
Eğer, ses dalgaları sıkıştırılır ve edilir
siren yüksek perdeli sesler ve hızı olarak
uzakta, dalgalar uzattı ve edilir
Saha düşük? Doppler etkisi.
Peki, burada duydum başka isim. Edwin
Hubble. O ışık aynı işi yapar fark
şey. Uzaklaşan galaksiler ve yıldız
bize kendi ışık verme, uzanmış var
daha kırmızı ve bize doğru hareket yıldız var
Onların ışığı daha mavi yaparak, sıkıştırılmış.
Henrietta Leavitt çalışmaları ile birlikte,
hangi doğru nasıl tahmin etmek bize izin
uzak yıldız, Hubble belirlemek başardı edilir
Yıldız, bir bütün olarak, birbirinden uzak uçuyor.
Hungarian:
tudósok, hogy az univerzum statikus, örök és végtelen... De aztán a fejünket használva rájövünk,
hogy ha az univerzum végtelen, és végtelen sok csillag van benne és mindig is létezett, akkor
az éjszakai, és tulajdonképpen a nappali égbolt is szó szerint tele lenne csillagokkal -
annyira, hogy az éjszakák és nappalok megkülönböztethetetlenek volnának! Ez nyilván
nem így van, tehát valami nem stimmel.
Az univerzum vagy nem statikus, vagy nem végtelen, vagy nem örök. De vajon melyik?
Tudod milyen, amikor a mentő feléd jön, a hanghullámok összenyomódnak és ezért
a sziréna magasabb hangon hallatszik, mint amikor távolodik és a hanghullámok megnyúlnak?
Ez a Doppler effektus.
Egy másik név amit ár biztos hallottál. Edwin Hubble. Ő fedezte fel, hogy a fény ugyanezt csinálja.
Ha a galaxisok és csillagok távolodnak tőlünk, a fényük megnyúlik, és ettől
pirosasabb lesz, ha közelednek felénk, a fény összenyomódik és ettől kékesebb lesz.
Henrietta Leavitt - akinek köszönhetően pontosan meg tudjuk becsülni, hogy milyen messze vannak a csillagok -
munkája segítségével, Hubble meg tudta állapítani, hogy a csillagok egymástól távolodnak.
Vietnamese:
rằng vũ trụ là bất luân chuyển, bất diệt, và vô cực...Nhưng rồi khi nghiêm túc xét lại,
nếu vũ trụ là vô cực và có vô số các vì sao và chỉ có sinh ra chứ không mất đi
thì ban đêm không còn là ban đêm nữa, mà ban đêm sẽ được chiếu sáng
bởi vô số vì sao - có nghĩa là ngày và đêm sẽ như nhau! Rõ ràng là làm gì có chuyện đó.
Vậy thì có cái gì đó sai sai.
vũ trụ thật ra có thể có hoặc luân chuyển, hoặc không trường tồn, hoặc hữu hạn. Vậy thì sao?
Bạn biết là khi xe cứu thương đến gần bạn, bạn thấy âm thanh rất cao
và khi nó chạy đi thì bạn nghe âm thanh thấp dần.
Đây gọi là Hiệu ứng Doppler!
Và đây là một cái tên bạn có thể đã biết. Edwin Hubble, ông để ý rằng ánh sáng cũng có đặc tính tương tự.
Thiên hà và các vì sao nào đang trôi dạt đi và ánh sáng của chúng trải rộng ra
thì làm cho chúng có màu đỏ, và những vì sao nào tiến gần ta hơn có màu xanh dương.
Kết hợp với nghiên cứu của Henrietta Leavitt giúp ta tính toán chính xác
khoảng cách giữa các vì sao, Hubble cho rằng các vì sao đang di chuyển cách xa nhau.
Spanish:
del siglo 19 llegaron, que el universo es estático, eterno e infinito... pero, usando nuestras
mentes, si el universo es infinito y contiene infinitas estrellas y siempre existió,
entonces el cielo nocturno y el diurno, estarían literalmente repletos de estrellas,
¡Tanto así que el día y la noche serían indistinguibles! Ese claramente no es el caso,
así que algo está fallando.
El universo no debe ser estático, infinito o eterno. Así que ¿como es? ¿Tu sabes como
cuando una amulancia viene hacia ti, las ondas sonoras se comprimen y la sirena
suena más aguda, y cuando se va, las ondas se estiran y la sirena se vuelve mas
grave? Esto se llama Efecto Doppler.
Bueno, aquí hay otro nombre que conoces. Edwin Hubble. El descubrió que la luz hace lo mismo.
Las galaxias y las estrellas alejándose de nosotros tienen su luz estirada, volviéndose mas
roja, y las estrellas acercandose tienen su luz comprimida, volviéndose más azul.
Combinado con el trabajo de Henrietta Leavitt, el cual estimó correctamente cuán lejos están las
estrellas, Hubble pudo determinar que las estrellas, como un todo, están alejándose unas de otras.
Japanese:
君だって１９世紀の科学者と同じ考えを持つかもね
宇宙は不変で永遠で無限だと・・・
つまり
だとするとだよ
もし宇宙が無限で
無限の星がずっとあったら
夜空を見上げても
昼間の空にも
無限に星があるわけだ
星だらけ
昼だか夜だか分からない！
ところが明らかにそうはなっていないので
何かが間違っていることになる
宇宙は不変ではないか
無限ではないか永遠ではないか
救急車が自分に向かって来る時
音波を圧縮してサイレンのピッチが上がって
逆では音波が伸びて
ピッチが低くなるあれわかる？
ドップラー効果
エドウィン・ハッブルの名前は有名だね
光にも同じことが起こることに気づいた人だよ
僕らから離れて行く銀河や星の光は
波長が伸びて赤く
向かって来る星は
光が縮んで青くなる
星々がどのくらい離れているかを正確に推定した
ヘンリエッタ・リービットの研究と組み合わせ
全体として星達は互いに遠ざかっている
という結論に至った
Arabic:
بأنّ الكون ساكن وأبديّ ولانهاية له،
لكن عند استخدام عقولنا
إن كان الكون لانهائيًا، ويحتوي نجومًا لانهائية،
وكان موجودًا دائمًا
فسماء الليل، وسماء النهار أيضًا
ستكون مليئة بالنجوم.
لدرجة أنّنا لن نستطيع التمييز بين الليل
والنهار. ليس هذا ما يحدث بالطبع.
لذا، لا شك أن خطأ ما.
لا شك أن الكون ليس ساكنًا، وليس بلا نهاية،
فأيّ الأمرين هو؟
أتعرفون حين تنطلق سيارة إسعاف باتجاهك،
فتكون الموجات الصوتية مضغوطة
ويبدو الصوت أعلى، وحين تسرع تمتد الموجات
فينخفض الصوت؟
إنّها ظاهرة دوبلر.
إليكم اسم آخر سمعتُم به، إدوين هابل.
لقد أدرك أنّ الضوء يفعل الشيء نفسه.
المجرات والنجوم التي تبتعد عنّا
تمدّد ضوؤها، ممّا يجعله أكثر احمرارًا
والنجوم التي تتحرّك باتجاهنا تضغط ضوأها،
مّا يجعله أكثر ازرقاقًا.
عند جمعه بأعمال هنرييتا ليفيت،
الذي أتاح لنا الوصول لتقدير دقيق لبُعد النجوم
استطاع هابل تحديد أنّ النجوم بشكل عام،
تحلّق مبتعدة عن بعضها البعض.
Romanian:
oamenii de știință din secolul al-19-lea, că universul este static,etern și infinit ... Dar apoi, cu ajutorul
minților noastre, dacă universul este infinit și conține stele infinite și a existat dintotdeauna,
atunci cerul nopții și cerul de zi ar fi literalmente umplut cu
stele - atât de mult încât ziua și noaptea ar fi imperceptibile! Acesta nu este în mod clar cazul
așa ceva trebuie să fie rău.
Universul trebuie să nu fie static,
infinit sau etern. Deci care variantă este?
Știți cum e atunci când o ambulanță conduce spre tine, sunetul e comprimat și
sirena sună strident și pe măsură ce crește viteza , undele sunt întinse și
înălțimea e joasă? Este efectul Doppler.
Ei bine, aici e un alt nume care l-ați auzit. Edwin Hubble. El a realizat că lumina face același lucru
lucru. Galaxiile și stelele care se deplasează departe de noi, au lumina lor care se întinde și devine
mai roșie, și stele care se deplasează spre noi au lumina lor comprimată, care le face mai albastre.
Combinat cu activitatea Henriettei Leavitt, care ne-a permis să estimăm cu exactitate cât de
departe sunt stelele, Hubble a fost în măsură să stabilească faptul că stelele, în general, se deplasează una una față de cealaltă.
iw:
במאה ה-19, שהיקום הוא מקובע, תמידי ואינסופי... אבל אז, על ידי שימוש
במוחות שלנו, אם היקום הוא אינסופי והוא מכיל אינסוף כוכבים וזה תמיד היה קיים,
אז שמי הלילה ושמי היום לצורך ההדגמה, היו למעשה מלאים
בכוכבים - כה הרבה שהיום והלילה לא היו ניתנים להבדלה! וזה מובן מאליו שזה לר
המקרה, אז משהו חייב להיות לא נכון
היקום אינו מקובע, או לא אינסופי או לא תמידי. אז מה זה אם ככה? אתם
מכירים את זה שאמבולנס נוסע לכיוון שלו, גלי הקול צפופים והסירנות
נשמעות ביתר שאת, והוא מגביר קצב והגלים נמתחים
והצליל מתחלש? זה אפקט ה"דופלר"
ובכן, הנה עוד שם ששמעתם. אדווין הבל. הוא הבין שאור עושה את אותו
הדבר. גלקסיות וכוכבים מתרחקים מאיתנו האור שלהם מתמח והופך
ליותר אדום, והכוכבים שמתקדמים אלינו בעלי אור מצומצם יותר מה שגורם לזה להיראות יותר כחול.
בשילוב עם העבודה של הנריטה לויט, שאיפשרה לנו למדוד בדיוק עד כמה
רחוקים הכוכבים, הבל יכל לקבוע את הכוכבים, שבגדול, מתרחקים אחד מהשני
Portuguese:
que os cientistas do séculos 19, que o universo é estático, eterno e infinito... Mas então, usando nossas
mentes, se o universo é infinito e contém infinitas estrelas e sempre existiu,
então o céu escuro, e o céu diurno por conseguinte, seria literalmente recheado
de estrelas — tantas que o dia e a noite seriam indistinguíveis! Este, claramente, não é
o caso, então só pode ter algo errado.
O universo só pode ser: ou não estático, ou não infinito, ou não eterno. Então qual dessas é a certa?
Você sabe como/quando uma ambulância está vindo na sua direção, e as ondas sonoras estão comprimidas
e a sirene parece mais aguda, e conforme acelera pra longe, as ondas vão se descomprimindo
e o tom fica mais agudo? Isso é o efeito Doppler.
Bem, aqui está outro nome que você já ouviu: Edwin Hubble. Ele percebeu que a luz faz o mesmo procedimento.
Galáxias e estrelas se distanciam de nós e têm as suas luzes descomprimidas, tornando-as
mais vermelho, e estrelas se aproximando têm suas luzes comprimidas, tornando-as mais azuis.
Combinando com o trabalho de Henrietta Leavitt, que nos permitiu a estimar precisamente o quão
longe estavam as estrelas, o Hubble foi capaz de determinar que aquelas estrelas, em espaços vazios, estavam se distanciando um das outras.
Dutch:
eeuwse wetenschappers, dat het universum statisch is, eeuwig en oneindig... Maar dan, met behulp
van onze geest, als het heelal oneindig is en oneindig sterren bevat en het altijd heeft bestaan,
dan is de nachtelijke hemel, en de dag-tijd hemel letterlijk gevuld met
sterren, zo veel dat dag en nacht niet te onderscheiden is van elkaar. Dit is duidelijk niet het
geval, dus er moet iets mis zijn.
Het universum moet oftewel niet statisch zijn, niet oneindig of niet eeuwig. Dus welke is het? Jij
weet dat als een ambulance naar u toe rijdt, de geluidsgolven samengedrukt worden en de
sirene heeft een hogere toon, en als hij wegsnelt worden de golven uitgestrekt en de
toon is lager? Het is het Doppler-efftect.
Wel, hier is een andere naam die je gehoord hebt: Edwin Hubble. Hij realiseerde dat het licht hetzelfde ding
doet. Het licht van de sterrenstelsels en sterren die van ons weg bewegen is meer uitgestrekt, waardoor
het roder is, en het licht van de sterren die naar ons toe bewegen is meer samengedrukt, waardoor het blauwer is.
gecombineerd met het werk van Henrietta Leavitt, dat ons toeliet om nauwkeurig te schatten hoe
ver sterren zijn, was Hubble in staat om vast te stellen dat de sterren, over het algemeen, uit elkaar vliegen.
Swedish:
forskare, att universum är statisk, evig och oändlig... Men sedan, användandes våra
hjärnor, om universum är oändligt och innehåller oändligt många stjärnor och det har alltid existerat,
då skulle natthimmelen, och dagens himmel för den delen, vara bokstavligen fylld med
stjärnor - så många att natt och dag skulle vara oskiljaktiga! Detta är uppenbarligen inte
hur det ligger till, så något måste vi ha gått miste om.
Vårt universum måste antingen vara icke statisk, icke oändligt eller icke evigt. Så vilket av dem är det? Du
vet när en ambulans kör mot dig, och ljudvågorna blir sammanpressade och
sirenen låter ljusare, och när den har kört förbi dig, är vågorna uttänjda och
den är lägre? Det kallas för Dopplereffekten.
Nå, här är ett annat namn du förmodligen har hört.
Edwin Hubble. Han insåg att ljus gör samma
sak. Galaxer och stjärnor som rör sig ifrån oss har utsträckt ljus, vilket gör
det rödare, och stjärnor som rör sig mot oss har sammantryckt ljus, vilket gör det blåare.
Kombinerat med Henrietta Leavitts verk, vilket tillät oss att noggrant uppskatta hur
långt borta stjärnor är. Hubble kunde fastställa att stjärnor, i stort sett, är på väg ifrån varandra.
Portuguese:
Usando apenas os limitados sentidos humanos, você pode
chegar à mesma conclusão que os cientistas do século 19:
"O Universo é estático, eterno e infinito..."
Mas então, usando nossas mentes, se o Universo é infinito e contém infinitas estrelas e sempre existiu,
então o céu noturno (e o céu diurno), seria literalmente recheado de estrelas — tantas que o dia e a noite seriam indistinguíveis!
Este, obviamente, não é o caso.
Então só pode ter algo errado.
Então o Universo: não é estático, ou não é infinito, ou não é eterno. Então como é?
Sabe quando uma ambulância vem na sua direção,
e as ondas sonoras são comprimidas e a sirene parece mais aguda,
e conforme se distancia, as ondas vão se descomprimindo
e o tom fica mais grave? Efeito Doppler.
Bem, aqui está outro nome que você já ouviu: Edwin Hubble.
Ele percebeu que a luz faz a mesma coisa.
Galáxias que se distanciam de nós
têm suas luzes esticadas, tornando-as mais vermelhas,
e estrelas se aproximando têm suas luzes comprimidas,
tornando-as mais azuis.
Combinando com o trabalho de Henrietta Leavitt,
que nos permitiu saber a distancia das estrelas,
Hubble foi capaz de determinar que todas as estrelas
estavam se distanciando umas das outras.
German:
wie die Wissenschaftler (und -innen) des 19. Jahrhunderts: dass das Universum statisch, ewig
und unendlich ist. Aber andererseits, indem wir unseren und Verstand benutzen:
Wenn das Universum unendlich ist und unendlich viele Sterne enthält
und es immer existiert hat, dann wäre der Nachthimmel, und auch der Taghimmel, wenn wir schon dabei sind,
buchstäblich gefüllt mit Sternen – so sehr, dass Tag und Nacht ununterscheidbar wären!
Das ist eindeutig nicht der Fall, also muss irgendwas verkehrt sein. Das Universum
muss entweder nicht statisch, nicht unendlich oder nicht ewig sein. Also, welches davon stimmt?
Ihr wisst, wie, wenn ein Notarztwagen auf euch zufährt, sich die Schallwellen verdichten und Sirenen
höher anhören, und wenn er wegrast, sich die Wellen ausdehnen und die Tonhöhe niedriger ist?
Der Doppler-Effekt.
Nun, hier ist noch ein Name den ihr gehört habt: Edwin Hubble. Er erkannte,
dass Licht das Gleiche macht. Galaxien und Sterne, die sich von uns wegbewegen,
senden ausgedehntes Licht, wodurch es roter wird, und Sterne, die sich auf uns zubewegen,
senden verdichtetes Licht, wodurch es blauer wird.
Zusammen mit der Arbeit von Henrietta Leavitt, durch die wir präzise abschätzen können, wie weit Sterne
entfernt sind, war Hubble in der Lage festzustellen, dass Sterne, insgesamt, voneinander wegfliegen.
French:
du 19ème siècle, que l'univers est statique,
éternel et infini ... Mais alors, en utilisant nos
esprits, on se rendrait compte que si l'univers était infini et contenait une infinité d'étoiles et qu'il avait toujours existé,
alors le ciel nocturne, et le ciel en plein jour pour la même raison, serait littéralement rempli
d'étoiles - tellement que le jour et la nuit seraient indiscernables! Ce qui n'est clairement pas le
cas, alors quelque chose doit clocher.
L'univers doit être pas statique,ou pas infini ou pas éternel. Alors ce serait quoi?
Vous voyez quand une ambulance se dirige vers vous, les ondes sonores sont compressées et la
sirène sonne plus aigu, et quand elle s'éloigne, les ondes s'étendent et le
son est plus grave? C'est l'effet Doppler.
Eh bien, voici un autre nom que vous avez entendu. Edwin Hubble. Il se rendit compte que la lumière fait la même chose.
Les galaxies et les étoiles qui s'éloignent de nous voient leur lumière s'étendre, ce qui rend la
rend plus rouge, et les étoiles se déplaçant vers nous voient leur lumière se comprimer, ce qui la rend plus bleue.
Combiné avec le travail de Henrietta Leavitt, qui nous a permit d'estimer avec précision la distance
à laquelle les étoiles sont, Hubble a pu déterminer que les étoiles, dans l'ensemble, s'éloignent les unes des autres.
iw:
הוא גילה שכל החפצים המעופפים בשמים היו בגוון אדום והיו למעשה
גלקסיות אחרות מחוץ למערכת השמש שלנו שנעים הרחק מאיתנו. מכאן, הוא בנה על ראש
עבודתו של כומר בלגי קתולי, ג'ורג'ס למיטרה, שחזה שהיקום החל
בנקודה אחת. אבל קוסמולוגים של הנפץ הגדול רצו הוכחה. הם ידעו שהכמות של
רדיאציה ששוחררה בגלל הנפץ הגדול תהיה עצומה, והם רצו לראות את זה
זה לא קרה עד שנות ה-60, שאז היא נמצאה בטעות על ידי שני בחורים שעבדו על אנטנה
בספריות "בל" בניו ג'רזי. הם ניסו לחסו את כל רעשי הרקע
מאנטנה מאוד רגישה, אבל הם מצאו שהקול העמום הזה מגיע מכל כיוון
הם ניסו הכל בשביל להיפטר מזה, כולל להרוג את היונים
שהמשיכו לעלות על האנטנה - מעט מצער, אבל היונים האלה - נתנו את חייהם לאחת
מההמצאות החשובות ביותר במדע. בשיחה עם רדיו מקומי
אסטרונום ביקש להראות את הממצאים שלהם לאסטרונום בפרינסטו, שאישש
את הקיום של מה שנחזה מזה שנים
Turkish:
O keşfetti en uzak nesneleri
Gökyüzünde tüm kırmızı-kaymıştır ve aslında vardı
Hareketli Samanyolu dışındaki diğer galaksiler,
Bizden uzak. Buradan, o üzerine inşa
Belçikalı rahip Georges Lemaitre Katolik çalışmaları,
kim evrenin başladı varsayımında
bir tek nokta. Big bang kozmolojistler istedi
olsa kanıtı. Onlar miktarı biliyordu
büyük patlamadan tarafından yayımlanan radyasyon olurdu
masif ve bunu görmek istedim.
O bulunmuştur ki 1960'lara kadar değildi
yanlışlıkla iki adam tarafından bir antene çalışan
New Jersey'deki Bell Laboratuvarları'nda. Onlar
tüm arka plan gürültüsünü ortadan kaldırmak için çalışıyor
Son derece hassas bir radyo anteni gelen, ama onlar
her yönden gelen bu soluk hum bulundu.
Onlar kurtulmak için ellerinden geleni denedim
Bunun da dahil olmak üzere güvercinlerin öldürmekten o
anten pooping tuttu - biraz üzgün ama
Bu güvercinler - onlar için hayatlarını verdiler
Modern en derin keşiflerinden biri
bilim. Yerel bir radyo ile bir görüşme
astronom bulgularını göstermek için onlara yol
Princeton'da bir astronom, kim doğruladı
için tahmin edilmişti neler varlığı
yıl.
Romanian:
El a descoperit că obiectele cele mai îndepărtate în cer au fost toate de culoare roșie și care au fost de fapt
alte galaxii dincolo de Calea Lactee, se deplasează față de noi. De aici, el a construit pe
pe baza studiilor de preotului catolic belgian Georges Lemaitre, care a emis ipoteza ca universul a inceput de
la un singur punct. Cosmologii Big bang-ului doreau dovada totuși. Ei știau că suma
radiațiilor eliberate de Big Bangi ar fi
fost imensă și au vrut să o vădă.
Nu s-a putut până în 1960 când a fost găsită accidental, de doi tipi care lucrau pe o antenă
la Bell Laboratories din New Jersey. Ei au încercat să elimine tot zgomotul de fond
printr-o antenă radio extrem de sensibilă, dar au găsit acest zumzet slab venind din toate direcțiile.
Au încercat tot ce au putut să scape
de el, inclusiv uciderea porumbeilor care
murdăreau antena - cam trist, dar
acești porumbei și-au dat viața pentru
una dintre descoperirile cele mai profunde din știința modernă. O conversație cu un astronom radio local,
i-a determinat să arate concluziile lor
unui astronom de la Princeton, care a confirmat
existența a ceea ce a fost prezis de
ani.
Finnish:
Hän sai selville, että kauimmaiset taivaankappaleet olivat kaikki punasävyisiä ja olivat itse asiassa
galakseja Linnunradan ulkopuolella, jotka liikkuivat meistä poispäin. Seuraavaksi hän jatkoi
belgialaisen katolisen papin Georges Lemaitren työtä, joka arveli, että maailmankaikkeus sai alkunsa
yhdestä pisteestä. Alkuräjähdyskosmologit halusivat kuitenkin todisteita. He tiesivät, että
alkuräjähdyksessä syntyneen säteilyn määrä olisi massiivinen, ja he halusivat löytää sen.
Sen löysivät vasta 1960-luvulla vahingossa kaksi kaveria, jotka tekivät töitä antennin parissa
Bell Laboratoriesissa New Jerseyssä. He yrittivät poistaa kaiken taustamelun
taustamelun todella herkästä radioantennista, mutta joku vaimea humina tuli joka suunnasta.
He yrittivät kaikkensa päästäkseen siitä eroon, jopa murhasivat pulut, jotka
kakkivat antennin päälle – vähän surullista, mutta nuo pulut antoivat henkensä
yhden modernin tieteen tärkeimmän löydön puolesta. Puhuttuaan paikalliselle
radioastronomille, he päätyivät näyttämään löytönsä eräälle Princetonin astronomille, joka vahvisti
jo vuosia ennustetun säteilyn olemassaolon.
Arabic:
اكتشف أنّ أبعد الأجسام عن السماء
كلّها لها انزياح أحمر،
وكانت مجرات أخرى بعد مجرة درب
التبانة، وتتحرّك مبتعدة عنّا.
من هنا، اعتمد على عمل القسيس البلجيكي
الكاثوليكي جورج لامييترا،
الذي وضع نظريّة بأنّ الكون بدأ في نقطة واحدة.
لكنّ علماء الكون أرادوا إثباتًا
عرفوا أنّ كمية الإشعاع الذي أطلقه
الانفجار العظيم هائلة، وأرادوا رؤيته.
ولم يجدوه إلّا في ستينات القرن الـ20 بالصدفة،
حيث وجده رجلان يعملان على هوائيّ
في مختبرات بيل في نيوجيرسي.
كانا يحاولان التخلص من الأصوات الخلفية
من هوائيّ لاسلكيّ شديد الحساسية،
لكنّهما سمعا همهمة خفيفة تصدر من كلّ اتجاه.
جرّبا كلّ ما بوسعهما للتخلّص منه،
وحتّى قتل الحمامات
التي كانت تتبرّز على الهوائيّ، هذا محزن.
لكنّ تلك الحمامات ضحّت بحياتها في سبيل
أحد أهمّ الاكتشافات العلمية المعاصرة.
محادثة مع عالم فلك إشعاعيّ ساعدهم
لعرض نتائجهم على عالم فلك في برنستون
وهو من استطاع تأكيد وجود
ما توقّعوه منذ سنوات.
Hungarian:
Felfedezte, hogy az égen legtávolabb levő objektumok mind pirosas színűek és, hogy
valójában
több galaxis van a Tejút után, amik mind távolodnak tőlünk. Innen a belga katolikus pap,
Georges Lemaitre munkájára alapozott, aki feltételezte, hogy az univerzum
egy pontból keletkezett. A Nagy Bumm kozmológusainak azonban bizonyíték kellett. Tudták, hogy
az ősrobbanáskor keletkező sugárzás óriási volt, és látni akarták.
Egészen a '60-as évekig várniuk kellett, amikor két srác, akik egy antennán dolgoztak a Bell laboratóriumban,
New Jerseyben, véletlenül megtalálta. Próbálták kiküszöbölni a háttérzajt
amit a rendkívül érzékeny antenna érzékelt, de a halk zümmögés minden irányból jött.
Mindent megpróbáltak, többek között megölték a galambokat, akik folyton
az antennára csináltak - elég szomorú, de azok a galambok a modern tudomány egyik
legmeghatározóbb felfedezéséért adták az életüket. Egy beszélgetés után a helyi rádiócsillagásszal
megmutatták a felfedezésüket egy csillagásznak a Princetonon, aki elismerte
a létezését annak, amit évekkel azelőtt megjósoltak.
Russian:
Он обнаружил, что самые дальние объекты в небе все красного цвета и были, на самом деле,
галактиками за пределами Млечного Пути, которые двигались от нас. Отсюда он работал на основе
работы бельгийского католического священника Жоржа Лёметра, который построил гипотезу о том, что Вселенная началась
в одной точке. Космологам Большого Взрыва, однако, нужно было доказательство. Они знали, что количество
радиации, выпущенное Большим Взрывом, было бы громадным, и они хотели её увидеть.
Только в 1960-х было выяснено, случайно, двумя людьми, работавшими на антенне
в лаборатории Белл в Нью Джерси. Они пытались избавиться от фонового шума
у крайне чувствительной радиоантенны, но они обнаружили лёгкое гудение из каждого направления.
Они пытались от него избавиться, в том числе убивая голубей, которые
какали на антенну, что печально, но эти голуби отдали свои жизни за
одно из самых основательных открытий в современной науке. Диалог с астрономом с
местной радиостанции позволил им показать свои открытия астроному в Принстоне, который подтвердил
существование того, о чём говорили годы.
Portuguese:
Ele descobriu que os mais distantes objetos no céu eram todos vermelhos brilhantes e eram, na verdade,
outras galáxias além da Via Láctea, se afastando de nós. Daqui, ele construiu
sob os escombros do Padre católico Belga, Georges Lemaitre, que hipotetizou que o universo começou
de um ponto único. Cosmologistas do Big Bang queriam provas, no entanto. Eles sabiam que a quantidade
de radiação liberada pelo Big Bang seria massiva, e eles queriam a prova disso.
Mas não foi, até o ano 1960 que foi achado, acidentalmente, por dois rapazes trabalhando em uma antena
dos Laboratórios Bell em Nova Jersey. Eles estavam tentando eliminar todo o barulho de fundo
de uma antena de rádio extremamente sensitiva, mas eles acharam esse fraco zumbido vindo de todas as direções.
Eles tentaram tirá-lo de todas as formas que sabiam, incluindo assassinar os pombos
que faziam cocô na antena — é meio triste —, contudo aqueles pombos... eles deram suas vidas
por uma das mais importantes descobertas da ciência moderna. Uma conversa com um astrônomo
de uma rádio local os conduziu a mostrarem suas descobertas a um astrônomo de Princeton, que confirmou
a existência do que foi predito há anos.
Italian:
Ha scoperto che gli oggetti più lontani nel cielo
erano tutti orientati verso il rosso, ed erano in realtà
altre galassie oltre la Via Lattea che si allontanavano
da noi. Partendo da ciò, incrementò il lavoro
del prete cattolico belga Georges Lemaître, il quale
aveva ipotizzato che l'Universo avete avuto inizio
in un singolo punto. I cosmologi del Big Bang, però,
volevano la prova. Sapevano che la quantità di
radiazione rilasciata dal Big Bang
era enorme, e volevano vederla.
È stata scoperta per caso negli anni 1960 da
due uomini che lavoravano su un'antenna
presso i Bell Laboratories nel New Jersey.
Stavano cercando di eliminare i rumori di fondo
da un'antenna radio estremamente sensibile, ma si resero conto che quel debole ronzio proveniva da ogni direzione.
Provarono di tutto per eliminarlo,
tra cui l'assassinio dei picconi che
continuavano a sporcare l'antenna – una cosa
triste, ma quei piccioni hanno dato la vita
per una delle scoperte più profonde della scienza moderna. Una conversazione con un astronomo radio del luogo
li porta a mostrare i loro risultati
a un astronomo di Princeton, che confermò
l'esistenza di ciò che era stato predetto da anni.
Danish:
Han opdagede at de fjerneste objekter på himlen alle var rød-forskudte og egentligt
var andre galakser udenfor Mælkevejen, der bevægede sig væk fra os. Herfra byggede han videre
på den belgisk-katolske præst Georges Lemaitres arbejde. Han opstillede en hypotese om at universet begyndte
i et enkelt punkt. Det ville Big Bang kosmologerne nu gerne se beviser for. De vidste at mængden af
stråling der blev udløst ved Big Bang ville være enorm, og de ville se den.
Det var ikke før 1960'erne at det ved et tilfælde blev fundet af to fyre, der arbejdede med en antenne
ved Bell Laboratoriet i New Jersey. De forsøgte at fjerne baggrundsstøjen
fra den ekstremt følsomme radioantenne, men de fandt ud af, at den svage summen kom fra alle retninger.
De forsøgte alt for at fjerne støjen, også at myrde duerne der
blev ved med at skide på antennen - synd for dem, men de duer gav deres liv
for en af de mest vidtgående opdagelser i moderne videnskab. En samtale med en lokal radio-
astronom førte dem til at vise deres opdagelser til en astronom på Princeton, og han bekræftede
eksistensen af dét, der havde været forudsagt i årevis.
Portuguese:
Ele descobriu que todos os objetos mais distantes sofreram redshift;
e eram, na verdade, outras Galáxias se afastando de nós.
Daqui, ele tomou como base o trabalho do Padre Georges Lemaître
— que hipotetizou que o Universo começou de um ponto único.
Mas cosmologistas do Big Bang queriam provas.
Eles sabiam que a quantidade de radiação seria massiva.
E queriam vê-la.
Mas só foi em 1960 que foi encontrada, acidentalmente, por dois rapazes trabalhando em uma antena dos Laboratórios Bell em Nova Jersey.
Eles estavam tentando eliminar todo o barulho de fundo
de uma antena de rádio extremamente sensível,
mas havia um fraco zumbido
vindo de todas as direções.
Eles tentaram de tudo para tirá-lo,
incluindo matar os pombos que faziam cocô na antena
É meio triste — mas aqueles pombos deram suas vidas por uma das mais importantes descobertas da ciência moderna.
A descoberta foi vista por um astrônomo de Princeton,
que confirmou a existência do que foi predito há anos.
Dutch:
Hij ontdekte dat de meest afgelegen objecten in de lucht allemaal rood waren en eigenlijk andere
sterrenstelsels buiten de Melkweg waren die van ons af bewegen. Vanaf hier bouwde hij verder op het
werk van de Belgische katholieke priester Georges Lemaitre, die veronderstelde dat het universum begon op
een enkel punt. Oerknal kosmologen wouden bewijs. Ze wisten dat de hoeveelheid straling die de
Oerknal vrijgaf enorm zou zijn, en ze wilden het zien.
Het was pas in jaren 60 toen het per ongeluk werd gevonden door twee mannen die aan het werken waren aan een antenne
bij de Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. Ze probeerden om al het achtergrondgeluid van een extreem
gevoelige radioantenne te elimineren, maar ze vonden een flauw zoemend geluid dat uit elke richting kwam.
Ze probeerden alles wat ze konden om ervan af te geraken, inclusief het vermoorden van de duiven die
op de antenne bleven poepen, beetje triest, maar die duiven gaven hun leven voor
een van de meest ingrijpende ontdekkingen in de moderne wetenschap. Een gesprek met een lokale
radio-astronoom leidde hen tot het tonen van hun bevindingen aan een astronoom aan Princeton, die het
bestaan bevestigde van wat al jaren was voorspeld.
Korean:
그는 하늘의 먼 별들의 빛은 붉은 쪽으로 치우쳐 있고
우리 은하수 밖의 다른 은하군들은 멀어져 가는 것을 깨달았습니다.
그래서 벨기에의 신부 조지 르메트르의 우주는 한 점에서 탄생했다는 가설을 연구 보강하였습니다.
빅뱅 우주론자들은 증명이 필요했습니다. 그들은 폭발 시에 나오는
복사광선은 대단한 양이고 그래서 그것을 찾아 보고 싶었습니다.
1960 년대에 되어서야 우연히 뉴저지의 벨랩에서 연구하는 두 명에 의해 그 복사광선이
발견되었습니다. 그들은 원래 초고감도 라디오 안테나에서 잡히는 배경
잡음을 없애려고 노력 중이었는데 그 중 희미한 웅웅소리가 모든 방향에서 오는 것을 발견합니다.
잡음을 없애려고 안테나 근처에서 용변을 보는 비둘기도 없애는 등
별 짓을 다 했지요. 슬프지만 이 비둘기들은 현대과학사의 가장 심오한 발견 중 하나를
위해 그들의 목숨을 바친 셈이죠. 지역라디오 천문학자와 얘기를 한 후
자기들의 결과를 프린스턴의 천문학자에게 보여 주자, 그는
수 년간 예측된 현상이 실존한다는 것을 확인합니다
Japanese:
ハッブルはほとんどの遠くにある天体は
すべて赤方偏移していて
天の川銀河の向こう側にある別の銀河が
実際に遠ざかっている事を確認
天の川銀河の向こう側にある別の銀河が
実際に遠ざかっている事を確認
ここからベルギーのカトリック司祭
ジョルジュ・レマイトレは仮説を立てる
宇宙の始まりは一点からだ
ビッグバン論者達は証明しようとした
ビッグバンが本当なら
放出された放射線は理論上莫大になるはず
だからそれを探し求めた
見つからないまま年月は流れ
１９６４年
その偶然の発見者はニュージャージー州
ベル研究所の二人のアンテナ技師だった
彼らは極端に敏感なラジオアンテナから
バックグラウンドノイズを取り除こうと格闘していた
あらゆる方向から来ている
微かな唸りがどうしても取れなかった
それを消すためなら殺しにまで手を染めた
アンテナにフンを垂れる
鳩どもを葬ったんだ
ハト迷惑な話だよね！
鳩だけに
現代科学の金字塔の鳩柱にされちゃったわけだ
二人のこの発見は
ラジオの番組で紹介され
プリンストン大の天文学者の耳に届いた
ついに長い間予測されていたことが
確かめられる時が来た
Swedish:
Han upptäckte att de mest avlägsna objekten i rymden var rödaktiga och var egentligen
andra galaxer bortom Vintergalaxen, på väg bort från oss. Med detta, byggandes på
slutsatserna av den belgiska katolska prästen Georges Lemaitre, som hypotiserade att universum började
som en enskild punkt. Big Bangkosmologer ville däremot ha bevis. De visste att mängden av
strålning skapad av Big Bang skulle varit massiv, och de ville se det.
Det var inte förrän 1960-talet som man fann det av ren chans, av två snubbar som fixade en antenn
på laboratoriet i Bell, New Jersey. De försökte eliminera allt bakgrundsbrus
från en extremt känslig radioantenn, men istället fann de ett svagt brum från alla håll.
De försökte allt för att få bort det,
inklusive mörda duvorna som
hela tiden bajsade på antennen - lite sorgligt, men dem duvorna - de gav sina liv för
en av de mest djupgående upptäckterna inom modern vetenskap. En konversation med en lokal radio
astronom ledde dem att visa deras upptäckter för en astronom vid Princeton, som bekräftade
existensen av det som hade förutspåtts i åratal.
German:
Er entdeckte, dass die am weitesten entfernten Objekte am Himmel alle rotverschoben waren
und tatsächlich andere Galaxien jenseits der Milchstraße waren, die sich von uns wegbewegen.
Und jetzt baute er auf der Arbeit des belgischen katholischen Priesters Georges Lemaitre auf,
welcher die Hypothese aufstellte, dass das Universum in einem einzigen Punkt begann.
Urknall-Kosmologen wollten allerdings einen Beweis. Sie wussten, dass die Menge der vom Urknall
freisetzten Strahlung gewaltig gewesen wäre, und sie wollten sie sehen.
Erst in den 1960er Jahren wurde sie zufällig entdeckt, von zwei Typen,
die an einer Antenne der Bell Laboratories in New Jersey gearbeitet haben.
Sie versuchten gerade all den Hintergrundlärm von der extrem sensiblen Radioantenne zu entfernen,
aber sie nahmen dieses schwache Brummen wahr, das aus jeder Richtung kam.
Sie versuchten alles Mögliche, um das loszuwerden, inklusive die Tauben umzubringen, welche fortlaufend
auf die Antenne kackten – schon traurig, aber diese Tauben, sie gaben ihr Leben für eines der
schwerwiegendsten Entdeckungen der modernen Wissenschaft.
Eine Unterhaltung mit einem lokalen Radioastronom brachte sie dazu, ihre Entdeckung einem Astronom
von der Princeton zu zeigen, welcher das Vorliegen von dem bestätigte, was seit Jahren prophezeit worden war.
English:
He discovered that the most remote objects
in the sky were all red-shifted and were actually
other galaxies beyond the milky way, moving
away from us. From here, he built upon the
work of Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaitre,
who hypothesized that the universe began at
a single point. Big bang cosmologists wanted
proof though. They knew that the amount of
radiation released by the big bang would be
massive, and they wanted to see it.
It wasn't until the 1960s that it was found
accidentally, by two guys working on an antenna
at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. They were
trying to eliminate all the background noise
from an extremely sensitive radio antenna, but they
found this faint hum coming from every direction.
They tried everything they could to get rid
of it, including murdering the pigeons that
kept pooping on the antenna - kinda sad, but
those pigeons - they gave their lives for
one of the most profound discoveries in modern
science. A conversation with a local radio
astronomer lead them to show their findings
to an astronomer at Princeton, who confirmed
the existence of what had been predicted for
years.
French:
Il a découvert que les objets les plus distants
dans le ciel étaient tous décalée vers le rouge et étaient en fait
d'autres galaxies au-delà de la Voie Lactée, s'éloignant de nous. A partir de ça, il s'est construit sur le
travail du prêtre catholique belge Georges Lemaître,
qui a émis l'hypothèse que l'univers a commencé à
partir d'un seul point. Cependant les cosmologiques du Big bang voulaient des preuves. Ils savaient que la quantité de
rayonnement libérée par le Big Bang serait
massive, et ils voulaient le voir.
Ce n'est qu'en 1960 qu'on l'a trouvé
accidentellement, alors que deux mecs travaillaient sur une antenne
aux laboratoires Bell dans le New Jersey. Ils cherchaient à éliminer tout le bruit de fond
d'une antenne radio extrêmement sensibles, mais ils ont trouvé ce léger bourdonnement venant de toutes les directions.
Ils ont tout essayé pour se débarrasser
de celui-ci, y compris l'abattage de pigeons qui
n'arrêtaient pas de déféquer sur l'antenne -un peu triste, mais ces pigeons - ils ont donné leurs vies pour
l'une des découvertes les plus profondes de la science moderne. Une conversation avec un radioastronome local
les a amené à montrer leurs observations à un astronome de Princeton qui confirma
alors l'existence de ce qui avait été prédit depuis des années.
Polish:
Odkrył, że wszystkie najodleglejsze obiekty na niebie mają bardziej czerwony odcień i są tak naprawdę
innymi galaktykami poza granicami Drogi Mlecznej, oddalającymi się od nas. Od tamtego momentu
opierał się na pracy belgijskiego księdza, Georgesa Lemaître'a, który wysunął hipotezę, że Wszechświat miał swój początek
w jednym punkcie. Kosmologowie badający Wielki Wybuch chcieli jednak dowodów. Wiedzieli, że ilość
promieniowania uwolniona w wyniku Wielkiego Wybuchu musiała być ogromna, chcieli je zatem zobaczyć.
Jednak dopiero w latach 60. XX wieku promieniowanie przypadkowo odkryło dwóch facetów pracujących nad
anteną w Bell Laboratories w New Jersey.
Starali się wyeliminować wszystkie szumy
z bardzo czułej anteny radiowej, okazało się jednak,
że swoisty cichy szum dobiega z każdego kierunku.
Próbowali wszystkiego, co mogli, żeby pozbyć się tych dźwięków, m.in. powybijali gołębie, które
ciągle załatwiały się na antenę – trochę szkoda ptaków, ale z drugiej strony oddały one życie za
jedno z najistotniejszych odkryć nowoczesnej nauki.
Po rozmowie z lokalnym radioastronomem
pokazali swoje odkrycie astronomowi z Princeton,
który wówczas potwierdził
istnienie tego, co przewidywano przez lata.
Spanish:
El descubrió que los objetos más remotos del cielo estaban todos corridos-al-rojo y de hecho eran
otras galaxias más allá de la vía láctea, alejándose de nosotros. Desde aquí, y con el trabajo del
sacerdote católico belga Georges Lemaitre, quién hipotetizó que el universo comenzó en un
solo punto. Los cosmologístas del Big Bang querían pruebas. Ellos sabían que la cantidad de radiación
liberada en el Big Bang sería masiva, y ellos quería verla.
No fué sinó hasta los '60s que fué encontrada accidentalmente, por 2 tipos trabajando en una antena
en los Laboratorios Bell en New Jersey. Ellos intentaban eliminar todo el sonido de fondo de una
antena de radio extremadamente sensible, pero encontraron este pequeño zumbido viniendo de
todas las direcciones. Intentaron todo para desacerse de el, incluso mataron las palomas que ensusiaban
la antena, es medio triste, pero esas palomas dieron sus vidas por uno de los más
profundos descubrimientos de la ciencia moderna. Una conversación con un radio astrónomo local
los llevó a mostrar sus hallázgos a un astronomo de Princeton, quién confirmó la existencia
de lo que había sido predicho por años.
Vietnamese:
Ông khám phá ra rằng các vật thể xa ta nhất có tông màu đỏ,
và thiên hà khác ngoài Ngân hà đang rời xa chúng ta. Từ đây, ông lại phát triển thêm từ nghiên cứu của
một mục sĩ người Bỉ tên Georges Lemaitre, người đặt giả thuyết rằng vũ trụ xuất phát
từ chỉ một điểm. Các nhà vũ trụ học ủng hộ Vụ Nổ lớn cần chứng cứ. Họ biết
lượng bức xạ phát ra từ Vụ Nổ lớn sẽ rất lớn, và họ muốn thấy nó.
Phải cho đến thập kỷ 1960 nó mới được phát hiện một cách tình cờ bởi 2 người đang làm việc với ăn-ten
ở Phòng thí nghiệm Bell tại New Jersey. Họ đã cố tắt đi các tiếng ồn nền
cho cái máy thu thanh bằng ăn-ten vô cùng nhạy, nhưng họ thu được tiếng "hum" ở mọi hướng
Họ thử mọi cách để bỏ tiếng ồn đó, thậm chí giết luôn cả mấy con bồ câu
đã ị lên cái ăn-ten - thật là đắng lòng - nhưng dù sao các chú bồ câu đã anh dũng hy sinh cho
một trong những khám phá vĩ đại nhất trong Khoa học hiện đại. Một cuộc thoại với nhà thiên văn
dẫn họ đến với ông ấy ở Đại học Princeton để xác nhận
sự tồn tại vốn đã được phỏng đoán qua nhiều năm.
Swedish:
Den sista pusselbiten av Big Bang pusslet är att vi kan se det. Ljus har en hastighet. När
vi tittar på solen, ser vi det ljus som lämnade den 8 minuter sedan, men om vi
tittar på någonting som är 13.8 miljarder ljusår bort, ser vi saker som hände
13.8 miljarder år sedan! Strålningen har rest sedan början av vårt universum.
Inte nog med att vi kan fastställa att det inte fanns någonting innan det, vi kan
nu studera den strålningen för att finna händelserna ordning i Big Bang. Vi kan också se
att den kemiska kompositionen i vårt tidiga universum är vad vi förväntade oss - mycket
väte, mycket helium och en liten mängd litium. Resten av det periodiska systemet
var tvungen att vänta tills de brinnande smältugnarna och kärnor inuti stjärnor skapades.
Men, mer om det i nästa avsnitt!
Trots de framsteg vi har gjort de senaste århundradet i fastställandet av universums historia,
är det fortfarande mycket kosmologer fortfarande har att upptäcka. Till exempel, universum beter sig
som om det fanns en mängd materia inom det som vi inte kan see eller upptäcka. Galaxers gravitation
påverkas av denna materia, men är annars helt osynligt för oss. Fysiker kallar
Arabic:
القطعة الأخيرة من أحجية الانفجار العظيم،
أنّنا نستطيع رؤيته، الضوء له سرعة.
حين ننظر إلى الشمس، فنحن نرى الضوء
الذي انطلق منها قبل 8 دقائق.
لكن حين ننظر إلى شيء يبعد عنّا مسافة 13،8
مليار سنة ضوئية، سنرى ما حدث قبل 13،8 سنة.
تلك الإشعاعات كانت تتقدّم منذ بدء الكون.
لن نستطيع أن نعرف بوضوح
أنّه لم يكن هناك شيء قبل ذلك فحسب
بل نستطيع الآن دراسة تلك الإشعاعات
لدراسة تسلسل أحداث الانفجار العظيم.
نستطيع أيضًا أن نرى أنّ التشكيل الكيميائي
للكون في بدايته كان كما نتوقع.
الكثير من الهيدروجين والكثير من الهيليوم،
وكمية قليلة من الليثيوم.
أمّا بقيّة عناصر الجدول الدوريّ فقط كان عليها
انتظار الحرارة الحارقة في جوف النجوم لتتشكّل.
لكنّنا سنتحدّث عن ذلك في الحلقة المقبلة.
رغم التقدّم الذي أحرزناه في القرن الماضي
في كتابة تاريخ الكون
إلّا أنّه ما زال هناك أشياء كثيرة
لم يكتشفها علماء الكون بعد.
مثلًا، يتصرّف الكون كما لو كان يحتوي مادة
لا يمكننا رؤيتها أو الشعور بها.
وجاذبيّة المجرات تتأثّر بتلك المادة،
لكنّها غير مرئيّة إطلاقًا بالنسبة إلينا.
Danish:
Den sidste brik i Big Bang puslespillet er at vi kan se det. Lys har en hastighed. Når
vi kigger på solen ser vi lyset der forlod den for 8 minutter siden, men hvis vi ser på
noget der er 13,8 mia. lysår væk, ser vi det som skete
for 13,8 mia. år siden. Strålingen har rejst siden universets begyndelse.
Ikke blot kan vi være sikre på, at der ikke var noget før det, vi kan
nu studere strålingen for at finde ud af rækkefølgen i Big Bang begivenhederne. Vi kan også se
at den kemiske sammensætning af det tidlige univers, er som vi havde forventet - en masse
brint, en masse helium og en smule lithium. Resten af det periodiske system
måtte vente på de brændende ovne i maven på stjerner, for at blive dannet.
Mere om det i næste afsnit!
Så langt som vi end er kommet med at beskrive universets historie i det sidste århundrede,
er der stadig meget for kosmologer at opdage. For eksempel opfører universet sig
som om der er en masse stof i det, som vi hverken kan se eller måle. Galaksers tyngdefelt
bliver påvirket af dette stof, men ellers er det helt usynligt for os. Fysikere kalder det
Turkish:
Bu büyük patlama bulmacanın son parçası olan
biz onu görebilirsiniz. Işık hızına sahiptir. Ne zaman
biz güneşin baktığımızda ışığı görüyorsanız
sekiz dakika önce sol, ama biz eğer
13,8 milyar ışık yılı var şeye bakmak
uzakta, biz ne şeyler görüyorsanız
13,8 milyar yıl önce! Bu radyasyon olmuştur
Evrenin başından beri seyahat.
Sadece biz orada çok net söyleyebilirim
Daha önce orada sadece bir şey oldu, biz
Şimdi sırası öğrenmek için bu radyasyon çalışma
Big Bang'in olaylarının. Biz de görebilirsiniz
Erken kimyasal bileşimi
Evren biz görmek beklediğiniz - bir sürü
hidrojen, helyum çok ve küçük tutam
lityum. Periyodik tablonun geri kalanı
ateşli fırınlar ve beklemek zorunda kaldı
yıldızlı karınlarını oluşturulacak.
Ama bu konuda daha fazla, bir sonraki bölüm!
Geçtiğimiz yüzyılda geldim kadar
Orada, evrenin bir geçmişi işçiliği
kozmolojistler henüz hala birçok şey var
keşfetmek. Örneğin, evren davranır
o maddenin bir sürü var sanki o
Gördüğümüz ya da algılayamaz. Galaksilerin gravitation
Bu konuda etkilenir, ama aksi var olan
Bize tamamen görünmez. Fizikçiler çağrı
French:
La dernière pièce de ce puzzle du Big Bang est que nous pouvons le voir. La lumière a une vitesse. Quand
nous regardons le soleil, nous voyons la lumière qui l'a quitté il y a huit minutes, mais si nous
regardons quelque chose qui est 13,8 milliards d'années-lumière
de nous, nous voyons les choses qui se sont passées
il y a 13,8 milliards années! Ce rayonnement a voyagé depuis le tout début de l'univers.
Non seulement nous pouvons dire très clairement qu'il n'y avait rien avant cela, mais nous pouvons aussi
maintenant étudier ce rayonnement pour connaitre la série d'événements composant le Big Bang. Nous pouvons aussi voir
que la composition chimique du début de
l'univers est ce que nous nous attendions à voir - beaucoup
d'atomes d'hydrogène, beaucoup d'hélium et un tout petit peu de lithium. Le reste du tableau périodique
a dû attendre les fournaises ardentes au coeur des étoiles pour être formé.
Mais nous aborderons cela au prochain épisode!
Quand bien même on a beaucoup avancé durant le siècle précédent pour comprendre l'histoire de l'univers
il y a encore beaucoup de choses à découvrir pour les cosmologistes. Par exemple, l'univers se comporte
comme si il y avait un tas de matière en lui que nous ne pouvons pas voir ou détecter. La gravitation des galaxies
est affectée par cette matière, mais à part cela, elle demeure totalement invisible pour nous. Les physiciens l'appellent
Romanian:
Piesa finală a acestui puzzle Big Bang este cea pe care o putem vedea. Lumina are o viteza. Când
ne uităm la soare, vedem lumina
emisă în urmă cu opt minute dar dacă
privim la ceva care este 13,8 miliarde de ani-lumină distanță, vedem lucrurile care s-au întâmplat
acum 13,8 miliarde de ani! Aceste radiații călătoresc încă de la începutul universului.
Nu doar că putem spune foarte clar că n-a existat nimic acolo înainte de asta, putem
acum să studiem acele radiatii pentru a afla secvența a evenimentelor Big Bang-ului. Putem vedea, de asemenea
că compoziția chimică a
Universului timpuriu este ceea ce ne-am aștepta să vedem - o mulțime
de hidrogen, o mulțime de heliu și un vârf de cuțit mic de litiu. Restul tabelului periodic
a trebuit să aștepte pentru cuptoarele de foc și pântecele de stele pentru a fi create.
Dar mai mult despre asta în următorul episod!
Pe măsură ce am ajuns în secolul trecut în meșteșugul istoriei universului, acolo
sunt încă multe lucruri pe care cosmologii încă trebuie să le descopere. De exemplu, universul se comportă
ca și când ar fi o o grămadă de materie în care nu putem vedea sau detecta. Gravitația galaxiilor
este afectată de această materie care este de altfel complet invizibilă pentru noi. Fizicienii numesc
Vietnamese:
Mảnh ghép cuối cùng trong bản đồ Vụ Nổ lớn là ta có thể thấy được. Ánh sáng có vận tốc.
Khi ta nhìn vào mặt trời, ta thấy ánh sáng đã đi được 8 phút trước, nhưng
khi ta nhìn cái gì đó cách 13.8 tỷ năm ánh sáng, ta đang thấy thứ đã diễn ra
13.8 tỷ năm về trước! Cái bức xạ đó đã du hành từ ngày vũ trụ chào đời.
Không chỉ ta có thể khẳng định chẳng có gì trước Vụ Nổ lớn, mà giờ ta cũng có thể
nghiên cứu bức xạ đó để tìm hiểu thêm về các diễn biến của Vụ Nổ lớn. Ta cũng có thể
thấy các thành phần hóa học ngay từ thuở sơ khai, điều mà ta đã đoán được: rất nhiều
hydro, heli, và một tí lithium. Còn các nguyên tố còn lại trong bảng tuần hoàn
phải đợi được luyện trong các lò luyện kim trong bụng các vì sao.
Muốn biết thêm thì phải coi chương kế ha!
Càng tìm hiểu về lịch sử hình thành vũ trụ
thì càng có nhiều điều mà các nhà vũ trụ học vẫn chưa khám phá hết. Ví dụ, vũ trụ
vận hành như thể nó có các thứ vật chất mà ta không thể thấy được. Lực hấp dẫn các thiên hà
bị chi phối bởi thứ vật chất này nhưng nó hoàn toàn vô hình. Các nhà vật lý học gọi
Dutch:
Het laatste stukje van de oerknal puzzel is dat we het kunnen zien. Licht heeft een snelheid. Wanneer
we naar de zon kijken, zien we het licht dat het 8 minuten geleden verliet, maar als we
naar iets kijken dat 13.8 miljard lichtjaren ver weg is, zien we dingen die 13.8 miljard
lichtjaren geleden gebeurden! Die straling reist als sinds het prille begin van het universum.
Niet alleen kunnen we met zekerheid zeggen dat er daarvoor niks was, we kunnen
nu die straling bestuderen om de volgorde van de gebeurtenissen van de Oerknal te leren. We kunnen ook
zien dat de chemische samenstelling van het vroege heelal hetgeen is wat we verwachten te zien, veel
waterstof, veel helium en een klein snufje lithium. De rest van het periodiek systeem
moest wachten op de vurige ovens en de buiken van sterren om gemaakt te worden.
Maar meer daarover volgende aflevering!
Voor zo ver we zijn gekomen in het vervaardigen van een geschiedenis van het heelal de afgelopen eeuw, zijn
er nog veel dingen die kosmologen nog moeten ontdekken. Bijvoorbeeld: het universum gedraagt
zich alsof er een heleboel materie inzit dat we niet kunnen zien of detecteren. De zwaartekracht van
sterrenstelsels wordt beïnvloed door deze materie, maar het is anders volledig onzichtbaar voor ons. Fysici
Portuguese:
A última peça do quebra-cabeça é...
que podemos vê-lo. (O Big Bang)
A luz tem uma velocidade.
Quando olhamos para o Sol,
estamos vendo a luz que saiu há 8 minutos,
Mas se vemos algo que está a 13,8 bilhões de anos-luz de distância,
então estamos vendo o que aconteceu há 13,8 bilhões de anos atrás!
Aquela radiação tem viajado desde o início do Universo.
Não apenas podemos dizer, claramente,
que não houve nada antes disso,
como podemos estudar a radiação e entender a sequência de eventos que isso causou.
Também podemos ver que a composição química do Universo antigo
é o que esperávamos ver: Hidrogênio, Hélio e um pouco de Lítio.
O resto da tabela periódica teve de esperar pelas fornalhas ardentes no interior das estrelas para serem criados.
Mais sobre isso no próximo episódio!
Mesmo indo tão longe no século passado na criação
da História do Universo, ainda há muitos mistérios.
Por exemplo, o Universo se comporta como se tivesse um monte de matéria nele que nós não podemos ver nem detectar.
A gravidade das galáxias é afetada por essa matéria, mas é totalmente invisível para nós.
Spanish:
La última piez del rompecabezas del Big Bang es que podemos verlo. La luz tiene una velocidad.
Cuando miramos al sol, vemos la luz que lanzó hace 8 minutos, pero si miramos a algo
que está a 13.800 millones de años luz, estamos viendo algo que pasó hace 13.800
millones de años! Esa radiación ha viajado desde el comienzo del universo.
No solamente podemos ver claramente que no había nada antes de eso, también podemos
estudiar esa radiación para aprender la secuencia de eventos del Big Bang. También podemos ver
que la composición química del universo joven, es lo que esperamos ver, un montón de hidrógeno,
un montón de helio y un poquito de litio. El resto de la tabla periódica tuvo que esperar
hasta a los furiosos hornos y entrañas de las estrellas sean creadas.
¡Pero más de eso en el siguiente episodio!
A pesar de llegar lejos el siglo pasado en crear una historia del universo, hay todavía
muchas cosas que los cosmólogos deben descubrir. Por ejemplo, el universo se comporta como si
hubiera un montón de materia la cual no podemos ver o detectar. La gravedad de las galaxias es
afectada por esta materia, pero por lo demás es completamente invisible para nosotros. Los
Italian:
L'ultimo pezzo del puzzle del Big Bang è che
lo possiamo vedere. La luce ha una velocità.
Quando guardiamo il Sole, stiamo vedendo
la luce che è partita otto minuti fa, ma se
guardiamo qualcosa che sta a 13,8 miliardi di
anni luce di distanza, vediamo ciò che è successo
13,8 miliardi di anni fa! Quella radiazione
è in viaggio fin dall'inizio dell'Universo.
Oltre a potere dire con certezza che
non c'era nulla prima di ciò, ora possiamo
studiare questa radiazione per imparare la sequenza
di eventi del Big Bang. Possiamo anche vedere
che la composizione chimica dell'Universo
primordiale è quello che ci si aspetterebbe di vedere –
molto idrogeno, molto elio e un pochino
di litio. Il resto della tavola periodica
avrebbe dovuto aspettare le ardenti
fornaci stellari per essere creato.
Ma ne riparleremo nel prossimo episodio.
Per quanto lontano ci siamo spinti il secolo scorso
nella ricostruzione della storia dell'Universo,
ci sono ancora molte cose che i cosmologi devono
ancora scoprire. Per esempio, l'Universo si comporta
come se ci fosse della materia che non siamo
in grado di rilevare. La gravitazione delle galassie
è influenzata da questa materia, che è comunque
completamente invisibile. I fisici la chiamano
English:
The final piece of that big bang puzzle is
that we can see it. Light has a speed. When
we look at the sun, we're seeing the light
that left it eight minutes ago, but if we
look at something that's 13.8 billion light-years
away, we're seeing the stuff that happened
13.8 billion years ago! That radiation has been
traveling since the very beginning of the universe.
Not only can we tell very clearly that there
was just nothing there before that, we can
now study that radiation to learn the sequence
of events of the big bang. We can also see
that the chemical composition of the early
universe is what we'd expect to see - a lot
of hydrogen, a lot of helium and a tiny pinch
of lithium. The rest of the periodic table
had to wait for the fiery furnaces and the
bellies of stars to be created.
But more on that, next episode!
As far as we've come in the past century in
crafting a history of the universe, there
are still many things cosmologists have yet
to discover. For instance, the universe behaves
as if there's a bunch of matter in it that
we can't see or detect. Galaxies' gravitation
is affected by this matter, but it's otherwise
completely invisible to us. Physicists call
Russian:
Финальный кусок паззла Большого Взрыва в том, что мы его видим. У света есть скорость. Когда
мы смотрим на солнце,мы видим свет, который оно оставило 8 минут назад, но если
посмотреть на что-то, что в 13.8 миллиардах световых лет от нас, мы видим то, что произошло
13.8 миллиардов лет назад! Эта радиация путешествовала с самого начала Вселенной.
Мы не только можем ясно сказать, что до того не было просто ничего, мы теперь
можем изучать радиацию, чтобы понять цепочку событий Большого Взрыва. Мы также видим,
что химический состав ранней Вселенной такой, какой мы ожидали - много
водорода, много гелия, малость лития. Вся остальная периодическая таблица
ждала огненных печей и нутр звёзд, чтобы появиться.
Но об этом в следующем эпизоде!
При том, как далеко мы продвинулись в последний век в познании истории Вселенной,
всё ещё много что космологам только предстоит открыть. Например, Вселенная ведёт себя так,
будто существует масса вещества в ней, которое мы не можем обнаружить. Это вещество влияет на
гравитационную тягу галактик, но помимо этого мы его совершенно не видим. Физики называют его
German:
Das letzte Teil des Urknall-Puzzles ist, dass wir es sehen können. Licht hat eine Geschwindigkeit.
Wenn wir in die Sonne gucken, dann sehen wir gerade das Licht, das sie vor 8 Minuten verlassen hat.
Aber wenn wir etwas ansehen, dass 13,8 Milliarden Lichtjahre entfernt ist, dann sehen wir das,
was vor 13,8 Milliarden Jahren passiert ist!
Diese Strahlung ist seit Anbeginn des Universums auf Reise.
Wir können nicht nur sehr klar sagen, dass dort einfach nichts da war vorher, sondern wir können
diese Strahlung studieren, um die Abfolge der Ereignisse des Urknalls in Erfahrung zu bringen.
Wir können außerdem sehen, dass die chemische Zusammensetzung des frühen Universums so ist,
wie wir es erwartet hätten – eine Menge Wasserstoff, eine Menge Helium und ein klein wenig Lithium.
Der Rest des Periodensystems hatte zu warten, bis der glühende Brennofen und die Bäuche der Sterne
erschaffen worden sind. Aber mehr darüber in der nächsten Folge!
[John] Wie weit wir im vergangene Jahrhundert im Basteln der Geschichte des Universums auch
gekommen sind, es gibt och immer viele Dinge, die Kosmologen (und -innen) noch zu entdecken haben.
Beispielsweise verhält sich das Universum, als enthielte es einen Haufen Materie, die wir nicht sehen oder
aufspüren können. Die Schwerkraft von Galaxien wird davon beeinflusst, aber ansonsten ist es für uns
Korean:
빅뱅 퍼즐의 마지막 조각은 우리가 실제 볼 수 있다는 겁니다. 빛은 속도를 갖기에 우리가
지금 본 해는 8분 전의 모습입니다. 그런데 만약 138억 광년 거리의 별을
지금 본다면 우리는 그 별의 138 억 년 전의 모습을 보는 것입니다.
복사 빛이 우주 탄생 시점 부터 138억년간 날라온 셈이죠.
탄생전엔 아무 것도 없었다는 것을 확실히 말할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 복사 빛을 연구하여
빅뱅 이후에 벌어진 연쇄 사건들도 연구할 수 있게 되었습니다. 우리는 초기 우주의
화학 성분이 우리 예상대로 엄청나게 많은 수소와 헬륨
그리고 미량의 리튬으로 구성된 것도 볼 수 있습니다. 주기율표 상의 기타원소들은
태어나려면 큰 별들의 중심부에 훨씬 더 뜨거운 로가 형성되기를 기다려야합니다
그 이상 설명은 다음 회에!
지난 100년 간 우주의 역사에 대해 짜맞춰 왔으나 아직도
천체학자들은 추가로 많은 발견을 해야 합니다. 예를 들어 우주는 마치
그 안에 보이지 않는 상당히 많은 물질들이 있는 것처럼 행동합니다. 은하계의 중력은
이 물질들에 영향을 받는데 그런데 전혀 보이지 않습니다. 물리학자들은 이 물질을
Portuguese:
A última peça do quebra cabeça do Big Bang é o que podemos ver. A luz tem uma velocidade.
Quando olhamos para o Sol, nós estamos vendo a luz que saiu há oito minutos, mas se nós
olharmos para algo que está a 13.8 bilhões de anos-luz de distância, nós estamos vendo o que aconteceu
há 13.8 bilhões de anos atrás! Aquela radiação tem viajado desde o início do universo.
Não apenas podemos dizer, claramente, que não houve nada antes disso, como podemos
agora estudar a radiação e entender a sequência de eventos que o Big Bang causou. Podemos ver, também,
que as composições químicas do universo antigo é o que esperávamos ver — bastante
Hidrogênio, bastante Hélio e um tantinho de Lítio. O resto da tabela periódica
teve de esperar pelas fornalhas ardentes e o útero da criação das estrelas serem criados.
Porém verá mais disso no próximo episódio!
Mesmo indo tão longe no século passado na criação da história do universo, ainda
resta algumas respostas que os Cosmologistas têm de descobrir. Por exemplo, o universo se comporta
como se tivesse um monte de matéria nele que nós não podemos ver nem detectar. A gravitação das galáxias
é afetada por essa matéria, mas ou é, de qualquer maneira, invisível para nós. Físicos chamam de
Japanese:
ビッグバンの謎を解く最後の鍵は
見えること
光に速度があるということだよ
今見た太陽は
太陽が８分前に発した光だ
じゃあもし
今１３８億光年離れた何かを見たのなら
１３８億年前の何かがわかるって事だ
その光は宇宙のほんの始まりの時から
ずっと旅をしてやって来たんだね
ここまでにビッグバンについて
それの前には何も無かったことだけじゃなく
宇宙背景放射の事まで順を追って学んできたけど
この後には
初期宇宙の化学組成も見ていくわけだ
たくさんの水素 たくさんのヘリウム
そしてほんのちょっぴりのリチウム
周期表の続きは 星のはらわた で燃え盛る釜の
登場を待たなねばならなかった・・・
まあその話は
次までお預けだね！
これまで幾世紀にわたって
宇宙の歴史の物語は紡がれてきました
それでも宇宙論者にも分かっていない事は
まだまだいくらでもあります
観測できているだけでも
現状の知識では説明できない現象が
たくさんあるんです
銀河の動きを説明するには
誰も見たことのない何かが必要です
Polish:
Ostatnim elementem tej układanki jest to,
że tak naprawdę możemy nawet to zobaczyć.
Światło porusza się bowiem z pewną prędkością.
Patrząc na Słońce, widzimy światło, które opuściło jego powierzchnię 8 minut temu, jeśli zaś
spojrzymy na coś, co jest 13,8 mld lat świetlnych stąd, zobaczymy rzeczy, które działy się
13,8 mld lat temu! Promieniowanie przemieszcza się bowiem od samego początku Wszechświata.
Nie tylko możemy z całą pewnością stwierdzić, że przed Wybuchem nie było absolutnie niczego –
obecnie możemy też badać promieniowanie w celu odkrycia sekwencji wydarzeń od Wielkiego Wybuchu.
Widzimy też, że skład chemiczny wczesnego Wszechświata był taki, jakiego się spodziewaliśmy –
mnóstwo wodoru, helu i szczypta litu.
Reszta układu okresowego
musiała poczekać do momentu swojego powstania
w ognistych piecach i brzuchach gwiazd...
Ale więcej na ten temat w następnym odcinku!
Niezależnie od tego, jak daleko w minionym stuleciu zaszliśmy w odkrywaniu historii Wszechświata,
istnieje jeszcze wiele kwestii do wyjaśnienia przez kosmologów. Na przykład – Wszechświat zachowuje się
tak, jakby istniała jeszcze pewna doza materii, której
nie jesteśmy w stanie zobaczyć czy wykryć.
Materia ta wpływa na grawitację galaktyk, jednak poza tym jest dla nas całkowicie niewidoczna.
Hungarian:
A Nagy Bumm- puzzle utolsó darabkája az, hogy látjuk. A fénynek sebessége van.
Ha a Napra nézünk, azt a fényt látjuk, ami 8 perccel azelőtt hagyta el, de ha olyasvalamire
nézünk, ami 13,8 milliárd fényévnyire van, akkor azt látjuk, ami 13,8 milliárd évvel
ezelőtt történt! Az a sugárzás az univerzum keletkezése óta utazik.
Nem csak azt tudjuk megmondani, hogy azelőtt nem volt semmi, hanem most már
az események sorára is következtetni tudunk a sugárzást vizsgálva. Azt is látjuk,
hogy a korai univerzum kémiai összetétele olyan, amilyenre számítottunk -
sok hidrogén, sok hélium és egy kicsi lítium. A periodikus rendszer többi elemének várnia
kellet a tüzes kazánokra és a csillagok gyomrára, hogy megteremtődjenek.
De ezt a következő epizódban fejtjük ki.
Akármilyen sokat is tettünk az elmúlt században az univerzum történelmének rekonstruálásáért, még
mindig sok dolog van amit a kozmológusok még nem fedeztek fel. Például, az univerzum úgy viselkedik,
mintha lenne egy csomó anyag benne amiket nem látunk. A galaxisok gravitációját befolyásolja
ez az anyag, de egyébként teljességgel láthatatlan számunkra. A fizikusok
Finnish:
Viimeinen alkuräjähdyksen arvoituksen pala on, että voimme nähdä sen. Valolla on nopeus. Kun
katsomme aurinkoa, näemme valon, joka lähti siitä kahdeksan minuuttia sitten, mutta jos
katsomme jotakin, mikä on 13,8 miljardin valovuoden päässä, näemme mitä tapahtui
13,8 miljardia vuotta sitten! Tämä säteily on matkannut maailmankaikkeuden alusta asti.
Sen lisäksi, että voimme selvästi havaita, että tätä ennen ei vain ollut mitään, voimme
tutkia säteilyä saadaksemme selville alkuräjähdyksen tapahtumien kulun. Voimme myös nähdä,
varhaisen universumin kemiallinen koostumus on sellainen, kuin odotimme – paljon
vetyä, paljon heliumia ja pikkuriikkisen litiumia. Loput jaksollisesta järjestelmästä
joutui odottamaan, että kuumat tulipesät tähtien sisuksissa ilmaantuivat.
Mutta tästä lisää seuraavassa osassa!
Niin pitkälle kuin olemmekin viime vuosisadan aikana päässeetkin tutkiessamme maailmankaikkeuden historiaa,
on yhä paljon asioita, joita kosmologit eivät ole saaneet selville. Esimerkiksi, maailmankaikkeus käyttäytyy
kuin olisi olemassa ainetta, jota emme näe tai voi muuten havaita. Tämä aine vaikuttaa
galaksien gravitaatioon, mutta muuten se on meille täysin näkymätöntä. Fyysikot kutsuvat
iw:
החתיכה האחרונה של פאזל הנפץ הגדול הוא שאנחנו יכולים לראות אותו. לאר יש מהירות.
כשאנחנו מסתכלים על השמש, אנחנו רואים את האור שיצא ממנו לפני 8 דקות, אבל אם אנחנו
מסתכלים על משהו שנמצא 13.8 ביליון שנות אור מכאן, אנחנו רואים את מה שקרה לפני
ביליון שנים! לרדיאציה הזאת ישנן 13.8 שנות מסע, מתחילת היקום.
לא רק שאנחנו יכולים לומר די בבירור שלא היה שם כלום לפני כן, אנחנו יכולים
ללמוד את הרדיאציה הזאת בשביל לגלות את האירועים של הנפץ הגדול. אנחנו גם יכולים לראות
את התרכובות הכימיות של היקום העתיק, אשר הם מה שאנו מצפים לראות - הרבה
מימן, הרבה הליום ונגיעה קטנה של לית'יום. שאר הטבלה המחזורית
הייתה צריכה להמתין להיווצרות של כוכבים
אבל עוד על זה, בפרק הבא!
ככל שבמהלך המאה הנוכחית והקודמת הרכבנו את ההיסטוריה של היקום, שינם
עוד המון דברים שקוסמולוגים עדיין לא גילו. לדוגמא, היקום מתנהג
כאילו יש המון חומר בתוכו שאנחנו לא יכולים לראות או לגלות. כוח כבידה של גלקסיות
מושפע מהחומר הזה, אבל זה לגמרי לא גלוי לנוץ פיזיקאים קוראים לזה
Arabic:
ويسمّيها الفيزيائيون "المادة المظلمة"، لكنّنا
لا ندري ما هي. لكن كما في أيّ محاولة تاريخيّة
ستغيّر الاكتشافات الجديدة القصّة
في السنوات القادمة،
فتوقّعوا من الحلقات التي ستُعرض بعد 10 أو 20
سنة من الآن أن تختلف كثيرًا عن قصص اليوم.
لكنّ هذا لا يثنينا،
لأنّ معرفة كلّ شيء سيكون مملًا.
بقي الكثير ممّا علينا اكتشافه،
ووفقًا للتسارع الحاليّ للأبحاث العلميّة
الكثير من هذه الاكتشافات المدهشة ستنتظرنا
أثناء حياتنا، أو في حياتكم على الأقل.
سواء كانت الحرب العالمية الثانية أو حياة
إيب لنكون، فكلّ التاريخ يبدأ بالانفجار العظيم.
صحيح أنّه سيكون من السخيف أن نبدأ كتاب دراسة
الحرب العالمية الثانية بالانفجار العظيم
لكن سيكون الأسخف من ذلك
أن نقول إنّ الانفجار العظيم،
وهو أساس كلّ الأحداث التاريخيّة الأخرى،
ليس جزءًا من التاريخ.
لهذا فإن سلسلتنا تطال حياة
كلّ شخص في هذا الكوكب الذي نعتبره موطننا،
بغضّ النظر عن بلاده أو مستواه أو عقيدته
لتشكيل قصّتنا العامة.
إلى اللقاء في حلقة مقبلة.
Spanish:
físicos la llaman Materia Oscura, pero ¡no sabemos lo que es! Pero nuevos descubrimientos
alterarán la historia en el futuro, así que esperen que la "Historia Grande" dentro de 10
o 20 años mas se vean muy diferentes de las de hoy.
Pero esto no es deprimente, ¡porque saberlo todo sería aburrido! Hay un montón por
descubrir, y al paso actual de la ciencia, muchos de esos descubrimientos asombrosos
ocurrirán en nuestras vidas!, o al menos durante tu vida.
Ya sea la Segunda Guerra Mundial o la vida de Lincoln, todas las historias comienzan
con el Big Bang. Si, sería tonto comenzar tu típico libro de las Segunda Guerra Mundial con
el Big Bang, pero sería 100 trillones de veces más radículo decir que el Big Bang, la madre
de todos los eventos históricos, no fué historia.
Y así es como la historia alcanza a todas las vidas de cada persona en esta pequeña partícula de
polvo que llamamos hogar, más allá de la nacionalidad, la clase social o la religión, y todo forma
nuestra historia en común.
¡Nos vemos luego!
Dutch:
noemen het donkere materie, maar we hebben geen idee wat het is! Maar zoals in elk historisch streven,
zullen nieuwe ontdekkingen het verhaal in de komende jaren veranderen, dus verwacht dat de grote geschiedenissen
van 10 of 20 jaar van nu er heel anders uit gaan zien dan die van vandaag.
Maar dit is niet ontmoedigend, want alles weten zou saai zijn! Er is
veel meer te ontdekken, en met het huidige tempo van wetenschappelijk onderzoek zullen veel van die
verbazingwekkende ontdekkingen ons te wachten staan tijdens ons leven! Of in toch in jullie leven.
Of het nu Wereldoorlog Twee is of het leven van Abe Lincoln, alle geschiedenis beginnen uiteindelijk
met de oerknal. Ja, het zou dom zijn om uw typisch Wereldoorlog Twee schoolboek te starten
met de oerknal, maar het zou zo'n honderd biljoen, biljoen keer belachelijker zijn
om te zeggen dat de oerknal, de moeder van alle historische gebeurtenissen, geen geschiedenis is.
En dat is de reden waarom Big History in het leven van iedere mens reikt op dit kleine
stofdeeltje dat we thuis noemen, ongeacht de natie, klasse of geloof, en onze gezamenlijke geschiedenis vormt.
Tot de volgende keer!
Turkish:
Karanlık madde, ama biz hiçbir fikrim ne o
olduğunu! Ancak herhangi bir tarihsel çaba olarak, yeni
keşifler gelecekte hikaye değiştirecek
yaş, yani on büyük geçmişlerini bekliyoruz
veya bundan yirmi yıl çok farklı bakmak
Bugünün dan.
Ama bu gibi çünkü cesaret kırıcı değil,
Her şeyi bilen sıkıcı olurdu! Orada
Bir sürü keşfetmek için sol ve akımda
Bunların bilimsel araştırma hızı, birçok
inanılmaz buluşlar bizim ömür boyu bizi bekliyor olacak!
Ya da en azından ömür boyu.
O İkinci Dünya Savaşı ya da hayat olmak ister
Abe Lincoln, tüm geçmişlerini sonuçta başlar
Büyük patlama ile. Evet, bu aptalca olurdu
tipik İkinci Dünya Savaşı ders kitabı başlatmak için
Büyük patlama ile, ancak yaklaşık bir olurdu
yüz trilyon trilyon kat daha gülünç
tüm tarihsel anne - büyük patlama demek
olaylar - Tarih değildi.
Büyük geçmiş ulaşır Ve bu yüzden
Bu küçücük leke her kişinin hayatını
Toz biz sınıf ne olursa olsun milletin, ev aramak
veya inanç ve ortak bir hikaye oluşturur.
Gelecek sefere görüşürüz!
Danish:
for mørkt stof, men vi aner ikke hvad det er! Men som i alle historiske bestræbelser vil nye
opdagelser ændre historien i de kommende år, så forvent at de store historier
om 10-20 år ser helt anderledes ud end dem i dag.
Det er ikke så nedslående, for hvis vi vidste alting, ville vi kede os!
Der findes meget at opdage endnu, og med den hastighed videnskaben finder ud af nyt,
er der fantastiske opdagelser til os alle i vores livstid. Eller i hvert fald i din livstid.
Uanset om det er 2. verdenskrig eller Abe Lincolns liv, begynder alle historier
ved Big Bang. Det ville da være dumt at starte en grundbog om 2. Verdenskrig
med Big Bang, men det ville være hundrede trillioner gange dummere, at
at sige at Big Bang - alle historiske begivenheders moder - ikke var historie.
Og derfor rækker Big History ind i livet på alle personer på dette lille støvkorn,
som vi kalder hjem, uagtet vores nation, klasse eller tro, og det former vores fælles historie.
Vi ses næste gang!
Portuguese:
Matéria Escura, todavia não temos a menor ideia do que seja! Mas como em qualquer esforço histórico,
novas descobertas irão mudar a História no futuro, então espere que as grandes Histórias de dez,
ou vinte anos adiante, tenham um olhar bem diferente do de hoje.
Mas isso não é desencorajante, porque, tipo, saber tudo seria entediante!
Tem um monte de descobertas sobrando, e no atual passo das investigações científica, muitos desses
maravilhosos descobrimentos ocorrerão durante o nosso tempo de vida. Ou ao menos no seu tempo de vida.
Que seja a Segunda Guerra Mundial ou a vida de Abraham Lincoln, toda as histórias, no final, começam
com o Big Bang. É, eu sei, seria uma doideira começar a seu típico capítulo de Segunda Guerra Mundial
com o Big Bang, porém seria centenas de trilhões de trilhões de vezes mais ridículo
dizer que o Big Bang — a mãe todos os eventos históricos — não é História.
E é por isso que "Big History (A Grande História)" alcança a vida de todas as pessoas nesse minúsculo grão
de poeira que chamamos de casa, independente de nação, classe ou credo, e forma a nossa história em comum.
Vejo você na próxima vez!
Russian:
Тёмной материей, но мы не имеем ни малейшего представления, что это такое. Но, как и в любом историческом начинании, новые
открытия изменят историю в будущие годы, так что ждите Большие истории
через 10-20 лет сильно отличающимися от сегодняшних.
Но это не должно демотивировать, ведь знать всё было бы скучно!
Много чего надо открыть, и при нынешних темпах научных работ многие из этих
занимательных открытий ждут нас во время нашей жизни! Ну, или, вашей жизни.
Будь то Вторая Мировая или жизнь Эйба Линкольна, все истории в конечном счёте начинаются
с Большого Взрыва. Да, глупо начинать книгу о Второй Мировой
с Большого Взрыва, но было бы примерно в сотню триллионов триллионов раз глупее
говорить, что Большой Взрыв - мать всех исторических событий - не история.
Поэтому Большая история пробирается в жизнь каждого человека на этом маленьком участке
пыли, который мы называем домом, независимо от гражданства, класса, мировоззрения, и образует нашу общую историю.
Встретимся в следующий раз!
English:
it dark matter, but we have no idea what it
is! But as in any historical endeavor, new
discoveries will alter the story in future
years, so expect the big histories of ten
or twenty years from now to look very different
from today's.
But this isn't discouraging, because like,
knowing everything would be boring!
There's a lot left to discover, and at the current
pace of scientific inquiry, many of those
amazing discoveries will await us in our lifetime!
Or at least in your lifetime.
Whether it be World War Two or the life of
Abe Lincoln, all histories ultimately start
with the big bang. Yeah, it would be silly
to start your typical World War Two textbook
with the big bang, but it would be about a
hundred trillion, trillion times more ridiculous
to say the big bang - the mother of all historical
events - was not history.
And that's why big history reaches into the
lives of every person on this tiny speck of
dust we call home, regardless of nation, class
or creed, and forms our common story.
See you next time!
Finnish:
sitä pimeäksi aineeksi, mutta meillä ei ole aavistustakaan mitä se on! Mutta, kuten kaikissa historiallisissa ponnistuksissa,
uudet löydöt muuttavat tarinaa tulevina vuosina, joten voimme odottaa kymmenen tai
kahdenkymmenen vuoden päästä ison historian olevan hyvin erilaista kuin tänään.
Mutta tämä ei ole lannistavaa, koska kaiken tietämien olisi tylsää! Vielä on
paljon löytöjä tehtävänä, ja nykyisellä tieteellisen tutkimuksen tahdilla, monet noista
upeista löydöistä tehdään elinaikanamme! Tai ainakin sinun elinaikanasi.
Olkoon kyseessä toinen maailmansota tai Abe Lincolnin elämä, kaikki historia alkaa
alkuräjähdyksestä. Olisi tietysti hölmöä aloittaa tyypillinen toisen maailmansodan oppikirja
kertomalla alkuräjähdyksestä, mutta olisi noin sata triljoonaa triljoonaa kertaa naurettavampaa
väittää, että alkuräjähdys – kaikkien historiallisten tapahtumien äiti – ei olisi historiaa.
Ja siksi iso historia liittyy jokaisen tätä pikkuruista pölyhiukkasta kodikseen kutsuvan ihmisen elämään,
riippumasta siitä, mihin kansaan, yhteiskuntaluokkaan tai uskontoon kuulumme, ja kertoo yhteisen tarinamme.
Nähdään ensi kerralla!
Swedish:
detta mörk materia, men vi har ingen aning om vad det är! Men precis som andra historiska strävanden, nya
upptäckte kommer att påverka historien i framtiden, så du kan förvänta dig att vår uppfattning av dåtiden, kommer
tio eller tjugo år i framtiden se mycket annorlunda ut än vad de gör idag.
Men se inte detta som avskräckande, för att, liksom, att veta allting skulle vara tråkigt! Det finns
så mycket kvar att upptäcka, och i vår nuvarande upptäckningsfart, kommer många av dessa
otroliga upptäckter dyka upp inom vår livstid! Eller, åtminstone inom din livstid.
Oavsett om det handlar om andra världskriget eller Abraham Lincolns liv, alla historier börjar
med Big Bang. Visserligen, det skulle vara löjligt att starta en typisk textbok om andra världskriget
med Big Bang, men det skulle nog vara hundra triljoner, triljoner gånger mer löjligt
att påstå att Big Bang - modern av alla historiska händelser - inte var historia.
Och detta är anledningen till att den stora historian påverkar livet av varenda person på denna pyttelilla prick
av damm vi kallar vårt hem, oavsett nation, klass eller trosbekännelse, och formar vår gemensamma berättelse.
Vi ses nästa gång!
Polish:
Fizycy nazywają ją ciemną materią, lecz nie mamy pojęcia, czym tak naprawdę jest! Niemniej jednak,
jak w całej historii, nowe odkrycia będą w przyszłości zmieniać tę opowieść, spodziewajcie się zatem,
że historia Wszechświata za 10 czy 20 lat
będzie się bardzo różnić od dzisiejszej.
Niech to Was jednak nie zniechęca –
strasznie nudno byłoby wiedzieć wszystko!
Jeszcze mnóstwo odkryć przed nami, a biorąc pod uwagę obecne postępy w badaniach naukowych,
wiele z niesamowitych kwestii zostanie wyjaśnionych jeszcze za naszych czasów! Albo przynajmniej Waszych.
Czy to II wojna światowa, czy życie Abe'a Lincolna – wszystkie historie ostatecznie mają swój początek
wraz z Wielkim Wybuchem. Jasne, głupio byłoby rozpoczynać podręcznik o II wojnie światowej
opowieścią o Wielkim Wybuchu, jednak stwierdzenie, że Wielki Wybuch – ojciec wszystkich zdarzeń
historycznych – nie jest częścią historii,
byłoby 100 bilionów razy głupsze.
Dlatego też historia Wszechświata dosięga każdego człowieka żyjącego na tym drobnym pyłku, który
zwiemy domem, niezależnie od kraju, klasy społecznej czy wyznania, tworząc naszą wspólną historię.
Do zobaczenia następnym razem!
French:
la matière noire, mais nous ne avons aucune idée de ce qu'elle est! Mais comme dans toute entreprise historique, les nouvelles
découvertes vont modifier l'histoire dans les années à venir, alors attendez vous à ce que les grandes histoires des dix
ou vingt prochaines années à venir soient très différentes de celle d'aujourd'hui.
Mais ce ne est pas décourageant, parce que tout connaître serait ennuyeux! Il y a
encore beaucoup à découvrir, et au rythme de la recherche scientifique actuelle, beaucoup de ces
incroyables découvertes vont se produire au cours de nos vies! Ou du moins, de vos vies.
Que ce soit la Seconde Guerre mondiale ou la vie de
Abe Lincoln, toutes les histoires commencent finalement
avec le Big Bang. Ouais, ce serait stupide
de commencer votre deuxième guerre mondiale dans vos manuels scolaires ordinaires
avec le big bang, mais ce serait des
milliers de milliards et de milliards de fois plus ridicule
de dire que le Big Bang
- la mère de tout évênement historique -
n'était pas de l'histoire.
Et c'est pour cela que la grande histoire concerne la vie de chaque personne sur ce minuscule grain de
poussière que nous appelons notre maison, et cela, quelle que soit notre nation, notre classe sociale ou nos croyances, et forme notre histoire commune.
A la prochaine!
Hungarian:
sötét anyagnak nevezik de fogalmunk sincs arról, hogy mi az! Azonban, ahogy minden történelmi törekvésnél,
a jövő felfedezései befolyásolni fogják a történetet, így azt gondoljuk, hogy a Nagy Történelem
tíz vagy húsz éven belül elég máshogy fog kinézni.
De ez egyáltalán nem elcsüggesztő, mert mindent tudni, hát, unalmas lenne. Sok
felfedeznivaló maradt, és a tudományos kutatások mai sebességével számolva, sokat belőlük
még a mi életünk során megismerhetünk.
Legyen az a második világháború, vagy Abe Lincoln élete, minden történet az
ősrobbanással kezdődik. Igen, hülyeség lenne a tipikus világháborús történelemkönyvet az
ősrobbanással kezdeni, de ennél 1000000000000000000000-szor nevetségesebb lenne, azt
mondani, hogy a Nagy Bumm - minden történelmi esemény anyja - nem történelem.
És ez az oka annak, hogy a Nagy Történelem mindenki életében szerepe játszik ezen a kis
koszfolton ami az otthonunknak hívunk függetlenül nemzettől, osztálytól vagy hittől, és ezért formálja a közös történetünket.
Legközelebb találkozunk!
Japanese:
物理学者はそれに暗黒物質と名前をつけましたが
それって一体なんなのか
ほとんど分かっていません
とはいえ歴史はいつだって
新しい発見によって変えられてきましたから
ビッグヒストリーだって
今後１０年か２０年もすれば
今のものとは
全く違ってしまうでしょう
まあでも
そういうものですよ
全部わかっちゃったら
つまらないですし
まだまだこのまま
科学は数あまたの探求を続けますから
驚くような大発見が
生きてる間に成されることを期待しましょう！
あなたは確実でしょうけど
第二次世界大戦にしろ
リンカーンの生涯にしろ
全ての歴史の究極的な始まりはビッグバン
まあね第二次世界大戦の解説書が
ビッグバンから始まったらスゴイなとは思うよ
でもだよこっちは
その何億何兆倍もスゴ過ぎじゃない？
すべての歴史イベントの起源を
歴史じゃないなんて言い出したら
だってそれが理由でビッグヒストリーは
僕らが我が家と呼ぶ
このちっぽけな塵の上で
身を寄せあう全ての生にまで届いて
国家、階級、信条の違いを超えた
みんなに共通の物語になるんだから
というわけで
また次回！
iw:
חומר אפל, אבל אין לנו מושג מה זה! אבל כמו בכל היווצרות היסטוריה, גילויים חדשים
ישנו את הסיפור בעתיד, אז תצפו שההיסטוריות הגדולות בעוד עשר
עשרים שנה מהיום יראו שונה מאוד מהיום
אבל זה לא בהכרח מעציב, בגלל שלגעת הכל יהיה משעמם! יש
עוד הרבה מה לגלות, וקצב ההתקדמות המדעית מובילה למסקנה שהרבה
מהגילויים המדהימים יתגלו לנו במהלך שנות חיינו! או לפחות במהלך שנות חייכם
בין אם זה מלחמת העולם השנייה או חייו של אברהם לינקולן, כל ההיסטוריות מתחילות
עם הנפץ הגדול. כן, זה יהיה מטופש להתחיל את המחברת בחינה שלך על מלחמת העולם השנייה
עם הנפץ הגדול, אבל זה יהיה מאה טריליון פעמים יותר מטופש
להגיש שהנפץ הגדול - האימא של כל האירועים ההיסטורים - לא היה כלל היסטוריה
וזה למה הנפץ הגדול נוגע לחייו של כל אדם בפיסת אבק הקטנה
שאנחנו קוראים לו בית, ללא הבדלי מוצא מעמד או גזע, ויוצר את הסיפור המשותף שלנו
נתראה בפעם הבאה!
German:
vollkommen unsichtbar. Physiker (und -innen) nennen das Dunkle Materie, aber wir haben keine Ahnung,
was es ist! Aber wie bei jedem historischen Unterfangen werden neue Entdeckungen die Erzählung in
zukünftigen Jahren abwandeln, also erwartet, dass die Großen Geschichten in
zehn oder zwanzig Jahren sehr anders aussehen als die heutigen. Aber das ist nicht entmutigend,
denn, also, alles zu wissen wäre langweilig! Es gibt noch viel herauszufinden, und mit dem aktuellen Tempo
der wissenschaftlichen Erkundung erwarten uns viele dieser großartigen Entdeckungen
in unserer Lebenszeit! Oder zumindest in eurer Lebenszeit.
[Hank] Ob es der Zweite Weltkrieg oder das Leben von Abe Lincoln ist, jede Geschichte beginnt letztendlich
mit dem Urknall. Ja, es wäre albern, dein typisches Zweiter-Weltkrieg-Schulbuch mit dem Urknall
zu beginnen, es wäre aber rund hundertbillionenbillionenmal lächerlicher zu sagen, dass
der Urknall – die Mutter aller historischen Ereignisse – nicht Geschichte sei.
Und das ist der Grund, warum Große Geschichte in das Leben eines jeden hineinreicht auf diesem
winzigen Flecken Staub, den wir Zuhause nennen, ungeachtet der Nation, des Stands oder
des Glaubens, und unsere gemeinsame Erzählung gestaltet. Bis zum nächsten Mal!
Vietnamese:
đây là Vật chất tối, mà ta cũng không thật sự biết nó là gì. Nhưng như những gì xảy ra trong lịch sử
Những khám phá mới sẽ chỉnh sửa lại những các nhận định này, vậy nên
Các Lịch sử Vĩ đại trong 10 hay 20 năm tới sẽ rất khác lịch sử ngày hôm nay.
Nhưng không có gì phải lo cả, bởi vì "biết tuốt" sẽ khiến mọi thứ trở nên nhàm chán!
Vẫn còn nhiều thứ đợi để được khám phá, và trên con đường nghiên cứu khoa học bây giờ
vẫn còn nhiều điều bí ẩn đang đợi chúng ta! Hoặc chí ít là đang đợi bạn
Dù nói đến Đệ nhị Thế chiến hay Cuộc đời của Abe Lincoln, tất cả các câu chuyện lịch sử
đều khởi nguồn từ Vụ Nổ lớn. Ờ, nhưng mà chả ăn nhập gì nếu ghi Vụ Nổ lớn
khởi đầu cho Đệ nhị Thế Chiến. Nhưng mà càng ngớ ngẩn gấp tỷ tỷ lần hơn nữa khi mà
nói rằng Vụ Nổ lớn - khởi thủy của mọi câu chuyện - không phải là lịch sử.
Và đó là vì sao Lịch sử Vĩ đại len lỏi vào từng cuộc sống của mỗi người trên cái hạt cát nhỏ bé này
mà ta gọi là nhà, bất kể quốc gia, địa vị, tín ngưỡng. Một câu chuyện chung của mọi người!
Tạm biệt và hẹn gặp lại!
Korean:
암흑물질이라고 부르는데, 우린 도대체 이것이 무엇인지 몰라요. 하지만 다른 역사적
노력의 결실처럼 얼마 지나면 새로운 설명이 나타날 것이니 10-20년 후의 큰 역사는
오늘과 얼마나 달라질 지 기대해 봅니다
하지만 다 모른다고 실망마세요. 다 알면 지겹잖아요.
아직도 많은 것들이 발견되어야 하고 현재 과학 조사의 속도라면 우리 생애 내에 많은
놀라운 발견이 펼쳐질꺼예요. 최소한 어린 학생의 생애에는..
세계 2차대전이든 에이브러햄 링컨이든 모든 역사는 결국 빅뱅에서부터 시작된
것입니다. 세계2차대전 교과서가 빅뱅부터 소개한다면 좀 어리석게 보일지 모르나
반대로 우리가 빅뱅은 역사가 아니라고 우기면 그것은 몇 백 조 배 이상으로
더 어리석은 짓입니다. 왜냐하면 빅뱅은 역사 모든 사건을 만들어내었기 때문입니다
그래서 대역사는 조국이나 계급 신념이 무엇이든 관계없이 우리 개개인에게
연결되는 것이고 우리의 공통얘기가 되는 것입니다.
다음 회에 다시 만나요!
Italian:
"materia oscura", ma non abbiamo idea di che cosa sia!
Eppure, come in ogni nuova impresa storica,
nuove scoperte altereranno la storia nei prossimi anni,
quindi aspettatevi che tra dieci o venti anni
le Big History siano parecchio diverse
da quelle di oggi.
Ma questo non è scoraggiante,
infatti sapere tutto diventerebbe noioso!
C'è ancora molto da scoprire, e al ritmo
attuale della ricerca scientifica, molte di queste
sorprendenti scoperte ci attendono durante
la nostra vita! O almeno durante la vostra.
Che si tratti della Seconda Guerra Mondiale o della vita
di Abe Lincoln, in ultima analisi, tutte le storie iniziano
con il Big Bang. Sì, sarebbe sciocco iniziale il consueto
libro di testo sulla Seconda Guerra Mondiale
con il Big Bang, ma sarebbe centinaia di
miliardi di volte più ridicolo
dire che il Big Bang – la madre di tutti
gli eventi storici – non fa parte della storia.
Ed è per questo che Big History raggiunge l'esistenza
di ogni singola persona in questo piccolo granello
di polvere che chiamiamo casa, a prescindere dalla nazionalità e dalla religione, per formare la nostra storia comune.
Ciao e alla prossima!
Portuguese:
Físicos a chamam de Matéria Escura,
mas não temos ideia do que seja!
Mas como em qualquer esforço histórico,
novas descobertas irão mudar a História no futuro,
então espere que as "Big Histories" do futuro tenham um olhar bem diferente da atual.
Mas isso não é desanimador,
porque saber tudo seria entediante!
Há muito o que descobrir, e no atual
passo das investigações científicas,
muitas dessas incríveis descobertas ocorrerão durante o nosso tempo de vida. (Ou ao menos no seu tempo de vida)
Que seja a Segunda Guerra Mundial ou a vida de Abraham Lincoln, toda as histórias, no final, começam com o Big Bang.
É, seria estúpido começar seu típico capítulo de Segunda Guerra Mundial com o Big Bang,
Mas seria muito mais ridículo dizer que o Big Bang
— a mãe todos os eventos históricos — não é História.
E é por isso que "Big History" alcança a vida de todas as pessoas
nesse minúsculo grão de poeira que chamamos de casa,
independente de nação, classe ou credo,
é a nossa história em comum.
Vejo você na próxima!
Romanian:
aceasta materie, materie întunecată, dar nu avem nici o idee ce este! Dar, ca în orice efort istoric, noi
descoperiri vor modifica povestea în viitorii ani, așa că ne așteptăm ca marile istorii de peste zece
sau douăzeci de ani de-acum să arate foarte diferit față de cele de astăzi.
Dar acest lucru nu este descurajator, deoarece să știi totul ar fi plictisitor!
Au rămas atâtea de descoperit, și pentru a fi la curent cu ritmul de cercetare științifică, multe
descoperiri uimitoare ne vor aștepta în timpul vieții noastre! Sau cel puțin în viața ta.
Fie că este vorba Al Doilea Război Mondial sau de viața lui Abe Lincoln, toate istoriile în cele din urmă încep
cu Big Bang. Da, ar fi o prostie
pentru a începe manualul despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
cu Big Bang-ul, dar ar fi de un sute de miliarde, trilioane de ori mai ridicol
să spun că Big Bang - mama tuturor Evenimentelor istorice- nu a fost istorie.
Și de aceea Big history ajunge în
viața fiecărei persoană de pe acest fir mic de
praf numim acasă, indiferent de națiune, de clasă sau credință, și formează povestea noastră comună.
Ne vedem data viitoare!
Portuguese:
Subtitles: Leandro Ricardo
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Tottenham Hotspur!
Tottenham Hotspur's always been one
of the big clubs in the Premier League.
The vision for this stadium was we wanted
an iconic building, something that will
stand the test of time,
and will be known globally.
"To dare is to do" today is a motto that we've had.
It does encapsulate how we approach our business.
We've tried to do something
that's never been done before.
Everything we've thought about when
we've been designing this stadium,
how can we make the experience more entertaining?
It's why we are in the entertainment business.
When you're born a fan of a particular
club, you die a fan of that club.
The allegiance goes from one generation to the other.
That's why there's so much passion involved.
The only thing that you need really
to have an amazing experience
in this venue is your mobile phone.
From leaving home to traveling to the
venue, we want to tell you what the best
transport routes are to
help you get here on time.
Helping them to connect their
friends and family,
provide information that's useful for
that person to have a better experience.
That's the main entrance, but it's
telling us to go down there.
All the way to finding their seat,
and having a great experience during the event.
Hewlett Packard Enterprise has enabled
this intelligent stadium. Their core
infrastructure support our entire
business operation. The Pointnext team
have been part of my team
from the beginning.
This is probably the first truly digital stadium
that's ever been built. Everything is interlinked.
Audio, lighting, building management systems, CCTV,
security systems, mobile ticketing,
electronic point-of-sale, the incredible amount
of digital signage we have at this stadium,
and broadcast infrastructure is all residing
on Aruba network and wireless services.
Hewlett Packard Enterprise technology
is actually the most important piece
of technology in this building,
because without it, nothing else can operate.
But it then carries on
through the journey.
We want to serve you exclusive
content, half time.
As well as enabling you to connect
your own social media channels.
And when I come to the stadium, I want to be able
to use Wi-Fi. And that's obviously a challenge
when you have 62,000 people probably
who are all on the phone at the same time.
The wireless connectivity from Aruba has
been actually game changing. Way finding
has come to life through Aruba Beacons.
Based on your seat location, we help guide you to a food
and beverage option that we know you'll enjoy.
This is the first truly cashless stadium in the world.
We can actually serve fans a lot quicker.
We get sales updates almost every
30 minutes on products that we're selling
and what our sales position is.
We have now more data sources than
any other stadium in the world.
It's an accelerator for us to drive more revenues,
but at its heart, it's an enabler for us
to deliver an enhanced fan experience.
We can't do any of that without the connectivity
and of course, the data and the
analytics and the intelligence.
All this transactional information
is happening at the edge.
The data center is at the heart of everything we do.
But the edge is what powers the stadium.
Whether this is the stadium of the
future or not, that's for other people to judge.
But certainly it's the stadium of today
because everyone's talking about it.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
about Lady Liberty
standin' there in the harbor
with her torch on high,
screamin' out to all
the nations in the world,
ons
e,
men,
,
Al
An
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
traditional}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
contemporary}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 society}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
basis}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
even}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
if}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
been}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
excessively}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
commercialized}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Christmas}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Halloween}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
if}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
don}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
share}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 beliefs}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
opinions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
behind}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
those}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 may}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
not}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
feel}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
easy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
interested}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 participate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
them}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
allow}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
yearn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
means}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 milestones}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
through}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
other}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
nonreligious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Nevertheless}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
forming}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
community}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
through}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
shared}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrations}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 human}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
necessity}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
irrespective}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
faith}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
culture}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 reality}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
all}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
possess}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
power}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 make}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
own}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
small}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
routines}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
share}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 only}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
other}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
person}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
yearly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebration}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gathers}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tribe}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
together}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
All}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
needs}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
some}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
time}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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s}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
connect}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
universe}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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live}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0
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Chapter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
1 - }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Celebrating}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
method}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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accept}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
remote}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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probabilities}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
even}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 exist}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
at}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
all}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
The}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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majority}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 experienced}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
marveling}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
at}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
newborn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
baby}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
It}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
amazing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reason}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
person}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
who}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 \u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 ever}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lived}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
begins}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
small}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
bundle}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
If}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 re}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fortunate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
get}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
maintain}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
80 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
100 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
years}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 ; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
however}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 compared}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lifespan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
universe}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 presently}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
believed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
13.8 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
billion}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
years}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 \u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hardly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
chapter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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time}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Understanding}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
this}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
even}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 makes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
them}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
more}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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valuable}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0
\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
If}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
think}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
incidences}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
caused}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
existence}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
every}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 human}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Earth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
apparently}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
amazing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
It}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
been}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 calculated}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
scientists}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
up}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
till}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
now}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
there}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
7,500 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
generations}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Homo}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sapiens}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
signified}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
existence}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 exceptional}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mixture}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
genes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
thousands}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
particular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 sexual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rendezvous}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
between}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ancestors}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
had}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 happen}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
When}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 factor}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mortality}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
historical}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
incidences}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
natural}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 disasters}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
war}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
probabilities}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
being}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
very}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
remote}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Happenstance}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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role}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
planet}{
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
In}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Sasha}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grandparents}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
saw}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
other}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
E}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
train}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
New}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
York}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
City}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Harry}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grandfather}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 reading}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Faulkner}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Absalom}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Absalom}{
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! }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
While}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
he}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 flipped}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
page}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
his}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
book}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
woman}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sitting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
next}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
him}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
put}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hand}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
his}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
arm}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
She}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
still}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reading}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
page}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 hadn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
finished}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
That}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
woman}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
turned}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
out}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 \u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grandmother}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
If}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
d}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 sat}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
another}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
seat}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
used}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
different}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
train}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
line}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grandparents}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
might}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
never}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
come}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
across}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
other}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
would}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
never}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
been}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
born}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
two}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
generations}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
after}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 It}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
not}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
surprise}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
then}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
species}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
numerous}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
welcome}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
babies}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Earth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
In}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Western}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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world}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
baptisms}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
naming}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 days}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
common}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Chinese}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
families}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 feast}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
when}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 new}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
baby}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
clocks}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
100 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
days}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
old}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrating}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
child}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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confronted}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
premature}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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A}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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cultures}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
like}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Balkans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jamaica}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
plant}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
seeds}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
trees}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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Although}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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traditions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
differ}{
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
usually}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 focus}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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hopeful}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wish}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 exceptional}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
person}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gotten}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
into}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
world}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
You}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\u8217 }{
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t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\u8217 }{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Shabbat}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
drink}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
every}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
weekly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
night}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 associates}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
monthly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
volunteering}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
shift}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 regular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gym}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
class}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Regular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
form}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
patterns}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lives}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
which}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
offer}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ease}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Simple}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
specifically}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 assist}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tolerate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
unavoidable}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 doubt}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
For}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
instance}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
feels}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
at}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ease}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 every}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
morning}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
when}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jon}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
husband}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
takes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cup}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
coffee}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
enjoy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
bed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
While}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
coffee}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jon}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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compassion}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
however}
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
factors}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
steaming}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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mug}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
: }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
beans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
developed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
earth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 ; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
roasting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grinding}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
harvesting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
purification}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
kitchen}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
offers}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
while}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
at}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 same}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
strengthening}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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connection}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
husband}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
A}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\u8211 }{
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it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
common}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
enough}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
feel}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
special}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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however}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
not}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
uncommon}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\u8217 }{
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re}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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It}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
decide}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar
\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
As}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
newlyweds}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
coincidental}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
meeting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
taxi}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
driver}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
who}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
thought}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
playfulness}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
solution}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
successful}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
marriage}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 formed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
weekly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
author}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
well}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
husband}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Taking}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
advice}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
driver}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 every}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
weekend}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
both}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
alphabet}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
song}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
together}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
They}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 use}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
this}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
chance}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reflect}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
love}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
other}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
irrespective}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mood}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 .}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar
\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
don}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
need}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
limited}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Yearning}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
usually}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
naturally}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
develops}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 within}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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gathering}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
during}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
autumn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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2010, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Ladies}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Dining}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Society}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
New}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 York}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
City}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
She}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
had}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
witnessed}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
saw}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
understood}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
might}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gain}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
connecting}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 other}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
began}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
few}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
friends}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
meeting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
weeknight}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
developed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
now}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
happens}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
three}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
various}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cities}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
members}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
moved}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
new}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
place}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Those}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
who}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
attend}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gain}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
support}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
accompanies}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 regular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
meeting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
community}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af0\afs24\ltrch\b0\i0\fs24\f0\insrsid10976062\strike0
\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Chapter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
3 - }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Celebrating}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
seasonal}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
change}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
assists}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 accept}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
deal}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
recurring}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\u8217 }{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
distance}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Earth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hemispheres}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
leading}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 difference}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
understand}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 seasons}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0
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\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 The}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrations}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 dated}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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seasons}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
If}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
look}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 at}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
calendars}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
connection}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Northern}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Hemisphere}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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ll}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
discover}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
pattern}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Spring}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
pleasing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
season}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reminds}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 \u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ve}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
endured}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
winter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hosts}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
events}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Passover}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Easter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Kanamara}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Matsuri}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
which}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Japan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Festival}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Steel}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Phallus}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
At}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
first}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
look}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 difficult}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
notice}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
association}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
between}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
resurrection}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jesus}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Christ}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
freedom}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Israelites}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Egyptian}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
slavery}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
defending}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
naive}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
penises}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
demons}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
concealed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 vaginas}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
aside}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fact}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
these}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
festivals}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fall}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
same}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
season}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
But}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
own}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
traditions}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebration}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 rebirth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
extension}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fertility}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
And}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
what}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
best}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrate}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fertility}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
than}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 during}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
spring}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
!}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw
\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
But}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
seasonal}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrations}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 aren}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
usually}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
joyful}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Fall}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
its}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
shortened}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
days}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 turning}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
leaves}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reminds}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
winter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
forthcoming}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Although}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fall}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
season}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
harvest}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 ; }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrated}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
numerous}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cultures}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 dead}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0
\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tradition}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dated}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
back}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Iron}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Age}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Celts}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
who}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
made}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
use}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
movement}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 star}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cluster}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 know}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
center}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
between}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fall}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
equinox}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
winter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
solstice}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
When}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
center}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gotten}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrated}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Samhain}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 having}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
feast}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dead}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0
\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Centuries}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 after}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cultures}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
still}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
pay}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 homage}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dead}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
around}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
this}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
period}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
year}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Mexicans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
observe}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
D\'eda}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 de}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
los}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Muertos}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Catholics}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrate}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
All}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Souls}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Cambodians}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
honor}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ancestors}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Pchum}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Ben}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Others}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
will}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
put}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
witch}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 skeleton}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
outfits}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Halloween}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
These}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 \u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cultural}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
assist}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 explore}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fear}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
some}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
situations}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
even}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 underestimate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
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The}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
longest}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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night}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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year}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Winter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
solstice}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
After}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 days}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gradually}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lengthen}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
bringing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
spring}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
season}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jewish}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
menorah}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
candles}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Christmas}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lights}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Punjah}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
bonfires}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
when}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 unavoidable}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
return}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
warmer}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
days}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Irrespective}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 faith}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
culture}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrating}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
end}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
winter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
been}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
an}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
act}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hope}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
humans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
eras}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hope}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
given}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
essentially}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
deity}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
prophet}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
however}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
orbit}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
home}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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planet}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af0\afs24\ltrch\b0\i0\fs24\f0\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Chapter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 4 - }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Confessing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
looking}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
atonement}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
isn}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
only}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
experience}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
but}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
means}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
development}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 connection}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0
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\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Every}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
human}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
whether}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
re}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
not}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
It}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
unavoidable}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ll}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 harm}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
someone}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 \u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
may}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
unintentionally}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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deliberately}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 \u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ll}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Although}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
concept}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
transgression}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
viewed}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 moral}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
idea}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
guilt}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
works}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
an}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
evolutionary}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
purpose}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Without}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
guilt}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
would}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
never}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
attempt}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fix}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
issues}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
members}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
communities}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
whose}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
support}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 assists}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
make}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
alive}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Humans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
created}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
several}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
atone}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sins}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
For}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
instance}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Catholics}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 go}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
confession}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
During}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Yom}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Kippur}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jews}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
pound}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
chests}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ask}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
forgiveness}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
other}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Hindus}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
carry}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
out}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
penance}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
during}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Pr\u257 ya\u347 citta}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
A}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
native}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tribes}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Americas}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
see}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
physical}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
disease}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
an}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
outcome}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
violating}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
social}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 norms}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
By}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
revealing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mistakes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
medicine}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
man}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
patients}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
get}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
better}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
While}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
would}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
debate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 confessing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sins}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
heal}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
disease}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
does}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
show}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
significance}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
taking}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 charge}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
errors}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
relieve}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ourselves}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grow}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Alcoholics}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Anonymous}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
makes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
use}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
this}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
model}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
support}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
alcoholics}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 recovering}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Step}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Five}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
12-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
step}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
program}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
abide}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 comprises}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reading}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
list}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wrongdoing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
out}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 witness}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
They}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
will}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
apologize}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
at}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Step}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Nine}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
who}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
were}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
affected}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
actions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
attempt}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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make}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
amends}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
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\ulnone\cf1 Another}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
modern}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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secular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
iteration}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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confession}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
therapy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
On}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
daily}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
basis}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
client}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
will}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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reveal}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
deeds}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 feelings}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
therapist}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
who}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
similar}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
priest}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 \u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sworn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
confidentiality}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
And}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
definitely}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lawbreakers}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
confessions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
done}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
court}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
which}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
will}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
choose}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
what}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
actions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sinner}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
needs}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
do}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
clear}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
themselves}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 crimes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0
\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Sometimes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
offenses}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
small}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
just}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 small}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
harm}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
separate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
loved}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
remembers}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
immediately}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 after}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
birth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
daughter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
annoyed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
at}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
husband}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jon}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
folding}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
vital}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 document}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
She}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
chose}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
confess}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
him}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
d}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 been}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
controlling}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
apologize}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
He}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
well}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
apologized}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 not}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
keeping}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
paper}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
flat}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Both}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
them}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
kissed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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forming}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reconciliation}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql
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Regardless}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
all}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
make}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mistakes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
acknowledging}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
faults}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 never}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
easy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
But}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
when}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
courage}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
apologize}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
burden}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
guilt}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mend}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af0\afs24\ltrch\b0\i0\fs24\f0\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1
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Chapter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 5 - }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Yearly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
birthdays}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reconnect}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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Nothing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
time}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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meaningfully}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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s}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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path}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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same}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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And}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
incidences}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Earth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
orbit}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
around}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sun}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 really}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
compelling}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
humans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
since}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
brains}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
made}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
look}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
patterns}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
partially}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reason}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
why}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
astrology}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
fascinates}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Anniversaries}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
connect}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
movement}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
planets}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
so}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
something}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
beyond}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ourselves}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 .}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0
\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
not}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
every}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
anniversary}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
joyful}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
event}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Celebrating}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
loved}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
someone}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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respect}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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bittersweet}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
issue}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
The}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
English}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 language}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
doesn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
brief}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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word}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
person}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
died}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
however}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Yiddish}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
yahrzeit}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
In}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
spite}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
secular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
opinions}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 discovered}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
great}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ease}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
doing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tradition}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lighting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 yahrzeit}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
candle}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
honor}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
deaths}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
family}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
members}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0
\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 got}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
know}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
this}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mother}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
when}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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However}
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 A}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
decorate}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
birthday}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cakes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
candles}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
passing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
year}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dated}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
back}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ancient}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Greek}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
goddess}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Artemis}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Along}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
being}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
related}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 moon}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hunting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Artemis}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
thought}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 ease}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
birth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
To}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
accept}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Artemis}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
provider}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
light}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
referencing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
connection}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
moon}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cult}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
members}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
might}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
been}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
first}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
stick}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
small}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
torches}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
into}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
flat}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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cakes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 And}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
due}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
role}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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birth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
this}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
may}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 well}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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into}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cause}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cake}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
candles}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
shows}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 birthday}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrations}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb
\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Irrespective}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
how}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rejoice}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
birthdays}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
time}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrate}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 ongoing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
been}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
shaped}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 generations}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ancestors}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
who}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
came}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
We}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
challenged}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
death}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
another}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 year}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
keep}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
partaking}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
joys}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
make}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
existence}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Earth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
special}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw
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\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Chapter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
6 - }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Accepting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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weddings}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
social}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 provides}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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liberty}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
make}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
own}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
traditions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql
\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Rings}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
exchanging}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rice}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
throwing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
white}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dresses}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
: }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
if}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 ve}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
been}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Western}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ve}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
probably}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
seen}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 these}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
traditions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
where}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
did}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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originate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Weddings}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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extremely}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
maybe}
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
A}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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, }{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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surprising}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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Food}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
bit}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
luck}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
conceiving}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 which}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
initial}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cause}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
pouring}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 couples}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rice}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
For}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
instance}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Muslim}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 couples}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
given}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
eggs}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Hungarian}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
brides}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wheat}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 woven}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
into}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
braids}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
If}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
peradventure}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Greek}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
someone}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
might}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
put}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
baby}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
matrimonial}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
bed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
before}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
get}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
there}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
increase}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
probabilities}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
conception}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb
\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Although}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
not}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
every}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 tradition}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reproduction}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
For}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
instance}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
well}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
partner}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jon}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
were}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
preparing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wedding}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
drew}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
series}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
traditions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
across}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Jewish}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Christian}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ancient}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Greek}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cultures}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 entailed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
standing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
under}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Jewish}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wedding}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
canopy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
called}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
chuppah}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 lighting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
unity}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
candle}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
which}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 twentieth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
century}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Christian}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tradition}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reading}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
section}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
divided}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lovers}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
looking}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
out}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
other}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
out}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gotten}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Plato}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Symposium}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw
\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
maybe}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
were}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 most}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
significant}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
were}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
those}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
merged}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
father}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 into}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ceremony}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
The}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
author}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
much}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
loved}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
father}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
well}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 known}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
American}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
scientist}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Carl}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
died}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
when}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
only}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
14}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
years}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tied}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
father}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
neckties}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
around}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
bouquet}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
therefore}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
he}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
symbolical}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
while}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
walked}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
down}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
aisle}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Also}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
place}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Herbert}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
F}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Johnson}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Museum}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Art}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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which}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hosted}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
an}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
art}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 installation}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Cosmos}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tribute}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Carl}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 work}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
assisted}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
process}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
huge}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sense}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
loss}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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came}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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father}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
absence}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
When}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
preparing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
feel}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
empowered}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 add}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
any}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
traditions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
speak}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
irrespective}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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7 - }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
shame}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
since}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
eras}{
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.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
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\ulnone\cf1 Therefore}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
what}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
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is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reason}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
why}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
stress}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
relieving}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
action}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
floods}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
happy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hormones}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
connects}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
strongly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
others}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
kind}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
social}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
stigma}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
? }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Firstly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
powerful}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
It}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
change}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
most}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
stable}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
among}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 into}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
heady}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
unpredictable}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
beings}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Secondly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
harmful}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
It}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cause}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
disease}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 lead}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
unwanted}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
pregnancies}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
among}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
heterosexual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
couples}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
even}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
if}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
you}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wanted}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
pregnancy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
childbirth}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
still}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dangerous}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
These}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reasons}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
possibly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 cause}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
why}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
humans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
made}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
social}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
more}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
around}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
having}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
One}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
most}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
popular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
around}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
marriage}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Traditionally}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
some}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
societies}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
nowadays}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wedding}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 sanctioned}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
between}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
couple}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
approved}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reproduction}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Although}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
doesn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
share}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
these}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
beliefs}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
anymore}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
couples}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
still}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 usually}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
enjoy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
honeymoon}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
after}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wedding}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 They}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
may}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
not}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
aware}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
this}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritual}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
formed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 during}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
1500}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
aid}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
conception}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Newlyweds}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 were}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
provided}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 month}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
privacy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lose}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
virginity}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
little}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 fun}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
assistance}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
some}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
honey}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 mead}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
probably}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
make}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
an}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
heir}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
monogamy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
isn}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 only}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sanctioned}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
place}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
having}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
In}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
defiance}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 guilt}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cultures}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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enforced}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
some}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 communities}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
publicly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrated}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
For}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
instance}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Oneida}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Community}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
which}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
founded}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
upstate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
New}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
York}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mid}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 - }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
late}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
nineteenth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
century}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
believed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sharing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
method}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
conquer}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
social}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
injustice}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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Just}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 like}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
how}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
didn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
believe}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 ownership}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
private}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
property}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
didn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
believe}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 marriage}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
communal}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
living}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
even}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
created}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
useful}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
time}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
savers}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lazy}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Susans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mousetraps}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 There}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
still}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
polygamous}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
communities}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
existence}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
flourish}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
animist}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Muria}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Chhattisgarh}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
found}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
India}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
community}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
promotes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 teenagers}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
live}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ghotuls}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
type}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dorm}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 \u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
therefore}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sexual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
experience}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
before}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 marriage}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
while}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
learning}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
wedding}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
funeral}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Irrespective}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
drive}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
having}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
there}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
no}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
disputing}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
its}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
transformative}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 power}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Since}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dawn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Earth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sex}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
formed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
existences}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
influenced}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
roles}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
society}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
transformed}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
relationships}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af0\afs24\ltrch\b0\i0\fs24\f0\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0
\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Chapter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 8 - }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Ritualizing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
assists}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 process}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grief}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
show}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sorrow}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl
\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Cremation}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mummification}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
burial}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
has}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
encouraged}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
human}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
since}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
earliest}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
times}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Even}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Neanderthals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
which}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ancient}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cousins}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
buried}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
family}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
members}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
According}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 some}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
schools}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 thought}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
anthropological}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritualization}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 indicates}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
start}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
humanity}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Although}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
most}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
popular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
modern}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cremation}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
burial}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 these}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
aren}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
only}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ways}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
placing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
loved}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
body}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rest}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Mummification}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
still}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
being}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 practiced}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Tana}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Toraja}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Indonesia}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
The}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
however}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\u8217 }{
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re}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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than}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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grave}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
terrible}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
crime}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 societies}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
scattered}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
across}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
globe}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Vietnam}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Madagascar}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
exhumation}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
seen}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
loving}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritual}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
After}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
sufficient}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
years}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 gone}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
body}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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decompose}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
bones}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 exhumed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
cleaned}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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cautiously}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reburied}
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha
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\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Funeral}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rites}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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only}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
part}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
which}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
engage}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Over}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
centuries}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
humans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
formed}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
special}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
assist}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
them}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
accept}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
loss}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
loved}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Mirrors}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Jewish}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
homes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
so}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mourning}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
won}{
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\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
see}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 how}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grief}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
-}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
stricken}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
appear}{
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
some}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
areas}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
modern}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Bulgaria}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
posters}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
describing}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 dead}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
person}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
beloved}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hanged}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
around}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
town}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
year}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
anniversary}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
This}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reminds}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
community}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
they}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ve}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dies}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
avoids}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
grieving}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mourning}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 alone}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
As}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
notices}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
routines}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 these}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 bit}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
do}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religion}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lot}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
do}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
shared}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
humanity}{
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.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
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\ulnone\cf1 Death}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
dangerous}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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; }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
however}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
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at}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
same}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
time}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
also}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
makes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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them}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
valuable}{
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
We}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
won}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
However}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
this}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
doesn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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Even}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
remembered}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
generations}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
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that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
come}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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here}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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chapter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
every}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
one}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
part}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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experience}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Earth}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
its}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
darkest}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
moments}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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its}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
most}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
beautiful}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
joys}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0
\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
means}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
navigate}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
through}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 incidences}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
happen}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
during}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
lives}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
connect}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 people}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
care}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
about}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
We}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
don}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
t}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 part}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
specific}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
culture}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
religion}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gain}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
their}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
healing}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
effects}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 . }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
By}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 reinterpreting}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
present}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
traditions}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
reasonable}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
manner}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
celebrate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 milestones}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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lives}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
with}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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own}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
exceptional}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 .}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0
\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af0\afs24\ltrch\b0\i0\fs24\f0\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum
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\ulnone\cf1 For}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Small}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Creatures}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
We}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
: }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Finding}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Meaning}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Unlikely}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
World}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
by}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sasha}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Book}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Review}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs34\ltrch\b0\i0\fs34\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
We}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
humans}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 , }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
naturally}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
yearn}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
community}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
relationship}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
offer}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
For}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
secular}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
people}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
can}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 be}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
really}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
hard}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
from}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
significant}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
nonreligious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
track}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
like}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
marriage}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
weekly}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
communion}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
it}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 becomes}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
obvious}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
that}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
majority}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
not}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
embedded}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
specific}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
or}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
culture}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
They}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
are}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
created}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
on}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
phenomena}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 nature}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
and}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
our}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
common}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
humanity}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Because}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
re}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
all}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
human}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 we}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
have}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
liberty}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
participate}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{
\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 these}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
rituals}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 honor}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
significant}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
instances}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
in}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
life}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 \u8211 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
tweaking}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
make}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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them}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
significant}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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us}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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.}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
your}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
own}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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spring}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
ritual}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
such}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
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as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 Blossom}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 .}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\insrsid10976062\strike0\ulnone\cf1\par}\pard\plain\itap0\s0\ilvl0\fi0\sb240\sa0\aspalpha\aspnum\adjustright\brdrt\brdrl\brdrb\brdrr\brdrbtw\brdrbar\widctlpar
\ltrpar\li0\lin0\ri0\rin0\ql\faauto\sl360\slmult1\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Celebrating}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
the}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
emergence}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
of}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
spring}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
is}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 significant}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
after}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2
\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
long}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
gray}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
winter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
\u8217 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
s}{
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}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
mother}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0
\ulnone\cf1 }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
created}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2
\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1 Blossom}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22
\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
for}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
when}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
she}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
was}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
just}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
a}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
small}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
girl}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
. }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Each}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
day}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
as}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
winter}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
came}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
an}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
end}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
, }{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
Sagan}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
would}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
go}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
her}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
garden}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
to}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
inspect}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22\ltrch\b0\i0\fs22\loch\af2\dbch\af2\hich\f2\strike0\ulnone\cf1
}{\rtlch\ab0\ai0\af2\afs22
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| YoutubeSubtitles |
El mundo lleva semanas viendo cómo la pandemia del coronavirus ha puesto contra las cuerdas
a los sistemas sanitarios de salud de países ricos, como Italia o España.
Pero la pandemia ha llegado a
América Latina, una región con más de
600 millones de habitantes y además la más desigual del planeta.
¿Qué está pasando allí? En este video
te vamos a dar 4 claves para entenderlo…
Empecemos por decir que esta región no es homogénea…
y tampoco lo son sus sistemas sanitarios…
Los hay públicos, privados, sociales… con más y menos inversión, y en definitiva, con más y menos recursos
para enfrentar esta pandemia.
Es decir, hay países que están mejor preparados
que otros para enfrentarla.
Y la gran debilidad de muchos sistemas
sanitarios es que pueden colapsar con muchos
menos casos de los que han puesto en problemas a países como Italia, España o Estados Unidos.
Algo que se ha visto en Ecuador, con la dramática situación de Guayaquil, una de ciudades más
golpeadas por la pandemia en la región.
En general, América Latina dedica menos dinero a la salud que muchos países europeos.
Para que se hagan una idea Alemania, la primera
economía de Europa gasta 5986 dólares per
cápita al año en salud
Y Brasil, la economía más grande de América
Latina 1282 dólares...
Pero más revelador aún de la desigualdad
es Haití, el país más pobre de la región,
que solo gasta 37 dólares per cápita al año.
Pero no es sólo cuestión de que inviertan más o menos, sino también que el acceso a la salud en América
Latina varía muchísimo de los sistemas públicos a los privados.
Según la OPS el 30% de los latinoamericanos no tiene acceso a la salud simplemente
porque no tiene dinero para ir a un hospital.
Y el 21% de la población no tiene un hospital
o un centro de salud cercano…
Una segunda clave es que según los datos que tenemos disponibles, es que la llamada curva
de la pandemia en la mayoría de los países ha ido en aumento.
Durante las últimas 3 semanas de marzo la
región pasó de concentrar el 0,1% de los
casos globales al 2,18% de los casos.
Hasta la primera mitad de abril, los países
con más casos confirmados eran Brasil,
Perú , Chile , Ecuador y México.
Y los que registran más fallecidos son:
Brasil, México, Ecuador, Perú y República Dominicana.
Esto quiere decir que hay países que están controlando de mejor manera la letalidad que otros.
Bueno y la pregunta que todos se hacen es cuándo esa curva se empezará a aplanar… es decir, se llegue
al pico del número de contagios y empiece a descender…
Según ha dicho la Organización Mundial de la Salud esta es una pregunta muy difícil de
responder pero si se mira el caso de China, puede ser que esto ocurra
después de 8 semanas de haberse diagnosticado el primer caso…
Pero ojo, que estas cifras hay que mirarlas con lupa, porque de hecho no están teniendo en cuenta
los miles de casos en cada país
que no han sido detectados o identificados.
También depende de la cantidad de tests que esté haciendo cada país.
Y esto nos lleva a la siguiente clave.
La lógica es simple, mientras más tests se realizan más casos se detectan.
Y según la OMS, esto permite aislar y dar seguimiento a casos sospechosos y de esta manera frenar
de una manera más efectiva la propagación del virus.
Dos ejemplos de éxito son Corea del Sur, que solo en el mes de marzo realizó más de 100 mil por semana
y Alemania, que realizó 300
mil. Los dos países tienen bajas cifras de letalidad.
Pero son dos países ricos con capacidad de producir y ellos mismos los tests.
Pero en América Latina la disponibilidad de tests es mucho menor.
Se sabe que la OMS había distribuido hasta principios de abril 220 mil pruebas
entre todos los países de la región.
Imaginen que son menos pruebas que las que puede hacer un solo país como Alemania en
una semana.
Y los países latinoamericanos con capacidad para producir sus propios tests son pocos.
Chile, Brasil, México y Argentina están
entre esos países y si le sacan ventaja a esta posición,
puede ser que puedan hacer mejor frente
a esta pandemia en la región.
La cuarta clave son las ventajas comparativas que tiene la región.
La primera es el tiempo.
La Organización Panamericana de la salud insiste en que en que todavía hay un margen para evitar
que los sistemas sanitarios de la región colapsen.
Porque la pandemia llegó a América Latina
casi dos meses después que se expandiera
en China y un mes después que a Europa.
Y en la mayoría de los países de la región
se comenzaron a tomar medidas de distanciamiento social y de cierre de fronteras con muchos menos
casos que en Europa y Estados
Unidos.
El mejor ejemplo es El Salvador, que sin reportar ningún caso decretó cuarentena nacional el
11 de marzo… solo dos días después de que Italia, decretara el confinamiento cuando
ya tenía 400 muertes.
En el otro extremo el presidente de Brasil
Jair Bolsonaro se resistió hasta hace muy poco
a tomar medidas contundentes.
Aquí hay que recordar que Brasil es
el país con más muertes por covid-19 en
América Latina.
Otra ventaja es que a diferencia de Europa,
América Latina tiene 130 años de experiencia
lidiando con enfermedades infecciosas.
Y que a pesar de la debilidad de su
sistema sanitario también es cierto que
están acostumbrados a enfrentar este tipo de
amenazas.
Hace 25 años que la región se declaró libre de polio y también ha tenido importantes avances
erradicando la malaria.
También manejó con éxito el brote del zika.
Pero claro, el covid-19 es un virus nuevo
y plantea muchas preguntas.
Y las dudas a futuro son no solamente saber cómo América Latina
va a ser capaz de superar esta pandemia en el ámbito
de la salud, sino también cómo va a enfrentar una crisis económica posterior que ya se teme sin precedentes.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
COLLEEN:
BUYING...SELLING AND TRADING
FOOD STAMPS IS
A CRIME.
GET CAUGHT - AND YOU COULD LOSE
YOUR BENEFITS...EVEN DO PRISON
TIME. MIKE:
TONIGHT - NBC 4 INVESTIGATOR TOM
SUSSI SHOWS YOU HOW DRUG ADDICTS
AND DEALERS
ARE ABUSING THE STATE'S FOOD
ASSISTANCE
PROGRAM - AND YOUR TAX DOLLARS.
MIKE:
HERE'S TOM WITH MORE ON THE
PROBLEM AND WHAT LAWMAKERS ARE
DOING TO PUT AN END TO IT.
TOM:
MOUNTAIN DEW.
DORITOS.
AND COOKIE CRISP.
THIS IS WHAT YOU'RE TAX DOLLARS
ARE BUYING
FOR ONE 25-YEAR-OLD SINGLE GUY
WITH NO KIDS.
AND HE MAKES MORE MONEY SELLING
DOPE IN
ONE WEEK THAN WHAT SOME OF YOU
WILL EARN
IN A MONTH.
SEEMINGLY HEALTHY.
I HAD TO ASK - WHEN IS THE LAST
TIME YOU HELD
A REAL JOB?
"F---!"
IT'S BEEN A WHILE.
HE SELLS HEROIN.
HAS BEEN SINCE HE GOT OUT OF
PRISON IN
2015 FOR BURGLARY AND GRAND
THEFT.
"IN A GIVEN WEEK, HOW MUCH CAN
YOU MAKE SELLING HEROIN?"
"$1,500 TO $2,000."
ON TOP OF THAT - THIS
25-YEAR-OLD HEROIN
ADDICT AND STREET DEALER SAYS HE
GETS FOOD ASSISTANCE TOO.
"HOW MUCH A MONTH?"
"$194.00."
REPRESENTATIVE TIM SCHAFFER "OUR
WELFARE
SYSTEM FROM A GENEROUS TAXPAYER
IS BEING ABUSED."
OHIO STATE REPRESENTATIVE TIM
SCHAFFER IS SPONSOR OF HOUSE
BILL 50.
IF PASSED - THESE FOOD DEBIT
CARDS WILL
HAVE THE RECIPIENT'S PHOTO ON
IT...JUST LIKE
YOUR DRIVER'S LICENSE.
REPRESENTATIVE TIM SCHAFFER "THE
PHOTO WILL ADD A TREMENDOUS
AMOUNT OF SECURITY AND DETERRENT
TO SELL THESE FOOD CARDS FOR
DRUGS AND OTHER ILLICIT
MATERIALS." REPRESENTATIVE
SCHAFFER SAYS HIS MAIN
CONCERN IS MAKING SURE KIDS WHO
NEED
THESE FOOD BENEFITS GET THEM.
INSTEAD OF THEIR GUARDIANS
SELLING OR TRADING THEM FOR
DRUGS. "REPRESENTATIVE TIM
SCHAFFER "WE CAN'T LET THESE
KIDS SUFFER."
BUT THEY DO - EVERY DAY. "IT'S
VERY COMMON."
THIS 31-YEAR-OLD ADDICT AND
STREET DEALER SAYS MANY OF HER
CUSTOMERS ARE ON
WELFARE AND HAVE CHILDREN. "I
JUST GOT A PHONE CALL EARLIER
SOMEBODY WANTING TO SELL $30
WORTH OF FOOD STAMPS FOR A
BERRY."
A BERRY IS ONE HIT OF MEXICAN
BLACK TAR HEROIN..ENOUGH TO FILL
UP A SYRINGE. IT GOES FOR ABOUT
$15 BUCKS ON THE STREETS.
"SO THEY'RE TAKING THEIR FOOD
RIGHT OFF THEIR
PLATE TO BUY DOPE?"
"YES."
"IN A GIVEN WEEK HOW MANY CALLS
WILL YOU GET FROM PEOPLE WANTING
TO SELL THEIR FOOD STAMPS SO
THEY CAN BUY DOPE?" "YOU
PROBABLY GET FOUR OR FIVE CALLS
AT LEAST A
WEEK."
"I'VE BEEN TO HOUSES WHERE THERE
AIN'T EVEN
A GALLON OF MILK."
REPRESENTATIVE TIM SCHAFFER
"THESE PEOPLE ARE BUYING HEROIN
FROM FOOD DEBT CARDS OR MONEY
THEY'VE GOTTEN RATHER FROM
SELLING FOOD DEBT CARDS. AND
IT'S WORSENING THE CRISIS FOR
OHIO FAMILIES." THIS FOUR TIME
CONVICTED FELON SAYS HE GETS
FOOD STAMPS.
"$124.00 A MONTH."
SELLING DOPE HELPS HIM
SUPPLEMENT HIS
INCOME AND SUPPORT HIS DRUG
HABIT.
"ABOUT $2,000."
THAT'S WHAT HE FIGURES HE MAKES
EVERY
WEEK SELLING DOPE.
"HAVE YOU EVER SOLD YOUR FOOD
STAMPS TO BUY DRUGS?"
"YES, I HAVE."
"YOU GET 50 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR.
SO IF I'VE
GOT A 100 DOLLARS IN FOOD STAMPS
I'LL SELL
THEM FOR $50 CASH."
HE TELLS ME LENDS THE BUYER HIS
FOOD DEBIT
CARD AND GIVES THEM HIS PIN
NUMBER.
"THEY WOULD TAKE MY CARD AND GO
TO THE
STORE AND BUY GROCERIES WITH
IT."
OHIO JOB AND FAMILY SERVICES
INVESTIGATES
WELFARE FRAUD.
HOWEVER - I'M TOLD THERE'S NO
WAY OF
KNOWING HOW WIDESPREAD THIS SORT
OF ABUSE IS IN THE FOOD
ASSISTANCE PROGRAM.
REPRESENTATIVE TIM SCHAFFER "YOU
CAN'T DEBATE THE FACT THAT THEY
ARE IN THE HANDS OF DRUG
DEALERS."
TOM:
THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF JOB AND
FAMILY SERVICES TELLS ME THEY
WORK CLOSELY WITH LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES TO STOP
THIS SORT OF
FRAUD.
THEY SAY THOSE CAUGHT SELLING OR
TRADING THEIR FOOD STAMPS FOR
DRUGS
COULD LOSE THEIR BENEFITS
...EVEN FACE CRIMINAL CHARGES.
TOM - HAS THERE BEEN ANY THOUGHT
GIVEN TO
HOW TO BETTER SCREEN PEOPLE WHO
APPLY FOR
THESE BENEFITS SO THEY DON'T
WIND UP IN THE WRONG HANDS IN
THE FIRST PLACE?
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Kayoi nareta itsumo no michi
Misugoshisou na hana ga yurete
Atarimae to omoikomi ore dake
Taisetsu na mono ni kidzukazu ni itan darou
Itsuka awa no you ni atashi mo anata mo
Kirei ni kiete nakunaru no
Semete sono hi made wagamama wo kiite
Demo ienai ya iesou ni nai ya
Atashi ga tonari ni iru uchi
Ai wo motto atashi ni kudasai
Yokubari de gomen nasai
Anata no ai ni oboretai
Atashi ga tonari ni iru uchi ni
Ai wo motto atashi ni kudasai
Afureru you na omoi de
Anata wo tsutsumiko mitai no
Ame ni furare yukiba nakushi
Nan no batsu sa? To sora wo niramu
Tsuitenai ya tte sou
Dare kare nikunde
Kimi ni kidzukazu ni nasakenai na
Netami urami tsurami
Kuso mitaina uso
Subete ga kiete nakunarya ii
Nani o shinjireba?
Nani mo shinjinai
Mou shinjirareru
Mono nante nai yo
Anata ga tonari ni iru uchi ni
Ai wo motto oshiete kudasai
Yokubari de gomen nasai
Anata no ai ni oboretai
Anata ga tonari ni iru uchi ni
Ai wo motto oshiete kudasai
Afureru you na omoi de
Anata wo tsutsumiko mitai no
Anata ga warau warau
Anata ga waratteru
Sono riyuu ga Atashi dattara ii no ni na
Anata ga nagasu nagasu
Sono namida no wake mo zenbu
Atashi ga riyuudattara ii no ni na aaa
Aaaaaaaaaa
Atashi ga tonari ni iru uchi ni
Ai wo motto atashi ni kudasai
Yokubari de gomen nasai
Anata no ai ni oboretai
Atashi ga tonari ni iru uchi ni
Ai wo motto atashi ni kudasai
Afureru you na omoi de
Anata wo tsutsumiko mitai no
52
00:05:45,340 --> 00:00:00,000
Created By Nimesan
| YoutubeSubtitles |
[music]
The greatest stories of humanity are the stories
of the hero’s quest, and a good story starts
with a dream.
That is why all great leaders are visionaries.
They ask themselves mythical questions: Who
am I?
What do I want?
Who are the heroes and mentors our society
can learn from?
History traffics in myth-making, which is
based on personal charisma and uses spin to
evoke an aura of destiny.
When the strong and ruthless rise on the world
stage, we find ourselves led by power-hungry
premiers and presidents kings and generals,
autocrats and dictators.
But these measures of leadership are flawed.
None of the qualities mentioned here indicates
that a leader like this will actually improve
the lives of those who follow him.
Destructive behavior has a way of weeding
out bad leaders through failure.
The inspired leader’s power comes not from
other people but from her very being.
The path she walks is guided by her own soul.
Its hallmarks are creativity, intelligence,
organizing power, and love.
Power on this level isn't a force that you
use like a weapon to get your own way.
It isn't money, status, possessions, or any
other material surrogate
True self power implies feeling beneath no
one, being immune to criticism and being fearless.
It starts with a vision of the "core self”
as the author of your own story.
The greatest leaders are storytellers who
envision their lives as heroe's quests, which
come to fruition through inspired action.
They are perfectly aligned with their inner,
core self, which is in turn aligned with the
greater collective of society that they serve.
In this way, leadership is first a task of
perceiving and listening, prior to “doing”
or achieving.
Thus, a true leader is the soul of a collective
consciousness.
She unlocks the potential for greatness in
herself and those she serves.
Enlightened leadership taps into these values,
as well as those of truth, goodness, beauty,
intuition, creativity, insight and focused
attention.
In the midst of chaos, certain individuals
step out of the shadows in order to lead society
in new directions necessary for further evolution.
Only a truly great leader will find wisdom
in the face of mythic-proportion challenges.
And only a leader who operates from the soul
level, with vision, creativity, and love,
will be remembered as such.
Are you ready to be a leader?
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Hello, so yeah, I hope you guys have some energy left for the last breakout session.
My name is Monica. And for the last five years
I was working at sum up which is a FinTech company based here in Berlin and
a lot of what I'm going to talk about today is based on my experience working there growing the company from
About 80 people to more than 1,500 people worldwide
So we're gonna dive a little bit into what that looks like when it comes to scaling front-end architecture for a team
that is both distributed and
growing.
But before I go into that I want to ask a question and that is
Why do we rewrite software?
I don't know about you.
But there are pieces of code that I have written so many times , then I told the product manager
I will quit if you make me do it again.
All right. I don't know maybe some of you can relate to that.
I think there's not just one reason why we end up rewriting software.
In fact,
There's a ton of different reasons and to illustrate one of these
I want to tell you about my first ever job in tech. I was 19 years old my job title was
student
webmaster, which is a pretty awesome job title when you think about it because you get to be both a student and a master at
the same time I think it's a lot cooler than senior engineer or whatever it is. We call nineteen-year-olds these days
now
when I was working as
a student webmaster I was there to write
PHP and my sequel which I had been teaching myself in my childhood bedroom for the last couple of years
So when they asked me how much experience do you have? I thought I had four or five years of good experience
anyways, so I joined and I inherited the code from the previous student webmaster and
When I looked at this code, it was not exactly what I was expecting to find it was written in
object-oriented PHP
But the kind of PHP that I know how to write was
basically like HTML templates with a couple of sequel queries thrown in there, so
Yeah, I didn't really know what to do with it
So like any good developer ,I decided to rewrite it.
Why because I didn't understand what was going on and frankly
I didn't really have the maturity to figure it out spend the time and in reality
I think a lot of software gets rewritten for this reason comes down to inexperience
You just don't want to spend the time to understand someone else's code and frankly, It's a lot of work
Another big reason why code just gets rewritten is because well, it's fun
I mean, I don't know about you
But I spent every Christmas giving my statically generated blog a new theme why not because I need it
But because it's fun I have the time and I think if we were honest with ourselves
There is probably a good amount of product code. That is also rewritten for exactly this reason
Sometimes
It's because we have a better solution available
Especially on the web. We are often hacking our way around the platform and
Sometimes eventually the platform gives back and then we get to replace our homebrewed solutions with something
That is finally native
but the reason we usually rewrite code in my experience is
Another reason entirely when you ask a developer who's in the middle of a big rewrite
They will usually give you this reason for why their project
absolutely couldn't wait any longer and
That's technical debt.
Technical debt is one of my favorite terms in software development.
Why? Because you can ask every single person in this room what is technical debt and they will tell you something different.
Is it code I didn't write?
Oftentimes sometimes you know technical debt kind of tends to boil down to that.
Or if you've been working at the same company for a while,
It is code I wrote before I knew what I was doing. I
Can tell you I have got a lot of that.
Is it things like old libraries? I don't know you want to upgrade in the front-end. We love upgrading things
and maybe those libraries are keeping you from using some new features or
is it features no one uses because
Migration is the name of the game in front-end development
If you're not migrating something right now you are behind so if you have features that nobody uses you have to migrate them
Which is kind of terrible and yeah, you could say it makes you slower
so if I were to come up with my own definition
It would look something like this code that negatively and repeatedly affects the speed or quality of delivery
can be code tools infrastructure, whatever and
We know what it looks like, right? You start building something. It's super fast. You think this is amazing. It's green field
I'm so happy
This is why I'm a developer
And then over time your productivity
Slides right down to the bottom and you wonder how did this happen to me?
but what I've also seen is that sometimes this effect occurs and then the developer gets to a point where
They can't take it anymore. And they tell the product manager or the tech lead or whoever it is
Like you're not gonna retain me if you don't let me do my refactor
So you take a sprint or two and you start refactoring!
but unfortunately, what often happens is that you could slide right back down and why is that I
Like to think about this as recurring technical debt or technical debt on a subscription model
it's like I
Can't figure out how to cancel my technical debt subscription and I'm getting charged for it on a regular basis
Now you've probably heard this term it's called the second system effect basically what it means is you had something you thought it was terrible
Then you decided to rewrite it. But thanks to the fact that you were overconfident and
You probably made the new system too complicated. In fact, the second system is worse than the first
This is also summed up in a really excellent quote by the inventor of C++.
he says "legacy code" often differs from its suggested alternative by actually working and scaling.
Now I don't know about you but this is like utterly depressing for me
When I think about my life as a software developer if this is really like a fundamental truth I have to live by.
What's the point ? Is this my destiny I'm just like in this endless cycle of refactor it's gonna be terrible
I don't know if it's gonna be terrible. Maybe it's gonna be good and you just keep going over and over again and
That's kind of the reality in some ways.
The real cost of software is not about the initial development, but maintenance over time, because
requirements change you have new feature requests the business changes direction and that means our software has to. change too
So the question is not really why do we rewrite software? I think there are a lot of really good reasons
Why software needs to be rewritten sometimes but rather?
How can we make our systems more resilient to that inevitable change?
So that instead of having something that looks like this,
We can have something that looks a little bit more like that, where in fact the speed of adding new features increases over time.
How do we reach this promised land now.
There is one answer and it is an answer that most people are very unsatisfied with.
Good architecture.
But when you tell this to someone, you know, and they are in the middle of problems that are maybe caused by poor architecture.
They're gonna look at you and say
Thanks for that. Like I really appreciate your endless wisdom, you know your
philosophizing about how I'm gonna fix my problem. It's really nice
And what why is it that this is the kind of reaction elicited when you when you give someone this response?
Well, I think it's because to your average software developer
Architecture. It's kind of like a dirty word
You know because on the one hand a lot of people don't necessarily know
What does the Software Architect at my company do all day?
Really? You should try asking them. A lot of them. Don't really know they'll think okay this person maybe transcended coding
But what comes after that?
meetings
writing on a whiteboard maybe writing something in the wiki.
there's also the fact that
software architecture doesn't really have a common definition people love to argue about what architecture really is.
You can imagine if in the world of front-end. We are still bickering over things like view versus react versus sass
CSS NGS whatever
That you could never get all
Of the developers from all of the programming communities to agree on a single definition of software architecture.
We love arguing about things as developers. So that's not gonna happen
and then the last and most important thing is I think most people find
That this response feels pretty detached from their daily problems when I'm a software developer and I'm working in an app
What I have to do is I have to change the behavior of a button
Right. That's my ticket
But for whatever reason in whatever context the previous person made that task
extremely difficult for me.
So when someone tells me well good architecture would have fix that doesn't exactly give me a warm fuzzy feeling inside
so instead of trying to come up with a new definition of
Architecture and telling you that now you are in this room and you have to listen and believe everything that I say. I
want to kind of reframe it and think about it from a different angle and that's thinking about architecture as
enabling constraints so
Constraints that you put on the way that you use code and the way you use data and the way your structure your application
That ultimately it can help us to move faster and more safely over time
Now if this sounds a little bit abstract it helps to start with a real-world example
Think about driving in a car, so I'm from the United States
But when I first moved to Germany I learned about the Autobahn and I learned that there are parts of the road you can drive
On them and there is no speed limit at all, which sounds like a recipe for disaster
but somehow all these people managed to drive at
absurdly ridiculous speeds and yet there are
Comparatively few accidents and the reason for that is that there are constraints on the way that we operate on the road
for instance
There are physical barriers between cars driving really fast in one direction and cars driving really fast in another direction
You have lanes you have conventions like using your turn signal and all of these constraints that we put in place
Also help us to move fast and in a safe way.
You can think about this pretty similarly in software development.
Consider what happened what kind of constraints we introduced with OOP?
Instead of being able to structure our programs more freely,
we had to structure them in terms of classes.
But because of the fact that we kind of gave away some of the freedom that we might have had,
We could actually decouple the structure of our applications from the way that the code is organized,
Now, think more about functional programming,
this is something that
Front-end developers are much more familiar with these days and one of the core restraints that you have in functional programming is immutability.
Strictly speaking. You could say that mutable data is more powerful than
Immutable data ,because you can just do more with it
Right, but because of the fact that we give away our ability to mutate data
We can eliminate an entire class of problems because we don't have different parts of our applications thinking that they own and can do anything
with shared data.
similarly in front-end development there have been a lot of
connected
progressions in the last years a super simple example. We are no longer really using "var" right now. We're using "const". and
while this might seem small it can give you a bit of security because you know that that variable is not going to be
reassigned to something totally different during the course of whatever function or whatever scope it's in.
So you have more predictability in the way that your data is being used
now.
JQuery to react we're getting to the controversial part. Okay, so
What I find interesting about this is that jQuery is strictly speaking gave us a lot of power right you could go into the Dom
you were really like operating on it and of hands-on way and
React tries to get you a bit further back from that
you can always reach into the Dom but you would be going against some best practices and
Now because of the fact that we are not doing direct Dom manipulation
We can have more predictable and more testable user interfaces. And now this is the real controversial one and
Now CSS in JS. So
You know, some people don't like it. There will be a new Twitter thread every day about why it's bad
but one thing that I've noticed using it for about a year and a half, maybe two years by now is that
it really forces me not to rely on side-effects because of the fact that I have to
explicitly share styles between different components and
Maybe you have more discipline than me. But if I didn't do that
you'd better believe I was would be relying on some global names and in the end this helps us to write code that is just
safer.
so the point I want to make is we are constraining ourselves all the time and we do it on purpose and
We do that specifically to trade constraints for safety and for speed
We're not looking for ways to be more powerful in how we exhibit our ability as software developers.
We're rather looking for more best practices and things not to do , so for the second half of my talk
I'm going to share three specific constraints that you can use not today, but maybe next week
for having a more resilient architecture on the front-end and
Of course, I need to make a disclaimer. It's not gonna be exhaustive right? I have 15 minutes left.
but this will be something that I hope is really practical for you and
Let's dive in. so we're going to talk about three constraints and specifically what they enable as a result
The first thing has to do with source code dependencies what I find very interesting
especially in the front-end development community is there is a lot of discussion about
directory structure. Everyone is wondering
well, how should I organize my components in my what directory structure should I use but very few people also think about
Actually, what parts of the application is allowed to depend on which other parts?
Now there are a couple of really commonly recognized ways of
organizing our internal dependencies. I'm not talking about third-party dependencies.
Probably the most famous one, you know is the big ball of mud. And what I like to say is that if you don't know
What may not depend on what in your app if you don't have any rules about this may not touch that and so on
there is a very high probability that you are operating in a muddy environment and
Yeah in innocence. That's how it goes. We also have a more layered approach
So you have some rules about what may depend on what and it needs to go into a single direction
And you also have a modular approach
I hate to break it to you, but creating new JavaScript modules does not make the code modular
In fact when I talk about this, I'm more referring to things such as a micro friends approach or maybe a mono repo
things where you have
Elements with a really small API service area and then those things are able to call up to other things
I'm not going to talk about modular because for the vast majority of people working in front end apps
we are working still in a single repository in a monolithic way, so
what's the big difference and
Why should you care?
Well, think about what happens when you introduce a change in a big ball of mud
What is the potential scope of regression when you make that change?
The answer is you have no idea, right you can make a promise to your QA engineer
Don't worry. I made this change and nothing else is going to break but you know how it goes
Once you burn that bridge there is no coming back
and
The reality is is that when you have a big ball of mud kind of architecture
You just don't know what's going to break when you make a change and on top of that
It also can introduce this unintended side effect of creating cross team conflicts
Because nobody lines to have a ticket showing up on their board that has urgent marked everywhere
Because another team made a change and they didn't realize it was going to affect them. On
the other hand with a layered approach when you change something
well, there is a certain surface area that can be affected but it's much more limited and in some way it is knowable and
Hopefully if you've organized your application similarly to the way that your teams are set up,
then the chance of having cross team effects is
relatively contained
so this is really the key difference between these two different approaches is
How the internal dependencies of the application are organized?
So let's look at a slightly more specific example
So imagine you have an application that is kind of roughly set up like this
You have your router which is the entry point to basically everything you have a separate API and data layer
Which is where all of the requests are going through and you probably handle some caching duplication things like that
then you have different pages or sections in your application which have UI components and
hopefully some of the business logic is also going to be
separated out somewhere else for easier testing and so on now the important thing is that
these two pages need to be isolated from one another.
so they should not be sharing things causing one page to have side effects when the other one changes and
An easy way to think about that is that for each page the rest of the application may as well not exist
This is not necessarily an easy thing to do
It's not the most convenient
but the result is that it is so much easier to isolate the impact of changes and
That's something that leads directly to having a more resilient app
Now when you look at that diagram, you're probably thinking to yourself if you are in front end developer
You are definitely thinking to yourself
What about the shared components?
Because we are developers. We love sharing things. When we write shared code. It makes us feel very good about ourselves and
I'm a little bit hardcore when it comes to how to handle shared code in a code base and
I pretty much believe that if you can take out the business logic, there is a good chance
you can stick it into the design system if that's really where it belongs or
You may be better off
copying and pasting that piece of code instead of introducing a dependency between those two pieces and
This brings me to my next point which is being a little bit more conservative about code reuse, then you may have traditionally been taught
because as developers
We love dry code when you see code that you can make dry by introducing some abstraction
It's like a very unique euphoric feeling and that feeling is what keeps us in software development
Despite the fact that we have been rewriting the same thing over and over again for years
but the problem is that sometimes in the name of dryness we tend to bind together pieces of code that
Ought not to know about each other and that makes the code brittle and more prone to side-effects
So I want to give you a more concrete example
think about this situation you're introducing a new page in the app that you're working in and
You see a component on another page and you think that component looks a lot like the component that I need
So what do you do? You see that component and you generalize it and you put it in the shared folder and
You think to yourself?
Man, the rest of the team is gonna be so grateful to me. I
Just generalized a specific component and I put it somewhere shared other people can use it
You know, it's like they're gonna give me so many thumbs up on my PR. I'm gonna get promoted and
That makes you feel good at the end of the day
but
What often happens is that you have?
New feature requests new business requirements and over time that component that lives in the shared folder
Tends to want to diverge
but the fact that it's in the shared folder is like a really strong magnetism that keeps it together and
you'll notice that this happens when you see signs like
If statements or the component starts to have an existential crisis, like where am I and how should I render?
and
you see this kind of like branching in the component and and at the end of the day the components that
Started out being so general. It could be used anywhere
Can now only be used in two very specific
places
so thing I would just want to remind all of us is that
When in doubt it is more important that code remains decoupled than it is that the code remains dry
Because code reuse is not the goal in and of itself
The purpose of code reuse and the reason that we want to keep code dry is to avoid introducing bugs
unnecessarily, right because if you have less code
By some standards you are less likely to have as many or more bugs
But at the end of the day if you introduce dryness in a place that binds unrelated code together
You are exactly eliminating the benefit that you made it dry in the first place to achieve
So there is this very nice tweet, which I thought summarized this sentiment
It says a regular person sees either a glass half-full or half-empty
But an engineer sees them both and then learns in what context to see it half full and in what?
context to see it half empty and
If you ask me, sometimes you just need two glasses
so
Two people need to be able to drink water at the same time and if one person's glass slips and breaks
on the floor
The other person should not look at them and immediately need to draw up their glass as well because they are a couple together
So the point about being more conservative about code reuse is just being critical
I'm not saying that anytime you need to reuse something like please just copy-paste it like that would also not be sustainable
But think about it critically and not just as an abstraction waiting to happen
And that helps us to avoid coupling together code that diverges over time
The last part I want to talk about is enforcing your boundaries, so how many of you
have been in a team or at some point you all get together and you say
Guys, it's time. We had an architecture plan
You know, like things are getting a bit out of control and we need to do something about it
so the whole team gets together and
You make some decisions
You document them?
maybe you put them in in a wiki because documenting decisions is a very good thing and then you
Make some diagrams perhaps to help on board the next people that will join your team and you have this amazing
documentation and
It starts to collect dust by the very next week and
Whenever someone creates a new feature they are not looking in the wiki to check how to do it first
unfortunately
Yeah, so that's kind of awkward, right
You spent all this time making this amazing documentation. And even the people who wrote it are not regularly consulting it. So
What's the point?
Why should we even try to put some?
architectural constraints into our apps if
at the end of the day everyone is going to ignore it and systems will just tend towards entropy and then we're gonna have to
Rewrite it all over again
So let's think about a solution to this now imagine you have an application
That looks something like this. You have some components. There's a bunch of shared business logic
Eventually you decide to clean up your internal dependency tree and you find something that could be shared among two pages
you decide to implement a little bit of duplication and
Overtime that logic begins to specialize based on the context in which it was in
But the question is this
what happens when someone joins your team a new person and
They see
that code
they look in one place and they see this looks suspiciously similar to this code over here and
Then they have that like spidey sense like an abstraction coming on and you're thinking you
Know but they're really excited. They're probably thinking I'm gonna impress this team. It's my second day
I'm so excited. And the question is, how can we stop them?
Now there's a pretty neat technique which we introduced at Summa
Which is called forbidden dependency tests now if you're not familiar with forbidden dependency tests
essentially if you think about tests as a way or application tests as the way you test the behavior of your
Application then forbidden dependency tests allow you to test the structure of your application
From a dependency standpoint. So for example if you introduce
Some kind of page or let's say I'm writing a page. I can actually write a rule that runs as part of the CI
That's gonna cause the bill to break if anybody tries to depend on my code
Which is like pretty empowering, right?
So if you are working in the node and JavaScript ecosystem
There is one specific tool that I've found for this purpose, which is called dependency cruiser
and it has a lot of other options besides just
Checking whether something can depend on something else. It can also do things like checking for circular dependencies
it's super customizable and
What I can tell you is that if you don't have some kind of system that's checking these things
You can also implement it yourself if you would like to do that
You really just don't know what's happening inside the application
You can think you have a very clear directory structure surely
Everyone's going to be following the existing conventions, but you just don't know until you're enforcing it
so what this allows us to do is that it allows us to preserve the
Architecture that we have in terms of its internal dependencies
over time in an automated way so we don't have to wait until somebody opens a pull request to
Start arguing about it. In fact, the CI is going to argue about it for us
And that's more impersonal and in this case leads to less conflict. So I think that's a good thing
Yeah, so
Let's recap a little bit about what we've learned. So
the first thing we talked about is this unfortunate truth that
Software changes and that means that our code needs to change to write because we have new business
Requirements new features coming up and that means sometimes rewriting things or migrating them or whatever is just inevitable
We've also learned that
Architecture can be seen in a way as applying enabling constraints
so restrictions on the way that we use code and data that actually enable us to move faster and more safely as
the time as time goes on and
finally, we also learned there are some really small changes that you can make to your projects to help them evolve in a
more organized way
first thing is just
thinking directionally set some rules in your application about what is allowed to depend on what in
Order that you can build parts of your app that don't necessarily
Find themselves bound to the other parts of the app. And this is also going to reflect positively on the team environment that you're in
Also being a little bit more conservative about code reuse, then you might have been taught
beginning in your software development career rise just thinking critically about whether it's appropriate to reuse that code and
where exactly it belongs and
Finally, that's all of the good intentions in the world. Don't necessarily matter if you're not enforcing them and
One really useful way to do. This is by using automation and when such automation is forbidden dependency to us
I'm gonna leave you guys with just two last takeaways
the first thing is this
anytime we build out a feature as an individual contributor even
there are still architectural decisions that need to be made so
Sometimes when you talk to people who our thinking about architecture, especially in the front end
The first thing that comes to their mind is things like Redux and flux, and I don't know whatever is the new latest thing
but
oftentimes
the the solution is
smaller than you might think and
If we start with thinking about this on the function level or the module level then that means that also the individual contributor
individual contributors on the team are involved in those decisions, too and
Finally, this one is like dedicated to everybody who is like part of the the front-end development community in the room
I don't know how many of you there are out there
And that's this that you don't have to derive
Architecture from first principles. What do I mean by that?
so what really commonly happens when people have
problems in their web applications is they go to Google and they search for something like
react
Architecture or view architecture or whatever it is. They're looking for framework specific
Architecture solutions, but so often the problems that they're actually encountering are not really specific
not only to the framework they're using but even to the web it's just software at the end of the day and
sometimes
What I have found is that people who are working on the web myself or past self included are
Reluctant to learn and be open to the input from other
Communities of other programming languages or paradigms. It's really common to hear someone say something like
you know, that's like OOP and like I thought we don't do that anymore or
Well, the examples are in C++
So, of course, I'm not going to read that book
but the reality is there is there are so many communities of
Programming languages and paradigms that have been building huge apps for way longer than we have been on the front end
So I just want to encourage anybody from the front-end community who is in this room and thinking about it
To you know, just be open minded and open to learning from others
So that's about it. I will tweet the slides later if you're interested
I saw some people taking photos and then I change too soon. So sorry about that
I'll tweet them out and yeah, thanks so much for being here
| YoutubeSubtitles |
[ ♪ ]
A lone explorer
on a mission to reveal
the grandeur of Saturn,
its rings and moons
[ ♪ ]
After 20 years in space
NASA's Cassini spacecraft
is running out of fuel.
And so, to protect
moons of Saturn
that could have conditions
suitable for life,
a spectacular end
has been planned
for this long-lived
traveler from Earth.
Cassini's Grand Finale
5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1
[ rockets roar ]
And liftoff of the
Cassini spacecraft
on a billion-mile
trek to Saturn.
We have cleared the tower.
[ mission audio ]
[ ♪ ]
In 2004, following
a 7-year journey
through the solar system,
Cassini arrived at Saturn.
[ mission audio ]
June 30, 2004 Saturn
Orbit Insertion
The spacecraft carried a
passenger,
the European Huygens probe --
the first human-made
object to land
on a world in the distant
outer solar system.
January 14, 2005
Huygens Probe landing on Titan
For over a decade,
Cassini has shared
the wonders of Saturn
and its family of icy moons,
taking us to astounding worlds
where methane rivers run
to a methane sea.
Where jets of ice and gas
are blasting material into space
from a liquid water ocean
that might harbor the
ingredients for life.
[ mission audio ]
And Saturn --
a giant world ruled
by raging storms
and delicate
harmonies of gravity.
[ ♪ ]
Now, Cassini has one last,
daring assignment.
April 26, 2017
The grand finale begins.
[ ♪ ]
Cassini's Grand Finale is
a brand new adventure.
[ ♪ ]
Twenty-two dives
through the space
between Saturn and its rings.
[ ♪ ]
As it repeatedly braves
this unexplored region,
Cassini seeks new insights
about the origins of the rings,
and the nature of the
planet's interior --
closer to Saturn
than ever before.
[ ♪ ]
On the final orbit,
Cassini will plunge into Saturn
fighting to keep its
antenna pointed at Earth
as it transmits its farewell.
[ ♪ ]
In the skies of Saturn,
the journey ends,
[ ♪ ]
as Cassini becomes part
of the planet itself.
[ ♪ ]
September 15, 2017
End of mission.
[ ♪ ]
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute
of Technology
| YoutubeSubtitles |
- [Announcer] You ears
have feasted on the sound.
Your senses have sipped
upon their cup of darkness.
Now prepare your soul for a
new experience from Death Wish,
the Lords of Midwestern
Sunrise Death Metal.
(heavy metal music)
- Hey Death Wishers,
we're still hard at work
making our next album, Drowning
in the Silence of Eternity
but we wanted to let you
know about some exciting
new merch we're really excited about.
Death Wish coffee.
It's nearly four times more
caffeinated than a regular cup.
- That's right, Roach, and
it's a pound of organic
and certified fair trade coffee.
- That's one responsible
cup of coffee, Manslaughter.
- It's stronger and more hard
core than our newest single,
Murder Kills Again.
(heavy metal music)
- We wanted merch that
really embodied our band.
- And I think we really did it.
Death Wish coffee makes my
heart race, just like our music.
(heavy metal music)
- [Narrator] Unfortunately,
Death Wish isn't a real band
but Death Wish coffee
is 100% a real thing.
So now we're gonna find out
if the world's strongest
coffee tastes any good.
- Oh dang.
- Oh.
- Alright this is the Death
Wish coffee taste test.
Now everybody makes
their coffee differently.
- Kara, how do you make your coffee?
- I just make a regular
old pot of coffee, John.
- I normally do that to
in the mornings but when
I have a little bit of extra time,
I love the process of a pour over.
So that's what I'm gonna be doing.
- Very nice.
- Eric, how do you like
to make your coffee?
- I'm glad you asked.
'Cause normally everybody seems
me as the clown, the goof.
- Yeah, okay.
- Well I take my coffee very seriously,
I make it in a mocha press.
This is my mocha press from home.
- Okay.
- And everybody's probably
like, oh that's dirty,
gross, Eric, clean your mocha press.
You're not supposed to, okay?
So get off my back.
- I like my coffee cold
brewed so this has been
sitting for the last 12 hours.
And yeah, it's ready to go.
- Alright, let's get started.
- Alright.
(metal music)
Okay, I'll start mine now.
- Are you ready to try it?
- Yeah.
Cheers?
- Cheers.
- Cheers.
- Good luck.
- Oh dang.
- Oh.
- That's really good.
- That's pretty good.
- It's really smooth.
- Oh.
This is great.
- It's got some pretty nice acidity to it,
at least on mine.
- It's dangerous though
because I just wanna drink
the whole glass.
- I want to, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.
- Yeah it's almost got
some chocolate notes.
- Tad bit.
- And still earthy.
- Yeah.
- Yeah, I dig it.
- I kind of feel like
my heart's accelerating.
I don't know if it's
'cause like I'm excited
to try it or if like I'm getting amped up.
- Despite the skull
and crossbones and like
the strong warnings like this is actually
a very gentle cup of coffee on my palette
but I'm assuming it's
gonna get my blood going.
- Yeah.
- [John] So.
- Yeah.
- We'll find out.
- That was Death Wish coffee, I mean,
it is a really good
coffee if you like coffee
and then it'll buoo!
- It'll wake you up.
- Cheers.
♪ Vat 19.com. ♪
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Portuguese:
O método científico está relacionado com o público em geral nas suas tarefas diárias.
Isso inclui-te a ti, a mim e outros cientistas no mundo.
O método científico é o processo,
ou os passos dados para produzir resultados fiáveis
para responder a uma determinada questão.
Talvez pense que não usa o método científico na sua vida.
Mas posso grarantir-lhe que usa!
Por exemplo,
Imagine que acorda num sábado,
e que não encontra o seu telemóvel...
Isso é uma observação.
De seguida, faz alguma pesquisa,
pensando na última vez que o teve.
Suspeita que poderá estar no bolso das suas calças que vestiu ontem.
Isso é uma hipótese.
Quando verifica as suas calças, está a conduzir uma experiência.
Mas a ciência na vida não corre sempre como o planeado,
e não encontra o telemóvel no bolso das calças.
Então a segunda obervação,
leva-o a pensar de novo no que mais fez ontem.
Spanish:
el método científico se trata ordinaria
gente que hace cosas ordinarias que
incluye a mí ya otros científicos en
el mundo el método científico es sólo
un proceso o medidas adoptadas para producir
resultados fiables para responder a una específica
cuestión tal vez crea que no utiliza un
método científico en su vida pero no puedo
garantía de que lo hace, por ejemplo,
imagina que se despierta en un sábado y
que no pudo encontrar su teléfono celular que es
una observación a continuación, hacer un poco
la investigación por pensar en la última vez
tenías que sospecha que podría ser
en el bolsillo de los pantalones ayer
eso es una hipótesis y cuando se compruebe
los pantalones que están haciendo un experimento
pero la ciencia en la vida no siempre salen según lo
planificado y que encuentre ningún teléfono celular en
el bolsillo del pantalón por lo que el segundo
observación lleva a pensar una y otra
recordar lo demás lo hizo ayer
English:
The scientific method is just a process or steps taken to produce reliable results to answer a specific question
Maybe you think you don't use a scientific method in your life, but I can guarantee that you do. For example,
imagine you wake up on a Saturday, and you couldn't find your cell phone. That's an observation.
Then you do a little research by thinking about the last time you had it
You suspect that it might be in the pocket of your pants from yesterday. That's a hypothesis. And when you check your pants
you're doing an experiment, but science and life don't always go as planned and you find no cell phone in your pants pocket
So the second observation leads you to think again and recall what else you did yesterday
Portuguese:
Lembra-se que colocou o telemóvel na mochila na escola.
Então decide que deverá estar aí e volta a verificar.
E aí está ele!
A vida pode continuar e está tão contente que poderá partilhar os resultados com o seu melhor amigo
e explicar-lhe porque é que demorou tanto tempo a responder-lhe.
Ciência
Estes são os passos do método científico.
e em cada passo pode recuar e repetir o processo.
Tipicamente, depois de conduzir uma experiência e concluir
que os resultados não respondem ao problema,
volta atrás e tenta algo diferente
e realmente, observações e pesquisas continuam a ocorrer
o tempo todo.
A ciência é um processo contínuo
Agora, vamos simplificar cada um destes passos nos seus componentes.
Tudo o que pode ser observado com os 5 sentidos está incluido nas observações.
Pode usar o sentido do olfato, visão, paladar, tato e audição
para fazer as suas observações em ciência.
A pesquisa é um passo importante em ciência porque
English:
You remember that you put your cell phone in your backpack during school
so you decide it must be there and you go and check and lo there
it is. Life can continue, and you're so happy that you share the results with your best friend and explain
why it took you so long to text them back
Science
These are the steps of the scientific method and at any step you can go back and repeat the process
typically after you conduct an experiment and
Conclude that your results aren't answering the question you go back and try something else and really
truly
Observations and research are going on the entire time
Science is a continually ongoing process now. Let's break down each of these steps into their component parts
All that can be observed with the five senses are included in observations. You use your sense of smell,
sight, taste, touch and hearing to make your observations in science
Spanish:
recuerde que coloca el teléfono celular en
la mochila en la escuela por lo que
decidir que debe estar allí y que vaya y
comprobar y he ahí está la vida puede
continúa y que está tan feliz de que usted
compartir los resultados con su mejor amigo
y explicar por qué se tardó tanto tiempo en
texto de nuevo la ciencia
estos son los pasos del científico
método y en cualquier paso que pueda volver
y repetir el proceso típicamente después de
lleve a cabo un experimento y conclusión
que sus resultados no están respondiendo al
pregunta que volver y probar algo
otra cosa y realmente verdad y observaciones
la investigación están pasando todo el tiempo
la ciencia es un proceso continuo en curso
Ahora vamos a romper cada uno de estos pasos
en sus partes componentes Todo lo que puede
ser observado con los cinco sentidos son
incluido en las observaciones que utilice su
sentido de la vista olor sabor y el tacto
escuchar a hacer sus observaciones en
investigación en ciencias es un paso importante en
Spanish:
la ciencia, ya que puede responder a otra
preguntas que tiene y definir mejor las
experimento antes de ir por un camino
que lleva a cabo la nada o un
experimento que ya se ha hecho marca
Seguro que utiliza fuentes fiables para aprender
información científica
revistas y fuentes en línea que están
controlados y de confianza son mejor evitar
información de los blogs y fuera de la fecha
libros de texto como la información no podría
ser confiable una vez que tenga su investigación
Completado puedes formar tu hipótesis
la cual es una predicción de lo que
creen que ocurrirá a menudo es visto como
un if-then y es muy
específica aquí está un ejemplo, si gomoso
osos se colocan en agua durante 24 horas
entonces van a aumentar a más del doble de su
tamaño original tiene un caso en cuando y
utiliza términos específicos que hacen que este
experimentar repetible el experimento
en sí está hecho de varias partes más
experimentos recogen dos tipos de datos
cualitativa cualitativa y cuantitativa
los datos se basa en descripciones como suave
amarillo brillante datos cuantitativos o húmedo
Portuguese:
pode responder a outras questões que poderá ter e refina o planeamento da sua experiência
antes que chegue a um caminho que o leve a lado nenhum
ou conduzir uma experiência que já foi feita.
Tenha a certeza que usa fontes fiáveis para aprender o tema em estudo.
Jornais científicos e fontes on-line verificadas e seguras são os melhores
evita informação de blogs e livros antigos pois a informação poderá não ser fiável.
Assim que tenha completado a sua pesquisa, poderá formular a sua hipótese,
que é uma previsão daquilo que crê que possa acontecer.
Normalmente é tida como uma afirmação se...então e é muito específica.
Aqui está um exemplo:
Se gomas de urso forem colocadas em água por 24 horas, então vão inchar para o dobro do seu tamanho original.
Tem um "se" e um "então" e usa termos específicos que tornam esta experiência replicável.
A experiência em si, é composta por várias partes.
A maioria das experiências recolhe dois tipos de dados
Dados qualitativos
e dados quantitativos
Os dados qualitativos apoiam-se em descrições como suave, amarelo, luminoso ou molhado
English:
Research is an important step in science because it may answer other questions you have and help
refine your experiment before you go down a path that leads to nowhere or conduct an experiment that's already been done
Make sure you use reliable sources to learn background information
Scientific journals and online sources that are vetted and trusted are best
Avoid information from blogs and out-of-date textbooks as the information might not be reliable
Once you have your research completed you can form your hypothesis
which is a prediction of what you believe will occur it is often seen as an if-then statement and is very specific
Here's an example
If gummy bears are placed in water for 24 hours then they will swell to over twice their original size
It has an "if" and "then" and uses specific terms that make this experiment repeatable
The experiment itself is made of several parts most experiments collect two types of data qualitative and quantitative
Qualitative data relies on descriptions like soft, yellow, shiny or wet
English:
Quantitative data relies on numbers like 25 centimeters or 2.3 grams
Once you know what types of data you're going to collect you can define the variables in your experiment
There is the independent variable which is the thing you change to see how it affects your dependent variable,
which is the thing you measure
So in the gummy bear example the change in the experiment is that the gummy bears are being placed in water
The dependent variable is the volume of the gummy bear which is measured before and after it's soaked in the water
A valid experiment will have both an experimental group where the independent variable is altered and a control group
which can be used to compare the experimental group to the normal or unaltered version
In the gummy bear experiment the bears placed in water are the
experimental group and the dry gummy bears are the control because that's how gummy bears normally are. So to summarize an
experiment should have an experimental group and a control group
The experimental group will have an independent variable and a dependent variable
The data that is measured and collected can be qualitative, quantitative or both
Spanish:
se basa en números como 25 centímetros o
2,3 gramos
una vez que sepa qué tipos de datos que está
ir a recoger se puede definir el
variables en el experimento hay
la variable independiente que es el
cosa cambia para ver cómo afecta
la variable dependiente que es el
cosa que mida por lo que en la gummybear
ejemplo el cambio en el experimento es
que los ositos de goma están siendo colocados en
regar la variable dependiente es la
volumen del oso gomoso que es
medido antes y después de que se empapa en
el agua de un experimento válido tendrá
tanto un grupo experimental en el que el
variable independiente se altera en una
grupo de control
que puede ser utilizado para comparar la
grupo experimental a la normal o
versión inalterada en el osito de goma
experimentar el oso se coloca en agua
son el grupo experimental y la seca
gomosos osos son el control porque
así es como osito de goma es normalmente son
Entonces, para resumir un experimento debe
tener un grupo experimental y un control
grupo el grupo experimental tendrá
una variable independiente y una dependiente
variable y los datos que se mide
y recogidos pueden ser cualitativos
cuantitativa o ambos gracias por ver
Portuguese:
Os dados quantitativos apoiam-se em números, como 25 centímetros ou 2,3 gramas.
Assim que souber o tipo de dados que quer recolher, poderá definir as variáveis na sua experiência.
Existe a variável independente, que é aquilo que pode alterar
para ver como é que afeta a sua variável dependente,
que é aquilo que você mede.
Então, no exemplo da goma de urso,
o que varia na experiência, é que as gomas são colocadas em água,
a variável dependente é o volume da goma de urso que é medido antes e depois de estar na água.
Uma experiência válida terá que ter ambos, um grupo experimental,
onde a variável independente é alterada
e um grupo de controlo,
que pode ser usado para comparar o grupo experimental com a versão normal ou inalterada.
Na experiência da goma de urso,
as gomas que são colocadas na água correspondem ao grupo experimental
e as gomas secas são o grupo de controlo
porque são como as gomas normalmente são.
Então, para sumariar,
uma experiência deve ter um grupo experimental e um grupo de controlo.
O grupo experimental deverá ter uma variável independente
e uma variável dependente
Os dados medidos e recolhidos podem ser
qualitativos, quantitativos ou ambos.
English:
Thanks for watching this episode of Teacher's Pet. Don't forget to like and subscribe and follow me on Twitter @sciencepet
Spanish:
este episodio de la mascota del profesor no hacer
Al igual que olvide y suscribirse y seguir
Me mascota en Twitter en la ciencia
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Thai:
เรียนนักวิชาการเพื่อนนี่คือเอกสารสองนาที
กับKároly Zsolnai-Fehér
ในคลิปนี้เรามีวัตถุหลากหลาย
ที่แตกต่างกันในรูปทรงเรขาคณิตและเป้าหมายคือ
วางไว้ในช่องนี้โดยใช้ AI
ฟังดูง่ายใช่มั้ย
สิ่งนี้ได้รับการแก้ไขมานานแล้ว
อย่างไรก็ตามมีการจับที่นี่ซึ่งก็คือ
กล่องนี้อยู่นอกช่วงของหุ่นยนต์
ดังนั้นต้องมีแขนใน
ด้วยปริมาณที่พอเหมาะสำหรับมัน
เพื่อสิ้นสุดในช่องนี้
สามารถทำการโยนได้ 500 ครั้งต่อชั่วโมง
ก่อนที่ทุกคนจะเข้าใจผิดว่าเกิดอะไรขึ้น
ในภาพที่นี่มันเกือบจะดูเหมือน
หุ่นยนต์ทางซ้ายกำลังช่วยด้วยการขยับ
ไปยังตำแหน่งที่วัตถุจะตกหลังจากหุ่นยนต์
ทางด้านขวาโยนมัน
กรณีนี้ไม่ได้.
ที่นี่คุณเห็นส่วนเล็ก ๆ ของการสนทนาของฉัน
กับ Andy Zeng ผู้เขียนหลักของบทความ
เขาอยู่ที่ไหน
ผลลัพธ์ดูน่าทึ่งและทราบว่าสิ่งนี้
ปัญหานั้นยากกว่าที่คนส่วนใหญ่คิด
English:
Dear Fellow Scholars, this is Two Minute Papers
with Károly Zsolnai-Fehér.
In this footage, we have a variety of objects
that differ in geometry, and the goal is to
place them into this box using an AI.
Sounds simple, right?
This has been solved long, long ago.
However, there is a catch here, which is that
this box is outside of the range of the robot
arm, therefore, it has to throw it in there
with just the right amount of force for it
to end up in this box.
It can perform 500 of these tosses per hour.
Before anyone misunderstands what is going
on in the footage here, it almost seems like
the robot on the left is helping by moving
to where the object would fall after the robot
on the right throws it.
This is not the case.
Here you see a small part of my discussion
with Andy Zeng, the lead author of the paper
where he addresses this.
The results look amazing, and note that this
problem is much harder than most people would
Thai:
คิดในตอนแรก
เพื่อที่จะทำสิ่งนี้ AI ต้องเข้าใจ
วิธีการจับวัตถุด้วยรูปทรงเรขาคณิตที่กำหนด
ในความเป็นจริงเราอาจคว้าวัตถุเดียวกันได้ที่
ด้านต่าง ๆ โยนมันแบบเดียวกันและ
จะมีความแตกต่างอย่างมาก
ในเส้นทางการเคลื่อนที่ของวัตถุนี้
ลองดูตัวอย่างนี้ด้วยไขควง
นอกจากนี้ยังต้องคำนึงถึง
ความต้านทานอากาศของวัตถุที่กำหนดเช่นกัน
ผู้ชายปัญหานี้ยาก
อย่างที่คุณเห็นที่นี่ตอนแรกมันไม่สามารถทำได้
ฝึกขว้างเพราะความน่าเชื่อถือ
ในการเข้าใจค่อนข้างยากจน
อย่างไรก็ตามหลังจากการฝึกอบรม 14 ชั่วโมงก็ประสบความสำเร็จ
ความแม่นยำที่น่าทึ่งและสามารถฝึกอบรมได้
ตารางฝึกอบรมนี้ออกแบบมานานแล้ว
ในแบบที่เมื่อวัตถุหมด
มันสามารถรีสตาร์ทตัวเองโดยปราศจากความช่วยเหลือของมนุษย์
ดี!
เพื่อให้บรรลุเป้าหมายนี้เราจำเป็นต้องมีการฝึกอบรมมากมาย
วัตถุ แต่ไม่ใช่วัตถุฝึกอบรมใด ๆ
English:
think at first.
In order to perform this, the AI has to understand
how to grasp an object with a given geometry,
in fact, we may grab the same object at a
different side, throw it the same way, and
there would be a great deal of a difference
in the trajectory of this object.
Have a look at this example with the screwdriver.
It also has to take into consideration the
air resistance of a given object as well.
Man, this problem is hard.
As you see here, initially, it cannot even
practice throwing because its reliability
in grasping is quite poor.
However, after 14 hours of training, it achieves
a remarkable accuracy, and to be able to train
for so long, this training table is designed
in a way that when running out of objects,
it can restart itself without human help.
Nice!
To achieve this, we need a lot of training
objects, but not any kind of training objects.
Thai:
วัตถุเหล่านี้จะต้องมีความหลากหลาย
อย่างที่คุณเห็นที่นี่ระหว่างการฝึกซ้อมกล่อง
ตำแหน่งสนุกกับความหลากหลายที่ดีและวัตถุ
เรขาคณิตก็มีความหลากหลายเช่นกัน
โดยปกติในการทดลองเหล่านี้เรากำลังมองหา
เพื่อให้ได้สติปัญญาบางอย่าง
ความฉลาดในกรณีนี้ย่อมหมายถึงว่า
AI ได้เรียนรู้การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่แท้จริง
ของการขว้างปาสิ่งของและไม่เพียงแค่พบบางอย่าง
โซลูชั่นที่ดีผ่านการลองผิดลองถูก
วิธีที่ดีในการทดสอบสิ่งนี้ก็คือการให้
วัตถุที่ไม่เคยเห็นมาก่อนและเห็น
ความรู้ทั่วไปของมันเป็นอย่างไร
เหมือนกับสถานที่
ทางด้านซ้ายคุณจะเห็นกล่องเหล่านี้ที่มีเครื่องหมาย
สีส้มนี่คือชุดฝึกซ้อม แต่หลังจากนั้น
มันถูกขอให้โยนมันลงในกล่องสีน้ำเงิน
ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งที่ไม่เคยลองมาก่อน…และ…ดู!
นี่เป็นลักษณะทั่วไปที่ยอดเยี่ยม
ไชโย!
คุณสามารถดูความน่าจะเป็นที่จะประสบความสำเร็จได้
สำหรับการจับและขว้างที่นี่
English:
These objects have to be diversified.
As you see here, during training, the box
position enjoys a great variety, and the object
geometry is also well diversified.
Normally, in these experiments, we are looking
to obtain some kind of intelligence.
Intelligence in this case would mean that
the AI truly learned the underlying dynamics
of object throwing, and not just found some
good solutions via trial and error.
A good way to test this would be to give it
an object it has never seen before and see
how its knowledge generalizes to that.
Same with locations.
On the left, you see these boxes marked with
orange, this was the training set, but, later,
it was asked to throw it into the blue boxes,
which is something it has never tried before…and…look!
This is excellent generalization.
Bravo!
You can also see the success probabilities
for grasping and throwing here.
English:
A key idea in this work is that this system
is endowed with a physics-based controller,
which contains the standard equations of linear
projectile motion.
This is simple knowledge from high-school
physics that ignores several key real-life
factors, such as the effect of aerodynamic
drag.
This way, the AI does not have to learn from
scratch and can use these calculations as
an initial guess, and it is tasked with learning
to account for the difference between this
basic equation and real-life trajectories.
In other words, it is given basic physics
and is asked to learn advanced physics by
building on that.
Loving this idea.
A simulation environment was also developed
for this project where one can test the effect
of, for instance, changing the gripper width,
which would be costly and labor-intensive
in the real world.
Of course, these are all free in a software
simulation.
What a time to be alive!
Thanks for watching and for your generous
support, and I'll see you next time!
Thai:
แนวคิดหลักในการทำงานนี้ก็คือระบบนี้
endowed กับตัวควบคุมที่ใช้ฟิสิกส์
ซึ่งมีสมการมาตรฐานของเส้นตรง
การเคลื่อนไหวกระสุนปืน
นี่คือความรู้ง่ายๆจากโรงเรียนมัธยม
ฟิสิกส์ที่ไม่สนใจกุญแจชีวิตจริงหลายประการ
ปัจจัยเช่นผลของอากาศพลศาสตร์
ลาก.
ด้วยวิธีนี้ AI ไม่จำเป็นต้องเรียนรู้จาก
เริ่มต้นและสามารถใช้การคำนวณเหล่านี้เป็น
คาดเดาเริ่มต้นและมันก็มอบหมายให้เรียนรู้
เพื่อพิจารณาความแตกต่างระหว่างสิ่งนี้
สมการพื้นฐานและวิถีชีวิตจริง
กล่าวอีกนัยหนึ่งมันคือฟิสิกส์พื้นฐาน
และถูกขอให้เรียนรู้ฟิสิกส์ขั้นสูงโดย
อาคารที่
รักความคิดนี้
สภาพแวดล้อมการจำลองยังได้รับการพัฒนา
สำหรับโครงการนี้ที่หนึ่งสามารถทดสอบผลกระทบ
ตัวอย่างเช่นจากการเปลี่ยนความกว้างของกริปเปอร์
ซึ่งจะมีค่าใช้จ่ายสูงและใช้แรงงานมาก
ในโลกแห่งความจริง
แน่นอนสิ่งเหล่านี้ทั้งหมดฟรีในซอฟต์แวร์
จำลอง
ช่างเป็นเวลาที่ยังมีชีวิตอยู่!
ขอบคุณที่รับชมและแสดงความขอบคุณ
สนับสนุนและฉันจะพบคุณในครั้งต่อไป!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
good evening and welcome to our midweek
bible study we're so glad that you're
joining with us tonight
sorry for the late start we kind of got
a little bit of a late start
but tonight we are in the book of
Ecclesiastes
and lord willing we will get through
chapter four
having finished chapter three last week
and also tonight
being the first Thursday of the month
it's going to be our communion
celebration so i want to encourage you
if you're watching
live to maybe at this time uh real quick
get the elements and then you can
partake with us
at the conclusion of our study
really looking forward to this chapter
tonight i know i probably say that about
every chapter but really this chapter
and i think you'll see why here in a
moment it
really speaks to a profound
truth in life a principle
that you really don't go up against
and break if you go up against it
it breaks you instead it's just one of
those
life principles those one of those
truths in the Word of God a profound
truth
and it's that of Jesus
being the threefold cord
that's not quickly broken
such that He's the only one
that holds everything and anything
together and i think you would agree
with me
that the world is falling apart the
world is
broken or as we like to say here locally
i'll do my best when i say it
buss up that wasn't too bad right it is
buss up right not bust up it's buss up
like bus like the bus buss up
okay well that's as good as it gets so
for those of you online that's
never mind it's a local thing but
people are broken
and you know as one said no things
are not really
falling apart they're coming together
and falling
into place and that is true but
there is just this
sadly today in this
world in which we live in the midst
of this
crisis which we're going to talk about
on Sunday very interesting
development this last week concerning
the crisis but a lot of people
are really
hanging on by a thread and people
need the lord
and people are losing everything
marriages are breaking apart
i heard one statistic i don't remember
who
was telling me this but oh
i think it was after uh first service on
sunday
that the family courts are just
you know so overbooked
by the really the record number of
divorces that have been filed
we're talking about here on Oahu
how sad is that families breaking apart
marriage is breaking apart i mean
people's lives are just falling apart
and if there was ever a time that
we as the salt and light
can bring hope to the hopeless
that time is now and we're going to talk
about that tonight so why don't we pray
if you would join with me and we'll ask
God's blessing on our time together in
His Word
Father in heaven were
we we say it sometimes just
in passing but it's very true
how do people who don't know You
do it how is it possible
that they're able to
survive not knowing You
and maybe the truth of the matter is
is that they're not
they're barely hanging on
and Lord we're just so thankful to You
that we know You
and that You know us that we have You
and You have us
Lord tonight as we
open up Your word i pray that
so too would our hearts be opened up and
our eyes and our ears
to receive that which You have for us
tonight as You speak into our lives
in and through Your Word Lord we're so
thankful to You for Your Word
it's life it's the bread of life the
word of life
so Lord thank You i pray that You'll
speak very clearly
and for those who are discouraged i pray
that You'll
encourage strengthen our hearts
and Lord thank You that Your Word is
alive
and active so Lord thank You in advance
for what You're going to do
in our time together in Your Word
tonight in Jesus' name
Amen all right
verse 1 Ecclesiastes chapter 4 now
please keep in mind very important that
you understand otherwise
you're not going to understand you're
going to misunderstand
and this could really mess you up for
lack of a better way of saying it if you
don't keep in mind that Solomon
is doing everything he can
to try and reconcile
this life under the sun
s-u-n without God
he has removed God from the equation
and it's not working out too well as
we've seen here to four in the first
three chapters in fact
last week in chapter three we saw
Solomon we're going to see it
again here now where he's kind of going
back and forth
you know he kind of has this
returning back to the very God that he's
trying to remove
and he has this this moment of
sort of returning to the Lord and then
when he
does that's the only way he can make
any sense of any
of this and it's really a thing
of living life under the sun
s-u-n as opposed to living
life under the Son S-o-n
and that's the conclusion he's going to
come to
now as we start off in verse 1 for those
of you that read ahead to stay ahead you
already know
it starts off pretty rough it's a rough
start
he says then verse 1 i returned
and considered all the oppression
that is done under the sun
and look the tears of the oppressed
but they have no comforter on the side
of their oppressors there is power
they seem so powerful and the oppressed
so powerless
but they have no comforter
so what's his response
what does he say after he returns to
this
and considers this and ponders this
this is what he says about it verse 2
therefore i praised
the dead who were already dead
more than the living who are still alive
you've heard of the walking dead those
who were
alive outwardly but dead inside that's
what he's referring to here
yet verse 3 and it gets worse
better than both is he
who has never existed
in other words it would have been better
if they were never born and here's why
because who has not seen
the evil work that is done
under the sun it would have been better
that they were never born
at all than to be born and have to
witness
such despair such oppression
with no comforter
no mediator he's alluded to that already
you know
what a dark first three verses would you
agree
well that's the problem isn't it
the problem in the first place
is he's considering this
outside of
the very God who is the comforter
the Holy Spirit as the comforter
and when you remove God
from the equation are you
surprised
that this will be your conclusion
it's kind of interesting that he would
say that
Job said this he said it would have
would have been better if i were never
born
when he was at the end i mean
the bottom the rock bottom of the rock
bottom
that was it he was in such despair
and hopelessness in fact the way he said
it was basically like this
why does God withhold from me the thing
that i desire the most
that my life would end i mean you've got to
be pretty low to come to that point
to have it be better that you were never
born in the first place you know the
only
one in scripture that
it was said it would have been better
that they were never born in the first
place
was Judas and you know who said it Jesus
it would have been better that he was
never born
in the first place
now verse four he's going to turn a
corner
and he says again i saw
that for all toil and every skillful
work
a man is envied
by his neighbor this also is
vanity and grasping for the wind in other
words
here i'm working hard
and make no mistake about it righteous
or unrighteous
all hard work leads to profit it's just
the way it is
i mean if you are a hard worker you will
gain you will make money
and that's what's happening here but
there's a problem here
because here's this man who is skillful
he has a skill set and he
toils he works for what
he amasses all this wealth pulls up in
his driveway with his brand new
mercedes-benz and there's his neighbor
oh i'm so happy for you oh i'm rejoicing
with you as i
pull up in my 1972
chevy vega
well i was going to say ford pinto
what was the other one amc pacer
remember that one
oh my i'm having flashbacks i better be
careful here
no your neighbor's not happy for you
he's envious of you he's coveting what
you have
in fact he's angry with you not fair
and what does he do
well verse 5 Solomon tells us
the fool folds his hands
and consumes his own flesh
in other words he does so to his own
peril hey that's not
fair that he has that and i don't
well dude you're lazy
get to work roll up your arm
sleeves and work
and earn a living don't covet what
somebody else has
verse six he goes on better a handful
with quietness
then both hands full together with toil
and grasping for the wind i don't know
if you notice this or not but
Solomon it has addressed
three main issues
in our lives he's talking about
fairness hard work laziness
and then contentment
and he's basically saying you know it
would be better
to this is a great image
a great picture in your mind's eye paint
this on the canvas
of your god-given imagination
a handful of quietness
i'll take that man there's some times in
my life where
i've just got to turn the volume down it is
so loud it is so busy it is so crazy
you know i was uh thinking
about this
this last week you know as you
get older
the very things that you were
grounded for are the very things that as
you get older you long for
you know go to bed early can i
you just have to sit and be still and be
quiet really you promise
interesting how that works
but the point is is that it would be
better
to have just this fullness of
quietness than to have both hands full
with striving and toiling and
as one said very aptly very apropos
if you strive to gain you will have to
strive to maintain
as we saw in the Proverbs it's either 10
22 or 22 10 i get them
backwards but it basically says this
that
it's the blessing of the Lord that makes
one
prosperous and enriches and
he adds no sorrow or trouble to it
there is something to be said about
just being content with what God has
given you
you know there are those who strive and
toil and we're going to see that here
in a moment
and enough is never enough just a little
bit more
and that is a miserable place to be and
that is a
miserable life to live
well getting ahead of myself he says
verse 7
then i returned again he's going back
and forth
and i saw vanity under the sun
there is one alone verse 8 without
companion
he has neither son nor brother
yet there is no end
to all his labors nor is
his eye satisfied
with riches but he never asks
for whom do i toil and deprive myself of
good this also is vanity
and a grave misfortune
what is he saying he's saying you know
what am i doing this for
i mean he's it's a couple things that
a couple of details that were given as
to
what this man is like first of all
nothing satiates
his hunger his drive for more
nothing satisfies his
eye so he gets that which he sets out to
get
and he gets it and he's not satisfied so
he goes out to get
more that's one thing we're told
about him
but there's another thing here very
interesting that we're told about him
where he never asks for
whom do i toil who am i doing this for
and basically why am i
doing this and depriving myself of
good in other words this guy
is a miser you know what the word
miser comes from the root
miser misery
no same word miserable
miser misery
i actually knew a guy like this on the
mainland many years ago i worked with
this guy i worked with this guy right
here i know this guy
i met this guy i worked with this guy
he had so much money and it was never
enough
and he was a workaholic he was always
the first one there
last one to leave and
he had all this money he'd make all
these investments and he was never
satisfied
you know what was interesting he would
show up i mean he would look okay
but he was wearing a sport coat and a
tie that was like 25 years old because
he would not spend eight dollars
of course i don't think you can buy a
tie for eight dollars anymore can you
but he wouldn't spend whatever
on a new tie he would deprive himself
of anything because
in his way of thinking he was going to
stockpile
as much as he could get you've heard
that expression
get all you can and can all you get
and no matter how much you get and can
it's never enough and you know what was
sad
he was one of the most miserable guys
i'd ever known
it's kind of interesting much older than
me actually old enough to be my father
and you know i tried to
you know be a good witness it was clear
that you know i was a Christian
and he knew that
and when his wife was diagnosed with
cancer
guess whose office he was in asking for
prayer
and it was kind of interesting because
at that time
i thought to myself and i knew he knew
he was a smart guy
hard worker oh my goodness hard worker
but it was at that time that i think he
realized that all the money he had
amassed
was for nothing what good is it going to
do and this is what Solomon is saying
here
what am i doing this for and then who am
i going to leave this too we saw this
couple weeks ago i'm amassing all this
wealth
and i'm going to leave it to
the heir that's going to inherit all of
my wealth and
it's going to mess them up and they're
going to mess
it up and they're going to they're going
to blow it
they won't be able to handle it and sure
enough
that's exactly what happened because
solomon had a son by the name of
Rehoboam
you need look no further than to
the Scripture to see what happened
with the son of Solomon
it was tragic and that
and by the way the nation of Israel was
never the same again after
that so
the conclusion is again why am i doing
this
what am i doing this for why am i
depriving myself
of good why do i work first thing in the
morning
all day to the end of the day for what
what's the point and then verse are you
depressed
no you're doing okay all right
well it gets better well there's some
redemption here
verse nine
two are better than one
why because they have a good reward
for their labor verse 10 for
if they fall one will lift up
his companion but woe to him
who is alone when he falls
for he has no one to help him up
again verse 11 if two lie down together
they will keep warm but how can one
be warm alone interesting
you know what this speaks to i think you
do
it speaks to the importance of
relationships
you know it's i don't want to
go off on this i mean i certainly can
but
you know this whole social distancing
thing
wow yeah never mind let's just move on
verse 12.
i guess you do know about the whole
social distancing
listen i you'll forgive me for the
the strength in which i say this
but it is anti Christ
what do you mean that's pretty strong
well it needs to be here's what i mean
by that
it goes against everything
that we were created to be
the companionship the fellowship
the relationship you know there's a
physiological explanation behind it too
oh by the way did you know this is
gonna
well i'll just say it do you know that
when you don't have
social interaction forget about physical
touch
just social interaction it
actually changes the structure of
your brain
it damages the brain it explains a lot
right
i mean but it causes brain
damage
because we were never meant to be alone
when God created Adam he said
it is not good for man to be alone
listen whenever i'm away from my wife
for
two hours okay two weeks i mean
it is not good i miss her so much
God made us to be together
to have relationship and fellowship Acts
2:42
i call it the four legs on the table of
a healthy church you have prayer
you have the Apostles Doctrine that's
the Word of God you have the breaking of
bread
that's communion and the love feasts as
they would
refer to them and then you have
fellowship
we were talking about this on Sunday the
verse in Hebrews it's a
very uh uh talked about verse nowadays
with the whole
you can't sing in church you can't
breathe in church you can't
i'm sorry
is that bad that was bad
but it's in Hebrews where we're
told not to forsake the assembling
of ourselves together as is the custom
of some
key word very important don't miss this
assembling
and the best illustration i ever heard
was
that of a watch you can have all the
parts
of the watch together gathered we're not
gathering
that's just a gathering no we're
assembled
that's a game changer right because if i
have all the parts to the watch
sitting up here on this pulpit i just
have them gathered
no they're not functioning there's no
operation there's
nothing happening they need to be
assembled
all of the parts in order to
have something that functions
that's what the body of Christ is and
that's the way we were made
you know when you hold hands
together or you give somebody a hug
there is this chemical
called oxytocin i think that's the name
of it i'm probably
mispronouncing it not oxycontin that's a
whole
different
i think it's oxytocin it's kind of along
the lines of an endorphin
or dopamine or serotonin you know those
feel-good chemicals
and these are God-given and when they're
released in the body
it just has this sense of
it's very healthy it's healthy
physically
it's healthy emotionally it's healthy
mentally and it's healthy spiritually
and so when you say hey you can't
you know you have to stay six feet away
from each other
can i read you something my
son
texted it to me from
he's back in college now and i just got
i'm going to maybe Lord willing be
talking about this on Sunday
Lord willing highlight underscore
bold so it goes like this
this is good okay it's actually a meme
so if the masks work
why the six feet if the six feet works
why the masks
if both work why the lockdown
if all three work why the vaccine
if the vaccine is safe why no liability
clause
come on you know what this is all about
it's about silencing the church of Jesus
Christ
and isolating and separating the
Christians
because when we assemble together and
function
as the body of Christ as it was intended
to be people are going out of their
minds
you know that right people are going out
of their minds
literally because of all of this the
isolation
i don't know if you heard a number of
years ago and again i didn't want to go
to too late i went way off but
bear with me i'm sure you heard this was
back in the early 1900s there was this
orphanage
and all of these babies
were dying and they didn't know why
and so they were bringing in all the
experts
and trying to figure out why are these
you know is this something in the water
is it something we're doing or not doing
well as it turns out it was something
they were not doing you know what they
were not doing
holding the babies
they were isolated sitting there no
touch touch
just touch
and they were dying you know what they
started doing
they started holding the babies touching
the babies loving on those babies and
never did one die
how about that
well i want to get to verse 12 because
this is what i've been
really looking forward to
he says though one may be overpowered by
another
two can withstand him and
a three-fold cord is not
quickly broken now you probably heard
this
in the context of a marriage and i think
that is certainly the best way to
frame this because Jesus is that
threefold court i know when my wife and
i had our
25th wedding anniversary eight
years ago now seven years ago now oh boy
i better not
get this wrong right so it was 2013
we've been married for 32
years so somebody that's seven years ago
right
just tell me it is and then we'll
be good so
yeah 2013 we had our 25th wedding
anniversary we renewed our vows and we
took this verse here in Ecclesiastes
and part of the renewal of our vows was
the three strands and we
tied them together because that third
strand is the one strand
that keeps it all together and that is
the person of Jesus Christ
and not that tonight's teaching is
on marriage but let me just say
parenthetically concerning marriage that
if you don't have
Jesus Christ at the center of your
marriage
as that third strand
you're a dead duck i don't know how else
to say it
dead duck with a capital DEAD and a
capital DUCK
as a matter of fact you don't stand a
chance
especially in this day and age in which
we're living
in this time in which we're living can i
ask you to kind of again use your
god-given imagination and oh but i've got to be
careful with my
hand signals they're going to think i'm an
illuminati or a mason or
a satanist but
no for real you know like one time i did
a shaka
that's a devil sign it's not it's a
shaka
shaka means how's it right come on help
me ut here help a guy out right
shaka how's it how's it
okay just picture a triangle i'm not
going to do the hand signal because then
i'm
i'm a satanist no they have videos they
have YouTube videos
and they have me and i'm in it yours
truly
i'm a satanist because i i did i did
i did i did something i did
yeah i did something unbeknownst to me
unwittingly
innocently
okay anyway
picture a triangle i didn't say
pyramid i did not say
pyramid a triangle okay
and on the bottom of the
triangle on the left put your name
on the other side of the bottom of the
triangle put
your wife or husband's name and at the
top of the triangle put the name of
Jesus
now watch this when not if
there's conflict you're out of
fellowship
with each other okay that's been severed
now
that bottom part of that
triangle but if you have the third
chord if you have Jesus Christ
then it's not completely broken it's
still together because
you can both go to the top
you can both go to the Lord
He's that third
threefold cord that is not quickly
broken and this again
like i mentioned at the beginning is one
of those principles that you don't break
it breaks you
and this is across the board in every
arena of life
it's the centrality of Christ
in everything in your life
in your business in your workplace
in your marriage in your parenting He
has to occupy that place that belongs
only
to Him and if anything
or anyone beseats Him
replaces Him it's just a matter of time
well verse 13
i wish i could say this ended on a
a good note but it doesn't so
but we will find redemption here
he says better a poor and wise
youth than an old and foolish king
who will be admonished no more
for he comes out of prison to be king
although
he was born poor in his kingdom
i saw verse 15 all the living
who walked under the sun they were with
the second youth
who stands in his place there was no end
of all the people over whom he was
making
yet those who come afterward
will not rejoice in him
surely this also is
vanity and grasping for the wind
what's he talking about here fame
what do you mean oh so you've got a guy
popular got a lot of followers
on twitter and friends on facebook and
subscribers on youtube
but there's coming a time when somebody
else
will be in that place and
famous fleeting it's vanity
it's emptiness it doesn't last
you can be popular you can be rich you
can be famous
by the way we talked about this too you
know why these
really famous people
get really weird
and messed up and some of them OD
or die a young die at a young age
the reason is is because God never
made us to be on the receiving end of
that much fame which comes packaged
with worship that
is a crushing weight and pressure
to live under and that's why it messes
them
up so much they can't handle it they
were never
intended God never made us
to be able to handle that
he's talking about fame and popularity
here's a ruler and
there's all these people and they
they made him
king and and they look to him and he's
popular and famous and then
his time comes to an end and people are
fickle by the way
have you noticed that very fickle
doesn't take much it's that
as they say 15 minutes of fame you've
heard that
so i know i tried this
a couple weeks ago and it was a
horrible
experience i tried to ask you to
remember something
or someone and i used the illustration
of who won
i'm not even going to try to go there so
can you tell me
who was really the
the most famous person in let's just use
the year 1982
thank you for that response i think you
get the point
i mean it's just fleeting it's all
vanity
so somebody who was popular then
is no longer no longer popular now
have you seen these
rock bands i'll mention some names why
not
the rolling stones mick jagger
first of all he's sold his soul to the
devil for real that's not a
gimmick i mean satan he sold his soul
to the devil for all the fame all the
wealth all the
you know everything that you could
possibly ask
these stars
by their own admission you can go on
youtube and watch videos and they're
admitting
that they sold their souls to the devil
they are
agents of the devil the devil promised
them all of these riches all of this
wealth all of this fame
and they got it and boy did they
and i'm just i don't know when it was i
saw mick jagger
and i'm like man he needs to go to bed
he needs to just go home you're
old man
you're old you're so yesterday as
we say
what are you doing shouldn't
you be like a great grandfather by now
and
shouldn't you be home sitting on the
rocker you know i remember back when but
no
it's like they're still trying to hang
on to that
fame it's fleeting it's
and this is not the last time certainly
not the first time we're going to hear
Solomon say this
it's like grasping for the wind how's
that working out for you have you tried
to do that
trade winds go outside on a day when the
trade winds
are you know the wind the breeze and just try
to grab
and bring it we'd like to see it if you
can catch it
that's what i know that's a silly but
you get the point right that's what he's
saying that's what this
is like trying to grasp and hold on to
fame is like
grasping the wind it's not going to
happen
it's not going to happen it's all vanity
it's all
a grasping for the wind
so here's Solomon
he's going to go through all this we've
got what eight more chapters of this
i hope you'll come back
but he has to go through this
and we have to go through this with him
it's needful it's good why
because this sometimes is the only way
we'll ever learn
we have to go down this path we have to
go on this
journey and learn the hard way as we've
talked about
it's one of those things where you
just have to taste from that
cup and realize i am more thirsty than i
was before i
tasted from this cup
and then it leads you to the one
the only one who can satisfy
you have to go through all of these
things and have everything fall
apart
everything you touch falls apart
everything is meaningless nothing
satisfies
everything's just wrong but then that
becomes the catalyst
for the one that you can go to and by
the way one one last thing and we'll
partake together of communion
isn't that what's happening right now
with everything that's going on with
this crisis
you know people have watched
their lives just i mean the bottom just
fell out
and isn't it when that happens that that
becomes the catalyst
for people who may not have otherwise
done so
they're going to turn to the Lord and
they are and they are they're turning to
the Lord they're turning back to the
Lord
some people who had gotten away from
the Lord
are coming back to the Lord now why
because
everything is basically falling apart
and He's the only one that can hold it
together
and they know it and they're going to
Him
livelihoods life savings
houses have you heard some of the
statistics well you want to get
depressed
i mean you could write your own book of
ecclesiastes with
some of the things that are happening
right now
but again it's that which is
needed in order to bring us to the only
one
that can satisfy the only One
that can keep it together
well we're going to partake together
of the Lord's table in
Luke's gospel chapter 22
is my favorite account of what we
affectionately refer to as the last
supper Luke is writing and
by the Holy Spirit says verse 14 when
the hour had come he speaking of Jesus
sat down
and the twelve apostles with Him then He
said to them
with fervent desire i have desired to
eat this passover with you
before i suffer He just got done telling
them that He's going to go to the cross
and they're having a hard time with all
of this
they're trying to wrap their minds
around it they're really struggling
with it and Jesus is telling them this
is the last time we're going to
do what we're doing which implies that
this wasn't
the first time they had done this before
and this is why we call it the last
supper
but He says I have desired fervently
some of your translations rendered I
have I eagerly await
it's like He's saying I can't wait
to do what we're going to do here tonight
because this will be the last time
the next time
I do this will be
in My kingdom and that's verse 16 for i
say to you
I will no longer eat of it until
it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God
then He took the cup and gave thanks and
said
take this and divide it among yourselves
for I say to you I will not drink
of the fruit of the vine until the
kingdom of God
comes that's the second time now that He
said that and for good reason we'll talk
about that in a moment
and verse 19 He took bread
gave thanks and broke it and gave it to
them
saying this is My body which is given
for you
do this in remembrance of Me if you'll
take the packaging and
those of you watching online if you'll
just take the bread and hold on to it
for a moment
you know it's unfortunate
for lack of a better word that
here certainly in America other parts of
the world as well
we we miss the significance
of what it means to break bread
if you go to the middle east even to
this day modern day
in the middle east in Israel but also
in my Arab culture in the middle east
it's huge breaking bread with somebody
eating
with somebody it has profound
significance in fact the Jews would not
be
caught dead eating with a gentile
unthinkable and
even with the Arabs if you eat
with an Arab you are loyal they are
loyal
to you for life unto death
that's the culture and here's why
when you break bread with somebody the
idea is
that bread broken in two
still the bread the same bread
that same bread that's in you is in
me too and we're one
we're united and
it's a common union now there is
a union you know in the middle east the
way
that they uh seal a deal
is with a meal well that's really kind
of rhymed
see we need a worship song somebody needs
to write a worship song
seal the deal with a meal hey you know
you've heard the expression
peace meal you know where that came from
when you're going to make peace with
your enemy you do it over a meal
not a handshake not a signing of a
document it means nothing in the middle
east
you want to have a peace agreement or
an agreement or even a reconciliation
when i was a kid i couldn't have been
probably more than
eight or nine maybe 10 years old
my mom's side of the family
had a family feud
and here's the thing you have never seen
a family feud
until you've seen an Arab family feud
i mean we know how to feud
it was brutal it was awful and it lasted
for
seven years not by design that just
happened to be
how many years it lasted they would not
talk to each other
it made the holidays horrible because
you know the custom was
everybody would go to everybody's home
but you can't go
there because of them
so we would have to you know organize
and schedule and work around so
when are they going to be there well
we'll come after them
that's what it was like for seven years
and then finally
they made the effort to bring about
a reconciliation
and it was all over this huge
feast i can still taste that food right
now
and they spent months preparing
for this meal and they brought the two
families together
and they symbolically took the
unleavened bread the pita bread
and they broke it in two it was like a
formal ceremony by the way
i'm sorry if i'm kind of discombobulated
here but this is really
interesting
you know when Anwar Sadat
Egypt made peace with
Menachem Begin Israel
and they had this peace agreement
for the cameras it was you know just a
handshake and a signing and you know the
big ceremony
but it wasn't too long after i think it
might have been
maybe as short as one month later
they met together and they took the
bread
and they broke it in half and they both
ate
that same piece of bread and that's when
it was sealed
you remember 1993 i think it was some of
you young people are going I wasn't
even born don't worry about it we'll
get back to you just never mind 1993
then president Bill Clinton on the white
house lawn
with Yasser Arafat and
Yitzhak Rabin and it was the Oslo peace accord
and they they shook hands awkward at
first
i don't know if you remember that i'll
never forget it September 1993 i
remember calling my dad going dad
whoa what's this he said it's not yet
not yet
but this is very interesting
so in fact i'll never forget he told me
this was two years before he died he
said just watch Syria
just i and at that time i had no idea
how profound and even prophetic those
words were just watch Syria
so anyway here's Arafat and
Rabin and they're shaking hands it means
nothing
do you know that they never broke
bread because had they broken bread
that would have been a peace meal
a peace deal that they could not
break that's how significant it is
so my the two families come
together
they break the bread and it was a huge
celebration
and from that point forward there was
never
a disagreement again for the rest of
their lives
that's what this means you see where i'm
going with this
so sin separates us from God right
and Jesus is
our peace as we say and His body
is the bread the peace meal
that is broken to reconcile
us to Him when we get to the cup there's
something i want to
point out but as we partake together of
the bread
i just hope that this is not routine
or mundane or just you know this is what
we do when we do that thing we do
i hope that there's just this awareness
of the significance of what this means
symbolically
we have made peace with God
through Jesus Christ who we were
separated from feuding with
enemies of and Jesus comes and says
let's be reconciled there's no more feud
anymore
you're coming back together and you are
reunited united a union
for life unto death would you partake
with me
thank You Lord father in heaven we're
first of all we're so thankful to You
for giving
us this to do
and it is a memory a memorial
a commemoration a celebration
a reminder because we forget
we live our lives caught up in the
busyness of our lives and really the
stress
especially now in our lives
but You o lLord
have given us this as a reminder
of what You've done for us
and how You paid the price in full for
us
to reconcile us to You thank You Lord
Luke goes on to write and says verse 20
likewise
He also took the cup after supper saying
this cup is the new covenant
in My blood which is shed for you
if you'll take the rest of the packaging
peel it back you'll have the cup and
those of you watching online
you can just get the cup at this time
but just hold on to it for a moment
so i know we've talked about this many
times in the past
but talk about the significance the
symbolism
of the cup a symbol of His blood
shed in our stead notice He says the
blood of the new covenant
now you understand right that
this was a sealing
of the betrothal the engagement
to the bride Jesus as the bridegroom
and the church as the bride of Jesus
Christ and
the disciples would have known this
because this is not it's beyond the
passover celebration of course Jesus
fulfills
the passover prophecy and they knew that
but when He starts talking
about this cup
being the cup of the new covenant
in My blood that changed everything
and i'll explain
see in that culture in that day and
it's interesting it's actually in the
middle east today
marriages are arranged
arranged marriages in fact i remember
my parents they they actually tried
to arrange my marriage didn't work out
for that i'm very grateful as is my wife
i hope
but the father
would actually arrange the marriage
with the bride and they would go
to the father's house and there would be
this writing
the covenant in writing that's the Word
of God the new covenant
and the bridegroom would then take the
cup
pour the wine into the cup and he would
offer the cup
to his bride-to-be but here's the thing
if she didn't want to be married to the
guy she had a choice
and they honored it they didn't
like it
but if she took that cup and would drink
from that cup what she was saying was
yes i will marry you
that's what Jesus is doing here and they
knew it
when He offers them the cup it's a
marriage covenant if you will
the new covenant in His blood
and He's basically telling them like the
Jewish bridegroom would tell the
bride
i'm going to prepare a place for you a
bridal chamber in my father's house
if it were not so i would not have told
you
that i'm going to prepare the place for
you and then when the time comes i'm
going to come back
and get you and take you to this
bridal chamber and we are going to
consummate and
celebrate our marriage together
you know what they would do after a
period of seven
days a type of the seven year
tribulation
where we're consummating and celebrating
our
marriage to the lamb after the period
of seven days slash seven years
the bride would emerge from that bridal
chamber
that the groom prepared for her in his
father's house
and after the seven they would emerge
and they would have
a huge wedding
feast hey
just that alone should bring great hope
especially the guys because that means
there's food in heaven
ladies no cholesterol no fat no calories
and they would partake together
that's what he's saying here I can't
wait
because you know what the next time we
do this together it's going to be
at the wedding feast
so as we partake together of the cup
what we are symbolically saying is
yes i will marry you
this is basically a marriage proposal
you know i shared this just give me
one more minute
if you don't mind this will be the last
last thing okay right
so um i proposed
to my wife in a helicopter
and a friend of mine was actually a
pilot and
he flew a pilot for the medical
center
and he on this particular night i was
going to surprise her
oh my goodness that was such a romantic
past tense anyway so we were
over the city lights you know it
was a
beautiful summer night and you know i
had the ring
and she was she suspected something
so you know this is
not you know you're what are you going to
propose to me i'm like
what are you talking about so we get up
in the helicopter it was so loud you
know we just got we had the headphones
on
you know so it's kind of like you know
when when the time came he gave me the
the signal
said okay now and we're over the city
lights and i pulled the ring out and
and you know i'm like will you marry me
over and all i could hear on the other
end was okaaay
oh well here's what i didn't know
she is terrified of heights
it was almost like she was saying she
wasn't crying because she was so moved
she was crying like i'll say anything
just get me out of this helicopter
we have this plexiglass door that
separates us from
imminent death i do let's get out of
here
this is our marriage proposal
He's proposing to us will you marry Me
and He offers us the cup
of His blood the new covenant the
marriage covenant
and by partaking tonight we are
reaffirming
yes i do i will would you partake with
me
and then once you do please stand
thank You Lord oh
Lord
we too can't wait
now Lord we know it's very soon it's got
to be
we just sense it in our hearts in our
spirits
that You're coming very soon for us
with everything that's going on
as fast as everything is moving
so Lord we do say to You
first of all thank You we do
we accept and we too eagerly await
when that time comes
that what we did here tonight will find
its ultimate fulfillment
can't even fathom what that's going to
be like
to be with You partaking together with
You
in Your kingdom as Your bride
thank You Lord in Jesus name
Amen
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Dunque Jeremy, hai tanti fan perché hai fatto tanti grandi film
American Hustle e così via...
Quindi uno dei benefici dell'essere un grande attore è avere un grande fanbase
Ma penso che il lato negativo sia
che questi fan hanno anche l'opportunità di venire a conoscenza di strani aneddoti su di te
quando persone come Christopher McQuarrie e Tom Cruise iniziano a parlare del "Renner Stretch"...
Cos'è il "Renner Stretcher"? [fraintende il termine, ndt]
- Puoi spiegarglielo...
- Il "Renner Stretch" è...
Ma cos'è?
È diventato molto popolare ma è iniziato come un aneddoto personale
"Stretcher" inteso come "barella" dell'ambulanza?
Ero estremamente nervoso durante il periodo della mia prima volta agli Oscar
The Hurt Locker...
Ero nervosissimo dietro le quinte, cercavo di imparare a memoria quello che dovevo dire
- Ho deciso che era ridicolo...
- Quindi ti sei sdraiato?
- Sì, ho deciso di sdraiarmi e stirarmi, fare stretching
- E quello si chiama il Renner Stretcher?
- Sì, è il Renner Stretcher
E racconto sempre la storia di quando in quel momento è passato Clint Eastwood
Ha guardato verso di me con il classico modo alla Clint Eastwood dicendo
"Ma che stai facendo, ragazzo?", non ricordo esattamente cosa ha detto
E quando ho raccontato questa storia a Tom ha detto "Mettiamolo nel film!"
Quindi abbiamo trovato il momento giusto nel film per farmi fare questo "stretching"!
Questo sì che fa ridere!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
♫ ♫ ♫
[upbeat classical music]
--KEVIN: I think it's a great program for anyone
who's looking to pursue music, especially
where there's a program with so many
young talented musicians, and we can
immerse ourselves in this environment of,
you know, The Juilliard School. I think it
provides a great opportunity for us to
learn and to grow and develop.
--OLIVER: I was nervous, like, when I first came. I
didn't really know what to expect. I mean,
I'd say it's not as intimidating
definitely as people say. It's not as
competitive as people say. Saturday
mornings, there's always like a nervous
excitement for all the classes and
everything. But I feel like there's a
really great sense of community, like
everyone gets along really well. We all
have stuff in common and we're all in
it together, you know, we're all playing
together in chamber music, playing
together in orchestra. I'd say it's...it's
definitely a much friendlier
place than people think.
♫ ♫ ♫
[upbeat classical music]
| YoutubeSubtitles |
We've defined moment of inertia
of a rigid body already.
And we often are
interested in it,
because when we rotate
a body about an axis,
say an axis that's passing
through the center of mass.
Then our kinetic energy depends
in that moment of inertia
through that axis.
But we may also want to consider
rotation about another axis.
So suppose we consider
an axis passing
through close to the
end and we rotate
the body around this axis.
You can see from
overhead like that.
Then we want to now consider
how the mass is distributed
about an axis that was
parallel to the axis passing
through the center of mass.
So we'll now make a
little calculation.
But first, we want
to quote the theorem.
So let's just draw an
example of our rigid body.
And let's take the
center of mass,
and let's consider an axis
that's going perpendicular
to the center of mass.
We can think of the object
is rotating about that axis.
And now let's consider
another axis passing
through a different
point, but also parallel
to this axis separated
by a distance d.
Then the result that we want
is at the moment of inertia
about an axis
passing perpendicular
to the plane of the
object through the axis s
is equal to the moment
of inertia about an axis
passing through the
center of mass--
notice these are parallel
axes-- plus the mass
of the object times the distance
between the two parallel axes.
And this is a result
that is very useful when
calculating moments of inertia.
Of course, we could
calculate the moment
about any axis we wanted.
And we'll see that in a moment.
For example, we know that
for a rod of length L
that the moment of inertia
through the center of mass
was 1/12.
And let's call the length of the
rod L. So we have a length L.
And let's assume it's
a uniform object.
And we'll calculate a moment
of inertia through an axis
through the end.
And so in this case, d
is equal to L over 2.
And so I about the
end axis is 1/12 mL
squared plus the mass
times L over 2 square
and a 12 plus a quarter
is 1/3 mL squared.
And that means that
all you need to know
is the moment through
the center of mass,
and you can calculate the
moment through any other axis.
Very useful theorem called
the parallel axis theorem.
Now as I said, we can
calculate the moment s.
And just to show you very
quickly, if we pick s here,
and we pick our little dm
there, and we have a distance x,
then the moment
about s-- and let's
say that dm is equal to
the total mass divided
by the length times some
little distance dx--
then the moment is dm times
x squared, where x we'll
give this an
integration variable
x prime goes from 0
to x prime equals l.
And so we have for our
dm m over L dx prime.
Remember, that's our
integration variable.
And we have x squared.
So that's x prime squared.
And this is just the
integral of x cubed over 3.
So we have 1/3 m over L x prime
cubed evaluated from 0 to L,
and that comes out
to 1/3 mL squared.
And that's in agreement with
the parallel axis theorem.
And that's an example of
parallel axis theorems.
You can do the same thing with
the disk or other objects.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
- Good evening, everyone.
My name is Anastasia Warren.
Thank you for joining us tonight
for Erasure by Exclusion:
How Art Schools and Institutions
Uphold White Supremacy.
Ushers are around
distributing index cards.
I think most of you have gotten some
that will be collected about
45 minutes into the event
to distribute to the panel.
I would like to thank the Visual
Critical Studies department
here at SVA for sponsoring the event.
I would also like to thank my parents
for instilling in me the kind of freedom
that brings us here tonight
to challenge the
institution that houses us.
A huge thank you to Shellyne Rodriguez
for being a collaborator and teacher
as we've worked together to
organize this discussion.
I'm in my third year at SVA,
and during my time here,
I've had one black
professor and could count
on my fingers and toes the
numbers of artists of color
who have been introduced to
me in a classroom setting.
This absence is where the
necessity for this panel is found.
After communicating to
VCS chairman Tom Huhn
the personal toll and overall impact
of the lack of representation
of the contributions
of people of color to the art world,
he suggested organizing a panel
and introduced me to Shellyne.
And here we are.
Together, we will examine cultural erasure
and discuss the nature of this oversight
with the intention of identifying
solutions to this problem.
Our panelists are Robin J. Hayes, PhD.
(audience applauds)
Hayes wrote, directed, and produced
the award-winning
documentary, Black in Cuba.
She's developing the
television series Fortune,
an adaptation of the prize-winning novel,
In the Land of Love and Drowning.
Tomashi Jackson, born in Houston, Texas.
(audience applauds)
Raised in California.
Raised in Los Angeles,
California, excuse me.
She is represented by Jack
Tilton Gallery in New York City
and teaches drawing and
interrelated media practice
at Massachusetts College
of Art and Design.
Cheryl R. Riley.
(audience applauds)
Cheryl is a National Endowment
for the Arts recipient
whose visual art and furniture designs
are in the collections of the Smithsonian,
the MIT Museum of Architecture & Design,
the cities of New York
and Atlanta, among others.
She's also written about arts and artists
for national publications and
is a private and corporate
art advisor with a focus on
artists of the African diaspora.
Bill Gaskins.
(audience applauds)
Bill is an associate professor
in the Department of Art
in American Studies program
at Cornell University.
As an artist, he explores the
intersections of photography,
cinema, and portraiture
in the 21st century
from an interdisciplinary
engagement that include
his body of essays on art and culture
through the frames of history
and photography, art history,
American and African-American
studies scholarship.
Thank you.
(audience applauds)
- Hello, everybody.
My name is Shellyne Rodriguez.
Welcome.
Thank you for joining us for what I think
is going to be a powerful conversation,
getting to the heart
of the matter at hand,
identifying and undoing the
structures that continue
to exclude the intellectual
and avant garde accomplishments
and contributions of the
black and indigenous diaspora
to the world form academic
discourse and learning.
I'd like to take this moment to thank you,
Tom Huhn, and the Visual and
Critical Studies Department
for hosting this discussion.
(audience applauds)
My co-moderator here, the
brilliant Anastasia Warren.
(audience applauds)
A very special thank you
goes to the many scholars
who've assisted me with suggestions
and research for this panel.
Dr. Ruthie Wilson Gilmore,
Robin D. G. Kelley,
and Maria Alexandra García,
who introduced me to
the many important books
that will frame this discussion.
(audience applauds)
Okay, so let us imagine
a syllabus together.
That's us imagining.
And this syllabus will contains snapshots
of important moments in
history, in art history.
How can we place Bruce Nauman
and John Baldessari on this syllabus
and not invoke the names of David Hammons
or Adrian Piper?
How do we discuss David Wojnarowicz
and not Martin Wong?
How could we discuss ABC No Rio
and not the Nuyorican Poets Cafe?
Allen Ginsberg, and not Pedro Pietri,
Sonia Sonchez, or Amiri Baraka?
How can we fail to connect
Europe's neo-imperialism
manifested in the Berlin Conference
when the major European
powers convened to normalize
claims to territories in Africa,
essentially dividing up the continent
and ushering in a period of
heightened colonial violence,
which eliminated or
overrode most existing forms
of African autonomy and self-governance?
How can we discount this
history from the subsequent
influences Africa then had on modern art?
How are we teaching surrealism
in the context of World War I
and World War II and
failing to make connections
to the anti-colonialist response
to which the surrealists were so tied?
How is it that the
fascist Marinetti and his
Futurist Manifesto is anchored
on every art syllabus,
but the surrealist essay,
Murderous Humanitarianism,
where André Breton, Pierre
Yoyotte, Yves Tanguy,
and many others in response
to the Rif War declare, quote,
"We surrealists pronounced
ourselves in favor
"of changing the imperialist war
"in its chronic and colonial
form into the civil war.
"Thus, we place our
energies in the service
"of the revolution of the
proletariat and its struggles
"and define our attitudes
toward the colonial problem
"and hence toward the color question."
How does this remain an obscure footnote?
How can we discuss surrealism
as influenced by Marx
and Freud but not one
of the most important
decolonial thinkers, the
Martinican poet and author
Aime Cesaire, who
besides helping to create
the Négritude movement in France
and founding the surrealist
publication Tropiques,
also mentored the great Frantz Fanon.
That Cesaire shared a close friendship
with André Breton is the
least of his qualifiers.
That the surrealists found
themselves trying to construct
the thing they saw as occurring naturally,
in jazz and the blues,
as we are all well aware
of the consistent presence
of the black American
avant garde in France.
Josephine Baker, Claude
McKay, Nina Simone,
James Baldwin, Richard
Wright, and many others.
This opens up further the
gaps on our imagined syllabus.
Renowned writer Toni Morrison addresses
this consistent presence in her book
of literary criticism
titled Playing in the Dark:
Whiteness and the Literary Imagination.
She says, quote, "For some
time now, I have been thinking
"about the validity or vulnerability
"of a certain set of assumptions
conventionally accepted
"among literary historians and critics
"and circulated as knowledge.
"This knowledge holds that
traditional, canonical
"American literature is free
of, uninformed, and unshaped
"by the 400-year old
presence of first, Africans,
"and then African-Americans
in the United States.
"It assumes that this
presence which shaped
"the body politic, the Constitution,
"and the entire history of the culture
"has had no significant
place or consequence
"in the origin and development
of that culture's literature.
"Moreover, such knowledge
assumes that the characteristics
"of our national literature
emanate from a particular
"Americanness that is separate from
"and unaccountable to this presence."
This Americanness Morrison
points to, which at its extreme,
one might imagine appears
as the Rockwellian delusions
of the current president,
functions as a firmament.
It reaffirms itself.
Although our conversation
this evening will be framed
within the art context, the art intuitions
where we today do our learning share this
inheritance of western imperialism
woven into the philosophy
legacy of the Enlightenment.
This reaffirmation of self
that Morrison points to
and the knowledge that it
asserts which wedges itself
into the canon has a structure.
Foucault describes this in his work
The Archaeology of Knowledge as, quote,
"That ideological use of history
"of which one tries to
restore to man everything
"that has unceasingly eluded
him for over a hundred years."
Foucault offers that when
the gatekeepers of knowledge,
culture, or in the case of Toni Morrison,
American literature, what
she writes, has been, quote,
"the preserve of white male
views, genius, and power,"
when these gatekeepers de-center
the subject and relation
to the laws of his desire,
the forms of his language,
the rules of his action or discourse,
when one questions outside
of the systems created
for understanding that
are taken for granted
that are considered the default
and are shaped by the legacy
of that enlightenment,
which also means imperialism.
It means white supremacy
and anti-blackness.
It means capitalism, Protestant
ethic, and patriarchy.
Foucault says, quote,
"When it becomes clear that man himself,
"questioned as to what
he was, could not account
"for his sexuality and his unconscious,
"the systematic forms of his language
"or the regularities of his fiction,
"the theme of a continuity of history
"has been reactivated once again:
"a history that would be not
division but development;
"not an interplay of relations,
but an internal dynamic;
"not a system, but a hard work of freedom;
"not form, but the unceasing
effort of a consciousness
"turned about itself,
trying to grasp itself
"in its deepest conditions:
"a history that would be both
an act of long, uninterrupted
"patience and the vivacity
of a movement which,
"in the end, breaks all bounds."
The description for this panel
begins with this statement:
The art world is a microcosm
of the society we live in.
On the macro, the gaps in
our imagined syllabus mirror
the gaps in the way history is
taught in the United States.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
may have forced integration
of the people in the
United States somewhat,
but it said nothing about
integrating our history,
about telling the story
of the relationships,
the interconnections, and
cause and effects that we,
the people of the United States together,
for better or worse.
Instead, black accomplishments,
trials, tribulations,
and contributions are regulated
to the month of February
and presented as oversimplified tropes
about bus boycotts and overcoming.
With no context or connection,
this segregated American
history has been handed down
to American students for generations.
On the world stage, this gap lies
in the documentation of
the rise of the bourgeoisie
and the formation of the proletariat,
without significant consideration
of how these historical
events are inextricably linked
to Africa and the fact that
modern capitalism is built
on the bones of the Atlantic slave trade,
a subject that the great
Cedric Robinson meticulously
investigates in his seminal
text, Black Marxism:
The Making of the Black Radical Tradition.
Okay, so these gaps have
far-reaching consequences
for students of color
who continue to be denied
the experience of seeing
themselves, a privilege
taken for granted and therefore
not addressed by those
who hold positions of power in
the institutions, which leads
to our first question for
our panel this evening.
Perhaps you can start by saying
a little about yourselves
and then sharing with us
how was your experience as a student
affected by the lack of representation
of people of color in your education,
and anyone can really start.
Perhaps we can go with
Robin and go down the line.
- So I'm a professor at the
New School in the Schools
of Public Engagement, and
I'm a professor of management
and media studies and
international affairs
and urban policy, because titles are free.
And as Anastasia mentioned,
I'm also a filmmaker,
and I have a production company
called Progressive Pupil
and our goal is to make
black studies for everybody.
And I have a PhD in
African-American studies
and political science, not because I was
particularly interested
in political science,
but because we had to
have husband departments,
I call them husband departments,
because the fear was
that as PhDs in African-American studies,
we would not be able to find work,
because very few African-American
studies departments
have their own hiring lines.
So usually you have to get
hired by political science
or history or English, and
then you can be affiliated
with African-American studies
or half with African-American studies.
So you really need that
non-African-American studies
supervision and credential
in order to immerse yourself
in the study of race and
equality and the culture politics
and history of the African diaspora,
which is what black studies is.
So that speaks to the question
of how is my experience
as a student affected by
the lack of representation
of people of color in education.
I actually as a graduate student,
because I was in
African-American studies, I mean,
I felt like I was in A Different
World, like everybody...
The television show.
Just watch it on YouTube.
It's really great if you didn't.
And so, because very many
of my professors were black,
very many of my fellow
students were black,
but something that we talk
about in the film Black in Cuba
is that it's not just about background.
It's about concern.
And so, if your interest is
in addressing white supremacy
and the terror that it creates
for communities of color,
not just the United States
and around the world,
then it's not enough to
just be there, you know,
in that institution,
enjoying the opportunities
that an institution like SVA provides.
You want to use what you have
access to to make an impact.
So I think there was that kind
of lack of representation,
which was very painful and
difficult for a number of us.
So, we have, you know,
people who look like us,
which was great, and they wanted
to talk about Frantz Fanon,
they wanted to talk about Aime Cesaire,
but they didn't necessarily want to talk
about what we could do with
that information right now.
And so, it's difficult to
read about someone like Fanon
who, you know, had this
process of awakening
and coming to consciousness where,
those of you who don't
know his background,
you know, he wrote this classic work,
The Wretched of the Earth,
but he started off being this
young person from Martinique,
which was a French colony.
It's a beautiful island in the Caribbean.
It's still basically a French colony.
It's a French department, the way
the US Virgin Islands is an
overseas, is a territory.
So, he grew up middle class,
and then he gets to go
to university in Paris.
He has to go to university in Paris,
because there are no
universities in Martinique,
because there were no
universities in colonies then.
So he goes to Paris and
he realizes everything
he's learned his whole life
about how he's a French person
and he's part of this French civilization,
and liberté, égalité, la la la,
doesn't apply to him, because he's black.
He's black.
And in the end, he decides
he really has to join
the Algerian revolution,
because it's not enough to know.
It's not enough for him to
be the one black psychiatrist
who's sort of made it.
It's everyone or no one.
And so I think to me,
to the answer of that,
to wrap up, the question of representation
is also a question of action and concern.
And everyone doesn't have
to have the same concerns,
and everyone who has the same concerns
doesn't look like you.
But I think that, to me,
has been the most enriching
and empowering way to anchor
myself, is a sense of purpose
and what's the purpose of
the education that I have
access to and the work that I'm doing.
- Thank you.
Tomashi?
- All right.
(panel laughs)
If you insist.
So, how was my experience as
a student affected by a lack
of representation of people
of color in my education?
I think of my art education
as having begun...
In the 1980s, in Los Angeles.
I know how very well that
I'm a beneficiary of the work
of Thurgood Marshall and the
NAACP Legal and Educational
Defense Fund, because
I'm a magnet school child
from Los Angeles, California,
and it didn't occur to me.
Because we didn't talk about it,
we didn't really talk about,
in February or any other time,
the significance of the fact
that we were being bused
from black neighborhoods
into the USC village to go
to school and to be taught
by working artists and that
our school was actually
a very intentional experiment
of school integration.
So the first school desegregation,
the first successful
school desegregation case
took place in Houston, Texas,
in 1949, Heman Marion Sweatt
versus Theophilus Painter,
desegregating UT Austin Law School,
leading to the creation of the
Thurgood Marshall Law School
and what is now known as
Texas Southern University,
which used to be TSUN,
Texas Southern University for the Negro.
And there were so many cases
that took place before,
even before that.
There was a march to educational access,
and then after 1954, after
the Brown versus the Board
of Education unanimous decision,
which obviously would not happen now...
It wouldn't happen now.
It would not happen now.
It took 20 years.
I lived part of my life in Massachusetts,
and I'm reminded all the time of the fact
that this was a city that,
you know, 20-some odd years,
22 years after the Supreme Court
desegregated public schools,
they had to be forced
by federal intervention,
and they went kicking and screaming,
throwing rocks at black children,
rocking buses back and forth,
trying to tip them over
as they were filled with children.
Spearing a man with a...
I'm sure people have seen that photograph
that was taken by a Harvard
Nieman journalism fellow
spearing a black man who's
just walking through.
He was a lawyer.
Actually, he was from Yale Law, actually.
Yeah, you know, insanity,
complete insanity.
And I've gotten to know this...
I'm varying a little bit,
but I have a best friend
who's an education policy specialist.
And I didn't know.
Like, I didn't know,
really, I didn't really know
until this last go-round
in graduate school at Yale,
at the Yale School of Art,
how implicated I am in all of this,
because that's how I've been taught.
And I still consider myself a beneficiary.
I love the places of education
that have stewarded me,
and that I've had the
opportunity to steward,
because I feel that responsibility
in places that I occupy,
but, you know, it took me
until my 30s to realize,
like, oh, I'm Linda Brown.
I'm the little black girl that people
are that hot not to educate.
And it took research.
And, you know, so I'm thankful
that I have an artistic
practice now and that I have
friends across disciplines
such that my work is a research,
my practice is a research-driven practice.
So, you know, I've looked to painting
to try to unpack research
around school desegregation,
because we are living in a
time of rabid and dramatic
and very physical and
bloody resegregation.
And you know, the perception of color
impacts the value of human
life in public space.
And even more specifically,
the treatment of children,
you know, because how crazy is it,
how crazy is it for a
200-pound man to mount
a 15-year-old girl and twist
her arms behind her back
and grind her face into the ground.
How crazy is that?
This is what we're seeing.
I've been seeing all this stuff,
and I was thinking,
like, wow, this is crazy.
And then, you know, I'm
watching policies move
all over the country to
defund, to completely defund
public schools, to defund
what's left of bus programs,
and I'm hearing stories, I'm
sitting in City Hall in Boston
volunteering with the NAACP
Boston and hearing people talk
about being worried about
their children having to take
two and three buses and
a train to get to school
by eight o'clock in the
morning or they'll be tardy,
and then they won't..
Or then they'll be late, and
they won't end up getting
into a good exam school, and
they won't go to college.
I was like, this sounds like the 1950s.
So it's taken that long for me to realize
that I'm a beneficiary,
and that it took that long
for that implementation,
for what was allowed
of the implementation
of Brown, to reach us.
So I got in at that sweet spot.
So funding for public
broadcasting, all magnet schools
and centers for enriched
studies, busing programs,
school lunch programs, that all fed me,
and because I was a...
I only ever thought of myself
as an artist, as a child.
I didn't think of myself...
I didn't know that my
blackness was problematic
until I got, until I was
around certain children
as I moved up, as I got older,
but still, to make art
was my primary purpose.
I always thought that was
my primary purpose in life.
Yeah.
But I didn't see, I
didn't learn, I didn't...
Blackness was often like a
hyper-negatived afterthought,
or a guilty afterthought.
Like, oh, it's February,
let's talk about slavery,
and then everyone turns
around and looks at me.
And it wasn't until...
I went home.
I'm from Los Angeles.
I went home after...
So I started my education
at the San Francisco Art Institute,
and I deferred, I dropped out,
and then eventually completed my education
here in New York City at the Cooper Union
for the Advancement of Science and Art,
and then there I learned about the Center
for Advanced Visual Studies
at MIT, and ended up at MIT.
I really wanted to be there.
And then after a couple
of years, I'm completed.
I will not be doing more schooling.
But I just completed an MFA
at the Yale School of Art for Painting.
But in between SFAI and
Cooper Union, I went home
to Los Angeles, and I was hanging out
in the old neighborhood
in the USC Village,
where I was an elementary school student.
And I was in the library
there and saw this huge,
beautiful painting,
like a stained glass-looking painting,
in the Library of Mary McLeod Bethune,
and it was Charles White.
It was Charles White.
One of the last things he ever
did, before he passed away.
And I didn't know about Charles White!
(panelist laughs)
That's the greatest thing.
And he was in Pasadena.
Like, over the hill,
where I used to hang out
with my friends, like over
the hill from my high school,
from my arts high school,
where half the day was
spent, focused on this.
Half the day was spent on
art history that completely
excluded most of the
creative canon, actually.
So, you know, I guess I can end with that,
that Charles White was in my city,
and I was growing up there,
and didn't even know who he was
until he had passed away.
And that is, it's a crime.
So, thanks.
(audience applauds)
- So, we have that in common.
I was born in Houston, Texas, as well.
- [Audience Member] - Yeah, your laptop.
We can't see.
- Oh, sorry.
- I was born in Houston, Texas,
but I was born a lot
earlier than you were.
And so I was part of that
whole drama that happened
around segregating the schools
and the dragging of the feet.
Also, Texas is where the
schoolbooks are selected...
They are the state that
determines what are
in schoolbooks in the
whole of the United States.
And that's something
I've learned since then.
So yes, I did not have an
education around African-American
or African culture at all growing up.
The first pictures on
the walls in my bedroom
were, my mother was an artist.
She didn't get to
actualize that in her life
because of the culture we
lived in, but after I was born,
she was determined.
She was constantly trying to
manifest that part of herself.
So she went back to school,
at Texas Southern University,
to finish her fine art degree.
- We might be cousins.
- We may be.
We'll talk about that.
And she, the first things
I can remember smelling
are her oil paints and her clay.
The pictures she put on
the walls in my bedroom
were Velázquez's Las Meninas.
I had Gainsborough's Blue Boy
and three other classic
white art paintings.
I was allowed to draw on
the wall in my bedroom,
and she would paint it
out every month or two,
and I could continue to draw on it again.
So she was an extraordinary person.
And so, because she was so extraordinary,
everything in society
was against who she was,
and she ended up having
a nervous breakdown
and disappearing from my life.
But I wanna tell you one little
story when I was a little,
a very little girl, and she
was on the phone bragging.
She and a friend were
bragging back and forth
about how beautiful their
babies were when they were born.
Of course, I was more beautiful
than her friend's baby.
Her friend's baby was definitely
more beautiful than me,
but we were both beautiful babies,
and I didn't know what
the word born was yet.
I was only like three, four years old.
And I listened to this conversation,
but I knew I had to have been
really beautiful when I was born.
And so when my mom got off the phone,
I asked her, I took her into my bedroom,
and I pointed at the
infanta in Las Meninas,
and I said, was that me when I was born?
And so I tell you this story
because at that very early age,
I had already picked up
that black, kinky hair,
black person, was not beautiful.
So, I went to school.
In my second to my last
year in high school,
finally, the Supreme Court,
the law just came down hard
on Texas, and they were like,
you can't drag your feet anymore.
You're going to have to
desegregate the schools.
So that year, they bused us over to,
those of thus they
considered academically able,
the honor students, they bused
us over to a white school
and had us spend the week there
and see if we would be interested
in going to that school.
And that was a breaking point for me.
Up to that point, as I just
said, I was an honor's student,
and that destroyed all
of the confidence I had
about my education and
about my intelligence
and my ability to thrive
in the world and excel.
I finally realized why my
schoolbooks ended at World War II,
because they only bought
schoolbooks for the Caucasian
schools and then they would
send us their old books.
And that was also why the students
who were the honors students
got a chance to go in first
and pick all of our books,
because we were trying
to get the best books
with the most pages in
it, because they knew
we were gonna actually read
'em and do our homework.
So then I saw the gym.
They had an Olympic-size...
We had a swimming pool that was heated,
and was a couple of decades
later before I realized
that the equipment that I was looking at
was gymnastic equipment.
They had language labs, and
everybody had earphones.
In any case, there were five janitors,
and we were always told that we were pigs
because we had, maybe some graffiti,
things weren't always great,
the lockers weren't fixed,
but I'm watching people painting lockers
and repairing things and
painting out writing on the wall.
So it wasn't that we were that different,
but we just didn't have the support.
We didn't have five janitors.
We only had one.
There were five times as
many kids at our school
than there were at their school.
That was the other thing.
There were only 20, 25 kids
in a class at the most,
and there could be 30 to
40 kids in my classes.
So that ruined my self esteem,
and I ended up, because my father's family
had taken me in after my mother
had her nervous breakdown,
where my father grew up in Texas,
no African-American could go
to school after fifth grade.
So, they of course were not conscious
of scholarship.
I mean, these were hardworking people.
They had their own businesses.
My dad was a shoe repairman,
but he actually owned a lot of property.
He would just buy buildings.
And there were several times when the,
what is it where the
take your land away...
- Eminent domain.
- They declared eminent
domain several times
and took some of his property,
but he still ended up
being able to leave his
children something when he died.
But I chose other paths.
I still stayed with my creativity.
I went to a junior college,
and when I came out,
I decided I wanted to work in advertising,
and I got a job as a glorified secretary,
it was called an account assistant,
at an advertising agency,
and I told the people in
personnel that when I left there,
I would be an account executive
on the biggest account
in the agency, and that
is exactly what happened.
Then I left there and
worked on the client side
for Levi Strauss as one of
their advertising directors,
and in all of these jobs,
I was one of only maybe
three black people in the building.
And as I came back to who I was,
and when I inherited the
money from my father,
I decided to start making
things, making art,
and the first things I decided to make
was some furniture for my own home.
And as a result of that,
because all of my friends
were art directors,
photographers, and stylists,
they started renting my
furniture for shoots,
and they put together a portfolio for me,
and they start commissioning
custom work from me,
and that's how that part
of my career started.
And I have decided that I am free,
despite not being free,
and I do whatever the hell I wanna do.
(audience applauds)
So I don't have to be within any bounds,
because those bounds are too small for me,
and I will go crazy like
my mother did if I stay
within where I'm supposed to be
and do what I'm supposed to do.
So no, I do not have an advanced degree.
But it is my goal to make
sure that artists of color
are profitable and free to
be creatively expressive,
because they are earning
money, because we need money.
The struggling and starving
artist scenario is not for me,
and that was something
my family was very...
They pushed back a lot on the
idea of my being an artist,
and I forgive them, because
what example did they have
of a successful black female artist?
I mean, you may have seen five black men,
but the women, though, did
not exist in our lives.
So I have now taken on
placing the art of emerging
and mid-career African-American artists
in the homes of
African-American collectors
and getting them into
museums and into galleries.
So that's my side gig that I do,
and in the meantime, I
continue to make my work,
and I don't have an
institution or gallery,
and I sell stuff all the time,
and I just have my own shows,
or I participate in group
things that other artists
put together, and I live
a really beautiful life.
(audience applauds)
- So I wanna get right to the heart
of the question that you all asked,
how was my experience
as a student affected
by a lack of representation.
It accounts for why I'm sitting here,
because I was I was
confronted with three things:
I was confronted with the crater,
the charge, and the commitment.
The crater is this incalculable,
incalculable amount
of illiteracy, ignorance,
indifference, and innocence
among people who hold BFA and MFA degrees,
either as students or as
faculty and administrators
in the matter of the
intersections between race,
class, gender, and how they
account for segregation
within art and within
the worlds beyond art.
And I think it's important
for everyone in the room to understand
that white supremacy is
not about white persons.
I'm gonna say that
again, so you can exhale.
(audience laughs)
White supremacy is not
about white persons,
and bell hooks has a much more prosaic way
of saying the same thing in Talking Back:
Talking Feminist, Talking Black,
which you all should read.
It's best to think of white supremacy
as the answer to a century's old question:
is the African part of the human family?
And consistently, the answer
to that question has been no.
And it's important to understand the role
that the academy, higher education,
has played in providing
people with evidence,
however pseudo-scientific it may be,
however faulty it might be,
but providing evidence
for that answer being no.
The role of visual culture is critical
in that answer being no,
because we have centuries
of representations
that provide this comparison
between so-called persons and property,
and it's an important
thing to understand that.
So that was the first
thing I was confronted with
when I was in my BFA education
and in my graduate education.
This crater of ignorance,
illiteracy, indifference,
and innocence that is so
huge that it's incalculable.
You can't measure how deep it is.
And then it was a charge.
I was in graduate school,
and there was a young woman
in one of my seminars who,
to make a long story short,
wanted to have a debate with me
about the irrelevance of race in my life
and in her life and in the
United States of America.
(audience laughs)
And she wanted this debate
to be part of her...
Or to be the subject of
her thesis film in cinema.
So she was a senior, about
to leave the Ohio State
University armed with a
weapon of mass destruction.
And so we had a talk, and I said,
okay, if race is so irrelevant
in the United States,
and in my life, tell me
why there's so few tenured
African-American professors
at the Ohio State University?
She said, oh, that's easy to explain.
There are more whites in the population.
I said, okay.
So then, I said, if the
preponderance of white people
in the population explained
their dominance in the academy,
why are the majority of players
in the National Basketball
Association black?
And she actually thought
before she answered to me,
and said, they're better at that.
So here I was,
black man in an apartment
in Columbus, Ohio,
with a young white woman
who was about to complete
four to five years of formal education
with these 17th-century ideas
about the correspondence
between skin color and
intelligence and superiority,
because either no one had challenged them
or had done so successfully.
And then the voice came to me.
What are you going to do about this?
And I was in an MA program
in photography and cinema at
the Ohio State University,
and it was clear to me that...
and I taught the entire
two years that I was there.
I taught an introduction
to photography course,
and I had all of these
students, most of them young,
white farm children,
who more often than not,
I was the first black person
in the role of professor for them.
And more often than not,
I would be asked the question,
what are you going to
do when you graduate?
And I never said teacher.
And one student literally came to me
and said, you are a teacher.
You should find a place in the academy.
And I didn't hear them until
I heard this young woman
say what she said.
And so what this meant
was that I had to get the terminal degree.
And I applied to the Maryland
Institute College of Artwork,
got my MFA.
And that's when the commitment came,
the commitment to being
part of the solution
and not part of the problem.
And to honor, honor those
young people who essentially
put me into a command
performance in the classroom
in ways that I never, ever expected.
And it was also the
beginning of a commitment
to something that Martin
Luther King said in 1967
where he talked about,
I think it was an NAACP
address that he gave,
where he talked about the
importance of that the future,
the future, is to the maladjusted.
And one of the things
that I came to understand
was that being in the
academy is to be in the midst
of people who have adjusted to the idea
that the African is not
part of the human family
and that intellectual
property of any significance
could not come from anybody
who was a descendant of that continent.
And so aside from making a commitment
to producing visual culture
that challenged these
representations of African-American
people specifically
as either criminals,
entertainers, or athletes,
and even within those representations
not being perceived oftentimes as human,
it was important for me
to contribute to the scholarship,
and I was fortunately,
fortunately at the Ohio State University.
I never thought I would get misty-eyed
talking about an institution
I was associated with,
but I get misty-eyed talking
about the Ohio State University
because it was there...
Excuse me.
I was treated like a basketball player.
(audience laughs)
I was recruited.
I was courted.
I was accepted.
I was monetized through
having a tuition waiver
the entire time I was there.
I was paid to teach,
but I was also charged.
I was also charged by my
faculty to come in the classroom
and to disrupt
the flow of discourse
that was taking place.
I was one of the first
people on the campus
that had the first, the
first Apple PowerBook,
and I had a history of
photography professor
Clyde Dilley, God bless him.
So when I told him I got it, he says,
you're gonna bring it
to the classroom, right?
I said, yeah.
I said, what am I gonna do
with it in the classroom?
He said you're gonna take notes.
I said, well, Clyde, I
can't type that fast.
He said, don't worry.
You'll catch up.
And this was the man who
said, you cannot leave
what you say in this seminar.
You must write, and you
must get what you've
written published, because
if you don't do this,
your classmates won't.
If you don't make these points,
your classmates will not.
So this is why I said
white supremacy is not
about white persons.
And it's important to
understand that that framework,
that framework is ideological,
but it's also, on some levels, biological,
or psychological, more to the point,
because there are people
who cannot unlearn this.
And I'm here today to play a role
in helping people unlearn it,
through my own work as an artist,
working in photography and cinema,
and as an essayist that helps people
make sense of the madness
that we find ourselves in.
(audience applauds)
- Thank you, everyone, for that.
So, moving onto this
idea of representation
and supply and demand,
each summer, the SVA library
withdraws from circulation
some books, which include the catalog
from a Charles Austin show,
Survey of Work from 1936 to 1969,
Selected Poems by Gwendolyn Brooks,
just black authors.
(Anastasia laughs)
And Shellyne made this known to me.
And so our question to
you is, are libraries
meant to reflect student
bodies or shape them,
and it's very clear that SVA,
being thousands and thousands
of dollars for tuition,
isn't accessible to many communities,
and so I wonder how our libraries
are supposed to be shaped.
- I would say first, go to the library.
When I say, go to the library,
I don't mean go to Google.
Google is a database.
It's an index of websites.
All information about human history,
all of human history,
is not on the internet,
not even close.
So go to the library.
And also, the concept...
Well, the concept of the academy really is
about certifying what is significant
and reproducing knowledge
about what is significant.
So it is not, in its function,
meant to be democratic.
It's not meant to equalize
relations of power in society.
In fact, it's meant to maintain
the stratification of power in society.
So part of our frustration
about the exclusion
of historically marginalized
groups from academic discourse
is because we have this
mitigated acceptance.
The more that marginalized
communities are disruptive
and demand to be included, we
get a little concession here,
a little concession
there, and that concession
is also meant to stabilize
the existing relations
of power in society.
So we get a little bit of ethnic studies,
a little bit of gay and
lesbian studies, et cetera,
and that's just supposed to be enough
to keep us from burning
the whole thing down.
I am not saying burn anything down.
(panel laughs)
Just to be clear.
But that is the fear.
You know, everything's fun and games
until the guillotine shows up.
- People start marching.
(audience laughs)
- No, the marching is fine.
It's the guillotine that's the problem.
Which, it should be.
Nobody wants that, of course.
So, the library follows
that same function.
Libraries are meant to
certify what is important
and reproduce that significance over time.
So, it is incredible
if you go to a library
that's been going since,
you know, the 18th century,
and you can see...
Okay, for some of you, many moons ago,
before searches on the internet,
you had something called the card catalog.
(audience laughs)
And actually, many
libraries have not placed
everything in their card catalogs online.
So you still need to go and
look in the card catalog.
And so you will see, oh,
The Autobiography of Frederick Douglass,
Douglass, comma, Frederick,
1863, when it first came out.
And so some libraries had
some abolitionist librarian
who would order the book,
and so then it's there
for subsequent generations to find.
But the great thing about
the academic library
is that it is customer-service
oriented, many times.
So if you, as a student or a professor,
request things for the library,
librarians will generally get them.
If you check out things from the library,
librarian will keep them.
So it's not to say that there
isn't necessarily a bias.
There is an association of
African-American librarians.
They meet every year.
There's about a thousand of them.
But part of what we can do
to certify what's significant
is by raising our voice and using things.
And that's a part that we can play.
So that's also about, sure,
you can just watch things
on Netflix, like you hear
about something like,
there's this great
documentary, Cuba Libre,
which is about the history
of the Cuban Revolution.
You can watch it on Netflix.
But who knows how long
Netflix is gonna last?
If you're talking about
from 1863 'til now.
Right?
And so maybe you can request
something that you see
that's on Netflix that's
about your community
that you think is relevant
and they'll get it on DVD,
or they'll get the digital stream of it,
and it will be there.
So it's not up to us to
just accept what's certified
as important when we're
in these institutions.
We also have a say, and it's really,
if we want things to be different,
if we want to have more inclusion,
then we have to lead,
which is not to say that we're
displacing responsibility
or saying okay, well, the
librarian has no responsibility,
but it is meant to be
an interactive process,
and we should take
advantage of that, I think.
(audience applauds)
- Are we doing this down
the line thing again?
When Shellyne told me that
this was happening at SVA,
I just thought this was crazy.
This is crazy.
It's crazy to discontinue
Black Writers of America:
A Contemporary Anthology
by Richard Barksdale,
Kenneth Kinnaman, a catalog
from a Charles Austin show,
Survey of Work from 1936 to 1969,
Selected Poems by
Gwendolyn Brooks, come on.
That's crazy.
Introduction to African
Civilizations by John G. Jackson,
forward by John Henrik Clarke.
I didn't know anything
about John Henrik Clarke
'til I started hanging out
with a girl from Cornell
who had studied under Dr. Turner
at the Africana Studies program.
These academic spaces that we are...
Oh, biographies on Lorraine
Hansberry and Octavio Paz.
- Thrown out.
- On the street?
Like, this is what's being
pulled from the library
and made inaccessible
to incoming students?
So, Shellyne and I talked
about this a little bit,
and what's interesting about this is,
it's like, well, if you're
coming from places...
You know, so, even as a
beneficiary of great public
and private education,
there's like all this stuff
that I don't know, that
I'm still having to learn
and teach myself in good company now.
So how would I know that I don't want this
or that I need this or don't want this,
and if you're coming into SVA
as a normal undergraduate,
you're coming right out of
high school, from wherever.
Let's say you're coming from
Arizona where you're not
allowed to learn about Native
Americans in the textbooks.
(panelist laughs)
It's disallowed.
You know what I mean?
These are crazy decisions.
These are crazy institutional decisions.
- That's House Bill 2281.
- You know, like, what do you...
It's just crazy.
It's just crazy, and then we
who are the art students...
So like, I can primarily
speak as someone who makes art
and who's been in public
and private art education
since I was a little girl.
You know, we find
ourselves, as I've moved up,
as I've grown up
and crossed the country for this goal,
I have found that I've been in places
where I thought that we were all...
I thought we all wanted to be artists.
I thought this was like we made it,
we're here together, like
this is what we want,
and found myself and other
people of color kind of being,
well, just having really
strange, strange experiences.
Strange, dehumanizing
experiences in spaces
that are supposed to be, you know,
we're led to believe are like,
heightened for creativity
and intellectual discourse.
Like, some really stupid stuff.
Like, really stupid basic, basic, basic,
like, beneath basic,
disrespectful, dehumanizing
interactions that are
borne of what Mr. Gaskins
is talking about, this core
belief, this core disbelief
that we actually belong there.
Like, what are you doing here?
(panelist laughs)
So, if that's the space, we
should just get real about that.
And these are conversations
that many of us
who have been through
these academic spaces,
we all know, and we
privately will discuss it
because we need support, and
I think it's interesting,
in recent years, well, in
the last couple of years,
there were so many contemporary
campus demonstrations
all over the country.
What I find most
interesting is that things
that would normally only be
discussed in closed company
were being discussed openly
about these kinds of experiences.
So it's like, it's just stupid.
This is how you breed stupidity, is all.
This is just how you breed stupidity,
and then we're the ones
who have to deal with it
when we're students, and
then students of color,
you know, the data already
shows that those of us,
many of us will then take on extra work,
doing public work at school to try to,
you know, 'cause as
Mr. Gaskins was saying,
what are you gonna do about it?
What are you gonna do about it?
- Isn't that what she just asked?
- Yeah.
- By doing this panel?
- Right.
Yeah, what are you gonna do about it?
So we do all this extra lifting,
which can produce these
beautiful things, yes.
But then when we leave,
institutional amnesia sets in,
and then you have a
whole 'nother generation
who's coming in without
a full breath of humanism
even being prioritized in
the way that they're learning
about social history, human history,
and cultural history, and it's insane.
(audience applauds)
- Just a brief note, ushers are
gonna come around to collect
questions for the Q&A right
now, so just look out for them.
- Like, if people's supposed to be smart,
why would you do that?
(panelists laugh)
- Also, those books,
they didn't get tossed.
They're in my library at home.
(panelists and audience laugh)
- If you raise your hand,
if you haven't got an index
card, an usher will find you.
- He's asking...
- We'll get to that.
- We'll get your question later.
- So the library was a lifesaver for me.
I literally get sexually turned
on around a lot of books,
and actually have had sex in
the library several times.
(panelists and audience applaud)
So.
And my intention was to read
the entire encyclopedia.
I was an only child, and
so books were my refuge
from everything that was going around
in the chaos of my life.
But I did notice as I
was going through school
that there was not a lot
about my life and my family
and the African-American experience
or even something for me to
be really super proud of,
even though, in my life,
I saw it all the time,
because the flip side of segregation
is that we were all together
in every socioeconomic group.
So even though my family
was working class,
my friends, because of
my academic achievement,
were the kids whose fathers
and mothers were doctors,
lawyers, professors, and so
I got to experience a bigger
life, which kids now don't
get to do because the smarter,
wealthier kids are going to private school
or they are in charter schools.
So those who are left behind
are literally left behind.
So that was the advantage for me.
So I absolutely loved it,
but I also felt a great deal
of frustration around it.
But what I did learn is
I learned how to
communicate in the language
and in the metaphors that
my Caucasian colleagues
and friends could understand,
because that was pretty much
what my education had
been from that viewpoint.
So, for instance, I had
been on some boards.
I was on the first organization in America
that was a site-specific
artist residency program.
It's called Capp Street
Project in San Francisco.
I was on the board of the San
Francisco Museum of Modern Art
and the chair of their
Society for the Encouragement
of Contemporary Art, which chooses artists
to get a show in the
museum every two years,
and in all of those situations,
because I could translate my
thoughts using the metaphors
of Shakespeare or someone else
to my colleagues on the board
'cause I was typically
the only African-American
on the board, that really enabled me
to have my agenda go through.
So Fred Wilson got a
residency at Capp Street,
and Willie Cole, and these were people
that I just said to the
board, like, why haven't...
You know, I've been on
the board for three years,
and we've gotten artists from
all over Europe and America
and everywhere, but I haven't
seen any African-Americans,
so I need to see some.
And always, the way I like to flip it
when they would ask
me, you know, to go out
and find more black board
members or more black artists,
and I would flip that back to them,
and I knew that was why they had asked me
to come on the board,
but my agenda was bigger.
My goal was for them to find
African-American artists
and more African-Americans
to be on the board,
because they needed to
open up their circle
of who was in their life,
and it enriched everybody by doing that.
So getting back to the
library, it enriches everybody.
The more knowledge that's
in those repositories,
the better it is for everybody.
There's so much joy,
there's so much knowledge,
there's so many inventions
that African-Americans have
contributed to this country
that the real McCoy is a black
man who developed a patent
for a process for oiling the railroads
at a time when the railroad
was the most important means
of getting anything done in this country.
So to have a real McCoy
meant that you actually had
his and not a knockoff of his invention.
So there's a lot of things like this
that is kept from everybody,
and we should all know it.
So that is why I think that
it's important for libraries
to include everybody and
not just African-Americans
but everybody should be
included in our canon.
It shouldn't be only white and European,
because that's a small world,
and it's not an exciting
and interesting world, and
it doesn't challenge you,
and you can't grow, and you
can't really have joy and fun
and certainly not great sex.
(audience laughs and applauds)
- Cheryl.
I think there's going to be
an increased participation
in the number of people
going to the library here,
(panelists and audience laugh)
because of you.
I wanna say something.
In the same way, how many people here
go to parties and dance?
Raise your hands.
Okay.
In the same way,
you would leave a party
if Beyonce wasn't being spun
and Jay Z wasn't being spun
and Young Jeezy wasn't being spun.
The same way...
(panelist laughs)
The same way you would turn around
and see something
problematic with that party,
you have to have the same attitude
about intellectual
property and scholarship.
You have got to begin to ask the question,
what were black, brown, and red people,
and what are black, brown,
and red people thinking
as critical spectators
and critical producers
of visual material culture and design.
In the same way you know
you're going to miss something
if that beat is not at that party,
I'm telling you, you're
missing a great deal
if you're not answering that,
or asking that question.
And the thing that separated
me from my colleagues
in undergraduate school,
as well as graduate school,
is simply I asked that question.
And I'm extraordinarily enriched
and have been extraordinarily enriched
by asking that simple question,
because while the academy
and the libraries will silo
knowledge in certain ways,
that's not how knowledge works.
And the library within
art and design schools
has a particular relationship,
because you have people
who are in studio courses,
teaching in studio courses,
that divide the visual
arts from the liberal arts
and leave students with
the mistaken impression
that the work comes from them
and that innovation comes from them
and that originality comes from them,
when it really comes from,
as I tell my students
all the time when we
talk about photography,
photography is an interdisciplinary medium
that requires an
interdisciplinary approach
to its reception and its production.
So, what that means,
at the end of the day,
is you have to choose a
conversation in design,
in photography, in cinema, in painting,
in whatever medium you're working with
and understand that it's
not informed by photography.
It's not informed by cinema.
It's not informed by
design for design's sake.
It's informed by ideas outside of it.
And aside from a site
for a sexual encounter,
(audience laughs)
so many of the situations that
you find yourself stuck in
in terms of the work
that you're producing,
you can get yourselves unstuck
by getting as much information
as you possibly can
and asking those
questions, what have black,
brown, and red people been thinking about
in terms of the discipline that I'm in?
Now, you will be confronted by people
who are in the role of professor
who may tell you, nothing.
They have not asked those
questions, and it's up to you
to be intrepid and
contradict that response.
(audience applauds)
- All right, so we wanna try to get in
a couple more questions before
we wrap for the evening.
I'm gonna throw two very
important questions out there,
and let's try to be
succinct with our answers.
One, departments within
universities bear the responsibility
of undoing dated and
exclusionary knowledge
with white supremacist and
imperialistic underpinnings.
Because we have a legacy
of exclusionary learning,
there is an army of scholars,
academics, and teachers
that have spent their whole
career with no knowledge
of non-western intellectual
and avant garde contributions.
Is it time for institutions
to send their faculties back to school?
That's one.
The second:
the name of this panel
is Erasure by Exclusion.
Exclusion, in this case, is not
meant to automatically imply
inclusion as in assimilation.
Inclusion, in this case, is meant as a way
to not be rendered at
extinct, to not be negated.
It is a demand.
With this in mind, we would like to ask,
Anastasia and I would like to ask,
what are the differences
between diversity and equality,
and how do these words present
themselves in the art system?
All right, tossin' it out
there, somebody catch that.
- I will say very quickly,
yes, it is time.
It's always time for faculty
to go back to school.
I mean, I think part of something
I get very frustrated with
is whenever there is
an incident of racism.
I mean at my institution,
sadly, after Trump's election,
someone or some people
put swastikas on the doors
of several students' dorm
rooms, and so then there's
a conversation about, let's have training.
And then, but the training
is not for decision makers
about how to have the best
possible campus climate.
It's not a training
for the leadership of an institution,
what are solutions that have worked?
What steps have other institutions taken?
How much money have they spent?
It falls to the faculty and the
students to fix the problem,
When they have the least
amount of resources
and decision-making power to do so.
- Can we clap?
(panelists and audience applaud)
- So, and that's, again, how
power in all institutions work.
Things, the scatological goes downhill.
And so it's really important
to hold the decision makers accountable,
because they can change
the most the fastest.
And so, in terms of going back to school,
training is something
that should be happening
for the campus all the time.
For faculty at different stages
of careers, for students,
and that should be embedded
in the institution.
It shouldn't be a one-off
when there's a crisis.
So yes, everyone needs to
be thinking about structures
of inequality, thinking about race,
thinking about the contributions
of communities of color,
and how they are essential
to our understanding of everything.
I don't know how many
people saw Hidden Figures.
So I didn't know anything about NASA then.
I didn't.
I didn't know anything about NASA,
because if you didn't know
about the gendered nature,
the gendered segregation of labor,
and you didn't know how Jim
Crow was affecting knowledge
production of NASA, you didn't
know anything about NASA.
And so, we're doing a disservice
to knowledge in general
by excluding these stories,
as Bill was just saying.
So that's one, and then two,
I struggle with the concepts
of diversity and equality.
Diversity because I said before, right,
you can have representation
that is different
but no difference in opinion,
no difference in concern.
And we see that when we
see Omarosa and Ben Carson
sitting with Donald Trump
talking about black history.
Get Frederick Douglass's
name out of your mouth.
Don't say Rosa Parks, don't.
So you can have a wonderful buffet,
but then you look closely,
and it's just all green beans.
I mean, some are curried,
some are sauteed,
some are deep-fried, but a
green bean is a green bean,
and so how much difference
does it really make.
The most diverse pageant in the world
is the Miss Universe pageant.
Miss Angola, Miss Philippines,
Miss Switzerland, but
everyone is 5'8" or above.
Everyone is 120 pounds or less.
Everyone has long, straight hair.
Everyone has a certain
eye to nose to chin ratio.
So I don't...
Diversity in this time, I
don't know how meaningful it is
in terms of advancing
and achieving democracy,
in terms of relations of power,
in terms of enabling
and sustaining autonomy,
helping us have the resources we need
to make the best decisions for ourselves
and the people we care about.
And that is what, if we think about,
as Ruth Wilson Gilmore describes,
if we think about racism
as policies and practices
that cause premature
death for people of color,
then the opposite is
what can cause long life?
And diversity alone doesn't get us there.
And that leads me to my
problems with equality,
because the premise of so many
of the Affirmative Action programs,
which I'm proud to say I
have participated in in life.
I mean, if it's good
enough for the Bushes,
it's good enough for me.
If it's good enough for the Hiltons,
it's good enough for me.
But so much of the
premise of these programs,
whether it the Better
Chance program or, you know,
I had a Ford Diversity
Dissertation Fellowship.
The idea is that the institution is fine.
The system is fine,
if only you can have the access.
If only you can have the opportunity,
then, you know, you'll be good.
But we know that that is not the case.
The opioid epidemic in this country
is really catching fire in
middle class white neighborhoods.
What's going on that young
people don't want to be awake?
Don't want to walk in
consciousness in the suburbs?
Something is...
In some ways, I think
mainstream American culture,
like, I don't know if anybody's
ever been to Orange County...
I'm talking too long.
But the basic presumption of
equality is that everything
is okay the further up you
go on the social ladder,
and there is no really compelling evidence
that that's the case.
Having money only solves not having money.
And so, that is something
that I think about.
So I think to me, the real key to change
is about what can we do
to increase autonomy?
What can we do to democratize resources?
Those are the keys to expanding life.
(audience applauds)
- And that's where, historically,
there's all kinds of resistance.
Resources, under-resourcing
specific communities,
and then blaming them
for their blightedness.
I just wanna read something,
this quote from this really smart man,
because I feel like it's really fitting.
He said, "All I have been
doing in trying to correct
"the system in America has been in vain.
"For the vast majority of white Americans,
"the past decade, the first
phase, had been a struggle
"to treat the Negro with a
degree of decency, not equality.
"White America was ready to
demand that the Negro be spared
"the lash of brutality
and coarse degradation,
"but it had never truly
committed to helping them out of
"poverty, exploitation, and
all forms of discrimination.
"When Negroes looked for the second phase,
"the realization of
equality, they, or we, found
"that many of their white
allies had quietly disappeared.
"The Negroes of America
have taken the president,
"the press, and the pulpit at their word
"when they spoke in broad
terms of freedom and justice,
"but the absence of brutality
"and unregenerate evil is
not the presence of justice.
"To stay murder is not the same thing
"as to obtain personhood.
"Why is equality so assiduously avoided?
"Why does white American delude itself,
"and how does it rationalize
the evil it retains?
"There is not even a common language
"when the term equality is used.
"Negro and white have a
fundamentally different definition.
"Negroes have proceeded from
a premise that equality means
"what it says and have taken
white American at its word
"when they talked of it as an objective.
"But most whites in America in 1967,
"including many persons of
goodwill, proceed from a premise
"that equality is a loose
expression for improvement.
"Loose and easy language about equality,
"resonant resolutions about
personhood fall pleasantly
"on the ear, but for the Negro,
there is a credibility gap
"that they cannot overlook,
that we cannot overlook.
"They remember that with
each modest advance,
"the white population
promptly raises the argument
"that the Negro has come far enough.
"Each step forward ascends
"an ever-present tendency to backlash."
That was Dr. King speaking in 1967.
So, yeah.
I'm like really for this
accountability thing.
But yeah, accountability
inside the schools.
The school, the desegregation
of public space,
the desegregation of
schools was the Trojan horse
that transformed all of
public space as we know it.
Interstate transportation, all of that.
Public parks, buildings, all of that.
All of that happened...
The battlefield was
the space of education.
The battlefield was the mind,
and Thurgood Marshall
knew when he was a child
that he wanted to desegregate education,
sitting in the backs of...
His father had him sitting
in the backs of courtrooms,
quietly listening, and he
knew when he was a child
that that was the key, and for Dr. King,
the key that Dr. King found
before he was assassinated,
I mean, he'd been talking
about it since 1957,
was the link between
labor and racial equality,
and justice, labor and justice,
the fact that the way we see ourselves
is borne of the work that we do,
whether that be scholarly or manual labor.
You know, like that
determines our sense of self
and our place in our community
and our ability to care for
each other and for ourselves.
That's humanism.
So we should all be
learning, all the time.
The space of education was the opportunity
thought Thurgood Marshall and the LDF,
especially early childhood
education was the place
to really get in there
early to stop that cycle
of inherent racism, of
anti-black, anti-brown,
the terror of racism from repeating,
that studies showed a long time ago
that children of color
bear the brunt of that.
Everybody is affected.
Everybody is walking
around with a completely
distorted sense of reality
and the value of human life,
but the pain, the real long-term pain,
the life-altering pain, is
often endured by communities
of color who are getting
it from all sides.
So the space of education
is the opportunity for us
to be together and to learn
and to advance and to grow,
and it should be fun.
Like, it should be fun.
Like, for everybody involved,
I think, including the facilitators.
I had fun when I finally
got into some Af-Am study classes at Yale.
We had fun pulling stuff
apart, learning about people
that we should have already known about.
And everybody needs that.
Everybody needs that,
for a beautiful life.
We all need that.
(audience applauds)
- Well, I really think that
diversity is extremely important
and especially the power
silos of this country,
and I've seen it at work
in my encouraging the
boards that I've been on,
the companies I've worked for to diverse,
to be more diverse.
and when I look at diversity,
I mean it in every way,
because it just improves everything.
If everybody is the same,
then everybody has the same blind spot.
And so by bringing in
other points of views,
other income levels, other
sexes, and other races of people,
you're gonna have a much
better organization, business,
board, neighborhood, school,
because you are gonna get
the best from everything.
You're gonna get things
that you never experienced
and didn't know anything about.
You're gonna meet amazing
and interesting people.
As far as equality, I don't
know if that's possible
for the human condition
to create anything that's really equal.
So I don't have a lot
of hope for equality.
But I do have a lot of hope for diversity,
because that's something
that we can definitely do,
and so easily, too.
If you're looking, if you're
sitting in any situation
and you look around and everyone is black
or everyone is Caucasian
males, then you need
to get in action immediately
and change that dynamic up,
because you're gonna have
much more success if you
bring in a lot more diversity
to any type of endeavor
that you're gonna reach to,
and I've seen this countless,
so many times now in my life
that I know that I'm speaking the truth.
(audience applauds)
- The most devastating and persistent
human action in the history of humankind
was the trans-Atlantic slave trade
that benefited the United
States and Great Britain
to the extent that the
profit, I mean the interest
on that profit, is still being born.
It's important to understand
the history of this term, diversity.
So quickly, first Africans get here,
Jamestown, Virginia, 1619.
So there's unmitigated
hell between 1619...
Not only unmitigated hell,
but there is an agreement
within American culture that we won't talk
about the peculiar institution of slavery.
1968, May, excuse me, April fourth,
is the assassination of
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
That was the moment when the
United States of America,
its citizens, began to understand
that something had happened,
that there was a past grievance
that was structural in its nature.
It wasn't about personalities.
It was structural.
And so 1968 began a
particular period of time.
First, there was violence.
And there's certain people
who can hear violence
in ways that they can't
hear dialog or pleas.
These people started to do something
because they realize that
something had happened
that we haven't been talking about.
So that ends in 1978
with the Supreme Court case,
Bakke versus University of California.
This is a case where a man
by the name of Allan Bakke
sues the Regents of the
University of California
for his being denied access or entrance
into the UCal Davis Medical School.
The brief written by
Justice John Paul Stevens
basically said this.
I'm stripping away all the legalese.
While there have been efforts
over the last 10 years
to address past grievances
and past injustices,
in the matter of higher
education, we can no longer
desegregate based on past injustice.
We can only do it for
purposes of diversity.
So basically, what that comes down to
is that I will allow
you in my corporation,
I will allow you in my school,
I will allow you in my
fellowship programs.
Now, even though
something happened to you,
the deal is, you can't talk about it.
I'll give you everything you want.
I'll put you in positions of influence,
but you can't talk about
what was done to you.
So, diversity amounts to a vague
conflict-averse, race-evasive,
ahistorical celebration of difference
that is an administrative and legal tool
to keep people from facing the fact
that something has happened
that is inexorably connected
to the contradictions
between the principles
and the platitudes for which
this country is built on
and its policies and
practices in the matter
of those descendants of chattel slavery
in the United States.
And it's important to understand,
that's the history of this term.
It's legal and it's administrative,
and it serves a purpose that keeps people
innocent, illiterate,
ignorant, and indifferent.
(audience applauds)
- So I think we'll have one
or two more of our questions
before we move onto the Q&A.
- Do we have time?
I think we may have run
out of time a little bit.
- One more question before the Q&A?
- Do we have time for one more?
- Do you wanna mix and match,
we'll do Q&A, and then...
- Okay.
- Can we get to the
cards, and then come back?
- Okay, sure, sure.
- Yes, we'll come back if we have time.
- All right, so.
- They've waited to patiently.
- They have.
(panelists laugh)
And I really identify with
this question, being a current
student and having this
experience of the room of silence,
whoever brought us this question.
Being black in an art critique
can be challenging, to say the least.
Referred to commonly amongst
POC as the room of silence,
I feel like my artistic
growth is being stifled
because being a class full
of white artists, they never
have much to say about
work outside of aesthetics.
How can this atmosphere be
challenged as a student?
- First, I would recommend that you read
Institutional Time by Judy Chicago
and understand that, excuse me,
the history of the art academy
is that it was gendered feminine.
It was a place for women.
And not all the time
was it a place for women
to be professionalized,
beyond a particular group
of siloed practices like interior design
and other craft-based mediums.
It's important to understand
that post-war America
brings us the imprimatur
of abstract expressionism
informed by bebop, here in New York City.
Not jazz.
It's informed by bebop.
And so you have all of these white men
who are coming back from
the war who have access
to the GI Bill that
enables them to have access
to higher education paid
for by the government.
So, many of these people
come into schools of art,
and they proceed to recover
art from its feminine identity.
So, this convention you
all are experiencing
in your critiques, I don't
care what discipline you're in,
that it's a caged battle match...
(panelists laugh)
- Yes!
- That is all about this
particular period of time
in the 1940s where these white men come in
and basically set the terms
of dialog and discourse
around the critique of work
that amounts to this question,
are you man enough to be in here?
And that's to an overwhelming
majority of women
who are the students.
And so first of all, you don't get paid...
First of all, if you want therapy,
the critique is not the place for that.
And more to the point,
it is not the place for
anybody to abuse you.
It is not the place for
there to be the absence
of verifiable criteria for
the evaluation of your work.
That is what we have here.
It's what I call a legacy pedagogy.
And it's serving very few people,
and what it does is it conditions students
to be on eggshells, and more to the point,
it conditions students
to say what people want to hear you say,
do what some people want you to do,
rather than put you into
position to animate,
to develop your work on your terms.
And it's important that you
understand what that's about.
And one of the things that has to stop,
going back to the point
about people being educated.
BFA and MFA education is perhaps
the only place I'm aware of
where people are in roles as educators
who have no coursework in pedagogy,
have no coursework in
curricular development,
and have no coursework in
organizational psychology.
So, basically, they're teaching
the way they've been taught,
and that model is this implicit question,
are you man enough to be in here?
And so this whole idea of
having to come into a critique
and be destroyed as a matter of course,
as a matter of professional
development, is false,
and you need to disrupt it.
(panelists and audience applaud)
- Preach!
- So, the next question,
it's one of our questions
and it seems to be
a really popular one amongst
the ones you guys submitted.
So there is a painting in question.
(audience groans)
(panelists laugh)
I'll leave it up to you
whether or not you would like
to name the artist, but our question is,
why does art by white artists
featuring black subjects
continue to be so problematic,
and why does it always
fall short of its intentions?
What does it mean to be in the image,
and what does it mean to produce it?
- Can I...
- Go for it.
- I didn't wanna snatch it.
- No.
- But I have been thinking
so much about this,
because I actually, I
mean, we're talking about,
is it Dana Schutz?
- Schutz.
- Schutz, Dana Schutz,
and I've only seen it,
I haven't seen it in person.
I've only seen photographs of it,
and I teach about the
murder of Emmett Till,
and there's a brilliant documentary called
The Murder of Emmett Till,
that if you're interested
in the subject matter, I
highly recommend you watch,
and I teach the photograph
that was featured
in Jet Magazine of his
mutilated, disfigured body,
because it was, as many of you
may know, this lightning rod
for participation in the
Civil Rights movement,
and many young people
who would go on to be
in the Student Non-Violent
Coordinating Committee
and do sit-ins and go to
the South and mobilize
and work with African-American
communities in the South
to register to vote and
demand the right to vote,
as teens, they saw that
photograph of Emmett Till
in Jet Magazine, the great Jet Magazine.
Go to the library!
But it's also on Google, that's on Google.
(audience laughs)
If you wanna have a really good time
enjoying black aesthetics
of the late 20th century,
just look at old Jet on Google.
It's a really great way
to spend a rainy Saturday.
And so, I teach that photograph,
and a part of the reason
that I teach the photograph
is because of his mother, Mamie Till.
And so, when Mamie Till, you
know, they demand the body,
they demand the body,
the body is brought back
to one of the great
African-American institutions,
the funeral home, which,
that's a whole other panel,
is brought to the south side
of Chicago, the funeral home,
and the mortician, you know,
a stalwart of the community,
as all funeral homes
are, the mortician says
you do not want to see him.
I'm gonna get emotional.
You do not want to see him.
And she's determined, yes, I do.
Right?
So she insists, and probably
against his better judgment,
he concedes to the wishes of the mother.
And she can't believe what she saw.
She can't believe it.
And if you've seen the photographs of him
before he goes to Mississippi,
before he is falsely accused,
there's a great book out by Timothy Tyson
about the white woman who admits finally,
50, 60 years later, that
she lied about the whistle.
Who cares, it's a whistle,
anyway, but she lied about that.
He had done nothing.
She can't believe what she sees,
and the mortician in sympathy
begins to talk about,
I think it has to be a closed casket.
I don't know what I can do to restore him,
because he's mutilated so viciously,
and she says, it will be an open casket.
And this, everyone should see.
So the photograph in Jet
Magazine is a political act,
which is to say, so many
times African-Americans
endure terror, endure violence,
it is motivated by white supremacy
that is meant to show
our place in society,
and we just take it, because
we're afraid that saying
something about it,
telling the truth about it,
is just going to invite more violence,
and that has been the case
since we got here, to Jamestown,
and so when Mamie Till says,
from the relative safety of Chicago,
from the relative safety of
being a middle-aged woman,
we will tell the truth about
what happened to my son.
It is political, and it is not filtered,
if you see the actual photograph,
which is easily, you
can see that on Google,
and you can see what
he looked like before.
It's gruesome,
and it's devastating, and it's courageous.
It's courageous of Jet Magazine
to publish the photograph.
So, my reaction to the painting
was that it wasn't gruesome enough.
If you're going to show this suffering
and that is your intention,
to tell the truth about
racial terror, tell the truth.
The swirls, for those of us
who are not African-American
studies professors who
have not seen it closely,
don't convey they reality of the terror.
And so to me, that was my criticism.
Not that she didn't have the
right to portray the event.
Not that a white person
doesn't have a right
to discuss these things,
but if you're flinching,
you're really violating
Mamie Till's intention,
and that is disrespect.
Show the image in its violence.
Show the truth of the violence.
But also, why not, as a white woman,
relate directly to your personal history
as a white woman in the event?
(audience applauds)
Which is not to say, show
the violence of the accuser
or the violence that she was subjected to
in terms of being coerced into an accuser.
Which doesn't, don't jump me,
I'm not trying to say
she's not responsible,
but there is a whole story there.
Why not use your privilege
to tell a part of the story
that is very confrontational
but extremely important
for us to understand,
and perhaps encourage
people in your community,
as a white woman, to
make different choices.
So again, your art is your art.
I'm big on freedom of speech.
We're gonna need freedom of
speech now more than ever.
It's been 60 days.
So I'm big on freedom of speech,
but I'm also big on criticism
that advances solutions.
So I think to say to someone,
well, you don't have a right
to speak about racism because you're white
is absurd and unhelpful.
To stay only in anger
without an actual
conversation about what people
can do differently
doesn't advance anything.
And so I'm fearful that the
conversation that has emerged
is going to discourage white artists
from having any kind of
conversation or participation,
and I hope that that doesn't happen.
(audience applauds)
- You know, the freedom
thing is very important.
But I think at the same time,
there needs to be responsibility.
And one of the things that often happens
within studio art curriculum,
fostered by faculty who will justify
not going to the library
on the principle of academic freedom.
So I'm free to be ignorant.
I'm free to be innocent.
I'm free to be illiterate.
And so I think that all too often,
students are not encouraged
and mandated to be responsible
for visual culture.
A very important essay
you all should read,
it's called Abstract Expressionism,
Weapon of the Cold War.
First sentence:
"To understand what makes
a particular art movement
"successful is to understand
the particulars of patronage
"and the ideological
needs of the powerful."
So this thing you all are
doing, this is not playtime.
You're not in Mrs. Guston's
first grade class anymore.
This stuff has power.
And it's not about you.
It's not about you.
It's about understanding, you're
living in a particular time
where people need a clarifying
effect through what you do.
And it's not just for me about Schutz.
It's about the illiteracy
of the entire supply chain.
That's the director, that's the curators,
that is the people connected
to the education department
there missing an opportunity
to truly, truly do something
beyond what has become a lightning rod
and a distraction from all the other work
within the exhibition,
but it reflects the fact that
she came from and through
an educational system that says,
you can do whatever you want.
- And with whomever's
body, whomever's history,
and it doesn't...
You can even refuse to engage that history
while you are in school.
- Exactly.
- To go back to the other comment
about the rooms of silence,
at Cooper Union, I was the
only black person in the class
in which my fellows
refused to critique my work
because they insisted that
I was trying to make them
feel stupid by asking
questions about who we think
black and brown women are in
the city, 'cause I didn't know.
So I had made a set of
Madlibs about asking
who we think domestic workers are.
It was like a long-term project
of me observing domestic
workers of the street,
'cause I saw more people
in the streets of New York
and the parks of New
York who looked like me
than I did at my school,
and it was just simple.
My name is blank.
I come from blank country.
In my home country, my
parents do this and this.
I have this many siblings.
They refused to critique the work,
and they were not called on
it by my beloved professor.
- So that's where the...
- They insisted upon ignorance.
- That's where the
anything is possible stops.
You can do anything.
- Except...
(panelist laughs)
- Except deal with race in this studio.
And rather than saying, rather than say,
I am uncomfortable,
rather than say, my
education doesn't support
what you want to unpack in here,
let's bring some people in, aside from me,
aside from me, to help you get
your work to the next level.
(audience applauds)
- Just to piggyback off
of that really quickly,
the other experience which
Anastasia and I spoke about
at length is when a student
does approach a faculty member,
the faculty then puts the responsibility
of having this world of
knowledge of black artists,
black scholars, to then educate them.
Well, who do you suggest we
should put on the syllabus?
And this goes back to the question about,
is it time for faculty
to go back to school,
because the students are
here to learn from you.
So then the sort of
responsibility is on faculty
to know and not put that on students.
And so if then the faculty doesn't know
and we get into a critique
and your professor is like,
I don't know, and the
student's like, I don't know,
- And a whole bunch of
students are like, no!
(panelists laugh)
- Yeah, then that isolates the student.
- Okay.
So I think we have to be wrapping up,
so I guess our last
question from the audience:
I wish history courses were more diverse
in its representation.
Do you know what it would
take to integrate these ideas
and people into public
history conscious, I think,
and so that's kind of a
base question that we've had
throughout the panel, I guess,
this idea of how do we integrate
without this guise of
segregationist integration
and truly make our
classrooms and our faculty
and our student bodies more diverse
and trying to, how do we pursue equality
even when it seems impossible?
- One of the ways I'd
like to see that happen
is we just get rid of
some of these qualifiers.
It's American history.
It's not black history
and American history.
If we can just get rid
of that type of thinking,
I think a lot of space is
opened for us to actually
have diversity, because if
we just say it's history,
then you have to deal with
everything that happened.
- And herstory, and herstory.
- In a specific period of time.
So it's not, it's not about these silos.
It's not Asian art.
It's not black art, it's art.
And if you really just get rid
of those qualifiers upfront
and really just think of it
in the essence of what it is,
then if you're gonna talk
about abstract expressionism,
you can't leave Norman Lewis out.
You can't leave Sam Gilliam out,
because they were abstract expressionists
at that time in history.
So for me, it's really simple.
Just stop with the silos.
We don't have to have
black history classes.
We can just have history classes,
and maybe you're gonna
break it up in eras,
from 1910 to 1950 and do it like that,
and then include everything that happened
in history in that period.
- I mean, that would be the ideal.
- That's what we're talking about.
That's what we're talking about,
what would be the ideal,
and how would we do it?
You know, how could you do it?
- But absolutely,
but I'm gonna push back
on that a little bit,
just because I resist the
continued problematizing
of vicinity-specific education
and records of history,
and I'm wary of language that
seeks to, that insists upon,
erasure of difference as a
solution because it's so often,
like, you know, with the Bakke case,
it's just like the language of liberation
and idealistic equality braided up to be
some neo-right wing,
school choice, vouchers!
School choice,
shut down all your schools
in Philadelphia and Chicago.
That's choice!
The choice initially was the
language of desegregation.
So I'm with you in that
this is a world history
that we're talking about.
We're talking about peoples
of the worlds and creative
products of the world and art
of the peoples of the world
that have been very, with great intention,
a lot of energy has gone
into excluding knowledge
about Asian contemporary art.
Just a lot of energy, a lot of spirit
has gone into specifically
excluding knowledge
of non-white people, of people
of non-European descent,
across disciplines.
So under that guise, that language,
that ideal has already been used.
Oh, this is just history, or
we are all American, and that
kind of ends up leaning towards
rationalizing nationalism.
That still excludes.
So yeah, I mean, I feel like ideally, yes,
but I'm also, I'm
reminded of all the times
that that sort of language of equalization
is used against us.
- I would also say, I
think it's very important
for students to understand
the financial leverage
that you have in colleges
and universities,
and so what you want
is what is needed to
keep the school going.
And so, if you want more and
different types of history,
if you want more and different
types of art education,
collectively, the more
you express that desire,
the more likely it is to happen.
And so the only reason
we have women's studies
and ethnic studies and
African-American studies
to the extent that we do is
because students demanded it,
and the more intransigent
administrations were,
the more intransigent the demands became.
And so, you don't have
to accept institutions
as you find them.
The bad news is, don't you
wanna just like open your books
and do your work and mind your business?
Sure, sure.
But that's not how life is.
If you want something bespoke,
then you actually need to customize it.
And so it's really, I think
the burden becomes less
when you don't act alone,
when you don't say,
okay, well, it's on me to
deal with this professor
that's saying it's my responsibility
to figure out how to
diversify the syllabus.
When you band together
and organize as a group,
you really get something out of it.
I think that's a different
type of education,
but a really important one,
which is how to advocate for
your needs in institutions.
And that's something that you are, I mean,
you're trying to be artists?
You're going to need
to be doing that a lot.
So it's a really important
and helpful life skill
that you can get practice on,
just trying to address
these issues in your school.
- There's a great history of Cornell,
Cornell's history of what
became the Africana Studies
department, and that really matters a lot,
like the difference between a department,
department distinction
and what's happened in...
Cornell is a crazy racist campus,
and produced some amazing,
amazing people under the
tutelage of Dr. Turner,
- James Turner.
- James Turner, I wasn't
there, but I had friends
who were there, and they
are different kinda people.
They are an intellectually
different kind of people,
but I speak to the notorious racism,
the generational racism
on the campus of Cornell,
like burning down the
Native American house.
You know, white frat boys, burning down...
Boys, they're men.
Burning down the Native American house.
Trying to burn down the
Ujimaa house, or the Ujamaa...
- Ujamaa.
- You know, 'cause the students,
the students there can live
in groups if they choose to.
Like, a lot of violence.
Students going missing,
being driven off into gorges
while they're walking
across campus to school,
all sorts of crazy stuff.
And in the middle of all
of that generationally,
that department was created
because students banded together
and insisted upon it.
I was like one of the...
Kind of like what happened here
at the Medgar Evers CUNY school.
It's like one of those stories
of students like holding on
and really insisting
upon change, and again,
I mentioned the generational,
gobbling up everything kind
of racism on that campus,
because only recently
have they successfully
de-departmentalized
Africana Studies, I heard.
There has always been an
effort for the department
of English to consume it or to make it,
you know, who needs
Africana studies, right?
It's all English, or it's all...
Anyways, there are histories.
There are institutional
histories of triumph,
that really illuminate the importance
of these programmatic distinctions.
- It's still a department,
it's still a department.
I think the thing that's important...
Everybody here who has siblings,
raise your hands please?
Okay, all right.
I want to talk about justice.
Those of you with siblings know
that you were not raised the same.
And some of you mad about it.
(panelists and audience laugh)
Still.
Still mad about it.
But somehow, the wisdom of your parents,
guardians, aunts, uncles, nanas,
knew what each of you needed.
And so the barrier to a more perfect union
has been the pursuit of
some mathematical equality
that has people looking at the
size of the slice of the pie
and saying,
either it should be bigger,
or I should have the whole pie.
So in order for us to achieve
and be focused on justice,
it's important to understand
the power of language.
We live in a racially segregated state
of being in the United States of America,
and when we use terms like diversity,
again, it's race-evasive,
and it's ahistorical,
and it doesn't get to
the heart of the matter
that there are people
who have never sat down
and cracked open a book written
by an African-American scholar.
I ask a question, I have a seminar
called Photography and the American Dream
where we unpack the ways in
which poverty is represented
and misrepresented in American newspapers
and one of the features of
the course is the search
for poor white people
in the American media.
And that's a knowing sound, right?
You can barely find them,
because how do you reconcile
a country built on the
principle of white supremacy,
and you have poor white people
without unpacking the fact
that you have democratic capitalism
that requires people to be poor.
So I think it's important to understand
that what I do in my class
is that I ask students,
most of them are seniors,
I ask them.
I have an entrance survey,
and I have an exit survey,
'cause we're talking about solutions.
I come in, I ask them to give me the name
of a non-fiction text that
they've either self-assigned
or been assigned as a student at Cornell.
Then I ask them to give
me the names of artists
that are must-haves on
their dance party list.
So.
The answer to the first question
is filled with European men and women
who are white or claim to be white,
and then of course the second question
is filled with black and
Latino and Caribbean names.
So at the end of the course, what I do,
I ask them the question
I really wanna know.
Give me the name of a non-fiction text
written by an African-American
scholar that you've
self-assigned or been assigned
as a student here at Cornell,
and most of them are
seniors, and it's zero.
So, if I ask the majority
of people in this audience
to give me their opinions
on quantum physics,
there's people shaking their head, no.
(audience and panelist laugh)
And the reason that
most people will say no
is that they haven't studied it.
But art and race are two topics
where people feel a level of authority
where they haven't studied.
They believe that certainly
art is based on taste,
based on feelings,
and again, completely
separated from ideologies,
completely separated from power.
And in the matter of race,
it's whatever they sae on social media
or whatever they've seen...
- A Spike Lee movie.
- A Spike Lee Movie.
(panelists and audience laugh)
Or what they've seen in the media.
And so the point is this.
Most of us have come through,
most of us sitting up here,
who are either in or have
come through higher education
and especially higher education
related to art and design
on an imbalanced intellectual diet.
It's imbalanced.
And what's going to change
this are the three O's:
opposition, opportunity, and oversight.
So, it begins with students
opposing this monocular,
siloed, Euro-Western
set of canonical references
that you hear all the time.
You have to ask, okay, 1940s something,
Jackson Pollock, Peggy Guggenheim.
Willem de Kooning.
What else was going on in
the United States at the time
that influenced, affected,
impacted the work
that we should talk about?
And it will take you places that,
those of you who are wondering
about where your next
idea is gonna come from,
I'm telling you.
I'm at a point in my life,
and I think I share that
with everybody on this stage.
I have more ideas than
I know what to do with,
because I went beyond
what someone told me
represents a terminal degree,
and the content of that terminal degree,
and what happens when
you ask the question,
who else is doing something?
Who else has written?
Who else has sung?
Who else has composed?
Who else has made a
cinema that can transform?
That's the power you all have.
You have the power to oppose this.
The next thing is opportunity.
We need people outside of the academy
who will create, endow chairs
to situate scholars, artists,
musicians, writers, designers,
for the purpose of
desegregating the discourse
and making them university
and scholars, basically,
where they're not
situated in a department.
They are the scholar
for the entire school,
and they can show up anywhere.
The third O is oversight.
In order for this to move forward,
we need the next generation of scholars
to have desegregated bibliographies,
desegregated research questions,
as conditions for promotion and tenure.
- I think we should end it right there.
(audience and panelists applaud)
Thank you guys.
You guys are amazing.
Thanks, everyone, for coming
out to this panel discussion,
and I hope that you're
walking away with something
that you can go raise hell with.
Thank you.
(audience and panelists applaud)
- Thank you.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
-Eli bonjour !
- Bonjour est ce que
vous me voyez bien ?
- Très bien !
J’ai du bricoler
avec un élastique pour attacher
la caméra parce que le pied est cassé.
C'est super, ça marche très bien.
On y va ? Tu viens de te réveiller ?
Un peu, il est quelle heure ? Presque 8h30, quand même.
Merci d'accepter cette interview
avec la fondation Frantz Fanon.
En fait l'idée, c'est d'avoir le retour
des situations concernant
le coronavirus dans différentes
parties du monde.
Donc on a demandé à l’Afrique,
Porto Rico, la Colombie, la Guadeloupe,
parce que tu nous a alertés
depuis le début de la crise
sur la situation en Guadeloupe, et on a même mis
ton interview, ta première interview
sur le site de la fondation.
Donc c'est un peu l'idée,
aujourd'hui on a un certain nombre de
questions à te poser.
Premièrement, comment vas-tu, et comment se portent ta famille et les camarades ?
Dans l'ensemble ça va, il y a des camarades qui ont déjà été touchés par le coronavirus,
heureusement pas de séquelles graves
ni de décès.
Des camarades que je connais dans le cadre de ce qu'on fait avec vous ?
Possible, possible que tu les ai rencontrés, mais tu ne les connais pas.
Mais ils n'ont pas de séquelles particulières, et ils ont eu une prise en charge rapide
Puisque c'était les tout premiers cas.
Aujourd'hui une pensée particulière pour
Gaby puisque il enterre sa grande soeur ce matin
qui n'est pas décédée du Coronavirus, mais chez nous enterrer quelqu'un
entre guillemets presque dans
l'anonymat, c'est embêtant
Puisque bon, il n'y a pas de veillée, et les cortèges sont restreints
Tout est restreint, donc c'est particulier.
Donc une pensée particulière ce matin, puisque la cérémonie a lieu ce matin.
Et puis au niveau au niveau de la
Guadeloupe, moi je crois que
quand on regarde les chiffres de contamination à moins d'un mois après le premier cas,
puisque le premier cas survient le 12 mars et nous sommes le 8 avril, donc 4 semaines.
4 semaines après on en est à plus de 134 ou 136 cas à peu près, et 8 morts.
Rapporté à la population française, ça
fait beaucoup,
parce que si ma mémoire est bonne,
un mois après le début de la contagion
en france on en était encore à deux ou
trois morts, si je me rappelle bien,
et puis à une vingtaine de cas, ce qui fait
que le virus - est bien présent -
a démarré chez nous sur les chapeaux de roue, et je crois que
dès le départ les autorités sanitaires et politiques n'ont pas pris les décisions qu'il fallait.
Justement, à ce propos, tu dénonçais lors d'un communiqué
qu'on a mis sur le site de la fondation au début de la crise
un gouvernement métropolitain et des élites locales irresponsables.
Quelle est à ce jour la situation dans les hôpitaux en Guadeloupe ?
L'hôpital il va tenter de faire face tant bien que mal,
mais je rappelle que l'hôpital est disloqué, que le service sanitaire,
le service public de santé en Guadeloupe est disloqué,
particulièrement depuis l'incendie de
novembre 2017
Avant il était déjà fatigué mais depuis 2017 il est disloqué, il est réparti sur plusieurs sites,
l'hôpital a d'énormes dettes, l'hôpital
n'arrive pas à faire face à son travail courant,
à plus forte raison en période de crise.
Hier encore je lisais une interview dans le
monde du chef de la réanimation
qui disait qu'il avait craint l'arrivée massive de malades en réanimation
puisqu'ils ne pourront pas faire face.
Ils ont reçu 15 respirateurs
la semaine dernière, mais ce ne sont pas des respirateurs pour la réanimation.
Le personnel médical manque de masques, manque de moyens,
les choses ne s'annoncent pas bien.
C'est pour ça que dès le mois de
février, par l'intermédiaire
de l'union des travailleurs de la santé qui est la branche de l'UGTG dans le secteur de la santé
Nous avions alerté le préfet, nous avions alerté l'ARS, nous avions alerté les élus guadeloupéens
pour leur dire que
le virus il est en italie,
il est en allemagne, il commence à pointer le nez en france
donc ça veut dire que dans moins de deux
semaines et les genôts de nos cotes des
transferts et donc qu'il fallait mettre
dès maintenant un contrôle sur le port
de contrôle sous la haie au baromètre
des tests systématiques et également sur
le port on parle donc puisque c'était la
période des croisières mais il fallait
trouver un moyen si on ne souhaitait pas
stoppé par les croiseurs meiway de
mettre des tests pour pour pour tout de
suite faire ce qu'il fallait au niveau
au niveau du port rien n'a été fait d'un
service cerise sur le gâteau ils ont
même jeu mais ce que je suis entraîneur
et cerise sur le gâteau ils ont organisé
les élections municipales alors vous
imaginez le port qui est ouvert
l'aéroport qui a ouvert la campagne
électorale des élections municipales
belle voix voilà le terreau favorable du
développement de la contamination est
donc toutes ces erreurs aujourd'hui ont
conduit à ce qui est ce démarrage en
flèche de la contamination est jeune on
me disait tu m'as tu m'as tu m'as dit
d'un appel qu'on a eu on y avait un
médecin de l'hôpital qui avait qui
étaient frappés par coronavirus
enfin il y a le directeur général du chu
a été touché la présidente de la cme du
chu nos voeux aux futurs en médecine a
été touché le chef du service
réanimation a été touchée ainsi que
plusieurs cadres et infirmiers de
différents services et donc certainement
se demander est ce que est ce que il n'y
avait pas un poster au niveau du chu
est ce que le chu n'était pas eu de
contamination alors on ne sait pas
puisqu'il n'y a pas de tests à la
disposition du personnel soignant
aujourd'hui en fin de compte nous on se
rend compte et singulièrement chez nous
qu'en fin de compte le gouvernement ment
depuis le début il n'a jamais anticipé
il n'a jamais pris ce sujet au sérieux
il n'a y était aujourd'hui totalement
débordés et pour cacher le fait qu'ils
n'avaient pas de masque
il a commencé par dire à les masser peu
importe en effet important d'ailleurs
moi je suis même pas métaux masque imed
nian voilà beau nom caché au nom caché
le fait qu'il n'y avait pas de test on a
commencé à nous dire ah non mais les
tests c'est pas c'est pas un c'est pas
important les personnalités uniques
marché les personnes les cas les plus
sévères et on nous a mené en bateau
comme ça et on envoie de l'eau c'était
le même discours que même discours
répétés en boucle par les élus par le
préfet par la divergence de la jasse
régionale de santé et en fin de compte
ces gens-là bricole ces gens-là nous
mentent et c'est le peuple qui est qui
et qui a subi les conséquences
quand on voit aussi un on a suivi
monsieur mâcon lorsqu'il était à
mulhouse pour visiter l'hôpital de
campagne abeilles nous annonce la
mission locale qui nous envoie un bateau
un porte-hélicoptères le dixmude
nécessairement sincèrement je crois que
ce soit monsieur macron un problème de
géographie soit ils se foutent de notre
gueule
comment il veut envoyer un bâtiment soit
disant pour nous apporter de l'aide au
chaos qu'il va devra en faire c'est
martin saint barthélémy des six îles
habitées de l'archipel de la guadeloupe
plus la martinique
la martinique est à nous et 1 500
kilomètres plus bas de pratiquement
trois mille kilomètres plus bas l'aquila
comment il va faire comment cet essai ce
porte-hélicoptères va faire ce qu'on
fait quand on se voit qu on voit bien
que ces gens là sont toujours un train
de bricoler depuis call et de rigoler
ils n'ont aucune notion de la réalité
ils nous mentent et au pied et au lieu
de dire bon voilà on a un problème on
n'a pas anticipé
on n'a pas de masque donc on vous
demande de fabriquer vos mains sauf
demande de faire attention non avec le
disco et les autres le discours il est à
la culpabilisation du citoyen mais ici
si c'est ça si ça progresse
c'est ta faute c'est ta faute parce que
tu n'as pas et si c'est pas toi qui n'as
pas aimé c'est ton voisin qui n'a pas
fait les gestes barrières aux messines
ce ton voisin qui n'a pas fait ceci cela
mais aujourd'hui c'est le discours du
préfet en guadeloupe à tel point que à
partir d'un samedi 14h jusqu'à mardi
matin
ces couvre feu total en guadeloupe non
il faut total à 6 et coffre-fort est
total puisque c'est le week-end de
pâques un lieu précis machine voilà
et quand le préfet il doit s'imaginer
s'imaginent que et bien les gens vont
prendre leur voiture où ils vont aller à
la mecque que les guadeloupéens sont
irresponsables des monnaies et donc
c'est toujours ce même discours
infantilisant qui vise à culpabiliser
les gens mais qui cache en fait qui
cache en fait livre responsabilité
l'inconséquence les conakry l'incurie
des dés de l'état du préfet et de la rs
qui n'ont pas su prendre les bonnes
décisions au bon moment et ce discours
là et ils nous rappellent le seul la
plantation le m mais ils tabassaient des
espaces et il a dit m
c'est pour ton bien parce que bon comme
tu ne comprends pas bien c'est pourtant
bien je te tabasse je peux fait
travailler mais c'est pas en noir les
cordes warne les corps noir ne compte
toujours pas voila voila c'est le même
discours sur le même disque on est pile
une classe politique contre qui médite
locale complètement absente
absents puisque la seule chose qui les
intéressait tout janvier touche évrier
c'était les élections municipales et
jusqu'à maintenant nous avons été les
seuls avec l'année l'annulation des
élections municipales
[Musique]
enfin pas seulement parce qu'on n'a pas
de candidat et que ce sera nous on est
viscéralement contre st jean de ces
élections dans le cadre du système
colonial français
mais pour nous c'était d'une logique
implacable
comment pouvez vous organiser les
élections
comment pouvez vous laisser le port
ouvert comment pouvez vous laisser les
aéroports ouverts alors que vous êtes
une île nous sommes unis nous sommes à
7000 kilomètres de la france nous ne
pouvons pas nous permettre de ne pas
avoir des moyens sur place pour
combattre la pandémie et est aujourd'hui
nous sommes toujours dans cette
situation là où nous avons déjà ici le
préfet le sous préfet les élus de
guadeloupe qui attendent les autres de
paris d'être innotour pas compris que
paris dans la merde
nick accord il ya la merde et le feu au
château on se fout de l'écurie et dans
cette histoire-là l'écurie sinon c'est
nous je voudrais bon et je voudrais
continuer sur la situation dans les
établissements informels tels que les
ehpad comment se passe elle alors pour
l'instant aucun décès dans aucun des
pattes de watteau touchons du bois
je crois que les personnes qui y
travaillent il était l'un des bus ont
bien compris que les personnes
d'épousailles c'était des personnes
âgées et donc il ya des dispositions qui
ont été prises et j'ai même vu un
reportage dans lequel les la directrice
et les personnes qui travaillent au prix
de ces personnes âgées entre 6 et de se
confiner avec elle
radio elle ne soient plus du bâtiment
elles ont elles ont déménagé elle habite
dans le bâtiment avec les personnes
âgées
ça c'est ça qui fait quelque chose
d'extraordinaire mais à côté de ça je
dirais aussi comme si les choses
si elle aussi bien dans les ehpad que
dans d'autres structures
c'est parce que les gens ont beaucoup de
bonne volonté et que très certainement
qu'on a de la chance avec un petit peu
de défenses immunitaires de solitude va
maintenant parce que bon coin pourquoi
je dis ça parce que j'y laisse jusqu'à
la journée d'aujourd'hui il ya beaucoup
de personnel des aides à domicile
d'intervenants à domicile d'auxiliaire
de vie sociale qui n'ont pas accès aux
masques et au blues et au camp en nombre
suffisant pour assurer leur service sans
jeu contaminés et sans contaminer les
autres parce qu'en fin de compte quand
vous devez intervenir chez six ou sept
personnes âgées faire le ménage les
laver ça c'est pour les intervenants à
domicile notamment mais vous devez
pouvoir changer de contact jusqu'à
maintenant dans bien des cas ce n'est
pas le cas et donc on est en train de
jouer avec le feu
tout simplement parce que les autorités
sanitaires en charge et politiques en
charge de la guadeloupe mais n'y ont pas
pensé
l'autre jour je discutais avec un
médecin qui a dans l'archipel des
saintes
alors c'est un archipel dans l'archipel
théodore aux idéaux de bach
alors on lui dit oui si vous avez
quelqu'un que vous descendez qovu 19 mai
faut l'envoyer fall envoyé entre
guillemets sous le continent et saufs
qui a plutôt les eaux maritimes
il n'y a plus de liaisons maritimes n'y
a pas de raison par avion donc qu'est-ce
qu'on fait mais qu'est ce qu'on fait
qu'est ce qu'on fait voilà voilà des
questions et des questions qui appellent
réponse et il en face mais vous n'avez
pas dépend ça fait des mois que mon
écrit aux autorités sanitaires ont écrit
un rital sur ces questions là nous
n'avons aucune dépense est la seule
réponse officielle du préfet ce prince
et prendre des arrêtés d'interdiction et
de confinement alors bien évidemment
nous sommes conscients de la situation
il n'y a pas de masque il n'y a pas de
test et il n'y a pas de traitement
le confinement c'est une mesure
préventive mais
mais mais à côté de ça les
guadeloupéennes et les guadeloupéens ont
envie d'entendre
il ya des masques qui a des traitements
et qui a acquis à des tests et notamment
en direction des pharmaciens des
médecins et des personnes qui font des
interventions à domicile les personnes
qui s'occupent des personnes âgées dans
les ehpad et du personnel soignant un
génial
comment voulez-vous que par exemple une
infirmière qui me dit qu'elle s'est pas
senti bien a commencé à avoir des maux
de tête de courbatures
donc elle appelle son médecin son
médecin me dit ah vous avez les
symptômes le duo fait 19
restez chez vous
et si vous avez des problèmes
respiratoires graves cette prothèse et
cette femme là elle est infime bien à
l'animation c'est les petits bébés est
la moindre des choses favorite et que le
chu façon d'être
la teste et est heureux somme de ses
collègues
et bien non on ne teste pas parce que
pourquoi on appâte est mon le dis pas ça
rend la pâte est pour mon outil mais
nombre on va utiliser les têtes
seulement pour les cas les plus sévères
d'eau ou un un gouvernement qui serve
sur le mensonge et des autorités
politiques et sanitaires en guadeloupe
qui ne vivent pas dans la réalité qui
n'ont toujours pas compris que nous
sommes un archipel d'îles mais pourtant
pourtant le syndicat luz et egea bien à
bien poser en référer à la cour de
pointe à pitre contre l'ars et le chu
pour manquement alors l'agrégation de
santé tout à fait à l'issue à l'issue de
tous les courriers connotation envoya la
rse au préfet aux députés sénateurs à
tous ceux qui à un moment ou un autre
aurait pu avoir quelque chose à dire
dans ce dossier là nous recevons aucune
réponse des autorités nous avons décidé
de déposer un référé liberté devant le
tribunal administratif de la boîte et
puis juge deux jours plus tard quand
c'est une procédure d'urgence et nous a
donné raison sur tout planning de la
wako des premières michael j'étais j'ai
été totalement recevable a intenté une
telle action compte tenu de la pandémie
de la gravité de la situation est
entièrement à l'audience ni la grèce ni
le chu n'ont présenté aucun document
aucun bon pour moi rien du tout prouvant
qu'ils étaient véritablement dans une
dans une démarche d'affrontement
vis-à-vis de de l'arrivée du pic de
l'art de l'académie et donc c'était
frappant à tel point que les juges ont
pris la décision de fermer option au chu
et de faire injonction à la rs de se
procurer les tests nécessaires pour
tester le maximum de personnes au sénat
population et de faire en sorte
d'acheter en nombre suffisant
l'écrêtement les traitements pour
s'occuper des personnes malades et
secrètement là c'est le traitement qui
est mis en place par le professeur d'art
ou de l'institut hospitalo universitaire
de marseille
et donc voilà et donc suite à cette
heure à 7 à cette décision
la rs et le chu ont fait appel de cette
décision et cette décision a été à
nouveau jugé le 3 avril dernier le
vendredi 3 avril dernier devant le
conseil d'état
hélas le conseil d'état a pris la
décision de supprimer la tique 2e l'aude
au nord de basse-terre et cet article 2
kg faisait injonctions de sa pause de
t'acheter tous et tous tous ces produits
là que je viens nommé le traitement
instauré par l'institut hospitalo
universitaire de marseille et les tests
et pourquoi le lac où le conseil d'état
pris cette décision c'est tout
simplement parce que à l'audience du
conseil d'état
ils viennent eighties voilà on a passé
commande pour acheter un ou une nouvelle
machine pour faire les analyses de 196
pas au jour des 200 tests nous avons
acheté pour nous avons passé commun ou
deux centaines d'instituts passe de
racheter court pas passées comme un beau
200 tests et que nous avons des réactifs
pour faire re 1500 tests et nous avons
d'autres nous avons commandé quatre
millions supplémentaires pour faire
quatre mille personnes supplémentaires
et que nous avons mis en place un
protocole suivant celui de l'institut
hospitalo universitaire de marseille
justement que qui a démarré le 31 mars
de joux avant qu'on est donc enfin de
vote
tous ces éléments là tous ces éléments
là viennent après la condamnation du 27
avril au 27 mars bordeaux après la
condamnation est donc entre le 27 mars
et le 3 avril
avaient ils ont commencé à faire des
choses ont commencé à faire des choses
et
je rappelle que le conseil d'état c'est
le tribunal du gouvernement sur le
président du conseil d'état c'est le
premier ministre est donc allé faire le
tribunal du premier ministre dira le
contraire de ce que dit le premier
ministre je sais pas comment il faut
faire maths ou gamme le tribunal a été
quand même subtil il a premier roman
consolider la haute les activités de
luge et tg il a dit que le gtg est
représentatif a parlé non seulement au
nom et au nom de ces matins mais au nom
des travailleurs et du peuple de
guadeloupe dans ce dossier là bas c'est
quelque chose de très très très content
deuxièmement le tribunal a reconnu qu' à
des cars et les dysfonctionnements mais
qui ne sont pas de nature à être
considérés comme étant des situations
graves pouvant mettre en cause les
libertés fondamentales au moment où il
prend sa décision il a été très bleu
poudre il dit compte tenu de ce qu'on me
dit aujourd'hui bon je crois que les
choses
pour l'instant ça va sauf que à
l'audience ni la rs ni le chu n'ont
présenté de documents
le tribunal dit seulement voilà les
suzan les éléments fournis suivant les
documents fournis ils n'ont présenté ni
brune comment ni facture lieben livre y
z'ont rien du tout donc c'est en ce sens
que dès hier dès lundi matin
nous avons envoyé un courrier au
directeur du centre hospitalier copie au
préfet à l'aérés c est tout ce qui s'en
suit ou leur demander de nous fournir
tous les bons de commande relatifs à eux
mêmes qu'ils ont passé que ce soit pour
les médicaments pour le traitement que
ce soit pour les tests que ce soit vos
les machines qu'ils ont qu'ils ont
recommandé de nous envoyer des bons de
commande de nous envoyer les mots de
livraison si ces machines là sont déjà
arrivées de nous donner également copie
du protocole qu'ils ont mis en oeuvre
pour prendre en charge les patients aux
victimes neuf suivant les
recommandations de l'institut hospitalo
universitaire de marseille et de nous
envoyer tout ça tout ça et on a fait ça
dans le
des personnes que l'on peut faire dans
le cadre des rapports entre
l'administration et les citoyens dans ce
courrier officiellement a été reçue par
la direction du chu dès lundi matin
avoir commandé accusé déception et par
et pas aux mails et d'ailleurs la télé
publique a même femme qui voit pas otage
tout ça parce que c'est nos ce que nous
attendons c'est quoi mon prof a aussi au
papier que ce qu'ils ont dit devant le
conseil d'état ils l'ont réellement fait
et que surtout on puisse bien acté que
c'est seulement maintenant qu'il le faut
et alors que tout le monde attend un pic
de la contamination
ça veut dire qu'ils achètent des tests
il commet des tests mais vu la pénurie
de tests sous le marché mondial de ce
jeudi les américains achètent tous les
tests sous le marché mondial on n'est
pas sûr de voir si tesla
donc on est dans une situation grave
très grave parce que nos autorités
politiques et sanitaires
la direction du chu la rs le préfet
n'ont pas anticipé aucune anticipation
du bricolage pourtant et pour cacher ce
bricolage et bien on continue à
culpabiliser oui et même le conseil
d'état dit qu'ils ne se n'attend pas en
fin d'année il n'y a pas d'atteinte aux
libertés fondamentales
mais à terme il y va y avoir des avis au
droit à la vie et à la santé
tout à fait même sans attendre à terme
parce que quand on fait une comparaison
aidant devant le conseil d'état notre
avocat a fait la démonstration
le premier cas si on vient en france le
24 janvier ce sont ce sont les trois
touristes chinois
le premier dessert c'est le 14 février
22 jours plus tard le 14 février c'est
l'un des trois touristes chinois
89 ans voilà le premier cas en
guadeloupe
c'est le 12 mars le premier décès le 19
mars sept jours 22 jours d'abord et non
après 22 jours après 28 jours
donc en france après 22 jours ils ont un
décès et douze contamination mais nous a
pris 22 jours on en était à sept dessins
et centra contamination donc il n'y a
pas photo nous sommes nous sommes donc
dans une accélération du processus de
contamination et et de et de décès liés
au virus est petit on ne sait pas non
plus les chiffres qui sont publiés ce
sont les gens qui décèdent à l'hôpital
mais quid des personnes qui marchent et
elle est d'accord parce qu'en fin de
compte le disco le discours de la haine
c'est quoi si vous avez de la fièvre
si vous avez des courbatures et bien
vous appelez votre médecin vous êtes
sûrement atteint ducobu 19 le médecin
vous deviez b et appuie on vous dira
vers l'autriche et vous et si vous avez
des problèmes respiratoires graves fait
le 15
aujourd'hui que ce soit l'institut
hospitalo universitaire de marseille que
ce soit des médecins et autres tout le
monde dit qu'il ne faut pas arriver à la
bécasse respiratoires bien sûr mais
paralysé alors quand on voit que dans le
décret du 23 du 23 mars et le 25 on dit
premièrement en encadre l'utilisation du
traitement préconisé par le professeur
raoul et deuxièmement on dit aux
médecins qu'il faut prescrire
secrètement uniquement dans les cas les
plus sévères lorsque la personne et à
l'animation
moi je ne suis pas médecin mais moi je
me dis mais si ce médicament là c'est un
médicament qui peut sauver
pourquoi attendre qu'ils soient à
l'antique de la mort pour le lui donner
est ce qu'on est en train de jouer à la
roulette russe
mais qu'est-ce qui se passe donc là il
ya il ya beaucoup de compréhension
on a beaucoup d'incompréhension dans ce
que fait le gouvernement l'a évincé le
préfet et un final cocotte cette
incompréhension nous fait bien
comprendre que nous avons face à nous
des amateurs débris couleurs
scary c'est l'espoir que tout ça ne
cache pas des velléités de faire en
sorte que ça soit un coin laboratoire
qui puisse inventer
d'ici quelques semaines nancy vival à
1500 euros alors que le traitement joue
du coude de haut alors jusqu'à laisser
l'espoir que c'est pas ça mais ça ne
m'étonnerait pas que ça soit ça parce
que dans les attitudes souvenez de
demander à elie quelle est la situation
des migrants de la dominique et de
haïkus dans ce contexte de crise
sanitaire économique
alors il n'y a pas de y'a pas il ya plus
de plus de vols réguliers
il ya un seul vol c'est un peu la france
enfin deux ou trois fois par semaine et
un vol qui fait bloc face mais il y a
aujourd'hui aucune liaison maritime
elle nie aériennes entre les îles de la
caraïbe non mais les migrantes ou en
guadeloupe
oui mais je viens j'y viens quand nous
n'avons pas le retraité mais comme un
peu comme on peut le retrouver dans
certains cas aussi à paris on a pas de
zone des migrants quelqu'un qui vient
ici un haïtien qui vient ici il en
contact même s'il allait froide estime à
hilla un combat qu'il arrive la
communauté haïtienne et à les accueillir
nous n'avons pas de personnes venant des
îles qu'ils soient dans la rue dans des
tentes ou bien dans la forêt bon
d'accord
[Musique]
nous avons des personnes qui vivent dans
la rue par exemple pas loin de notre but
voit qu'on tape it nous avons des
personnes qui vivent dans la rue et qui
sont qui continuent à avoir on va
fournis par l'oeuvre de
saint-vincent-de-paul d'accord a lancé
vincent de paul l'aube rockyou le dîner
du jour des fois le soir par faire le
week-end par le week-end
et puis je suis passé là avant hier mais
les gens sont là les gens sont là ils
sont devant le maximum ses récentes
polisson dans le quartier de
l'assainissement et ces gens là
là c'est vrai que ces gens là ils sont
ils sont surtout il ya d'autres formes
de solidarité non étatiques qui se met
en place en guadeloupe et un à part cet
exemple que tu donnes de de
l'organisation l'association
saint-vincent-de-paul
oui disons que bon dans tous les
quartiers à dans tous les quartiers les
plus vains les plombs faire des courses
pour les personnes des bras valides
il y à il ya un petit jeune qui m'a
appelé l'autre jour lui il y met en
place un ramassage va chercher des
produits locaux qu'il va livrer
directement chez les personnes à
mobilité réduite ou les personnes des
personnes âgées
et puis il ya quand même chez nous
quelque chose qui existe qui existe
depuis toujours et qui existe encore
c'est que les plus jeunes prennent soin
prennent soin des plus âgés donc tous
les to les parages et bien les enfants
les enfants s'organise vous venez en
aide aux parents âgés en suivant les
gestes barrières et donc à ma
connaissance on n'a pas de difficulté à
ce niveau là alors la créativité aussi
danser dans ces situations-là la
créativité fait un bond les gens ont
inventé en confectionner des masques
bien avant qu'elle ait les professeurs
de médecine disent qu'il faut masquer
les gens avait déjà confectionné des
masques en tissu elle vient évidemment à
sotchi aux vêtements avec fait beaucoup
beaucoup de créativité à ce niveau là
mais comme toujours beaucoup de
solidarité entre entre les gens quel
rôle jouent les mouvements sociaux est
une organisation comme la tienne ou avec
celles
avec laquelle on a travaillé par exemple
cela on travaille toujours sur la
redistribution des terres et la réforme
du foncier mais heureusement je dirais
heureusement qu'une organisation comme
j'étais j'ai avec tous les camarades qui
travaillent avec nous notamment tous les
camarades du lkp puisqu'on continue à
chevrons par ce type d'outils techniques
tout d'ailleurs
heureusement qu'on a parce qu'en fin de
compte heures le dossier de la situation
sanitaire de c'est un dossier qui est
suivi par l'ugtt est un sujet tg depuis
plusieurs années et lorsqu'on a vu ce
qui s'est passé en chine
lorsqu'on a vu ce qui s'est passé en
iran ont fait les taïwanais lorsqu'on a
vu le virus arrivé en allemagne comment
les allemands ont tout de suite pris ce
dossier là branle contre l'italie ça
nous a surpris de voir avec virulence le
virus a avancé et en france on se dit
même les dégâts ils y sont reines jouait
là ici ils voient pas que c'est quelque
chose de très grave et donc nous avons
été et février alerté alerté les
autorités sur ces questions là mais
malheureusement si vous retrouvez face à
des gens qui n'avaient aucune heure
aucune réalité aucune réalité des choses
et adam aucune réalité des choses
dis-moi l'opération résilience avec ce
porte-hélicoptères dans les eaux
caribéennes rappelle enfin moi ça m'a
rappelé tout de suite le bateau de
l'amiral robert qui était aussi dans les
guerres mondiales
oui a donc avec cette opération
résidence après les réductions des
libertés privées et publiques
nous sommes maintenant à un stade
supérieur c'est celui du contrôle sur
les corps et avec ce porte-hélicoptères
un pas de plus n'est-il pas franchie
puisque le peuple guadeloupéen et il
passe sous occupation pour des raisons
sanitaires
oui de toute façon je crois que c'est
cesser c'est une analyse qui est juste
parce que je n'ai pas de porte
hélicoptères dont on a besoin
on a besoin d'eux on a besoin de
traitement
on a besoin de lits de réanimation a
omis avec la technologie qu'il faut on a
besoin de blues jazz / blues d'office
hier de masques
voilà ce dont on a besoin et au lieu de
nous envoyer ça on nous envoie un porte
hélicoptères et un outil le
porte-hélicoptères ce n'est pas un
navire hôpital mais il sera là pour
apporter assistance au niveau des
personnes qui ne relèvent pas du
convicted 9 et pour faire les transports
sanitaires pour les envoyer mais
justement dans le stadio aller chercher
quelqu'un dans une commune aux biens à
théo d'euros à terre de bas et le
déposer à pointe à pitre
pourquoi pas sauf que si on a besoin
d'hélicoptères à fort de france ou bien
marigot à saint martin ou bien et
gustave ya à saint barthélémy ou bien
grand mot de margalla ou bien à la
désirade
je rappelle que la guadeloupe c'est un
archipel de ces îles habitées et que la
la la saint-barthélemy et saint-martin
sont au nord de la guadeloupe et que la
maraude ciné qui impute 200 kilomètres
au sud et que la lituanie à 2500 km
comment on fait comment on fait pour
faire du transport sanitaire des plus
petites îles vers le chu de pointe à
pitre
quand le bateau le bateau mère il est à
fort-de-france à margaux bien à qui cela
via ou bien aux loges de cayenne c'est
impossible dans ce football fkl deuxième
chose que ça m'inspire c'est encore une
fois nous donner l'illusion entre guinée
que la mère-patrie seuil 1 et
bienveillant sur ses enfants
mais au final le cotc simplement pour
nous rappeler que dans ces heurts
troublant mais nous avons l'oeil du
fusil sur vous tenez vous tranquilles je
n'ai pas que des analyses que tu fais à
travers cette question allait juste est
ce que tu penses est-ce que tu je me
suis aussi demandé compte tenu de la
velléité des états unis de mettre des
bateaux
autour des navires ou face à au
venezuela je me suis aussi demandé si
cette tout d'un coup ce désir d'envoyer
un porte-hélicoptères n'était pas en
quelque sorte de créer une base arrières
au cas où mme koné prenait fonde
appétence l'appétence de la france pour
suivre toutes les politiques les plus
des plus meurtrières de la photo est
possible tout est possible parce qu'on
le voit bien c'est trompeur homme décide
d'envoyer enfin il passe sont à déclarer
la guerre à l'iran à cuba et aux états
unis
je crois que trump il a mieux à faire
aujourd'hui il a mieux à faire de
personnes tous les jours mais je crois
que il s'était dit que le venezuela va
être complètement disloqué sous le plan
sanitaire les le peuple sera dans la rue
un héros ce donc là il loi juste à leur
dire vous voulez que je vienne est bien
investi la voilà c est que tu me
demandait de venir doc vous voilà sur
quoi ils jouent et malheureusement le
corona virus a déjoué ce plan là mais
aujourd'hui à tous ses bateaux et ferait
mieux de les utiliser pour aider pour
aider sa population qui en train de
mourir un peu partout tous les jours et
pour que ça c'est une première chose
deuxièmement on voit le rôle jouez pas
au tuba fissure au venezuela aujourd'hui
jamais on a deux on a des contacts assez
régulier avec le consul du venezuela
dans la farine et que nous explique
aujourd'hui ils ont comme toutes les
îles de la caraïbe tous les pays
d'accueil et des difficultés par rapport
aux na'vis maison au sol est des
médecins chinois et des médecins
vénézuéliens qui savait cubain par oddo
qui sont sur place et qui leur donne un
très bon coup de main avec des moyens
supplémentaires pour enrayer et anti gay
cette pandémie
aujourd'hui ils ont ils sont dans une
situation qui va entre guillemets
moyenne classique moyenne
comme tous les autres styles de la
caille là on voit qu'il ya une réelle
difficulté d'un accueil haut niveau il
faudrait 20 ans et demi et s'est
accélérée
on voit que tant bien que mal au niveau
d'haïti mais le service sanitaire est
bien avec un truc qu'il faut bien
comprendre c'est un haïti ils ont
commencé à faire de l'information sous
locaux aux navires us avant l'arrivée du
porte-avions dans la faille dès qu'ils
ont vu ce qui se passait en europe après
la chine et l'iran ils ont commencé à
faire des vidéos en créole pour le
peuple haïtiens leur demandant de
prendre un certain nombre de précautions
de geste baryal cité daksi teva par
rapport à l'arrivée du codaf use donc
des pays qui sont en difficultés
économiques et sociales mais qui ont eu
la présence d'esprit et et puis la
clairvoyance mais le bon sens le bon
sens d'aller au thé la population très
tôt par exemple que 195 à l'heure
actuelle voilà donc le en guadeloupe des
informations dans notre langue
maternelle rue curiol n'ont été
diffusées à la population après le
système quasiment la seule information
qu'on avait incité informations qu avait
eu ce là les volumes air et un message
venu de paris et puis confiné vous je
suis désolé vous dites à quelqu'un de 80
ans qui vit dans la campagne dans le
nord grande terre ou dans le nord
basse-terre confiné vous et vous dis
mais de quoi vous parlez
mais jamais on a pris le temps de faire
une véritable communication en direction
de la population
tu as parlé d' a eu un entretien de
révolution récemment là où tu parlais
justement d'une gestion colonne la crise
oui bon tu viens de dire un peu les
formes que ça prend en guadeloupe
mais est-ce que tu ne penses pas que
cette gestion coloniale
elle est due justement au fait que les
afrodescendants les racisées ne compte
sont absolument invisible pour le
pouvoir blanc qui nous gouvernent et qui
s'occupe de cette crise
mais c'est la réalité elle est là et moi
je ris je me sens en disant je le fais
au château ce faux que les fruits
aujourd'hui les choses sont très claires
ma foi et ses amis mof aux français à
plus forte raison nous tout ce qui se
passe dans la colonie c'est de la faute
des colonisés on a qu'à voir
est-ce que pas trop non est-ce qu'on
pourrait pas plutôt dire que macro se
fiche complètement fin le gouvernement
macro et mâcon lui-même se fiche
complètement du peuple et
particulièrement des invisibles ne des
pauvres des pros mais ça ça va encore
plus loin
ça va encore plus loin parce qu'en fin
de compte mccaw et ses amis sont
d'utiliser le cône à virus comme éteint
comme une arme de guerre
parce que là quand on voit les mesures
qui accompagnent les mesures sous les
restrictions le déplacement les mesures
sur les restrictions des libertés
fondamentales
les mesures restrictions au niveau des
droits sociaux pour les travailleurs et
les syndicats d'accord quand on cumule
tout ça on se voit bien on voit bien
qu'on est en train de
ce sont des mesures qui agissent après
la guerre mais sauf que là les bâtiments
sont toujours intacts les ordinateurs
sont toujours intactes et ono de
l'accord national
on va demander aux syndicats et aux
travailleurs pas de vagues et c'est
comme si on était on était dans un reset
du système capitaliste et evo loyalistes
une fois mise à zéro et on repart de
plus belle pour les 50 ans à venir
or en finale de compte ces gens-là
conjointement 10 matt imac mais immat
parce qu'ils ont une stratégie est la
leur dette
et cette stratégie s'est redonné du
souffle au système capitaliste et
colonialiste pour qu'ils puissent
repartir de plus belle pour les 50 fois
pour les saints les 100 prochaines
années
et donc c'est pour ça qu'il est c'est
pour ça que pour revenir sur ta question
précédente
c'est pour ça que ce qu'un syndicat
comme les jets tg a toute sa place dans
ce débat là il s'agit pas de critiquer
pour critiquer mais il s'agit de type
non moment il ya des choses qui doivent
être faites pour sauver le maximum de
personnes et ces choses là passe par le
renforcement des moyens
le renforcement des services publics
voilà et l'arrêt du démantèlement du
service public les moyens en personnel
en finance et cetera en logistique pour
faire face à cette pandémie et c'est
pour ça que dans les entreprises nous
avons demandé à tous nos camarades qui
sont entre guillemets obligés de
travailler dans des secteurs essentiels
il vous faut avoir au minimum les
équipements de sécurité de base les
masques les gants ce qu'il faut pour
quoi vous puissiez travailler
si vous n'avez pas ça toi de votre droit
de retrait parce qu'à part du moment
vous a tapé sur ce virus mais vous ne
savez pas parce qu'on dit ils attaquent
principalement les personnes âgées ou
bien les personnes qui ont des
pathologies annexes et beynost il ya un
petit de cinq ans qui va aux états unis
en angleterre
une petite fille de 12 ans d'origine
africaine qui est mort en belgique et il
ya un jeune de 28 ans et qui m'ont enfin
si les lits d'hôpitaux sont remplis de
gens qui entraîne des morts aux etats
unis aux états unis voilà donc le virus
si il peut tuer tout le monde même si
même si il est particulièrement virulent
chez les personnes âgées ou des
personnes qui ont des pathologies
annexes en quoi ce type de questions de
gestion s'inscrit dans une trajectoire
historique du rapport de la métropole à
la guadeloupe
et y at il d'autres exemples afin d
exemple de pandémies non mais je parle
de la conséquence je crois que l'état
français l'état français on est on est
on est on est dans une
les conséquences sont les mêmes que si
on est dans une guerre dans une vraie
guerre alors une vraie guerre avec des
bombes et des mots ça veut dire vous
repartez sur le plan économique et
social br vous repartez quasiment à zéro
et ce que va faire le gouvernement et ce
qu'est en train de faire le gouvernement
c'est le chercher a dit aubert
mettons nous tous ensemble c'est ce qu'a
ouvriers kapitalis chefs d'entreprises
élus mettons nous tous ensemble pour
reconstruire le pays et démantelé
toujours un peu plus
voilà d'accord et donc non revendiquée
pas et puis un bon et puis on va trouver
des syndicats pour 0,10 d'accord mais
non on l'a déjà dit non et j'étais j'ai
pas d'accord pas d'accord et donc nous
allons continuer à en revendiquer mais
continue à revendiquer quand c'est notre
rôle de dire non cette situation ce
n'est pas de notre faute
ce ne sont pas les travailleurs qui
doivent en payer le prix
rappelons nous rappelons nous des
manifestations de gilet jaune dans les
pressions contre les gilet jaune
rappelons les mobilisations contre la
réforme des retraites la répression
comme téléphone de retraite et de nous
dire qu'il faut 25 milliards pour
équilibrer le régime de retraite et que
de toutes les façons falloir tout celui
des 25 milliards et même pas une semaine
après le début de la pandémie
monsieur le maire trouve près de 5
milliards ou les entreprises
on se fout de la gueule de qui donc
c'est pour ça que nous disons autre
thème de la santé d'ailleurs et rien te
fais tout à fait donc
donc c'est pour ça que nous disons au
travail et au non
la lutte continue nous le coronavirus
est un mauvais moment à passer
nous devons faire attention faire les
gestes barrière prendre les précautions
d'usagé et cetera et cetera et cetera
mais surtout pas mettre nos
revendications dans nos poches
non ce que cherche le système
capitaliste et colonialiste
c'est bien évidemment nous terroriser
nous terroriser et nous domestiqué et
donc il est hors de question que nous
étions ni à la terreur ni hao tentative
de domestication
c'est d'ailleurs pas pour rien que le
porte-hélicoptères qui arrive dans vos
biens c'est une aberration résilience il
annonce en fait de résilience qui est
fait à tout le monde pour ne pas
contester les décisions qui ont pas fait
tout à fait et donc oui ccpo non-dits
aux quelque part de toutes les façons
les chaussures comme ça
je ne pouvons pas être autrement donc
tous mettons nous en sommes et bien
évidemment celui ou celle qui osera dire
autre chose que ce discours là mais il
sera mis au pilori
comme on dit enfin en français le cloud
qui déplace appelle le marteau et ça me
fait penser aux discours après les les
attentats en france
absolument ouais c'est soit vous étiez
charlie soit vous étiez pas joli ça
faisait tient un potentiel terroriste
voilà dans là parce que il vous était
charlie et si vous osiez dire que vous
n'étiez pas joli même si vous condamniez
et les attentats mais vous étiez un
potentiel terroriste à on est en train
petit à petit de chercheurs s'acheminer
vers ce discours-là de ce discours à ce
soit vous êtes pour la compote nationale
et la résilience mais autrement
vous êtes quelqu'un que vous êtes un
mauvais vous êtes en train de critiquer
la nation alors que nous devons être
dans une conformation talent pour la
résurrection
non non non non non que chacun système
capitaliste qui nous fait qu'ils nous
tuent voilà voilà la série z il est tout
à fait et donc nous ont dit très
clairement non on n'est pas dans cette
logique là du tout du tout du tout du
tout il est hors de question que tout ça
se fasse sur le dos des travailleurs
donc par exemple notre mode autres
poules
l'histoire des cons gilles afférents
sauteurs en prennent des congés dans le
cadre des fermetures d'entreprise ou
bien du confinement chez nous le mot
donne
il est très simple confinement oui mais
on ne touche pas aux congés les
travailleurs euros les congés les
travailleurs soient ils sont également
afin soit le confinement est également
payé par l'employeur ou au pire ou le
salarié est en congé maladie mais les
eaux de question que nous puissions paie
quoi que ce soit parce qu'aujourd'hui on
voit bien arriver on voit bien arriver
monsieur le maire et ses amis et c'est
encore une fois passé le droit syndical
casser les droits sociaux et au nom de
cette concorde nationale hébert et bbb
mettons nous en sommes patronat salariés
syndicats ils étaient tous eu avant
voilà et tous ceux
gdg ils vont avoir qui vont avoir un
disque ou au contraire ce sont les
érotiques de la nation mais ça on est
habitué on va on va on a su en assume
très bien ce rôle là bas niveau blême ce
détricotage sait déjà ce qu'il avait
fait avec le code du travail qu'ils ont
sabré il a fait un justicier au nom
aucune national économique de tout mais
à le sabre est encore plus et bien et
pourquoi pas ne pas faire comme après
les lois d'urgence après les attentats
aux formes et les joies les doigts
d'urgence au droit commun absolument oui
parce que là là ils prennent des
décisions
ils prennent des décisions au nom de
l'urgence sanitaire et quel temps
quelques mois un litre en somme c'est
une charge sanitaire at war commun ils
l'ont déjà fait ils sont tous parlaient
de deux il ont déjà avec les lois
d'urgence rogner considérablement les
libertés publiques et privées et là avec
cette crise sanitaire
il ajoute un pas supplémentaire c'est le
contrôle des corps et ça c'est quelque
chose
les corps contre un tout compte fait
c'est quelque chose de nouveau mais qui
va certainement rester et qu'un jour ou
l'autre pour x raisons économiques et
parce que le système en aura besoin
le système capitaliste libéral en aura
besoin on va se retrouver avec des
contraintes de décors tout à fait enfin
tout à fait et notre jour que le
gouvernement il à avenches de façon
subtile
il fait en sorte que trois mêmes
citoyens
confiné oppressé et opprimé par
l'absence de décision où les volumes et
les mauvaises décisions qui relèvent de
sa responsabilité mais arrives à te pour
ces trois mêmes a demandé plus de
répression plus de deux au film en est
donc c'est en ce sens que c'est
particulièrement vicieux et
machiavélique aujourd'hui mais il ya des
gens qui font qu'ils vendaient au hockey
nous sommes d'accord pour la restriction
des des libertés fondamentales à ce que
et puis même dénoncé leurs voisins qui
est sorti pour aller faire un petit truc
au bord du chemin pendant ces minutes
on va arriver à ça va alors que la
première est la première responsabilité
de la situation dans laquelle nous
sommes
c'est l'étape vous imaginez cinquième
puissance mondiale
vous n'avez pas de masque et c'est
aujourd'hui que vous commandez les
masses de la cinquième puissance
mondiale
vous vous êtes dans le dans le g7 à rome
à davos tous les ans avec trump et des
autres et vous n'avez pas être obligés
de commander des tests vous est la
cinquième puissance mondiale vous n'avez
pas de respirateur etc les allemands
comment ils font alors comment ils font
les allemands le voisin d'à côté comment
il a fait eh bien non mais il n'a pas
démanteler son système de santé et il
anticipé il anticipé il a équipé aussi
bien les laboratoires privés que publics
que les vétérinaires des matériels
dernier cri pour faire les analyses qui
s'est organisée pour faire des milieux
de test chaque jour la france faisait
appel à peine mille tonnes par jour
alors que la corée du sud faisait 24 min
par jour et aujourd'hui on attend des
vents qui nous dit oui ici la fête du
mois d'avril on arrivera à faire ces
quatre mille tests c'est pas maintenant
mais bien évidemment mieux vaut tard que
jamais à nous aimer tonnes/an nous aimer
atom cette phrase-là à chauffer on
aurait dû entendre cette phrase dans
janvier et éviter des situations
dramatiques tout à fait est bon et on
comprend bien que sept gouvernements de
bricoleur parce que comment pouvez vous
expliquer que la ministre de la santé
madame buzet à l'époque mais un plein
tomates duo kona views on la voit à
l'amérique paris qu'est ce que c'est que
ça c'est comme s'ils veulent tuer un
général tu es général à bonn un abandon
de poste en parce que c'est une
désertion ou bien cesser la cour
martiale je sais pas non mais non pour
moi non ces gens là n'ont pas pris la
mesure de la et de la situation et jose
carlos et lé sport qui sont simplement
entre eux et qui met une bonne des
propos idiots au commode et pas plus que
ça
tu disais dans un entretien que si les
guadeloupéens recouvrait une pleine
souveraineté sur leurs terres et ça nous
intéresse particulièrement avec le
travail qu'on fait depuis plusieurs
années la crise ne serait pas gérer de
cette façon
comment selon moi un gouvernement
souverain gèrerait cette crise
eo2 à répondre et aux problèmes sociaux
rencontrés par le peuple guadeloupéen
mais nous sommes dans une situation
désastreuse
toutes les décisions doivent être prises
et validé par paris avant je suis désolé
toutes les îles de la caraïbe
dès qu'ils ont vu pointer le virus aux
états unis ou bien un peu partout dans
le monde
ils ont commencé à prendre des décisions
sur les restrictions dans l'eau au port
et dans leurs aéroports et mettre en
place des contrôles
vous allez regarder la liste des
différents pays de la grève et c'est le
plus petit que nous d'ailleurs
vous allez vous verrez le nombre de cas
est le nombre de décès eh bien nous
sommes devant le nombre de cas et un
nombre de décès sauf sauf porto rico je
crois et et santo domingo mais autrement
toutes les îles de la caille qui ont
pris des mesures de restriction
frontières de contrôles sanitaires aux
frontières et ben tout c est là ont des
taux beaucoup plus bas que l'on sait le
bon sens c'est le bon sens suez une île
donc tu es vulnérables la première chose
que tu fais tu dois contrôler les
entrées et les sorties sur un territoire
aux lorsque nous avons mal joué c'est
pour ce à quoi tous ces jours ci on a
fait beaucoup de courrier le 27 février
en aiguille au préfet à la rs et aux
autorités en leur dit écoutez tu as
quelqu'un et décide de semaine on en
aura les premiers cas il faut absolument
mettre un contrôle sanitaire sur le pop
soul ayo pour rien du tout on a vu des
milliers de personnes descendent des
bateaux prendre le bateau et descendre
du bateau notamment venant d'italie et
boules pour les croisiens
m a été fait pour ni arrêter les
croisières ni contrôler tous ces gens là
sur le plan sanitaire et comme je le
disais précédemment cerise sur le gâteau
on organise la campagne électorale et en
organise les élections municipales donc
un pays normal alors un une guadeloupe
indépendante et souveraine non entre
guillemets jamais on nous ait fait une
telle accumulation de bêtises et donc en
finale le compte le mot note du préfet
cité de nous répéter inlassablement ce
que disait pas barria 10,1 pour
l'instant on ne ferme pas les yeux pour
vraiment fait pas les impôts pour
l'instant on ne ferme pas le
bon pour l'instant eh bien on fait les
élections donc tout ce que paris dit on
obéit au doigt et à l'oeil
sauf que paris est à 7000 km et que la
guadeloupe est un archipel t-il été et
je veux insister sur ça parce que j'ai
vu quelque chose de très intéressant
notamment dans le contexte lorsque c'est
l'une des régions où le rap et le
personnel soignant très sollicité on a
vu des des malades acheminés vers la
suisse on a vu des malades acheminés
vers l'allemagne
et pourtant touché autant touchés on a
vu des malades prennent le tgv pour
aller de l'autre côté de la france
notamment à bordeaux on a vu les
hélicoptères transportant des malades
dans d'autres villes on a vu des groupes
à hauteur de l'armée de l'air
transportait des malades dans d'autres
régions de la france on a vu également
un bateau militaire aller chercher des
malades en cause ou les emmener à
marseille mais nous on n'ira nulle part
on ne va nulle part
la guadeloupe et a eu sept mille
kilomètres de la france c'est pas
dominique que nous irons ils ont leurs
problèmes à gérer c'est pas à cuba et au
venezuela comme na ils ont leurs
problèmes à gérer et donc encore une
fois les politiques mises en oeuvre en
france à paris et à bruxelles ne
tiennent nullement compte de notre
réalité et politique ni économique ni
sociale ni culturelle ni historique et
c'était là exigeant et donc c'est pour
ça que pour nous ce moment le
confinement doit être également un
moment de réflexion de réflexion sur nos
modes de vie notre de réflexion sur
notre notre relation avec la france
et pour bien bien pour que nous
puissions dire qu'un certain moment il
faut absolument que nous puissions
prendre en main notre destinée à
aujourd'hui
aujourd'hui les décisions qui viennent
de paris ne sont pas des décisions qui
tienne compte du bon sens et de la
réalité politique économique et sociale
culturelle historique dans nos
différents pays
écoute
tu as quelque chose à ajouter ben
simplement le dire à tout le monde de
faire attention de prendre faire
attention puisque au début on nous
disait les mars ses pas ne sais pas
c'est pas utile l'académie de médecine
il faut mettre de masse comme les
coréens les chinoises
je crois aussi que le temps en temps il
faut écouter ce que disent les chinois
et les coréens
ouais surtout dans des situations comme
ça qu'ils ont à affronter qu'ils ont
déjà affrontées dans le passé donc de
faire très attention et de prendre soin
des personnes âgées de les mettre à
l'abri
et puis surtout de continuer à exiger
dans les entreprises vont mettre des
moyens de sécurité exigé que le
gouvernement met à disposition les
moyens les tests le les démasquer tous
qu'il faut parce qu' il ne peut pas
avoir de déconfinement sans moyens sans
moyens parce que autrement c'est la
deuxième manche la deuxième manche du
virus la vie oui s'il est là il attend
une chose est sûre pendant leur
confinement va y avoir une stabilisation
est peut-être une baisse du nombre de
cas puisque les relations sociales et en
diminue automatiquement les contacts
sont diminués les contaminations deux
vrais de vrais le nombre de
contaminations deux suivent mais ça ne
veut pas dire que le viol n'est pas là
donc continuer à exiger qu'ils aient des
masques qui est des blues qui est des
gantiers des moyens qui est des
traitements des traitements notamment
ceux de l'institut ensuite à
l'universitaire de moselle et qui est
des tests des tests et des moyens
justement ça ne peut aller ça doit aller
avec avec le de confinement est
aujourd'hui étant donné que le
gouvernement n'a pas été clairvoyants
n'a pas tout ça il maintient le
confinement et continue à culpabiliser
les citoyens espérons espérons que cette
crise sanitaire économique sociale grave
pour notamment pour l'ensemble du monde
est pour
nos territoires le colonisé toujours
colonisés espérant que ce sera peut-être
aussi un moyen de faire prendre
conscience aux gens qu'il est très très
important et encore plus peut-être
maintenant et après cette crise de
lutter pour le droit à la souveraineté
sur nos terres pas seulement alimentaire
mais aussi tout concrètes sur l'internet
au mot territoire tout à fait tout à
fait d'autres fashion c'est quelque
chose qu'il faut qu'il faut avoir en
ligne de mire est peut-être passé le
braquet supérieur pour lutter lutter
vraiment de fortes de forte manière
contre ce colonialisme qui n'a jamais
cessé de nous tuer dans ces territoires
dans cette ère est contre ce système
capitale le libéral qui assassine en
fait qui assassine fait doucement
pendant bien à décider de qui va mourir
dans les dents les autres par manque de
moyens c'est le summum enfin c'est une
des étapes supplémentaires de l'horreur
de ce quelques procure que provoque le
capitalisme libéral d'affaires tout à
fait et puis pour revenir à l'une de tes
questions initiales
c'est peut-être aussi le change de la
puissance du dixmude la nauze aux
écoutes merci elie hockey la fondation
est heureux tant que remercie
profondément c'est moi vers toi après ok
ça dépend de combien de temps c'est dur
et je vais le lire en créole en ou
continuer lutter oui sa great oeuvres à
la gay et nous confiner mais nous pas
condamnés nous confie ne pas consigner
lite est absolument nous lutter et pas
money toujours tous les goûts ok à
bientôt
| YoutubeSubtitles |
The biggest game-changers in the last
decade have been smart devices and the
internet for sure. Can you even think of
a time when we didn't have those? And as I
look to the future it will be more data
across more platforms. So think about
communication and images and how we
commute will be different and even how we
make purchases will be different. And all of
that world will explode and it's super exciting.
for me it has really been
following my intuition and that came
about by reinventing myself. So I was
in finance and now i'm in technology
sales and so the courage and the
persistent curiosity and questions is
really what led me to do that. And as
technology changes so fast I do think
that is a key ingredient in success.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
[MUSIC PLAYING]
DAVID J. MALAN: So odds are you
use a computer most every day,
but you might not necessarily think
of yourself as a computer person.
Something goes wrong, you don't
necessarily know how to fix it.
And if you actually want to solve
some problem using technology,
the whole world of
technology, and computing,
and algorithms and all of that
might seem all quite foreign.
So much so that you can't
necessarily feel like you're
making an informed decision.
Well, that's just because the
technology that we all use around us
is kind of working at this level.
Whereby there's so many
people who have come
before us that have invented this
level, and this level, and this level,
and this level.
And so what we'll do here is try
to start from that ground level up.
And indeed, at the base of all
computing, do we really have,
as we'll see, just zeros and ones?
And that's probably something you
know, at least, generally speaking.
But it turns out once you
go have zeros and ones,
can you very quickly go to text?
Can you go to graphics?
Can you go to videos?
Can you go to spreadsheets?
Can you go to so much more?
But again, that's the
world we now inhabit.
But let's now build
ourselves up to that point,
so that you actually begin
to look around yourselves
and realize, oh, I understand
now, what's going on.
And to do that, let's consider this,
computational thinking, which really
refers to thinking computationally.
Thinking more methodically,
thinking more carefully,
and somehow framing all problems in
the world as a sequence of steps.
And those steps are quite simply,
input comes in, and output goes out.
And what's in between
those inputs and outputs
we'll eventually describe as
something called algorithms,
but for now, let's just consider
it to be this black box.
We don't know, we don't care
what's going on inside there.
All that we care is that we get
back a correct output or a solution
to a problem.
But how do we go about representing
those inputs and outputs?
If our problem at hand is to analyze
a whole bunch of financial data,
a whole bunch of numbers
in a spreadsheet,
how can we actually sum
all of those numbers
together, or perform some other
arithmetic calculation on them?
If we instead have a really big
document, a contract of some sort.
And we want to make sure that
it is properly spellchecked?
Well, the input there
isn't numbers, but is
all of the words and
letters in that document.
And the output, we hope,
is a document without all
of those little red squigglies.
We want a correctly spelled document.
So those are just some of the problems
that you might experience most any day,
but underneath the hood, there's
quite a bit of complexity going on.
But that complexity,
it turns out, is just
the result of layering, pretty
simple ideas, one on top of another.
But in order to get to that
point in the discussion,
we need to somehow represent these
inputs, these numbers, these letters,
whatever it is that we have at hand.
And to do that, we're
going to use binary.
Now odds are you've probably heard
that computers indeed only speak
or understand zeros and ones.
But how can that possibly be, when they
can do so much today, whether they're
on our desktops, or laptops or even
our mobile phones in our pockets,
if all you have at the end
of the day is zeros and ones?
How could you possibly count to two, let
alone three, or four, or four billion,
let alone representing any
number of other types of media
that computers today understand?
Well, odds are you
recognize in this word here,
this prefix, bi, bi meaning two,
and indeed that hints at the fact
that you only have two letters
in your alphabet, so to speak.
Two digits, zero and one.
Now we humans have typically
grown up using the decimal system,
dec meaning 10.
And of course we have 0,1, 2,3,
4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 possible digits
that we can permute and arrange
to count even higher than that.
But with just zeros and ones, how do
you get to two, how do you get to three?
Well, you're thinking still in base
10, so to speak, base 10 being decimal.
But we want to think now in
base 2, so to speak, binary,
where we have just two of these inputs.
And let me propose
that if you're like me,
you probably grew up understanding
numbers as really just this pattern
of symbols like this, where each
symbol was in a column of sorts,
a placeholder, if you will.
And this, if you recall, was generally
called the ones place, and then
the tens place, and then
with the hundreds place.
And so at the moment, what we
really just have on the screen
is a pattern of symbols, a pattern
of digits, one, two, three.
But why is this pattern of
symbols, one, two, three,
the number you and I think
of immediately as 123?
Well, that's because by way of these
columns or places do we implicitly,
in our own mind, quickly
do a bit of arithmetic?
Of course, if we have one, two, three,
that's really like 100 times 1 plus
10 times 2 plus 1 times 3, and
of course that gives us 123.
So it turns out that the binary system
is actually fundamentally the same.
So if you get decimal, if you've been
counting like that since grade school,
you are good to go now with
binary, because in fact
and arguably, binary is even
simpler, because you don't even
have to keep track of so many digits.
In fact, if we consider
this pattern of symbols,
this of course, in our
human world, would generally
be immediately recognized by
us humans as the number zero.
Of course, it's a little
silly to have those
left most zeros, those
leading zeros, so to speak,
because they don't really
add much mathematically.
But that's OK.
You can put as many zeros to the
left of a number in our real world
and it doesn't really affect the value.
Now instead of using one and 10 and
100, let me just use one, two, and four.
Now why those values?
Well before, 1, 10, 100, and again
a thousand, 10,000, 100,000, and so
forth.
Those are powers of 10, 10 to the
zero is 1, 10 to the one is 10,
10 to the two is 100, and so forth.
So what pattern do you perhaps see here?
These aren't powers of 10
anymore, 1, 2, 4, an 8, 16, 32.
Now you really hear the pattern?
These are instead powers of two.
Two to the zero is one, two to
the one is two, two to the two
is four, and so forth.
So that's the only change.
By using base 10, just
two digits, zero and one,
can we still count using
the same arithmetic system.
So for instance, this of course
is still the number zero,
because we have zero fours,
and zero twos, and zero ones.
But if we instead change
this pattern to 0 0 1,
well what value does this now represent?
In the world of decimal, this
would represent the number one.
And that's true in the world of binary,
because we have 4 times 0 plus 2 times
0 plus 1 times 1, which
of course is just 1.
So how do we get to two?
You might be inclined to just
change this zero to a one,
but that would be incorrect.
That's like carrying
the one, but then not
wrapping around on the rightmost digit.
Rather, if we want to
represent the number two,
we need to come up with a
pattern that represents that.
So let me propose instead that we
don't just change that zero to a one,
but we also change that one to zero.
Because now we have 4
times 0 plus 2 times
1 plus times 0 which of course
is the number we know as 2.
And now you can perhaps
grok the pattern at hand.
If we want to count up to
the number we know as three,
let's just change that
rightmost one to a one.
So that's four times 0 plus
2 times 1 plus 1 times 1.
That of course is three.
Four is perhaps jumping out at you now.
We just change that zero to a one, and
then the other two digits to zeros.
And now if we want to count up to
five, or to six, or to seven, or to--
dang it, what's supposed to come next?
It would seem that in the binary
system, we can only count as high as--
what, seven?
And that's a little strange, because
of course, we started at zero,
we counted here up to seven, but surely
computers can count higher than that.
And that's fine, just
need another digit.
Much like if we wanted to count from
999, in our human decimal world,
up to a thousand, which has four digits.
Similarly here, do we
need another digit?
We need an eights place,
and so we could represent
the number we know as eight
with one, zero, zero, zero.
But the key here is that
we needed another digit.
To put it more mechanically,
we needed more hardware.
We needed another physical place,
at least in this depiction,
to actually store that one.
And now we begin already to hint at a
connection between this digital world
of zeros and ones, and the hardware
world in which it's typically
incarnated.
And by that, I mean, we
need to decide, ultimately,
how and where to store
patterns like this.
And you know the nice thing about
binary only having two values,
is that that effectively,
means you have just two states.
And you might think of these two
states as something being on,
or something being off.
And maybe we might think of something
being on as a one, and something being
off as a zero.
And so just with two states,
can we have these two extremes.
And maybe it's not on or off, maybe
it's true, or false, or black, or white,
or red, or blue.
It doesn't even matter what
we call the two states,
the key is that we have two of them.
And you know In the physical
world, the simplest thing
I can think of to turn on and off,
is perhaps something like this.
Just a light bulb.
This here's a little
desk lamp, and in fact,
if I go ahead and clip
this on here, and let
me plug this into an
electrical outlet so that I'm
getting some additional input if
you will, electricity or electrons,
this lamp right now I claim is
representing the number zero.
It's completely off, and I'm just going
to agree, to agree with you, that this
shall represent zero.
But you know what, if I want to
represent a one in the physical world,
just going to turn it on.
And so now we have something that's
on, or true, we'll call that a one.
Zero, one.
Of course, we're not really
counting all that high just yet.
If I want to count higher than
zero to one, to something higher,
I'm going to need another light bulb.
I'm going to need more hardware,
more memory, if you will,
in the world of computers.
So let's actually now give
myself a second zero or one.
Plug this thing in here.
Give it some electricity as
well, which again, is really
one of the few physical
resources we have in a computer,
whether it's coming from
a power cord or a battery.
And so now, if I want to represent
the number zero, here we are.
But I'm doing it really with zero zero.
This now is going to be one, this now
is going to be two, and this, of course,
is going to be three.
And let's not stop there.
Why have two desk lamps when
you can have three desk lamps.
If we instead make a little
more room for here, and we
want to instead now count
not just as high as three.
Let me go ahead and plug-in
this third and final desk lamp,
and go ahead and turn this on.
And of course, we instantly
go from three to--
not quite instantly because
you have the hands--
to the number four.
And so forth.
So what's now the connection
between the digital
and the sort of analog
world of light bulbs,
and the physical world of computers?
Well inside of a computer is a whole
bunch of tiny, tiny little bulbs,
so to speak.
In fact, you can think of what's inside
of your computer is exactly this.
So many little light bulbs
that are either on or off.
And thanks to those little light bulbs,
can your computer represent numbers?
Zero, one, two, three, four, as many--
as high of a number as it wants so
long as it has enough little lights.
Now of course I'm oversimplifying.
It's not actually lights that you
have inside of your computer, rather,
you have just the switches.
These switches being called in
the computing world transistors,
as you may have heard.
Indeed, one of the things that companies
like Intel are increasingly doing,
is packing more and more transistors
into their CPUs, central processing
units.
The brains of computers.
And with those additional transistors,
can they store even more values,
or equivalently can
they count even higher?
And so now, even though we
began the discussion down here
with just zeros and
ones in the abstract,
now we've made it a little
more physical, in so far
as we can represent those zeros
and ones with something physical,
drawing electricity to power
these kinds of light bulbs.
Of course, we can now
miniaturize that and consider
these light bulbs to really be, what
we'll call in the computer world,
transistors.
But at the end of the
day, even though we
have now a way of
representing information,
the zeros and ones, even
though we have a way now
of representing even bigger numbers
by using even more transistors inside
of our computer, we're still
talking only about numbers.
And with my computer I want to
do more than just use something
like Microsoft Excel.
I want to do more than
just do math on my data.
I want to actually store
things like letters, and words.
Let alone, colors, and
images, and videos, and more.
So we need to abstract higher.
So again zeros and ones, we know
how to represent it, now let's
build on top of the zeros and
ones and start to represent
something more interesting.
Something more
alphabetical, if you will.
And so this gives us ASCII,
the American Standard
Code for Information
Interchange, or more modernly
referred to as a superset of Unicode.
Turns out, human some time
ago, decided on a mapping
between letters and numbers.
Somewhat arbitrarily,
but in a way that's
convenient when it comes to actually
programming, things like this.
And this is to say that
humans time ago decided,
you know what, we are going to represent
the letter A using the decimal number
65.
Now what does that mean?
Well, this means that if your computer
is to store the letter A, or the letter
B, or the letter C, it simply
has to store ultimately
the number 65, or 66, or 67.
What does it mean to store
number like 65, 66, or 67?
Well that just means to store some
pattern of bits, some pattern of bulbs
as we did a moment ago, and turn
them on and off in such a way
that you're representing in binary,
the decimal number 65, 66, 67.
So if you think about something like
Microsoft Word or Google documents,
or any program in which you
type text, what you're really
doing by typing on the keyboard,
is sending some pattern of signals
that's telling the computer to store
not just the letter ABC per se,
but really to store the
number 65 or 66 or 67,
or really, to store the
pattern of zeros and ones
that ultimately represent
those same values.
So again, this spirit
of layering binary now
becomes ASCII, or Unicode,
something higher still.
And so with this can
we represent messages?
For instance, if I wanted to represent
a message like this, a familiar message,
there say, I might store
these three values.
72, 73, and 33.
Now what is that?
Well turns out if I look back at
this pattern here, where 65 is A,
and in tens 72 is H, and 73 is I, well
what are we really representing here?
It would seem we're
representing the pattern H I,
and then you wouldn't
know this from that chart,
but if you look at
another online reference
you'll see a 33 is an exclamation point.
So now we have the word
Hi or the exclamation Hi.
But that's in the context of a text
editor, or word processor like word.
Suppose, instead, you
were using not a text
editor, but something like
Photoshop, or MS Paint,
or some other graphical program.
Well instead, you might have
that same pattern of numbers,
or really bits at the end of
the day, but in this context,
something like Photoshop,
these numbers are
meant to be values between 0 and 255.
Turns out, long story short, that
if you have eight zeros or ones,
where zero or one, you
know what, let's just
start calling them by their formal
name bits for binary digits.
If you have eight bits, you can
count from 0 all the way up to 255.
And the quick math there
is 2 to the 8, means
you have 256 possible
permutations of zeros and ones.
So therefore, if you start counting at
zero you can count as high up as 255.
And so in the context of a graphics
program, you can think of 72 in so far
as it's not quite halfway between zero
and 255, it's a medium amount of red
and a medium amount of green.
Not too much blue.
Where zero means none of this color,
and 255 means a lot of this color.
So if you had a pattern of bits,
and in-turn numbers, stored inside
of your computer for the
purposes of a graphics program,
it's really like telling the computer
give me a medium amount of red,
give me a minimum amount of green
and just a little bit of blue,
and combine those like paint,
or like frequencies of light.,
until you get the
summation of those, really,
are the combination
really of those, which
is this murky shade here of yellow.
So again, using the
same patterns of bits,
can we represent either letters
and words and paragraphs,
or in another context all together,
could that same pattern of bits
still represent numbers, but be
interpreted not as letters and words
and paragraphs, but as colors.
If you treat each trio of 8 bits
as representing some amount of red,
some amount of green,
some amount of blue,
otherwise known as, if you've heard
the term, RGB, for red, green, blue.
So this principle of starting
simple, and gradually making
things more and more
and more complicated,
is really a principle of abstraction.
Because at this point
in the story, when we're
talking about words and paragraphs
and essays and documents,
or in another context we're
talking about images, or maybe even
movies and more, we no longer
really need to care about,
or even need to know
about, or understand,
what's underneath the
hood those zeros and ones,
because we've abstracted
away from that lower level.
And this principle of
abstraction, layering idea on idea
on idea on idea such
that you no longer need
to worry about how the lower
level ideas are implemented
is nice, because it allows
us humans to focus only
on the problems we
really care about, which
in theory are those top most problems.
The ones that are immediately at hand,
that we're building solutions to,
on the shoulders of, computer
scientists, and engineers,
and just colleagues that
have come before us.
And we don't have to
get lost in the weeds,
so to speak, of the earlier complexity.
And so this is a powerful
problem solving technique,
and indeed it's a principle that
we'll see applied ultimately
in the world of programming as well.
Now let's try something.
Speaking of abstractions,
let me encourage you
at this point to take out a piece
of paper if you have one there.
And surely, if you don't
have one right there,
surely you could pause this
video and actually go dig one up.
Grab a pencil too, or pen.
Yeah, Ill wait.
Now you could just pause this,
I can't wait all that long.
Let's assume at this point in the
story you've got that piece of paper,
and a pencil or a pen, and
let's play a little game.
I of course can't really
see what you're doing.
But I'm going to hope that you
either do or don't do what I do,
because either way it
will be instructive.
And I'm going to leverage
some abstractions here,
for better or for worse.
I want you to go ahead, and please
don't be one of those people like me
who's just following along
pretending like all right,
I have the piece of paper, I have the
pencil, this is what I would be doing.
Actually do this.
This will be kind of fun for one of
us in the end, if this works out.
Go ahead now, on that piece of paper,
with your pen or pencil, and go ahead
and just draw a circle.
OK.
All right.
And below that circle draw a square.
All set.
All right, and below that
square draw a triangle.
Now odds are, you know exactly what
I meant when I said draw a circle,
and perhaps you did a
little something like this.
Or a little more perfect
than my circle there.
And then beneath that
I said draw a square.
And you just intuitively
know what a square
is, so you might have
drawn a square like this.
And then the third thing I
said was draw a triangle.
And so you might have drawn a
triangle that looks like this.
But immediately, ant that looks
curiously like part of a jack-o-lantern
now.
But curiously, there's
some ambiguity there.
Right, a circle is kind of a circle,
but I didn't specify the radius
or diameter, so maybe yours is
bigger, maybe yours a smaller,
maybe it's over here on your paper,
maybe it's over there on your paper.
So already, these abstractions
are useful in that you immediately
knew what to draw, but you didn't
really know how to draw it.
Similarly, this square, I don't know
why I drew it a little smaller here,
but it's indeed smaller,
and it's barely a square.
But it's meant to be a square.
But there's a gap between it and the
circle, but I didn't really specify.
So there, too, the
abstraction is valuable
in that you immediately knew how to
draw a square, but not where to draw it.
Or in what size to draw it.
And lastly, the triangle,
perhaps the most,
the juiciest opportunity
for ambiguity, I
didn't tell you how to
orient that triangle.
Maybe you, instead, did
something a little different,
where your triangle
wasn't drawn like that,
with the pointy part at the bottom.
Maybe you, instead, did
something like this.
Or maybe it was somewhere
else on the paper altogether.
So now at this point in the story, you
could have followed my instructions
exactly as I described, but
we could still somehow come up
with different solutions.
And in fact, if I can now spoil
what the actual task at hand was,
this was the picture I was describing.
This picture here has
a circle, below which
is a square, below which is a triangle.
But that leaves out some key details.
And the curious thing here, is that
even though abstraction is a useful
mechanism, once you start to move away
from those implementation details,
if you will, you very quickly
realize that I don't really know what
you're telling me to do, necessarily.
And the challenge is, that computers,
as complicated or intimidating as they
might seem to you, they're
really not all that bright.
Right.
They can only do what they
are explicitly told to do.
And so if you, the human,
or you eventually perhaps,
the programmer, don't
actually specify absolutely
precisely what you want the computer--
or the human in this
case-- to do, you might not
get the output, or the correctness of
a solution, that you're hoping for.
In fact, let's try one
other, and let's see
what the other extreme might feel like.
So on that same piece of
paper, maybe on the flip side
or another sheet of paper, let's
play this game just one more time.
And this one's going
to be a little harder.
I'm going to try to tell
you exactly what to do.
So lesson learned,
that was too abstract.
Let's now drill down on
the implementation details.
OK.
So let me think like a computer
might, or I think a computer might,
go ahead and put your pen or
pencil down on the piece of paper
toward the top middle of the page.
Now from that point, move say Southwest
to halfway down the piece of paper.
So really at a 45 degree downward angle.
And then go ahead and move south
east, or a different 45 degree angle,
toward the bottom of the page.
So you've kind of sort of made
the left half of a triangle,
or not really that, 2/3 of a
triangle, two sides of a triangle.
But stay where you are.
At this point in the story your pen
is probably below your original dot.
But you've drawn two
lines that form an angle.
From where your pen now
is, draw a line Northeast,
or in an upward and
to the right 45 degree
angle, to the same height
as your previous line.
And then double back and go say
Northwest, or a different 45 degree
angle, still back to the original point.
And at this point in the story, you
have really either nothing at all,
or you have a diamond.
And therein lies a curiosity too.
I could have just said diamond,
draw a diamond, or draw a kite.
Which would be an equivalent shape.
But that too lends itself to same
ambiguity, so I drill down deeper.
But my God, it's taken us just a minute
or more just to get to this point.
And we're not done yet.
We're not drawing a diamond or a kite.
Now you have a diamond or a kite, with
a top vertex or point, a bottom one,
a left and a right.
Move your pen to the left one,
and draw a vertical line down.
Now go back to the diamond or the
kite, and on the right vertex or point,
draw similarly a vertical line down.
And now, in that original diameter kite,
at the bottom most vertex or point,
draw a vertical line down.
And now, if you followed along
with these very precise machine
instructions, you've got three vertical
lines that are just kind of dangling.
I don't even want to mislead you with
any hand gestures, three vertical lines
that are dangling, go ahead
and draw two lines that
connect the ends of those three lines.
Oh my God.
Like it's so complex to do what we just
did, and I would put money on the fact
that you did not draw correctly,
what I was trying to get you to draw,
which is just a cube.
Right, a cube is a wonderfully
simple abstraction.
A shape with which you and I
are probably long familiar,
and it's so easy to say draw a cube.
But as we saw before with the circle
and the square and the triangle,
just saying draw a cube is ambiguous.
At what angle should it be oriented?
How big should it be?
Where on the piece of
paper should it be?
And so I was trying to
be so much more precise
this time by having you put
your pen down at the top,
go down to the southwest
and draw this line,
then go down to the southernmost point
here, then another Northeasternly line,
and then a north westerly line.
And that just got us to the kite.
But the takeaway here,
is that when it comes
to making a computer
do what you want to do,
you can't just speak these abstractions.
You actually have to implement
them, or program them, or code them
at least once.
In fact, some of the earliest graphical
programs in the world of computing,
were kind of as low level as this.
There was an old programming
language called logo,
in fact, that allowed you to
program by moving a cursor,
like a turtle of sorts, up and down
and left and right on the screen.
And putting either down
or up a marker of sorts,
and that you could draw shapes like this
by just moving around on the screen.
But to draw things like this clearly,
as in our verbal example here,
you have to be so darn precise.
And it just gets so tedious so quickly.
It certainly would take all of
the fun out of using a computer,
or all the fun out of using
programming a computer, if you
had to do this every time.
But that's where there's an
ingredient here to be leveraged.
One of the things that a computer
scientist, and a programmer,
and engineers, more
generally, very often do,
is they absolutely implement these
kinds of low level details once.
They go through those very
methodical, if mundane, steps
of getting something just right.
And then they save the
instructions they wrote.
They save the programs
they wrote, if you will,
so that they can reuse them later.
And the fancy words for these
things will eventually see
are called libraries.
Or functions.
Or other names still.
So once one human in the world has
implemented a program, if you will,
with which to draw a cube, similarly
can we stand on his or her shoulders
and reuse that same routine.
And hopefully, they were clever
enough to allow us to parameterize it.
To customize it, by maybe changing
the angle and the size and the depth
and so forth.
So it doesn't just have
to be that one cube.
And so here we have a wonderfully
powerful problem solving technique.
Abstraction.
Which allows us to say what we mean,
and the rest of the humans in the room
just immediately understand-- at
least after some instruction-- what
it is we're talking about.
But with computers being these
very little literal devices,
we can only talk at those
levels of abstraction
once we've actually built up software,
implemented solutions to get us
to that point in the conversation.
And this is why, at first glance,
using a phone in your pocket
or a computer on your desk might
actually seem super, super complicated.
There's so many moving parts.
And absolutely there are.
Windows and Mac OS are
literally the result of millions
of lines of programming code these days,
having been written over the years.
And so of course it's to be expected
that you might be a little daunted
or overwhelmed by the
apparent complexity.
But one of the goals
here for this lesson,
is to really help you appreciate
that beneath all that complexity,
is a simpler idea.
And then an even simpler idea.
And then a very simple
idea, and so forth.
And so once you sort of bottom out
and understand those first principles,
zeros and ones, binary on top of which
might be Ascii or Unicode, on top
of which might be some
other encoding still,
can you resume the current
conversation and understand
that what might have looked
completely complex at first glance,
is really just the result
of assembling, if you will,
a whole bunch of pretty
simple puzzle pieces.
So at this point in the story, we now
have a way of representing information.
But now let's just stipulate.
We know how to represent information.
At the end of the day, Yeah it's
binary, And at the end of the day
you can think about it as decimal, and
maybe you're using Ascii in Unicode,
or maybe you're using
graphics, or whatever
is going on underneath the hood.
All we need to know and care
about now is that you can do it.
And we don't really have to think
too much more at that level.
Now we can resume our look
at the overarching model
at hand, which is problem solving.
We now have a way to represent
our inputs and outputs.
What then is inside that black box?
Well the buzzword du jour
these days is perhaps
algorithms, where even if you
don't necessarily know what it is
or how to make one, or how to use one
in the context of a computer program,
algorithms seem to be increasingly
the solution to all of our problems.
Well an algorithm isn't
all that complex, fancy
though the word might
sound, it's really just step
by step instructions
for solving a problem.
And those steps can be in English, or
they can be in something we'll call
pseudo code, sort of code like but
it's not really an actual language,
or can be in Java, or C,
or c++, or JavaScript,
or any number of other
programming languages.
Algorithms are, again, just sets of
instructions for solving a problem.
Well what's one such problem
we might want to solve?
Well in the real world we might have--
the real old world shall we say--
we might have a problem that once
upon a time looked like this.
A phone book with a whole lot
of pieces of paper inside of it,
on which were a whole bunch of names
and a whole bunch of telephone numbers.
And the phone book was
alphabetized from A to Z typically.
And maybe there were some other sections
like the yellow pages, or apparently
the red pages, whatever this is here.
But we'll just assume that
these are the white pages,
so to speak, with just a whole
bunch of humans names and numbers.
So suppose I want to
find one such human,
a human whom we'll call Mike Smith.
How do you go about finding
Mike Smith in this phone book?
Well I could, somewhat stupidly,
but arguably quite correctly,
start at the beginning of the book.
And I see here instructions
for calling 911.
If I move on to page two, I now
see someone's names and numbers.
But these people's
names all start with A.
And so I continue going
through the A section.
And the A section.
And then eventually I
get to the B section.
And the B section.
And the B section.
And then the Cs, and the Ds
and the Es and Fs and so forth.
And eventually, tediously but correctly,
I'll get to the Ss in the phone book.
And if I see Mike Smith here, I can now
pick up the phone and call Mike Smith.
Now no one out there, if you've
been still use this technology,
is going to have looked
up Mike Smith in that way.
You're going to fly through this
phone book far faster than I, right,
you learned probably in grade
school why count by ones
when you can count by twos?
So two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve.
Sounds faster, is faster.
It's going to get me to Mike faster,
but is it going to get to me to Mike
correctly?
I'm going twice as fast by
doing two pages at a time.
So I'm going to have
flip half as many times.
But there's actually a bug, so to
speak, a potential mistake here.
What is that?
Well in my cleverness
to get to Mike's name
twice as fast, what if I
go ever so slightly too
far, just because by bad luck, Mike
is sandwiched between two of the pages
that I so cleverly was
skimming two at a time?
Of course I'm looking at
this side, maybe this side,
but maybe Mike is in the middle.
And so it turns out with that
algorithm, that twosie approach,
am I going to have to have a
little bit of a check at the end?
Such that if I hit like the T section,
and see a name starting with T,
I better wait a minute,
let me double back,
I might need to go back at
most one page to make sure
that I didn't actually miss Mike Smith.
So at the end of the
day, it's not correct
if you naively just do
two pages at a time,
but it is correct if you
do two pages at a time,
with one final reversal by
a page, just to make sure
once you go past SMITH
in the phone book,
that you didn't accidentally
miss Mike just one page prior.
So it's still super fast, you
just need that one little check.
But still, no one out there, is going
to look up Mike Smith one page at
a time, two pages at a time.
You're going to open in the
middle of the damn phone book,
look down and see, oh, not in the S
section yet, I'm in the M section.
And so what you intuitively know
how to do since growing up perhaps,
is that you know Mike is not
in this half of the phone book.
Mike is clearly in this
half of the phone book.
And so at this point you can
figuratively-- but in our case
literally-- tear the problem in half.
Throw half of the problem
away, and be left with,
we single use phone book, and half at
that, but half the size of the problem.
So if we had 1,000 pages originally,
now maybe I've got only 500 pages.
And so I can repeat this intuition.
Jump roughly to the middle.
Darn, I'm a little too far
now, I'm in the T section.
Again, let's tear half the problem
away, throw it away as well,
and now be left with a 250 page problem,
which can now be 125 page problem.
Which is getting easier and easier
and easier, until we repeat,
repeat, repeat, repeat.
Until theoretically, we're left
with just one page in the end.
Maybe Mike's on it, maybe Mike's
not, but if he's in the phone book,
he will be on this page.
So how efficient was that.
Well if that phone book had 1,000
pages, in my first algorithm
it might have taken me what, like
700 plus steps to get to Mike?
Or in the worst case 1,000
steps, right, it's alphabetical.
But maybe it's not
Smith, maybe it's someone
with the last name that starts with Z.
In the worst case in that first phone
book, maybe it would take me 1,000
steps maximally to find Mike Smith.
Pretty slow.
What about that second algorithm
where I was going two pages at a time?
Well, with that algorithm, it's
going to take me like 500 steps
maximally to find Mike Smith.
That's twice as fast,
that's pretty good.
It's not nearly as amazing as
the algorithm we settled on.
The intuitive one, arguably,
where I divided and conquered.
I have the problem again
and again and again.
Because if I start at 1,000, and I go
to 500, then 250, then 125 and so forth,
rounding as needed, I actually
get to one page much faster.
Put another way, how many times
can you divide 1,000 in half
before you're left with
just the number one?
Well if you do the math, either
in one direction or the other,
you'll see that it's roughly ten.
In fact, if you want to pause even and
grab a calculator, or a piece of paper,
or pencil, or just think through it
in your head, you can start with 1,000
and go to 500, 125, and so forth.
And you'll eventually
hit one, after just 10--
give or take, depending
on how you round--
steps.
That's pretty powerful.
But not that big of a deal.
Right.
Ten still is like a lot of page turns.
But what about an even bigger problem.
The types of problems that Google,
and Microsoft, and Facebook,
and Oracle, and really big
companies deal with that
have lots and lots of data.
Suppose, for instance, that I'm
searching through not a phone
book, but a database.
A big program that stores
lots and lots of data.
And suppose the data that's being
stored is still names and numbers.
How much time might it take to
find someone like Mike Smith,
in a database that's got like 4 billion
names and numbers in it somehow?
Well, four billion names and numbers.
Well if we use that
first algorithm, might
take as many as four
billion steps to find
Mike Smith in a really big database.
In a really big computer
program, that's not too smart.
But if I instead use
the twosie approach,
flipping through two
database records at once,
maybe it's not 4 billion operations,
maybe it's just 2 billion.
That's good.
That's half as many operations.
But what if I use this
super clever intuition
that I kind of grew up with here, with
that divide and conquer algorithm.
Well, I can start with 4 billion
database records, go to 2 billion,
then 1 billion, then 500 million, 250
million, 125 million, and so forth.
I'm getting to one much, much faster.
In fact, I can only divide
the number 4 billion
in half, roughly 32 times total.
Again, depending kind of sort of
on how you round, but 32 times.
32 is so much smaller
than 2 billion steps.
And 32 is certainly smaller than
the original starting point,
4 billion steps.
So this is a really powerful
problem solving technique
to divide and conquer.
And here, too, even though what
computers might seem to be doing these
days is super complicated
and sophisticated--
and it is in many ways--
but some of the ideas that those
computers and the programmers who
program them are leveraging, are
actually pretty familiar to us already.
Inside of this black box might not
be something super fancy, but just
a clever adaptation of
some of your grade school
human intuition to the
context of a computer program.
Now it's one thing to talk
about algorithms, especially
if we're just spit balling it verbally.
But computers, of course,
need us to be more precise.
And they need us to state our
thoughts more methodically.
So what does this mean?
Well, let me propose that we write
some code, or really pseudocode,
for this same algorithm, where
we're looking for someone like Mike
Smith in a phone book.
And it's pseudocode because it's
not going to be Java, or c++,
or JavaScript, or anything else.
It's going to be English like syntax,
that's kind of sort of like code.
And before long, we'll see
some actual code as well.
But step zero, and just
to be playful here,
I'm not going to start counting at one,
I'm going to start counting at zero,
just because with any
number of bits, or digits,
the lowest number that I could
count with is of course zero.
Pick up phone book is the
first thing that I did.
One, open to the middle
of the phone book
is the second thing I did in
that third and final algorithm.
Look at the names was the next thing I
did, looking down at that phone book.
And then if Smith is
among names, and notice,
this is semantically different
from those first three steps,
because this expression starts with if.
So this is kind of like the
proverbial fork in the road,
if Smith is among the
names, let's do this.
What do we want to do?
Call Mike, that's great.
Otherwise, or else if Mike
is earlier in the book,
let's go a different direction instead.
Let's instead open to the middle of
the left half of the book, all right.
So that would be the left half
that I threw away earlier,
and then go back to step two.
Because once I have opened to the
middle of the left half of the book,
I don't have to actually
dramatically tear it.
I now need to look for Mike's
name again, as per step two.
Else if Mike is later
in the book, I actually
want to open to the middle of
the right half of the book,
and then go back to step two as well.
Now you might think that's
everything to this program.
But there's actually a remaining step.
Indeed I've got room left on the
screen for a remaining step or two,
but there are more than
three possibilities.
One of them is that Mike is
among the names, one of them
is that Mike is to the left, the
other is that Mike is to the right.
What's the fourth?
If I don't consider the fourth,
and indeed if in a program
I don't implement the fourth,
my program might crash.
My computer might hang.
My computer might behave
in an unpredictable way,
because if the programmer wasn't
so precise as to anticipate
something that might happen, who
knows what the computer might do.
And indeed, that's often
why your own computer might
have a little spinning
beachball, or icon,
or it might crash outright or freeze.
It's because something
unanticipated happened.
So let's be precise.
There's a fourth and final
scenario I can think of,
which perhaps on your
mind too, just quit.
Because in the fourth scenario,
if Mike's not among the names,
and he's not to the left, and
he's not to the right in the book,
he must not be there.
And so let's avoid just hanging
infinitely somehow or other,
by actually proactively
deciding to quit.
But now let's tease apart what some
of these terms actually are now.
So in yellow are some things that
really just look like verbs, or actions.
And we're going to call those
statements, or more specifically
functions, or procedures would
be a reasonable synonym too.
And each of these yellow
terms is really a call
to action for the computer to
just do something unconditionally.
But sometimes, we want that computer
to do something conditionally,
as evinced by these yellow terms now.
If, and else if, and else and else,
kind of paints the picture of a four-way
fork in the road.
Where each of these
branches, or conditions,
leads us to take different action.
And you'll see that I've indented lines
four and six and seven and nine and ten
and twelve, because
they are meant to happen
only if lines three and five
and eight and eleven, or eleven,
actually applies.
So those indentation kind of
captures the logic of this program.
Lastly, or second to last there is this.
This is what we call a little more
fancily, a Boolean expression.
These yellow phrases here
are kind of like questions.
There are either yes no, or
true false, or one and zero
or any number of other binary terms.
But these are questions we're asking.
The answer to which is
going to be true or false.
Smith is among the names, true or false?
Smith is earlier in the
book, true or false?
Smith is later in the
book, true or false?
And so these Boolean
expressions, named after someone
who the last name of
Bool, long ago, is a way
of having conditions take you
in a different direction based
on whether something is true or false.
Three such examples there.
And then, lastly,
there's these two lines.
On seven and ten there's
this expression go back
to step two, which is to induce
a bit of cyclicity, right.
You can sort of think about it
visually if you go from step seven,
or ten for that matter,
back up to step two.
This might happen again,
and again, and again,
if Mike is still to the
left half, the left half,
the left, as you're whittling
down the phone book.
And so we're going to induce, and
induce, and induce potentially,
this cycling or looping behavior.
So these lines here
now in yellow represent
what a computer program
might call a loop.
Now these same English phrases we'll
eventually see can be translated
into Java, and c++, and
JavaScript, and Python, and Ruby,
and other languages still.
But the key takeaway
for us here today is
one, the precision with which
we specified these steps, two,
the fact that there's this ordering,
what happens after the other.
The fact that there is
these conditions, some only
happen if something is true,
and the fact that some of them
can happen again, and again, and
again, based on some kind of looping.
But is this good?
Like this is correct, and that
of course, was one of our goals
with the phone book, initially,
was let's get it correct,
and better still, let's get
it correct and efficient.
correct and fast.
But how fast now is this?
In fact, how do I put a
number, of really a formula,
on the performance of
the algorithm so that I
can claim that I am a good programmer,
or I am a good problem solver?
I've not only solved your problem
correctly, but really, really well.
Well let me propose that we
analyze these three functions.
Kind of in the abstract.
We don't need actual arithmetic
expressions here, per se.
We'll just do things
variably as follows.
So here's a nice little Cartesian plane,
with an x-axis of size of problem,
and a y-axis of time to solve.
And the farther out you go on size
of problem, from left to right,
means bigger, bigger, bigger, bigger,
bigger, bigger, bigger bigger problem.
And by bigger problem I
mean more and more pages.
More and more input, whatever
the problem actually is.
And then time to solve, is not
very much time, lots of time.
So on the y-axis too, the
higher you go, the more
time it takes to solve a
problem, or really the slower
it is to solve the problem.
So let's now draw this red line here
as a depiction of the first algorithms
performance, or running time.
Whereby, there is a one to one
relationship between size and time.
A one to one relationship
between number of pages,
and maybe number of page
turns, or seconds, or whatever
your unit of measure happens to be.
So that if I have a phone book of this
size, this dot here on the red line
is how many seconds, or page
turns it takes me to find it.
And there's a linear relationship
there, as implied by this variable--
as we'll call it-- as in algebra.
n for number of pages, for instance.
It's linear in so far as Verizon,
if the phone company like Verizon
increases the number of pages in the
phone book just buy one next year,
a few more people move into town so they
add one more page to the phone book.
That might take one additional page
turn to find someone like Mike,
or anyone else in that phone
book if Verizon just adds a page.
Or if they doubled the
number of pages, it
might double the amount of
time it takes to find someone.
There's a linear
relationship between the two.
Now with the second algorithm, where
I was flying through the phone book
two pages at a time, there's
still a linear relationship,
but it's not quite as bad so to speak.
For instance, if I have this
many pages in my phone book,
my first algorithm might take this
many seconds in the first algorithm,
but because I'm flying through
the phone book two at a time,
it will take me half as much time.
Half as many page turns
with that second algorithm.
So we'll describe it
algebraically as n over two.
Where n, again, is just
the number of pages.
So there is a relationship between
those two lines and those two formulas.
But that third algorithm.
Super, super fancy I'll wager.
And the shape of its line
is fundamentally different.
If you remember your
logarithms, you'll see here
this green curved line, otherwise
depicted here as log of n,
or really log base 2 of
n, but we'll just keep
it abstracted away as just log of n.
This is a fundamentally different shape.
And it still goes forever
up and up and up and up.
Even though it looks
like it's flattening out,
it's not perfectly flattening out, it's
just growing and growing very slowly.
And that's key, because what's powerful
about that third and final algorithm,
is that Verizon, for instance, doubles
the number of pages in the phone book
next year, because a whole lot of people
move into town, or maybe two towns
merge or whatever.
Then how many more steps will
it take me to find someone
like Mike Smith in that phone book?
Well just one additional page turn.
One additional tear of the phone book.
Because with each tear can I
take a bite out of that problem.
That's 50% of it.
I can literally tear it in half.
Meanwhile, Verizon doubled the
number of pages in the phone book
with my first algorithm, as per this
straight linear relationship, aka n,
it would double the amount of time
necessary, or double the number of page
turns necessary, to find
Mike Smith in that case.
So again, in the case
of the first algorithm,
would double the amount of time taken.
The case of the third algorithm
would increase by one step.
One step.
So if that phone book went ridiculously
from four billion to eight billion,
no big deal.
But that third algorithm, just
need one additional page turn.
One additional tear of the phone book.
Not in the case of the first algorithm.
I would need an additional 4 billion
page turns to find who I'm looking for.
OK.
But a phone book is a physical problem.
And searching for phone numbers in
a phone book is a physical solution.
But what can computers
do electronically?
Like what is the analog in
our computer to the problems
we've been solving thus far?
Well what about our own iPhones,
or Android phones, or the like,
where you have contacts these days?
Sort of a digital
version of a phone book.
And those contacts are
typically sorted alphabetically.
But even then, you might know
a lot of people, and most of us
probably don't scroll, scroll,
scroll, scroll, scroll.
And if you do, you're doing it wrong.
You can instead search by keyword,
or by first name, or by last name,
to actually find someone
much more efficiently.
And typically their name
jumps to the top of the list.
So that's an algorithm.
The Google, and Apple,
and other companies
have implemented algorithms
for searching, or even sorting
your list of contacts so that they
can find people for you quickly,
so that you can just send them a
text message or make that call.
But let's simplify further.
Rather than even get into the sorting
of names, and alphabetical phrases,
let's keep things simple for a moment.
And just assume that we want
to store things like numbers.
A list of numbers for instance.
So if we want to store a list
of numbers, how can we do it?
Well let me propose that the screen
here, or if you will a piece of paper
in front of you, really just
represents your computer's memory.
Now you may know that
inside of your computer
there's different types of memory.
Something called the hard disk,
or maybe a solid state disk,
or something called ram, or random
access memory, something called Rom
or read only memory, something
called l-1 cache, l-2 cache,
sometimes l-3 cache and the like.
So there's different types of memory.
But the one we're going to think about
right now is ram, random access memory.
And this is the type of
memory that you might
have a gigabyte of, four gigabytes of,
16 gigabytes of, depending on how fancy
your laptop or desktop computer
is, or your phone for that matter.
So inside of your computer, or
phone, is a whole bunch of memory.
A whole bunch of RAM.
And if you have, for
instance, 4 gigabytes of RAM,
that is four billion bytes.
Because what that means
is giga means billion,
so four giga means for billion, four
gigabytes means four billion bytes.
Mega, meanwhile means
million, give or take.
And in fact, earlier
when we talked about rgb,
And four megabytes then
would be four million bytes.
So 4 gigabytes is even bigger.
And if you want to count
higher still, four terabytes
would be a huge amount of memory.
So if you have four
gigabytes of memory, that's
four billion bytes of memory, and a
byte meanwhile, is just eight bits.
So why talk in terms of bytes?
Well it's just easier to
talk in terms of eight bits,
rather than individual bits.
Because with one bit, you
can't really do all that much.
You can only count from zero to one.
So with 8 bits at least we can count
a bit higher and express a bit more.
so if we have 4 billion bytes of
memory inside of our computer,
you know it stands to reason that
we could number each of those bytes.
And maybe the top most byte up
here represents byte number zero,
and maybe the bottom most byte over
here represents the number four billion,
give or take.
In fact it's not exactly 4 billion,
it's a little more than that.
But for our purposes, let's just
assume that if this screen here
represents all of my computer's
memory, and you know for that matter,
let's think of my memory as being
divisible into rows and columns,
just to kind of keep things orderly.
This is not actually what it
looks like underneath the hood.
And it's definitely not as wavy
as I making it out to be here.
But you can think of it
really, as rows and columns,
that you can address each
of the cells in this table.
So kind of sort of like a spreadsheet
with a whole lot of room for values.
So this might be byte zero one,
two, three, dot dot dot if you will.
Four billion or so in the
bottom right hand corner.
But where these things are laid out
doesn't really matter for our purposes
right now.
So that's how you might address memory.
But how might you use memory?
So suppose I want to store
a whole bunch of values
inside of my computer's memory.
I don't really care where
it is for the moment.
And therefore, I don't care
what those addresses are.
But let's suppose that I do care that
the numbers are close by to each other.
They are contiguous in memory.
Back to back to back to back.
And we'll see that that has
some advantages for efficiency.
So suppose that I want to store
one number in my computer's memory,
and suppose that this memory
and this memory and this memory
here, those are all being used
already by other programs,
or other things going on in my program.
And so the first available slot,
for instance, say is this one here.
And the number I want to
store is the number one.
And the next number that I want to
store is going to be the number 50.
And the next number I want to
store is going to be the number 51.
And the next one 61.
And then the next one 109.
And then the next one 121.
And so forth.
Which is to say, if I'm storing not
people's phone numbers or names,
just more simply for
the sake of discussion,
all I care about for whatever
reason is storing a list of numbers.
I might store them in my computer's
memory in exactly this way.
Each of these squares represents
a byte, or eight bits.
We know that we can abstract
above bits, and actually
represent things like decimal numbers.
So I'm just stipulating
that inside of these boxes
really is eight bits, or some
pattern of eight zeros and ones.
But that's too low level.
We're going to abstract away from
that and just talk in terms, for now,
in decimal digits.
So this thing here might
be how I store something
underneath the hood in my computer.
And what's nice about this, is that
it's super, super easy to find values.
In fact, let me just highlight this
range of values, and slap a name on it.
This boxed in region here
in a computer program,
would very often be called an array.
It's a list of sorts, of
values, but what's key
here is that this list of
values is back to back to back
to back all contiguous in memory.
When that is the case, when you have
this property inside of a computer,
you can do things pretty darned fast.
Because there's a mathematical
relationship among the locations of all
of these values.
For instance, if you are
the computer, and you
find yourself looking at
the number 50, how do you
find the next number in the list?
Well, you just add one to your location.
Not one to your value,
one to your location.
How do you go from the number 51 to 61?
You just add one to your location.
Again, because if this is byte
zero, one. two, three, and I
don't know where we are here.
Maybe this is byte 100, 101, 102, 103.
Because all of these values are
back to back to back to back,
you can very quickly access them
just by looking to the left,
looking to the right, by
a fixed number of bits.
This is advantageous,
because you can jump around.
In fact, this is where the name
random access memory comes from.
You have random access, not in the sense
that you just go anywhere randomly,
but you can go anywhere you
want in the same amount of time.
Even though this byte four billion looks
really far away from everything else,
doesn't matter.
Because arithmetically the computer can
say, give me byte number four billion.
And that's a constant time
operation, it's not linear.
Doesn't take more and more steps the
farther away it is, because all of this
is electricity and
electronic, not moving parts.
You can just instantly jump to any of
the cells in your computer's memory
like that.
The catch is, me the human, can
look at these values and just see,
oh I see a whole bunch of values.
Six values inside of that
array of memory there.
But a computer can't do that.
In fact a computer can really
only see one value at a time.
And so when I say the computer can go
get value four billion, it can do that.
But it can only go get that one value.
If it wants another, it has to go
get that value and another value.
And indeed, inside of a computer, inside
of a CPU that a company like Intel
might make, there's
an instruction that's
often called load, which
refers to exactly this process.
Go load a value, maybe one byte,
maybe four bytes, maybe eight bytes,
from memory, and bring it back to me.
And put it in something
called a register, typically.
But that load operation is kind of like,
if you've ever seen those fancy soda
machines where it doesn't just
drop your soda on the ground,
instead there's that fancy little
robotic arm that for whatever
reason goes left and then goes right
and then goes up and then goes down,
and then finally decides
where your soda is.
Then it moves it over the
dispenser and drops it out.
Well that kind of robotic arm is
kind of like a physical incarnation
of a computer, in that it can't
just take a look back and figure out
where the coca-cola is, it has
to go to that particular location
and actually drop it for you.
But computers, when there aren't moving
parts, can just jump there instantly.
You don't have to wait for
that robotic arm to move.
And so in this case, the computer can
get one of these values instantly,
but it doesn't know what value
is there until it arrives.
Right It's kind of like being--
another analogy might be
a whole bunch of lockers
in a train station or the like.
Where the only way you can see what's
inside of a locker is by renting it
or by putting in a key and opening
it up and seeing what's inside.
Similarly, can you think of
there being tiny little doors,
occluding these numbers so that
the computer has to open it up
before it sees what's there.
Speaking of doors, let's suppose
that the computer's memory actually
has some doors in front of it.
Depicted here, is just
these simple rectangles.
And behind each of these
doors is some random numbers,
among which is one number
I do know and care about.
In fact, I want to find
myself the number 50,
but I don't know where it is.
So I'm going to take a pretty naive,
but correct approach, of just starting
from the left.
Just as we did with a phone book,
starting from the first page.
And I'm going to go ahead and knock
on, and then open the first door.
And I see the number 15, that
of course is not the number 50.
So I'm going to proceed further.
To go and knock on and touch
the second door, and I see 23.
Still not the number I'm looking
for, so I knock and touch again.
16.
Knock and touch again.
Knock and touch again.
Still no number, but I have
found the meaning of life.
And let's try one more door here and
touch the number 50 behind this door.
So here too is a very linear
algorithm, but these numbers
are kind of all over the place, right.
It starts at 15, gets a little bigger,
then gets smaller, then smaller still,
then bigger then bigger again.
So it doesn't seem that
these numbers are sorted.
And in fact, if the analog
then in my phone might be,
my contacts might be
just randomly ordered.
Maybe ordered in the
order in which I inputted
them, which probably isn't ideal
when I want to find someone.
I don't really care in what
order they were put in,
I care that I find them quickly.
And so maybe I should do
a little work up front,
or maybe Apple or Google should
do a little work upfront,
and actually maintain my
contacts in sorted order.
Which indeed they do.
Or in this case here, why don't
I at least maintain my numbers
in sorted order.
So let me go ahead and reset all
of the doors, and start again.
This time with an assumption.
This time with a feature, if you
will, that the numbers are now
sorted behind these doors.
So they go from smallest to biggest, and
there might be some gaps in the middle,
but in so far as they're
now sorted, I can
leverage some of that old school
phone book intuition and divide
and conquer this problem.
Let me go ahead into the middle
of the problem now, not the left,
and let me go ahead and knock
on and open the middle door.
And there's 16.
Now 16 is kind of a
small number, but I now
know that none of the
numbers to the left
are going to be the one I'm looking for.
Because I'm still looking for 50.
So I can sort of throw
that half of the problem
away, or really just
turn a blind eye to it.
And now go to the right
half of the problem,
identify the middle door here, knock on
and open this one, there again is 42.
But now, again, I can apply
some of that intuition
and know that 50 is
bigger than 42, so must be
that 50 is right here at the last door.
And in this case, have I gotten
away with opening fewer doors?
It's not a frightening number of fewer
doors, it's still relatively small,
but that's only because we could fit
some seven doors or so on the screen
here.
But if the number of doors were four
billion, or if the number of doors
were even larger, surely with
this divide and conquer approach,
could I find my number super fast.
But there's kind of a
trade off here, right.
Like yes, I can now find
numbers faster, or equivalently
I can find people presumably
in my address book in my phone
faster, if they are maintained in
sorted order, but what price did I pay?
In fact, a theme in computer science,
and in programming specifically,
is this theme of trade offs.
Yes, you can speed up searches, but
you're going to have to pay a price.
What is that price in this context?
Well it took someone some amount of
work to sort those contacts, right.
Before class I had actually come up
with the sorted order of those doors,
and then put the right numbers
behind the right doors.
There was a non-zero amount of work.
Not a huge amount of
work, but it's non-zero.
So really, by speeding
things up during search,
I have to first incur an up front,
one time cost, of sorting things
before I even begin to search.
Or equivalently, someone at
Google, or someone at Microsoft,
or someone at Facebook, or any of
these big companies with big data,
if they want to use
searching efficiently,
they need to pay a price upfront
of sorting the data first.
And indeed, that's what Android
and iOS and other devices
too, must be doing underneath the hood.
Someone at some point in time,
probably long ago at this point,
implemented a sorting routine.
But how quickly can we sort numbers?
How quickly can we actually achieve
that result of sorted values
so that we can then do
search more efficiently?
So for this, let's try
something a little visual,
a little old school, in fact.
We're here in this beautiful theater.
And in fact we have a whole bunch
of music stands from the musicians.
Let's go ahead and use
a few music stands,
each of which will represent a
location in my computer's memory,
and then I'm just going to
have some numbers that I
want to put inside of those locations.
And let's see how expensive it is
for me to actually sort those values.
So I have here in my hand the
numbers one through eight,
and I have here eight memory locations
as represented here by music stands.
And let me go ahead and just put these
numbers in pretty much random order.
I've got my little cheat
sheet there up on the screen,
so that we reset each
time to the same location.
And I'm just kind of putting
these in some random order.
Where four's going to be
over here, and the numbers
are going to sometimes
get bigger, sometimes
get smaller from left to right.
The key, though, is that
they're not actually sorted.
And so I start now with
these values as such.
All right.
So suppose I wanted to find
now, maybe the number 50.
Well 50 is not among these numbers,
so we better think a little smaller.
Suppose I want to find
myself the number seven.
Well again, as in the case
of a computer, or the doors,
I can only find seven not just
by kind of cheating like a human
and say, oh there it is over there.
I have to get to that
point more methodically.
And define the number seven linearly,
using linear search, so to speak.
I have to check is this it, nope.
Is this it, nope.
Is this it?
Nope.
Is this it?
Nope.
Is this it?
Nope.
Is this it?
Nope.
Is this it?
Yes.
And now I found it, coincidentally,
some seven steps later.
But seven could have been
anywhere, but in the worst case,
it's all the way over here.
Now could I use binary search on this?
Let's actually slap a label on that
algorithm we've leveraged with a phone
book.
Dividing and conquering.
If you do it half and half and half
and half, looking for some value,
it's actually more technically
called binary search.
Bi meaning two, and so it's
two because you're splitting
the problem in half each time.
Could I use binary search here?
Well there's one minor
problem, which is that I
don't have an odd number
of music stands, which
means the middle element is
like between eight and one.
But that's fine.
We can deal with that arithmetically
by just rounding up or down,
depending on how we want
to implement it ultimately.
But even then, that's
not the biggest problem.
If I look at eight here, and
I'm looking for seven, well
based on my previous divide
and conquer strategy,
I should be looking to the left
because seven is smaller than eight.
Of course I'm not going to
find it to the left of eight,
because it's not there, it's over there.
And that's because the
numbers aren't sorted.
So as in the case with my
hypothetical address book,
if I want to be able to
search this efficiently,
or search a database sufficiently,
or search most anything efficiently,
I need to know something about the data.
And ideally that it's sorted.
So how do I get to the
point of sorting this data?
Well, you know what, I could
take a fairly localized approach.
Like four and two, I'm
looking at them right here.
And technically, I'm looking
at them one at a time.
I see four, I see two, and
I know they're out of order.
Well, as the computer, I could do this.
I could, using my load and
store instruction, essentially,
or a move instruction, do that.
And now I've improved
the sorting of this list.
Now four and six, those look OK.
Six and eight, those look OK.
One and eight, Mm-mm, not OK.
So let me just make a quick fix.
Let me just swap one and eight.
It's not perfect yet, but it's better.
Eight and three, let
me make a quick fix.
Well, that's better.
Eight and seven, a quick
fix, that's better.
Eight and five, quick
fix, that's better.
So this is great.
Eight is all the way to
the right as intended,
and one is not yet all
the way to the left.
So I haven't solved the
problem, but I have improved it.
I've gotten a step closer to the
correct solution of sorted numbers,
because some of the values
moved at least one step closer
to their intended location.
But of course, I've
got to do this again.
So two and four their good.
Four and six they're good.
Oh six and one, now that's out of order.
And so I can transpose these two.
So this algorithm has a name, whereby
I am transposing pairwise elements that
are out of order, such that the biggest
numbers are bubbling their way up
to the top. eight already made its way
there, seven just made its way there.
And so if I keep doing
this, these bigger values
are going to continue
to bubble their way up.
Two and four those or fine.
Four and one, ooh notice, four is
starting to bubble to the right.
Four and three, it's
continuing to bubble.
Four and six is OK.
Six and five, mm-mm.
Six bubbled its way up, and
now I got a good one there.
I really fixed a lot of those values.
I just need to do this once more.
One and two, fixed that.
Two and three, three and four, four and
five, six and seven, seven and eight.
Let me do another spot
check just to make sure.
One and two, three and four,
five,six, seven, eight.
I'm good.
But I did a lot of walking, and
I did a lot of transpositions.
And it turns out this
algorithm is correct,
does have a formal name
called bubble sort.
But it's not very efficient.
In fact, if you actually do the math
out, this takes as many as like n times
n steps in the worst case.
So if you have n elements,
that's eight in this case.
N times n, that's 64.
It's not actually 64, but it starts
to approach 64 asymptotically,
so to speak.
So if we did a formal
analysis, long story short,
it would start to feel like
something quadratic, so to speak.
Not a fast algorithm.
But there's other ones.
So let's actually try
out another algorithm.
Let me go ahead and restore the
original, seemingly random order here.
And indeed it is random
in so far as I'm just
putting it in some non-sorted order
that I thought through initially.
One's going to go here, three is
going to go here, seven and five.
So now we're back to the
original unsorted order.
You know what, I can do another
algorithm altogether here.
Let me not look at them pairwise,
let me just go even simpler.
Let me just find the smallest
number, and deal with it.
All right, four is pretty small indeed
it's the smallest I've seen thus far,
I'm going to hang on to this.
Oh wait a minute, two a smaller.
Let me hang on to that.
Six not smaller.
One, eight not smaller.
One is smaller, let me go
ahead and hang on to this.
Three, not smaller.
Seven, five.
OK so here's the smallest element.
I found it I've selected
the smallest element.
You know what, this belongs
all the way to the left.
I'm going to put it there.
I'm going to do that.
Of course, this is cheating.
Like this music stand, even
though it's kind of wide,
should only be storing one value.
There's only enough room for one
byte for instance of information.
So where do I put four?
Like four can't stay on
the same music stand.
You know I can't cheat and do that.
So I could move eight over,
move six over, move two over,
that's a lot of work.
Or I could just, fine, four was already
out of order in the first place.
Let's just put four over here.
It's not made the problem
any fundamentally worse,
because they started in random order.
I randomly put four there.
The key is, one is in
really good shape now.
Let me repeat this process of
selecting the smallest element.
Let me look for the next smallest.
Two is pretty small.
Small, smallest, yep.
OK I found it.
Two is the smallest.
Let's put him co-incidentally
right where he goes.
So that was kind of a waste of time,
but verification that it's correct.
Let's keep looking.
Six is pretty small now.
Eight is not, oh four is smaller.
Let's grab four.
Oh Three is even better.
Let's grab that.
Seven, five.
OK 3 needs to be put in its place.
I don't want to touch one and
two, because those are good.
Six, sorry you don't belong there.
Let's go ahead and evict
you and put six over there.
So if I repeat this process of just
continually iterating, or looping,
if you will, through the list,
looking for the smallest element,
and evicting whatever is in
the place that it belongs,
notice that I've sorted
it seemingly faster.
But I actually got a little lucky there.
It turns out that this algorithm, which
also has a name called selection sort,
is also quadratic in nature.
If you've got n elements, it's going
to take roughly n times n total
steps in order to achieve that.
Not in every case.
But in the worst case, so to speak.
So it turns out this is just
two ways now to sort elements.
And there are dozens, if not more,
other ways to actually sort elements,
with each one getting maybe a
little better, maybe a little worse,
maybe a little better
depending on the inputs.
So sometimes it really depends.
But these are all examples
then of algorithms.
And algorithms have performance
associated with them.
Algorithms have a running
time associated with them.
And one of the things that
theoretical computer scientists do,
is not only design
algorithms like these,
or really even way more
sophisticated algorithms than these,
but also analyze them.
So that we can make arguments,
mathematical arguments, sometimes
that state as a proof,
this algorithm is correct.
No matter what, this will
sort your elements correctly,
if implemented correctly
in a computer, and this
is how much time it will take in
general in order to achieve that.
But the takeaway here, is that
it was a lot of work, right.
I had the luxury with
that phone book, long ago,
of just opening it up to the
middle and looking for Mike Smith,
and da da da da da, found Mike
Smith pretty darn efficiently,
because Verizon, or whoever
made the phone book,
actually did all of the
upfront work for me.
So here's a question then.
Suppose that you have a
whole bunch of random values,
and you want to search for something
specific among those values.
Mike Smith, number 50, whatever
it is you're looking for,
should you sort those values
first before searching?
Should you sort the values first?
Well, I would wager you
should sort them if you're
going to be searching over
them pretty darn often.
Right.
Because it might be
painful, might be boring,
might be tedious to actually sort
those values either manually,
or algorithmically with a
computer, and a computer program.
But it'll probably pay off over time.
So there's this notion of amortization
of the cost over time, whereby yeah, it
might take you a decent amount of steps.
Quadratic, seconds, minutes,
whatever you want to measure it in.
But, it's going to pay
off in the long run.
Of
Course, if you add data,
you're going to need
to keep that new data sorted as well.
But again, it's this trade off.
However, consider a scenario where
you just have a whole bunch of data,
it's in random order
for whatever reason,
and you just want to find Mike Smith.
Or you just want to find the number 50.
And after that, you do
not care about the data.
You're never going to
look up someone else.
You're never going to
look up another value.
Maybe then, in that case,
you should just blindly
go through it brute force, so to speak.
Left or right, in some sense,
or linearly, as opposed
to trying to do anything clever
like we did with the phone book.
Because it's faster to just brute
force your way through the solution,
than doing some upfront sophistication
just to improve the subsequent result.
So again, it's a trade off.
It's a cost benefit analysis that
you need to decide, ultimately,
on what is most important.
Which resource, time, space, money,
people, is most important to you.
So in all of these
examples thus far have we
assumed that the data is contiguous.
Back to back to back with other values.
And indeed, that's exactly what
the music stands represented,
were these fixed locations in memory.
Bytes in your computer's ram, so
to speak, that could have values.
But you had to physically move those
values from one location to another
if you wanted to sort
the values therein.
you couldn't just kind of
insert a new music stand,
and push the others aside,
because that's simply not allowed.
That's not the metaphor in question.
Those music stands were
fixed just as the locations
in memory of your computer are as well.
And as it turns out, just as we drew
a picture before wherein we had some
sequence of back to back values in
memory, turns out that in programming,
actually using languages that aren't
just pseudo code, but actual code,
Java and c++ and others.
Still, there is very often something
called an array, or a list.
A data structure that gives you
the appearance of having values
back to back to back to back.
And in some languages,
these values are indeed
next to each other in terms of their
bits inside of your computer's memory.
But there's a problem
with a world like this.
Because if you put in a whole bunch
of values up front, as I did earlier,
and you want to actually
insert some new value,
where do you actually put that value?
For instance, earlier we had one and
50 and 51 and 61 and 109 and 121.
Suppose I want to put the number
55 in this sequence of numbers.
And better still, I want to
keep the whole list sorted.
Well dammit.
There's really not room for 55 in there.
I know where it should go numerically,
it should go right here, of course,
between the 51 and the 61.
But there's no room.
Or I could put it arbitrarily over
here, but then it's not sorted.
I could put it, well
I can't put it there
because the dot dot dot
remember from earlier, suggested
that something else was there.
Something else from
your program or computer
was already using that location.
Now I could put it maybe below,
but that's kind of weird.
The whole point here
is this contiguousness.
And indeed, with the
music stands a moment ago,
was it advantageous for me
to be able to take one step
and be at another music stand?
One more step be at another music stand.
I didn't have to walk all around
stage looking for my values,
because they were indeed
back to back to back
and that made things very efficient
and predictably close to one another.
So what are my options?
Like surely a computer can do this.
It's not the case that computers are
so dumb that once you write your values
you can't solve any new problems.
So what are my options?
I could put the 55 here
at the end, but then I'm
going to have to reshuffle
all of the numbers.
Or maybe I ask the computer
for more memory altogether,
and you know what, I re
do this, and I say let me
put one here, 50 here, 51 here,
55 here, then 61, 109, and 121.
In other words, why don't I
just use different memory?
Different bytes in my computer's
memory, but that feels kind of lame,
because now I need twice as much
memory, at least temporarily.
So I can kind of copy the
old values into the new,
but leave room for that new value.
So that seems a little time
consuming, and tedious certainly.
And indeed, it would be
for a computer as well.
But maybe there's another
solution altogether.
And here too, we're experiencing
yet another trade off.
The contiguousness of my memory
has thus far been an advantage.
Because again, each of my music
stands just one step away.
In the case of actual ram, each
number is just one byte away,
and that lends itself to again, random
access, ergo random access memory.
But it's kind of painting
me into a corner,
because I'm finding that
now I can no longer really
add new values without
incurring significant cost.
And by significant cost I mean having
to duplicate the entire array of memory
into a new location, leaving one
additional space for that new value,
which is going to take as many steps as
there are values in the original array.
So you know what, maybe I take
an even older school approach,
and maybe I do something proactive.
A little defensive.
I'll put one there, and 50 here,
and 51 here, and 61 and then 109,
and then 121 and so forth.
And wow, this was clever
of me, because now I
left myself little gaps in my values.
So that I still get the predictability
of every value is now two steps away,
but now I can fit 55 in here.
Well, clever as you might
initially think that, now we've
created kind of a problem.
Because most values are two
bytes away from each other.
But now there's this weirdness
where 55 is only one byte away
from its neighbors.
So that's really just
complicating things now.
I can no longer predictably
take just one step at a time.
Sometimes I take two,
sometimes I take one,
and that just feels like it's devolving
into a very confusing bug prone
situation already.
And in fact, if you ever saw, or maybe
grew up with the basic programming
language, back in the day,
you didn't number your lines
of code zero, one, two, three, four.
If you numbered of them
at all, you instead
did something like line ten,
line 20, line 30, line 40.
Which wonderfully left your room for
like nine more additions later on,
without having to renumber everything.
Of course now, programs just number
or lines automatically for us.
And they're not even strictly
necessary, those line numbers.
So we've tried this, and it's just,
it's not really a good solution.
Better would be I'll
claim some dynamism.
What if instead I consider
my computer's memory
still to be this grid of locations.
But let me do this.
Let me propose that the first number.
I'm going to put in, maybe is here, and
just to keep things prettier I'm not
going to draw the whole grid again.
But let's assume that one
byte I'm using is right there,
and I put the number one in there.
And then eventually, I decide
to add that second number.
And I go ahead and add the number 50.
And the number 50 just so happens to
end up, oh I don't know, over here.
And it's farther away in memory.
Maybe enough time has
passed that the bunch
of memory in between those two values
is being used for some other purpose.
And that's OK.
But the 50 and the one
are no longer next to each
other, or therefore
pictorially, or really related,
unless I somehow interconnect them.
So for now, let me go
ahead and draw an arrow.
And let me kind of weave
together my values.
Much like popcorn on a thread,
or any number of other metaphors
where you're linking things together.
Like with a chain, for instance,
can you make a list like this?
Because my other numbers,
suppose that more time passes.
I insert a third value like 51, just
happens to be over there, whatever.
It's not contiguous,
which is unfortunate.
But that's OK, so long as I somehow
link these together like this.
And then maybe that next number here,
61, get lucky and it's pretty close.
So it's over here.
But we still need an
arrow to this one here.
And then maybe we have maybe
121 and 109, each of which
is in some different locations.
So we might need this arrow here.
And this arrow there.
So it's kind of all over the place.
And if you ever play
the game growing up,
it's kind of like
chutes and ladders now,
you kind of have to like follow
the chutes to get from one number
to another.
But that's OK.
In fact, it's actually quite
beautiful, my handwriting aside.
It's not quite as efficient though.
Because it turns out that if you're
at one of the numbers in this list,
and you want to jump to another, you
can get to the next number pretty fast.
If I'm at one, I can get
to 50 pretty quickly.
I just follow that arrow somehow.
I don't know how it works in
memory, and we don't really
need to know how it works.
We can kind of abstract that away for
the sake of discussion at the moment.
But I can get to 50 based on this
picture alone pretty darn directly.
But I can't really get to
like 109 pretty quickly.
If I'm starting at one,
I want to get to 109.
previously, I could just take one two,
three, four steps away, four bytes away
and I could just take a step that's
like four times as big as usual
and I'm instantly there.
But these arrows seem to suggest
that the memory could be anywhere.
And so it's almost like following a map.
If I'm at one, all
right let me go find 50.
Once I found 50, I can
pick up another map,
and now I can follow another arrow
to 51, which is maybe over here.
Now I pick up another map.
Oh here's 61.
OK now this leads me to, Ah here is 109.
It wasn't as simple as
just one big step that's
four times as big as was possible
in the case of contiguous memory.
Now, I kind of have to
weave my way through.
That actually kind of hurt.
Weave my way through my computer's
memory to get where I'm going.
So it's a trade off, right.
Because now I have perfect dynamism.
No matter where there is
available memory in my computer,
over there, over here, over
here, over here, I can use it.
And I can just kind of stitch
together this data structure,
the structure for my data.
I have eliminated the gotcha that
my data structure is a fixed size.
So now if I want to add another
value, suppose I want to add 55.
OK, suppose that 55 happens to
have some available space here.
You know what I can do here, I
can just get rid of this arrow,
and then I can go ahead and
stitch this in like this.
No big deal.
I don't have to touch any
of the other elements.
But think back to the array.
The array being the
rectangular example where
everybody was back to back to back.
That I had to make room for
things, or duplicate all of it.
Had to do more work here, just
to allocate space for your 55,
and then go ahead and just
update two of these arrows,
or pointers, or references as that
might be called in different languages.
So that's pretty powerful.
But again I've lost the
random access, which
means I can't do things
like binary search anymore.
Which we're predicated
on simple arithmetic.
Divide by two, divide by two,
divide by two, Maybe round,
but divide by two each time.
And these arrows.
Kind of abstracting maybe
too generously here.
These arrows are going to
cost me some memory too.
Now I've drawn them prettily
as arrows on the screen,
but those actually themselves
are some kind of value.
And it turns out that those arrows
themselves take up space, take up bits.
So I've kind of doubled,
let's say, the amount of space
necessary to store this data.
Because I need to somehow
store and memory those arrows.
Underneath the hood those
arrows are effectively
stored as numbers themselves.
Which is to say, they take
up at least a byte or more.
In fact, on most systems, they
take up four or eight bytes still.
So it depends on what's
important to you.
Do you want to be able to search
the data super efficiently
and actually have random access,
and do something like binary search
and get that divide and conquer upside?
Or do you want to have dynamism,
and be able to grow and shrink
the data structure super fast, but pay
a price in terms of memory as well.
And use more of those bits.
It really quite depends.
Now these aren't the only data
structures at our disposal.
We can use not just arrays,
not just linked lists,
as we'll call that last
one, whereby we have
links tying these lists items together.
But we have maybe tree structures too.
In fact, we think back to
like your family tree that you
might have made in grade school.
You might have drawn a
little something that
might have grandma or grandpa
at the top of the tree,
and then their children
might be down here,
and then these children might
be down here, and so forth.
Well if we generalize away from a fam--
OK ignore that one.
If we generalize away
from a family tree,
it turns out that this tree
data structure is another kind
of incarnation of that previous idea.
A linked list doesn't have to just be
linked from left to right, so to speak,
even if it's kind of
swooping all over the screen.
It doesn't have to have
a start and an end.
It can be a tree structure,
whereby your arrows actually, much
like a branch and a program,
can go in different directions.
So each of these edges in this
graph actually are directional.
They take you from one place to another.
You can imagine using a data structure
like this to store values as well.
For instance, suppose that I wanted to
store numbers in this data structure.
Instead of using squares,
I'm just doing circles
now just because it's conventional.
Doesn't mean anything else.
Anything special.
These are still just bytes underneath
the hood, or ultimately bits.
Now suppose I want to store the number
two here, and one here, and three
here, and five here, and
six here, and seven here.
This is all very deliberate.
Because notice the pattern
that I've kind of adopted.
Four is at the top, in the
so-called root of the tree.
What do you notice about all of
the values to the left of the four?
All of its left descendants so to
speak, to borrow that family tree
nomenclature.
One, and two, and three.
Curiously, all three of those
are smaller than the number four.
What about all of its right
descendants, down this branch?
Six and five and six and seven.
Those are all bigger than four.
That's kind of neat.
How about here?
Two, this is kind of a
mini tree, if you will.
This is a new route, if you
ignore everything above it.
Two has two children, left and right.
Notice that the one is less
than the two, and the three
is more than the two.
So this is not a coincidence
that I drew it like this.
Similarly, if you think of this as a
tree, just those three nodes below it,
six is bigger than five,
six is less than seven.
So there's a pattern.
So we can actually reclaim some
of the capabilities of divide
and conquer by laying
out our data, still
with these arrows, these pointers
or references if you will.
But not just doing it linearly,
or swiveling all over the screen,
but from one start node to an end node.
Where node is a fancy word for
these squares or these circles.
What if we instead allow the user
to go in two different directions
when searching for data?
And suppose we leverage that
same phone book principle
where the smaller values are this way,
and the bigger values are that way.
What does that afford us?
Well, this binary search tree, if
you will, to give it a fancy name,
actually gives us back a
logarithmic running time.
Much like dividing and
conquering a phone book.
Because indeed, if I start at the
four and I'm looking for seven,
and I immediately realize four is here,
which means seven must be to the right
if it's present at all, I can pretty
much chop off the half of the problem
that I know seven is not in.
So it's like throwing away the
left half of the phone book.
I can ignore almost half
of the nodes in the tree
by just snipping off that left branch.
Can't be that easy.
Got to be a trade off.
What it that trade off here?
Well, from the looks
of this picture, pretty
though it is, relatively speaking,
it looks like now each of my nodes,
each of my values has not just one
arrow associated with it potentially,
but as many as two.
And that means we're spending
twice as much space as before.
So whereas in our array, we
use just one byte per value,
or four bytes per value, or some
fixed number of bytes per value,
in my linked list
example I had to double
that because I had to also store--
using bytes in some form--
those arrows.
Those pointers, or
references as they're called.
But now in this darn tree, I
need three times as much data,
because each of my nodes might
have a left child so to speak,
or a right child.
So again it's a trade off.
And the prevailing trade off here, thus
far, seems to be if you want less time,
you're going to have
to spend more space.
Or rather, less time, I'm getting
the visual metaphor wrong here.
If you want to spend less time, you're
going to have to spend more space.
And if you want to save space, you might
have to tolerate a little more time.
But can we do better?
Indeed, can we combine some of the best
features of multiple data structures
in order to achieve
something better still?
Well, sort of.
It turns out that there
exists a very popular data
structure called a hash table.
And a hash table is a data
structure that a computer scientist
will use when he or she really wants
to store a dynamic amount of data.
It might grow or might shrink.
But they also want to search
that data pretty efficiently,
and ideally be able to find data
instantly, in constant time,
so to speak.
So you'll often see a hash
table implemented, really
with an array something like this,
and I've drawn it vertically just
to make the picture prettier.
But again, these are
just artists depictions.
Bad artists depictions of
what's going on in memory.
It's still just an array
of back to back values.
But the values now in
the array are not going
to be the numbers I care about,
or the words, or whatever.
It's actually going to be arrows, which
again we've stipulated take space.
And each of these
arrows is going to point
to what we described as a linked list.
So it turns out that a
hash table will often
look a little something like this.
A combination of an
array, and a linked list
where those linked lists might be
not present at all, might be short,
might be long, totally depends.
But we decide where to put our values
based on some property of the value.
So for instance, if this array
weren't this big, but maybe
had 26 different locations in it.
And suppose that we're no longer
storing numbers, we're storing names.
Well every name in the English
alphabet starts with an A or B or C
or dot dot dot a Z. One
of 26 possibilities.
So if my hash table has
an array of size 26,
then maybe, if I'm storing
names that start with A,
I could just put them in this
linked list here, the first one.
And if they start with B,
they'll go in the second one.
And if they start with C, the third.
D the fourth, Z the very last.
And what you'll find in this
case is partial optimization.
It's not instantaneous to find
someone with a given name.
If there's a lot of people
who's names start with A,
you might still have to look
through all of the A names linearly
through that list.
But at least you only
have to look through 126th
of the possible values
in your data structure,
assuming a uniform distribution.
Of course, that's not fair, there's
probably fewer names that start with Z,
fewer names that start
with Q, maybe a lot
that start with A or D
or other such letters.
So your chains might
be of variable length,
and maybe that's not the best design.
So maybe we should think a
little harder about this.
So this principle of bucketizing things,
and putting values in their place,
and using that as a
stepping stone to getting
to a complete solution-- in
this case of sorted order--
is really useful not just in these
increasingly complex examples,
but even in the real world.
So for instance, if you're
a fan of playing cards,
you might have a deck of cards at home.
And those cards of course, have
different values or numbers
on them, and also different suits.
Clubs and spades and
diamonds and hearts.
And you know, sometimes you might
want to either shuffle the deck,
or really un-shuffle it
and actually sort it.
And if you did want to,
sort of obsessively like me,
want to sort your deck
of cards, well you
could just go through
it one card at a time.
And then try to find or select
or maybe bubble up the values,
like our algorithms before.
But most of us probably
use a bit of intuition.
So if I see a spade here,
I might put it in one pile,
and a heart, I'm going to
put that in a different pile.
A diamond, different pile still.
A spade will go up here.
A club now goes over here.
And as I continue this pattern,
I'm kind of dividing the problem,
albeit in a different way.
I now have, instead
of a 52 card problem,
I'm eventually going to
have four 13-card problems.
But how am I getting to that point?
Well, I'm bucketizing things.
Not physical buckets, but there's
like four piles here of cards.
But what really am I doing?
I'm really hashing these values.
I am looking at each card as input.
I am passing it through a sort of mental
function, a mental black box if you
will, that outputs a value.
Either bucket one, or two, or three,
or four, or more specifically spade,
or diamond, or heart, or club.
That's kind of my hash function.
So if you've ever done
something like that,
where you're trying to clean up a mess,
or you're trying to sort some data,
or organize your cards.
Once you start bucketizing in
this way, you are hashing values.
You're taking as input
some value, maybe a card,
and producing as output some identifier.
Similarly, with our
example of names, if I've
got a whole bunch of names, each of
which might start with A through Z,
each time you hand me
a name, I'm looking
at the very first letter
in that person's name,
and I'm deciding A bucket, Z bucket,
D bucket, C bucket or so forth.
C should be over there.
And deciding, based on the
input, what the output should be.
So again, here to, this
sort of intuitive principle
can very quickly be applied to
something much more sophisticated.
Again, compare and contrast
the sort of sophistication
of the before and the after.
This is odds are pretty darn intuitive,
if not something very familiar to you.
This might still look a bit like Greek.
Certainly pretty arcane versus
some simple playing cards.
But to the overarching point, that while
computing and technology all around
us might seem especially
sophisticated, and complicated,
and well beyond one's
understanding, that's
just because it might be
presently beyond your familiarity
with some of those building blocks.
Indeed, we started so low
level with just zeros and ones,
and then we got to letters,
and then maybe words
and paragraphs, and graphics
and videos, and eventually
so many more forms of media.
And at the end of the day,
it's useful to understand
what's going on underneath the
hood, but it's also very empowering.
Because you realize that
even once we're at the point
as we are literally right now, of
talking it this degree of complexity
and sophistication for how you might
store data inside of her computer's
memory, and very efficiently
get at it, all of this
was the result of these stepping stones.
These abstractions.
And along the way, in building
up these abstractions,
and in solving problems
more effectively by standing
on the shoulders of
problems solved past,
similarly we have to
make some trade offs.
And so at the end of the day, this
is what computational thinking is all
about.
This is what computer science
and engineering and programming
is all about.
It's solving problems using
solutions to problems past,
and along the way making very
conscious, calculated, and hopefully
correct decisions, as to
what resources and what
objectives are most important to you.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
English:
Hi, I’m Jabril and welcome back to
CrashCourse AI.
Algorithms are just math and code, but algorithms
are created by people and use our data, so
biases that exist in the real world are mimicked
or even exaggerated by AI systems.
This idea is called algorithmic bias.
Bias isn’t inherently a terrible thing.
Our brains try to take shortcuts by finding
patterns in data.
So if you’ve only seen small, tiny dogs,
you might see a Great Dane and be like “Whoa
that dog is unnatural”
This doesn’t become a problem unless we
don’t acknowledge exceptions to patterns
or unless we start treating certain groups
of people unfairly.
As a society, we have laws to prevent discrimination
based on certain “protected classes” (like
gender, race, or age) for things like employment
or housing.
So it’s important to be aware of the difference
between bias, which we all have, and discrimination,
which we can prevent.
And knowing about algorithmic bias can help
us steer clear of a future where AI are used
in harmful, discriminatory ways.
Korean:
안녕하세요, 자브릴입니다.
크래시 코스 AI에 오신 것을 환영합니다.
알고리즘은 단지 계산과 코드로 이루어져 있지만
사람들에 의해 만들어지고 데이터를 사용하므로
현실 세계에 존재하는 편견이 AI시스템에 의해
모방되거나 심지어는 과장 될 수도 있습니다.
이 아이디어를 알고리즘 편향이라고 합니다.
편견은 본질적으로 끔찍한 것이 아닙니다.
우리의 두뇌는 데이터 패턴을 찾음으로써
지름길로 가려고 시도합니다.
작고 작은 개만 보아 왔다면, 그레이트 데인과 같은 개는
"우와..엄청 부자연스럽다"고 느껴질 것입니다.
작고 작은 개만 보아 왔다면, 그레이트 데인과 같은 개는
"우와..엄청 부자연스럽다"고 느껴질 것입니다.
우리가 패턴에 대한 예외를 인식하지 않거나 특정 집단을
부당하게 대우하지 않는다면 문제가 되지 않습니다.
우리가 패턴에 대한 예외를 인식하지 않거나 특정 집단을
부당하게 대우하지 않는다면 문제가 되지 않습니다.
사회에서 우리는 거주나 고용에 특정 그룹(성별, 인종,
나이)에 차별을 방지하는 법을 가지고 있습니다.
사회에서 우리는 거주나 고용에 특정 그룹(성별, 인종,
나이)에 차별을 방지하는 법을 가지고 있습니다.
그러므로 우리가 모두 가진 편견과 우리가 예방할 수 있는
차별의 차이첨을 인식하는 것이 중요합니다.
그러므로 우리가 모두 가진 편견과 우리가 예방할 수 있는
차별의 차이첨을 인식하는 것이 중요합니다.
알고리즘 편향을 아는 것은 AI가 유해하고 차별적인 방식
으로 사용되는 미래를 피하는데 도움을 줄 수 있습니다.
알고리즘 편향을 아는 것은 AI가 유해하고 차별적인 방식
으로 사용되는 미래를 피하는데 도움을 줄 수 있습니다.
Korean:
적어도 우리가 주의를 기울여야 할 5가지 유형의
알고리즘 편향이 있습니다.
첫째, 훈련 데이터는 사회의 숨겨진 편견을
반영 할 수 있습니다.
예를 들어 AI가 최근의 뉴스 기사나 책으로 훈련 된 경우,
"간호사"라는 단어는 여성을 언급할 가능성이 높고
반면 "프로그래머"라는 단어는 남성을 언급할 가능성이
더 높습니다.
반면 "프로그래머"라는 단어는 남성을 언급할 가능성이
더 높습니다.
또한 여러분은 구글 이미지 검색에서 일어나는 것을 볼 수
있습니다 : "간호사"는 주로 여성을 보여주고,
반면 "프로그래머"는 대부분 주로
남자 이미지를 보여줍니다.
데이터에 숨겨진 편향이 어떻게 검색 엔진의 AI에
포함되는지 알 수 있습니다.
물론 우리는 남자 간호사가 있고 여성 프로그래머와
여성도, 남성도 아닌 사람들이 두 가지를 모두 합니다.
물론 우리는 남자 간호사가 있고 여성 프로그래머와
여성도, 남성도 아닌 사람들이 두 가지를 모두 합니다.
예를 들어, 1960년대의 '프로그래머'라는 이미지 검색은
더 많은 여성을 보여줍니다.
그러나 AI 알고리즘은 시간이 지나면서 변화 할 수 있는
문화적 편견을 잘 모릅니다.
그리고 더 많은 인간의 두뇌에 숨겨진 편견을
퍼뜨릴 수도 있습니다.
English:
INTRO
There are at least 5 types of algorithmic
bias we should pay attention to.
First, training data can reflect hidden biases
in society.
For example, if an AI was trained on recent
news articles or books, the word “nurse”
is more likely to refer to a “woman,”
while the word “programmer” is more likely
to refer to a “man.”
And you can see this happening with a Google
image search: “nurse” shows mostly women,
while “programmer” mostly shows mostly
men.
We can see how hidden biases in the data gets
embedded in search engine AI.
Of course, we know there are male nurses and
female programmers and non-binary people doing
both of these jobs!
For example, an image search for “programmer
1960” shows a LOT more women.
But AI algorithms aren’t very good at recognizing
cultural biases that might change over time,
and they could even be spreading hidden biases
to more human brains.
t’s also tempting to think that if we just
don’t collect or use training data that
English:
categorizes protected classes like race or
gender, then our algorithms can’t possibly
discriminate.
But, protected classes may emerge as correlated
features, which are features that aren’t
explicitly in data but may be unintentionally
correlated to a specific prediction.
For example, because many places in the US
are still extremely segregated, zip code can
be strongly correlated to race.
A record of purchases can be strongly correlated
to gender.
And a controversial 2017 paper showed that
sexual orientation is strongly correlated
with characteristics of a social media profile
photo.
Second, the training data may not have enough
examples of each class, which can affect the
accuracy of predictions.
For example, many facial recognition AI algorithms
are trained on data that includes way more
examples of white peoples’ faces than other
races.
One story that made the news a few years ago
is a passport photo checker with an AI system
to warn if the person in the photo had blinked.
But the system had a lot of trouble with photos
of people of Asian descent.
Korean:
또한 인종이나 성별과 같은 보호 등급을 분류하는 훈련
데이터를 수집하거나 사용하지 않으면,
우리의 알고리즘은 차별을 할 수가 없습니다.
우리의 알고리즘은 차별을 할 수가 없습니다.
그러나 보호된 집단과 관련된 특성으로
나타날 수 있습니다. 이는 데이터에 명시적이지만
의도하지 않은 것일 수 있고,
특정 예측과 관련이 있습니다.
예를 들어, 미국의 많은 곳에 여전히 우편번호는
극단적으로 구분되어 있는데
이는 인종과 밀접한 관련이 있습니다.
구매 기록은 성별과 서로 밀접하게 연관 될 수 있습니다.
논쟁의 여지가 있는 2017년 논문에서 성적 취향은 SNS
프로필의 사진의 특징과 강하게 연관되어 있습니다.
논쟁의 여지가 있는 2017년 논문에서 성적 취향은 SNS
프로필의 사진의 특징과 강하게 연관되어 있습니다.
둘째, 예측의 정확성에 영향을 줄 수 있는 각 클래스에
대한 훈련 데이터가 충분하지 않을 수 있습니다.
둘째, 예측의 정확성에 영향을 줄 수 있는 각 클래스에
대한 훈련 데이터가 충분하지 않을 수 있습니다.
예를 들어, 많은 안면인식 AI 알고리즘은 다른 인종보다
백인의 얼굴 예제를 더 많이 포함하여 훈련됩니다.
예를 들어, 많은 안면인식 AI 알고리즘은 다른 인종보다
백인의 얼굴 예제를 더 많이 포함하여 훈련됩니다.
몇 년 전 뉴스를 만든 한 가지 이야기로,
AI 시스템이 있는 여권 사진 검사기는
사진 속 실제 인물이 판독기에서 깜박이면 경고합니다.
그러나 시스템은 아시아 출신 사람들의
사진에 많은 문제가 많았습니다.
English:
Being asked to take a photo again and again
would be really frustrating if you’re just
trying to renew your passport, which is already
sort of a pain!
Or, let’s say, you got a cool gig programming
a drone for IBM… but it has trouble recognizing
your face because your skin’s too dark…
for example.
Third, it’s hard to quantify certain features
in training data.
There are lots of things that are tough to
describe with numbers.
Like can you really rate a sibling relationship
with a number?
It’s complicated!
You love them, but you hate how messy they
are, but you like cooking together, but you
hate how your parents compare you...
It’s so hard to quantify all that!
In many cases, we try to build AI to evaluate
complicated qualities of data, but sometimes
we have to settle for easily measurable shortcuts.
One recent example is trying to use AI to
grade writing on standardized tests like SATs
and GREs with the goal to save human graders
time.
Good writing involves complex elements like
clarity, structure, and creativity, but most
of these qualities are hard to measure.
Korean:
계속해서 사진을 다시 찍으라는 요청을 받는 것은
만약 여권을 갱신한지 얼마 안됬다면
매우 실망 할것입니다. 매우 고통이죠.
IBM의 드론을 프로그래밍하는 멋진 일을 하고있다고
가정해 보겠습니다.
그런데 여러분의 피부색이 너무 어두워서 얼굴을
인식하지 못한다고 합니다. 진짜 못하네요.. 흠
셋째, 특정한 특징을 훈련 데이터에서
정량화하기가 어렵습니다.
숫자로 설명하기 힘든 것들이 많이 있습니다.
실제로 여러분은 형제 관계를 숫자로평가할 수 있나요?
복잡합니다!
여러분은 그들을 사랑합니다. 하지만 그들이 얼마나
지저분한지 여러분은 싫어하고,
같이 요리하는 것을 좋아하지만,
부모님이 그들을 여러분과 비교하는 것을 싫어합니다.
모든 것을 정량화 하는 것은 매우 어렵습니다!
많은 경우에, 우리는 복잡한 데이털의 질을
평가하기 위해 AI를 구축하려고 시도합니다.
하지만 때때로 우리는
쉽게 측정 할 수있는 지름길을 정해야 합니다.
최근의 한 예는 AI를 사용하여 GRE나 SAT와 같은 표준화
된 시험에 대한 채점을 하는 것입니다.
인간 채점자의 시간을 절약하기 위함입니다.
좋은 글은 명확성, 구조 및 창의성과 같은 복잡한 요소들
을 포함하지만 이러한 특성은 측정하기 어렵습니다.
좋은 글은 명확성, 구조 및 창의성과 같은 복잡한 요소들
을 포함하지만 이러한 특성은 측정하기 어렵습니다.
English:
So, instead, these AI focused on easier-to-measure
elements like sentence length, vocabulary,
and grammar, which don’t fully represent
good writing… and made these AIs easier
to fool.
Some students from MIT built a natural language
program to create essays that made NO sense,
but were rated highly by these grading algorithms.
These AIs could also potentially be fooled
by memorizing portions of “template” essays
to influence the score, rather than actually
writing a response to the prompt, all because
of the training data that was used for these
scoring AI.
Fourth, the algorithm could influence the
data that it gets, creating a positive feedback
loop.
A positive feedback loop basically means “amplifying
what happened in the past”… whether or
not this amplification is good.
An example is PredPol’s drug crime prediction
algorithm, which has been in use since 2012
in many large cities including LA and Chicago.
PredPol was trained on data that was heavily
biased by past housing segregation and past
cases of police bias.
So, it would more frequently send police to
certain neighborhoods where a lot of racial
minority folks lived.
Korean:
대신 이 AI는 문장 길이나 어휘, 문법과 같이
측정하기 쉬운 것에 중점을 두었습니다.
이들은 좋은 글에서 완벽하게 나타나진 않지만
AI들을 쉽게 만들 수 있습니다.
이들은 좋은 글에서 완벽하게 나타나진 않지만
AI들을 쉽게 만들 수 있습니다.
MIT의 일부 학생들은 말이 안되는 수필을 만드는
자연어 프로그램을 만들었습니다.
그러나 그것은 채점 알고리즘에 의해
높은 점수를 받았습니다.
이 AI는 채점에 영향을 미치는 에세이 '템플릿'의 일부를
기억함으로써 잠재적으로 속을 수도 있습니다.
실제로 점수 매기기 AI에 사용 된 교육 데이터로 인해
프롬프트에 실제로 응답을 작성하는 것이 아닙니다
실제로 점수 매기기 AI에 사용 된 교육 데이터로 인해
프롬프트에 실제로 응답을 작성하는 것이 아닙니다
넷째, 알고리즘은 얻은 데이터에 영향을 미쳐
긍정적인 피드백 루프를 만들 수 있습니다.
넷째, 알고리즘은 얻은 데이터에 영향을 미쳐
긍정적인 피드백 루프를 만들 수 있습니다.
긍정적인 피드백 루프는 기본적으로 “과거에 일어난 일을
증폭"하는 것을 의미합니다.
이 증폭은 좋든지, 좋지 않든지요.
예를 들면, PredPol의 약물 범죄 예측 알고리즘은 2012년
부터 LA와 시카고 등 많은 대도시에서 사용해왔습니다.
예를 들면, PredPol의 약물 범죄 예측 알고리즘은 2012년
부터 LA와 시카고 등 많은 대도시에서 사용해왔습니다.
PredPol은 과거 주택 분리 및 과거 경찰의 편견이 있는
사례에 의해 크게 편향된 데이터로 훈련을 받았습니다.
PredPol은 과거 주택 분리 및 과거 경찰의 편견이 있는
사례에 의해 크게 편향된 데이터로 훈련을 받았습니다.
따라서 그것은 많은 소수 민족이 살았던 특정 지역에서
특정한 이웃을 경찰을 보내는 것이 더 빈번합니다.
따라서 그것은 많은 소수 민족이 살았던 특정 지역에서
특정한 이웃을 경찰을 보내는 것이 더 빈번합니다.
English:
Arrests in those neighborhoods increased,
that arrest data was fed back into the algorithm,
and the AI would predict more future drug
arrests in those neighborhoods and send the
police there again.
Even though there might be crime in neighborhoods
where police weren’t being sent by this
AI, because there weren't any arrests in those
neighborhoods, data about them wasn’t fed
back into the algorithm.
While algorithms like PredPol are still in
use, to try and manage these feedback effects,
there is currently more effort to monitor
and adjust how they process data.
So basically, this would be like a new principal
who was hired to improve the average grades
of a school, but he doesn’t really care
about the students who already have good grades.
He creates a watchlist of students who have
really bad grades and checks up on them every
week, and he ignores the students who keep
up with good grades.
If any of the students on his watchlist don’t
do their homework that week, they get punished.
But all of the students NOT on his watchlist
can slack on their homework, and get away
with it based on “what happened in the past.”
Korean:
그 지역의 체포가 증가했고,
체포 데이터가 알고리즘으로 다시 공급되고,
AI는 더 많은 미래 약물범죄를 그 동네에서 예측하고,
체포하여 경찰에 보낼 것입니다.
AI는 더 많은 미래 약물범죄를 그 동네에서 예측하고,
체포하여 경찰에 보낼 것입니다.
이 AI에 의해 경찰이 보내지 않은 곳 근처에 범죄가 있을
수 있지만,
이 동네에서는 체포가 없었기 때문에, 그들에 대한
데이터는 알고리즘의 피드백으로 공급되지 않았습니다.
이 동네에서는 체포가 없었기 때문에, 그들에 대한
데이터는 알고리즘의 피드백으로 공급되지 않았습니다.
반면, PredPol과 같은 알고리즘은 여전히 이러한 피드백
효과를 시도하고 관리하기 위해 사용됩니다.
현재 그들이 데이터를 처리하는 방법을 조정하려고
더 많은 노력을 기울이고 있습니다.
기본적으로 이것은 학교의 평균 성적을 향상시키기 위해
고용된 새로운 교장과 같습니다.
그러나 그는 실제로 이미 좋은 성적을 가진 학생들에 대해
서는 상관하지 않습니다.
그는 정말 나쁜 성적이어서 매주 확인해야 하는
학생의 관심 목록을 만듭니다.
그리고 그는 좋은 성적을 유지하는 학생들에겐
관심을 갖지 않습니다.
관심 목록에 있는 학생이 그 주의 숙제를 하지 않은 경우
처벌을 받습니다.
그러나 그의 관심 목록에 없는 학생들은 숙제를 느슨하게
하고 “과거에 일어난 일”을 근거로 도망갈 수 있습니다.
그러나 그의 관심 목록에 없는 학생들은 숙제를 느슨하게
하고 “과거에 일어난 일”을 근거로 도망갈 수 있습니다.
English:
This is essentially what’s happening with
PredPol, and you can be the judge if you believe
it’s fair or not.
Finally, a group of people may mess with training
data on purpose.
For example, in 2014, Microsoft released a
chatbot named Xiaoice in China.
People could chat with Xiaoice so it would
learn how to speak naturally on a variety
of topics from these conversations.
It worked great, and Xiaoice had over 40 million
conversations with no incidents.
In 2016, Microsoft tried the same thing in
the U.S. by releasing the Twitterbot Tay.
Tay trained on direct conversation threads
on Twitter, and by playing games with users
where they could get it to repeat what they
were saying.
In 12 hours after its release, after a “coordinated
attack by a subset of people” who biased
its data set, Tay started posting violent,
sexist, anti-semitic, and racist Tweets.
This kind of manipulation is usually framed
as “joking” or “trolling,” but the
fact that AI can be manipulated means we should
take algorithmic predictions with a grain
of salt.
This is why I don’t leave John-Green-Bot
alone online…
Korean:
이것은 PredPol에서 본질적으로 일어나는 일이고 여러분
이 공정한 지 판단한다면 판사가 될 수 있습니다.
이것은 PredPol에서 본질적으로 일어나는 일이고 여러분
이 공정한 지 판단한다면 판사가 될 수 있습니다.
마지막으로, 한 무리의 사람들이 의도적으로 데이터
훈련을 엉망으로 만들 수 있습니다.
예를 들어, 2014년에 마이크로소프트는
중국에서 Xiaoice라는 챗봇을 발매하였는데
사람들은 Xiaoice와 대화 할 수 있으므로 이러한 대화에서
다양한 주제에 대해 자연스럽게 말하는 방법을 배울 수 있습니다.
사람들은 Xiaoice와 대화 할 수 있으므로 이러한 대화에서
다양한 주제에 대해 자연스럽게 말하는 방법을 배울 수 있습니다.
그것은 잘 작동했고 Xiaoice는 4천만 명이 넘게
사건없이 대화를 했습니다.
2016년에 마이크로소프트는 미국에서 똑같이
트위터봇 Tay를 출시했습니다.
Tay는 트위터에서 직접적인 대화 맥락에서 훈련받고,
사용자와 게임을 통해
반복되는 대화를 할 수 있었습니다.
출시 후 12시간 만에 데이터 세트를 편향시킨 "일부 사람
들에 의한 조정 된 공격"을 받고
Tay는 폭력적이고 성 차별적이며 반유대 주의적이며
인종 차별적인 트윗을 게시하기 시작했습니다.
이런 종류의 조작은 일반적으로 액자
"농담"또는 "장난"으로 프레임되지만
AI를 조작 할 수 있다는 사실은 알고리즘 예측이
과장되었다는 것을 감안하여야 한다는 것을 의미합니다.
AI를 조작 할 수 있다는 사실은 알고리즘 예측이
과장되었다는 것을 감안하여야 한다는 것을 의미합니다.
이것이 내가 존 그린 봇을 온라인에 혼자 놔두지 않는
이유입니다.
English:
The common theme of algorithmic bias is that
AI systems are trying to make good predictions,
but they make mistakes.
Some of these mistakes may be harmless or
mildly inconvenient, but others may have significant
consequences.
To understand the key limitations of AI in
our current society, let’s go to the Thought
Bubble.
Let’s say there’s an AI system called
HireMe! that gives hiring recommendations
to companies.
HireMe is being used by Robots Weekly, a magazine
where John-Green-bot applied for an editorial
job.
Just by chance, the last two people named
“John” got fired from Robots Weekly and
another three “Johns” didn’t make it
through the hiring process.
So, when John-Green-Bot applies for the job,
HireMe! predicts that he’s only 24% likely
to be employed by the company in 3 years.
Seeing this prediction, the hiring manager
at Robots Weekly rejects John-Green-bot, and
this data gets added to the HireMe!
AI system.
John-Green-Bot is just another “John”
that got rejected, even though he may have
been the perfect robot for the job!
Now, future “Johns” have an even lower
chance to be hired.
Korean:
알고리즘 바이어스의 일반적인 주제는
인공 지능 시스템은 좋은 예측을 하려고 하지만,
그러나 그들은 실수를 합니다.
이러한 실수 중 일부는 무해하거나 약간 불편하지만
다른 것들은 중요한 결과를 갖습니다.
이러한 실수 중 일부는 무해하거나 약간 불편하지만
다른 것들은 중요한 결과를 갖습니다.
우리 현재 사회 AI의 주요 한계를 이해하려면
생각거품에 가 봅시다.
우리 현재 사회 AI의 주요 한계를 이해하려면
생각거품에 가 봅시다.
HireMe!라는 회사에 고용 추천을 제공하는 AI 시스템이
있다고 가정 해 봅시다.
HireMe!라는 회사에 고용 추천을 제공하는 AI 시스템이
있다고 가정 해 봅시다.
HireMe는 존 그린 봇이 편집일을 신청한 잡지
Robots Weekly에서 사용되고 있습니다.
HireMe는 존 그린 봇이 편집일을 신청한 잡지
Robots Weekly에서 사용되고 있습니다.
우연히도 '존'이라는 지난 두 사람은
Robots Weekly에서 해고되었고
또 다른 세명의 "존"은 채용 과정을 통과하지 못했습니다.
존 그린 봇이 고용을 신청할 때, HireMe는 3년 안에
회사에 고용될 가능성이 단지 24%라고 예측합니다.
존 그린 봇이 고용을 신청할 때, HireMe는 3년 안에
회사에 고용될 가능성이 단지 24%라고 예측합니다.
이 예측을 보고, Robots Weekly의 채용 관리자는 존 그린
봇을 거부하고, 데이터는 HireMe의 AI시스템에 추가됩니다.
이 예측을 보고, Robots Weekly의 채용 관리자는 존 그린
봇을 거부하고, 데이터는 HireMe의 AI시스템에 추가됩니다.
이 예측을 보고, Robots Weekly의 채용 관리자는 존 그린
봇을 거부하고, 데이터는 HireMe의 AI시스템에 추가됩니다.
심지어 그가 작업을 위한 완벽한 로봇이었을지라도 ,
존 그린 봇은 또 다른 거절당한 "존"입니다.
심지어 그가 작업을 위한 완벽한 로봇이었을지라도 ,
존 그린 봇은 또 다른 거절당한 "존"입니다.
이제 미래의“존”들은 채용 가능성이 훨씬 낮습니다.
Korean:
이는 긍정적인 피드백 루프이며 일부는
존 그린봇에게는 매우 부정적인 결과입니다.
물론 “존”이라는 이름은 보호된 클래스가 아니지만 다른
그룹의 사람들에게 적용 할 수 있습니다.
물론 “존”이라는 이름은 보호된 클래스가 아니지만 다른
그룹의 사람들에게 적용 할 수 있습니다.
게다가 심지어 HireMe!와 같은 알고리즘은
두 종류의 데이터를 연결을 설정하는 데 매우 능숙하고,
그들은 항상 예측을 하는 이유를 명확히 할 수 없습니다.
두 종류의 데이터를 연결을 설정하는 데 매우 능숙하고,
그들은 항상 예측을 하는 이유를 명확히 할 수 없습니다.
예를 들어, HireMe!는 더 높은 연령대를 디지털 기술에
대한 지식이 적은 것으로 연관지어 찾을 수 있습니다.
그래서 AI는 더 젋은 지원자를 제안합니다.
이것은 보호 된 클래스인 "나이"에 대한
불법적인 차별일 뿐만 아니라,
암시적 연결도 사실이 아닐 수도 있습니다.
존 그린봇은 거의 40세일 수 있지만 로봇 블로그를 운영해
Nerdfighteria와 같은 온라인 커뮤니티에서 활동중입니다.
존 그린봇은 거의 40세일 수 있지만 로봇 블로그를 운영해
Nerdfighteria와 같은 온라인 커뮤니티에서 활동중입니다.
그러므로 HireMe와 같은 AI 시스템과 상호 작용하는 것은
인간의 몫입니다. 추천에 주의를 기울이거나,
그들이 공정한지 확인하거나,
그렇지 않은 경우 알고리즘을 조정합니다.
편견과 차별에 대한 AI 모니터링은 막대한 책임처럼
들리는데, 우리가 어떻게 그걸 할 수 있을까요?
편견과 차별에 대한 AI 모니터링은 막대한 책임처럼
들리는데, 우리가 어떻게 그걸 할 수 있을까요?
English:
It’s a positive feedback loop, with some
pretty negative consequences for John-Green-Bot.
Of course, being named “John” isn’t
a protected class, but this could apply to
other groups of people.
Plus, even though algorithms like HireMe!
Are great at establishing a link between two
kinds of data, they can’t always clarify
why they’re making predictions.
For example, HireMe! may find that higher
age is associated with lower knowledge of
digital technologies, so the AI suggests hiring
younger applicants.
Not only is this illegally discriminating
against the protected class of “age,”
but the implied link also might not be true.
John-Green-bot may be almost 40, but he runs
a robot blog and is active in online communities
like Nerdfighteria!
So it’s up to humans interacting with AI
systems like HireMe! to pay attention to recommendations
and make sure they’re fair, or adjust the
algorithms if not.
Thanks, Thought Bubble!
Monitoring AI for bias and discrimination
sounds like a huge responsibility, so how
can we do it?
English:
The first step is just understanding that
algorithms will be biased.
It’s important to be critical about AI recommendations,
instead of just accepting that “the computer
said so.”
This is why transparency in algorithms is
so important, which is the ability to examine
inputs and outputs to understand why an algorithm
is giving certain recommendations.
But that's easier said than done
when it comes to certain algorithms, like
deep learning methods.
Hidden layers can be tricky to interpret.
Second, if we want to have less biased algorithms,
we may need more training data on protected
classes like race, gender, or age.
Looking at an algorithm’s recommendations
for protected classes may be a good way to
check it for discrimination.
This is kind of a double-edged sword, though.
People who are part of protected classes may
(understandably) be worried about handing
over personal information.
It may feel like a violation of privacy, or
they might worry that algorithms will be misused
to target rather than protect them.
Even if you aren’t actively working on AI
systems, knowing about these algorithms and
Korean:
첫 번째 단계는
알고리즘이이 편향될 것이라고 이해하는 것입니다.
'컴퓨터가 그렇게 말했다'고 생각하는 대신, AI의 추천에
대해 비판적으로 생각하는 것이 중요합니다.
'컴퓨터가 그렇게 말했다'고 생각하는 대신, AI의 추천에
대해 비판적으로 생각하는 것이 중요합니다.
이는 알고리즘의 투명성이 매우 중요한 이유로,
입력과 출력이 왜 알고리즘이 특정 추천을
해주는지를 검사하는 능력입니다.
그러나 그것은 딥러닝 방법과 같은 특정한 알고리즘에
관해서는 행동보다 말이 쉽습니다.
그러나 그것은 딥러닝 방법과 같은 특정한 알고리즘에
관해서는 행동보다 말이 쉽습니다.
숨겨진 레이어는 해석하기 까다로울 수 있습니다.
둘째, 편향 된알고리즘을 줄이고 싶다면, 보호된 클래스에
대한 더 많은 훈련 데이터가 필요할 수 있습니다
인종, 성별 또는 연령과 같은 것들입니다.
보호된 클래스에 대한 알고리즘의 추천을 살펴보는
것은 차별 여부를 확인하는 좋은 방법이 될 수 있습니다.
보호된 클래스에 대한 알고리즘의 추천을 살펴보는
것은 차별 여부를 확인하는 좋은 방법이 될 수 있습니다.
그러나 이것은 양날의 검입니다.
보호된 클래스에 속한 사람들은 (당연히) 개인정보를
다루는 것에 대해 걱정할 수 있습니다.
보호된 클래스에 속한 사람들은 (당연히) 개인정보를
다루는 것에 대해 걱정할 수 있습니다.
프라이버시를 어기거나, 알고리즘이 그들을 보호하기보
단 목표로 삼도록 잘못 사용 될까 걱정할 수도 있습니다.
프라이버시를 어기거나, 알고리즘이 그들을 보호하기보
단 목표로 삼도록 잘못 사용 될까 걱정할 수도 있습니다.
AI 시스템을 적극적으로 사용하지 않더라도,
이러한 알고리즘에 대해 알고
English:
staying informed about artificial intelligence
are really important as we shape the future
of this field.
Anyone, including you, can advocate for more
careful, critical interpretation of algorithmic
outputs to help protect human rights.
Some people are even advocating that algorithms
should be clinically tested and scrutinized
in the same way that medicines are.
According to these opinions, we should know
if there are “side effects” before integrating
AI in our daily lives.
There’s nothing like that in the works yet.
But it took over 2400 years for the Hippocratic
Oath to transform into current medical ethics
guidelines.
So it may take some time for us to come up
with the right set of practices.
Next time, we have a lab and I’ll demonstrate
how there are biases in even simple things
like trying to adopt a cat or a dog.
I’ll see ya then.
Speaking of understanding how bias and misinformation spread, you should check out this video on Deep Fakes
I did with Above the Noise -- another PBSDS channel that gets into the research behind controversial issues.
Head over to the video in the description to find out how detect deep fakes.
Tell them Jabril sent you!
Korean:
인공 지능에 대한 정보를 유지하는 것은,
우리가 이 분야의 미래를 형성하는 데 정말 중요합니다.
인공 지능에 대한 정보를 유지하는 것은,
우리가 이 분야의 미래를 형성하는 데 정말 중요합니다.
여러분을 포함하여 누구나 인권 보호를 위해 알고리즘
결과에 대한 보다 신중하고 비판적인 해석을 옹호할 수 있습니다.
여러분을 포함하여 누구나 인권 보호를 위해 알고리즘
결과에 대한 보다 신중하고 비판적인 해석을 옹호할 수 있습니다.
어떤 사람들은 알고리즘이 의약품과 같은 방식으로 임상
적으로 검사하고 면밀히 조사해야한다고 옹호합니다.
어떤 사람들은 알고리즘이 의약품과 같은 방식으로 임상
적으로 검사하고 면밀히 조사해야한다고 옹호합니다.
이러한 의견에 따르면, 우리는 AI를 일상에 통합하기 전에
"부작용"이있는 경우를 알아야 합니다.
이러한 의견에 따르면, 우리는 AI를 일상에 통합하기 전에
"부작용"이있는 경우를 알아야 합니다.
아직 그런 작업은 없습니다.
그러나 히포크라테스 선서가 현재의 의료 윤리 지침으로
전환되기까지 2400년이 걸렸습니다.
그러나 히포크라테스 선서가 현재의 의료 윤리 지침으로
전환되기까지 2400년이 걸렸습니다.
따라서 올바른 관행을 마련하는 데에는
시간이 걸릴 수 있습니다.
다음에는 개나 고양이를 구분하는 단순한 작업으로
알고리즘 편향을 랩에서 실습하겠습니다.
다음에는 개나 고양이를 구분하는 단순한 작업으로
알고리즘 편향을 랩에서 실습하겠습니다.
그럼 나중에 봐요.
편견과 잘못된 정보가 어떻게 확산되는지 이해하려면
딥 페이크에 대한 비디오를 확인하십시오.
저는 논란의 여지가있는 문제에 대한 연구에 참여하는 또
다른 PBSDS 채널인 Upper the Noise를 사용했습니다.
설명의 비디오로 이동하여 딥페이크를 감지하는 방법을
찾아 보세요.
그들에게 자브릴이 당신을 보냈다고 말해주세요.
English:
Crash Course AI is
produced in association with PBS Digital Studios!
If you want to help keep all Crash Course
free for everybody, forever, you can join
our community on Patreon.
And if you want to learn more about prejudice
and discrimination in humans, you can check
out this episode of Crash Course Sociology.
Korean:
크래시 코스 AI는
PBS 디지털 스튜디오와 연합하여 제작되었습니다!
Crash Course가 모두를 위해 무료일수 있도록
도움을 주시고 싶으면 Patron 커뮤티에 가입해주세요!
Crash Course가 모두를 위해 무료일수 있도록
도움을 주시고 싶으면 Patron 커뮤티에 가입해주세요!
편견과 인간의 차별에 대해 더 배우고 싶다면,
여러분은 크래시 코스 사회학을 볼 수 있습니다.
편견과 인간의 차별에 대해 더 배우고 싶다면,
여러분은 크래시 코스 사회학을 볼 수 있습니다.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Here's an atom.
What is the atomic number, the mass number
and the net charge to this atom?
So the atomic number is the number of protons.
In this diagram, these little red circles
are representing protons here in the nucleus
so we’ve got 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 which means my
atomic number is 5.
That was easy enough.
Mass number is the number of protons plus
the number of neutrons which are these things
in blue so mass number is 1, 2.
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 protons plus neutrons.
So mass number is 8.
Sometimes people think you have to have the
same number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom, definitely not true, they
can differ quite a bit.
The net charge is how protons and electrons
balance each other out.
So, electrons are represented by these things
here flying around the outside the atom, 1,
2, 3, 4 electrons, e- is a way that we can
abbreviate electrons, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 p+,
protons.
So, the protons and the electrons don't quite
balance out.
There is one more proton than electrons so
that one extra proton is going to give me
a net charge of 1+ because each proton has
a positive charge have one extra proton.
Net charge of 1+.
This is kind of a basic problem, now we’ll
move on to something that's a little trickier.
So here, we’ve got and atom with this atomic
number, this mass number, and net charge.
From this information, we need to figure out
the protons, neutrons, and electrons that
are in this atom.
Protons, that is going to be easy because
protons… the number of protons is going
to be the same thing as atomic number.
So it's going to be 7.
Now what about neutrons?
Mass number is protons plus neutrons so this
15 here is protons and neutrons together.
I already know how many protons there are
so I can do protons plus neutrons, the mass
number, minus the number of protons equals
8, the number of neutrons.
The net charge here is 2+.
If I have a positive net charge with a certain
number, that's telling me how many more protons
I have than electrons.
So in this case, net charge of 2+, there are
2 more protons than elections.
Since I have 7 protons that means that I have
to have 5 electrons for me to get a 2+ charge.
Here's a table with various characteristics
of a certain atom.
We need to fill in the things that are empty.
Okay, we don't know how many protons, we don't
know how many neutrons, where can we start?
Okay, we know the electrons and we know the
net charge so based on the number of electrons
and the net charge this atom has, we can figure
out how many protons there are, okay?
Since this is a net charge of -3 that means
that there are 3 more electrons than protons
because electrons have a negative charge.
So I have 7 electrons that means I'm going
to have…
I'm sorry if I had 10 electrons that means
that I'm going to have 7 protons, 3 more electrons
will give me -3.
Okay, now I know that my atomic number is
the same as my number of protons so that is
also going to be 7.
The mass number here is the number of protons
plus the number of neutrons.
So to get just the number of neutrons I take
a mass number, protons plus neutrons, minus
the number of protons, 7, and that is going
to give me 9 neutrons.
Sometimes these table problems can be the
hardest so we’ll do one more example.
Here, we want to find the electrons, protons,
and the atomic number.
We know the neutrons, the mass number, and
the net charge.
Okay, let’s start with protons.
We know the mass number, protons plus neutrons,
and we know the number of neutrons.
So that means we can take 25, which is protons
plus neutrons, and subtract the number of
neutrons, 25 minus 11 is going to give us
14, and that is the number of protons alone.
Atomic number is just another word for the
protons, so these both are going to be 14.
Now that we know the number of protons in
the nucleus, we can use the net charge to
figure out the number of electrons.
So it’s a net charge of 1+ which means that
there should be one more proton because it
has a positive charge… one more proton than
electron.
So 14 protons that means that total I'm going
to have 13 electrons.
So now that you know how to solve problems
like this, you're ready to go on to videos
about isotopes.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
English:
A bright lemon loaf drizzled with a sweet
glaze. Enjoy a slice for breakfast or as a
sweet treat.
This loaf gets made all in one bowl which
means a lot less dishes, just make sure to
pick one that will leave you with enough room
to stir everything together. Start with the
eggs, you’ll need three, crack them into
the bowl. You want them to be medium sized
and I always go with free range, the taste
and quality just doesn’t compare with others
even when you’re just using them for baking.
Measure out a cup of yoghurt and add to the
bowl. I’m using greek yogurt but you could
also use natural yoghurt, sour cream, or even
buttermilk. Use whichever one you have in
your fridge or the one that is easiest to
get your hands on. They all work the same
English:
A bright lemon loaf drizzled with a sweet
glaze.
Enjoy a slice for breakfast or as a sweet
treat.
This loaf gets made all in one bowl which
means a lot less dishes, just make sure to
pick one that will leave you with enough room
to stir everything together.
Start with the eggs, you’ll need three,
crack them into the bowl.
You want them to be medium sized and I always
go with free range, the taste and quality
just doesn’t compare with others even when
you’re just using them for baking.
Measure out a cup of yoghurt and add to the
bowl.
I’m using greek yogurt but you could also
use natural yoghurt, sour cream, or even buttermilk.
Use whichever one you have in your fridge
or the one that is easiest to get your hands
on.
English:
They all work the same in this recipe.
If you would like the full recipe for this
lemon loaf it will be on my website as well
as the full measurements listed in the information
box below.
Next is granulated sugar for some sweetness.
This lemon loaf isn’t super sweet, most
of the sweetness actually comes from the glaze
which gets poured over later.
Add the sugar to the bowl with the eggs and
yoghurt and use a whisk to combine the ingredients
together until the mixture is smooth.
Grate the zest from 1-2 lemons, depending
on their size.
The recipe needs about 1 1-/2 to 2 tablespoons
of zest, one large lemon was enough for me
but if yours are smaller 2 will be better.
English:
in this recipe.
If you would like the full recipe for this
lemon loaf it will be on my website as well
as the full measurements listed in the information
box below.
Next is granulated sugar for some sweetness.
This lemon loaf isn’t super sweet, most
of the sweetness actually comes from the glaze
which gets poured over later. Add the sugar
to the bowl with the eggs and yoghurt and
use a whisk to combine the ingredients together
until the mixture is smooth.
Grate the zest from 1-2 lemons, depending
on their size. The recipe needs about 1 1-/2
to 2 tablespoons of zest, one large lemon
was enough for me but if yours are smaller
English:
2 will be better. Scoop the zest up and add
to the mixing bowl.
In place of butter this recipe actually uses
oil. The oil helps keep moisture in the loaf
so it never will turn out dry while also making
it have a very light and tender texture. Measure
out half of a cup of a neutral oil, like vegetable,
canola, or sunflower and add to the mixing
bowl.
Mix the ingredients together with the whisk
- bonus here there is no creaming of butter
involved.
Along with the lemon zest this recipe uses
2 tablespoons of lemon extract. It’s used
in place of lemon juice as the flavour is
much stronger throughout the loaf, the flavour
from lemon juice would dissipate while the
loaf is baking. Just keep the lemon you’ve
zested for the glaze.
Use the whisk to mix all of the wet ingredients
together until well combined.
English:
Scoop the zest up and add to the mixing bowl.
In place of butter this recipe actually uses
oil.
The oil helps keep moisture in the loaf so
it never will turn out dry while also making
it have a very light and tender texture.
Measure out half of a cup of a neutral oil,
like vegetable, canola, or sunflower and add
to the mixing bowl.
Mix the ingredients together with the whisk
- bonus here there is no creaming of butter
involved.
Along with the lemon zest this recipe uses
2 tablespoons of lemon extract.
It’s used in place of lemon juice as the
flavour is much stronger throughout the loaf,
the flavour from lemon juice would dissipate
while the loaf is baking.
Just keep the lemon you’ve zested for the
glaze.
Use the whisk to mix all of the wet ingredients
together until well combined.
Place a sieve on top of the mixing bowl and
add the dry ingredients.
English:
Flour, baking powder and salt.
Along with removing any lumps the sieve also
makes it so much easier to mix the dry ingredients
into the wet.
Switch to a wooden spoon and fold the batter
together.
This is quite a lumpy batter so just mix until
you no longer see any dry flour.
Pour the batter into a lined and greased loaf
tin and place into a preheated oven to bake
for 50-55 minutes or until a tester comes
out clean.
Leave to cool completely before starting on
the glaze.
To make the glaze you’ll need a cup of icing
sugar and the juice from one lemon, about
1-2 tablespoons.
English:
Place a sieve on top of the mixing bowl and
add the dry ingredients. Flour, baking powder
and salt. Along with removing any lumps the
sieve also makes it so much easier to mix
the dry ingredients into the wet.
Switch to a wooden spoon and fold the batter
together. This is quite a lumpy batter so
just mix until you no longer see any dry flour.
Pour the batter into a lined and greased loaf
tin and place into a preheated oven to bake
for 50-55 minutes or until a tester comes
out clean. Leave to cool completely before
starting on the glaze.
To make the glaze you’ll need a cup of icing
sugar and the juice from one lemon, about
English:
Roll your lemons against a hard surface before
juicing, you’ll get much more out of them.
Juice the lemon and pour about 2/3s of the
juice into a small bowl with the icing sugar.
Give it a mix and add more juice as desired.
I like the glaze on the thicker side so I
haven’t used all of the lemon juice.
Drizzle the glaze over the lemon loaf and
leave to set for an hour before serving.
Let me know if you give this lemon loaf a
try.
Thank you for watching, I hope you enjoyed
this recipe and I’ll see you in my next
video.
English:
1-2 tablespoons. Roll your lemons against
a hard surface before juicing, you’ll get
much more out of them.
Juice the lemon and pour about 2/3s of the
juice into a small bowl with the icing sugar.
Give it a mix and add more juice as desired.
I like the glaze on the thicker side so I
haven’t used all of the lemon juice.
Drizzle the glaze over the lemon loaf and
leave to set for an hour before serving.
Let me know if you give this lemon loaf a
try. Thank you for watching, I hope you enjoyed
this recipe and I’ll see you in my next
video.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
I'm out of ammo!
You don't have ammo?
He is a noob!
Knock him out!
What a fuckin noob..
I don't believe that..
Hey guys, today I'll play fortnite.
You haven't seen me playing alone,
but this time I'll try it.
I'm just messing with you...Here with me are
Louis
-Hey
-And Elias.
We've changed our setup a bit,
now we'll play multiplayer.
Except Elias, we haven't played
fortnite at all.
So, we'll do our best.
Anyway, there is an offer
where you can take two free skin,
We'll have the link
down below in the description,
Just follow the steps to claim the skins.
-It has to do with twitch
-Yes,
steps will be in the link
So, let's play.
There is a guy that is coming to us!
He's coming from south east.
He fell on that house.
-Elia?
-Another one in...
-Wait, I'm putting armor on.
Come on..!
-He is here!! Help me!
-Where are you man?
I'll get him! Noo
-Louie?
-He got me..
He's on the rooftop above me.
That was the game for me, thank you. See you in the next one!
Got him!
I can hear another one!
-I knocked him down..
-There he is!
He is down there. I've hit him a lot.
I'm down. There was another one man..
He got me, Tze.
-I got him!
-Nice!
The other one is coming! He is on my body!
I don't have a lot of ammo..
He is building here, on the left.
-Can you hear him?
-I can but I don't have ammo.
Do whatever you can now.
-He is on the building.
-He is up there, yeah.
What's that?
Here to the left. There he is!
I'm out of ammo!
You don't have ammo eh?
He is a noob!
Knock him down!
What a fuckin noob...
I don't believe it..
-Is he there?
-I got him!
Good job man!!
He is here?
He got me...
You are too far man..
Get him Elia!
-I got it!
-Ok, revive me after that. They are shooting at me.
Bastards.
There is another one Elia! Where I died.
No! He got me...And I hit him.
-I'm far man, you were in...
-He is coming towards you!
-You'll see him!
-He built something. He's gonna heal.
-He made a wall!
He's gonna heal!
Must go behind him.
Motherfucker built everything. Smash it down with the pickaxe.
Can't I shoot from here?
Take that!
-You knocked him down!
-There is another one!
He is reviving him! Rush them!
Nice!
You knocked them! There is another one!
Must be another one since they are not dead..
-He is shooting at you!
-He fucked me..
Do you have anything on you?
He is walking. I reckon he revived him. No he didn't!
He is coming to you! From the left!
He is looking at you!
He has AR.
Yeah man, all I had was the pistols..
He jumped! There is a guy here with me!
Yes!
I got him!
I'll fuck you up.
Take that! Kill him Louie!
-You knocked him down Tze?
-Yeah I did
-Louie kill him
-I got him!
-I can hear someone!
-It's me.
Over here man! He is here!!
And another one!
Where is the other one? Behind there?
He is down!
There are two!
-Where?
-The other is running.
I knocked him down!
We got him! Well done Tze.
-There other one left!
-Where? Can you see him?
Somewhere he. West.
But I don't know exactly where, because I saw him before.
-I'm after him!
-Yes.
There he is! He turned back! He is going to the house at north east!
I can't shoot him. He is smashing the house to get inside.
I reckon he doesn't have weapons.
Run! Let's get him!
Someone is shooting from the right.
-Someone is shooting from the right.
-I only have 3 rounds!
He is here!
Where is the other one shooting?
Do you know?
Right, south east.
He is down the hill.
Where is the other prick shooting..
He killed me!
Well done!
-You got headshot motherfucker....
-I threw a lot of smoke.
Stay here.
I only have one-two bullets.
Louie cover us. I built something so I can revive him.
And somewhere he we have to finish fortnite.
Ok, we weren't perfect but
it's our first time in the game..
-We'll get better!
Of course..
If you want us to continue,
which we will anyway because the game is nice..
Tell us your opinion down in the comments below
if you liked it or not.
Share, like and subscribe, whatever you can do to help us.
We'll see you in the next video, but before that
one last dance!
3, 2, 1!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Here’s 3 ways in which the UK housing sector
is completely and utterly f**ked.
1. Home Ownership.
Do you ever get the feeling
that life just isn’t as fair as it used to be?
20 years ago, 65% of 25-34 year olds
on middle incomes owned their own home.
Today, it’s just 27% and falling.
Mean house prices are 152% higher today than
they were in the mid-1990s, adjusting for
inflation. The consequence? The average house
price for a young person today is around 8
times their household income, compared to
4 times 20 years ago.
---And with up to half our incomes going on
rent, it will take millennials an average
of 19 years to save for a deposit to buy a
house - compared to an average of 3 years
back in the 1980s.
In comparison, 1 in 6 baby boomers owns a
second home - meaning that not only is there
generational concentration of wealth, but
the buy-to-let market means that the pay packets
of the young are lining the pockets of wealthy
older people.
2. ---Housing benefits. Who do you reckon
is a bigger drain on the state: unemployed
people, or enterprising, property-owning private
landlords?
Wrong. It’s landlords. Just 1% of UK government
welfare spending goes towards unemployment
entitlements. But 25% of welfare spending
goes on housing benefits, which are now part
of the Universal Credit system.
4.2 million people claim housing benefit,
which is more than any other kind of benefit.
Last year, an estimated 21.9 billion pounds
was spent on making sure that people in the
UK could keep a roof over their heads by supplementing
their rent.
This year, it’s predicted that over £10
billion of the housing benefit spend will
be going towards supplementing rents of tenants
in the private sector.
So that’s over £10 billion pounds of taxpayer
dosh feathering the nests of private landlords
instead of being spent increasing the supply
of actually affordable housing.
Because that’s the real issue. Housing benefit
doesn’t cover rents in 95% of the country.
The gap between welfare support and costs
is more than £100 a month in England and
more than £900 in central London. This means
that thousands of families are either forced
to cover the shortfall between rent and income
through increasing personal debt, or are pushed
into homelessness
3. ---Which then puts them at the mercy of
the Temporary Accommodation industry Also
known as the Chokey of the UK housing sector.
In the last 5 years, the combination of benefits
cuts, soaring rents and a nationwide cost
of living crisis has led to a massive increase
in the number of people declared statutory
homeless. According to the House of Commons
library, there’s been a 77% increase in
the number of households placed in temporary
accommodation since 2010, when the Lib Dem-Tory
coalition came into power and ruined the lives
of basically everyone who wasn’t a millionaire.
The latest data shows that over 125,000 children
are currently in temporary or emergency housing
---Between 2018 and 2019, £1.1bn was spent
on B&Bs, hostels and other temporary shelter
- 30% of which was spent on emergency B&Bs,
despite there being a near universal consensus
that these are the worst form of accommodation
for children and families.
Council spending on emergency B&Bs has gone
up by 147% in recent years, while the number
of units has increased by only 32%. In short,
the homelessness crisis has created the perfect
conditions for unscrupulous landlords to spike
their prices, with the taxpayer footing the
bill.
More than 27,500 people are living in so-called
“exempt accommodation”, meaning that their
full-rent is being paid by the taxpayer, but
there aren’t any safeguards for standards
or safety governing the placement. “Exempt
accommodation” is often used to house people
who are extremely vulnerable or have complex
needs: domestic violence survivors, the long-term
homeless, and people with substance misuse
issues. In a report released just this month,
one resident said
---“It was dirty, filthy – rats and all
sorts. Really dangerous. Never saw a staff
member again after I got the keys. I stayed
for about 10 days, then slept on a park bench
for two. I was sexually assaulted in that
park and I was terrified, confused, the lot.”
Treating emergency and temporary accommodation
as a commodity has created incentives for
the private sector to bleed the public purse
dry - and people aren’t even getting decent
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Spanish:
Nintendo Entertainment System (Sistema de Entretenimiento de Nintendo). Famicon en Japón
Publicado en 1983 en Japón y en 1985 en Norteamérica
El juego mas largo del NES ocupo 1 megabyte de espacio
o 60 segundos de un mp3
El RAM de todos los 61.9 Millones de NES vendidos combinados
Igualaría a 118 GigaBytes
o 59 Wii Us
Al menos 849,300,000 disparos han sido efectuados en Duck Hunt
que deberían quemar 4,836,291.6 calorías
o alrededor de 2,715.5 pizzas largas
que es cuantas pizzas vende Domino en 63 segundos
Spanish:
Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo Famicon en Japón
Lanzada en Japón en 1983
Lanzada en Estados Unidos en 1985
El juego mas grande de NES ocupaba 1 megabyte
o 60 segundos de un mp3
la suma de RAM de las 61.9 Millones de NES vendidas
seria igual a 118 GB
...o 59 Wii U.
Por lo menos 849.300.000 disparos se hicieron en Duck Hunt
lo que quemaría 4.836.291 calorías
o al rededor de 2.715,5 pizzas grandes
que es la cantidad de pizzas que vende Domino´s en 63 segundos
Spanish:
El peso total de todas las NES vendidas es de 77,212.7 toneladas métricas
aproximadamente 448 Ballenas Azules
El aire soplado en cada cartucho vendido de Super Mario Bros (40,24 copias)
Llenarían 18 Globos Aerostáticos
Y como siempre
gracias por ver
¿que debería ser siguiente?
comenta o tweetéame @vsaucethree (en ingles)
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Spanish:
el peso total de todas las NES vendidas es 77.212,7 toneladas métricas
cerca de 448 Ballenas Azules
El aire necesario para soplar cada cartucho vendido de Super Mario Bros.
llenaría 18 globos aerostáticos
Y como siempre
gracias por ver.
¿Que deberia ser luego?
| YoutubeSubtitles |
French:
Ryan: Je suis Ryan de extremeterrain.com et
dans cet épisode, nous sommes ici à Sand Hollow
apprendre à conduire dans les dunes.
Nous sommes donc ici à Sand Mountain OHV
zone juste à l'extérieur de Sand Hollow State Park
et aujourd'hui, tout est question de conduite sur les dunes.
A côté de moi, j'ai Jeff.
Jeff, merci beaucoup d'être avec nous.
Jeff: Oh, merci de me recevoir ici avec
les gars.
Ryan: Absolument.
Jeff vient de la Desert Roads and Trails Society.
Nous sommes très heureux de l'avoir ici comme
un guide pour nous et pour nous montrer certains des
techniques derrière le roulage dans le sable parce que
c'est un peu différent de ce que nous sommes
habitué.
Nous avons donc la Deegan Jeep ici.
C'est la Jeep que nous avons construite pour Brian Deegan.
Si vous n'avez pas vu cette vidéo, assurez-vous que
vous vous abonnez à notre chaîne YouTube qui
Ainsi, vous pouvez vérifier cette vidéo ainsi que
notre vidéo de nous faisant rouler cette Jeep à Pâques
Jeep Safari cette année.
C'était une explosion absolue.
Donc, cette Jeep est plutôt bien installée, mais celle de Jeff
va nous parler un peu plus sur
comment vous voulez que votre jeep soit mise en place et
des techniques que vous allez vraiment
utiliser ici dans le sable.
Spanish:
Ryan: soy Ryan de extremeterrain.com y
en este episodio, estamos aquí en Sand Hollow
aprendiendo a conducir en las dunas.
Así que aquí estamos aquí en Sand Mountain OHV
área a las afueras de Sand Hollow State Park
y hoy se trata de conducir en las dunas.
A mi lado, tengo a Jeff.
Jeff, muchas gracias por estar con nosotros.
Jeff: Oh, gracias por invitarme a salir aquí con
ustedes.
Ryan: Absolutamente.
Jeff es de Desert Roads and Trails Society.
Estamos muy felices de tenerlo aquí como
una guía para nosotros y para mostrarnos algunos de los
técnicas detrás de rodar en la arena porque
es un poco diferente de lo que somos
Acostumbrado a.
Así que tenemos el Deegan Jeep aquí.
Este es el Jeep que construimos para Brian Deegan.
Si no has visto ese video, asegúrate
te suscribes a nuestro canal de YouTube que
forma en que puede verificar ese video, así como
nuestro video de nosotros girando este Jeep en Semana Santa
Jeep Safari este año.
Eso fue una explosión absoluta.
Por lo tanto, este Jeep está bastante bien configurado, pero el de Jeff
nos hablará un poco más sobre
cómo quiere que se configure su Jeep y algunos
de las técnicas que realmente vas a
usar aquí en la arena.
English:
Ryan: I'm Ryan from extremeterrain.com and
in this episode, we're out here in Sand Hollow
learning how to drive in the dunes.
So here we are out here at Sand Mountain OHV
area just outside of Sand Hollow State Park
and today is all about driving on the dunes.
Next to me, I have Jeff.
Jeff, thanks so much for being with us.
Jeff: Oh, thanks for having me out here with
you guys.
Ryan: Absolutely.
Jeff is from the Desert Roads and Trails Society.
We are very happy to have him out here as
a guide for us and to show us some of the
techniques behind wheeling in the sand because
it is a little bit different from what we're
used to.
So we have the Deegan Jeep out here.
This is the Jeep that we built for Brian Deegan.
If you haven't seen that video, make sure
you subscribe to our YouTube channel that
way you can check that video out as well as
our video of us wheeling this Jeep at Easter
Jeep Safari this year.
That was an absolute blast.
So, this Jeep's pretty well set up but Jeff's
gonna talk us through a little bit more about
how you want your Jeep to be set up and some
of the techniques that you're really gonna
use out here in the sand.
German:
Ryan: Ich bin Ryan von extremeterrain.com und
In dieser Folge sind wir hier in Sand Hollow
Lernen, wie man in den Dünen fährt.
Also hier sind wir hier bei Sand Mountain OHV
Bereich außerhalb des Sand Hollow State Park
und heute dreht sich alles um das Fahren auf den Dünen.
Neben mir habe ich Jeff.
Jeff, danke, dass du bei uns bist.
Jeff: Oh, danke, dass du mich hier draußen hast
Ihr.
Ryan: Absolut.
Jeff ist von der Desert Roads and Trails Society.
Wir sind sehr glücklich, ihn hier draußen zu haben
ein Leitfaden für uns und um uns einige der zu zeigen
Techniken hinter dem Sand im Sand
Es ist ein bisschen anders als das, was wir sind
gewöhnt an.
Also haben wir den Deegan Jeep hier draußen.
Das ist der Jeep, den wir für Brian Deegan gebaut haben.
Wenn Sie dieses Video noch nicht gesehen haben, vergewissern Sie sich
Du abonnierst unseren YouTube-Kanal
So können Sie das Video auch überprüfen
unser Video von uns diesen Jeep zu Ostern drehen
Jeep Safari in diesem Jahr.
Das war eine absolute Explosion.
Also, dieser Jeep ist ziemlich gut aufgestellt, aber Jeffs
werde uns ein bisschen mehr erzählen
wie du willst, dass dein Jeep aufgestellt wird und einiges
von den Techniken, die du wirklich willst
Benutze hier draußen im Sand.
English:
I know we were talking about the fact that
you can pretty much take a stock vehicle out
here and wheel it.
Jeff: That's correct.
All you need out here to get on the sand is
just air your tires down, get a bigger footprint,
little bit of horsepower, and some common
sense and anybody can come out here and wheel
in the sand.
Ryan: If you have something, especially something
like yours that's got a big wide tire, it's
an even bigger footprint, that's gonna give
you some more traction.
Jeff: It gives you a lot more traction, a
little more aggressive tread.
You can get too aggressive if you don't have
enough power and then you're just gonna dig
a hole and you're not gonna go anywhere.
Ryan: If you do start getting yourself into
one of these situations, don't just hammer
down and dig it down to the frame.
Jeff: Right.
That's not a fun situation to be in.
Ryan: We have the Deegan Jeep.
Like we said before, just has 37 by 12.50
tires on it.
It's got a 4-inch lift to clear those tires
and maybe most importantly about this setup
are the shocks.
These are the Falcon 3.3 adjustable shocks.
We have them on a fairly soft setting because
you said out here with some of the Razors
and the ATVs, it can get pretty rough.
Jeff: Right.
It gets pretty bumpy with the tracks that
people leave and then also, you'll notice
German:
Ich weiß, dass wir darüber gesprochen haben
Sie können so ziemlich ein Serienfahrzeug nehmen
hier und drehen Sie es.
Jeff: Das ist richtig.
Alles, was du hier draußen brauchst, um in den Sand zu steigen, ist
lüfte einfach deine Reifen runter, bekomme eine größere Standfläche,
ein bisschen Pferdestärke, und einige gemeinsame
Sinn und jeder kann hier rauskommen und Rad fahren
im Sand.
Ryan: Wenn du etwas hast, vor allem etwas
wie deine, die einen großen, breiten Reifen hat, ist es
ein noch größerer Fußabdruck, der geben wird
Du hast mehr Traktion.
Jeff: Es gibt Ihnen viel mehr Traktion, a
etwas aggressiveres Profil.
Sie können zu aggressiv werden, wenn Sie nicht haben
genug Kraft und dann wirst du graben
ein Loch und du wirst nirgendwohin gehen.
Ryan: Wenn du dich selbst anfängst
in einer dieser Situationen hämmere nicht einfach
runter und graben Sie es bis zum Rahmen.
Jeff: Richtig.
Das ist keine lustige Situation.
Ryan: Wir haben den Deegan Jeep.
Wie wir schon sagten, hat nur 37 von 12.50
Reifen drauf.
Es hat einen 4-Zoll-Lift, um diese Reifen zu löschen
und vielleicht am wichtigsten über dieses Setup
sind die Schocks.
Dies sind die Falcon 3.3 verstellbaren Dämpfer.
Wir haben sie in einer ziemlich weichen Umgebung, weil
Du hast hier draußen mit einigen der Rasiermesser gesprochen
und die ATVs, kann es ziemlich rau werden.
Jeff: Richtig.
Es wird ziemlich holprig mit den Tracks
Leute gehen und dann auch, Sie werden es bemerken
Spanish:
Sé que estábamos hablando del hecho de que
puedes sacar un vehículo de stock
aquí y ruedalo.
Jeff: Eso es correcto.
Todo lo que necesitas aquí para entrar en la arena es
simplemente airee sus neumáticos, obtenga una huella más grande,
poco de caballos de fuerza, y algo común
sentido y cualquiera puede venir aquí y la rueda
en la arena.
Ryan: si tienes algo, especialmente algo
como el tuyo que tiene un neumático grande y ancho, es
una huella aún más grande, eso va a dar
usted un poco más de tracción.
Jeff: Te da mucha más tracción, una
un poco más agresivo.
Puedes volverte demasiado agresivo si no tienes
suficiente potencia y luego solo vas a cavar
un agujero y no vas a ir a ninguna parte.
Ryan: si comienzas a entrar en
una de estas situaciones, no solo martillee
hacia abajo y cavar hacia abajo al marco.
Jeff: Correcto.
Esa no es una situación divertida en la que estar.
Ryan: Tenemos el Deegan Jeep.
Como dijimos antes, solo tiene 37 por 12.50
neumáticos en él.
Tiene un elevador de 4 pulgadas para limpiar esos neumáticos
y tal vez lo más importante acerca de esta configuración
son los choques
Estos son los amortiguadores ajustables Falcon 3.3.
Los tenemos en un entorno bastante suave porque
dijiste aquí con algunas de las Navajas
y los cuatriciclos, puede ser bastante duro.
Jeff: Correcto.
Se pone muy lleno de baches con las pistas que
la gente se va y luego también, te darás cuenta
French:
Je sais que nous parlions du fait que
vous pouvez à peu près sortir un véhicule stock
ici et roulez-le.
Jeff: C'est vrai.
Tout ce que vous avez besoin ici pour aller sur le sable est
il suffit d’aérer vos pneus, d’obtenir une plus grande empreinte,
peu de puissance, et quelques communes
sens et n'importe qui peut sortir ici et rouler
dans le sable.
Ryan: Si tu as quelque chose, surtout quelque chose
comme le vôtre qui a un gros pneu large, c'est
une empreinte encore plus grande, ça va donner
vous avez plus de traction.
Jeff: Cela vous donne beaucoup plus de traction, un
bande de roulement un peu plus agressive.
Vous pouvez devenir trop agressif si vous n'avez pas
assez de puissance et alors vous allez juste creuser
un trou et tu ne vas aller nulle part.
Ryan: Si vous commencez à vous mettre dans
une de ces situations, ne vous contentez pas de marteler
vers le bas et creuse le cadre.
Jeff: C'est vrai.
Ce n'est pas une situation amusante.
Ryan: Nous avons la Jeep Deegan.
Comme nous l'avons déjà dit, il n'y en a que 37 par 12.50
pneus dessus.
Il a un ascenseur de 4 pouces pour dégager ces pneus
et peut-être le plus important à propos de cette configuration
sont les chocs.
Ce sont les amortisseurs réglables Falcon 3.3.
Nous les avons sur un réglage assez doux car
vous avez dit ici avec certains des rasoirs
et les VTT, ça peut devenir assez difficile.
Jeff: C'est vrai.
Il devient assez cahoteuse avec les pistes
les gens partent et puis, vous remarquerez
French:
sur les dunes, selon la direction
le vent va, il y a un Razorback et c'est
vraiment raide.
Vous ne voulez pas les monter parce que vous avez probablement
ne le fera pas mais vous ne voulez pas voler
de eux non plus ou vous allez faire un piqué dans le
le sable.
Oui, je ne pense pas que je veuille en faire un.
Ryan: Oui.
Mais encore une fois, c'est pourquoi nous avons l'expert,
nous avons Jeff ici.
Il va s'assurer que rien ne se passe comme ça
à nous aujourd'hui et que nous sommes juste sortis ici en ayant
un grand moment.
Donc, Jeff va monter mon fusil de chasse.
Nous allons sauter dans le Jeep Deegan et il est
va me montrer certaines des techniques ici,
avoir un peu de plaisir, puis Jeff
va prendre sa Jeep.
Nous allons jouer certains suivre le chef, déchire
autour d'ici, passez un bon moment.
Alors, allons-y.
Donc, avant de sortir sur le sable, le
La première chose que Jeff nous a fait faire ici est
Aérer, n'est-ce pas, Jeff?
Donc, cela nous donne une empreinte de taille assez décente.
Mais vous disiez de ne pas vouloir diffuser
trop bas parce que vous pouvez réellement obtenir
sable dans la perle.
Jeff: Ouais.
Quand tu frappes quelque chose, ça ouvrira ta perle
en haut, vous obtenez du sable là-dedans, et alors tout votre
l'air fuit.
Coupes dans votre temps de jeu.
Ryan; Ouais, on ne veut pas faire ça.
German:
auf den Dünen, je nachdem in welche Richtung
der Wind geht, da ist ein Razorback und das ist
wirklich steil.
Du willst sie wahrscheinlich nicht hochgehen
Ich werde es nicht schaffen, aber du willst nicht wegfliegen
von ihnen entweder oder du wirst einen Sturzflug in der
Sand.
Ja, ich glaube nicht, dass ich jemals einen machen möchte.
Ryan: Ja.
Aber wieder, deshalb haben wir den Experten,
Wir haben Jeff hier draußen.
Er wird dafür sorgen, dass so etwas nicht passiert
zu uns heute und dass wir gerade hier sind
eine großartige Zeit.
Also wird Jeff meine Schrotflinte fahren.
Wir werden in den Deegan Jeep steigen und er ist dabei
werde mir hier einige der Techniken zeigen,
hab ein bisschen Spaß und dann Jeffs
werde in seinen Jeep steigen.
Wir werden einige spielen, die dem Anführer folgen, reißen
hier draußen, viel Spaß.
Also lass uns danach kommen.
Bevor wir also hier auf dem Sand ausgingen,
Das erste was Jeff von uns hier machen ließ ist
runter rennen, richtig, Jeff?
Das gibt uns eine ziemlich gute Größe.
Aber du hast gesagt, dass du nicht an der Luft sein wolltest
zu viel runter, weil du es tatsächlich bekommen kannst
Sand in der Perle.
Jeff: Ja.
Wenn du etwas triffst, öffnet es deine Perle
oben, du bekommst Sand dort und dann alle deine
Luft tritt aus.
Schnitte in deine Spielzeit.
Ryan; Ja, das wollen wir nicht machen.
English:
on the dunes, depending on which direction
the wind goes, there's a Razorback and that's
real steep.
You don't wanna go up 'em because you probably
won't make it but you don't wanna fly off
of 'em either or you'll do a nosedive in the
sand.
Yeah, I don't think I'd ever wanna do one.
Ryan: Yeah.
But again, that's why we have the expert,
we have Jeff out here.
He's gonna make sure nothing like that happens
to us today and that we're just out here having
a great time.
So, Jeff's gonna be riding my shotgun.
We're gonna hop in the Deegan Jeep and he's
gonna show me some of the techniques out here,
have a little bit of fun, and then Jeff's
gonna get in his Jeep.
We're gonna play some follow the leader, rip
around out here, have a great time.
So let's get after it.
So before we got out here on the sand, the
first thing that Jeff had us do out here is
airing down, right, Jeff?
So that's giving us a pretty decent size footprint.
But you were saying about not wanting to air
down too much because you can actually get
sand in the bead.
Jeff: Yeah.
When you hit something, it'll open your bead
up, you get sand in there, and then all your
air leaks out.
Cuts into your play time.
Ryan; Yeah, we don't wanna do that.
Spanish:
en las dunas, dependiendo de qué dirección
el viento se va, hay un Razorback y eso es
muy empinado
No quieres subirlos porque probablemente
no lo hará pero no quieres volar
de 'ellos tampoco o harás una caída en picado en el
arena.
Sí, no creo que alguna vez quiera hacer una.
Ryan: Sí.
Pero de nuevo, es por eso que tenemos el experto,
tenemos a Jeff aquí.
Él va a asegurarse de que nada de eso pase
para nosotros hoy y que estamos aquí afuera teniendo
un gran momento.
Entonces, Jeff va a montar mi escopeta.
Vamos a saltar en el Deegan Jeep y él está
me mostrará algunas de las técnicas aquí,
Diviértete un poco, y luego Jeff
Va a entrar en su Jeep.
Jugaremos a algunos, sigan al líder, rasgad
por aquí, pasar un buen rato.
Así que vayamos a buscarlo.
Así que antes de salir aquí en la arena, el
Lo primero que Jeff nos hizo hacer aquí es
aireándose, ¿verdad, Jeff?
Eso nos está dando una huella de tamaño bastante decente.
Pero estabas diciendo que no querías airear
demasiado porque realmente se puede obtener
arena en el cordón.
Jeff: Sí.
Cuando golpeas algo, abrirá tu cuenta
arriba, obtienes arena allí, y luego todo tu
el aire se filtra.
Recorta tu tiempo de juego.
Ryan; Sí, no queremos hacer eso.
French:
Nous voulons nous amuser ici.
Venir à quelques dunes de taille décente
ici.
Dites-moi essentiellement comment je veux aborder
celles-ci.
Jeff: Naturellement, la vitesse est en votre faveur, d'accord.
Si vous essayez de monter quelque chose de lent, vous êtes
ne va pas y arriver
Tu dois vérifier le fond de la dune,
assurez-vous d'avoir une bonne rampe d'approche pour
vous ne plongez pas dans la dune parce que
Si tu fais ça, tu vas perdre ton élan
et ça ne va pas se sentir bien.
Ensuite, il vous suffit de rester dans la manette des gaz
jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez au sommet, puis essayez de ne pas
survoler les dunes, à moins que vous
savoir ce qu'il y a de l'autre côté et vous avez
un bon atterrissage.
Ryan: Je l'ai compris
Donc, c'est un peu de contrôle de la manette car,
comme tu as dit, tu veux être dedans pour garder
votre élan au sommet, mais une fois que vous obtenez
vers le haut, ralentir assez agressivement
afin que vous puissiez voir où vous venez.
Donc c'est une petite dune, ce n'est pas énorme
dune mais c'est une petite dune alors on va
essayer un peu des techniques qui
vous avez parlé
Donc je vais donner un peu de gaz
jusqu'à ce que nous arrivions au sommet, relâcher pour que nous puissions
voir ce qui se passe ...
Jeff: Soulagez-vous pour voir ce qu'il y a de l'autre
côté parce que si vous ne pouvez pas voir quand vous obtenez
English:
We wanna have fun out here.
Coming up to a couple of decent-sized dunes
here.
Tell me essentially how I want to approach
these.
Jeff: Naturally, speed's on your favor, okay.
If you try to go up something slow, you're
not gonna make it.
You've gotta check out the bottom of the dune,
make sure you have a good approach ramp so
you're not nosediving into the dune because
if you do that, you're gonna lose your momentum
and it's not gonna feel good.
Then you just need to stay in the throttle
till you get to the top and then try not to
fly over the top of the dunes, unless you
know what's on the other side and you've got
a good landing.
Ryan: Got it.
So it's a little bit of throttle control because,
like you said, you wanna be into it to keep
your momentum to the top but once you get
to the top, slow down pretty aggressively
so you can see where you're coming down.
So this is a little dune, it's not a huge
dune but it's a little dune so we're gonna
kinda try out some of the techniques that
you talked about.
So I'm gonna give it a little bit of throttle
till we get to the top, ease off so we can
see what's going down...
Jeff: Ease off so you see what's on the other
side because if you can't see when you get
Spanish:
Queremos divertirnos aquí.
Llegando a un par de dunas de buen tamaño
aquí.
Dime esencialmente cómo quiero acercarme
estas.
Jeff: Naturalmente, la velocidad está a tu favor, está bien.
Si tratas de subir algo lento, eres
No lo haré.
Debes ver el fondo de la duna,
asegúrate de tener una buena rampa de aproximación para
no estás cayendo en picado en la duna porque
si haces eso, vas a perder tu impulso
y no se sentirá bien.
Entonces solo necesitas permanecer en el acelerador
hasta llegar a la cima y luego tratar de no
vuela sobre la cima de las dunas, a menos que
saber lo que está del otro lado y tienes
un buen aterrizaje.
Ryan: Entendido.
Así que es un poco de control del acelerador porque
como dijiste, quieres estar en eso para mantener
su impulso a la cima, pero una vez que llegue
en la parte superior, reduzca la velocidad de forma bastante agresiva
para que puedas ver dónde estás bajando.
Entonces esta es una pequeña duna, no es una gran
duna, pero es una pequeña duna, así que vamos a
un poco probar algunas de las técnicas que
de lo que hablaste
Así que voy a darle un poco de aceleración
hasta que lleguemos a la cima, relajemos para poder
ver lo que está pasando ...
Jeff: liberate para que veas lo que está en el otro
lado porque si no puede ver cuando obtienes
German:
Wir wollen hier draußen Spaß haben.
Sie kommen zu ein paar anständigen Dünen
Hier.
Sag mir im Wesentlichen, wie ich mich annähern möchte
diese.
Jeff: Natürlich, Geschwindigkeit ist zu deinen Gunsten, okay.
Wenn du versuchst, etwas langsamer zu machen, bist du es
Ich werde es nicht schaffen.
Du musst den Grund der Düne erkunden,
Stellen Sie sicher, dass Sie eine gute Zufahrtsrampe haben
Du fährst nicht in die Düne, weil
Wenn Sie das tun, werden Sie Ihren Schwung verlieren
und es wird sich nicht gut anfühlen.
Dann müssen Sie nur noch Gas geben
bis du an die Spitze kommst und dann versuchst du es nicht
flieg über die Dünen, außer du
weiß, was auf der anderen Seite ist und du hast
eine gute Landung.
Ryan: Verstanden.
Es ist also ein bisschen Gaskontrolle, weil
Wie du gesagt hast, du willst darin sein, um es zu behalten
Ihr Schwung an die Spitze, aber sobald Sie kommen
nach oben, verlangsamen ziemlich aggressiv
damit du siehst, wo du herunterkommst.
Das ist also eine kleine Düne, es ist nicht riesig
Düne, aber es ist eine kleine Düne, also werden wir es tun
ein bisschen versuchen Sie einige der Techniken, die
Du hast darüber gesprochen.
Also werde ich ein bisschen Gas geben
bis wir an die Spitze kommen, beruhigen wir uns
Schau, was runter geht ...
Jeff: Verschwinde, damit du siehst, was auf der anderen Seite ist
Seite, weil, wenn Sie nicht sehen können, wenn Sie bekommen
Spanish:
en la parte superior, apaga y monta la parte superior de la
duna hasta que puedas ver y luego puedes girar
vuelve a bajar y vete por el otro lado, luego
no tienes que frenar.
Ryan: Sí, está bien.
Obtener un poco de aceleración aquí.
Jeff: Esa es una caída bastante empinada allí.
Ryan: Eso es bastante caro.
Puedo ver lo que quieres decir allí.
Si no te sueltas y llevas velocidad
ese...
Jeff: Sí, te conviertes en un avión sin
alas.
Ryan: Eso no es lo que quieres porque cuando
uno entra por el otro lado, ahí es cuando
terminas con algunos problemas
Entonces sabemos que en este momento el viento que formó
estas dunas vienen de nuestra espalda, tan bonitas
muchas dunas con las que nos encontramos van a
ser lo mismo
Poco [diafonía 00:04:34].
Jeff: Correcto.
Va a ser lo mismo en todas partes.
Este es un poco más empinado en la parte superior, por lo
vas a necesitar un poco más de impulso.
Sólo déjalo en la parte superior o puedes en realidad
aprieta los frenos y desliza el otro
lado y con suerte, no está a 300 pies de la
fondo.
Ryan: Sí, está bien.
Bueno, lo descubriremos.
Jeff: Vas a necesitar un gran impulso.
Ryan: Bien.
English:
to the top, turn off and ride the top of the
dune until you can see and then you can turn
back down and go off the other side, then
you don't have to slow down.
Ryan: Yeah, all right.
Get a little bit of throttle here.
Jeff: That's a pretty steep drop-off there.
Ryan: That is pretty steep.
I can see what you mean there.
If you don't let off and you carry speed over
that...
Jeff: Yeah, you become an airplane with no
wings.
Ryan: That's not what you want because when
you nose in on the other side, that's when
you end up with some problems.
So we know that right now the wind that shaped
these dunes is coming from our back, so pretty
much every dune that we come upon is gonna
be the same thing.
Little [crosstalk 00:04:34].
Jeff: Correct.
It's gonna be the same thing everywhere.
This one's a little steeper at the top so
you're gonna need a little bit more momentum.
Just let off at the top or you can actually
slam on your brakes and slide off the other
side and hopefully, it's not 300 feet to the
bottom.
Ryan: Yeah, okay.
Well, we'll find out.
Jeff: You're gonna need a lot of momentum.
Ryan: Okay.
German:
nach oben, schalten Sie ab und fahren Sie die Spitze der
Düne, bis Sie sehen können und dann können Sie sich drehen
wieder runter und dann auf die andere Seite
Sie müssen nicht langsamer werden.
Ryan: Ja, schon gut.
Holen Sie sich hier ein bisschen Gas.
Jeff: Das ist ein ziemlich steiler Abgang dort.
Ryan: Das ist ziemlich steil.
Ich kann sehen, was du dort meinst.
Wenn Sie nicht loslassen und Sie tragen die Geschwindigkeit über
Das...
Jeff: Ja, du wirst ein Flugzeug ohne
Flügel.
Ryan: Das ist nicht was du willst, denn wann
Du nagelst auf der anderen Seite
Sie haben Probleme.
So wissen wir, dass gerade jetzt der Wind sich geformt hat
diese Dünen kommen von unserem Rücken, so hübsch
viel wird jede Düne, auf die wir stoßen
sei das Gleiche.
Wenig [Übersprechen 00:04:34].
Jeff: Richtig.
Es wird überall dasselbe sein.
Dieser ist an der Spitze etwas steiler
Du wirst ein bisschen mehr Schwung brauchen.
Einfach oben loslassen oder du kannst es tatsächlich
knallen Sie auf Ihre Bremsen und rutschen Sie von der anderen ab
Seite und hoffentlich ist es nicht 300 Meter zu
Unterseite.
Ryan: Ja, okay.
Nun, wir werden es herausfinden.
Jeff: Du wirst viel Schwung brauchen.
Ryan: Okay.
French:
vers le haut, éteignez et montez le haut de la
dune jusqu'à ce que vous puissiez voir et ensuite vous pouvez tourner
reculer et partir de l'autre côté, puis
vous n'avez pas besoin de ralentir.
Ryan: Ouais, d'accord.
Obtenez un peu de gaz ici.
Jeff: C'est une chute plutôt raide.
Ryan: C'est assez raide.
Je peux voir ce que tu veux dire par là.
Si vous ne lâchez pas et que vous portez plus de vitesse
cette...
Jeff: Ouais, tu deviens un avion sans
ailes.
Ryan: Ce n'est pas ce que tu veux parce que quand
vous rentrez de l'autre côté, c'est quand
vous vous retrouvez avec des problèmes.
Donc, nous savons que maintenant le vent qui a formé
ces dunes viennent de notre dos, si jolie
beaucoup de dunes que nous rencontrons va
être la même chose
Little [diaphonie 00:04:34].
Jeff: Correct.
Ça va être la même chose partout.
Celui-ci est un peu plus raide au sommet donc
vous aurez besoin d'un peu plus d'élan.
Il suffit de laisser tomber en haut ou vous pouvez réellement
claque sur tes freins et glisse de l'autre
côté et heureusement, ce n'est pas 300 pieds à la
bas.
Ryan: Ouais, d'accord.
Eh bien, nous allons découvrir.
Jeff: Vous aurez besoin de beaucoup d'élan.
Ryan: D'accord
German:
Jeff: Mann, du bist ziemlich direkt dabei
Seite.
Gut gemacht.
Ryan: Also, ja.
Ich geriet ein bisschen in Panik, als wir an der
oben, kam zu einem völligen Stillstand.
Zum Glück wurde nicht hoch zentriert.
Wir waren nicht zu weit rechts und wir waren
kann es speichern.
Also hier draußen auf dem Sand kann man definitiv
mach dich fest, aber es ist auch sehr vermeidbar,
du hast gesagt, solange du das richtige tust
Ding, wenn du anfängst zu drehen, oder?
Jeff: Wenn du etwas kletterst, ja,
es ist definitiv vermeidbar.
Wichtig ist, vor dir aufzuhören
Vergraben Sie Ihre Achsen dorthin, wo Sie schaufeln müssen
es raus und ich weiß, wir sind Freunde, aber wenn Sie
vergrabe es an den Achsen, du bist allein,
Kumpel.
Ryan: Ich höre dich.
Nun, wir werden alles tun, was wir verhindern können
Das.
Es ist also ziemlich viel, wenn ich anfange es zu fühlen
drehen, wenn ich wirklich Schwung verliere, wollen wir
wieder raus, oder?
Jeff: Nun, ja.
Solange du dich bewegst, gibt es eine Möglichkeit
dass du es immer noch schaffen könntest.
English:
Jeff: Man, you're pretty straight off on this
side.
Good job.
Ryan: So, yeah.
I panicked a little bit when we got to the
top, came to a complete stop.
Luckily didn't get high-centered.
We weren't too far over the right and we were
able to save it.
So out here on the sand, you can definitely
get yourself stuck but it's also very preventable,
you were saying, as long as you do the right
thing once you start spinning, right?
Jeff: When you're climbing something, yes,
it's definitely preventable.
The important thing is to stop before you
bury your axles to where you have to shovel
it out and I know we're friends but if you
bury it to the axles, you're on your own,
buddy.
Ryan: I hear you.
Well, we'll do everything we can to prevent
that.
So it's pretty much when I start feeling it
spin, when I really lose momentum, we wanna
back out of it, right?
Jeff: Well, yeah.
As long as you're moving, there's a possibility
that you could still make it.
French:
Jeff: Mec, tu es assez direct sur ça
côté.
Bon travail.
Ryan: Alors oui.
J'ai paniqué un peu quand nous sommes arrivés à la
en haut, s'est arrêté complètement.
Heureusement, il n'est pas très centré.
Nous n'étions pas trop au-dessus de la droite et nous étions
capable de le sauver.
Donc, sur le sable, vous pouvez certainement
se coincer mais c'est aussi très évitable,
vous disiez, tant que vous faites le bien
chose une fois que vous commencez à tourner, non?
Jeff: Quand vous escaladez quelque chose, oui,
c'est définitivement évitable.
L'important est de vous arrêter avant
enterrez vos essieux à l'endroit où vous devez pelleter
dehors et je sais que nous sommes amis mais si vous
enfoncez-le dans les essieux, vous êtes seul,
copain.
Ryan: Je vous entends
Eh bien, nous ferons tout notre possible pour empêcher
cette.
Donc c'est à peu près quand je commence à le sentir
tourner, quand je perds vraiment mon élan, nous voulons
en sortir, non?
Jeff: Ben oui.
Tant que vous déménagez, il y a une possibilité
que vous pourriez encore le faire.
Spanish:
Jeff: Hombre, eres bastante directo en esto
lado.
Buen trabajo.
Ryan: Entonces, si.
Me entró el pánico un poco cuando llegamos a la
arriba, se detuvo por completo.
Afortunadamente no se centró demasiado.
No estábamos demasiado lejos de la derecha y estábamos
capaz de salvarlo
Así que aquí en la arena, definitivamente puedes
ponte pegado, pero también es muy prevenible,
estabas diciendo, siempre y cuando hagas lo correcto
una vez que comienzas a girar, ¿verdad?
Jeff: cuando estás escalando algo, sí,
es definitivamente evitable.
Lo importante es parar ante ti
entierra tus ejes a donde tienes que palear
y sé que somos amigos, pero si
enterrarlo en los ejes, estás solo,
compañero.
Ryan: te escucho
Bueno, haremos todo lo posible para prevenir
ese.
Así que es más o menos cuando empiezo a sentirlo
giro, cuando realmente pierdo impulso, queremos
volver atrás, ¿verdad?
Jeff: Bueno, sí.
Mientras te estés moviendo, hay una posibilidad
que aún podrías lograrlo
English:
It's when the vehicle comes to a dead stop
is where you're gonna dig in.
When the vehicle comes to a dead stop, that's
when you let off the throttle, put it in reverse,
and you can back out.
And the important thing that you gotta remember
is to keep the vehicle straight when you're
coming down.
Ryan: So we're gonna try this, which is pretty
steep.
We're gonna take it a little bit slower, that
way we can get a feel for how that process
works when you back out.
Jeff: Exactly.
There you go.
Ryan: So right as you come to a complete stop
as you said, that's when you wanna hit the
brake.
Jeff: That's when you want to let off the
throttle, stop.
You should be good to back down.
Ryan: Yeah, we got gravity on our side here.
So this is a small little one so it makes
it really easy to come out of it.
And then like you said, as long as you keep
the steering wheel straight, so what we're
gonna do here is back up and try the same
thing but now try not to get stuck.
And let me get a little more throttle, see
what happens.
Oops!
A little too fast.
Jeff: No, it's all right.
Making it's better than not.
Ryan: Yeah.
Spanish:
Es cuando el vehículo se detiene por completo
es donde vas a cavar
Cuando el vehículo se detiene, eso es
cuando desactivas el acelerador, ponlo en reversa,
y puedes retroceder.
Y lo importante que debes recordar
es mantener el vehículo recto cuando estás
bajando.
Ryan: Entonces vamos a intentar esto, que es bastante
escarpado.
Vamos a tomarlo un poco más lento, eso
forma en que podemos tener una idea de cómo ese proceso
funciona cuando te retiras.
Jeff: Exactamente.
Ahí tienes.
Ryan: Así que justo cuando te detengas por completo
como dijiste, entonces es cuando quieres golpear
freno.
Jeff: Entonces es cuando quieres dejar el
acelerador, parada.
Deberías ser bueno para echarte atrás.
Ryan: Sí, tenemos la gravedad de nuestro lado aquí.
Así que este es un pequeño pequeño por lo que hace
es realmente fácil salir de eso.
Y luego como dijiste, siempre y cuando mantengas
el volante derecho, entonces lo que estamos
va a hacer aquí es una copia de seguridad y prueba lo mismo
cosa, pero ahora trata de no atascarse.
Y déjame acelerar un poco más, ver
lo que pasa.
Oops!
Un poco demasiado rápido.
Jeff: No, está bien.
Haciendo que sea mejor que no.
Ryan: Sí.
German:
Es ist, wenn das Fahrzeug zum Stillstand kommt
ist, wo du graben wirst.
Wenn das Fahrzeug zum Stillstand kommt
Wenn Sie den Gashebel loslassen, legen Sie den Rückwärtsgang ein,
und du kannst zurückgehen.
Und das Wichtige, an das du dich erinnern musst
ist, das Fahrzeug gerade zu halten, wenn Sie sind
runterkommen.
Ryan: Also versuchen wir das, was schön ist
steil.
Wir werden es ein bisschen langsamer nehmen
So können wir ein Gefühl für diesen Prozess bekommen
funktioniert, wenn Sie zurückgehen.
Jeff: Genau.
Da gehst du.
Ryan: So richtig, als du komplett zum Stillstand kommst
wie du schon sagtest, das ist, wenn du die
Bremse.
Jeff: Das ist, wenn du das auslassen willst
Gas geben, anhalten.
Sie sollten gut sein, um sich zurückzuziehen.
Ryan: Ja, wir haben die Schwerkraft hier auf unserer Seite.
Also das ist ein kleines kleines so macht es
es ist wirklich einfach, daraus zu kommen.
Und dann, wie du gesagt hast, solange du beharrst
das Lenkrad gerade, also was wir sind
werde tun, ist hier wieder und versuchen das gleiche
Ding aber jetzt versuchen, nicht stecken zu bleiben.
Und lass mich ein bisschen mehr Gas geben
was geschieht.
Hoppla!
Ein bisschen zu schnell.
Jeff: Nein, es ist in Ordnung.
Mach es besser als nicht.
Ryan: Ja.
French:
C'est quand le véhicule arrive à un arrêt mort
est où vous allez creuser
Lorsque le véhicule arrive à un arrêt, c'est
quand vous relâchez la manette, mettez-la en marche arrière,
et vous pouvez reculer.
Et la chose importante que tu dois retenir
est de garder le véhicule droit quand vous êtes
descendre.
Ryan: Alors on va essayer ça, ce qui est joli
raide.
Nous allons prendre un peu plus lentement, que
façon dont nous pouvons avoir une idée de la façon dont ce processus
fonctionne quand vous vous retirez.
Jeff: Exactement.
Voilà.
Ryan: Alors, vous arrêtez complètement
comme vous l'avez dit, c'est quand vous voulez frapper la
frein.
Jeff: C'est quand vous voulez laisser tomber
gaz, arrêt.
Vous devriez être bon pour reculer.
Ryan: Oui, nous avons la gravité de notre côté ici.
Donc c'est un petit petit donc ça fait
c'est vraiment facile d'en sortir.
Et puis comme tu l'as dit, tant que tu gardes
le volant droit, alors ce que nous sommes
va faire ici est de retour et essayer la même chose
chose mais essayez maintenant de ne pas rester coincé.
Et laissez-moi prendre un peu plus d'accélération, voir
ce qui se produit.
Oops!
Un peu trop vite
Jeff: Non, ça va.
Faire mieux que pas.
Ryan: Oui.
German:
Gut.
Nun, du hast mir einen wirklich guten Crashkurs gegeben
Dort.
Ich habe einige der Techniken heruntergenommen.
Ich habe etwas Erfahrung unter meinem Gürtel.
Vielleicht gehst du in deinen Jeep, ich bleibe dabei
Eins, und wir werden ein wenig dem Anführer folgen,
herumreißen, viel Spaß haben?
Jeff: Okay.
Ryan: Er benutzt diese Düne wie eine große Berme.
Schlage es 30, 35 Meilen pro Stunde mit
schreie nur mit hoher Drehzahl und halte das Rad
beschleunigen.
Nur herumradeln in Zweiradantrieb mit
das hintere Fach auf eine gute Zeit zu haben.
English:
All right.
Well, you gave me a real good crash course
there.
I got some of the techniques down.
I got some experience under my belt.
Maybe you hop in your Jeep, I'll stay in this
one, and we'll play a little follow the leader,
rip around, have a good time?
Jeff: Okay.
Ryan: He's using that dune like a big berm.
Hitting it going 30, 35 miles an hour with
just screaming high RPM keeping that wheel
speed up.
Just messing around in two-wheel drive with
that rear locker on having a good time.
Spanish:
Todo bien.
Bueno, me diste un buen curso intensivo
ahí.
Tengo algunas de las técnicas abajo.
Tengo algo de experiencia en mi haber.
Tal vez te subas a tu Jeep, me quedaré en este
uno, y jugaremos un poco a seguir al líder,
rasgar, pasar un buen rato?
Jeff: Bien.
Ryan: Está usando esa duna como una gran berma.
Golpearlo yendo a 30, 35 millas por hora con
solo gritando altas RPM manteniendo esa rueda
acelerar.
Solo jugar en las dos ruedas con
ese armario trasero para pasar un buen rato.
French:
D'accord.
Eh bien, vous m'avez donné un vrai bon cours intensif
Là.
J'ai eu certaines des techniques.
J'ai de l'expérience dans ma ceinture.
Peut-être que vous montez dans votre Jeep, je resterai dans cette
un, et nous jouerons un peu le leader,
arnaquer, passer un bon moment?
Jeff: D'accord.
Ryan: Il utilise cette dune comme une grosse berme.
Frapper ça va 30, 35 miles à l'heure avec
juste crier haut RPM garder cette roue
accélérer.
Juste déconner en deux roues motrices avec
ce casier arrière sur passer un bon moment.
German:
Also hält er Ausschau nach anderen Leuten,
Ja, ATVs, Dirt Bikes, es gibt alle Arten
von verschiedenen Seiten um hier.
Ja, da sind wir.
Etwas seitwärts kommend den Hügel hinunter
Dort.
Ich habe mich definitiv zu sehr in Schwierigkeiten gebracht.
Habe es gut gemacht.
Ich sage dir, du bekommst eine gute Radgeschwindigkeit
und du kannst nach oben gehen, was nicht aussieht
wie du in der Lage sein solltest nach oben zu gehen.
Aber es geht immer noch um Drosselklappensteuerung, weil
Du willst so viel Schwung wie möglich mitnehmen
durch den Aufstieg, aber sobald Sie aufstehen
oben, du willst wirklich langsamer werden, also tust du es nicht
Spanish:
Así que está atento a otras personas,
sí, ATV, dirt bikes, hay todo tipo
de lados diferentes por lados aquí.
Sí, allí vamos.
Tengo un poco de costado bajando la colina
ahí.
Definitivamente me metí en demasiados problemas.
Lo hizo bien.
Te digo, obtienes una buena velocidad de la rueda
y puedes subir cosas que no se ven
como deberías poder subir.
Pero todavía se trata del control del acelerador porque
quieres llevar todo el impulso que puedas
a través de la escalada, pero una vez que llegue hasta el
arriba, realmente quieres disminuir la velocidad para que no lo hagas
English:
So he's keeping an eye out for other people,
yeah, ATVs, dirt bikes, there's all kinds
of different side by sides out here.
Yeah, there we go.
Got a little sideways coming down the hill
there.
Definitely got myself into too much trouble.
Made it just fine.
I tell you, you get some good wheel speed
up and you can go up stuff that doesn't look
like you should be able to go up.
But it is still about throttle control because
you wanna carry as much momentum as you can
through the climb but once you get up to the
top, you really wanna slow down so you don't
French:
Donc, il garde un œil sur les autres,
ouais, VTT, motos, il y a toutes sortes
de différents côte à côte ici.
Ouais, on y va.
Vous avez un peu de recul en descendant la colline
Là.
Je me suis vraiment mis dans la peine.
C'est parfait.
Je vous le dis, vous obtenez une bonne vitesse de roue
up et vous pouvez monter des choses qui ne semble pas
comme tu devrais pouvoir monter.
Mais il est toujours question de contrôle des gaz car
vous voulez porter autant d'élan que vous pouvez
à travers la montée, mais une fois que vous vous levez à la
en haut, tu veux vraiment ralentir pour ne pas
French:
l'air sort par-dessus la chose.
Jeff fait une petite montée ici.
Avoir de la vitesse de roue pour celui-ci
pour sûr.
Nous essayons de revenir à l'endroit où nous
commencé ici.
Ces collines sont raides, le soleil cuit
em toute la journée, le sable est super, super
sec.
Cela nous donne certainement un petit coup de pouce
ici donc je vais lui donner une autre course ici
Spanish:
el aire sale por encima de la cosa.
Jeff está haciendo una pequeña escalada aquí.
Tengo que acelerar un poco la rueda para este
sin lugar a duda.
Estamos tratando de volver a donde estamos
comenzó aquí.
Estas colinas son empinadas, el sol ha estado horneando
todo el día, la arena es súper, super
seco.
Esto definitivamente nos está dando un poco de forma
aquí, así que voy a darle otra carrera aquí
German:
Luft raus über die Spitze des Dinges.
Jeff macht hier einen kleinen Aufstieg.
Dafür muss man etwas Rad beschleunigen
sicher.
Wir versuchen einfach dahin zurück zu kommen, wo wir sind
begann hier.
Diese Hügel sind steil, die Sonne brennt
ihnen den ganzen Tag, der Sand ist super, super
trocken.
Dies gibt uns definitiv ein bisschen fit
Hier, ich werde es hier noch einmal versuchen
English:
air out coming over the top of the thing.
Jeff's making a little climb here.
Have to get some wheel speed up for this one
for sure.
We're trying to just get back to where we
started here.
These hills are steep, the sun's been baking
'em all day long, the sand is super, super
dry.
This is definitely giving us a bit of a fit
here so I'm gonna give it another run here
Spanish:
y mira cómo lo hago.
Hecho.
Usted solo martillea a veces.
Bueno, eso nos va a hacer salir
aquí en las dunas.
Aprendí mucho, tuve una explosión absoluta, y
Quiero decir un par de gracias.
Primero, para ti, Jeff, muchas gracias por
mostrándonos todo y enseñándome cómo manejar
aquí afuera.
Jeff: Ha sido un placer.
Eres muy bienvenido.
Ryan: También un agradecimiento a Brian Deegan por
permitiéndonos tomar prestado el Deegan Jeep.
Hoy vencimos en esto, pero estamos dando
volver a él todo en una sola pieza, que soy
Seguro que estará feliz.
Y también muchas gracias a BLM,
la Oficina de Administración de Tierras que ayudó
para hacer este video posible.
Asegúrate de suscribirte a nuestro canal de YouTube,
de esa manera usted puede vernos girando esto
Jeep en Easter Jeep Safari y algunos de
el mejor contenido de Jeep por ahí.
English:
and see how I do.
Made it.
You just hammer down sometimes.
Well, that's gonna do it for us wheeling out
here on the dunes.
I learned a lot, had an absolute blast, and
I wanna say a couple of thank yous.
First, to you, Jeff, thank you so much for
showing us around and teaching me how to wheel
out here.
Jeff: It's been my pleasure.
You're very welcome.
Ryan: Also a thank you to Brian Deegan for
letting us borrow the Deegan Jeep.
We beat on this thing today but we are giving
it back to him all in one piece, which I'm
sure he'll be happy about.
And also a very big thank you to the BLM,
the Bureau of Land Management that helped
to make this video possible.
Make sure you subscribe to our YouTube channel,
that way you can check out us wheeling this
Jeep out at Easter Jeep Safari and some of
the best Jeep content out there.
German:
und schau, wie ich es tue.
Machte es.
Du hämmerst einfach mal runter.
Nun, das wird es für uns tun
hier auf den Dünen.
Ich habe viel gelernt, hatte eine absolute Explosion und
Ich möchte ein paar Dankeschön sagen.
Zuerst an dich, Jeff, vielen Dank dafür
zeigt uns herum und bringt mir bei, wie man dreht
raus hier.
Jeff: Es war mir ein Vergnügen.
Du bist sehr willkommen.
Ryan: Auch ein Dankeschön an Brian Deegan für
lass uns den Deegan Jeep ausleihen.
Wir schlagen heute auf dieses Ding, aber wir geben
es zurück zu ihm alle in einem Stück, was ich bin
sicher, dass er sich darüber freuen wird.
Und auch ein sehr großes Dankeschön an die BLM,
das Bureau of Land Management, das geholfen hat
um dieses Video möglich zu machen.
Stelle sicher, dass du unseren YouTube-Kanal abonnierst,
Auf diese Weise können Sie überprüfen, ob wir dies tun
Jeep bei Ostern Jeep Safari und einige von
der beste Jeep Inhalt da draußen.
French:
et vois comment je fais.
C'est fait
Vous venez de marteler parfois.
Eh bien, ça va le faire pour nous
ici sur les dunes.
J'ai beaucoup appris, eu un souffle absolu, et
Je veux dire quelques remerciements.
Tout d'abord, à vous, Jeff, merci beaucoup pour
nous montrant autour et m'apprend à rouler
là dehors.
Jeff: Ca a été mon plaisir.
Vous êtes les bienvenus.
Ryan: Merci aussi à Brian Deegan pour
nous laisser emprunter la Jeep Deegan.
Nous avons battu sur cette chose aujourd'hui, mais nous donnons
le lui rendre tout en un seul morceau, que je suis
Bien sûr, il en sera content.
Et aussi un très grand merci au BLM,
le Bureau of Land Management qui a aidé
pour rendre cette vidéo possible.
Assurez-vous de vous abonner à notre chaîne YouTube,
de cette façon, vous pouvez vérifier nous sur cette roue
Jeep à Pâques Jeep Safari et certains de
le meilleur contenu Jeep.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
- [Narrator] What is up EWU Crew?
Today we are covering the
bizarre case of Jodi Huisentruit.
On June 5th, 1995, Jodi
Huisentruit of Mason City, Iowa,
celebrated her 27th birthday.
Her friend, John Vansice,
threw her a birthday party,
which he captured on video.
That video would later become
a source of great speculation
when three weeks later, Jodi
disappeared without a trace.
Jodi was an anchorwoman
on the KIMT morning show,
Day Break, in Mason City.
On June 27th, 1995, she was
due to arrive at the station
at 4 a.m. to prepare for the
show which started at 6 a.m.
Jodi never showed up for work.
Her red Mazda Miata was
found in the parking lot
of her apartment complex.
And personal belongings,
including a car key,
lay strewn on the ground nearby.
Neighbors reported hearing screams.
All evidence pointed to
Jodi having been abducted.
But who would do this, and why?
And where is Jodi's body?
- The sunny temperatures are here one day
then they disappear the next.
- [Narrator] Jodi Sue was born in 1968
to Maurice and Jane Huisentruit
of Long Prairie, Minnesota.
By all accounts she had a
perfectly normal childhood
in Minnesota alongside her
older sisters, Jill and JoAnn.
Shortly after her 14th birthday in 1982,
Jodi's father Maurice died.
As tragic as that likely was,
Maurice was spared the
unthinkable devastation
the family would
experience 13 years later.
Jodi and her mother were close,
often taking trips together.
In October 1994, they went on a cruise
during which time Jodi
met a man she liked.
She talked about it in her journal,
questioning why she got hooked so fast
and mentioning she was lonely.
There is no evidence that anything further
ever came of that relationship.
After Jodi disappeared,
her mother and sisters
worked tirelessly to find answers.
In the years that followed
her disappearance,
Jane Huisentruit became
convinced her daughter's body
was at the bottom of
the lake near her home.
Jane passed away in 2014,
never finding the answers
she had so desperately sought.
Older sister JoAnn Nathe is still active
in all the efforts to
find justice for Jodi.
For years she has appeared on both local
and national TV shows about the case.
"She was definitely too
trusting," JoAnn said,
during her interview for the
show "48 Hours" back in 2018.
When Jodi failed to show
up for work by 4 a.m.
her producer, Amy Kuns, called her.
She would later say that it
wasn't like Jodi to be late.
Her job was important to her
and she always made every
effort to be there on time.
Jodi answered the phone
and said she had overslept
but would be leaving soon.
- "What time is it?"
She asked the question so I told her,
"Jode, it's about 10 to four,
you need to come in to work."
"How much time is left
to produce on the show?"
I mean, she was obviously
thinking, she was aware,
she just knew she had overslept
and she had to get in to work.
- The show didn't start until six,
so she still had some time to get there
and get ready before she had
to be in front of the camera.
But, by 6 a.m., Jodi still hadn't arrived.
It was obvious something was very wrong.
The police were called,
and Amy filled in for Jodi on the show.
The scene the police encountered
when they arrived at
Jodi's apartment complex
would haunt Jodi's family
and friends forever.
Her red Mazda Miata was
still in the parking lot
and her personal belongings,
such as the key to her car,
a pair of red shoes, a hair dryer,
and a bottle of hairspray, lay
strewn on the ground nearby.
A palm print was found on the car
but it was never determined
who it belonged to.
When they entered Jodi's apartment
it appeared nothing was
out of the ordinary,
until they walked in to her bathroom.
The toilet seat was left up,
which was extremely strange
for a single woman who lived alone.
Eerily enough, Jodi's belongings
lay scattered in her apartment
as though she intended to come
back later and straighten up.
But Jodi would never return.
Jodi's body has never been found.
And sadly, police never properly
processed the crime scene.
Due to the fact that they didn't
even bother to tape it off,
the evidence could have been
easily contaminated or lost.
Jodi's car wasn't even kept
as evidence for very long.
It was given back to her family
right after her disappearance.
But other disturbing clues
quickly began to surface.
A man named Randy Linderman
was carpooling down the street
in front of Jodi's apartment complex
the very morning of her disappearance.
- Parking lights were on.
No, I think it was far enough over
so that no one could get
by with another vehicle.
They gave me a lie detector test
to see if I seen what I saw.
- [Narrator] He had been
down that road many times
but this time he noticed a
van he had never seen before.
Now, this is where things
get really, really creepy.
The white Ford Econoline van was parked
in front of Jodi's apartment
with the parking lights on,
but the headlights off.
"I saw a white van parked
in the parking area.
"Having gone down that road many times,
"I had never seen it there before.
"If I had to say a time,
"I'd probably say 3:50
a.m.," Randy stated.
Later that day when Randy found
out about the disappearance,
he contacted the police to
report what he saw that morning.
They immediately started
following the tip,
but wouldn't ask for the
public's help until a week later.
No one who lived in the complex
had a vehicle of that
type registered to them.
Years later, a woman who lived
across the street reported
having seen a van from her
window early that morning.
She also reported hearing
doors opening and closing.
"I remember, 4, 4:30
a.m., hearing a car door.
"I'd never heard it before.
"The street was really, really quiet.
"I saw what looked to be a white
"or a light gray van on the street.
"Not in the parking
lot, but on the street.
"I really didn't think too much about it.
"I didn't see any people.
"As I was falling back asleep
I heard another door close.
"When I woke up two hours
later, the van was gone."
The van was never found and no
more sightings were reported.
In almost 25 years, Randy
Linderman has never wavered
in what he saw and in
what kind of van it was.
Another witness claimed
to hear something alarming that morning.
"Jodi, open the door!
"I know you're in there."
(knocking loudly)
A very big person of interest
from early on in the case
was Jodi's friend John Vansice.
- I have named my boat after her because,
just because she's Jodi and she's,
she's been such a big part
of my life here lately.
- [Narrator] A mutual friend, Annie Cruz,
said that her and Jodi met
him at a bar one night.
John Vansice had previously lived
in the same apartment complex as Jodi,
and this commonality caused
the two to begin talking
and strike up a friendship,
despite the fact that John
was 22 years older than Jodi.
John has always vehemently denied
any involvement whatsoever
in Jodi's disappearance
and police have never
charged him with anything.
He always cooperated with detectives,
answering questions and submitting
to DNA and lie detector tests.
Despite this, there are several things
that continue to make the
public speculate about him.
John was one of the last
people to see Jodi alive.
The night before her disappearance,
Jodi went over to his
house to watch the video
of the birthday party he had
thrown her a few weeks earlier.
John gave this information
to investigators
as soon as they began to question him.
The weekend before Jodi disappeared
she went on a water skiing trip
with several friends, including John.
That same day, Jodi and a friend
spent time on a boat owned by
two men who they had just met.
People have speculated
that John was jealous
that Jodi was spending time
with men closer to her own age.
But the friend that was with Jodi stated
John never acted upset.
But he was clearly not enthused,
according to cold case
investigator Steve Ridge,
who actually spoke to witnesses
who were there that night.
Strangely enough, one of these younger men
who owned the boat
decided to videotape Jodi
drinking, singing, and dancing.
This would be the last
video ever taken of Jodi
and it has never been
released to the public.
According to a news station
who requested to get their hands
on this intriguing footage,
it's in the hands of investigators only.
The man's identity has also
been kept a hushed secret.
He was allegedly
notorious for luring women
onto his boat so he could videotape them.
Further speculation has been
that John had a romantic interest in Jodi.
However, John told Steve Ridge that
that is far from true.
He said Jodi was like a daughter to him
and that he actually had a girlfriend
during the time he knew Jodi,
but they hadn't gone public yet.
It has been said that
John named his boat Jodi,
fueling speculation about
what his intentions were.
In his interview with Steve Ridge,
John stated that was never
the official name of the boat.
He just called it that informally,
and Jodi was flattered by it.
In February, 2020, the Oxygen
program, "Up and Vanished",
featured an episode about Jodi,
including never before released footage
of the birthday party video.
Retired FBI profiler Jim Clement,
told "Up and Vanished" producers
every time Jodi would
dance with another guy,
John would have laser focus on Jodi
and whoever she was talking to.
He had a really evil look in his eyes,
like he was really pissed off.
A friend of John named LaDonna Woodford,
who claims she was with John
the morning Jodi disappeared,
responded to Clement's
statement by telling producers,
"If we're saying John's guilty
"just based off his facial expressions,
"that doesn't cut mustard with me."
Ever since Jodi's disappearance,
LaDonna has fiercely defended John.
Several years ago, a
search warrant was issued
for GPS data from two vehicles
belonging to John Vansice.
The warrant was ordered sealed
until only just recently,
but they show nothing of significance.
In April, 2019, it was reported
that John Vansice, now in his 70s,
is suffering from an
aggressive form of Alzheimer's,
making any further contributions by him
about this case very unlikely.
In March, 2017, John
Vansice was subpoenaed
to appear before a grand jury
at the US District Court
in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
John, now living in
Arizona, told Steve Ridge
that he was promised
round trip airline tickets
to appear in court.
When the tickets never materialized,
John became frightened
that he would be arrested
for failing to appear in court,
thus making him look guilty.
So he and his wife
drove all night to Iowa,
nearly 1,500 miles, to be there on time.
When John showed up to court
he was fingerprinted and given a DNA swab.
He was never asked to testify.
The court declined to indict John
and no reason was ever given
for why he was subpoenaed
in the first place.
Oddly enough, the search
warrant to obtain the GPS data
on his two vehicles was obtained
less than three weeks
after that court date.
Two decades before John was subpoenaed
his friend LaDonna was also ordered
to appear before a federal grand jury.
During that time, she
testified that she and John
would take walks together in the morning.
At 6 a.m. on the morning
of Jodi's disappearance,
LaDonna called John at
home on his landline
to confirm their morning walk.
They went for their walk at 7 a.m.,
just mere hours after Jodi vanished,
and John didn't seem anxious
or otherwise out of the ordinary.
They didn't yet know
that Jodi was missing.
The jury declined to issue any indictments
on that occasion either.
It has never been officially confirmed
that someone was stalking
Jodi Huisentruit,
but things that Jodi said in the weeks
and months leading up to her disappearance
have caused some of her friends and family
to believe that was the case.
Jodi had mentioned to several people
an incident in which a man
in a black pickup truck
followed closely behind her
while she was out jogging one day.
She said the experience
made her feel uncomfortable.
This occurred around seven
months before she disappeared.
Jodi became fearful when
she spotted the same truck
follow her to work on multiple occasions.
She went to the police who gave her
a police escort to work on some mornings.
Jodi started taking a self defense class,
which she finished three
months before she vanished.
Her mother recalled her crying to her
over the phone about it.
"And then that guy had
been following her one day
"when she was out jogging,
who knows, maybe that was it.
"It didn't leave her with a good feeling,"
Jodi's sister, JoAnn Nathe,
stated on "Up and Vanished".
Because of her line of work,
Jodi was constantly in the public eye.
It wasn't unusual for her
to get strange phone calls
from men who had seen her on TV
and developed a fascination with her.
These had been increasing with intensity
for months before she disappeared.
Jodi wrote a letter to her
friend, Kelly Torguson,
in Mississippi shortly
before she vanished.
In the letter, Jodi expressed
concerns for her safety
and said she was being stalked.
Oddly enough, the letter arrived
the same day Jodi disappeared.
- What I found out.
The Redwood County Sheriff's
Department reports tornado,
then that's more tragic, there's
a lot to think about here.
- [Narrator] In the months
following Jodi's disappearance,
two different men were arrested
for stalking anchorwomen
in Iowa and Minnesota,
but no connection was ever able to be made
between those incidents and Jodi's case.
On April 5th, 1995, Billy Pruin,
a friend of Jodi's, was found dead
with a gunshot wound to his chest
at his home just south of Mason City.
Billy's fiance said he
had been acting troubled
about something shortly before his death.
Jodi was shaken up by this incident
and had been investigating it
before her disappearance
only three months later.
Did Jodi know something?
We will never know for sure.
In 2019, a new development occurred
that might shed more light
on what actually happened.
The case of Billy Pruin's
death has never been solved.
It is considered a cold case in Iowa
unlike Jodi's case, which
has never been closed.
Investigative journalist Steve Ridge
said that a woman on
death row in Minnesota,
Angela Johnson, corresponded with him
through email and telephone.
She told him that her
boyfriend, Dustin Honken,
spoke to her about Jodi's disappearance.
Dustin Honken is a drug kingpin
currently on death row for his
involvement in the same crime
that Angela Johnson was
sentenced to death for,
the execution-style murder
of five people in 1993.
Prior to being charged and
convicted for the 1993 murders
there had been a drug
charge for Dustin Honken
that was dropped when two of
the key witnesses vanished.
The day Dustin Honken was released
from prison for the drug
charge is the same day
Billy Pruin's fiance
claims he acted troubled.
Two weeks later, Billy Pruin was dead.
Three months later, Jodi
Huisentruit disappeared.
Dustin Honken was scheduled
to be sentenced to death
by lethal injection on January 15th, 2020.
That has been put on hold
due to some legal arguments
concerning the drug
used in the executions.
Only time will tell if this delay
will cause Dustin Honken
to admit any involvement
or even any information at all
into Jodi Huisentruit's case.
While he has nothing to lose,
he also has nothing to gain.
He's not likely to reveal anything
out of any effort to do the right thing,
so it's hard to know what would
motivate him enough to talk.
In 2019, the owner of
the website FindJodi.com
put three billboards
up in Mason City, Iowa.
Each billboard shows a
picture of Jodi Huisentruit
next to the words "Someone
knows something, is it you?".
On New Year's Eve, one of the billboards,
which has since been
replaced, was vandalized.
The most striking fact about this
is not the fact that someone
vandalized the billboard,
it's what they wrote across
it in yellow spray paint.
"Frank Stearns machine shed."
Frank Stearns is a retired
Mason City police officer
who at one time worked on
the Jodi Huisentruit case.
He is a respected member of the community
and has never been a suspect.
In fact, the only other time his name
has been brought up publicly
to suggest he possibly had any
involvement was back in 2011.
In September, 2011, the Mason City Gazette
ran a story about allegations
of police involvement in Jodi's abduction.
In August that year,
Mason City police officer
Maria Ohl was fired after coming forward
with information concerning
police misconduct
in the Jodi Huisentruit case.
- I was terminated just on August 4th,
at the beginning of August,
not quite a month ago.
And it's actually in relation
to the Jodi Huisentruit case.
- [Narrator] This is where things
take a completely unexpected turn.
The story that lead to these allegations
stretches back even further than that.
12 years earlier, in fact,
to the summer of 1999.
After a church service
in the summer of 1999,
Mason City resident Gerald
Best approached his pastor,
Reverend Shane Philpott.
Mr. Best had mentioned local officers
possibly being involved
in criminal activities,
Philpott told the Gazette.
Then, something unbelievable happened.
On December 30th, 1999,
50-year-old Gerald Best
was found dead with his throat slashed
in his Mason City home.
The murder has never been solved.
Eight years later, in the summer of 2007,
Reverend Philpott received
a mysterious phone call
from someone in Minnesota.
The caller had watched the
pastor's television program,
"Faith in Action", and decided to call him
with information he had on
the death of Jodi Huisentruit.
He said his information incriminated
several Mason City police officers,
so he didn't want to talk
to local authorities.
He did not give the officers' names.
Remembering what happened to Gerald Best,
Reverend Philpott became very concerned.
Wanting to go through proper channels,
he contacted his sister-in-law,
officer Maria Ohl,
who told him the proper procedure
was to contact the police department.
When Reverend Philpott
called the police department
he spoke with Frank Stearns.
The response he received was bizarre.
He was told they would
get back to him about it,
but not to talk to anyone
about it in the meantime.
A month later, after
not hearing from anyone,
he called and spoke to
Frank Stearns again.
This time, he was transferred
to another officer
who simply told him his
information wasn't credible.
Two years later, the church
was involved in a lawsuit
involving the Mason
City Police Department.
While preparing for the case,
lawyers obtained contact logs,
but there was no record of
Reverend Philpott's calls
regarding the Jodi Huisentruit case.
Tony Jackson was living two
blocks from the KIMT station
during the time of Jodi's disappearance.
A friend of Tony's at the time said
that Tony had taken up an
interest in broadcasting
while attending the
local community college.
The same friend also
talked about an incident
in which Tony invited him to
go to Jodi's favorite bar,
The Southbridge Lounge.
How did Tony know that Jodi was a regular
at the Southbridge Lounge?
That puzzled the friend as well.
It's very possible that Jodi
might have mentioned it
on the air at some point.
According to her sister,
JoAnn, Jodi was too trusting.
She would often talk
about different aspects
of her personal life
while she was on the air.
According to the friend, Jodi was there
at the time they visited the bar.
Tony went over and talked to her
while the friend stayed back.
The friend just assumed he was talking
to her about broadcasting
since it was something
he was interested in.
He didn't think any more of
it until two years later.
In 1997, Tony Jackson was
convicted of assaulting four women
in a way we can't
specifically state on YouTube,
in Minnesota and Iowa.
In all the cases, stalking was involved.
Tony Jackson is currently serving
a life sentence in
prison for the assaults.
Despite the fact he allegedly bragged
about abducting a news
anchor to a fellow cellmate,
he denies having anything to do
with the disappearance of Jodi.
The former cellmate stated,
"He says, I abducted an
anchorwoman and killed her."
- He came up to me, that's
when we started talking again,
and then he just brought it up.
He says, I abducted an
anchorwoman and killed her.
- [Narrator] He also reported that Tony
wrote a suspicious rap lyric
that could possibly be
in reference to Jodi.
He said, "She's a-stiffin' around Tiffin'
"In pileage of silage
in a bylow, low below."
Believing this was referring
to the nearby town of Tiffin,
police jumped into action.
Armed with cadaver dogs,
they thoroughly scoured
a farm near a silo.
But, while two of the three dogs alerted,
police have been unable
to find any evidence
connecting Tony to Jodi's disappearance.
The Mason City police stated,
"After conducting a
thorough investigation,
"which included interviews,
crime laboratory analysis,
"records review, and
polygraph examination,
"Tony Jackson is not
considered, at this time,
"a viable suspect in the investigation."
If Tony Jackson was not involved
in Jodi's disappearance,
there were definitely
some strange coincidences.
Just five days before Jodi disappeared,
Tony had broken up with his
girlfriend and was very violent.
According to Caroline Low,
an investigative reporter
from Minneapolis,
there was something absolutely chilling
about Tony's ex-girlfriend.
She looked a lot like Jodi.
Jodi had been keeping a personal journal
at the time she disappeared.
The journal was taken from
her apartment by police
as part of the investigation,
and never seen again.
13 years later, in 2008,
copies of the 84 pages
of journal entries were mailed anonymously
to the Mason City Globe Gazette
in a brown envelope
with no return address.
It was later discovered
that the copies were mailed
by the wife of former police chief,
David Ellingson, who resigned in 2006.
No motive was ever found or given
for why his wife chose to mail
the journal to the Gazette.
While the journal entries
that were made public
show a lot about Jodi's personality
and other aspects about her life,
none of them are very personal,
and none of them offer
much in the way of clues.
In fact, the last two weeks
before she disappeared,
the entries are very sparse.
No one has ever seen the original journal
except for law enforcement
during the initial investigation.
Is it possible that some
entries were removed
before the journal became public?
Friends and family have said
Jodi expressed her fears to them.
She was concerned that
she was being stalked.
She was going to change her phone number.
She had even gone to the police for help.
Yet, she never expressed
any of these concerns
in the private journal
that she probably never
expected anyone else to read.
The day before Jodi Huisentruit
disappeared, she attended
the Mason City Chamber of
Commerce golf tournament.
She left around 8 p.m. and
stopped by John Vansice's home
to watch the video of her
birthday party before going home.
Besides John Vansice,
the people who saw her
at the golf tournament are
the last that are known
to have seen her before she was abducted.
Several years ago, some of those people
spoke to the people at FindJodi.com
and offered more insight into that event.
Two of the golfers
mentioned that Jodi talked
about changing her phone number
because of some bad phone
calls she had been getting.
Their perception was that she seemed
more annoyed by the calls than afraid.
They said her mood was upbeat.
She spoke to the organizers of the event
and accepted an invitation
to have dinner with them later that week.
Beth Bednar, author of the book
"The Disappearance of Jodi Huisentruit"
spoke on the Oxygen
program "Up and Vanished"
and explained that Angela Johnson,
the girlfriend of Dustin Honken,
worked at the country club
where the golf tournament was held.
"I don't know that she talked to Jodi,
"but she may have very well
come face to face with her
"a number of times that
evening," Bednar stated.
It has been almost 25 years
since Jodi Huisentruit disappeared.
The only physical evidence
of what happened to her
were some of her personal belongings
found next to her car,
such as her red shoe,
car keys, hair dryer, and hair spray.
There were also drag marks on the ground
and a palm print on the car.
The evidence strongly suggests
that Jodi was grabbed from
behind while unlocking her car.
She struggled, lost a shoe, screamed,
neighbors reported hearing
a scream around that time,
and was dragged away.
- Taking a look at today's forecast,
today's forecast shows mostly windy
and cool temperatures
with scattered showers.
- Imagine what she must have felt.
- No magician act, the sunny temperatures
are here one day then
they disappear the next.
- [Narrator] Anything
that happened after that
remains a mystery.
Jodi's body has never been found.
In May, 2001, she was
declared legally dead.
But those who cared about Jodi,
especially the family and
friends who knew her personally,
will never give up until
there are answers to this case
and justice for Jodi.
Don't forget to hit the
like button and subscribe
so you never miss another video.
A playlist is going to pop up right now
with more videos you will love.
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| YoutubeSubtitles |
Polish:
Cześć, jestem John Green a to jest Crash Course: Historia Świata a dzisiaj zrobimy
właściwie porównanie cywilizacji dla tych , którzy się tym interesują. Stan nie moge
się powstrzymać ale wydaje mi się że mamy tu za dużo globusów.
Tak lepiej. Dzisiaj będziemy uczyć się o przerażająco totalitarnych Persach oraz
świątobliwych kochających demokrację Grekach.
Ale oczywiście znamy tą historie:
Były jakieś wojny w których nikt nie nosił
żadnych podkoszulków i wszyscy byli wystarczająco wysportowani; Persowi byli źli; Grecy dobrzy;
Sokrates i Platon byli niesamowici, Persowie nawet nie filozofowali; Zachód jest najlepszy
Go Team!
No cóż, nie.
Zacznijmy od Perskiego Imperium, które stało się modelem dla większości lądowych
imperiów na całym świecie. Z wyjątkiem - czekajcie na to - MONGOŁÓW.
Większość tego co wiemy o Persach i ich imperium pochodzi z zewnętrznych pism
traktujących o nich i jest to coś co obecnie nazywamy historią , a pierwszym prawdziwym historykiem
Czech:
Ahoj, já jsem John Green,
tohle je "Crash Course: Světová historie".
Budeme se
zabývat komparací civilizací,
pro ty, které to zajímá.
Stane, nemůžu si pomoct,
ale mám pocit, že je tu až moc glóbů.
Tak je to lepší. Dnes se dovíme něco
o zlých zastáncích totality Peršanech
a ctnostných Řecích
milujících demokracii.
Ale určitě již
všichni víme, jak to bylo.
Proběhly války,
kde všichni chodili do půl těla
a zároveň byli docela slušně fit,
Peršané byli zlí, Řekové byli dobří,
Sókratés a Platón byli super,
Peršané ani nefilozofovali,
západ je nej
a jedeme, fandíme.
No, ne tak úplně.
Začněme Perskou říší,
která byla vzorem pro víceméně všechny
říše po celém světě.
Tedy kromě, počkejte si, Mongolů.
Hodně z toho,
co víme o Peršanech a jejich říši,
pochází z textů zvenčí Persie,
což je něco, co teď nazýváme historií,
a jedním z prvních
skutečných historiků byl Hérodotos,
English:
Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course
World History, and today we’re going to
do some legitimate comp. civ., for those of
you into that kind of thing. Stan, I can’t
help but feel that we have perhaps too many
globes. That’s better.
Today we’re going to learn about the horrible
totalitarian Persians and the saintly, democracy-loving
Greeks. But of course we already know this
story — there were some wars in which no
one wore any shirts, and everyone was reasonably
fit. The Persians were bad; the Greeks were
good. Socrates and Plato were awesome; the
Persians didn’t even philosophize. The West
is the Best; Go Team! Yeah, well, no.
[theme music]
Let’s start with the Persian empire, which
became the model for pretty much all land-based
empires throughout the world. Except for — wait
for it — the Mongols. [Mongoltage]
Much of what we know about the Persians and
their empire comes from an outsider writing
about them, which is something we now call
history, and one of the first true historians
Thai:
สวัสดีครับ ผมจอห์น กรีน
คุณกำลังรับชม แครชคอร์ส วิชาประวัติศาสตร์โลก
และวันนี้เราจะเปรียบเทียบอารยธรรมกัน
สำหรับคุณบางคนที่ชอบเรื่องแบบนี้นะครับ สแตน...
เรามีลูกโลกเยอะไปมั้ยเน
วันนี้ เราจะมาเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับชาวเปอร์เซียจอมเผด็จการ
กับชาวกรีกผู้รักในประชาธิปไตย
แน่นอนว่าใครๆก็รู้เรื่องนี้ - ก็มันเกิดสงครามไง
ที่ไม่มีใครไม่ใส่เสื้อเลยอะ
และทุกคนก็แข็งแรงสุดๆ พวกเปอร์เซียเป็นฝ่ายเลว
ส่วนกรีกเป็นฝ่ายดี
โสเครติส และเพลโตเจ๋งเป้ง
พวกเปอร์เซียไม่รู้จักปรัชญาด้วยซ้ำ
ตะวันตกจงเจริญ! สุดยอด! เย่!
เอิ่ม ไม่ใช่อย่างนั้นครับ
เรามาเริ่มกันที่อาณาจักรเปอร์เซีย ซึ่งถือเป็นต้นแบบของอาณาจักรบนแผ่นดินใหญ่เกือบทั้งหมด
เว้นแต่ว่า - เดี๋ยวนะ - คุณจะเป็นพวกมองโกล
เรื่องราวส่วนมากที่เรารู้เกี่ยวกับชาวเปอร์เซีย และอาณาจักรเปอร์เซีย มาจากบันทึกของคนภายนอกที่เขียนถึงพวกเขา
ซึ่งปัจจุบันเราเรียกสิ่งนี้ว่าประวัติศาสตร์ และนักประวัติศาสตร์คนแรกๆของโลกชื่อ เฮอรอโดทัส
Arabic:
مرحبا، أنا جون غرين،
وهذه سلسلة Crash Course World History،
واليوم سنقوم ببعض المقارنة بين الحضارات،
لأولئك منكم الذين يحبون هذه الأمور.
ستان، يراودني شعور
بأن لدينا الكثير من مجسمات الكرة الأرضية.
هذا أفضل.
اليوم سنتعرف على الفرس الشموليين الفظيعين
واليونانيين الطيبين المحبين للديمقراطية.
ولكننا بالطبع نعرف هذه القصة مسبقًا،
حيث كانت هناك حروب لم يرتد فيها أحد قميصًا،
وكان الجميع ذوي لياقة بدنية جيدة،
والفرس كانوا أشرارًا والإغريق كانوا أخيارًا.
وكان سقراط وأفلاطون رائعين
أما الفرس فهم لم يخوضوا حتى في الفلسفة.
الغرب هو الأفضل.
الى الامام يا فريقي! في الواقع، كلا.
"موسيقى الشارة"
دعونا نبدأ بالإمبراطورية الفارسية،
والتي أصبحت نموذجًا لجميع الإمبراطوريات
البرية تقريبًا في جميع أنحاء العالم.
باستثناء... المغول.
الكثير مما نعرفه عن الفرس وإمبراطوريتهم
مصدره شخص أجنبيّ كتب عنها،
وهو ما بتنا نسميه الآن بالتاريخ،
وكان أحد المؤرخين الحقيقيين هو هيرودوت،
Swedish:
Hej, jag heter John Green. Detta är Crash Course
World History och i dag ska vi
göra vissa legitima comp. civ., för de av er som gillar sånt. Stan, jag kan inte
låta bli att känna vi har kanske alltför många
glober. Det är bättre.
Idag ska vi lära om de fruktansvärda
totalitära perserna och helgonlika, demokrati älskande
grekerna. Men vi vet redan denna
berättelse - det fanns några krig där ingen
bar några skjortor, och alla var rimligt
vältränade. Perserna var dåliga, grekerna var
bra. Sokrates och Platon var fantastiska;
Perserna kunde inte ens filosofera. Västern
är bäst. Heja Väst! Ja, eller kanske inte.
[Intro musik]
Låt oss börja med det persiska riket, vilket
blev modellen för i stort sett alla landbaserade
välden över hela världen. Med undantag för - vänta
för det - mongolerna. [Mongoltage]
Mycket av vad vi vet om perserna och
deras imperium kommer från en utomståendes skrift
om dem, vilket är något som vi nu kallar
historia, och en av de första riktiga historikerna
Chinese:
大家好，我是約翰·葛林，這是世界歷史速成班，而今天我們要
做文化比較，若你感興趣那最好。
導演，我不禁覺得地球儀可能太多了。
好多了。
今天我們要學關於可怕的極權主義波斯人和
聖潔熱愛民主的希臘人。
當然，我們已經知道這個故事啦：
有一些戰爭中大家裸上身
每個人身材都相當好；
波斯人壞壞，希臘人是好人。
蘇格拉底和柏拉圖真棒；波斯人還沒哲學咧。
西方萬歲，主隊加油！
才怪。
從波斯帝國說起，
它成為世界所有陸地帝國典範。
除了，嗯，蒙古人。
我們對波斯人和波斯帝國
的認知大部分來自旁觀者的寫作
我們現在叫做「歷史」。
第一個真正歷史學家之一
Vietnamese:
Xin chào, tôi John Green, đây là Khóa học Lịch sử thế giới, hôm nay chúng ta sẽ
tìm hiểu chi tiết về những nền văn minh quan trọng, cho các bạn có hứng thú với nó. Stan,
tôi không thể ngưng cảm thấy khó chịu về việc chúng ta có quá nhiều quả địa cầu. Vậy tốt hơn
Hôm nay chúng ta sẽ tìm hiểu về những người Ba Tư với chế độ chuyên chế tồi tệ và người Hi Lạp thánh thiện, yêu dân chủ
Có lẽ một vài trong số chúng ta đã biết có một số cuộc chiến tranh mà
không một ai mặc áo, và ai cũng trông rắn rỏi và khỏe khoắn.
Người Ba Tư xấu, người Hi Lạp thì tốt
Socrates và Plato thật tuyệt vời; người
Ba Tư thậm chí còn không bao giờ bàn luận về triết lý
Phương Tây vô đối. Tiến lên!
Không
[Nhạc nền]
Hãy bắt đầu với đế chế Ba Tư, hình mẫu của mọi đế chế trên đất liền
Trừ Mông Cổ
Phần lớn những gì ta biết về người Ba Tư và đế chế của họ đến từ một nguồn thông tin bên ngoài
thứ mà nay ta gọi là lịch sử, và một trong các nhà sử học thực sự đầu tiên
iw:
היי, אני ג'ון גרין, זה "קראש- קורס"
בהיסטוריה עולמית, והיום אנחנו הולכים
לעשות קצת השוואה לגיטימית בין ציווליזציות, בשביל אלה
שאוהבים דברים כאלה. סטן, אני לא יכול
שלא להרגיש שיש לנו אולי יותר מדי
גלובוסים.
זה יותר טוב. היום אנחנו הולכים ללמוד על
הפרסים הטוטליטריים הנוראים ועל היוונים הקדושים ואוהבי הדמוקרטיה.
. אבל כמובן שאנחנו כבר מכירים את
הסיפור הזה - היו כמה מלחמות שבהן אף אחד לא לבש חולצה,
ולכולם היו קוביות בבטן. הפרסים היו רעים-היוונים היו טובים.
סוקרטס ואפלטון היו מגניבים בטירוף-
הפרסים אפילו לא עסקו בפילוסופיה!
המערב הכי טוב! יאללה הקבוצה שלנו! כן, טוב, לא.
בואו נתחיל עם האימפריה הפרסית,
שהיתה מודל חיקוי פחות או יותר לכל האימפריות על היבשה
ברחבי העולם!... למעט - חכו לזה, המונגולים.
הרבה ממה שאנחנו יודעים על הפרסים
מגיע מכתבים של אנשים שלא היו חלק מהאימפריה,
וזה משהו שאנחנו מכנים כיום -"היסטוריה", ואחד ההיסטוריונים האמיתיים הראשונים היה הרודוטוס,
Romanian:
Salut ,sunt John Green, acesta este Crash Course History și astăzi o să
facem civilizații comparate pentru cei care gustă tipul ăsta de demers. Stan, nu pot
să te ajut dar simt că avem poate prea multe globuri. Acum e mai bine.
Astăzi o să învățăm despre oribilul totalitarism persan și despre sfinții, iubitorii de democrație greci.
Dar desigur știm deja această poveste-au existat unele războaie în care
nimeni nu purta vreo haină și toată lumea era rezonabil de antrenată. Persanii erau răi, grecii erau
buni. Socrate și Platon erau grozavi, persanii nici măcar nu filosofau. Vestul e cel mai
tare, înainte Echipă!Da, ei bine , nu.
muzică
Să începem cu Imperiul persan care a devenit un model pentru aproape toate
imperiile întinse din toată lumea.Cu excepția-așteptați- a Mongolilor.
Mult din ceea ce știm despre persani și imperiul lor vine din scrierile externe despre ei
care e ceva ce numim astăzi istorie și unul dintre acești primi adevărați istorici
Hungarian:
Hello, én John Green vagyok, és ez a Crash Course Világtörténelem sorozata.
Ma szabályszerű civilizációkat fogunk összehasonlítani. Stan, az az érzésem,
hogy talán túl sok földgömbünk van...
Máris jobb.
Ma tanulunk a perzsák szörnyű önkényuralmáról és a szent, demokrácia-szerető görögökről.
De persze már ismerjük ezt a
történetet - volt néhány háború, ahol senki sem
viselt pólót, és mindenki baromira fitt volt. A perzsák a rosszak voltak, görögök meg a jók.
Szókratész és Platón királyak, míg a
Perzsák nem is filozofáltak.
A nyugat a legjobb. Hajrá, hajrá!
...nos, nagyon nem.
[zene]
Kezdjük a Perzsa Birodalommal, amely jó példaként szolgál sok szárazföldi
birodalom bemutatására szerte a világon.
Kivéve - na várjatok csak - a mongolokéra.
Sok minden, amit a perzsákról és birodalmukról tudunk, egy kívülálló elbeszéléséből van.
Ma ezt hívjuk történelemnek,
és őt az egyik első igazi történésznek.
Spanish:
Hola, soy John Green, ésto es Crash Course: Historia Mundial
y hoy vamos a hacer algo de comparación de civilizaciones, para los que estén interesados.
Stan, me parece que quizás tenemos demasiados globos terráqueos.
Así está mejor. Hoy vamos a aprender sobre los horribles persas totalitarios
y los griegos amantes de la democracia.
Por supuesto, ya conocemos esta historia: Habían unas guerras en las que nadie usaba
camisas y todos estaban rasonablemente en forma; los persas eran malos; los griegos, buenos;
Socrates y Plato eran greniales; los persas ni siquiera filosofaban.
¡Occidente para presidente, adelante!
Si, pues, no.
[música]
[música]
[música]
[música]
[música]
[música]
Empecemos con el Imperio Persa, que es el modelo para casi todos los imperios mediterraneos
alrededor del mundo. Excepto por —espérenlo— los mongoles.
Mucho de lo que sabemos de los persas y su imperio viene de escritos exteriores
acerca de ellos, que es algo que ahora llamamos historia, y uno de los primeros historiadores
French:
Bonjour, je suis John Green, vous êtes sur Crash Course Histoire du monde, et aujourd'hui,
nous allons faire un peu de civilisations comparées, pour ceux qui connaissent.
Stan, je ne peux pas m'empêcher de penser que nous avons peut-être trop de globes...
C'est mieux comme ça. Aujourd'hui, nous allons parler des Perses, horribles et totalitaires et des Grecs, saints et amoureux de la démocratie.
Mais bien entendu, nous connaissons déjà cette histoire: il y a eu des guerres
au cours desquelles tout le monde se baladait torse nu et était plutôt bien fichu. Les Perses étaient méchants,
les Grecs gentils, Socrate et Platon étaient géniaux, les Perses ne connaissaient même pas la philosophie.
L'occident est le meilleur! Allez l'occident!
Ouais... En fait non.
Commençons par l'empire perse, qui
est devenu le modèle pour à peu près tous les empires basés
sur le territoire à travers le monde. Sauf pour - vous l'attendiez - les Mongols.
La plupart des choses que l'on sait sur les perses et leur empire provient d''étrangers qui ont
écrit à leur propos, ce qu'on appelle aujourd'hui l'histoire. Et l'un des premiers vrais historiens
Turkish:
Merhaba, ben John Green, bu da Crash Course Dünya Tarihi.
Ve bugün okul müfredatına uygun bir konumuz olacak, müptelaları için ama Stan
çok fazla Dünyamız olduğunu fark etmeden edemiyorum.
Böyle daha iyi. Bugün korkunç zorba persleri ve demokrasi
aşığı Yunanları öğreneceğiz.
Tabii ki de bu hikayeyi biliyoruz: Herkesin
üstsüz ve taş gibi olduğu savaşlar vardı, persler kötü, yunanlar iyiydi
Sokrat ve Platon acayipti, persler felsefeden anlamazdı, Batı en süper olandı
Yürü Be!!
Eh, öyle değildi.
[giriş müziği]
[giriş müziği]
[giriş müziği]
[giriş müziği]
[giriş müziği]
[giriş müziği]
Dünya'daki bütün toprak odaklı imparatorluklara
model olan Pers İmparatorluğu ile başlayalım tabii -bi dakka- moğollar hariç
Persler hakkında bildiğimiz şeylerin çoğu onlara yabancı kişilerin yazdığı
şeylere dayanıyor ki biz buna tarih diyoruz ve ilk hakiki tarihçi
Dutch:
Hallo, ik ben John Green, dit is Crash Course: Wereld geschiedenis, en vandaag gaan we
het hebben over daadwerkelijk vergelijkbare beschavingen., voor de mensen die daar van houden.
Stan, ik heb het gevoel dat we misschien teveel wereldbollen hebben.
Vandaag gaan we leren over de verschrikkelijk totalitaire Perzen en
de heilige, democratie aanbiddende Grieken. Maar natuurlijk kennen we dit verhaal al:
Er waren een aantal oorlogen waarin niemand T-shirts droeg en iedereen een redelijke conditie had: De Perzen waren slecht en de Grieken waren goed.
Socrates en Plato waren geweldig, de Perzen filosofeerden niet eens.
Het westen is de beste! Ja, eigenlijk, niet.
[Muziek intro]
[Muziek intro]
[Muziek intro]
[Muziek intro]
[Muziek intro]
[Muziek intro]
Laten we beginnen met het Perzische rijk, wat het voorbeeld werd voor bijna alle landgebonden
rijken over de wereld. Met uitzondering van. even wachten... de Mongolen.
Veel van onze kennis over de Perzen en hun rijk komt van geschriften van buitenstaanders.
Deze verhalen noemen we nu geschiedenis, en een van de eerste echte historici
German:
Hi, ich bin John Green, das hier ist Crash Course Weltgeschichte und heute werden wir
zwei Zivilisationen vergleichen, für diejenigen von euch, die solche Sachen mögen. Stan, irgendwie habe ich
das Gefühl, dass wir zu viele Globen haben.
Das ist besser. Heute werden wir etwas über die furchtbar totalitären Perser und
die heiligen, Demokratie liebenden Griechen lernen.
Aber natürlich kennen wir diese Geschichte schon: Da gab es ein paar Kriege, in denen niemand
Oberteile getragen hat und alle waren halbwegs fit; die Perser waren böse, die Griechen waren gut;
Sokratet und Platon waren fantastisch; die Perser haben nicht mal philosopiert; der Westen ist der beste,
Go Team!.
Ja, äh, nein.
[Intro]
[Intro]
[Intro]
[Intro]
[Intro]
[Intro]
Lasst uns mit dem Perserreich beginnen, das das Vorbild für so ziemlich alle
landgestützten Imperien auf der ganzen Welt wurde. Außer für - wartet - die Mongolen.
Vieles, was wir über die Perser und ihr Reich wissen, stammt von Außenstehenden, die über sie geschrieben haben,
und das nennen wir Geschichte und einer der ersten Historiker war
Modern Greek (1453-):
Γεια σας είμαι ο John Green και αυτό είναι το Crash Course: Παγκόσμια Ιστορία και σήμερα θα κάνουμε
μια θεμιτή σύγκριση πολιτισμών, για όσους από εσάς ενδιαφέρεται για τέτοια πράγματα. Stan,
νομίζω πως ίσως έχουμε πάρα πολλές υδρόγειους.
Καλύτερα έτσι. Σήμερα θα μάθουμε για τους τρομερούς και απολυταρχικούς Πέρσες
και τους άγιους, εραστές της δημοκρατίας Έλληνες.
Αλλά φυσικά την ξέρουμε ήδη αυτή την ιστορία - έγιναν κάποιοι πόλεμοι στους οποίους
κανείς δεν φορούσε μπλούζες και όλοι ήταν εύλογα γυμνασμένοι. Οι Πέρσες ήταν κακοί, οι Έλληνες ήταν καλοί.
Ο Σωκράτης και ο Πλάτωνας ήταν φοβεροί, οι Πέρσες ούτε καν φιλοσοφούσαν. Η Δύση είναι η καλύτερη!
Πάμε ομάδα!
Ναι καλά, όχι.
Ας ξεκινήσουμε με την Περσική αυτοκρατορία, η οποία έγινε το πρότυπο για σχεδόν όλες τις χερσαίες
αυτοκρατορίες σε όλον τον κόσμο. Εκτός από -ετοιμαστείτε- τους Μογγόλους.
Πολλά από αυτά που γνωρίζουμε για τους Πέρσες και την αυτοκρατορία τους, προέρχονται από κάποιον ξένο που έγραφε
για αυτούς, κάτι που πλέον ονομάζουμε ιστορία, και ένας από τους πρώτους πραγματικούς ιστορικούς
Portuguese:
Oi, eu sou John Green, e esse é o Crash Course: História Mundial, e hoje nos vamos
ver legitimas civilizações, guerras e esse tipo de coisa. Stan, eu acho
que tem globos demais nessa mesa.
Melhorou. Hoje, nos vamos aprender sobre os Persas perversos e totalitaristas e
a pureza da democracia pacifista dos Gregos.
Mas claro que nos já conhecemos essa história: teve algumas guerra que nos não sabemos
o que provocou, e quem foi o responsável.
Mas claro que os Persas eram maus e os Gregos bons
Socrates e Platão eram sensacionais;
Os Persas nem filosofavam. Ocidente é
O MELHOR!
GO TEAM!
Bem, não.
Vamos começar com o Império Persa que foi modelo para muitos outros
impérios ao redor do mundo.
Exceto por um - um momento - os Mongóis
Muito do que sabemos sobre os Persas e seu império, veio de informações escritas
sobre eles algo que agora chamamos de história.
Um dos primeiros historiadores
Russian:
Привет, я Джон Грин. Это Crash Course по всемирной истории, и сегодня мы
займёмся сравнением цивилизаций если вы понимаете, о чём я.
Стэн, мне кажется,
или у нас тут слишком много глобусов?
Так-то лучше. Сегодня мы узнаем об ужасных тоталитарных персах и
свято любящих демократию греках.
Но мы, конечно, уже знаем эту историю: было несколько войн,
где никто не носил одежды выше пояса, и все были относительно стройными
Персы плохие. Греки хорошие.
Сократ и Платон классные, а Персы вообще не филосовствали
Запад круче всех! Вперёд, команда!
Ну да. Точнее, нет.
Давайте начнём с Персидской империи, которая стала моделью практически для
всех континентальных империй мира.
За исключением -погодите- монголов.
Многое из того, что мы знаем о персах и их империи пришло к нам из описаний, сделанных иностранцами.
Того, что мы сейчас называем историей, и одним из первых историков был Геродот,
Finnish:
Moi, olen John Green, tämä on Crash Course Maailman Historia, ja tänään
teemme oikeaa "sivilisaatioiden vertailua"(?). Stan, en voi olla
tuntematta, että meillä on ehkä liian monta karttapalloa.
Näin on parempi. Tänään opimme kaamean totalitaarisista persialaisista ja
pyhistä demokratiaa rakastavista kreikkalaisista.
Mutta tietenkin tiedämme jo tämän tarinan: Oli joitakin sotia, joissa kukaan ei pitänyt
paitaa päällä ja kaikki olivat kohtalaisen hyvässä kunnossa; persialaiset olivat huonoja;kreikkalaiset hyviä;
Sokrates ja Platon olivat mahtavia; persialaiset eivät edes filosofoineet; Länsi on
paras joukkue!
No, joo, ei.
[alkumusiikki]
[alkumusiikki]
[alkumusiikki]
[alkumusiikki]
[alkumusiikki]
[alkumusiikki]
Aloitetaan persialaisten imperiumista, josta tuli malli melkeimpä kaikille maalle sijoittuville
imperiumeille ympäri maailman. Lukuunottamatta -- odotas -- mongoleita.
Paljon mitä tiedämme persialaisista ja heidän imperiumistaan saamme ulkopuolisen kirjoituksista
heistä, mitä me nyt kutsumme historiaksi, ja yksi ensimmäisistä oikeista historoitsijoista
Romanian:
a fost Herodot a cărui faimoasă operă "Războaiele cu perșii" vorbește puțin despre persani.
Acum faptul că Herodot a fost grec e important pentru că ne introduce
în ideea de subiectivism istoric.Dar mai mult despre asta în a doua parte.
Deci dinastia persană Ahemenidă... Ahemenidă...stați puțin....
How JSay: Achimenid sau Achehmenid
Amândouă sunt corecte? Am avut dreptate de două ori?
În regulă, deci dinastia persană ahemenidă a fost fondată în 539 î.Hr. de regele Cyrus
cel Mare. Cyrus și-a condus războinicii săi nomazi și a cucerit cea mai mare parte a Mesopotamiei incluzând
pe babilonieni care a pus capăt unei perioade triste din istoria evreilor numită Exilul babilonian
ceea ce i-a asigurat lui Cyrus o presă foarte bună în Biblie.
Dar fiul său, Darius I a fost chiar mai mare, extinzând controlul persan până la vechea
noastră pritetenă, valea Indusului în Est, la vest până la noul nostru prieten Egipt și la nord până la nou-venita în Crash Course
Anatolie.Apropo, erau greci în Anatolia numiți greci ionieni care vor deveni relevanți mai târziu.
Deci chiar dacă nu erai persan, imperiul persan era aproape de vis. Persanii
au condus într-un mod luminat, regatelor cucerite li se permitea să-și păstreze regii lor
English:
was Herodotus, whose famous book The Persian
Wars talks about the Persians quite a bit.
Now the fact that Herodotus was a Greek is
important because it introduces us to the
idea of historical bias. But more on that
in a second.
So the Persian Achaemenid dynasty... Achaemenid?
Hold on...
HowJSay: AkEEmenid or AkEHmenid
They’re both right? I was right twice!?
Right, so the Persian AkEEmenid or AkEHmenid
dynasty was founded in 539 BCE by King Cyrus
the Great. Cyrus took his nomadic warriors
and conquered most of Mesopotamia, including
the Babylonians, which ended a sad period
in Jewish history called The Babylonian Exile,
thus ensuring that Cyrus got great press in
the Bible.
But his son, Darius the First, was even greater,
he extended Persian control east to our old
friend the Indus Valley, west to our new friend
Egypt, and north to Crash Course newcomer
Anatolia. By the way, there were Greeks in Anatolia
called Ionian Greeks who will become relevant shortly.
So even if you weren’t Persian, the Persian
Empire was pretty dreamy. For one thing, the
Persians ruled with a light touch, like, conquered
kingdoms were allowed to keep their kings
Dutch:
was Herodotus, zijn boek 'De Perzische Oorlogen heeft het veel over de Perzen.
Het feit dat Herodotus een Griek was is belangrijk omdat dat het
concept van historische bevooroordeeldheid introduceert. Maar daarover straks meer.
Dus the Perzische Achaemenid dynastie - Archaemenid? Wacht even...
[Computer uitspraak] AkEEmenid of AkEHmenid
Ze zijn beide goed? Dus ik had twee keer gelijk!
Oké, dus de Perzische AkEEmenid of AkEHmenid dynastie werd opgericht in 539 voor christus door koning Cyrus
de Grote. Cyrus nam zijn nomadische soldaten en veroverde grotendeels van Mesopotamië,
inclusief de Babyloniërs, wat een treurige periode in Joodse geschiedenis stopte genaamd de Babylonische ballingschap.
Om zo zeker te zijn van goede pers in de Bijbel.
Maar zijn zoon, Darius de eerste, was zelfs groten: Hij vergrote de Perzische heerschappij ten oosten van onze oude
vriend de Indus vallei, ten westen van onze nieuwe vriend Egypte, en ten noorde van de Crash Course nieuwkomer,
Anatolië.
Trouwens, er waren Grieken in Anatolië genaamd de Ionische grieken die straks voor ons belangrijk worden
Dus zelfs als je niet Perzisch was, was het Perzische rijk best goed.
Ten eerste, de Perzen regeerden met lichte hand: Bijvoorbeeld veroverde koninkrijken mochten.
koning en adel behouden zolang ze een trouw zworen aan de Perzische koning
French:
était Hérodote dont le fameux livre, les guerres Perses
parlait un peu des Perses.Le fait qu'Hérodote était Grec est important car cela
nous introduit au biais historique. Mais on en reparlera un peu plus tard.
La dynastie des Perses Achéménides... Achéménides? Attendez...
AKKEmenide ou AKEHmenide
Les deux sont bons, j'avais donc deux fois raison!
Donc la dynastie Perses Achéménide a été fondée en -539 par Cyrus
le grand. Cyrus a mobilisé ses guerriers nomades et conquis la majeure partie de la Mésopotamie, y compris
l'empire Babylonien, ce qui mit fin à une triste période de l'histoire Juive
connue comme l'Exil Babylonien ce qui assura à Cyrus une bonne réputation dans la bible.
Mais son fils, Darius 1er, était encore plus grand, il étendit l'empire Perse qui contrôlait désormais
les terres s'étendant de l'est de la vallée de l'Indus, notre vielle amie, à l'ouest de notre nouvelle amie, l'Egypte, jusqu'au nord
d'une nouvelle venue dans le cours: L'Anatolie. Pendant que j'y pense,
il y avait des Grecs en Anatolie, qu'on nommait Grecs Ioniens, et qui deviendront bientôt importants.
Même si vous n'étiez pas Perse, l'Empire Perse était plutôt sympathique.
La gouvernance Perse était légère, par exemple, les pays conquis pouvaient garder leurs propres rois
et leurs élites, à condition qu'ils prêtent allégeance au roi Perses et paient les taxes.
Thai:
ผู้ได้เขียนถึงชาวเปอร์เซียไว้นิดหน่อย
ในหนังสือชื่อดังของเขาที่ชื่อว่า The Persian Wars
ความจริงที่ว่าเฮอรอโดทัสเป็นชาวกรีกนั้นเป็นเรื่องที่สำคัญมาก เพราะนี่ทำให้เราเริ่มรู้จักกับอคติทางประวัติศาสตร์
แต่เดี๋ยวเราจะกลับมาพูดถึงเรื่องนี้ทีหลัง
ราชวงศ์เปอร์เซีย อะคีเมนิด...
อะเคเมนิด? แป๊บนะครับ
อะ-คี-เม-นิด หรือ อะ-เค-เม-นิด
ถูกทั้งคู่หรอ? ที่อ่านถูกสองรอบเลยหรอเนี่ย!?
เอาล่ะ ราชวงศ์เปอร์เซีย อะคีเมนิด หรือ
อะเคเมนิด ถูกสถาปนาขึ้นในปี 539 ก่อนคริสตกาล โดย พระเจ้าไซรัสมหาราช
พระเจ้าไซรัสนำทัพทหารเร่ร่อน และยึดครองพื้นที่เมโสโปเตเมียส่วนใหญ่ร่วมถึงบาบิโลเนียไว้ได้
ซึ่งนำไปสู่จุดสิ้นสุดของยุคสมัยที่น่าเศร้าของประวัติศาสตร์ยิวที่เรียกว่า การคุมขังแห่งบาบิโลเนีย
ทำให้พระเจ้าไซรัสได้รับการยกย่องในไบเบิล
แต่พระโอรสของพระองค์ ดาริอัสที่ 1 นั้น ยิ่งใหญ่ยิ่งกว่า พระองค์ขยายดินแดนเปอร์เซีย ทางตะวันออกไปถึงอินดัส วัลเล่ย์เพื่อนเก่า
ทางตะวันตกไปถึงอียิปต์เพื่อนใหม่ของเรา และทางเหนือไปถึง อานาโตเลีย เมืองหน้าใหม่ในแครสคอร์ส
ซึ่งในอานาโตเลียนั้น มีชาวกรีกที่เรียกว่า พวกไอโอเนียนอาศัยอยู่ อีกซักครู่พวกเขาจะเข้ามาเกี่ยวข้อง
ต่อให้คุณไม่ใช่คนเปอร์เซีย อาณาจักรเปอร์เซียก็ยังน่าอยู่ทีเดียว ด้วยเหตุผลหนึ่งคือ
ชาวเปอร์เซียปกครองแบบหลวมๆ เช่น อนุญาตให้กษัตริย์ และชนชั้นสูงของดินแดนที่ยึดครองมา สามารถปกครองตนเองต่อไปได้
Chinese:
是希羅多德，他名著《波斯戰爭》
對波斯人講得滿多的。
希羅多德是希臘人。這很重要因為
他作品帶有歷史偏見。
稍後會深入講。
所以波斯阿契美尼德王朝，阿奇美尼德？
等一下...
［電腦發音］
兩個發音都對？我竟然對兩次！
波斯阿契美尼德王朝於公元前539由居魯士大帝建立。
居魯士帶他的游牧戰士征服了
多部分的兩河流域，包括巴比倫，
結束了猶太歷史上巴比倫流亡的悲傷時期，
從而保證居魯士在聖經中被大書特書。
但他兒子大流士一世更偉大：
他把波斯帝國往東擴張伸向我們老朋友印度河流域，
西到我們新朋友埃及，
北至速成班新人安納托利亞。
當地希臘裔的愛奧尼亞人很快就會登場。
即使你不是波斯人，波斯帝國也相當夢幻。
一方面，波斯人統治不嚴厲：被征服的王國只要宣誓
Turkish:
Heredot'du, meşhur Pers Savaşları kitabında persler hakkında bayağı söz etti.
Heredot'un yunan olduğunu unutmayalım çünkü bu kendisinin
yanlı tarih anlayışına sebep oluyor ama ona sonra değineceğiz.
Pers Ahameniş hanedanlığı-Ahameniş? Bir dakika..
AhAAmeniş ya daAhAMeniş
İkisi de mi doğru? İki kere bildim!
Tamam, Büyük Pers AhAAmeniş ya daAhAMeniş hanedanlığı MÖ 539'da Kirok
tarafından kuruldu.
Kirok göçebe askerleriyle Mezopotamya'nın Babil de dahil çoğunu fethetti
ki bu da Yahudi tarihinde Babil Sürgünü olan dönemi başlattı. Böylece
Kirok İncil'de bayağı yer edindi.
Oğlu I. Darius daha da büyüktü. Pers hükümdarlığını doğuda İndus
Vadisi'ne, batıda Mısır'a ve kuzeyde Crash Course'a yeni dahil olan yere kadar büyüttü,
Anadolu'ya.
Bu sırada Anadolu'da İyonyalılar olarka bilinen Yunan kabileleri vardı
bunlar sonra önemli olacak.
Pers olmasanız da Pers İmparatorluğu oha falandı
Mesela, Persler hükmettiği yerlerde baskıcı değildi:
İşgal edilen krallıkların kralı ve elitleri bağlılık yemini ederse ve vergi
Russian:
чья известная книга "Персидские Войны" расказывает нам немного о персах.
Тот факт, что Геродот был греком, важен потому, что это демонстрирует нам
принцип исторической предвзятости.
Но об это чуть позже
Итак персидская династия Ахеменидов...
Ахеменидов? Погодите-ка.
То есть они оба правильные? Я был прав дважды!
Итак, персидская династия Ахеменидов была основана в 539 году до н.э королём Киром Великим.
Кир со своими воинами кочевниками завоевал большую часть Месопотамии, включая Вавилон
чем закончили грустный период Еврейской истории называемой Вавилонским пленом.
Что дало Киру хорошие отзывы в Библии
Но его сын, Дарий Первый, был ещё более великим. Он расширил власть персов на восток до наших старых друзей в долине реки Инд.
И на западе до наших новых друзей в Египте и на севере до новичка в Crash Course - Анатолии.
К слову, в Анатолии жили греки, называющиеся ионийцами, которые вскоре сыграют свою роль.
Даже если вы не были персом,
Персидская империя выглядела довольно привлекательно.
Во-первых, правление персов было мягким. Завоёванным королевствам разрешено
было оставить их прежних правителей при условии, что они признавали верховенство
персидского короля.
Arabic:
والذي تناول الفرس بإسهاب
في كتابه الشهير "الحروب الفارسية".
حقيقة أن هيرودوت كان إغريقيًا هو أمر مهم
لأنها المدخل لنا إلى فكرة التحيز التاريخي.
سأخوض أكثر في ذلك بعد قليل.
السلالة الفارسية الأخمينية...
الأخمنية؟ مهلًا...
أخمينية أو أخمنية.
كلاهما صحيح؟ لقد أصبت مرتين!
تأسست السلالة الفارسية الأخمينية
في 539 قبل الميلاد
على يد الملك قورش العظيم. غزا قورش
بمحاربيه الرُحّل معظم بلاد ما بين النهرين،
بما في ذلك البابليين،
مُنهيًا بذلك فترة حزينة في التاريخ اليهودي
تُسمى المنفى البابلي، وبذلك ضمن قورش
تلقّي المديح الوافر في الكتاب المقدس.
ولكن ابنه داريوس الأول، كان أعظم من ذلك،
وبسط السيطرة الفارسية شرقًا
إلى موضوع حلقتنا القديمة، وادي السند
وغربًا إلى موضوع حلقتنا الجديدة، مصر
وشمالًا إلى موضوع حلقة قادمة
هو الأناضول.
بالمناسبة، كان هناك يونانيون في الأناضول
يُدعون اليونانيين الإيونيين
والذين ستظهر صلتهم بموضوع الحلقة بعد قليل.
حتى لو لم تكن فارسيًا
كانت الإمبراطورية الفارسية واعدة جدًا.
أحد أسباب ذلك هو أن حكم الفرس كان ناعمًا،
فقد سُمح للممالك المفتوحة بالإبقاء على ملوكها
وفئاتها النخبوية طالما تعهدت
بالولاء للملك الفارسي ودفع الضرائب،
Swedish:
var Herodotos, vars berömda bok "De persiska
krigen" berättar en hel del om perserna.
Faktumet att Herodotos var grek är
viktigt eftersom det introducerar oss till
tanken på historiska tendenser. Men mer om det om en sekund.
Så persiska Akemenidiska dynastin ... Akemenidiska?
Vänta...
HowJSay: AkEEmenid eller AkEHmenid
De är båda rätt? Jag var rätt två gånger !?
Okay, så persiska AkEEmenid eller AkEHmenid
dynastin grundades 539 f.Kr. av kung Cyrus
den store. Cyrus tog sina nomadiska krigare
och erövrade större delen av Mesopotamien, inklusive
babylonierna, som avslutade en sorglig period
i judisk historia kallad "den babyloniska fångenskapen",
vilket säkerställer att Cyrus får bra press i
Bibeln.
Men hans son, Darius den första, var ännu större,
han utökar persiska kontroll österut till vår gamla
vän Indusdalen, västerut till vår nya vän
Egypten och norrut till snabbkurs nykomlingen
Anatolien. Förresten så fanns det greker i Anatolien
kallade joniska greker som snart är viktiga.
Även om du inte var perser var det persiska
imperiet ganska coolt. Som exempel
styrde perser med ett lugnt sinne, erövrade
riken fick behålla sina kungar
Hungarian:
Hérodotosz a híres A görög-perzsa háború c. könyvében részletesen ír a perzsákról.
Fontos megemlíteni, hogy Hérodotosz görög volt,
hiszen emiatt előítélettel írt a perzsákról.
De erről később mesélek még.
Tehát a perzsa Achaemenid dinasztia ...
Achaemenid? Na várjunk csak...
"Ökímenid" vagy "Akehmanid"
Mindkettő jó? Mindkétszer igazam volt?!
Tehát. A perzsa Ökímenid vagy Akehmanid dinasztiát ie. 539-ben alapította a Nagy Cyrus király
Cyrus majdnem egész Mezopotámiát elfoglalta nomád harcosaival,
beleértve a babiloniakat, ami véget vetett a zsidó történelem egy szomorú időszakának, az ún. babiloni fogságnak,
ezáltal biztosítva, hogy Cyrus nagyon jó sajtót kapott a Bibliában.
De fia, első Dáriusz, még nagyobb uralkodó volt, és tovább terjesztette a perzsa birodalmat keletre
régi barátunk, az Indus-völgye felé, nyugatra az új barátunk, Egyiptom felé, és északra az újonc
Anatólia felé. Egyébként Anatóliában éltek jón görögök, akiknek fontos szerepe volt a történelemben.
Tehát ha te nem is perzsa voltál, a Perzsa Birodalom elég káprázatos volt.
Pl. mert a meghódított királyságok megtarthatták királyukat, és az elit réteget,
German:
Herodot, dessen berühmtes Buch "Die Perserkriege" tatsächlich ein wenig von Persern handelt.
Die Tatsache, dass Herodot Grieche war, ist wichtig, denn sie führt uns zum Prinzip
der historischen Voreingenommenheit. Aber mehr dazu in einer Sekunde.
Also, die persische
Achaimenes-Dynastie - Achaimenes [andere Aussprache]? Wartet...[Computerstimme erklärt die englische Aussprache]
Ach, beide sind richtig? Ich hatte zweimal Recht!
Also, die persische Achaimenes- oder Achaimenes- [andere Aussprache] Dynastie wurde im Jahr 539 v. Chr. von König Kyros dem Großen
gegründet.
Kyros eroberte mit seinen Nomaden-Kriegern einen Großteil Mesopotamiens, inklusive Babyloniens,
was mit einer traurigen Episode der jüdischen Geschichte namens Babylonisches Exil endete, was wiederum dafür
sorgte, dass Kyros viel Presse in der Bibel bekam.
Aber sein Sohn, Darius I., war noch "größer". Er vergrößerte den persischen Einflussbereich nach Osten, zu unserem alten
Freund, dem Indus-Tal, westlich von unserem neue Freund Ägypten und nördlich von unserem Crash Course Newcomer
Anatolien.
Übrigens gab es dort Griechen, Ionier genannt, die in Kürze noch wichtig sein
werden.
Selbst wenn man kein Perser war, war das Perserreich ziemlich traumhaft.
Zum einen regierten die Peser mit lockerer Hand: Eroberte Königreiche durften ihre Könige
und ihre Eliten behalten, solange sie dem persischen König ihre Treue schworen
Spanish:
fue Heródoto, cuyo famoso libro "Las Guerras Persas" habla de los persas un poco.
Ahora, el hecho de que Heródoto era griego es importante porque nos introduce a la
idea del sesgo histórico. Pero más de eso en un momento.
Así que la dinastía aqueménida- ¿"aqueménide"?
Espera...
[pronunciación de la computadora] Aqueménida o "aqueménide".
(En inglés, hay dos pronunciaciones posibles.)
¿Así que ambas son correctas? ¡Estuve en lo correcto dos veces!
(Ambas pronunciaciones son correctas.)
De acuerdo, así que la dinastía aquemenida o "aqueménide"
(Éste no es el caso en español. Solo "aquemenida" es correcto.)
fue fundada por el rey Ciro II el Grande en el 539 a.C.
Ciro tomó a sus guerreros nómadas y conquistó la mayor parte de Mesopotamia, incluyendo a los babilonios,
lo cual culminó un triste período en la historia judía llamado el Exilio Babilónico, asegurando así
que Ciro consiguiera gran prensa en la Biblia.
Pero su hijo, Darío I, fue aún más grande: extendió el control persa al este hacia nuestro viejo
amigo el Valle del Indo, oeste a nuestro nuevo amigo Egipto y norte al recién llegado a Crash Course,
Anatolia.
Por cierto, hubo griegos en Anatolia llamados los jonios que serán relevantes
en poco tiempo.
Así que, incluso si no eras persa, el Imperio persa era bastante agradble.
Por un lado, los persas gobernaron con un ligero toque: los reinos conquistados eran permitidos
mantener sus reyes y su élite siempre y cuando prometieran lealtad al Rey Persa
Finnish:
oli Herodotos, jonka kuuluisa kirja, Persian sodat, kertoo persialaisista melko paljon.
Se, että Herodotos oli kreikkalainen, on tärkeää, koska se esittelee meille
idean historiallisista ennakkoasenteista. Enemmän siitä hetken kuluttua.
Persialainen Akhaimenidien hallitsijasuku-- Akhaimenid? Hetkinen...
Persialainen Akhaimenidien hallitsijasuku-- Akhaimenid? Hetkinen...
[tietokone lausuu] AkEEmenid. AkEHmenid. Eli molemmat on oikein? Olin kahdesti oikeassa!
Eli, persialainen Akhaimenidien hallitsijasuku perusti kuningas Cyrus Suuri vuonna 539 eaa.
Eli, persialainen Akhaimenidien hallitsijasuku perusti kuningas Cyrus Suuri vuonna 539 eaa.
Cyrus otti paimentolaissotilaansa ja valloitti suurimman osan Mesopotamiaa, mukaan lukien Babylonialaiset,
päättäen surullisen kauden juutalaisten historiassa, Babylonin vankeuden, ja varmistaen
Cyrukselle hyvän mainoksen Raamatusta.
Mutta hänen poikansa, Darius I, oli mahtavampi: Hän laajensi persialaisten valtaa itään kohti vanhaa
ystäväämme Indus-laaksoa, länteen kohti uutta ystäväämme Egyptiä, ja pohjoiseen Crash Coursen uuteen tulokkaaseen
Anatoliaan.
Sivumennen sanoen, Anatoliassa oli kreikkalaisia, Joonian kreikkalaiset, jotka tulevat oleellisiksi
kohta.
Joten, vaikka et ollut persialainen, Persian imperiumi oli melko unenomainen.
Ensiksikin persialaiset hallitsivat kevyellä kosketuksella: valloitettujen kuningaskuntien sallittiin
säilyttää kuninkaansa ja eliittinsä, kunhan he lupasivat uskollisuutensa Persian kuninkaalle
Portuguese:
foi Heródoto, um dos seus livros mais famosos, Guerras Persas, fala um pouco sobre os Persas.
Agora, pelo fato de Herodotus ser Grego é importante pois introduz a ideia histórica
de que os Persas eram bárbaros.
Falamos disso depois.
Então, a dinastia Persa Achaemenid - Achaemenid? Um segundo
AkEEmenid or AkEHmenid
Os dois estavam certos? Eu acertei nas duas?
Certo, então a dinastia AkEEmenid ou Akehmenid foi fundada em 539 A.C pelo Rei Cyrus
o Grande
Cyrus usou guerreiros nômades e conquistou grande parte da Mesopotâmia, incluindo a Babilonia
que terminou em um período triste para a história judaica chamada Exílio da Babilônia, uma passagem
que Cyrus retratou muito bem na Bíblia.
Mas seu filho, Darius primeiro, foi ainda melhor.
Ele estendeu o Império Persa para o leste no nosso
antigo amigo Vale Indo; oeste para nosso novo amigo Egito, e norte para o próximo tema do Crash Course, Anatolia.
A propósito tinham gregos em Anatolia
chamados de gregos Jônios, que serão relevantes
daqui a pouco.
Mesmo que você não fosse Persa.
O Império Persa era bem legal.
Por causa disso os Persas governavam com o toque de luz: depois de conquistar um reino
eles permitiam manter o rei local e seu governo, desde que eles jurassem lealdade ao Rei Persa,
Vietnamese:
là Herodotus với cuốn sách nổi tiếng ''Những cuộc chiến tranh Ba Tư", Trong đó có đề cập một ít về người Ba Tư
Nhưng việc Herodotus là người Hy Lạp rất quan trọng vì nó giới thiệu khái niệm
bẻ cong lịch sử. Một lát sau chúng ta sẽ nói về nó.
Triều đại Achaemenid của Ba Tư...Achaemenid? Đợi đã
HowJSay: AkEEmenid hoặc AkEHmenid
Cả hai đều đúng? Tôi đúng hai lần ư !?
Ok, triều đại AkEEmenid hay AkEHmenid của Ba Tư được thành lập năm 539 TCN bởi vua Cyrus Đại đế
Cyrus mang các chiến binh du mục của mình chinh phục phần lớn Lưỡng Hà, bao gồm
Babylonia, kết thúc một thời kì buồn trong lịch sử
Do Thái được gọi là Cuộc lưu đày ở Babylon, do đó
vì thế đảm bảo cho sức ảnh hưởng to lớn của Cyrus trong Kinh Thánh.
Nhưng con trai ông, Darius Đệ nhất, còn vĩ đại hơn, ông đã mở rộng tầm kiểm soát của Ba Tư
về phía Đông tới Thung lũng Ấn, phía Tây tới Ai Cập, phía Bắc tới Anatolia
Tiện thể, có người Hi Lạp ở Anatolia, gọi là người Hi Lạp Ionia, chúng ta sẽ sớm đề cập tới họ
Ngay cả khi bạn không phải là người Ba Tư thì bạn cũng sẽ thấy Đế quốc Ba Tư là một thiên đường. Bởi một lẽ
Ba Tư cai trị rất thoải mái và rộng rãi,. Các vương quốc bị chiếm được phép
iw:
שספרו המפורסם "המלחמות הפרסיות"
מדבר על הפרסים לא מעט.
עכשיו העובדה הרודוטוס היה יווני היא חשובה
משום שהיא מעלה בפנינו את הרעיון של:
"הטיה היסטורית".
אבל עוד על זה בעוד שניה.
אז השושלת האחמנית הפרסית... או אקמאנידית?
חכו שניה...
" אקמאנידית או האחמנית"
שניהם נכונים? צדקתי פעמים!?
בסדר, אז השושלת הפרסית האחמנית או האקמאנידית נוסדה בשנת 539 לפנה"ס על ידי המלך כורש הגדול (סיירוס)
כורש (סיירוס) לקח את הלוחמים הנוודים שלו וכבש את רוב מסופוטמיה, כולל
את הבבלים, דבר שסיים פרק עצוב
בהיסטוריה היהודית בשם "גלות בבל",
ובזה הבטיח שכורש קיבל פירסום חיובי בתנ"ך.
אבל בנו, דריוש הראשון, היה גדול עוד יותר, הוא הרחיב את
שליטת פרס במזרח לחברינו הותיקים בעמק האינדוס,
למערב אל חברתנו החדשה מצרים,
לצפון עד למגוייסת הטרייה בקורס שלנו- אנטוליה
אגב, היו יוונים באנטוליה שנקראו
יווניים איונים (Ionian) שייהפכו רלוונטים בקרוב.
אז גם אם לא הייתם פרסים, האימפריה הפרסית
הייתה די חלומית. דבר אחד בטוח,
הפרסים שלטו בצורה מתחשבת, למשל,
ממלכות כבושות הורשו לשמור על מלכיהם
Polish:
był Herodotus, którego sławna książka "Wojny Perskie" mówiła o Persach dość sporo.
Fakt , że Herodotus był Grekiem jest ważny ponieważ przedstawia nam to
zjawisko stronniczości historycznej. Ale więcej o tym za chwilę.
Więc Perska dynastia Achemenidów...
Achemenidów? Poczekajcie...
[AkEEmenid or AkEHmenid] (angielska wymowa)
Oba są poprawne ? Miałem rację dwa razy!
Tak, więc Perska dynastia Achemenidów albo Akchemenidów została założona w 539r. p.n.e przez Króla Cyrusa
Wielkiego
Cyrus wziął swoich koczowniczych wojowników i zdobył większość Mezopotamii włączając w to Babilonię
kończąc tym samym smutny okres w Żydowskiej historii zwany "Niewolą babilońską" , w ten sposób
Cyrus dostał świetną wzmiankę w Biblii.
Ale jego syn, Dariusz Pierwszy, był nawet lepszy. Rozciągnął kontrolę Persów na wschód do
naszych starych przyjaciół z doliny Indusu, na zachód do naszych nowych przyjaciół z Egiptu i na północ do nowego nabytku Crash Course
Anatolia
Przy okazji, w Anatolii byli Grecy zwani Grekami Jońskimi, którzy będą istotni.
Wkrótce.
Więc nawet jeśli nie byłeś Persem, to Perskie Imperium było marzeniem.
Dla jednego powodu, Persowie rządzili lekką ręką: Podbite królestwa mogły
zachować swoich królów oraz elity tak długo jak zobowiązywali się być posłuszni wobec Perskiego króla
Modern Greek (1453-):
ήταν ο Ηρόδοτος, του οποίου το διάσημο βιβλίο "Οι Περσικοί Πόλεμοι" αναφέρει αρκετά για τους Πέρσες.
Τώρα το γεγονός ότι ο Ηρόδοτος ήταν Έλληνας είναι σημαντικό γιατί μας εισάγει στην
ιδέα της ιστορικής προκατάληψης. Αλλά περισσότερα γι αυτό σε λίγο.
Έτσι η Περσική δυναστεία των Αχαιμενιδών...
Αχαιμενιδών? Μισό λεπτό...
AkEEmenid or AkEHmenid... Είναι και τα δυο σωστά? Είχα δίκιο και τις δυο φορές?
Σωστά, η Περσική δυναστεία των Αχαιμενιδών λοιπόν ιδρύθηκε το 539 π.Χ. από τον βασιλιά Κύρο τον Μέγα
ο σπουδαίος. Ο Κύρος πήρε νομαδική τους πολεμιστές του
και κατέκτησαν το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της Μεσοποταμίας, συμπεριλαμβανομένων
Ο Κύρος οδήγησε τους νομαδικούς πολεμιστές του και κατέκτησε το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της Μεσοποταμίας
συμπεριλαμβανομένων των Βαβυλώνιων, τερματίζοντας μια θλιβερή περίοδο της Εβραϊκής ιστορίας, γνωστή ως "Βαβυλώνια αιχμαλωσία"
εξασφαλίζοντας έτσι στον Κύρο μεγάλη δημοσιότητα στη Βίβλο.
Αλλά ο γιος του, Δαρείος Α, ήταν ακόμα πιο Μέγας, επέκτεινε τον έλεγχο των Περσών στα ανατολικά
στην παλιά μας φίλη, την κοιλάδα του Ινδού, δυτικά στη νέα μας φίλη, Αίγυπτο και βόρεια στην νεοφερμένη στο Crash Course, Ανατολία.
Επί τη ευκαιρία, υπήρχαν Έλληνες στην Ανατολία που ονομάζονταν Ίωνες, με τους οποίους θα ασχοληθούμε σύντομα.
Έτσι λοιπόν, ακόμα και αν δεν ήσουν Πέρσης,
η Περσική αυτοκρατορία ήταν αρκετά ονειρική.
Ένας λόγος ήταν η χαλαρή διακυβέρνηση των Περσών, όπως για παράδειγμα στα υποτελή βασίλεια επιτρεπόταν
να διατηρήσουν τους βασιλείς και την ελίτ εφόσον υπόσχονταν υποταγή στον Πέρση βασιλιά
Czech:
jehož slavné dílo "Řecko-perské války"
o Peršanech docela dost mluví.
Je důležité, že Hérodotos byl Řek,
protože nás to přivádí k tématu
historické předpojatosti.
Ale o tom více až za chvilku.
Perská Achaimenovská dynastie,
Achaeimenovská? Vydržte...
Akeemenid nebo Akehmenid.
Takže jsou obě správně?
Měl jsem pravdu dvakrát!
Perská Achaimenovská
dynastie byla založena
roku 539 př. n. l.
králem Kýrem Velikým.
Kýros s kočovnými bojovníky dobyl
většinu Mezopotámie včetně Babylonu,
čímž skončila smutná část židovské
historie nazývaná babylonský exil,
a tím si zajistil,
že se o něm bude hezky psát v Bibli.
Jeho syn Dareios I. byl ještě lepší.
Rozšířil perskou nadvládu na východ
až k našim známým v poříčí Indu,
na západ k novým přátelům z Egypta
a na sever k nováčkům
v našem pořadu: Malé Asii.
Mimochodem, v Malé Asii
byli Řekové, nazýváni Iónové,
a ti budou podstatní už za chvilku.
I když jste nebyl Peršan,
Perská říše byla skoro jako z pohádky.
Zaprvé, Peršané vládli lehkou rukou,
tak třeba dobytá království si směla
ponechat krále a elity za podmínky,
že přísahali věrnost perským králům
Spanish:
y pagaran impuestos, razón por la cual el Rey Persa era conocido como el "Rey de Reyes".
Además, los impuestos no eran tan altos y los persas mejoraban la infraestructura con mejores caminos
y tenían este servicio postal parecido al Pony Express del cual Heródoto dijo:
"...ni la nieve, ni la lluvia, ni el calor del sol, ni la noche las detiene, para que dejen de hacer con toda
brevedad el camino que les está señalado".
Y los persas adoptaron la libertad de religión.
Eran zoroastrianos, la cual tiene una demanda
de ser la primera religión monoteísta del mundo. Fue realmente el zoroastrismo el cual
introdujo el dualismo del bien/mal que todos conocemos tan bien. Ya sabes: Dios y Satanás o Harry
y Voldemort...
Pero los persas no estaban muy preocupados por convertir a la gente del Imperio a su
fe. Además, Zoroastrismo prohibia la esclavitud, asi que la esclavitud era casi desconocida
en el imperio Persa
En todo caso, si tuvieras que vivir en el siglo V a.C., el imperio Persa era quizas
el mejor lugar. A menos, claro, que le creas a Heródoto y a los griegos.
Todos sabemos sobre los griegos: arquitectura.
filosofía, literatura. La palabra música
viene del griego, asi como mucho en la cultura actual.
Finnish:
ja maksoivat veroja, minkä takia Persian kuningasta kutsutaan kuninkaiden kuninkaaksi.
Lisäksi verot eivät olleet liian korkeat ja persialaiset paransivat infrasrtuktuuria paremmilla teillä
ja heillä oli poni pikakuljetuksen tapainen postipalvelu, josta Herodotos sanoi:
"... heitä ei lumi, sade, lämpö eikä pimeys pysäytä toteuttaakseen
heille annettua reittiä täydellä vauhdilla."
Persialaiset omaksuivat uskonnonvapauden. He olivat zarathustralaisia, jotka väittävät
olevansa maailman ensimmäinen monoteistinen uskonto. Oikeastaan zarathustralaisuus
esitteli meille hyvä/paha dualismin, jonka tunnemme hyvin. Tiedäthän: jumala ja saatana tai Harry
ja Voldemort...
Mutta persialaiset eivät olleet huolissaan kääntämään imperiumin ihmisiä heidän
uskoonsa. Lisäksi, zarathustralaisuus kielsi orjuuden ja niinpä se oli ennenkuulumatonta
Persian imperiumissa.
Kaikkiaan, jos elit viidennellä vuosisadalla eaa., Persian imperiumi oli luultavasti
paras paikka elää. Ellet usko Herodotosta ja kreikkalaisia.
Tiedämme kaikki kreikkalaisista: Arkkitehtuuri. Filosofia. Kirjallisuus. Sana musiikki
tulee kreikasta, kuten moni muu nykyaikaisessa kulttuurissa.
Polish:
i płacili mu podatki, dlatego właśnie Perski król był nazywany Królem Królów.
Ponadto podatki nie były zbyt wysokie a Persowie ulepszali infrastrukturę lepszymi drogami
i mieli ten kucykowy ekspres - pocztę , o której Herodotus powiedział:
Nie straszne im śniegi czy deszcze, upały lub ciemności, nic ich nie powstrzyma przed dostarczeniem
przesyłki do celu z największą szybkością.
Persowie akceptowali wolność religii. Sami wyznawali Zaratusztrianizm , który uważa się
za pierwszą w świecie monoteistyczną religie. To Zaratusztrianizm
przedstawił nam dualizm dobra i zła , który znamy tak dobrze. Wiecie: Bóg i Szatan albo
Harry i Voldemort...
Ale Persowie nie byli zbyt zatroskani o przekonywanie ludzi z Imperium do swojej
wiary. Dodatkowo, Zaratusztrianizm zakazywał niewolnictwa więc było to zjawisko niemal nieznane w
Perskim Imperium
Koniec końców, jeśli miałbyś żyć w 5 wieku p.n.e , Perskie Imperium byłoby najprawdopodbniej
najlepszym miejscem do tego. Chyba , że wierzysz Herodotusowi i Grekom.
Wszyscy znamy Greków:
Architektura, Filozofia , Literatura , słowo "muzyka"
pochodzi z Grecji , podobnie jak wiele innych rzeczy w naszej obecnej kulturze.
Modern Greek (1453-):
και πλήρωναν φόρους, γι αυτό ο Πέρσης βασιλιάς ήταν γνωστός ως Βασιλιάς των Βασιλιάδων.
Επίσης οι φόροι δεν ήταν πολύ υψηλοί και οι Πέρσες βελτίωναν τις υποδομές με καλύτερους δρόμους
και είχαν και αυτό το γρήγορο σύστημα αλληλογραφίας με πόνυ, για το οποίο ο Ηρόδοτος είπε
"...αυτό δεν σταματούσε ούτε από το χιόνι, ούτε από τη βροχή, ούτε από την ζέστη, ούτε από το σκοτάδι,
προκειμένου να πετύχουν την ολοκλήρωση της καθορισμένης πορείας, με την προβλεπόμενη ταχύτητα"
Και οι Πέρσες υποστήριξαν την ανεξιθρησκεία. Πίστευαν στο Ζοροαστρισμό, ο οποίος
έχει το αξίωμα της πρώτης μονοθεϊστικής θρησκείας. Ήταν όντως ο Ζοροαστρισμός
ο οποίος μας εισήγαγε στο δυϊσμό του καλού/κακού που όλοι γνωρίζουμε τόσο καλά. Ξέρετε: Θεός και Διάβολος,
Χάρυ και Βόλντεμορτ...
Αλλά τους Πέρσες δεν τους απασχολούσε τόσο πολύ το να προσηλυτίσουν τους λαούς της αυτοκρατορίας τους στη θρησκεία τους.
Συν το ότι ο Ζοροαστρισμός απαγόρευε τη δουλεία και έτσι η δουλεία ήταν σχεδόν άγνωστη στην Περσική αυτοκρατορία.
Σε γενικές γραμμές, αν έπρεπε να ζήσεις τον 5ο αιώνα π.Χ., η Περσική αυτοκρατορία θα ήταν πιθανότατα
το καλύτερο μέρος, εκτός αν πιστεύετε τον Ηρόδοτο και τους Έλληνες.
Όλοι γνωρίζουμε για τους Έλληνες: αρχιτεκτονική, φιλοσοφία, λογοτεχνία. Η ίδια η λέξη μουσική
προέρχεται από τα ελληνικά, όπως και πολλά ακόμα στο σημερινό πολιτισμό.
Russian:
и платили налоги. Поэтому правитель Персии был известен как "Король Королей"
К тому же налоги не были слишком высокими и персы улучшали инфраструктуру и строили дороги.
А ещё у них была почтовая служба подобно Пони-Экспресс, о которой Геродот сказал следующее:
"...Их не остановит ни снег, ни дождь, ни жара, ни мрак.
Они доберутся до получателя настолько быстро, насколько возможно.
Ещё персы были за свободу религии. Сами персы были последователями зороастризма,
которая считается первой монотеистической религией.
Именно зороастризм ввёл дуалистическое понятие добра и зла.
Бог или Сатана
Гарри или Волдеморт
Но персы не очень заботились об обращении людей в свою религию.
Плюс зороастризм запрещает рабство, и оно практически отсутствовало в Персидской империи.
Поэтому если вы бы вам пришлось жить
в 5 веке до н.э., то Персидская империя, наверное, была бы наилучшим для этого местом.
Конечно же, при условии, что вы не верите Геродоту и грекам.
Все мы знаем о Греции.
Архитектура, философия, литература.
Само слово "музыка" пришло из греческого, также как и многие другие понятия современной культуры.
Czech:
a platili daně, proto se
perskému králi říkalo král králů.
Navíc daně nebyly moc vysoké,
také zlepšili infrastrukturu
kvalitnějšími cestami
a pro posílání dopisů
používali něco jako Pony Express,
o čemž Hérodotos řekl:
"Ani sníh, ani déšť,
ani vedro, ani noc jim nezabrání,
aby co nejrychleji
nepřekonali uloženou vzdálenost."
Peršané přijali náboženskou
svobodu. Vyznávali zoroastrismus,
o kterém se tvrdí, že byl prvním
monoteistickým náboženstvím na světě.
Právě zoroastrismus
zavedl dualitu dobra a zla,
již tak dobře známe.
Jako třeba Bůh a Satan
nebo Harry a Voldemort.
Peršané si ale nedělali
mnoho starostí s obracením
ostatních v říši na jejich víru.
Navíc víra zakazovala otroctví,
takže bylo
v Perské říši téměř nevídané.
Prostě kdybyste měli žít v 5. století
př. n. l., Perská říše by asi byla
tou nejlepší volbou.
Ledaže věříte Hérodotovi a Řekům.
Všichni známe Řeky:
architektura, filosofie, literatura...
Samotné slovo muzika pochází z Řecka,
jako mnoho dalšího
týkajícího se současné kultury.
iw:
והאליטות שלהם כל עוד הם הצהירו אמונים
למלך הפרסי ושלמו מסים,
שזו הסיבה מדוע המלך הפרסי
היה ידוע בתור "מלך המלכים".
בנוסף, המסים לא היו גבוהים מדי, והפרסים
בנו תשתית משופרת עם כבישים טובים יותר
והייתה להם מערכת שירותי דואר על סוסים
עליה הרודוטוס אמר:
"הם לא הוסטו ע"י שלג ולא גשם ולא חום ולא ע"י החושך על מנת
לפגוש את יעדם בכל המהירות. "
והפרסים אימצו את חופש הדת.
למשל הם היו מאמיני דת זרתוסטרא,
שיכולה לטעון שהיא הדת המונותיאיסטיות הראשונה בעולם.
וזו היתה למעשה דת הזרתוסטרא
שהמציאה את הדואליזם טוב/רע שכולנו מכירים.
אתם יודעים: אלוהים והשטן, או הארי וולדמורט ..
אבל הפרסים לא היו
מאוד מודאגים לגבי המרת אנשי האימפריה לאמונתם.
פלוס, דת הזרתוסטרא
אסרה על עבדות, וכך עבדות הייתה כמעט
בלתי מתקבלת על הדעת באימפריה הפרסית.
בסיכומו של דבר, אם יצא לך לחיות במאה ה5
לפנה"ס , האימפריה הפרסית הייתה כנראה
המקום הטוב ביותר לעשות את זה. אלא אם כן כמובן,
אתה רוצה להאמין להרודוטוס וליוונים.
כולנו מכירים את היוונים: ארכיטקטורה, פילוסופיה,
סִפְרוּת. המילה מוסיקה עצמה מגיעה מיוונית.
Thai:
ตราบใดที่คนเหล่านั้นปฏิญาณตนว่าจะจงรักภักดีต่อกษัตริย์เปอร์เซีย และจ่ายภาษี
ซึ่งเป็นเหตุผลที่กษัตริย์เปอร์เซียถูกเรียกว่าเป็น
กษัตริย์เหนือกษัตริย์
นอกจากนั้น ภาษีที่เรียกเก็บก็ไม่ได้สูงเกินไป แถมพวกเปอร์เซียยังเข้ามาพัฒนาโครงสร้างพื้นฐานต่างๆ อย่างปรับปรุงถนน
และมีการใช้ม้าเร็วสื่อสาร เหมือนกับไปรษณีย์ ซึ่งเฮอรอโดทัสได้กล่าวถึงไว้ว่า
"...ไม่ว่าจะฝน จะหนาว จะร้อน หรือจะมืดแค่ไหน พวกเขาก็ไปยังที่หมายได้อย่างเร็วที่สุด"
และชาวเปอร์เซียก็ยังใจกว้างในเรื่องศาสนาด้วย
เช่นพวกเขานับถือศาสนาโซโรอัสเตอร์
ซึ่งถือว่าเป็นศาสนาแรกของโลกที่เป็นเอกเทวนิยม
ศาสนาโซโรอัสเตอร์นี่เอง ที่เป็นต้นกำเนิดของเทพกับมาร แนวคิดทวินิยมที่เรารู้จักกันดี แบบพระเจ้ากับซาตาน
แฮรี่กับโวลเดอร์มอร์...แต่ชาวเปอร์เซียก็ไม่ได้สนใจที่จะบังคับประชาชนในอาณาจักรให้เปลี่ยนมานับถือศาสนานี้ตาม
รวมถึง ศาสนาโซโรอัสเตอร์มีข้อห้ามในเรื่องทาส
ดังนั้นทาสเป็นเรื่องที่แทบไม่เคยได้ยินเลยในอาณาจักรเปอร์เซีย
สรุปแล้ว ถ้าคุณจะต้องอยู่ในศตวรรษที่ 5 ก่อนคริสตศักราช อาณาจักรเปอร์เซียน่าจะเป็นที่ที่น่าอยู่ที่สุด
ยกเว้นคุณจะเชื่อเฮอรอโดทัส และชาวกรีก
เรารู้จักกรีกดีทั้ง สถาปัตยกรรม ปรัชญา วรรณกรรม
คำว่า Music ก็มาจากภาษากรีก
Hungarian:
ha hűségesküt tettek a perzsa királynak,
és megfizették az adót.
Ezért hívjuk a perzsa királyt a királyok királyának.
Plusz, az adók nem voltak túl magasak, és a perzsák az infrastruktúrát fejlesztették belőle jobb úthálózat építésével.
Volt egy Póni Express-szerű posta szolgáltatásuk, amiről Hérodotosz azt mondta:
~„... nem tántorította őket sem hó, sem eső,
sem a hőség, vagy sötétség.
Mindig időben teljesítették a kiszállítást.”
És a perzsák engedték a vallásszabadságot is. Például ott voltak a zoroasztriánok, akik azt álíították,
hogy övék a világ első monoteista vallás.
Tényleg a Zoroastrizmus vezette be
először a jó és rossz ellentétét,
amit mindannyian oly jól ismerünk.
Tudodjátok: Isten és a Sátán, vagy Harry és Voldemort...
A perzsákat nem érdekelte a hittérítés.
Plusz, Zoroasztrizmus tiltotta a rabszolgatartást,
így a Perzsa Birodalomban szinte egyáltalán nem is volt rabszolgatartás.
Mindent összevetve, ha te az ie. 5. században akarnál élni, a Perzsa Birodalom valószínűleg a legjobb hely erre.
Hacsak nem hiszel Hérodotosznak és a görögöknek.
Mind ismerjük a görög építészetet, filozófiát és irodalmat. Maga a szó, hogy zene a görög megfelelőjéből jön,
French:
C'est pour cela que le roi Perse était connu sous le nom de Roi des Rois.
De plus, les taxes n'étaient pas trop lourdes, et les Perses amélioraient les infrastructures existantes,
en construisant de meilleures routes par exemple. Et ils avaient un système de poste à propos duquel Hérodote
a déclaré: Ni la neige, ni la pluie, ni la chaleur,
ni l'obscurité ne les empêchent d'accomplir leur course à toute vitesse.
Et les Perses acceptaient la liberté de culte. Ils étaient Zoroastriens,
qui aurait été la première religion monothéiste du monde. C'est vraiment le Zoroastrianisme qui a
introduit la notion de dualité Bon/Mauvais que nous connaissons tous.Vous savez, Dieu et Satan,
Harry et Voldemort.Mais les Perses n'étaient pas intéressés par le fait de convertir les autres peuples de l'Empire à leur foi.
De plus, le Zoroastrianisme interdisait l'esclavage. L'esclavage était donc pratiquement inconnu au sein de l'empire Perse
En somme, si vous aviez à vivre au 5e siècle av. JC, l'empre perse était probablement
le meilleure endroit où vivre. À moins que vous croyez Hérodote et les Grecs
On connait tout sur les Grecs: l'architecture, la philosophie, la littérature. Le mot musique vient
Chinese:
效忠波斯王和繳稅金就可以保存原有王位和精英，
所以稱波斯國王為王中之王。
稅務沒有太高，而波斯人改善基礎建設，例如道路。
他們更有快馬般的郵件服務。希羅多德說：
「···他們是不論下雪或下雨，酷熱或黑夜都不能防止
依照指定路線與全速完成任務。」
而波斯人重視宗教自由。
他們信奉拜火教（祆教，索羅亞斯德門徒）
可能是世界上首個一神教宗教。
拜火教最先提出善良/邪惡的二元論。
你懂得：上帝和撒旦
或哈里與佛地魔...
波斯人不太堅持要把人民變成信徒這件事，
此外，祆教禁止奴役，
所以奴隸制在波斯帝國幾乎聞所未聞。
總而言之，如果你不得不住在公元前5世紀，
波斯帝國很可能是最佳選擇。
除非你相信希羅多德和希臘人。
我們都知道希臘人有建築、哲學、文學，
英文「音樂」這個詞也來自希臘語
很多其他的當代文化也來自希臘。
Turkish:
öderse yaşayabilirdi. Bu yüzden Pers kralı Kralların Kralı'ydı.
Ayrıca vergiler çok ağır değildi ve Persliler iyi yollarla altyapıyı güçlendirdi.
ve kendilerinde çok iyi bir posta servisi vardı ki Heredot bunu şöyle anlatır:
"...ne kar, ne yağmur, ne sıcak, ne de karanlık onları hedefe tam hızla
ulaşmasını engelleyemezdi."
Persler din hürriyetini benimsemişti. Kendileri zerdüşt idiler ki bu Dünya'nın ilk
tek tanrılı din olarak kabul edilir. Çok iyi bildiğimiz iyi ve
kötü çarpışmasını Zerdüştlük yarattı. Bilirsiniz: Tanrı ve Şeytan ya da Harry ve
Voldemort...
Persler imparatorluktaki insanları
kendi dinlerine geçirmeye pek uğraşmadı. Ayrıca Zerdüştlük köleliği yasaklar yani Pers İmparatorluğu'nda kölelik neredeyse
duyulmamıştı.
Sonuçta MÖ 5. yüzyılda Pers İmparatorluğu muhtemelen en
yaşanabilir yerdi. En azından Herodot ve yunanlara inanıyorsanız.
Yunanlar hakkında bildiklerimiz: Mimari, felsefe, edebiyat. Müzik sözcüğü bile
Yunanca, modern kültürdeki pek çok şey gibi.
Portuguese:
pagassem impostos, o motivo do Rei Persa ser conhecido como O Rei dos Reis.
Mas os impostos não eram altos e os Persas garantiam infraestrutura como melhores estradas
e eles tinham esse serviço de mensagem a cavalo o qual Heródoto disse:
"... Eles não paravam nem por causa da neve ou da chuva ou do calor ou da escuridão para realizar
seu trabalho com a devida velocidade."
E os Persas abraçaram a liberdade de religião.
Eles tinham Zoroastro, que clama
ser a primeira religião monoteísta.
Foi Zoroastrianismo que
nos introduziu a dualidade do Bem e Mal.
Você sabe, Deus e o Diabo. Harry
e Voldemort...
Mas os persas não estavam muito preocupados em converter pessoas do império pra sua
fé; além disso o Zoroastrianismo abolia a escravidão então ela quase não era praticada no
Império Persa.
Por tudo isso, se você vivesse no século V antes de Cristo; o Império Persa era provavelmente
o melhor lugar para morar.
A não ser que você acredite em Heródoto e nos Gregos.
Nós sabemos tudo sobre os Gregos, Arquitetura, Filosofia, Literatura, a palavra música
veio do Grego, como a maior parte da cultura contemporânea.
German:
und Steuern zahlten, weshalb der persische König als König der Könige bekannt war.
Zudem waren die Steuern nicht zu hoch und die Perser verbesserten die Infrastruktur mit besseren Straßen
und sie hatten diese ponyexpress-ähnlichen Postservice, von dem Herodot sagte:
"...weder Schne noch Regen noch Hitze noch Dunkelheit kann sie davon abhalten
ihren verabredeten Ablauf einzuhalten."
Außerdem begrüßten die Perser Religionsfreiheit. Sie waren Zoroastrier, was als erste
monotheistische Religion der Welt angesehen wird. Tatsächlich war es der Zoroastrismus, der
den gut/böse-Dualismus einführte, den wir so gut kennen. Ihr wisst schon: Gott und Satan oder Harry
und Voldemort.
Aber den Persern war es nicht so wichtig, die Bewohner ihres Reiches von ihrem Glauben
zu überzeugen. Außerdem verbot Zoroastrismus Sklaverei, sodass man im Persischen Reich fast nie von
Sklaverei gehört hatte.
Alles in allem war das Persische Reich, wenn man im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. leben musste, vermutlich
der beste Ort dafür. Außer, wenn man Herodot und den Griechen glaubt.
Wir alle kennen die alten Griechen: Architektur. Philosophie. Literatur. Das Wort Musik
stammt von den Griechen, wie so vieles andere aus der heutigen Kultur.
Vietnamese:
giữ lại vua và giới hoàng gia, quý tộc miễn là họ nguyện sẽ trung thành với vua Ba Tư và nộp thuế đầy đủ
vì vậy vua Ba Tư còn được mệnh danh là Vua của các Vua
Ngoài ra, thuế cũng không quá cao và người Ba Tư đầu tư cải thiện cơ sở hạ tầng với đường xá tốt hơn
họ có cả dịch vụ giống đưa thư bằng ngựa mà Harodotus nói
''...Chúng không bị trì hoãn bất kể bởi mưa, tuyết, nắng nóng hay bóng tối để hoàn thành quãng đường hết tốc lực"
Người Ba Tư tôn trọng tự do tôn giáo. Họ theo Bái Hỏa giáo, tôn giáo độc thần
đầu tiên trên thế giới. Chính Bái Hỏa giáo khai tâm Thuyết nhị nguyên tốt-xấu
mà ta đều biết rất rõ. Chúa và Satan, hay Harry và Voldemort...
Nhưng người Ba Tư không
quan tâm lắm đến việc cải đạo
dân chúng của theo đức tin của mình. Bái hỏa giáo cấm sự chiếm hữ nô lệ, nên nô lệ hầu như
không có ở Đế quốc Ba Tư
Nói chung, nếu phải sống ở thế kỉ 5 TCN, Đế quốc Ba Tư có lẽ
là nơi tốt nhất. Trừ phi bạn tin Herodotus và người Hi Lạp
Ta đều biết về Hi Lạp: kiến trúc, triết học, văn học. Ngay cả từ ''âm nhạc" cũng đến từ tiếng Hi Lạp
English:
and their elites as long as they pledged allegiance
to the Persian King and paid taxes, which
is why the Persian king was known as The King
of Kings.
Plus, taxes weren’t too high, and the Persians
improved infrastructure with better roads
and they had this pony express-like mail service
of which Herodotus said: “...they are stayed
neither by snow nor rain nor heat nor darkness from
accomplishing their appointed course with all speed.”
And the Persians embraced freedom of religion.
Like they were Zoroastrian, which has a claim
to being the world’s first monotheistic
religion. It was really Zoroastrianism that
introduced to the good/evil dualism we all
know so well. You know: god and Satan, or
Harry and Voldemort... But the Persians weren’t
very concerned about converting people of
the empire to their faith. Plus, Zoroastrianism
forbid slavery, and so slavery was almost
unheard of in the Persian Empire.
All in all, if you had to live in the 5th
century BCE, the Persian Empire was probably
the best place to do it. Unless, that is,
you believe Herodotus and the Greeks. We all
know about the Greeks: architecture, philosophy,
literature. The very word music comes from
Romanian:
și elitele lor atâta timp cât respectau legământul cu regele persan și plăteau taxe, iată de ce
Regele persan era numit și Regele Regilor.
În plus, taxele nu erau așa ridicate și perșii au îmbunătățit infrastructura cu drumuri mai bune
și ei aveau acest serviciu de poștă cu cai despre care Herodot spunea: ei nu erau opriți
nici de zăpadă sau ploaie sau arșiță sau întuneric de a realiza cursa urmărită cu toată viteza.
Și Persia îmbrățișa libertatea religioasă. Ei erau zoroastrieni, religie
despre care se crede că ar fi prima religie monoteistă. Știm prea bine că
Zoroastrismul a introdus dualismul bine-rău.Știți: Dumnezeu și Satan sau
Harry și Voldemort... Dar perșii nu erau prea interesați de convertirea popoarelor
imperiului la credința lor.În plus, Zoroastrismul înterzicea sclavia și astfel sclavia era aproape
necunoscută în Imperiul persan.
Una peste alta, dacă ai trăi în secolul V î.HR., Imperiul persan ar fi fost probabil
cel mai bun loc în care să o faci. Dacă nu, asta este îl credeți pe Herodot și pe greci. Știm
totul despre greci: arhitectură, filosofie, literatură.Muzica cu cuvinte vine de la greci
Dutch:
en belastingen betaalden, dit is waarom de Perzische koning bekend stond als de koning van koningen.
En de belastingen waren niet heel hoog en de Perzen verbeterde de infrastructuur met betere wegen
en ze hadden een soort pony express achtige mail service waar Herodotus over zei:
"... ze blijven noch door sneeuw, noch regen, noch warmte, noch duisternis van het vervullen van hun toegewezen route met snelheid."
En de Perzen omarmde vrijheid van religie. Alsof ze Zoroastrisch waren, wat een claim heeft
op het zijn van de werelds eerste monotheïstische religie. Het was echter Zoroastrisme dat
het goed/slecht dualisme introduceerde dat we zo goed kennen. Je weet wel: God en Satan of Harry
en Voldermort...
Maar de Perzen waren niet erg geïnteresseerd in het bekeren van het volk tot hun geloof.
Plus Zoroastrisme verbood slavernij, dus slavernij was bijna niet toepasing in het Perzische rijk.
Kortom, als je had moeten leven in de 5de eeuw voor christus, was het Perzische rijk waarschijnlijk
de beste keuze om het te doen. Tenzij je Herodotus en de Grieken gelooft.
We kennen allemaal de Griekse: Architecture, Filosofie Literatuur. Het woord muziek
komt van het Grieks, net zoals zo veel in de huidige cultuur
Swedish:
och deras eliter så länge som de lovade trohet
till den persiska kungen och betalde skatt, vilket
är varför den persiske kungen var känd som Konungarnas konung.
Plus, skatterna var inte för höga, och perserna
förbättrad infrastruktur med bättre vägar
och de hade denna ponnyexpress liknande posttjänst
som Herodotos beskrev med orden: "... de stannar
varken för snö eller regn eller värme eller mörker från att
följa deras utsedda bana med fart. "
Och perserna omfamnade religionsfrihet.
De var zoroastriska, en religion som har ett anspråk
att vara världens första monoteistiska
religion. Det var verkligen zoroastrianism som
introducerade den bra / ond dualismen vi alla
vet så väl. Du vet: Gud och Satan, eller
Harry och Voldemort ... Men perserna var inte
särskilt bekymrad över att konvertera folk av
riket till sin tro. Plus, zoroastrianism
förbjuder slaveri så slaveri var nästan
oförekommande i det persiska riket.
Allt som allt, om du var tvungen att leva på 500
talet fvt, var det persiska riket troligtvis
det bästa stället att göra det på. Såvida, det vill säga, om
du tror Herodotos och grekerna. Vi alla
vet mycket om grekerna: arkitektur, filosofi,
litteratur. Själva ordet musik kommer från
Arabic:
ولهذا كان الملك الفارسي يُلقّب بملك الملوك.
كما أن الضرائب لم تكن باهظة
وقد حسّن الفرس البنية التحتية والطرق
وكانت لديهم خدمة بريد على الأحصنة
قال عنها هيرودوت التالي:
"لا تردعهم الثلوج ولا المطر
ولا الحرارة ولا الظلمة
عن إكمال مسارهم المرسوم بأقصى سرعة".
كما تبنّى الفرس مفهوم حرية الأديان.
فهم كانوا يعتنقون الديانة الزرادشتية،
والتي يُقال إنها كانت
أولى الديانات التوحيدية في العالم.
فالزرادشتية في الحقيقة أول ديانة طرحت
فكرة ازدواجية الخير والشر التي نعرفها جميعًا.
كالملائكة والشياطين أو هاري وفولدمورت...
ولكن الفرس لم يهمهم كثيرًا
تحويل الناس في الإمبراطورية إلى معتقدهم،
كما أن الزرادشتية تُحرّم العبودية،
لذا لم يكن في الإمبراطورية الفارسية
وجود للعبودية تقريبًا.
آخذين كل شيء بالاعتبار، لو كان المرء
مضطرًا للعيش في القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد
لكانت الإمبراطورية الفارسية
على الارجح أفضل مكان للقيام بذلك،
ما لم تصدّق مزاعم هيرودوت والإغريق.
نحن جميعًا نعرف إنجازات الإغريق:
العمارة والفلسفة والأدب.
بل إن كلمة "موسيقى" بحد ذاتها يونانية،
Turkish:
Yunan şairler, matematikçiler, yazarlar, mimarlar ve
filozoflar günümüzde bile etkili bir kültür kurdular. Demokrasiden osuruk şakasına pek çok fikir ürettiler.
Yunanlar batıya ilk kollektif tarih yazıcılığını verdiler ve politika
terimlerini ürettiler.
Bir de demokrsi idealini sundular ki bu da Atina'daki
yönetim biçiminden geliyordu.
Bay Green, Bay Green, Bay Green, Bay Green -osuruk şakaları mı dediniz?
Uhhh. Dorik, İyonya veya Korint kolonilerini sormazsın. Platon'un mağara
allegorisini sormazsın. Sadece saçma şakaları merak ediyorsun.
Açık mektup zamanı mı? Cidden? Tamam.
Aristotales'e - Stan! Açık mektup.
Sevgili Aristotales, -Doğru, gizli göze bakmalıyım.
Stan, ne... oh. Teşekkürler, Stan. Sahte köpek kakası. Ne kadar da düşünceli.
Şimdi, iyi haber ve kötü haber, Aristofanes. Ölümünün üstünden 2,300 yıl
geçti, iyi haber, hala ünlü sayılırsın. 40 oyunundan 11 günümüze ulaştı ama yine de
Czech:
Řečtí básníci, matematici, architekti,
filozofové založili kulturu,
se kterou se dodnes ztotožňujeme.
Představili nám mnoho myšlenek
od demokracie po vtipy o prdění.
A Řekové dali západu dějepis,
dali nám politický slovník.
Obdarovali nás také naší idealizací
demokracie, jež pochází z formy vlády,
kterou měli v Aténách.
Pane Greene, pane Greene,
pane Greene, řekl jste vtipy o prdění?
Nezeptáš se na dórský,
ionský nebo korintský sloup.
Nezeptáš se
na Platónovo podobenství o jeskyni.
Myslíš jen na skatologický humor...
On už je čas na otevřený
dopis? Vážně? Už? Tak dobře.
Otevřený dopis...
STANE! Aristofanovi.
Milý Aristofane...
Aha, nejdřív se musím
podívat do tajné přihrádky.
Stane, co... Díky, Stane.
Falešný psí bobek. Jak milé.
Takže, dobrá zpráva a špatná zpráva,
Aristofane. 2300 let od tvojí smrti,
tohle je ta dobrá zpráva, jsi pořád
slavný. Jen 11 z tvých 40 her přežilo,
French:
du grec, tout comme beaucoup d'autres choses de la culture contemporaine. Les poètes grecs et mathématiciens
et les architechtes et les philosophes ont fondé une culture avec laquelle on s'identifie toujours.
Et ils ont introduit à plusieurs idées, de la démocracie aux blagues de pets.
Et les Grecs ont donné à l'occident notre première histoire dédiée, ils nous ont donné notre vocabulaire pour parler de politique.
De plus, ils nous ont offert notre idéalisation de la démocracie, qui vient du gouvernement qu'ils avaient à Athènes.
M. Green! M. Green! M. Green! M. Green! Est-ce que vous avez dit blagues de pets?
Ahhh... Tu demandes rien sur le dorien, les Inioniens ou les colones corinthiennes. Tu demandes rien
sur l'allégorie de la caverne de Platon. C'est que de l'humour scatologique avec toi!
C'est l'heure de la lettre overte? Vraiment? Déjà? Très bien.
Une lettre ouverte... [son de pet] Stan! ... À Aristophane. Cher Aristophane...
Oh oui, je dois regarder le compartiment secret. Stan, qu'est-ce que... Oh, merci Stan.
C'est une fausse crotte de chien. C'est si gentil.
Donc bonne et mauvaise nouvelles, Aristophane.
2 300 ans après ta mort, c'est la bonne nouvelle, tu es toujours raisonnablement
populaire. Seulement 11 de tes 40 pièces ont survécu mais malgré cela, on t'appelles le Père de
German:
Griechische Dichter und Mathematiker, Dramatiker und Architekten und Philosophen gründeten eine
Kultur, mit der wir uns immer noch identifizieren. Und sie führten uns in viele Ideen ein, von Demokratie bis Furz-Witzen.
Und die Griechen gaben dem Westen die Anfänge unserer Geschichte (?), sie gaben uns unser Vokabular, um über
Politik zu sprechen.
Außerdem schenkten sie uns die Idealisierung der Demokratie, was von der Regierung kam, die sie in
Athen hatten.
Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green - haben sie Furz-Witze gesagt?
Uuuh, du fragst nicht nach dorischen, ionischen oder korinthischen Säulen. Du fragst nicht nach
Platons Höhlengleichnis. Es ist nur der skatologische Humor für dich (?) - ist es Zeit
für den offenen Brief? Wirklich? Schon? Na gut.
[rollt herüber] Ein offener Brief [das Furzkissen-Geräusch ertönt] - Stan! - an Aristophanes.
Lieber Aristophanes, - Oh, stimmt, ich muss im Geheimfach nachgucken.
Stan, was... oh, Danke, Stan. Es ist künstliche Hundekacke. Wie aufmerksam.
Also, es gibt gute und schlechte Nachrichten, Aristophanes. 2300 Jahre nach deinem Tod, ist die gute Nachricht,
dass du immer noch halbwegs berühmt bist. Nur 11 deiner 40 Theaterstücke haben überlebt, aber trotzdem
iw:
כמו כל כך דברים אחרים בתַרְבּוּת העכשווית.
משוררים יווניים ומחזאים ומתמטיקאים
ואדריכלים ופילוסופים ייסדו
תרבות שאנחנו עדיין מזדהים איתה עד היום.
והם הציגו לנו רעיונות רבים, מדמוקרטיה לבדיחות גסות.
והיוונים נתנו למערב את ההיסטוריה המתועדת הראשונה שלנו,
הם נתנו לנו את אוצר המילים שלנו לדבר על פוליטיקה.
בנוסף הם הורישו לנו את אידיאל הדמוקרטיה,
אשר מגיע מהממשלה שהייתה להם באתונה.
מר גרין, מר גרין, מר גרין,
מר גרין — אמרת בדיחות פלוצים?
אהה. אתה לא שואל על הדורים,
האיונים, או עמודים קורינתיים.
אתה לא שואל על האלגוריה של אפלטון למערה.
זה הכל הומור נמוך איתך...
זה הזמן למכתב הגלוי? באמת? כבר?
בסדר.
מכתב פתוח ,
סטן! .
לאריסטופנס. אריסטופנס היקר ..
הו נכון, אני צריך לבדוק את התא הסודי.
סטן, מה ... אה. תודה, סטן.
זה קקי כלבים מפלסטיק, כמה מתחשב.
אז, חדשות טובות וחדשות רעות, אריסטופנס.
2,300 שנים לאחר מותך - זה
החדשות טובות - אתה עדיין יחסית מפורסם.
רק אחת-עשרה מחזות מתוך הארבעים שלך שרדו,
אבל בכל זאת, אתה נקרא "אבי הקומדיה"
Spanish:
Poetas y matemáticos y arquitectos y filósofos griegos fundaron una cultura con la cual
aún nos identificamos. Y nos introdujeron a muchas ideas. Desde la democracia hasta chistes de pedos...
Y los griegos le dieron al oeste nuestra primera historia dedicada, nos dieron nuestro vocabulario para
hablar acerca de política.
Además, nos dieron la idealización de democracia, que proviene del gobierno que tenían en Atenas.
Sr. Green, Sr. Green, Sr. Green, Sr. Green, ¿dijo chistes de pedos?
Ehhh... No preguntas sobre las columnas dóricas, jónicas o corintias. No preguntas sobre
la Alegoría de la Caverna de Platón. Para tí todo es humor escatológico—¿es hora de
la carta abierta? ¿En serio? ¿Ya? De acuerdo.
Una carta abierta- [sonido de cojín ruidoso] ¡Stan!
A Aristófanes.
Querido Aristófanes, —O, cierto. Tengo que revisar el el compartimento secreto.
Stan, qué...oh. Gracias, Stan. Es popó se perro falso. Que considerado.
Asi que, buenas y malas noticias, Aritófanes. 2 300 años después de tu muerte —esta es la
buena noticia— eres razonablemente famoso. Solo 11 de tus 40 obras sobrevivieron, pero
English:
Greek, as does so much else in contemporary
culture. Greek poets and mathematicians playwrights
and architects and philosophers founded a
culture we still identify with. And they introduced
us to many ideas, from democracy to fart jokes. And the
Greeks gave the west our first dedicated history,
they gave us our vocabulary for talking about politics.
Plus they gifted us our idealization of democracy,
which comes from the government they had in Athens.
Past John: Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green,
Mr. Green — did you say fart jokes?
Present John: Uhh. You don’t ask about Doric,
Ionian, or Corinthian columns. You don’t
ask about Plato’s allegory of the cave.
It’s all scatological humor with you — It’s
time for the open letter? Really? Already?
Alright.
An open letter [the whoopee cushion sounds]...
Stan! To Aristophanes. Dear Aristophanes...
Oh right, I have to check the secret compartment.
Stan, what... oh. Thank you, Stan. It’s
fake dog poo. How thoughtful.
So, good news and bad news, Aristophanes.
2,300 years after your death — this is the
good news — you’re still a reasonably
famous. Only eleven of your forty plays survived,
but even so, you’re called the Father of
Chinese:
希臘詩人、數學家、建築師和哲學家
創立了我們依然認同的文化。
他們發起很多概念，從民主到屁的笑話都是。
而希臘人給了西方首本歷史專門書，還有政治詞彙。
再加上他們的民主理想，來自古雅典政府。
葛林先生，葛林先生，葛林先生，葛林先生，
你是說「屁的笑話」嗎？
唔。你不問陶立克式、愛奧尼亞式、科林斯式柱，
不問柏拉圖洞穴寓言。對你來說這一切都是糞便幽默。
已經要讀公開信了嗎？真的嗎？好吧。
公開信 ［坐到放屁坐墊］ - 導演啊！
阿里斯托芬 收。
親愛的阿里斯托芬，
喔對，我要檢查暗格。
太感恩了哦，貼心的導演。
是塑膠大便。
好消息和壞消息，阿里斯托芬。
好消息是你死亡2300年後，還相當有名。
40部劇本只有11部沒失傳，
Hungarian:
akárcsak sok más is kortárs kultúrából.
Görög költők, matematikusok, drámaírók,
építészek és filozófusok olyan kulturális alapot teremtettek, amivel a mai napig tudunk azonosulni.
Tőlük származnak olyan alapvető eszmék,
mint a demokrácia, na meg a fingós viccek is.
A görögök adták az alapot Európa történelmének,
adták a szókincset a politikához.
Plusz megajándékoztak az idealizált demokrácia eszményítésével, ami az athéni kormányzástól ered.
Múltbéli John:
Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green! A fingós viccek is? Tényleg?
Jajj.
Téged nem a dór, a jón, vagy korinthoszi oszlopok érdekelnek?
Nem Platón barlanghasonlatáról kérdezel?
Csak a fingós viccek érdekelnek?!
Itt az ideje a nyílt levélnek? Igazán? Máris?
Hát jó.
Nyílt levél a...
Staaaan!
Arisztophanész-hez.
Kedves Arisztophenész!
Ó, mi van a titkos rekeszben?
Köszönöm, Stan.
Hamis kutya ürülék. Milyen figyelmes.
Szóval, van egy jó és egy rossz hírem, Arisztophanész.
2300 évvel a halálod után - ez a
jó hír - te még mindig meglehetősen híres vagy
Csak tizenegy drámád maradt fent az összesen negyvenből, de még így is te vagy a Komédia ún. Ősatyja.
Modern Greek (1453-):
Οι Έλληνες ποιητές, μαθηματικοί, αρχιτέκτονες και φιλόσοφοι ίδρυσαν έναν πολιτισμό
με τον οποίο ακόμα ταυτιζόμαστε. Και εισήγαγαν πολλές ιδέες, από τη δημοκρατία μέχρι αστεία με κλανιές.
Και οι Έλληνες έδωσαν στη Δύση την πρώτη μας αφιερωμένη ιστορία, μας έδωσαν το λεξιλόγιό μας
για να μιλάμε για πολιτικά...
Επίσης μας προσέφεραν την εξιδανίκευση της δημοκρατίας, που προέρχεται από τον τρόπο που κυβερνούσαν στην Αθήνα.
Κύριε Green, κύριε Green, κύριε Green, κύριε Green, είπατε αστεία με κλανιές?
Ωωω, δεν ρωτάς για κολώνες δωρικού, ιονικού ή κορινθιακού ρυθμού.
Δεν ρωτάς για την αλληγορία της σπηλιάς του Πλάτωνα. Είναι όλα κοπρολογικό χιούμορ με σένα!
Είναι ώρα για την ανοιχτή επιστολή?
Αλήθεια?
Κιόλας? Εντάξει
Μια ανοιχτή επιστολή... ΣΤΑΝ! ...στον Αριστοφάνη
Αγαπητέ Αριστοφάνη,
Ναι σωστά πρέπει να ελέγξω το μυστικό ντουλάπι
Σταν τι... ωωω! Ευχαριστώ Σταν. Είναι ένα ψεύτικο σκατό σκύλου. Πως το σκέφτηκες?
Λοιπόν Αριστοφάνη, έχουμε ευχάριστα και δυσάρεστα νέα. 2300 χρόνια μετά το θάνατό σου -αυτά είναι τα ευχάριστα-
είσαι ακόμα εύλογα διάσημος. Μόνο 11 από τα 40 έργα σου σώζονται,
Polish:
Greccy poeci i matematycy
architekci i filozofowie stworzyli
kulturę z którą wciąż się identyfikujemy. Przedstawili nam oni wiele idei , od demokracji do pierdzących dowcipów.
Grecy dali też zachodowi naszą pierwszą dedykowaną historię , czasowniki do mówienia
o polityce (demokracja pochodzi od Greckiego słowa 'demokratia' - popularnego rządu)
Dodatkowo dali nam naszą tendencję do idealizacji demokracji, która pochodzi właśnie z czasów ich rządu
w Atenach
Mr.Green, Mr.Green,Mr.Green,Mr.Green - czy Pan powiedział pierdzące żarty ?
Nie pytasz o Doryckie, Jońskie i Korynckie kolumny. Nie pytasz o
Platońską alegorie jaskini. Cały czas tylko ten skatologiczny humor - czy to pora
na list otwarty ? Naprawdę ? Już ? W porządku.
Otwarty list
-Stan...To Arystofanes.
Drogi Arystofanesie - No tak, muszę sprawdzić sekretną przegródkę.
Stan co ...Dzięki. To sztuczna psia kupa. Jak troskliwie.
Mam dobre i złe wieści.
Arystofalesie, 2300 lat po Twojej śmierci, to jest
dobra wiadomość, jesteś wciąż dość sławny. Tylko 11 z 40 Twoich sztuk przeżyło ale
Thai:
และอีกหลายอย่างในวัฒนธรรมสมัยใหม่
กวี นักคณิตศาสตร์
สถาปนิก และนักปรัชญาชาวกรีก ได้สร้างวัฒนธรรมที่เรายังคุ้นเคยกันอยู่ทุกวันนี้
และพวกเขายังริเริ่มแนวคิดมากมาย ตั้งแต่ประชาธิปไตยยันมุกตด
ประวัติศาสตร์ตะวันตกเริ่มขึ้นที่กรีก และพวกเขายังมอบคำศัพท์เกี่ยวกับการเมืองให้เราด้วย
นอกจากนั้น พวกเขายังให้แบบอย่างของประชาธิปไตย ซึ่งมาจากการวิธีการปกครองในเอเธนส์
คุณกรีน คุณกรีน คุณกรีนครับ คุณกรีน
คุณบอกว่ามุกตดเหรอครับ
โอยยย นายไม่สนใจจะถามเรื่องเสาดอริก ไอโอนิก คอรินเธียน
นายไม่ถามเรื่องถ้ำของเพลโต นายมันจะเอาแต่มุกทะลึ่งอย่างเดียวเลย
ได้เวลาอ่านจดหมายเปิดผนึกแล้วหรอ? จริงป่ะ? โอเค
จดหมายเปิดผนึก...[เสียงตด]...สแตน!
ถึงอริสโตฟาเนส เรียนอริสโตฟาเนส...
จริงสิ ผมลืมเช็คช่องลับไปเลย สแตน นี่มันอะไรน่ะ...
อืมม ขอบคุณมากสแตน
ขี้หมาปลอม ช่างคิดได้จริงๆ
เอาละ ผมมีทั้งข่าวดี และข่าวร้ายครับคุณอริสโตฟาเนส
2,300 ปีหลังจากที่คุณตาย...นี่ข่าวดีนะครับ...คุณยังคงโด่งดังอยู่
แม้ว่างานของคุณจะหลงเหลืออยู่เพียง 11 เรื่อง จาก 40 เรื่อง แต่คุณก็ยังได้ชื่อว่าเป็นบิดาแห่งเรื่องตลก
Dutch:
Griekse poëten en wiskundige en architecten en filosofen schaapte de
cultuur die wij nog steeds hebben. En ze introduceerde ons velen ideeën, van democratie naar scheet grappen.
En de Grieken gaven het westen de eerst geschreven geschiedenis, ze gaven ons onze vocabulaire om te praten
over politiek
En ze gaven ons onze idealisatie van democratie, dat komt van een regering die zij hadden in Athene.
Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green-- zei jij scheet grappen?
Uhhh. Je vraagt niet over Dorische, Ionische of Korinthische pilaren. Je vraagt niet over
Plato's gelijkenis van de grot. Het is allemaal humor met jou-- is het tijd
voor een open brief? Echt? Nu al? Oké.
Een open letter-- Stan! naar Aristophanes.
Beste Aristophanes,
--Oh ja, ik moet het geheime laadje checken.
Stan, wat... oh. Dank je, Stan. Het is een neppe honden drol. Wat attent.
Dus, het goede en het slechte nieuws, Aristophanes. 2300 jaar na jouw dood, dit is het
goede nieuws, je bent nog steeds best wel bekend. Alleen 11 van jouw 40 toneelstukken overleefde, maar zelfs
Vietnamese:
và còn rất nhiều thứ khác trong văn hóa đương thời. Các nhà thơ, nhà toán học, nhà viết kịch
kiến trúc sư và triết gia xây dựng một nền văn hóa mà ta vẫn hay biết. Họ giới thiệu với chúng ta
nhiều ý tưởng, từ nền dân chủ đến chuyện đùa về rắm
Người Hi Lạp cho phương Tây công trình sử học đầu tiên, từ vựng để nói về chính trị
Họ cho chúng ta sự lí tưởng hóa nền dân chủ, đến từ chính quyền của họ ở Athens
Mr.Green, anh vừa nói chuyện đùa về rắm ư?
Mày không hỏi về những tộc người Doric, Ionia, Corinthia. Mày không hỏi về
truyện ngụ ngôn về hang động của Plato. Mày chỉ biết có mấy cái hài bẩn bẩn thôi
Đến giờ mở thư? Thật à? Rồi à? ok
Một bức thư ngỏ. Stan!
Gửi Aristophanes. Thưa Aristophanes ...
Oh đúng, tôi phải kiểm tra hộc tủ bí mật
Stan, cái... oh. Cảm ơn, Stan.
Là cứt chó giả. Chu đáo thật
Tin tốt và tin xấu, Aristophanes
2.300 năm sau cái chết của ông - đây là tin vui - ông vẫn khá nổi tiếng
Chỉ 11 trong 40 vở kịch của ông còn tồn tại, nhưng kể cả thế, ông đươc gọi là
Finnish:
Kreikkalaiset runoilijat ja matemaatikot, näytelmäkirjailijat ja arkkitehdit ja filosofit perustivat
kulttuurin, johon yhä samaistumme. Ja se esittelivät meille monta ideaa demokratiasta pieru vitseihin.
Kreikkalaiset antoivat myös lännellen ensimmäisen omistetun historian, he antoivat meille sanaston puhumiseen
politiikasta.
Lisäksi he lahjoittivat meille demokratian ihannoinnin, joka periytyy hallinnosta, joka heillä oli
Ateenassa.
Herra Green, herra Green, herra Green, herra Green-- sanoitko pieru vitsejä?
Uhhh. Et kysy doorilaisista, joonialaisista tai korinttilaisista pylväistä. Et kysy
Platonin luolavertauksesta. Kaikki on vain vessahuumoria sinulle-- on aika
Avoimelle kirjeelle? Oikeasti? Nyt jo? Okei.
[rullaa] Avoin kirje [pierutyynyn ääni]- Stan! Aristofaneelle.
Rakas Aristofanes, -- Ai niin, unohdin katsoa salaisen lokeron.
Stan, mitä... ai. Kiitos, Stan. Se on lelu koirankakka. Miten huomaavaista.
Hyviä ja huonoja uutisia Aristofaneelle. 2300 vuotta kuolemasi jälkeen, tämä on
hyvä uutinen, olet yhä melko kuuluisa. 40:stä näytelmästä vain 11 säilyi, mutta
Romanian:
care a ajuns atât de mult altceva în cultura contemporană. Poeții și matematicienii greci, dramaturgii
și arhitecții și filosofii au clădit o cultură cu care încă ne identificăm. Ne-au introdus
atât de multe idei, de la democrație la glumele cu vânturi. Și grecii
au dat occidentului prima istorie dedicată nouă., ne-au dat vocabularul cu care să vorbim despre politică.
În plus ei ne-au dăruit idealizarea democrației care vine de la guvernarea pe care au avut-o în Atena.
John din Trecut: D-le Green, d-le Green, D-le Green- ați spus glume cu vânturi?
John din prezent: tu nu întrebi despre coloanele Dorice, Ionice și corintice. Nu întrebi
despre alegoria peșterii a lui Platon. Tot umorul scatologic e cu tine-
E timpul pentru scrisoarea deschisă? Într-adevăr? Deja? În regulă.
O scrisoare deschisă...Stan! pentru Aristofan. Dragă Aristofan...
O, corect! Trebuie să verific compartimentul secret. Stan, ce...ok. Mulțumesc Stan. E
un fals excrement de câine. Ce profund.
Deci, vești bune și vești rele, Aristofan.
2300 de ani după moartea ta-asta e vestea bună-ești încă rezonabil de faimos
Doar 11 din cele 14 piese ale tale au supraviețuit dar chiar și așa ești numit
Arabic:
شأنها شأن الكثير غيرها في الثقافة المعاصرة.
الشعراء وعلماء الرياضيات الإغريق
والمهندسون المعماريون والفلاسفة
أسسوا ثقافة ما زلنا نتماهى معها،
وقد قدموا لنا أفكار كثيرة، بدءًا بالديمقراطية
ووصولًا إلى نكات إخراج الريح.
كما قدم الإغريق للغرب أول تاريخ مخصص
ومنحونا مجموع مفرداتنا اللغوية
الخاصة بالسياسة.
كما أنهم نقلوا إلينا تمجيدنا للديمقراطية،
ومصدرها الحكومة التي نصبوها في أثينا.
سيد غرين، سيد غرين، سيد غرين.
هل قلت نكات إخراج الريح؟
لم تسأل عن الأعمدة الدوريسية
أو الإيونية أو الكورنثية،
ولم تسأل عن كهف أفلاطون.
أنت لا تفكر إلا في الفكاهة القذارة.
أحان وقت الخطاب المفتوح؟
أحقًا؟ بهذه السرعة؟ حسن.
خطاب مفتوح... ستان!
لأريستوفانيس. عزيزي أريستوفانيس
صحيح، علي التحقق من الحجرة السرية.
ستان، ما ... شكرًا لك يا ستان.
انها براز كلب زائف. يا لها من لفتة جميلة!
لدي أنباء سارة وأخرى سيئة لك يا أريستوفانيس.
بعد 2300 سنة من وفاتك - وهذا هو الخبر السار -
ما تزال مشهورًا إلى حد لا بأس به.
إحدى عشرة فقط من مسرحياتك الأربعين وصلتنا،
ولكنك مع ذلك تُلقّب بأبي الكوميديا
Portuguese:
A poesia grega e matemática e dramaturgia e arquitetura e filosofia fundou
a cultura que nós ainda nos identificamos.
Eles introduziram a ideias, que vão desde democracia até pegadinhas.
E os Gregos deram ao ocidente nosso primeiro conceito de história, eles nos deram nosso vocabulário para
discutir sobre política.
E mais, eles nos presentearam nossa idealização sobre democracia, que veio do tipo de governo que eles tinham
em Atenhas
Sr. Green, Sr. Green, Sr. Green, Sr. Green
Você falou pegadina?
Você não pergunta sobre colunas Doricas, Jônias ou Coríntias. Você não pergunta sobre
a alegoria da caverna de Platão.
É tudo humor escatológico para você - É hora
para a Carta Aberta? Sério? Já? Tudo bem
Uma Carta Aberta, Stan! Para Aristóteles
Querido Aristóteles -- Oh certo. eu tenho que checar o Compartimento Secreto.
Stan, o que? Oh. Obrigado Stan, é um cocô falso de cachorro. Que criativo
Então, boas e más notícias, Aristóteles.
2300 anos depois da sua morte, está a
boa notícia, você continua razoavelmente famoso. Apenas 11 das suas 40 peças sobreviveram, mas
Russian:
Греческие поэты, математики, драматурги, архитекторы и философы создали культуру, с которой мы отождествляем себя до сих пор.
Они познакомили нас с великим множеством идей, от демократии до пердёжных шуток.
Ещё греки дали западу первую специализированную историю и терминологию для разговоров о политике.
Плюс они подарили нам идеализацию демократии,
которая произошла от правительства, которое, было у них в Афинах.
Мистрех Грин, Мистер Грин, Мистер Грин!
Вы сказали пердёжные шутки?
О-о-х...
Ты не спрашиваешь о дорических, ионических или коринфских колоннах.
Ты не спрашиваешь о
Платоновском Мифе о пещере.
Тебе интересен лишь копрологический юмор!
Уже пришло время для открытого письма? Серьёзно? Уже? Ну хорошо.
Открытое Письмо-
Стэн!
-к Аристофану. Дорогой Аристофан.
Ах да, мне же нужно заглянуть в тайную полочку.
Стэн, что... Ох. Спасибо тебе, Стэн. Это фальшивая собачья какашка. Очень остроумно.
Итак, Аристофан, есть хорошие и плохие новости.
Спустя 2300 лет после твоей смерти ты всё ещё довольно известен, и это хорошая новость.
До нас дошли только 11 из 40 пьес.
Swedish:
grekiska, liksom så mycket annat i dagens
kultur. Grekiska poeter och matematiker, dramatiker
och arkitekter och filosofer grundade en
kultur vi fortfarande identifierar oss med. De introducerade
oss till många idéer, från demokrati till skämt om fisar.
Grekerna gav väst vår första dedikerade historia,
de gav oss vårt vokabulär för att prata om politik.
Plus de skapade vårt ideala koncept av demokrati,
som kommer från regeringen de hade i Aten.
Dåtidens John: Mr Green, Mr Green, Mr Green,
Mr Green - sa du skämt om fisar?
Uhg. Du frågar inte om Doric,
Joniska eller korintiska kolonner. Du frågar inte
om Platons allegori om grottan.
Det är bara skatologisk humor med dig - det är
tid för det öppna brevet? Verkligen? Redan?
OK.
Ett öppet brev [en pruttkudde låter] ...
Stan! Till Aristofanes. Kära Aristofanes ...
Åh just det, jag måste kontrollera hemliga facket.
Stan, vad ... oh. Tack, Stan.
Falskt hundbajs. Så omtänksamt.
Så bra och dåliga nyheter, Aristofanes.
2300 år efter din död - Det här är de
goda nyheterna- är du fortfarande någorlunda
känd. Endast elva av dina fyrtio pjäser överlevde,
men trots det kallas du för komedins fader.
Russian:
Но несмотря на это тебя называют отцом жанра комедии, и есть ученые, исследующие твои труды.
Теперь плохие новости. Хотя твои пьесы хорошо переведены и просто уморительно смешны,
дети в школах не любят их читать. Они всегда говорят что-то типа
Почему мы обязаны читать это скучное дерьмо?
И это наверняка тебя очень сильно бесит, потому ты большую часть своей карьеры только и делал,
что высмеивал всякое скучное дерьмо.
Конкретно в форме театральных трагедий.
Кроме того в своих шутках ты зачастую использовал настоящее дерьмо.
Например, в "Ахарнянах" хор описывает, как герой пьесы швыряет дерьмо в реального поэта,
который тебе не нравился.
Ты, Аристофан, который писал, что под каждым камнем скрывается политик,
кто назвал богатство
самым прекрасным из всех богов.
Ты, кто написал следующий диалог.
Утверждаю. Всё сделаться общим должно и во всем пусть участвует каждый.
Мы общественной сделаем землю,
Всю для всех, все плоды, что растут на земле, все чем собственник каждый владеет.
Кто же будет возделывать пашню?
Рабы.
И всё равно в тебе видят
лишь очередное нудное домашнее задание!
Вот это, мой друг, настоящая трагедия.
Finnish:
silti sinua kutsutaan komedian isäksi ja on tutkijoita, jotka ovat omistautuneet töillesi.
Nyt huono uutinen: Vaikka näytelmät ovat hyvin käännettyjä ja kerrassaan hulvattomia,
oppilaat eivät tykkää lukea niitä koulussa. He sanovat aina miksi meidän on luettava
tälläistä tylsää roskaa?
Tämän täytyy olla sinulle erityisen ärsyttävää, koska paljon, mitä teit urallasi
oli irvailla tylsästä roskasta, erityisesti teatraalisten tragedioiden muodossa. Lisäksi,
käytit oikeaa kakkaa tehdäksesi vitsejä.
Kuten esimerkiksi näytelmässäsi The Acharnians:in kertosäkeessä hahmon kuvittelemassa heittävän
kakkaa oikeaa runoilijaa, josta et pitänyt, kohti.
Sinä, Aristofanes, joka kirjoitit, että joka kiven alla lymyää poliitikko, joka kutsuu vaurautta
kaikkein mainioimmaksi jumalista...
Sinä, joksa olet vastuussa seuraavasta keskustelusta:
Praxagora: Haluan kaikille osan kaikesta ja kaiken olevan yleistä; ei tule
olemaan rikkaita eikä köyhiä; [...] minun on aloitettava tekemällä maasta, rahasta, kaikesta,
mikä on yksityisomaisuutta, tavallista kaikille. [...]
Blepyrus: Kuka sitten kyntää maan?
Praxagora: Orjat.
Blepyrus: Aa.
Ja silti olet kotitehtävänä! Orjatyötä! Se, ystäväni, on todellista tragediaa. Toisaalta,
French:
la comédie; il y a des spécialistes dédiés à tes oeuvres
Maintenant, la mauvaise nouvelle: même si tes pièces sont exceptionnellement bien traduites et absolument hilarantes,
les étudiants n'aiment pas les lire dans les écoles. Ils disent toujours "pourquoi on doit lire cette merde ennuyante?
Et ça doit être particulièrement exaspérant pour toi parce que beaucoup de ce que tu as fais dans ta carrière
était de ridiculiser les merdes ennuyantes, particulièrement sous forme de tragédies théâtrales.
En plus, tu utilisais souvent de la vraie merde pour faire tes blagues.
Comme la fois où tu as fait imaginer au choeur dans Les Acharniens un personnage qui lançait de la merde à un poète que tu n'aimais pas.
Toi, Aristophane, qui a écrit qu'en dessous de chaque pierre se cache un politicien qui considère la richesse
comme le plus excellent des dieux... Toi, qui est responsable de la conversation suivante:
"Praxagora: Je veux que tous aient une part de tout et que tout soit mis en commun;
il n'y aurait plus de riche ou de pauvres; [...] je vais commencer en rendant la terre, l'argent,
tout ce qui est de propriété privée, commun pour tous. [...]
Blepyrus: Mais qui va labourer la terre?
Praxagora: Les esclaves.
Blepyrus: Oh."
Et malgré ça, tu es vu comme un devoir! Une corvée! Ça, mon ami, c'est une vraie tragédie. Sur le
iw:
ישנם חוקרים שמקדישים עצמם לעבודה שלך.
ועכשיו לחדשות הרעות: למרות שהמחזות שלך
מתורגמות היטב ומצחיקות עד דמעות,
התלמידים לא אוהבים לקרוא אותם בבתי ספר.
הם תמיד כאילו: "למה אנחנו חייבים לקרוא-
את החרא המשעמם הזה?" וזה חייב להרגיז אותך במיוחד, כי כל כך הרבה ממה שעשית בקריירה שלך
היה ללעוג לשטויות משעממות,
במיוחד בשימוש בטרגדיות תיאטרליות.
בנוסף, אתה מרבה להשתמש בקקי אמיתי בבדיחות שלך...
למשל כשהיה לך פיזמון ב"האכארנים" על דמות
במחזה שזורקת קקי על משורר אמיתי שלא אהבת.
אתה, אריסטופנס, שכתב כי תחת כל
אבן אורב פוליטיקאי, שקרא לעושר:
"האל הכי טוב מכולם"... אתה,
שאחראי השיחה הבאה:
"פראקסאגורה: אני רוצה שלכולם יהיה חלק
מהכל והכל יהיה משותף,
לא יהיה עוד עשיר או עני!
נתחיל בכך שאדמה, כסף,
כל מה שהוא רכוש פרטי, יהיה משותף
לכל!
בלפירוס: אבל מי יעבד את האדמה?
פראקסאגורה: העבדים.
בלפירוס: הו ".
ובכל זאת אתה נתפס כ"שיעורי בית"! "עבודת פרך"!
וזה, ידידי, היא טרגדיה אמיתית...
Thai:
และมีนักวิชาการมากมายที่ศึกษางานของคุณ
ต่อไปเป็นข่าวร้ายนะครับ แม้ว่าบทละครของคุณจะถูกแปลป็นอย่างดี แล้วก็ตลกมากๆ
ในโรงเรียน พวกนักเรียนก็ยังไม่ชอบอ่านมัน พวกเขาคิดว่า...ทำไมตรูต้องมาอ่านอะไรน่าเบื่ออย่างกะขี้แบบนี้ด้วย?
และนี่น่าจะทำให้คุณเซ็งน่าดู เพราะงานส่วนใหญ่ของคุณ
คือการเอาเรื่องที่น่าเบื่อโดยเฉพาะพวกละครโศกนาฏกรรม มาทำให้ตลก
แถมคุณยังชอบเล่นมุกเรื่องขี้ด้วย เช่น
ที่คุณเขียนให้คอรัส ในเรื่อง The Acharnians จินตนาการว่าตัวละครในละครของคุณปาขี้ใส่กวีคนที่คุณไม่ชอบ
คุณ อาริสโตฟาเนส ผู้เขียนว่า ใต้หินทุกก้อนมีนักการเมืองแฝงอยู่
นักการเมืองที่เรียกความมั่งคั่งว่าเป็นที่สุดเหนือพระเจ้า... คุณ ผู้เป็นเจ้าของบทสนทนาที่ว่า:
"ข้าต้องการให้เราทุกคนแบ่งปันกัน และให้ทุกสิ่งเป็นของส่วนรวม
ต่อแต่นี้จะไม่มีรวยหรือจน ข้าจะเริ่มทำให้ที่ดิน สินทรัพท์
ทุกๆสิ่งที่เป็นทรัพท์สินส่วนบุคคลทั้งหลาย กลายเป็นของส่วนรวม
แล้วใครจะเป็นผู้ไถนาเล่า
ทาสไงล่ะ
อ่ออ"
แต่กระนั้น คุณก็ยังถูกมองว่าเป็นแค่การบ้านที่หนักหนาน่าเบื่อ เพื่อนยาก..ช่างเป็นเรื่องเศร้าซะจริงๆ
Turkish:
Komedi'nin Babası olarak anılıyorsun. Hayatını sana adamış akademisyenler var.
Şimdi kötü haber: Oyunların çevrilmiş ve çok komik olsa da öğrenciler onları
okulda okumayı sevmiyor. Böyle boktan şeyleri okumak zorunda mıyız?
okulda okumayı sevmiyor. Böyle iğrenç şeyleri okumak zorunda mıyız?
Bu seni rahatsız ediyor olmalı. Çünkü yazdığın çoğu şeyde
özellikle trajedi oyunlarında boktan şeylerle dalga geçtin. Ayrıca, sık sık
şaka yapmak için gerçek dışkı kullandın.
Öyle ki Akarnialılar oyunundaki koro sevmediğin
bir yazara dışkı attı.
Sen, Aristofanes, her taşın altından bir politikacı çıkar dedin, zenginliğin en
iyi tanrı olduğunu söyledin...
Sen şu konuşmanın nedenisin:
Praxagora: Ben her şeyi paylaşmalıyım ve her şey ortak olmalı.
Zengin ve fakir olmamalı.[...] Toprak, para ve özel mülk olan her şeyi
ortak yapmalıyım.
Blepyrus: Peki toprağı kim işleyecek?
Praxagora: Köleler.
Blepyruz: Oh.
Ve seni ödev olarak görüyorlar! Angarya! Bu, azizim, gerçek bir trajedi. İşin iyi tarafı,
Czech:
ale i tak tě nazýváme otcem komedie,
jsou tu učenci věnující se tvému dílu.
Teď ta špatná zpráva.
Přestože jsou tvé hry dobře
přeložené a naprosto k popukání,
studenti je ve školách neradi čtou.
Vždycky říkají: "Proč tyhle
nudné sračky musíme číst?"
To tě musí pěkně rozčilovat,
protože většina toho,
co jsi za svou kariéru dělal,
bylo dělat si z nudných sraček srandu,
konkrétně ve formě
divadelních tragédií.
Navíc jsi hojně používal
skutečné výkaly k vytvoření legrace.
Jako když jsi nechal sbor ve svém
díle Acharňané si představit postavu,
jak hází výkaly
na básníka, jehož jsi neměl rád.
Ty, Aristofane, kdo jsi napsal,
že pod každým kamenem číhá politik,
kdo nazval bohatství
nejlepším ze všech bohů...
Ty, kdo jsi zodpovědný
za následující konverzaci:
Všecko společné všem
být musí a všichni žít z téhož,
nesmí pak jeden
boháčem být a druhý chuďasem.
Nejprve veškerá země se musí
stát společným majetkem všech,
i stříbro a soukromé jmění.
Kdo nám bude chtít vzdělávat zem?
Přec otroci.
A přesto jsi považován za domácí úkol!
Hrůza! To je,
můj příteli, skutečná tragédie.
Swedish:
Det finns forskare ägnade åt ditt
arbete.
Nu, de dåliga nyheterna. Även om dina pjäser
är väl översatta och helt underbara,
så gillar inte elever att läsa dem i skolan.
Det är alltid "varför måste vi läsa den här"
tråkiga skiten?" Detta måste vara särskilt
irriterande för dig, eftersom så mycket av vad du
gjorde i din karriär var att göra narr av tråkig
skit, särskilt i form av teatraliska
tragedier. Plus, du använde ofta faktisk
skit till att skapa skämt. Till exempel när du hade
kören i The Acharnians föreställa sig hur en karaktär
i din pjäs kastade skit på en riktig poet du inte gillade.
Du, Aristofanes, som skrev att under alla
stenar lurar en politiker, som kallade rikedom
den mest utmärkta av alla gudar ... Du,
som är ansvariga för följande samtal:
"Praxagora: Jag vill att alla ska ha en andel på
allt och att allt ska vara gemensamt;
Det kommer inte längre att vara antingen rik eller fattig;
[...] Jag ska börja med att mark, pengar,
allt som är privat egendom, blir gemensamt
för alla. [...]
Blepyrus: Men vem brukar då jorden?
Praxagora: Slavarna.
Blepyrus: Jaha".
Och ändå ses du som läxor! Slit!
Det, min vän, är en sann tragedi. På den positiva sidan
Modern Greek (1453-):
αλλά ακόμα και έτσι, αποκαλείσαι ο πατέρας της κωμωδίας. Υπάρχουν μελετητές που έχουν αφιερωθεί στο έργο σου.
Τώρα τα δυσάρεστα: Αν και οι κωμωδίες είναι πολύ καλά μεταφρασμένες και απόλυτα ξεκαρδιστικές,
στους μαθητές δεν τους αρέσει να τους διαβάζουν στο σχολείο. Λένε πάντα γιατί πρέπει να διαβάζουμε αυτές τις βαρετές αηδίες?
Και αυτό πρέπει να είναι εξαιρετικά ψυχοφθόρο για σένα, γιατί τα περισσότερα από αυτά που έγραφες στη δουλειά σου
ήταν για να κάνεις πλάκα από βαρετές αηδίες, ειδικά στη μορφή θεατρικών τραγωδιών
Συν το ότι συχνά χρησιμοποιούσες πραγματικές κουράδες για να κάνεις αστεία.
Όπως όταν βάλατε τον Χορό στις "Αχαρνείς" να φανταστεί έναν χαρακτήρα στο έργο σας να πετάει κόπρανα σε έναν υπαρκτό ποιητή που αντιπαθούσατε.
Εσύ Αριστοφάνη, που έγραψες ότι κάτω από κάθε πέτρα κρύβεται ένας πολιτικός,
που αποκάλεσες τα πλούτη πιο εξαιρετικά από όλους τους θεούς...
Εσύ που είσαι υπεύθυνος για την παρακάτω στιχομυθία:
- Πραξαγόρα: Θέλω όλοι να έχουν μερίδιο από τα πάντα και όλα να είναι κοινά,
δεν θα υπάρχουν πλέον πλούσιοι ή φτωχοί, θα ξεκινήσω φτιάχνοντας γη, λεφτά,
οτιδήποτε είναι ιδιωτική περιουσία θα είναι κοινό για όλους.
- Βλέπυρος: Μα ποιος θα καλλιεργεί τη γη?
- Πραξαγόρα: Οι σκλάβοι...
- Βλέπυρος: Ααα...
Και όμως σε βλέπουν σαν μια εργασία! Αγγαρεία! Αυτό φίλε μου είναι πραγματική τραγωδία
German:
wirst du als Vater der Komödie bezeichtet; es gibt Wissenschaftler, die sich deinen Werken gewidmet haben.
Nun die schlechten Nachrichten: Obwohl deine Stücke gut übersetzt wurden und urkomisch sind,
lesen Schüler sie nicht gerne in der Schule. Da heißt es immer: Warum müssen wir so einen
langweiligen Mist lesen?
Und das muss besonders ärgerlich für dich sein, weil so vieles, was du während deiner Karriere gemacht hast,
Witze über langweiligen Mist waren, vor allem in Form von theatralischen Tragödien. Außerdem
hast du oft echten mist genommen, um Witze zu machen.
Zum Beispiel als du den Chor in in "Die Archarner" sich hast vorstellen lassen, wie ein Charakter in deinem Stück
echten Mist auf einen Dichter wirft, den du nicht mochtest.
Du, Aristophanes, der geschrieben hat, dass unter jedem Stein ein Politiker lauert; der Reichtum
den exzellentesten aller Götter genannt hat...
Du, der du für das folgende Gespräch verantwortlich bist:
Praxagora: Ich habe alles zu teilen, alles wird Gemeinsames sein, es wird kein
reich oder arm mehr geben; [...] Ich werde damit anfangen, Land, Geld, alles,
das privater Besitz ist, allen zugänglich zu machen.
Blepyrus: Aber wer wird den Boden pflügen?
Praxagora: Die Sklaven.
Blepyrus: Oh.
Und trotzdem wirst du als Hausaufgabe verwendet! Schinderei! Das, mein Freund, ist eine wahre Tragödie. Doch um es positiv zu sehen:
Chinese:
但即使如此，你還是叫做喜劇之父，
有學者專門研究你的作品。
壞消息是即使你的劇本翻譯得一絕，絕對爆笑，
學生就是不喜歡讀，而總是抱怨為什麼要讀
這無聊廢話。
而這必令你難堪，因為你生涯很多是
調侃無聊廢話，尤其是用悲劇的形式。
另外，你甚至經常使用糞便來開玩笑。
比如，在《阿卡奈人》，你讓合唱團演出向
你不喜歡的詩人丟擲糞便。
阿里斯托芬，你寫過每塊石頭下都藏著政客，
又稱財富所有神中之最。
你寫以下對話：
Praxagora：我要每人都分享一切，
不再有貧、富，而應從土地、金錢、一切
私有財產，共同於眾開始。
Blepyrus：那誰來耕田？
P：奴隸阿。
B：明解。
你卻被視為家庭作業、苦工！豈有此理！
這才是真正悲劇。
Spanish:
incluso así, eres llamado el Padre de la Comedia. Hay eruditos dedicados a tus trabajos.
Ahora, las malas noticias: A pesar de que tus obras estén bien traducidas y sean absolutamente graciosas,
a los estudiantes no les gusta leerlas en la escuela.
Dicen, "¿por qué tenemos que
leer esta caca aburrida?"
Y esto debe ser molesto para tí porque tanto de lo que hiciste en tu carrera fue
burlarte de caca aburrida, específicamente en la forma de tragedias teatrales. Además, usaste
frecuentemente caca de verdad para hacer chistes.
Como cuando hiciste que el coro en Los Arcanienses imaginara un personaje en tu obra tirando
caca a un poeta que no te gustaba.
Tú, Aristófanes, quien escribió que debajo de cada piedra está al acecho un político,
quien llamo a la riqueza el más poderoso de todos los dioses...
Tú, quien es responsable de la siguiente conversación:
Praxágoras: Quiero que todos los bienes sean comunes y que todos tengan igual parte en ellos;
que no sea éste rico y aquél pobre; [...] haré primero comunes los campos,
el dinero y las demás propiedades. [...]
Blépiro: Pero ¿quién cultivará la tierra?
Praxágoras: Los esclavos.
Blépiro: Oh...
¡Y aún así, eres visto como tarea! ¡Trabajo! Eso, mi amigo, es una verdadera tragedia. Por otro lado,
Romanian:
Tatăl comediei; sunt studenți devotați muncii tale.
Acum vestea rea. Chiar dacă piesele tale sunt bine traduse și absolut vesele,
studenților nu le place să le citească la școală. Spun mereu, de ce trebuie să citim
acest rahat plictisitor? Și asta ar trebui să fie în special exasperant pentru tine, pentru că atât de mult
din ce ai făcut în cariera ta a fost amuzant sau plictisitor sub forma tragediilor.
În plus, foloseai frecvent prostii actuale pentru a face glume. Ca atunci când
în Acarnienii ai pus corul să imagineze în piesa ta un personaj care să spună prostii despre un poet real care nu-ți plăcea.
Tu,Aristofan, care ai scris că sub fiecare piatră pândește un politician
care numește averea drept cel mai extraordinar din toți zeii....Tu ești responsabil pentru următoarea conversație:
"Praxagora: Vreau ca totul să fie împărțit de toți și totul să fie în comun;
nu vor mai fi bogați sau săraci; voi începe făcând pământul, banii,
tot ce este proprietate privată, comun pentru toți.
Blepyrus: Dar cine va cultiva pământul?
Praxagora: sclavii.
Blepyrus: Oh"
Și tu ești dat încă drept temă pentru acasă! Corvoadă! Am avut
Vietnamese:
Cha đẻ của Hài kịch, ông có các học giả tận tâm với tác phẩm của ông
Còn bây giờ, tin xấu: dù các vở kịch được phiên dịch tốt và chắc chắn là chúng hài hước,
học sinh không thích phải đọc chúng ở trong nhà trường. Tại sao chúng ta phải đọc
những chuyện tào lao và chán phèo này?
Hẳn là ông cảm thấy rất khó chịu, vì rất nhiều thứ ông làm trong sự nghiệp của mình
là cười nhạo mấy vấn đề nhàm chám,
nhất là dưới hình thức bi kịch
Ông còn hay dùng cứt thật để đùa. Ông có đoạn hát trong "The Acharnians"
ông đã tưởng tượng một nhân vật trong vở kịch ném cứt vào một nhà thơ có thật mà ông không ưa
Ông, Aristophanes, người đã viết những điều đó dưới các tảng đá ẩn giấu những chính trị gia, gọi sự giàu có
là thần thánh nhất trong tất cả các vị thần thánh... Ông, người chịu trách nhiệm cho cuộc đối thoại
"Praxagora: Tôi muốn mọi người đều được chia mọi thứ và mọi thứ là của chung
sẽ không còn giàu nghèo;
[...] Tôi sẽ bắt đầu bằng cách làm đất đai, tiền bạc,
mọi thứ tư hữu thành của chung
cho mọi người [...]
Blepyrus: Nhưng ai sẽ cày bừa?
Praxagora: Nô Lệ
Blepyrus: Oh ".
và ông được coi như bài tập về nhà nữa! Kiếp nô lệ! Đấy là bi kịch thực sự
Portuguese:
mesmo assim, você é chamado de Pai da Comédia, há especialistas que estudam seu trabalho.
Agora, a má notícia: Mesmo as suas peças tendo ótimas traduções e sendo extremamente hilárias
os alunos não gostam de lê-las na escola.
Eles sempre dizem "Porque temos que ler
essa porcaria chata?"
E, a parte mais engraçada é que você, durante toda sua carreira,
você fez piadas de porcarias chatas, especificamente na forma de tragédias teatrais. E mais,
você frequentemente usava merdas reais para fazer piadas.
Como quando você está em um coro em Os Acarnânios, imaginando um personagem jogando
merda de verdade no poeta que você não gosta.
Você Aristóteles, quem escreveu obras que até enganavam um político, foi chamado
de o maior produto dos deuses.
Você, que é responsável por esse diálogo
Praxagora: Eu quero dividir tudo para que tudo será da comunidade, então
não terá mais riqueza nem pobreza.
Eu devo começar cercando terras, e transformando
tudo em propriedade privada, comum a todos.
Blepyrus: Mas quem vai te sustentar?
Praxagora: Os escravos
Blepyrus: Oh.
E mesmo assim você é visto como lição de casa!
Difícil a vida! Isso, caro amigo, é uma verdadeira tragédia.
Dutch:
dan, ben je genoemd de Vader van Komedie, er zijn zelfs scholieren gewijd aan jouw werk.
Nu, het slechte nieuws: Zelfs ondanks je toneelstukken goed zijn vertaald en hilarisch zijn,
studenten houden er niet van om ze te lezen in school. Er zijn altijd van die mensen van, waarom moete wij deze
saaie zooi lezen?
En dit vooral moet knellend voor jouw zijn omdat zoveel van wat je deed in je carrière
was het leuk maken van saaie zooi, met name in de vorm van theater tragedies. En,
je gebruikte redelijk vaak schijt om grappen te maken.
Zoals wanneer u het koor in de Acharnians
had laten denken dat een karakter in je spel een
drol gooide tegen een echte poëet die je niet mocht.
Jij, Aristophanes, wie schreef dat onder elke steen een politicus schuilt, wie rijkdom
de beste noemde van alle goden...
Jij, wie verantwoordelijk is voor het volgende gesprek:
Praxogora: Ik wil dat iedereen van alles een deel heeft en alles is in grote hoeveelheid; er zal
niet langer rijk of arm zijn
Ik zal beginnen met het maken van geld, land, alles
dat privé eigendom is, gebruikelijk tot allen.
Blepyrus: Maar wie zal de grond bewerken?
Praxagora: De slaven.
Blepyrus: Oh.
En toch word je gezien als huiswerk! Gezwoeg!
Dat, mijn vriend, is pure tragedie. Aan de
Arabic:
وهناك باحثون كرسوا حياتهم لدراسة أعمالك.
والآن النبأ السيء: بالرغم من أن مسرحياتك
مترجمة ببراعة وأنها طريفة جدًا،
إلا أن الطلاب لا يحبون قراءتها في المدارس.
فلسان حالهم هو دائمًا،
"لماذا علينا قراءة هذه التفاهة المملة؟"
ولا بد أن هذا يثير سخطك
لأنك كرّست جزءًا كبيرًا من حياتك المهنية
للسخرية من التفاهات المملة،
وتحديدًا من التراجيديا المسرحية.
بالإضافة إلى أنك كثيرًا ما
كنت تستخدم برازًا حقيقيًا في نكاتك.
مثل عندما جعلت الجوقة في مسرحية
أهل أخارناي يتخيلون شخصية في المسرحية
ترمي البراز على شاعر حقيقي لم يعجبك.
أنت يا أريستوفانيس
من كتب أن تحت كل حجر يتربص سياسي
ومن وصف الثروة بأنها أفضل الآلهة
وأنت الذي كتب الحوار التالي:
"أريد أن يكون للجميع نصيب في كل شيء
وأن يكون كل شيء مشتركًا.
لن يعود هناك أغنياء أو فقراء،
(...) سأبدأ بجعل الأراضي والمال
وكل ما هو ملكية خاصة
مشتركًا بين الجميع. (...)
ولكن من سيحرث التربة؟
العبيد.
فهمت."
ومع ذلك يعتبرونك واجبًا منزليًا وعملًا شاقًا!
هذه يا صديقي مأساة حقيقية.
Polish:
mimo to jesteś nazywany Ojcem Komedii, są uczeni oddani w pełni Twoim pracom.
Teraz, złe wieści: Mimo tego że Twoje sztuki zostały w miarę dobrze przetłumaczone i absolutnie prześmiewczo
uczniowie nie chcą ich czytać w szkołach. Zawsze jest "Czemu musimy to czytać
to nudne badziewie?"
I to musi Cię szczególnie złościć , ponieważ większość tego co zrobiłeś w swoim życiu
było wyśmiewaniem się z nudnych badziewiów , szczególnie w formie tragedii teatralnych. Dodatkowo
często używałeś prawdziwych kup do robienia żartów
Na przykład wtedy kiedy miałeś chór w "Acharnejczykach" przedstawiający postać w Twojej sztuce, która rzuca
kupę na prawdziwego poetę , którego nie lubisz.
Ty Arystofanesie, który napisałeś że pod każdym kamieniem czai sie polityk, Ty który nazwałeś bogactwo
najwspanialszym z wszystkich bogów...
Ty, który jesteś odpowiedzialny za poniższą konwersację:
Praxagora: Będę musiała podzielić wszystko żeby stało się wspólne, nie będzie już
dłużej bogatych i biednych; [...] Zacznę tworzyć ziemię , zarabiać pieniądze a wszystko
co jest prywatną własnością stanie się wspólne dla wszystkich
Blepyrus: Ale kto będzie uprawiał pola ?
Niewolnicy.
Oh.
Mimo to wciąż jesteś postrzegany jako zadanie domowe, harówka! To mój przyjacielu, jest prawdziwa tragedia.
English:
Comedy; there are scholars devoted to your
work.
Now, the bad news: Even though your plays
are well-translated and absolutely hilarious,
students don’t like to read them in schools.
There always like, why do we gotta read this
boring crap? And this must be particularly
galling to you, because so much of what you
did in your career was make fun of boring
crap, specifically in the form of theatrical
tragedies. Plus, you frequently used actual
crap to make jokes. Such as when you had the
chorus in The Acharnians imagining a character
in your play throwing crap at a real poet you didn’t like.
You, Aristophanes, who wrote that under every
stone lurks a politician, who called wealth
the most excellent of all the gods... You,
who are responsible for the following conversation:
"Praxagora: I want all to have a share of
everything and everything to be in common;
there will no longer be either rich or poor;
[...] I shall begin by making land, money,
everything that is private property, common
to all. [...]
Blepyrus: But who will till the soil?
Praxagora: The slaves.
Blepyrus: Oh."
And yet you’re seen as homework! Drudgery!
That, my friend, is a true tragedy. On the
Hungarian:
Tudósok szentelik csak neked az idejüket.
A rossz hír: Annak ellenére, hogy drámáidat jól fordították le, és baromira viccesek,
a diákok nem szeretik olvasni őket.
Folyton csak panaszkodnak, hogy miért kell nekik ilyen unalmas "szart" olvasni.
Ez biztos nagyon dühítő neked.
Főleg, hogy legfőbb célod a pályafutásod során
pont az volt, hogy kigúnyold az élet unalmas "szarait", főleg színházi komédiák formájában.
Plusz, ehhez gyakran valódi szart használtál. Mint pl, amikor az egyik drámádban
az acharniani kórus tagjai elképzelték, hogy az egyik karakter szarral dobja meg azt a korodbeli költőt,
akit te nem kedveltél.
Te, Arisztophanész, aki azt írtad, hogy minden kő alatt egy politikus lapul. Te, aki a gazdagságot
a legkiválóbbnak nevezted az összes isten közül ...
Te, akinek köszönhetően ez a beszélgetés létezik:
„PRAXAGORA: Akarom hát, hogy mindenki egész vagyonát közjóra bocsássa, és abból éljenek [...]
az ne legyen, hogy dús ez, míg nyomorult az. [...]
egy közös életmód legyen és aszerint éljen csak a város. [...]
BLEPÜROSZ: De ki műveli majd a mezőt?
PRAXAGORA: rabszolgák.
BLEPÜROSZ: Oh.”
És mégis téged csak házifeladatként tartanak számon! Lélekölő robotolásként! Ez, barátom, ez az igazi tragédia.
Czech:
Světlá stránka je, že jsme se zbavili
otroctví. Zabralo nám to jen 2000 let.
S pozdravem,
John Green.
Když přemýšlíme o zlatém hřebu řecké
kultury, může nás napadnout Parthenón
nebo Aischylova dramata.
Skutečným hřebem jsou však Athény
ve 4. století př. n. l.,
rovnou po řecko-perských válkách.
Ale Řecko bylo víc než jen Athény.
Řekové žili v městských státech,
které sestávaly z města
a přilehlého okolí.
Ve většině těchto městských
států byla aspoň nějaká forma otroctví
a ve všech bylo občanství
vymezeno pro muže.
Promiňte, dámy...
Každý městský stát měl svou vlastní
formu vlády, od velmi demokratických,
pokud jste nebyli žena nebo otrok,
po absolutně diktátorské.
Lidé, kteří žili v těchto městech,
se považovali za občany těch měst,
ne něčeho, co se později pojmenovalo
Řecko. Aspoň do řecko-perských válek.
Mezi roky 490 a 480 př. n. l.
Peršané zaútočili na řecké státy.
Tohle byla ta válka,
při které se udála bitva u Thermopyl,
kde bojovalo
300 statečných Sparťanů s,
jestli věříte Hérodotovi,
pěti miliony Peršany.
English:
upside, we did take care of slavery. It only
took us two thousand years.
Best wishes,
John Green
When we think about the high point of Greek
culture, exemplified by the Parthenon and
the plays of Aeschylus, what we’re really
thinking about is Athens in the fourth century
BCE, right after the Persian Wars. But Greece
was way more than Athens; Greeks lived in
city-states which consisted of a city and
its surrounding area. Most of these city-states
featured at least some form of slavery, and in all
of them citizenship was limited to males. Sorry ladies...
Also, each of the city-states had its own
form of government, ranging from very democratic
— unless you were a woman or a slave — to
completely dictatorial. And the people who
lived in these cities considered themselves
citizens of that city, not of anything that
would ever be called Greece. At least until
the Persian wars.
So between 490 and 480 BCE, the Persians made
war on the Greek City states. This was the
war that featured the battle of Thermopylae
where three hundred brave Spartans battled
— if you believe Herodotus — five million
Persians.
Spanish:
nos encargamos de la esclavitud. Solo nos tomó 2 000 años.
Mis mejores deseos, John Green.
Cuando pensamos en la cúspide de la cultura griega, ejemplificado por el Partenón y
las obras de Esquilo, en lo que realmente pensamos es sobre es Atenas
en el siglo IV a. C., después de las Guerras Médicas.
Pero Grecia mucho más que Atenas. Los griegos vivian en ciudades-estado que consistían de
una ciudad y sus alrededores.
La mayoría de estas ciudades-estado presentaron al menos una clase de esclavitud, y en todas ellas
la ciudadanía se limitaba a los hombres.
Lo siento, señoras...
También, cada una de las ciudades-estado tenía su propia forma de gobierno, que van desde muy democráticas
—a menos que fueses una mujer o esclavo— hasta completamente dictatoriales.
Y la gente que vivía en estas ciudades se consideraba ciudadanos de esa ciudad, no de nada
que pudo haberse llamado Grecia. Al menos hasta las Guerras Médicas.
Así que, entre 490 y 480 a. C., los persas le hicieron guerra a las ciudades-estado griegas. Ésta fue la
guerra que incluyó la batalla de las Termópilas donde 300 valientes espartanos lucharon —si le crees
a Heródoto— 5 millones de persas.
Hungarian:
Viszont, mi gondoskodtunk a rabszolgatartásról.
És csak kétezer évbe telt...
Minden jót,
John Green
A görög kultúra csúcspontjaként a Parthenonra és Aiszkhülosz drámáira gondolunk,
Ez igazából Athén az ie. 4. században,
éppen a perzsa háborúk után.
De Görögország jóval több csupán Athénnál.
A görögök városállamokban és az őket körülvevő területeken éltek. A legtöbb városállamban jelen volt
valamilyen formában a rabszolgatartás, és mindben csak a férfiakat illették az állampolgársággal járó jogok.
Bocsánat, hölgyek.
Továbbá, az egyes városállamok mind saját közigazgatással rendelkeztek,
kezdve nagyon demokratikus államformával
- hacsak nem nő voltál vagy szolga -, egészen a teljesen diktatórikusig.
A lakosság a városállam polgárának tekintette magát, nem pedig Görögországénak.
- egészen a görög-perzsa háborúkig.
ie. 490 és 480 között, a perzsák hadban álltak a görög városállamokkal.
Ekkor történt a thermopülai csata,
ahol háromszáz bátor spártai harcos küzdött
- ha hiszünk Hérodotosznak -
ötmillió perzsával.
Arabic:
ولكن الناحية الإيجابية هي أننا تخلصنا
من العبودية. لم يستغرق ذلك سوى ألفي سنة.
مع أطيب التمنيات، جون غرين.
عندما نفكر في أوج الثقافة اليونانية القديمة،
والتي يُجسدها معبد البارثينون
ومسرحيات إسخيلوس، فإن ما نفكر فيه حقًا
هو أثينا في القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد
بُعيد الحروب الفارسية. ولكن أثينا
لم تكن ذروة سنام اليونان القديمة
فقد كان الإغريقيون يعيشون في دول مدن
تتألف من المدينة والمنطقة المحيطة بها.
كانت العبودية موجودة
في معظم دول المدن هذه بشكل أو بآخر،
واقتصرت المواطنة فيها جميعًا
على الذكور. آسف أيتها السيدات.
وكل من دول المدن هذه كان يحكمها شكل من أشكال
الحكومات يتراوح من الديمقراطي جدًا،
ما لم تكن امرأة أو عبدًا،
وصولًا إلى الديكتاتوري بشكل المطلق.
وسكان هذه المدن كانوا يعتبرون أنفسهم
مواطنين يدينون بالولاء لتلك المدن
وليس لأي نظام
من شأنه أن يُسمى يومًا باليونان.
على الأقل حتى الحروب الفارسية.
بين عامي 490 و 480 قبل الميلاد،
شن الفرس حربًا على دول المدن اليونانية،
وكانت هذه هي الحرب
التي تخللتها معركة ثيرموبيلاي
حيث حارب ثلاثمائة اسبرطي شجاع 5 ملايين
مقاتل فارسي، إذا ما صدقنا رواية هيرودوت،
Polish:
Przy okazji, zajęliśmy się niewolnictwem. Zajęło nam to tylko 2,000lat.
Najlepsze życzenia, John Green.
Kiedy pomyślimy o najważniejszym punkcie w greckiej kulturze, jak na przykład Panteon albo
sztuki Ajschylosa , tak naprawdę myślimy o Atenach
w 4 wieku p.n.e zaraz po Wojnach Perskich
Ale Grecja znaczyła dużo więcej niż Ateny.
Grecy żyli w miastach-państwach , które zawierały w sobie
miasto i teren wokół.
Większość tych miast-państw skończyła w różnych formach niewolnictwa a we wszystkich z nich obywatele
zostali ograniczeni wyłącznie do mężczyzn.
Wybaczcie, dziewczyny...
Również, większość tych miast-państw miało swoją własna formę rządów , zaczynając od bardzo demokratycznej
- chyba że byłeś kobietą lub niewolnikiem - na kompletnej dyktaturze kończąc.
A ludzie , którzy żyli w tych miastach uważali siebie za obywateli danego miasta , nie było niczego
co można by nazwać Grecją. Przynajmniej do początku wojen perskich.
A więc pomiędzy 490 a 480 r. p.n.e Persowie wypowiedzieli wojnę Greckim miastom-państwom. To była
wojna , w której miała miejsce między innymi bitwa pod Termopilami gdzie 300 dzielnych Spartan walczyło z - jeśli wierzyć
Herodotusowi - 5 milionami Persów.
Russian:
С другой стороны, мы избавились от рабства.
Это заняло у нас всего-то 2000 лет.
С наилучшими пожеланиями, Джон Грин.
Когда мы говорим о пике греческой культуры, олицетворяемой Парфеноном и пьесами Эсхила,
на самом деле мы подразумеваем Афины четвертого века до нашей эры.
Сразу после персидских войн.
Но Греция включала в себя не только лишь Афины. Греки жили в городах-государствах,
состоявших из собственно города и его окрестностей.
В большинстве их них существовала
та или иная форма рабства
и во всех из них гражданские права имели лишь...
мужчины
Мне жаль, дамы.
Кроме того, каждый из городов-государств имел свою собственную форму правления,
начиная от весьма демократических.
При условии что вы не были женщиной или рабом.
И закакнчивая абсолютно диктаторскими.
И люди, живущие в этих городах считали себя гражданами этого конкретного города,
а не чего-то под названием Греция.
По крайней мере до персидских войн.
Итак, между 490 и 480 г. до н.э. персы воевали с греческими городами.
В этой войне прошла битва при Фермопилах, где 300 отважных спартанцев,
если верить Геродоту,
сразились с пятью миллионами персов.
Thai:
ถ้ามองในแง่ดีละก็ เราจัดการเรื่องทาสได้แล้วล่ะ ใช้เวลาแค่ 2000 ปีเท่านั้นเอง
ด้วยความปรารถนาดี
จอห์น กรีน
เวลาที่เรานึกถึงยุคทองของวัฒนธรรมกรีก
ในยุคที่มีวิหารพาเทนอน และบทละครของอาชิลัส
เรากำลังนึกถึงกรุงเอเธนส์ในช่วงศตวรรษที่ 4 ก่อนคริสตกาล หลังสงครามเปอร์เซีย
แต่อันที่จริง กรีกไม่ได้หมายถึงกรุงเอเธนส์เท่านั้น
ชาวกรีกอาศัยอยู่ในหลายนครรัฐ ซึ่งแต่ละนครรัฐซึ่งประกอบไปด้วยเมืองๆหนึ่ง และพื้นที่โดยรอบของเมืองนั้น
นครรัฐเหล่านี้ส่วนใหญ่มีการใช้ทาส และสิทธิในการเป็นพลเมืองสงวนไว้ให้เฉพาะผู้ชายเท่านั้น เสียใจด้วยนะสาวๆ...
นอกจากนั้น นครรัฐแต่ละแห่งมีรูปแบบการปกครองของตัวเอง ตั้งแต่เป็นประชาธิปไตยอย่างมาก
ยกเว้นว่าคุณเป็นผู้หญิงหรือทาสนะครับ...
ไปจนถึงเผด็จการเบ็ดเสร็จ
และผู้คนที่อาศัยอยู่ในเมืองเหล่านี้ ก็ถือว่าตนเองเป็นพลเมืองของเมืองที่ตนอาศัยอยู่
ไม่มีอะไรที่เรียกว่ากรีกเลย อย่างน้อยก็จนกระทั่งเกิดสงครามเปอร์เซีย
ระหว่างปี 490 ถึง 480 ก่อนคริสตกาล เปอร์เซียได้ทำสงครามกับนครรัฐกรีก
ในสงครามนี้นี่เองที่เกิดยุทธการที่เทอมอพิลี ที่ทหารสปาร์ตาผู้กล้าหาญ 300 นาย
สู้กับทหารเปอร์เซีย 5 ล้านคน ถ้าคุณเชื่อเฮอรอโดทัสนะครับ
German:
Wir haben uns um die [Abschaffung der] Sklaverei gekümmert. Es hat nur 2000 Jahre gedauert.
Beste Wünsche, John Green.
Wenn wir über den Höhepunkt der griechischen Kultur, zum Beispiel den Parthenon und
die Stücke von Aischylos, nachdenken, denken wir an Athen
im 4. Jh. v. Chr., kurz nach den Perserkriegen.
Doch Griechenland war viel mehr als Athen. Die Griechen lebten in Stadtstaaten, die aus einer Stadt
und ihrer Umgebung bestanden.
Die meisten dieser Stadtstaaten bedienten sich mindestens einer Form der Sklaverei und in allen waren die Bürgerrechte
Männern vorbehalten.
Tut mir leid, Ladys.
Außerdem hatte jeder dieser Stadtstaaten seine eigene Regierungsform, von Demokratie - außer man war
eine Frau oder ein Sklave - zu totaler Diktatur.
Und die Menschen, die in diesen Städten lebten, nannten sich selbst Bürger dieser Stadt, nicht Bürger
eines Ortes namens Griechenland. Zumindest bis zu den Perserkriegen.
Zwischen 490 und 480 v. Chr. bekriegten die Perser die griechischen Städte. Dieser Krieg beinhaltete die
Schlacht von Thermopylen, in der - wenn man Herodot glaubt - 300 mutige Spartaner
fünf Millionen Perser bekämpften,
Turkish:
kölelikten kurtulundu. Sadece 2,000 yıl sürdü.
Saygılarımla, John Green
Yunan kültürünün zirvesini düşünüce aklımıza
Partenon ve Eshilos'un oyunları gelir. Aslında MÖ 4. yüzyıl
Atina'sını düşünürüz. Pers Savaşları'ndan hemen sonrasını.
Ama Yunanistan Atina'dan çok daha fazlasıdır. Yunanlar şehir ve çevresini kapsayan şehir-devletlerde yaşadı.
Ama Yunanistan Atina'dan çok daha fazlasıdır. Yunanlar şehir ve çevresini kapsayan şehir-devletlerde yaşadı.
Bunların çoğunda bir çeşit kölelik varı ve sadece vatandaşlık hakları erkeklerle sınırlıydı.
Bunların çoğunda bir çeşit kölelik varı ve sadece vatandaşlık hakları erkeklerle sınırlıydı.
Üzgünüm bayanlar...
Ayrıca, her şehir-devletin demokrasiden -kadın veya köle değilseniz-
diktatörlüğe değişen çeşitli hükümetleri vardı.
Bu şehirde yaşayan insanlar kendilerini o şehrin vatandaşı olarak
görürdü, Yunanistan'ın değil. En azından Pers Savaları'na kadar böyleydi.
Şimdi, MÖ 490 ve 480 arasında Persler, Yunan şehir devletleriyle savaştı. Bu sırada
Termoplyae Savaşı da gerçekleşti 300 cesur Spartalı -Herodot'a inanıyorsanız- beş milyon Pers ile
savaştı.
Finnish:
me hoidimme orjuuden. Siihen meni vain 2000 vuotta.
Terveisin, John Green
Kun ajattelemme kreikkalaisen kulttuurin kohokohtaa, esimerkkinään Parthenon ja
Aiskhyloksen näytelmät, mitä me todella ajattelemme on Ateena
neljännellä vuosisadalla eaa., juuri ennen persialaissotia.
Mutta Kreikka oli enemmän kuin vain Ateena. Kreikkalaiset asuivat kaupunkivaltioissa, jotka koostuivat
kaupungista ja sen lähialueista.
Suurimmassa osassa näistä kaupunkivaltioista oli ainakin jonkinlaista orjuutta ja kaikissa kansalaisuus
oli rajoitettu miehiin.
Anteeksi naiset...
Lisäksi jokaisella kaupunkivaltiolla oli oma hallintomuoto, vaihdellen erittäin demokraattisesta-- paitsi
jos olit nainen tai orja-- täysin diktatoriseen.
Kaupungeissa asuvat ihmiset pitivät itseään kaupunkinsa asukkaina, eivät minkään
jota voitaisiin kutsua Kreikaksi. Ainakin ennen persialaissotia.
Niinpä 490-480 eaa., persialaiset olivat sodassa Kreikan kaupunkivaltioiden kanssa. Tämä oli sota,
jossa Thermapylain taistelu käytiin, jossa 300 rohkeaa spartalaista taisteli-- jos uskot
Herodotosta-- viiden miljoonan persialaisen kanssa.
Portuguese:
Por outro lado, nós nos importamos com a escravidão. Levou apenas 2000 anos.
Tudo de bom, John Green
Quando pensamos no auge da sociedade Grega exemplificado pelo Parthenon e
as peças de Ésquilo.
No que realmente pensamos é em Atenas
no século IV antes de cristo.
Logo depois da Guerras Persas.
A Grécia muito maior que a Atenas, a Grécia era na verdade várias cidades-estados que constistiam
em uma cidade e a região ao redor.
A maioria das cidades mantinham algum tipo de escravidão e todas as cidades,
os cidadães eram limitado aos homens.
Desculpe mulheres...
Também, cada cidade tipo uma forma diferente de governo que variavam de sociedade democráticas - a não ser que
você fosse uma mulher os um escravo - para ditaduras violentas.
E pessoas que viviam nessas cidades, consideravam-se cidadãos da cidade, não
algo que seria chamado de Grécia.
Pelo menos até a guerra Persa.
Então, entre 490 e 480 A.C. os persas travaram guerra contra as Cidades Estados.
Essa guerra foi chamada de batalha das Termópilas, onde 300 bravos espartanos lutaram contra - se você acredita
em Herodoto - 5 milhões de Persas.
Swedish:
tog vi hand om slaveri. Det tog oss i och för sig två tusen år.
Bästa önskningar,
John Green
När vi tänker på den högsta punkten i den grekiska
kulturen, exemplifierad av Parthenon och
pjäserna av Aiskylos, tänker vi egentligen på Aten i det fjärde århundradet
FVT, direkt efter persiska krigen. Men Grekland
var mycket mer än Aten. Greker levde i
stadsstater som bestod av en stad och
dess omgivningar. De flesta av dessa stadsstater
hade åtminstone någon form av slaveri och hos ALLA
var det bara män som var medborgare . Tyvärr damer ...
Varje stadsstat hade också sin egen
regeringsform som sträcker sig från väldigt demokratisk
- om du inte var kvinna eller slav - till
helt diktatorisk. De människor som
bodde i dessa städer ansåg sig
medborgare i denna stad, inte av något som
någonsin skulle kunna kallas Grekland. Åtminstone tills
de persiska krigen.
Så mellan 490 och 480 FVT bedrev perserna krig mot de grekiska stadsstaterna. Detta var det
krig som inkluderade slaget vid Thermopylae
där tre hundra modiga Spartaner slogs mot
- Om du tror Herodotos - fem miljoner
Perser.
Chinese:
不過好的一面是我們廢了奴役（只花了2000多年）
心想事成 約翰·葛林 敬上
與希臘文化巔峰做聯想的帕德嫩神廟和埃斯庫羅斯戲劇
真正想的是在公元前第四世紀，緊接希波戰爭的雅典。
但希臘不只是雅典。希臘人住在城邦，也就是一座
城市及其緊鄰地區。
這些城邦大多都有某形式的奴役和
所有公民權僅限於男性。
抱歉女士們。
諸城邦各有政治系統
從直接民主（女人和奴隸除外）到強硬獨裁。
生活在這些城邦的人認同於自己所屬的城市，
沒有稱為希臘的地方，至少直到波斯戰爭。
公元前490至480波斯向城邦宣戰。
這場戰爭包括溫泉關之役，
期間希羅多德稱斯巴達三百壯士對抗五百萬波斯大軍，
Modern Greek (1453-):
Στα θετικά, όντως φροντίσαμε τη δουλεία. Μας πήρε μόνο 2000 χρόνια.
Με τις θερμότερες ευχές,
John Green
Όταν σκεφτόμαστε για το απόγειο του ελληνικού πολιτισμού, δίνοντας παράδειγμα τον Παρθενώνα
και τα έργα του Αισχύλου, αυτό που πραγματικά σκεφτόμαστε είναι η Αθήνα
του 4ου αιώνα π.Χ, αμέσως μετά τους Περσικούς πολέμους
Αλλά η Ελλάδα ήταν πολλά περισσότερα από την Αθήνα.
Οι Έλληνες ζούσαν σε πόλεις-κράτη που αποτελούνταν από μια πόλη και την γύρω περιοχή της.
Στις περισσότερες πόλεις υπήρχε κάποια μορφή δουλείας και σε όλες τις πόλεις δικαίωμα ψήφου είχαν
μόνο οι άντρες. Συγγνώμη κυρίες μου...
Επίσης κάθε πόλη-κράτος είχε δικό της τρόπο διακυβέρνησης, που κυμαίνόταν από πολύ δημοκρατικό
-εκτός αν ήσουν γυναίκα ή σκλάβος- έως πλήρη δικτατορικό.
Και οι άνθρωποι που ζούσαν σε αυτές τις πόλεις θεωρούσαν τους εαυτούς τους πολίτες της συγκεκριμένης πόλης
και όχι κάτι που θα μπορούσαμε ποτέ να αποκαλέσουμε Ελλάδα.
Τουλάχιστον μέχρι τους Περσικούς πολέμους.
Έτσι μεταξύ του 490 και 480 π.Χ. οι Πέρσες έκαναν πόλεμο εναντίον των ελληνικών πόλεων.
Σε αυτόν τον πόλεμο έλαβε χώρα η Μάχη των Θερμοπυλών όπου 300 γενναίοι Σπαρτιάτες
πολέμησαν -αν πιστεύετε τον Ηρόδοτο- 5 εκατομμύρια Πέρσες
Dutch:
zonnige kant, we hebben afgerekend met slavernij. Het koste ons alleen maar 2000 jaar.
Beste wensen,
John Green
Wanneer we denken aan het hoogte punt van Griekse cultuur, geïllustreerd door het Parthenon en
de toneelstukken van Aeschylus,
waar we echt over nadenken is Athene
in de 4de eeuw voor christus, net na de Perzische oorlog.
Maar Griekenland was veel meer dan Athene. Grieken leefde in stadstaten die bestonden uit een
stad en zijn omgeving.
Meeste van deze stadstaten hadden een soort van slavernij en in alle stadstaten was het burgerschap
gelimiteerd tot de mannen.
Sorry dames...
Daarnaast, had elke stadstaat zijn eigen regering, van helemaal democratisch --- tenzij
je een vrouw of slaaf was --- tot een totalitaire dictatuur.
En de mensen die in deze steden leefde waren beschouwd als burgers van de stad, niet van ook maar iets
dat ooit Griekenland genoemd wordt. Ten minste tot de Perzische oorlogen.
Dus tussen 490 en 480 voor christus, maakte de Perzen oorlog met de Griekse stadstaten. Dit was de
oorlog waaronder de slag van Thermopylae viel, waar 300 dappere Spartanen vochten --- Als je Herodotus geloofde ----
met 5 miljoen Perzen.
Vietnamese:
Thực tế, chúng tôi có quan tâm vấn đề nô lệ. Chúng tôi chỉ mất 2000 năm thôi.
Thân ái,
John Green
Khi chúng ta nghĩ về đỉnh cao của văn hóa Hy Lạp, ví dụ Parthenon và kịch của Aeschylus,
điều ta nghĩ đến thực ra là Athens vào thế kỉ 4 TCN
ngay sau các cuộc chiến tranh Ba Tư. nhưng Hy Lạp không chỉ là Athens; người Hy Lạp sống tại
các thành bang bao gồm một thành phố và vùng xung quanh. Hầu hết các thành bang
đưa ra ít nhất vài hình thức của chế độ nô lệ, và tất cả đều giới hạn quyền công dân chỉ cho đàn ông
Ngoài ra, mỗi thành bang có chính quyền riêng, từ rất dân chủ
- trừ khi bạn là phụ nữ hay một nô lệ - đến hoàn toàn độc tài. Và những người
sống ở các thành phố này tự coi mình là công dân của thành phố đó, không có cái nào
được gọi là Hy Lạp. Ít nhất là cho đến
Chiến tranh Ba Tư
Giữa 490 và 480 TCN, người Ba Tư gây chiến với các thành bang Hy Lạp. Đây là cuộc chiến
mà nổi bật là trận Thermopylae
nơi 300 chiến binh Sparta dũng cảm tham chiến
- nếu bạn tin Herodotus - 5 triệu quân
Ba Tư
French:
bon côté, on s'est occupé de l'esclavage. Ça nous a seulement pris 2000 ans.
Meilleurs voeux,
John Green
Lorsqu'on pense à l'apogée de la culture grecque, illustrée par le Parthénon et
les pièces d'Eschyle, ce à quoi on pense vraiment c'est Athènes au 4e siècle av. JC,
tout de suite après les guerres médiques. Mais la Grèce était beaucoup plus qu'Athènes: les grecques vivaient
dans des cités-États qui englobaient une cité et sa périphérie. La plupart de ces cités-États
comportaient au moins une certaine forme d'esclavage et dans chacune, la citoyenneté était réservée aux hommes. Désolé mesdames...
Aussi, chaque cité-État avait sa propre forme de gouvernement, allant de très démocratique
- sauf si vous étiez une femme ou un esclave - à la dictature totale. Et les gens qui
vivaient dans ces cités se considéraient comme des citoyens de cette cité, et non quoi que ce soit qui
qu'on pourrait appeler Grèce. Du moins jusqu'aux guerres médiques.
Donc, entre 490 et 480 av. JC, les perses ont fait la guerre aux cités-États grecques. C'est la
guerre qui comprend la bataille des Thermopyles où 300 braves Spartiates ont combattu
- si vous croyez Hérodote - 5 millions de Perses.
iw:
על הצד החיובי, טיפלנו בעבדות. וזה רק
לקח לנו אלפיים שנה.
איחולים לבביים,
ג'ון גרין
כאשר אנו חושבים על נקודת השיא של תרבות
יוון, מיוצגת ע"י הפרתנון
והמחזות של אייסכילוס, אנחנו בעצם
חושבים רק על אתונה במאה הרביעית לפנה"ס
מיד אחרי המלחמות עם הפרסים. אבל יוון
היתה הרבה יותר מאשר אתונה.
היוונים חיו בערי-מדינה אשר כללה עיר
וסביבתה. ברוב ערי-המדינה האלו
היתה עבדות בצורה זו או אחרת, ובכולן
האזרחות הוגבלה לגברים בלבד. מצטער נשים...
כמו כן, לכל אחת מערי-המדינה היתה
צורת ממשל אחרת, החל ממאוד דמוקרטית
אלא אם כן היית אישה או עבד,
עד דיקטטורה במלוא מובן המילה.
והאנשים שחיו בערים האלו ראו את עצמם
אזרחי העיר, לא של משהו שקראו לו-
"יוון". לפחות לא עד
"מלחמות פרס- יוון".
אז בין 490 לבין 480 לפנה"ס, הפרסים הכריזו
מלחמה על ערי המדינה היווניות.
זו היתה המלחמה שכללה את קרב תרמופילאי
שם שלוש מאות הספרטנים האמיצים נלחמו ב-
אם אתה מאמין להרודוטוס -
חמישה מיליון פרסים!...
Romanian:
grijă de sclavie. Ne-a luat doar două mii de ani.
Cele mai bune urări, John Green.
Când ne gândim la apogeul culturii grecești exemplificat de Parthenon
și piesele lui Eschil, ne gândim de fapt la Atena din secolul V î.Hr
chiar după războaiele cu perșii.Dar Grecia a fost mai mult decât Atena; Grecii au trăit
orașe -stat care erau formate din oraș și zona înconjurătoare. Cele mai multe dintre aceste orașe-stat
aveau cel puțin o formă de sclavie și în toate cetățenia era limitată la bărbați.În pare rău doamnelor...
De asemenea, fiecare oraș-stat avea propria sa formă de guvernare variind de la
cele foarte democratice-dacă nu erai femeie sau sclav- la cele complet dictatoriale. Și oamenii care
locuiau în aceste orașe se considerau cetățeni ai orașului nu ai
Greciei. Cel puțin până la războaiele persane.
Deci între 490 și 480 î.hr. perșii au fost în război cu orașele-stat grecești. A fost războiul
care a avut bătălia de la Termopile unde trei sute de viteji spartani s-au bătut
- dacă îl credem pe Herodot- cu cinci milioane de perși.
Thai:
และเกิดยุทธการที่มาราธอน
ซึ่งเป็นที่ราบห่างจากเอเธนส์ 26.2 ไมล์
สงครามนี้เกิดขึ้นเพราะเอเธนส์ได้ให้การสนับสนุน
ชาวกรีกไอโอเนียน
ในการก่อกบฏกับเปอร์เซียที่เมืองอานาโตเลีย ซึ่งทำให้กษัตริย์เซอร์ซิสแห่งเปอร์เซียโกรธมาก
จึงได้นำทัพไปรบกับเอเธนส์ถึงสองครั้ง เอเธนส์ได้ขอความช่วยเหลือจากนครรัฐกรีกอื่นๆ เพื่อมาช่วยทำสงคราม
และจากชัยชนะที่ได้รับร่วมกันนี่เอง
ที่ทำให้ผู้คนในกรีกเริ่มมองตัวเองว่าเป็นชาวกรีก
ไม่ใช่ชาวสปาร์ตา ชาวเอเธนส์ หรืออย่างอื่น
หลังจากนั้น เอเธนส์ก็ได้กลายเป็นเมืองหลวงของกรีก
และเข้าสู่ยุคทอง
ซึ่งเป็นอะไรที่นักประวัติศาสตร์ตั้งขึ้นมาเอง แต่ความยิ่งใหญ่ต่างๆ ก็เกิดขึ้นในยุคทองจริงๆ
รวมไปถึงมหาวิหารพาเธนอน วิหารที่กลายมาเป็นโบสถ์ จากนั้นก็เป็นสุเหร่า
และมาเป็นคลังอาวุธ จนกระทั่งมาเป็นซากปรักหักพังในปัจจุบัน
และยังมีรัฐบุรุษอย่าง เพริคลิส ผู้ได้กล่าวคำปราศัยอันโด่งดังในพิธีศพ
เกี่ยวกับประชาธิปไตยของเอเธนส์ ด้วยโวหารที่ยังร่วมสมัยอยู่จนทุกวันนี้
"ทุกคน มีค่าเท่ากันในทางกฎหมาย...
หากผู้ใดรับใช้รัฐได้ แม้เขาจะไม่ใช่บุคคลสำคัญก็ควรได้รับความยุติธรรมอย่างเท่าเทียม"
Czech:
A také bitva u Marathonu,
na planině asi 42 km od Athén.
Celá válka začala, protože Athéňané
podpořili již dříve zmíněné Ióny
při jejich povstání
v Malé Asii proti Peršanům.
To tak naštvalo perského velkokrále
Xerxe, že vedl dvě významná tažení
proti Athéňanům a Athéňané naverbovali
všechny ostatní řecké městské státy.
Jako následek tohoto
sdíleného řeckého vítězství se Řekové
začali vidět jako Řekové, spíše než
jako Sparťané nebo Athéňané a tak.
Pak se Athény staly de facto
hlavním městem a zažily zlatý věk,
což je něco,
co si vymysleli historici.
Během zlatého věku se stalo
mnoho velkých věcí i Parthenon, chrám,
který byl jeden čas kostelem,
pak mešitou a pak zbrojnicí,
než se konečně
uvelebil v podobě ruiny.
Byli tu také státníci jako Periklés,
jehož slavná pohřební řeč vychvaluje
zlatou demokracii
Athén prázdnými řečmi,
které by se
neztratily ani v dnešním světě.
"Podíváme-li se
na zákony, umožňují stejné
zacházení se všemi
i v jejich soukromých odlišnostech.
Pokud je člověk schopen sloužit státu,
nejsou tyto odlišnosti překážkou."
English:
And also the battle of Marathon, which is
a plain about 26.2 miles away from Athens.
The whole war started because Athens supported
those aforementioned Ionian Greeks when they
were rebelling in Anatolia against the Persians.
That made the Persian king Xerxes mad, so
he led two major campaigns against the Athenians,
and the Athenians enlisted the help of all
the other Greek city-states. And in the wake
of that shared Greek victory, the Greeks began
to see themselves as Greeks, rather than as
Spartans, or Athenians or whatever.
And then Athens emerged as the de facto capital
of Greece and then got to experience a Golden
Age, which is something that historians make
up. But a lot of great things did happen during
the Golden Age, including the Parthenon, a
temple that became a church and then a mosque
and then an armory until finally settling
into its current gig as a ruin.
You also had statesmen like Pericles, whose
famous funeral oration brags about the golden
democracy of Athens with rhetoric that wouldn’t
sound out of place today. “If we look to
the laws, they afford equal justice to all
in their private differences... if a man is
able to serve the state, he is not hindered
by the obscurity of his condition.”
Portuguese:
E também teve a batalha de Maratona, localizada cerca de 42 quilometros de Atenas.
Toda a história começou porque Atenhas apoiou os sortudos Gregos Jônicos que
estavam se rebelando em Anatolia, contra os persas.
Isso deixou Xerxes, o rei Persa enfurecido, então ele provocou as duas maiores campanhas contra Atenas
e os atenienses pediram ajuda para todas as cidades estado gregas.
Isso despertou o sentimento de pertencimento, os Gregos começaram a se ver como Gregos
assim como se viam como Espartanos e Atenienses, ou vocês entenderam.
E quando Atenas estava se tornando a capital da Grécia, deu inicio a Era
De Ouro, como os historiadores chamam essa época.
Mas, muitas coisas legais aconteceram na Era de Ouro, incluindo o Parthenon
uma templo que se tornou uma igreja, depois um mosteiro, depois um forte até ser destruído,
chegando nas ruínas que conhecemos hoje.
Tem tinha representante de Estado como Pericles que durante um famoso discurso, falou sobre
a grandeza da democracia de Atenas, com argumentos que funcionariam ainda hoje.
"Se nós olharmos para as leis, elas nos garantem igualdade de justiça para todos, em suas particularidades
... se um homem é capaz de servir ao exercito, e não se esconder na obscuridade da sua condição."
Vietnamese:
và cả trận đánh ở Marathon, một đồng bằng cách Athens khoảng 26,2 dặm
Toàn bộ cuộc chiến bắt đầu vì Athens ủng hộ người Hy Lạp Ionian nói trên khi họ
nổi dậy ở Anatolia chống lại người Ba Tư.Điều đó khiến vua Ba Tư Xerxes nổi giận,
ông chỉ huy hai chiến dịch lớn chống lại người Athen, và người Athens tranh thủ sự giúp đỡ
từ thành bang Hi Lạp khác. Theo sau thắng lợi chung đó, người Hi Lạp bắt đầu
tự coi mình là người Hi Lạp, hơn là người Sparta hay Athens
Rồi Athen nổi lên là thủ đô trên thực tế của Hi Lạp và trải qua Thời đại vàng
thứ mà các sử gia nghĩ ra. Nhưng nhiều thứ tuyệt vời đã thật sự
diễn ra ở Thời đại vàng, gồm Parthenon, ngôi đền mà sau trở thành nhà thờ, rồi nhà thờ Hồi giáo
rồi kho vũ khí tới khi trở thành như hiện tại là một tàn tích
Có cả các chính khách như Pericles, người có diễn văn trong tang lễ nổi tiếng khoe khoang
nền dân chủ vàng Athens với những lời nói ngày nay nghe vẫn phù hợp
"Nếu chúng ta đẻ ý đến các luật lệ, chúng ban công bằng cho tất cả trong chính sự khác biệt về cá nhân của họ
nếu một người có thể phụng sự đất nước, anh ta không bị cản trở bởi hoàn cảnh tăm tối của mình"
Chinese:
離雅典26.2英里的馬拉松之役。
（碰巧是馬拉松賽跑全程）
戰爭起因是雅典支持希臘裔愛奧尼亞人
起義反抗波斯。
波斯帝王薛西斯一怒則兩次出兵討伐雅典，
而雅典尋求希臘其他城邦協助。
希臘團結勝仗便開始自我認為希臘人，
不再只是各城邦的人。
雅典後來事實上成希臘首都。
隨後經歷歷史學家捏造的「黃金時期」。
此時有許多成就，例如
建設帕德嫩神廟（後改做教堂、清真寺、彈藥庫，至今用途是廢墟）
此時也出如伯利克里的政治家，他發表《國殤講詞》中
誇耀民主金黃時期口吻在今天發表也不為過。
「法律上每位市民無論如何都平等
若任何人能為國效力，他必不被外在因素否決。」
這種用詞意境清高
Russian:
А также битва при Марафоне, равнине приблизительно в 26,2 милях (42 км) от Афин.
Война началась, потому что Афины поддержали упомянутых выше ионийцев,
когда они восстали против персов в Анатолии.
Это разозлило персидского короля Ксеркса, так что он провёл два похода против Афинян.
А Афины в свою очередь обратились за помощью к остальным греческим городам.
После совместной победы греки стали считать себя собственно греками,
а не спартанцами, афинянами или ещё кем.
А потом Афины де-факто стали греческой столицей и начался их золотой век.
Который придумали историки.
Но многое произошло в этот золотой век.
Включая Парфенонон. Храм, который стал церковью, потом мечетью, потом арсеналом,
и в конце концов сейчас остановился на своей текущей роли руин.
Ещё там были государственные деятели вроде Перикла, который в своей надгробной речи
воспевал золотую демократию Афин такими словами, которые актуально звучат и по сей день.
"По отношению к частным интересам законы наши предоставляют равноправие для всех...
...скромность звания не служит бедняку препятствием к деятельности, если только он может оказать какую-либо услугу государству."
Arabic:
وكذلك معركة ماراثون،
وهو سهل يبعد 26،2 ميلًا عن أثينا.
بدأت الحرب كلها لأن أثينا
ساندت الإغريق الأيونيين آنفي الذكر
في تمردهم في الأناضول ضد الفرس.
أثار هذا سخط الملك الفارسي أحشويروش،
فقاد حملتين عسكريتين كبيرتين ضد الأثينيين،
فلجأ الأثينيون بدورهم
إلى سائر دول المدن اليونانية الأخرى للمساعدة.
وفي أعقاب ذلك النصر اليوناني المشترك،
بدأ الإغريق ينظرون إلى أنفسهم على أنهم إغريق
بدلًا من اسبارطيين أو أثينيين أو أيًا كان،
ثم اعتُبرت أثينا عاصمة اليونان القديمة
بحكم الأمر الواقع،
ومن ثم حظيت بعصر ذهبي،
وهو شيء من ابتكار المؤرخين.
ولكن أشياء كثيرة عظيمة حدثت بالفعل خلال
العصر الذهبي، بما في ذلك معبد البارثينون،
وهو معبد أصبح كنيسة ثم مسجدًا ثم مستودع أسلحة،
إلى أن استقر في نهاية المطاف
على وضعه الحالي كأطلال أثرية.
كما كان هناك أيضًا رجالات دولة أمثال بريكليس،
والذي تفاخر في خطاب تأبينه الشهير
بديمقراطية أثينا الذهبية بلغة طنانة
شبيهة بلغة سياسيي عصرنا.
"إن القوانين تضمن العدالة بالتساوي للجميع
بغض النظر عن اختلافاتهم الخاصة.
فإذا كان الرجل قادرًا على خدمة الدولة،
فإن خمول ذكره لن يمنعه عن ذلك".
Romanian:
Și de asemenea bătălia de la Maraton care e o câmpie la 26,2 mile distanță de Atena.
Războiul a început din cauză că Atenienii i-au sprijinit pe înainte menționații greci ionieni
când ei s-au revoltat în Anatolia împotriva perșilor. Asta l-a înfuriat pe regele Xerxes,
deci el a condus două mari campanii împotriva atenienilor și Atenienii au fost ajutați
de alte orașe-stat grecești.Și în bucuria victoriei împărtășite, Grecii au început
să se vadă pe sine ca Greci mai mult decât spartani sau atenieni sau oricare ar fi fost.
Și Atena s-a ridicat drept capitala de facto a Greciei și a trecut printr-o
Epocă de Aur așa cum spun istoricii. Dar o mulțime de lucruri mărețe s-au întâmplat în timpul
Epocii de Aur, inclusiv Parthenonul, un templu care a devenit biserică apoi moschee
și apoi depozit de arme până în final a ajuns o ruină.
L-a avut de asemenea pe omul de stat Pericle, al cărui faimos discurs funerar laudă
democrația de aur a Atenei cu o retorică care n-ar suna străin astăzi: Dacă privim
la legi, ele permit dreptate egală pentru toți în probleme private... dacă un om e
capabil să servească statul, el nu este împiedicat de obscuritatea condiției sale.
Modern Greek (1453-):
Και επίσης τη μάχη του Μαραθώνα, που είναι μια πεδιάδα 42 χιλιόμετρα μακριά από την Αθήνα
Ο πόλεμος ξεκίνησε επειδή η Αθήνα υποστήριζε τους Ίωνες που προαναφέραμε,
οι οποίοι επαναστάτησαν στην Ανατολία κατά των Περσών
Αυτό έκανε έξαλλο τον Πέρση βασιλιά Ξέρξη, έτσι έκανε δυο μεγάλες εκστρατείες εναντίων των Αθηναίων
και οι Αθηναίοι ζήτησαν τη βοήθεια από όλες τις υπόλοιπες πόλεις-κράτη.
Και στον απόηχο της αυτής της κοινής Ελληνικής νίκης, οι Έλληνες άρχισαν να θεωρούν τους εαυτούς τους Έλληνες
παρά σαν Σπαρτιάτες, Αθηναίους ή οτιδήποτε.
Και τότε η Αθήνα αναδείχθηκε σαν de facto πρωτεύουσα της Ελλάδας και τότε γνώρισε έναν Χρυσό Αιώνα
που είναι κάτι που επινόησαν οι ιστορικοί
Αλλά πολλά σπουδαία γεγονότα όντως συνέβησαν τον Χρυσό Αιώνα, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του Παρθενώνα,
ενός ναού που έγινε εκκλησία, μετά τέμενος και μετά οπλοστάσιο,
μέχρι που πήρε τη σημερινή του μορφή σαν ερείπιο.
Είχατε επίσης πολιτικούς όπως ο Περικλής, του οποίου ο διάσημος "Επιτάφιος"
καυχιέται για τη Χρυσή Αθηναϊκή Δημοκρατιά με ρητορική που δεν διαφέρει από τη σημερινή
"Αν δούμε τους νόμους, προσφέρουν ισονομία σε όλους με τις προσωπικές τους διαφορές...
Αν ένας άνδρας είναι ικανός να υπηρετήσει το κράτος, δεν παρεμποδίζεται από αδιαφάνεια της κατάστασής του."
iw:
וגם את קרב מרתון, שנמצאת
במישור במרחק 42 קילומטרים מאתונה.
המלחמה כולה התחילה בגלל שאתונה תמכה
ביוונים יוניים שהזכרנו קודם
בשעה שהם התמרדו באנטוליה נגד הפרסים.
זה הטריף את המלך הפרסי סרקסס (אחשוורוש)
אז הוא הוביל שני מערכות עיקריות אל מול האתונאים,
והאתונאים גייסו את עזרתם של -
כל ערי-המדינה היוונית האחרות. וכתוצאה מניצחון משותף זה, היוונים החלו לראות עצמם כ-"יווניים"
ולא פשוט כספרטנים, אתונאים וכולי...
ואז אתונה הגיחה כבירה דה-פקטו
של יוון והחלה את תור זהב שלה
שזו הגדרה שהיסטוריונים אוהבים להמציא,
אבל הרבה דברים קרו במהלך תור הזהב,
כולל הפרתנון,
מקדש שהפך לכנסייה ולאחר מכן למסגד
ואז לנשקייה עד שלבסוף הפך
לחלטורה הנוכחית שלו כחורבה.
היו לנו גם מדינאים כמו פריקלס,
שנאום ההספד המפורסם שלו בו הוא מתרברב
על הדמוקרטיה המדהימה של אתונה עם רטוריקה שלא היתה נשמעת מוזרה היום.
"אם נסתכל על החוק, הוא מתנה צדק שווה לכל,
ללא הבדלים... אם אדם מסוגל לשרת את המדינה
הוא לא מוגבל כאדם
על ידי מצבו האישי."
Dutch:
En ook de slag om Marathon, wat een vlakte is van ongeveer 26,2 mijl van Athene.
Deze hele oorlog startte omdat Athene de al genoemde Ionische Grieken hielp toen zij
tegen Perzië aan het rebelleren waren in Anatolia.
Dat maakte de Perzische koning Xerxes boos waardoor hij 2 grote acties voerde tegen de Atheners,
en de Atheners haalde de hulp van alle andere Griekse stadstaten.
In het begin van die Griekse overwinning begonnen de Grieken zichzelf ook te zien als Grieken
in plaats van Spartanen of Atheners of wat dan ook.
En toen de Atheners eindigde als de hoofdstad van Griekenland onderging het ook een gouden
eeuw, wat iets is dat historici verzinnen.
Maar een hoop goede dingen gebeurde in deze gouden eeuw, waaronder het Parthenon, een
tempel die een kerk werd en toen een moskee en toen een arsenaal totdat het uiteindelijk werd
verandert tot zijn huidige benoeming als ruïne.
Je had ook staatslieden zoals Pericles, die bekend waren voor hun grafrede die opschept over de gouden
democratie van Athene wiens retoriek niet misplaatst zou zijn vandaag de dag.
"Als we kijken naar de wet, geven zij gelijke recht aan alle met hun privé verschillen
.... Als een man mogelijk is om de staat te dienen, hij niet gehinderd is door de duisternis van zijn conditie."
Turkish:
Bir de Maraton Savaşı var. Atina'dan 26.2 mil (42.2 km) uzaklıktaki Maraton ovasında gerçekleşti.
Bütün savaşın nedeni Atina'nın, İyonya Yunanlarını Anandolu'da, Perslere
karşı isyan edince desteklemesiydi.
Bu Pers kralı Serhas'ı o kadar kızdırdı ki Atinalılara karşı iki büyük saldırı düzenledi ve
Atinalılar diğer Yunan şehir-devletlerden yardım istedi.
Yunan zaferinden sonra Yunanlar kendini Atinalı, Spartalı veya başka
bir şey yerine Yunan olarak görmeye başladı.
Atina kendiliğinden Yunanistan'ın başkenti oldu ve altın çağını yaşadı.
Tarihçilerin uydurduğu bir şey.
Yine de Altın Çağ'da büyük şeyler oldu. Mesela, Partenon, tapınak olarak
inşa edilen ama sonra kilise, sonra cami, daha sonra cephanelik ve son olarak
bir ören yeri inşa edildi.
Bir de devlet adamı Perikles yaşadı. Ünlü cenaze nutkunda Atina'nın altın
demokrasisinden bahseder ki günümüzden çok uzak bir üslup kullanmaz.
"Eğer kanunlara bakarsak, kendi özel farklılıklarıyla herkese eşit adalet sağlarlar...
eğer bir adam devlet hizmet edebiliyorsa kendi unutulmuşluğundan kurtulur."
Spanish:
Y también la batalla de Maratón, que es una planicie a unos 42 kilómetros de Atenas.
La guerra comenzó porque Atenas apoyaba a los mencionados jonios cuando se estaban
rebelando en Anatolia contra los persas.
Eso hizo enojar al rey persa, Jerjes, asi que inició dos campañas contra los atenienses,
y los atenienses pidieron la ayuda de todas las otras ciudades-estado griegas.
Y a raíz de esa victoria griega compartida, los griegos comenzaron a verse a sí mismos como griegos
en lugar de espartanos o atenienses o lo que sea.
Y entonces Atenas surgió como la capital de facto de Grecia y luego llegó a experimentar una Edad
de Oro, que es algo que los historiadores inventan.
Pero muchas cosasimportantes ocurrieron durante la Edad de Oro, incluyendo el Partenón,
un templo que se volvió una iglesia, y luego una mezquita, y luego una armería, hasta finalmente
convertirse en su estado actual: Una ruina.
También tenías políticos como Pericles, cuyo famoso Discurso Fúnebre se jacta de la democracia
dorada de Atenas con una retórica que no suena fuera de lugar hoy en día.
"[...] Si observamos las leyes, las mismas brindan igualdad de justicia para todos en sus diferencias privadas [...]
[...] si un hombre es capaz de servir al Estado, él no es relegado por la oscuridad de su condición. "
Polish:
Oraz bitwa pod Maratonem , która toczyła się około 26.2 mil od Aten.
Cała wojna zaczęła się bo Ateńczycy wsparli wymienionych już wcześniej Jońskich Greków , kiedy oni
wzniecili powstanie w Anatolii przeciw Persom.
To sprawiło, że Perski król Kserkes tak się wściekł że zorganizował dwie kampanie wojskowe przeciw Ateńczykom
a Ateńczycy poprosili o pomoc inne greckie miasta.
W rezultacie tego wspólnego zwycięstwa, Grecy zaczęli widzieć siebie bardziej jako Greków
niż jako Spartę , Ateny czy cokolwiek innego.
Wtedy Ateny wyrosły de facto na stolicę Grecji i doświadczyły Złotej Ery
przynajmniej tak to nazywają historycy.
Ale pełno świetnych rzeczy wydarzyło się podczas Złotej Ery, w tym Panteon
czyli świątynia , która stała się kościołem , następnie meczem potem zbrojownią a na końcu
zamieniła się obecną ruinę.
Zapewne znacie też mężów stanu jak Perykles , którego słynna mowa pogrzebowa wychwalała złotą
demokracją w Atenach z retoryką niespotykaną w dzisiejszych czasach.
Jeśli spojrzymy na prawa , to dawały one równość wszystkim w ich prywatnych sporach
...jeśli mężczyzna jest w stanie służyć swojemu miastu , nie może być dyskryminowany względu na swoje pochodzenie.
German:
und die Schlacht von Marathon, was ungefährt 26,2 Meilen [ca. 42.2 km] von Athen entfernt liegt
Der ganze Krieg begann, weil Athen die bereits erwähnten Ionischen Griechen unterstützte, als diese
in Anatolien gegen die Perser rebellierten.
Das machte den persischen König Xerxes wütend, sodass er zwei große Kämpfe gegen Athen ausfocht,
und die Athener holten sich Hilfe bei den anderen griechischen Stadtstaaten.
Und infolge dieses gemeinsamen griechischen Sieges begannen die Griechen, sich selbst als Griechen zu sehen
statt als Spartaner oder Athener oder was auch immer.
Und dann wurde Athen die Hauptstadt von Griechenland und erlebte ein goldenes Zeitalter,
was etwas ist, dass sich Historiker ausdenken.
Doch es passierten eine Menge toller Sachen in diesem goldenen Zeitalter, einschließlich des Parthenon, ein
Temple, der eine Kirche wurde und dann eine Moschee und dann eine Waffenkammer und schließlich
dann eine Ruine - sein heutiger Zustand.
Es gab auch Staatsmänner wie Perikles, dessen berühmte Gefallenenrede von der goldenen
Demokratie Athens mit einer Rhetorik schwärmt, die auch heute nicht fehl am Platz wäre.
"Wenn wir auf die Gesetze schauen, bieten sie gleiche Gerechtigkeit für alle mit all ihren privaten Verschiedenheiten
... wenn ein Mann in der Lage ist dem Staat zu dienen, wird er nicht durch die Misslichkeit seiner Lage davon abgehalten."
Hungarian:
Ekkor volt a marathóni csata is, ami
úgy 40 km-re van Athéntól.
Az egész háború azért kezdődött,
mert Athén támogatta a jón görögöket,
amikor fellázadtak a perzsák ellen Anatóliában.
Ez persze feldühítette Xerxész perzsa királyt,
úgyhogy két nagy hadjáratot indított Athén ellen, akik az összes többi városállam segítségét igénybe vették.
A görög győzelem nyomán éledt fel az egységes görög nemzeti tudat,
az emberek már görögnek látták magukat, nem pedig spártainak, vagy athéninek, vagy másnak.
Athén vált Görögország fővárosává, és ekkor élte Görögország az Aranykorát,
ami egy olyan név, amit a történészek találtak ki. Számos szuper dolog köthető
az Aranykorhoz, köztük a Parthenon, a
templom ami aztán mecsetté vált,
majd egy fegyverraktárrá, míg végül elérte jelenlegi szerepét: antik rom lett belőle.
Ekkor élt a nagy államférfi: Periklész, aki híres az elesett athéniak temetésén mondott beszédéről, amiben kérked
az athéni demokráciáról, és amit olyan remek retorikával mondott, amely a mai napig megállná a helyét:
„Törvényeink szerint a személyes ügyeket tekintve mindenki egyenjogú, [...] itt nem a társadalmi helyzet, hanem a kiválóság ér többet,
és ha valaki olyasmire képes, ami a város javára van, szegény sorsa és így jelentéktelen társadalmi rangja nem áll útjában."
Swedish:
Och även slaget vid Marathon, som är
en slätt cirka 26,2 miles från Aten.
Hela kriget började för Aten gav stöd
till de ovannämnda joniska grekerna när de
gjorde uppror i Anatolien mot perserna.
Det gjorde den persiske kungen Xerxes galen, så
han ledde två stora kampanjer mot Atenarna,
och Atenarna tog hjälp av alla
de andra grekiska stadsstaterna. I kölvattnet
av den delade grekiska seger, började grekerna
att se sig själva som greker, snarare än som
Spartaner, eller Atenarna eller något annat.
Sedan blev Aten den de facto huvudstaden av
Grekland och fick uppleva en gyllene
ålder, vilket är något som historiker gör
upp. Men en hel del bra saker hände under
guldåldern, inklusive Parthenon, ett
tempel som blev en kyrka och sedan en moské
och sedan en arsenal tills slutligen den fick
sitt nuvarande gig som ruin.
Du hade också statsmän som Perikles, vars
berömda liktal skryter om den gyllene
demokratin i Aten med retorik som inte skulle
låta udda idag. "Om vi ser till
lagarna, de ger lika rättvisa för alla
i deras privata skillnader ... om man
kan tjäna staten, han ska inte hindras
på grund av hans tillstånd. "
Finnish:
Lisäksi käytiin Marathonin taistelu, joka on tasanko 42km päässä Ateenasta.
Koko sota syttyi, koska Ateenalaiset tukivat edellä mainittuja Joonian kreikkalaisia kun he
kapinoivat Anatoliassa persialaisia vastaan.
Tämä suututti Persian kuninkaan Kserkseksen, joten hän johti kahta sotaretkeä Ateenalaisia vastaan,
ja Ateenalaiset pestasivat apua muista kaupunkivaltioista.
Jaetun Kreikan voiton herättäminä kreikkalaiset alkoivat nähdä itsensä kreikkalaisina
enemmän kuin spartalaisina tai ateenalaisina tai muina sellaisina.
Ja sitten Ateenasta muodostui tosiasiallinen Kreikan pääkaupunki ja sai kokea
Kulta-ajan, jonka historoitsijat ovat sepittäneet.
Mutta paljon hyviä asioita tapahtui Kulta-aikana, mukaanlukien Parthenon,
temppleli, josta tuli kirkko ja sitten moskeija ja sitten arsenaali, kunnes vihdoin vakiintui
nykyiseen hommaansa raunioina.
Oli myös valtiomiehiä kuten Perikles, jonka kuuluisa hautajaispuhe kerskuu Ateenan
kultaista demokratiaa puhetaidolla, joka sopisi tähän päiväänkin.
"Jos tarkastelemme lakeja, ne tarjoavat tasa-arvoista oikeutta kaikille heidän erilaisuuksissaan
... jos mies pystyy palvelemaan valtiota, häntä ei estä tilansa epämääräisyys."
French:
Et également la bataille de Marathon, qui est une plaine à environ 42,2 km d'Athènes.
La guerre a commencé parce qu'Athènes supportaient les Grecs Ioniens susmentionnés lors qu'ils
se sont rebellés en Anatolie contre les Perses. Ça a fâché le roi Perse Xerxès, donc
il a mené deux campagnes majeurs contre les Athéniens et les Athéniens ont demandé l'aide de toutes
les autres cités-États grecques. À la suite de cette victoire partagée des Grecs, ils ont commencé
à se voir comme étant Grecs, plutôt qu'étant Spartiates ou Athéniens ou peu importe.
Puis Athènes a émergé comme la capitale de facto de la Grèce et a vécu son âge d'or,
ce qui est une invention des historiens.
Mais beaucoup de choses se sont produites pendant cet âge d'or, incluant le Parthénon,
un temple qui est devenu une église, puis une mosquée, puis un arsenal,
avant de se stabiliser comme attraction en tant que ruine.
Il y avait aussi des hommes d'État comme Périclès, dont le fameux discours funéraire vante la démocracie
d'Athène avec une rhétorique qui ne semblerait pas hors propos aujourd'hui.
"Si nous regardons les lois, elles permettent une justice égale pour tous dans leurs différences individuelles.
Si un homme est capable de servir l'État, il n'est pas gêné par l'obscurité de son état."
Portuguese:
Quando você combina essa teoria bem desenvolvida com o inconfundível poder da beleza
da arte e da filosofia que foi criada na Atenhas antiga, não é difícil ver
a fundação da civilização Ocidental.
E se você acreditar nisso, deveria ficar agradecido pelos gregos terem ganhado as Guerras Persas.
Mas mesmo se você deixar a escravidão de lado junto com outras injustiças, ainda
é complicada.
Tenho mesmo que dizer isso, sério? Ótimo, complicado, bem aquele na cidade junto a capital T
que rima com P e onde estava a guerra do Peloponeso.
O discurso de Pericles aconteceu em uma guerra mais tarde, durante a Guerra do Peloponeso, ela durou 30 anos e
foi um conflito entre Atenas e Esparta.
Os Espartanos não abraçaram a democracia e sim uma monarquia ditatorial
porque havia uma enorme classe de escravos brutais e mal tratados.
Mas para ser claro, a guerra não foi motivada por Atenas tentando transformar Esparta em uma democracia
dificilmente há guerras assim.
Ela foi sobre recurso e poder, e os Atenienses que inocentemente tinha tudo isso,
como mostra o famoso Diálogo de Melian.
Vamos para Thought Bubble
Então, uma das histórias mais famosas da guerra do Peloponeso foi a passagem de Tucídides.
Os atenienses
Polish:
Kiedy połączymy tą wysoko lotną retorykę z niezaprzeczalną siłą i pięknem
sztuki i filozofii , które powstały w starożytnych Atenach , nie jest trudno widzieć to jako fundamenty
Zachodniej Cywilizacji
I jeśli to kupujesz , musisz się cieszyć że to Grecy wygrali Wojny Perskie.
Ale nawet jeśli odkładasz na bok niewolnictwo i inne niesprawiedliwości w Greckim społeczeństwie
to ciągle masz problem
Mowa pogrzebowa Peryklesa pochodzi z ostatniej wojny , Wojny Peloponeskiej
30 letnim konflikcie między Atenami a Spartą.
Spartianie nie przyjęli demokracji , zamiast tego wprowadzili system królów
który funkcjonował tylko dzięki dużej dozie brutalności w stosunku do niewolników.
Ale żeby być szczerym, powodem wojny nie była chęć Aten do wprowadzenia demokracji w Sparcie.
wojny rzadko o to się toczą.
Konflikt był o zasoby i siłę. I Ateńczycy nie byli do końca święci w tym wszystkim
jak zaświadcza słynny dialog Meliana
Użyjmy "Thought Bubble"
Jedną z najsłynniejszych historii opisanych przez Tukidydesa w Wojnie Peloponeskiej jest wyprawa Ateńczyków
English:
When you combine that high-minded rhetoric
with the undeniable power and beauty of the
art and philosophy that was created in ancient
Athens, it’s not hard to see it as the foundation
of Western civilization. And if you buy into
this, you have to be glad that the Greeks
won the Persian Wars. But even if you put
aside the slavery and other injustices in
Greek society, there’s still trouble.
Do I have to say it, seriously? FINE. TROUBLE
RIGHT HERE IN RIVER CITY WITH A CAPITAL T
AND THAT RHYMES WITH P AND THAT STANDS FOR
PELOPONNESE.
Pericles’s funeral oration comes from a
later war, The Peloponnesian War, a thirty
year conflict between the Athenians and the
Spartans. The Spartans did not embrace democracy
but instead embraced a kingship that functioned
only because of a huge class of brutally mistreated
slaves. But to be clear, the war was not about
Athens trying to get Sparta to embrace democratic
reform; wars rarely are. It was about resources
and power. And the Athenians were hardly saintly
in all of this, as evidenced by the famous
Melian Dialogue. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
So in one of the most famous passages of Thucydides’
history of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians
Modern Greek (1453-):
Και όταν συνδυαστεί αυτή η υψηλής ηθικής ρητορική με την αδιαμφισβήτητη δύναμη και ομορφιά
της τέχνης και της φιλοσοφίας που δημιουργήθηκε στην αρχαία Αθήνα,
δεν είναι δύσκολο να το δει κανείς σαν τα θεμέλια του δυτικού πολιτισμού.
Και αν το πιστέψεις αυτό, θα πρέπει να νιώθεις περήφανος που οι Έλληνες κέρδισαν τους Περσικούς πολέμους.
Αλλά ακόμα και αν παραμερίσεις τη σκλαβιά και άλλες αδικίες στην ελληνική κοινωνία
υπάρχει ακόμα πρόβλημα.
Πρέπει να το πω? Σοβαρά? Εντάξει. Πρόβλημα
Ακριβώς εδώ στην River City με κεφαλαίο Τ που κάνει ρίμα με το Π που σημαίνει Πελοπόννησος.
Ο "Επιτάφιος" προέρχεται από έναν μεταγενέστερο πόλεμο, τον Πελοποννησιακό,
ο οποίος ήταν μια τριακονταετής διαμάχη μεταξύ Αθηναίων και Σπαρτιατών.
Οι Σπαρτιάτες δεν υιοθέτησαν τη δημοκρατία, αντιθέτως είχαν βασιλεία η οποία ήταν λειτουργική
μόνο επειδή υπήρχε μια τάξη βάναυσα κακομεταχειρισμένων σκλάβων.
Αλλά για να είμαστε ξεκάθαροι, ο πόλεμος δεν έγινε για να αναγκάσουν οι Αθηναίοι τους Σπαρτιάτες να υιοθετήσουν δημοκρατικές μεταρρυθμίσεις.
σπάνια το κάνουν αυτό οι πόλεμοι
Έγινε για τους πόρους και τη δύναμη. Και οι Αθηναίοι δεν ήταν άγιοι σε όλο αυτό,
όπως αποδείχθηκε από το διάσημο διάλογο Αθηναίων-Μηλίων.
Ας πάμε στη Φούσκα της Σκέψης
Σε ένα, λοιπόν, από τα πιο γνωστά εδάφια στην Θουκυδίδου Ιστορία του Πελοποννησιακού πολέμου,
οι Αθηναίοι έπλευσαν στη Μήλο, που ήταν αποικία της Σπάρτης,
German:
Wenn man diese hochgeistige Rhetorik mit der unbestreitbaren Kraft und Schönheit der
Kunst und Philosophie kombiniert, die im alten Athen erschaffen wurden, ist es nicht schwer, das als die Gründung
der westlichen Zivilisation zu sehen.
Und wenn man das so sieht, muss man froh sein, dass die Griechen die Perserkriege gewonnen haben.
Doch selbst wenn man die Sklaverei und andere Ungerechtigkeiten in der griechen Gesellschaft außer Ach lässt, gibt
es noch immer Probleme.
Muss ich es wirklich sagen? Na gut. Probleme genau hier in einer Stadt am Fluss mit einem großen T,
das sich auf P reimt und das steht für "peloponnesisch".
Perikles' Gefallenenrede stammt aus einem späteren krieg, dem Peloponnessichen Krieg, einem 30 Jahre
andauernden Konflikt zwischen Athen und den Spartanern.
Die Spartaner hatten keine Demokratie sondern stattdessen ein Königtum, das nur aufgrund einer großen Gruppe
brutal mishandelter Sklaven funktionierte.
Um das klarzustellen, in dem Krieg ging es nicht darum, dass Athen versucht hätte, Sparta zur
Demkoratie zu bewegen; darum geht es in Kriegen selten.
Es ging um Ressourcen und um Macht. Und die Athener haben sich darin kaum heilig verhalten,
wie man im berühmten Melierdialog sehen kann.
Lasst uns zur Thought Bubble kommen.
In einer der berühmtesten Passagen aus Thukydides' Geschichte des Peloponnesischen Krieges, segelten die Athener
Swedish:
När du kombinerar denna högsinnade retorik
med den obestridliga makt och skönhet
hos konsten och filosofin som skapades i det gamla
Aten, är det inte svårt att se det som grunden
för den västerländska civilisationen. Och om du köper det här måste du vara glad att grekerna
vann persiska krigen. Men även om du bortser från slaveri och andra orättvisor i
Grekiska samhället finns fortfarande problem.
Måste jag säga det, allvarigt? Ok. PROBLEM!
Här i River City med stort T
OCH som rimmar med P OCH som står för
Peloponnesos.
Pericles begravningstal kommer från ett
senare krig, det peloponnesiska kriget, en trettio
år lång konflikt mellan Atenarna och
Spartanerna. Spartanerna anammade inte demokrati
utan anammade istället ett kungadöme som bara fungerade
på grund av en stor klass av brutalt misshandlade
slavar. Men för att vara tydlig, kriget var inte om att
Aten försökte få Sparta att omfamna demokratiska
reformer; krig är sällan det. Det handlade om resurser
och makt. Atenarna var knappast helgonlika
i allt detta, vilket framgår av den kända
Melian dialogen. Låt oss kolla på tankebubblan.
Så i en av de mest kända passager av Thukydides
historia om det peloponnesiska kriget,
Finnish:
Kun yhdistää korkea mielisen puhetaidon kiistämättömällä voimalla ja taiteen
kauneuden ja filosofian, joka tulee muinaisesta Kreikasta, ei ole vaikea huomata sitä pohjana
Läntiselle sivilisaatiolle.
Jos sinua kiinnostaa tämä, sinun on oltava iloinen, että kreikkalaiset voittivat persialaissodat.
Vaikka sivuutat orjuuden ja muut vääryydet kreikkalaisessa yhteiskunnassa, on vielä
olemassa ongelmia.
Onko minun sanottava se oikeasti? Okei. Ongelmia juuri täällä jokikaupungissa, joka alkaa T:llä,
joka rimmaa P:n kanssa ja kannattaa peloponnesoslaisia.~
Perikleen hautajaispuhe tulee myöhäisemmästä sodasta, Peloponnesolaissodasta, 30 vuotinen
konflikti Ateenan ja Spartan välillä.
Spartalaiset eivät suosineet demokratiaa, mutta sen sijaan suosivat kuninkuutta, joka toimi
vain suuren, julmasti kaltoinkohtellun orjajoukon ansiosta.
Selvennökseksi sotaa ei käyty, jotta Ateena saisi Spartan suosimaan demokratiaa;
sotia harvoin käydään sen vuoksi.
Sitä käytiin resurssien ja vallan takia. Ateenalaiset tuskin olivat pyhimyksiä tässä kaikessa,
kuten huomataan kuuluisasta Melos-dialogista.
Mennäänpä Ajatuskuplaan.
Yhdessä kuuluisimmista Thukydideen Peloponnesolaissodan historian otteessa ateenalaiset
Russian:
И когда вы прибавите к этой высокоморальной реторике всю красоту и силу
искусства и философии, которые были созданы в античных Афинах,
то становится нетрудно разглядеть в этом фундамент западной цивилизации.
И если вы на это купились, то вы должны быть рады, что греки выиграли Греко-персидские войны.
Но даже если забыть про рабство и другие несправедливости греческого общества, то проблемы всё равно были
Я должен сказать это?
Серьёзно?
Хорошо.
Проблема. Вот здесь. В городе на реке на букву Т. Рифмуется на П и значит Пелопонесс.
Надгробная речь Перикла была произнесены после более позденй войны - Пелопонесской.
Это был 30-летний конфликт
между афинянами и спартанцами.
Спартанам не нравилась демократия, зато им была по душе олигархия,
которая держалась лишь за счёт огромного числа ужасно угнетаемых рабов.
Но, честно говоря, война была не из-за того, что Афины хотели заставить Спарту провести демократические реформы.
Из-за этого редко случаются войны.
Всё было из-за ресурсов и власти.
И афиняне в этом деле были отнюдь не святошами.
Свидетельством чего является известный Мелосский диалог.
Давайте обратимся к Thought Bubble.
Итак, в одном из самых известных эпизодов "Истории Пелопоннесской войны" Фукидида
Chinese:
加上雅典藝術及哲學無可否認的實力和美麗
將這時期視為西方文明基礎並不難。
你若相信此說，也一定認為幸好是希臘人勝仗。
但就算將奴役等不公義置一邊，社會還是問題無窮。
我非得要說嗎？
［歡樂音樂妙無窮裡的歌詞］
《國殤講詞》來自更久之後為期三十年的伯羅奔尼撒戰爭，
戰爭兩方為雅典及斯巴達。
斯巴達並不民主，而沿用一種
靠壓榨屬社會絕多數的奴隸階層才不垮台的君王制。
先說明戰爭不是因為雅典要斯巴達實現民主改革
（戰爭鮮少是為了要民主）
此戰爭是為了資源和權力
由《米洛斯對話》可見雅典人絕不聖潔
看看Thought Bubble動畫教學吧。
修昔底德《伯羅奔尼撒戰爭》一作最著名的章節之一
雅典派軍船去斯巴達殖民地米洛斯島，
Hungarian:
Ha kombináljuk a magasröptű retorikát a tagadhatatlan hatalommal, és a művészeti és filozófiai szépséggel,
ami az ókori Athénban sarjadt,
könnyű a nyugati civilizációk alapjaként tekinteni rá.
És ha ez ínyedre való, örülj, hogy a görögök nyerték a görög-perzsa háborúkat.
De még ha el is tekintünk a rabszolgatartástól, és az egyéb igazságtalanságtól, ami jelen volt a társadalomban,
még mindig vannak problémák.
Muszáj kimondanom, most komolyan? Hát jó.
BAJ.
Itt, a folyó menti városban,
baj van, és ezt a bajt Peloponnészosz-nak hívják.
Periklész egy későbbi háború miatt mondta temetési beszédét: a peloponnészoszi háború 30 éven át tartó
konfliktus volt az athéniak és a spártaiak között.
A spártaiak nem fogadták el a demokráciát,
hanem egy erőszakos egyeduralmi berendezkedésük volt, aminek alapja egy hatalmas brutálisan bántalmazott rabszolga sereg volt.
A háborút nem azért vívták, mert athén rá akarta volna kényszeríteni Spártára a demokráciát.
Nem, a konfliktus alapja az erőforrásokért és a hatalomért vívott harc volt.
Az athéniak sem voltak ártatlanok,
amit a híres Méloszi Dialógus is bizonyít.
Nézzük csak a gondolat buborékot.
Tehát az egyik legismertebb része Thuküdidész irományának a peloponnészoszi háborúról szól.
Arabic:
وعند الجمع بين ذلك الخطاب نبيل المشاعر
وبين ما لا يمكن إنكاره من تأثير وجمال
تمتع بهما الفن والفلسفة
اللذان أبدِعا في أثينا القديمة،
فليس من الصعب
أن نعتبرها أساس الحضارة الغربية.
وإذا ما اقتنع المرء بهذا المنطق فلا بد له
من أن يُسر لانتصار الإغريق في الحروب الفارسية.
بيد أننا حتى لو تجاهلنا العبودية وأشكال
الظلم الأخرى في المجتمع اليوناني القديم،
ستبقى هناك مشكلة ماثلة أمامنا.
هل علي أن أقولها؟ حقًا؟
حسن. مشكلة، هنا في "ريفر سيتي"
ومصدرها بيلوبونيز.
خطاب تأبين بريكليس ألقِي إبان حرب لاحقة،
ألا وهي الحرب البيلوبونيسية،
وهو صراع دام ثلاثين عامًا
بين الأثينيين والاسبرطيين.
لم يتبن الاسبرطيون الديمقراطية
وإنما اعتمدوا حكمًا ملكيًا
ما كانت لتقوم له قائمة لولا وجود فئة كبيرة
من العبيد الذين عوملوا معاملة وحشية.
للتوضيح، لم يكن الهدف الحرب من أن تحمل أثينا
اسبرطة على تبنّي مبادئ الإصلاح الديمقراطي،
فنادرًا ما يكون ذلك هو الهدف من الحروب.
بل كانت الموارد والسلطة هي السبب.
كما أن الأثينيين لم يكونوا ملائكة،
كما يتضح من حوار ميلوس الشهير.
دعونا ننتقل إلى فقاعة التخيل.
في إحدى أشهر فقرات كتاب
تاريخ ثيوسيديدز عن الحرب البيلوبونيسية،
أبحر الأثينيون إلى جزيرة ميلوس،
وهي مستعمرة اسبرطية،
Dutch:
Wanneer je deze retorische wijsheid combineert met de ontegenzeggelijk kracht en schoonheid van de
kunst en filosofie dat was gecreëerd in het oude Athene, is het niet moeilijk om het te zien als de fundering
van Westerse civilisatie.
En als je dit gelooft, mag je blij zijn dat de Grieken de Perzische oorlog wonnen.
Maar zelfs als je de slavernij en andere onrechten opzij schuift in de Griekse gemeenschap, zijn er nog steeds problemen
Moet ik het zeggen, ja? Oké, problemen midden in rivier stad met een hoofdletter T
dat rijmt met P en staat voor de Peloponnesos.
Pericles zijn grafrede komt van de late oorlog, de Peleponnese oorlog, een 30 jarige
conflict tussen de Atheners en de Spartanen
De Spartaten wilde geen democratie maar gebruikte daarentegen een koningschap dat functioneerde
alleen maar vanwege het grote klasse verschil en de verschrikkelijk behandelde slaven.
Maar om duidelijk te zijn, deze oorlog was niet over Athene die probeerde Sparta democratisch te krijgen
oorlogen zijn dat zelden.
Het was over goederen en macht. En de Atheners waren nauwelijks heilig in dit alles,
zoals bewezen door de bekende Melian dialoog.
Laten we naar de gedachte bubbel gaan.
Dus in een van de meest bekende passages van Thucydides,
geschiedenis van de Peleponnese oorlog, zeilde de Atheners
Vietnamese:
Khi kết hợp thuật hùng biện cao cả đó với sức mạnh và vẻ đẹp không thể phủ nhận
của nghệ thuật và triết học Athens cổ đại, không khó để nhìn nhận nó như nền móng
của nền văn minh phương Tây. Nếu hoàn toàn tin điều này, bạn phải vui mừng vì
Hi Lạp đã thắng Chiến tranh Ba Tư. Nhưng kể cả bạn bỏ qua chế độ nô lệ và những bất công khác
trong xã hội Hy Lạp, vẫn còn rắc rối.
Vấn đề ngay đây ở thành phố sông với một thủ đô T (Thebes)
vần với P và nó là viết tắt của Peloponnes
Diễn văn của Pericles đến từ một cuộc chiến sau đó, Chiến tranh Peloponnesia, một cuộc xung đột
30 năm giữa người Athens và Sparta. Người Sparta không theo dân chủ
mà thay vào là vương quyền hoạt động chỉ bởi một giai cấp đông đảo nô lệ
bị ngược đãi tàn bạo. Nói rõ hơn, cuộc chiến không do Athens cố gắng bắt Sparta cải tổ dân chủ;
chiến tranh hiếm khi vậy. Nó là vì tài nguyên và quyền lực. Và người Athenians hiếm khi tốt bụng
trong việc này, bằng chứng là
Cuộc đối thoại ở Melos nổi tiếng
Ở một trong các đoạn văn nổi tiếng nhất trong sử của Thucydides về chiến tranh Peloponnesian, người Athens
Czech:
Když zkombinujete tyto ušlechtilé
řeči s nespornou silou a krásou
umění a filosofie, která má svůj
začátek ve starověkých Athénách,
není těžké to vnímat
jako počátek západní kultury.
Pokud tomu věříte, musíte být rádi,
že Řekové vyhráli řecko-perské války.
Ale i když necháme stranou otroctví
a jiné nespravedlnosti řecké společnosti,
stále tu máme problém.
Mám to říct, vážně? Fajn.
Trable zrovna tady
v River City a to s velkým T,
což se rýmuje s P,
což znamená Peloponés.
Periklova pohřební řeč pochází
z pozdější války, peloponéské,
to byl 30letý spor
mezi Athénami a Spartou.
Sparťané neměli demokracii,
ale království, které fungovalo
pouze díky otrokům,
se kterými zacházeli extrémně krutě.
Ale aby bylo jasno,
tato válka se neodehrála,
protože Athéňané chtěli Spartu
přinutit k demokracii, o tom války nejsou.
Odehrála se kvůli zdrojům a moci.
Athéňané rozhodně nebyli nevinní,
jak je zaznamenáno v
"Dějinách peloponéské války".
Pojďme do Thought Bubble.
V jedné z nejznámějších pasáží
Thúkýdidových "Dějin peleponéské války"
Spanish:
Cuando combinas esa retórica altruista con el innegable poder y belleza del arte
y filosofía que se creó en la antigua Atenas, no es dificil verla como la fundación de la civilización occidental.
Y si le crees a esto, tienes que estar feliz que los griegos ganaran las Guerras Médicas.
Pero incluso poniendo a un lado la esclavitud y otras injusticias en la sociedad griega, aún
hay problemas.
¿Tengo que decirlo? ¿En serio? De acuerdo.
Problemas aquí en River City con P
y eso rima con P y es P de Peloponeso.
El Discurso Fúnebre de Pericles proviene de una guerra posterior, la guerra del Peloponeso, un conflicto
de 30 años entre Atenas y Esparta.
Los espartanos no adoptaron la democracia pero adoptaron en su lugar una realeza que funcionaba
solo debido a una gran casta de esclavos brutalmente maltratados.
Pero para aclarar, la guerra no era acerca de Atenas tratando que Esparta adoptara una reforma
democrática; las guerras raramente lo son.
Era sobre recursos y poder. Y los atenienses apenas fueron santos en todo esto,
como lo demuestra el famoso diálogo de los melios.
Vamos a la Burbuja de Pensamiento.
En uno de los pasajes más famosos de la Historia de la Guerra del Peloponeso de Tucídides, los atenienses
French:
Lorsqu'on combine cette rhétorique noble avec le pouvoir et la beauté indéniable de
l'art et de la philosophie créés dans l'Athènes antique, ce n'est pas difficile de voir le tout comme le fondement
de la civilisation occidentale.
Et si vous adhérez à cela, vous devez être content que les Grecs aient gagné les guerres médiques.
Mais même si on met de côté l'esclavage et les autres injustices de la société grecque, il y a tout de même des problèmes.
Est-ce que je dois le dire, sérieusement? D'accord. Problèmes ici dans River City avec un P majuscule
et ça rime avec P et ça représente Péloponnèse.
Le discours funéraire de Périclès vient d'une guerre ultérieure, la guerre du Péloponnèse, un conflit
de 30 ans entre les Athéniens et les Spartiates.
Les Spartiates n'adhéraient pas à la démocratie, mais plutôt à une royauté qui ne fonctionnait qu'en
raison d'une énorme classe d'esclaves brutallement maltraités.
Mais, soyons clairs, le but de la guerre n'était pas de faire adhérer les Spartiates à une réforme démocratique.
C'est rarement le cas.
C'était à propos des ressources et du pouvoir et les Athéniens étaient à peine des Saints dans tout ça,
tel que démontré dans le Dialogue mélien.
Allons à la bulle d'idée.
Dans l'un des passages les plus connus de l'histoire de La Guerre du Péloponnèse de Thucydide, les Athéniens
Turkish:
Bu yüksek akıla ait konuşmayı sorgusuz güç ve eski Atina'daki sanatın ve
filozofinin güzelliğiyle birleştirirseniz Batı medeniyetinin temelini görmekte zorlanmazsınız.
filozofinin güzelliğiyle birleştirirseniz Batı medeniyetinin temelini görmekte zorlanmazsınız.
Eğer buna inanıyorsanız Yunanların Pers Savaşları'nı kazanmasına sevinirsiniz.
Ama Yunan toplumdaki kölelik ve diğer eşitsizlikeri bir kenara bıraksanız bile sorunlarla karşılaşırsınız.
Ama Yunan toplumdaki kölelik ve diğer eşitsizlikeri bir kenara bıraksanız bile sorunlarla karşılaşırsınız.
Söylemeli miyim, gerçekten? Tamam. Nehir Şehri'nde sorunlarımız var. Büyük S ile.
Bu da Mora'nın M'siyle kafiyeli.
Perikles'in cenaze nutku daha Mora Savaşı'ndan gelir.
Atina ve Sparta arasında 30 yıl süren bir savaş.
Spartalılar demokrasi yerine krallığı tercih etmişti. Bunun nedeniyse
şiddet uyguladıkları büyük köle takımıydı.
Açıkçası, savaş Atinalıların Sparta'ya demokrasi getirmesi için değildi. Savaşlar nadiren böyledir.
Açıkçası, savaş Atinalıların Sparta'ya demokrasi getirmesi için değildi. Savaşlar nadiren böyledir.
Savaş kaynak ve güç içindi. Atinalar da ünlü Melian Görüşmeleri'ne göre
pek de masum değildi.
Thought Bubble'a gidelim.
Tukididis'in Peloponez Savaşı Tarhi'nin en ünlü bölümlerinden birinde
iw:
כאשר משלבים את הרטוריקה המתוחכמת הזו
עם הכוח והיופי הבלתי ניתן להכחשה
של האמנות והפילוסופיה שנוצרה באתונה העתיקה, לא קשה לנו לייחס לה את ערש התרבות המערבית.
ואם אתם קונים את זה,
אתם צריכים להיות שמחים שהיוונים ניצחו במלחמה.
אבל גם אם שמים בצד את העבדות
ועוולות אחרות בחברה היוונית.
יש עדיין כמה בעיות.
אני באמת צריך להגיד את זה, ברצינות?
בסדר, צרות כאן בריבר סיטי עם טי גדולה
שמתחרזת עם פי בשביל פֶּלוֹפּוֹנִִיסוֹס.
נאום ההספד של פריקלס מגיע
ממלחמה מאוחרת יותר, המלחמה הפלופונסית,
סכסוך בין שלושים שנה בין האתונאים
והספרטנים. הספרטנים לא אימצו את הדמוקרטיה
ובמקום אימצה מלוכה שתפקדה רק בזכות
מגזר עצום של עבדים שדוכו באכזריות ברוטלית
אבל שיהיה ברור, המלחמה לא היתה בגלל
שאתונה ניסתה לגרום לספרטה להפוך לדמוקרטית
נדיר שמלחמות הן על זה, היא הייתה בגלל משאבים וכוח.
וגם האתונאים לא היו קדושים...
כפי שמעיד דיאלוג מליאן המפורסם.
בואו נלך אל הבועה למחשבה.
אז באחד הקטעים המפורסמים ביותר של תוקידידס "ההיסטוריה של המלחמה הפלופונסית",
Thai:
หากคุณรวมวาทะอันชาญฉลาด เข้ากับพลังอำนาจที่ยิ่งใหญ่
และความงดงามของศิลปะและปรัชญาที่สร้างขึ้นในเอเธนส์ คุณก็จะเห็นว่านั่นเป็นพื้นฐานของอารยธรรมตะวันตกในยุคต่อมา
ถ้าคุณเห็นด้วยกับความคิดนี้ คุณจะต้องดีใจที่กรีกชนะในสงครามเปอร์เซีย
แต่ว่าถึงคุณจะตัดเรื่องทาส และความอยุติธรรมอื่นๆ
ในสังคมกรีกออกแล้ว
มันก็ยังมีปัญหาอยู่
ผมต้องพูดจริงหรอ? ก็ได้
ปัญหาที่ว่านี้ เกิดที่เมืองแม่น้ำ
คำมันคล้องจองดี เมืองนี้คือเพโลพอนนีส
การปราศัยในพิธีศพของเพริคลิส
มาจากสงครามเพโลพอนนีเซียน ที่เกิดขึ้นภายหลัง
เป็นสงครามระหว่างเอเธนส์กับสปาร์ต้า
พวกสปาร์ต้าไม่เชื่อในระบอบประชาธิปไตย
แต่สนับสนุนระบอบกษัตริย์ ซึ่งดำรงอยู่ได้จากการกดขี่ทาส
แต่สงครามนี้ไม่ได้เกี่ยว กับการที่เอเธนส์พยายามเปลี่ยนให้สปาร์ต้ามาใช้ระบอบประชาธิปไตย
แทบไม่มีสงครามไหนที่เกี่ยวกับเรื่องแบบนี้
แท้จริงแล้วมันเป็นเรื่องของทรัพยากร และอำนาจ
และเอเธนส์ก็ไม่ได้ใจดีในเรื่องนี้ ดังปรากฎหลักฐานในบทสนทนาโบราณ Melian Dialogue ตัดไปที่ Thought Bubble ครับ
ตอนหนึ่งในงานชิ้นเอกของ ทิวซิดิดีส เรื่อง ประวัติศาสตร์สงครามเพโลพอนนีเซียน
Romanian:
Când amestecați această retorică înaltă cu puterea și frumusețea de necontestat
a artei și filosofiei creată în Atena antică, nu e greu de văzut că reprezintă fundația
civilizației occidentale. Dacă vedeți doar asta, o să fiți bucuroși că Grecii
au câștigat războaiele persane. Dar chiar dând la o parte sclavia și alte nedreptăți
din societatea greacă, rămân încă probleme.
O să spun, serios? Bine. Sunt probleme chiar aici
și au legătură cu Peloponezul.
Discursul funerar al lui Pericle aparține unui război târziu, războiul Peloponeziac, un conflict
de 30 de ani între Atenieni și Spartani. Spartanii n-au îmbrățișat democrația
dar în locul ei au avut o monarhie care a funcționat bazată pe o numeroasă clasă de sclavi tratați
cu brutalitate. Dar ca să fie clar, războiul n-a fost pentru ca Atena să impună Spartei reforme democratice;
rareori erau războaie pentru asta. A fost pentru resurse și putere.Și atenienii erau sfinți
în toate astea așa cum arată faimosul dialog melian. Să mergem la Balonul de Gândit.
Deci într-unul dintre cele mai faimoase pasaje din Istoria războiului peloponeziac a lui Tucidide, atenienii
German:
zur Insel Milos, einer spartanischen Kolinie, und verlangten von den Bewohnern, sich dem Athenischen
Gesetz zu unterwerfen.
Diese merkten an, dass sie nie wirklich für die Spartaner gekämpft hatten, und sagten in etwa "Hört zu,
wenn es euch recht ist, würden wir hier gerne die Schweit sein", nur dass sie das
natürlich nicht wirklich so gesagt haben, da es damals noch keine Schweiz hab, woraufhin die Athener erwiderten
- und hier zitiere ich direkt - "Die Starken tun, was sie können, und die Schwachen erleiden, was sie müssen."
Unnötig zu erwähnen, dass das nicht wirklich eien demokratische oder aufgeklärte Position war. Tatsächlich wird
diese Aussage manchmal als erste Befürwortung der sogenannten
Realismus im Bereich internationale Beziehungen (politischer Realismus) angesehen.
Für Realisten geht es bei Interaktionen zwischen Nationen (oder Völkern oder Kulturen) immer darum,
wer die Macht hat. Wer immer sie hat, kann den, der sie nicht hat, zu quasi allem zwingen.
Was haben also die leistungsorientierten und demokratischen Athener getan, als die Bewohner Milos' sie freundlich gebeten haben,
nicht an diesem Krieg teilnehmen zu müssen?
Sie töteten alle Männer Milos' und versklavten alle Frauen und Kinder.
Also, ja, Sokrates hat uns seine Sokratische Methode gegeben, Sophokles hab uns Ödipis, doch
Modern Greek (1453-):
και απαίτησαν από τους Μήλιους να υποταχθούν στην Αθηναϊκή κυριαρχία.
Οι Μηλιανοί υποδήλωσαν πως δεν πολέμησαν ποτέ για τους Σπαρτιάτες και ήταν σε φάση
"Ακούστε, αν είναι το ίδιο για εσάς, θα θέλαμε να πάμε στην Ελβετία γι αυτό",
εκτός φυσικά του ότι δεν το είπαν γιατί δεν υπήρχε Ελβετία.
στους οποίους απάντησαν οι Αθηναίοι και μεταφέρω αυτολεξεί,
"Οι ισχυροί κάνουν αυτά που μπορούν και οι αδύναμοι υποφέρουν αυτά που πρέπει."
Περιττό να πω πως αυτή δεν είναι τρομερά δημοκρατική ή διαφωτιστική θέση να πάρει κανείς.
Στην πραγματικότητα, μερικές φορές θεωρείται ως η πρώτη ρητή επικύρωση της λεγόμενης
θεωρίας του ρεαλισμού στις διεθνείς σχέσεις
Για τους ρεαλιστές, οι σχέσεις ανάμεσα σε κράτη, ανθρώπους, ή πολιτισμούς έχει να κάνει
με το ποιος έχει τη δύναμη. Όποιος την έχει μπορεί να αναγκάσει αυτόν που δεν την έχει να κάνει σχεδόν οτιδήποτε
Οπότε, τι έκαναν οι αξιοκρατικοί και δημοκρατικοί Αθηναίοι
όταν οι Μήλιοι τους ζήτησαν ευγενικά να μην συμμετέχουν στη μάχη?
Σκότωσαν όλους τους άνδρες και υποδούλωσαν τα γυναικόπαιδα της Μήλου
Οπότε ναι, ο Σωκράτης μας έδωσε τη μαιευτική του μέθοδο, ο Σοφοκλής τον Οιδίποδα,
Spanish:
navegaron a la isla de Milo, una colonia espartana, y demandaron que los melios se sometieran
a la Ley Ateniense
Los melios señalaron que nunca habían luchado junto a los espartanos y decian, "Escuchen,
si para ustedes todo es igual, nos gustaría ir a Suiza en esta ocasión," excepto que
por supuesto que no dijeron eso poque no había una Suiza, a lo que los atenienses
respondieron, y estoy citando directamente, "los fuertes hacen lo que quieren mientras los débiles
sufren lo que deben".
Está de más decir que no es una posicion muy democrática o progresista la tomada. Esta declaración,
de hecho, a veces es vista como la primera aprobación explícita de la llamada teoría del realismo
en las relaciones internacionales.
Para los realistas, la interacción entre las naciones (o los pueblos o culturas) se trata sobre quien
tiene el poder. Quien lo tenga puede obligar a quien no lo tiene a hacer prácticamente todo.
Asi que, ¿qué hicieron los atenienses meritocráticos y democráticos cuando los melios pidieron amablemente
no participar en la batalla?
Asesinaron a todos los melios y esclavizaron a todas las mujeres y niños.
Así que, sí, Sócrates nos dio su método interrogativo; Sófocles nos dio Edipo; pero el
Hungarian:
Az athéniak Mélosz szigetéhez hajóztak, ami Spárta gyarmata volt, és követelték, hogy hódoljanak be Athénnak.
A mélosziak rámutatott arra,
hogy ők valójában sosem harcolt a spártaiak oldalán,
és valami olyasmit mondtak, hogy „Figyu, ha nektek úgy jó, mi most inkább Svájcot játszanánk..."
persze ezt nem mondhatták, mert Svájcnak híre-hamva sem volt akkor még.
Athéniak erre azt válaszolták, idézem:
"...a hatalmas azonban végrehajtja, amit akar,
a gyenge pedig meghajlik előtte."
Mondanom sem kell, ez nem egy túlzottan demokratikus, felvilágosult álláspont. Erre az állításra
úgy tekintenek a nemzetközi kapcsolatok tudományágában, mint a realista politika téziseinek első explicit kijelentésére.
Mert realisták szerint a nemzetek, emberek vagy kultúrák közti kapcsolatok dinamikáját
a hatalom határozza meg.
Befolyással, hatalommal rendelkezők
arra kényszerítenek másokat, amire csak akarnak.
Tehát mi volt az érdemuralmi, és demokratikus athéniak reakciója a mélosziak udvarias kérésére,
miszerint ők inkább kimaradnának a harcból?
Megölték az összes méloszi férfit,
és rabszolgává tették a nőket és gyerekeket.
Tehát igen, a Szókratésztól ered a "bábáskodó" kérdezgető módszer, Szophoklész adta Oidipuszt,
Dutch:
naar het eiland van Melos, een Spartaanse kolonie, en eiste dat de Melianen zich overgaven aan een Atheense heerschappij.
de Melianen zijden dat ze nooit me de spartanen hadden gevochten
als het allemaal goed is met jou, zouden wij graag als Zwitserland gaan bij deze," behalve dat
ze dat natuurlijk niet zeiden omdat er geen Zwitserland was, waarop de Atheners
reageerde, en hier citeer ik direct, "De sterke doen wat zij kunnen en de zwakke
lijden wat zij moeten."
Onnodig om te zeggen maar dit is niet zeer democratisch of verlichtend. Deze verklaring,
is soms gezien als de eerste expliciete goedkeuring van de zogenaamde theorie van Realisme
in internationale relaties.
Voor realisten is interactie tussen naties (of mensen of culturen) allemaal over wie
de macht heeft. Wie het heeft kan ieder die het niet heeft dwingen om zowaar alles te doen.
Dus wat deden de meritocratische en democratische Atheners wanneer de Melianen aardig vroegen
om niet mee te doen in het gevecht?
Ze vermoorde de Melianse mannen, en maakte de vrouwen en kinderen slaven.
Dus, ja, Socrates gaf ons zijn vragende methode; Sophocles gaf ons Oedipus; maar het
Romanian:
au ajuns în insula Melos, o colonie spartană și le-au cerut melienilor să se supună atenienilor.
Melienii au susținut
că ei n-au luptat niciodată cu spartanii.
La care atenienii au răspuns
și aici citez direct: Cei puternici fac ce pot
și cei slabi suferă ce trebuie.
Inutil să spunem, aceasta nu e o poziție prea democratică sau luminată. Această afirmație,
de fapt, e uneori văzută ca ca prima menționare explicită a așa-zisei teorii a realismului
în relațiile internaționale. Pentru realiști, interacțiunile între națiuni sau popoare sau culturi
sunt legate de cine deține puterea.Oricine o are constrânge pe oricine nu o are
să facă aproape orice.
Deci ce au făcut atenienii merituoși și democratici când melienii le-au cerut respectuos
să nu participe la luptă? Ei i-au omorât pe toți bărbații și au înrobit toate femeile și toți copiii.
Deci, da, Socrate ne-a lăsat metoda sa interogativă; Sofocle ni l-a dat pe Oedip; dar
Chinese:
要居民接受雅典統治。
米洛人回答說他們從未與斯巴達作戰。
那你都可以的話，我想當中立瑞士。
（當然不是用這比喻因為瑞士尚未成立）
雅典人回道（字字如實呈現）：
「強者為所欲為，弱者逆來順受。」
顯然這觀點既不民主、亦不開明。
這句話有時被視為首次肯定國際關係現實主義。
（政治並非原則，而是實力）
現實主義者視國家、人民、文化間的關係
關鍵為誰掌權。
掌權者能迫使無權者做任何事。
任人為賢又民主的雅典人
對米洛人想低調選擇不參戰又有何反應呢？
雅典處決島上所有男人，
並將婦孺押入奴役。
蘇格拉低雖研發反詰法；索福克勒斯雖著《伊底帕斯王》，
Arabic:
وطالبوا بأن يخضع الميليون إلى حكم الأثينيين.
دافع الميليون عن موقفهم بقولهم
إنهم لم يقاتلوا في صف الاسبارطيين يومًا فعليًا
وكان لسان حالهم،
"نود أن نتصرف تصرّف دول عدم الانحياز."
إلا أنهم بالطبع لم يقولوا ذلك حرفيًا
حيث أنه لم تكن هناك دول عدم انحياز آنذاك.
وكان رد الأثينيين على ذلك
في اقتباس مباشر هو الآتي:
"القوي يفعل ما بوسعه،
والضعيف يتجشم ما قُدّر له."
وغني عن القول
إن ذلك ليس موقفًا ديمقراطيًا أو مستنيرًا.
بل إن هذا البيان يُعتبر أحيانًا أول إقرار صريح
بما يسمى نظرية الواقعية في العلاقات الدولية.
بالنسبة إلى الواقعيين
فإن التفاعل بين الأمم أو الشعوب أو الثقافات
يتمحور حول من يملك القوة،
فمن يملكها يمكنه إجبار من يفتقر إليها
على فعل أي شيء تقريبًا.
إذن، ماذا فعل الأثينيون
أنصار التقدم بالاستحقاق والديمقراطية
عندما طلب الميليين
بأدب عدم المشاركة في القتال؟
قتلوا جميع الرجال الميليين
وسبوا جميع النساء والأطفال.
لذا، نعم، قدم سقراط لنا أسلوب الاستفهام
وسوفوكليس أعطانا أوديب،
iw:
האתונאים הפליגו לאי מלוס, מושבה ספרטנית,
ודרש שהמליאנים יכנעו לסמכות האתונאית
המליאנים הזכירו שהם
אף פעם לא באמת נלחמו עם ספרטה
והם היו כאילו "אם לא אכפת לכם,
אנחנו נשחק אותה שווייץ בסיפור הזה"
רק שכמובן שהם לא אמרו את זה,
כי לא היתה אז שווייץ...
והאתונאים הגיבו, וכאן אני מצטט: "החזקים עושים מה שהם יכולים,
והחלשים סובלים כמו שחייב לקרות."
מיותר לציין, שזו לא ממש עמדה נאורה או דמוקרטית לנקוט בה.
הצהרה זו, למעשה, לפעמים נחשבת כביטוי הראשון המפורש
של תאוריית הריאליזם ביחסים בינלאומיים.
עבור ריאליסטים,
אינטראקציות בין עמים, או אומות, או תרבויות
מבוססות על "החזק מנצח".
מי שיש לו את הכח. יכול לכופף את מי שאין לו
ולגרום לו לעשות כל דבר פחות או יותר.
אז מה עשו האתונאים הנאורים והדמוקרטיים כשהמליאנים ביקשו בנימוס-
לא להשתתף במאבק? הם הרגו את כל
הגברים המליאנים ושיעבדו את הנשים והילדים.
אז כן, סוקרטס נתן לנו את שיטת החשיבה הביקורתית שלו, סופוקלס נתן לנו את אדיפוס.
Czech:
se Athéňané přeplavili na ostrov
Milos, kolonii Sparty, a požadovali,
aby se jeho obyvatelé
podřídili athénské nadvládě.
Miliané poukázali na fakt, že vlastně
nikdy se Sparťany nebojovali, a řekli:
"Hele, pokud vám to nevadí,
chceme být neutrální jako Švýcarsko."
Samozřejmě to neřekli takhle,
protože Švýcarsko ještě neexistovalo,
a na to Athéňané
odpověděli, tentokrát cituji přesně:
"Silní dělají, co mohou,
slabí trpí, co musí."
Jé důležité říci, že to není příliš
demokratický či osvícený postoj.
Toto prohlášení se zdá
jako první výslovné použití
tzv. realismu
v mezinárodních vztazích.
Pro realisty, vztahy mezi národy
či lidmi nebo kulturami jsou o tom,
kdo má moc. Kdo ji má, může přinutit
toho, kdo ji nemá, k podstatě všemu.
Co meritokratické a demokratické
Athény udělaly po zdvořilé žádosti Melianů
o nezapojení v bojích?
Zabili všechny Melinské muže
a zotročili všechny ženy a děti.
Takže ano, Sokrates nám dal
tázací metodu, Sofoklés dal Oidipa,
Portuguese:
navegaram para a ilha de Melos, uma colônia espartana e exigiram que os Melianos se submetessem a Atenas.
Os Melos argumentavam que eles nunca lutaram com Espartanos e eles estavam tipo, " Olha
se ficar tudo bem pra você, nós queríamos ir para a Suíça no próximo inverno", tirando o fato
de eles nunca terem tido isso já que não existia a Suíça, mas o Atenienses
responderiam assim, e eu estou realmente citando "O forte faz o que pode e o fraco
sofre o que merece".
Desnecessário dizer, que isso não é uma terrível democrática ou negligente decisão tomada. Esse estamento
de fato, é o primeiro indício explícito de algo conhecido como teoria do Realismo
de relações internacionais.
Para os realistas, as relações entre nações ( ou pessoas ou culturas) se resume em
que tem o poder.
Então, o que a política meritocracia e democracia fez quando os Melos
pediram para não participar da batalha?
Eles mataram todos os homens de Melos e escravizaram todas as mulheres e crianças.
Então, sim Sócrates nos deu seu o métodos interrogativo, Sófocles nos deu Édipo Rei, mas o
English:
sailed to the island of Melos, a Spartan colony,
and demanded that the Melians submit to Athenian
rule. The Melians pointed out that they’d
never actually fought with the Spartans and
were like, “Listen, if it’s all the same
to you, we’d like to go Switzerland on this
one,” except of course they didn’t say
that because there was no Switzerland.
To which the Athenians responded, and here
I am quoting directly, “The strong do what
they can, and the weak suffer what they must.”
Needless to say, this is not a terribly democratic
or enlightened position to take. This statement,
in fact, is sometimes seen as the first explicit
endorsement of the so-called theory of Realism
in international relations. For realists,
interaction between nations, or peoples, or
cultures is all about who has the power. Whoever
has it can compel whoever doesn’t have it
to do pretty much anything.
So what did the meritocratic and democratic
Athenians do when the Melians politely asked
not to participate in the fight? They killed all the
Melian men and enslaved all the women and children.
So, yes, Socrates gave us his interrogative
Method; Sophocles gave us Oedipus; but the
Finnish:
purjehtivat Míloksen saarelle, spartalaiseen koloniaan, ja vaativat, että míloslaiset alistuvat Ateenan
ylivaltaan.
Míloslaiset huomauttivat, etteivät he ikinä olleet taistelleet spartalaisten kanssa ja sanoivat "Kuulkaas,
jos kaikki on teille se ja sama, haluaisimme tehdä sveitsit tässä asiassa,"
mutta tietysti he eivät sanoneet näin, koska Sveitsiä ei ollut, johon ateenalaiset
vastasivat, ja lainaan suoraan, "Voimakkaat tekevät minkä voivat ja heikot
kärsivät siitä, mistää heidän täytyy."
Tarpeetonta sanoa, tämä ei ole kovin demokraattinen tai valaistunut kannanotto. Tämä julistus
itseasiassa joskus nähdään ensimmäisenä selkeänä mainoksena realismille
kansainvälisissä suhteissa.
Realisteille kansojen (tai ihmisten tai kulttuurien) kanssakäymistä on vain
vallan vuoksi. Se, kenellä valtaa on, voi painostaa ketä tahansa, jolla sitä ei ole, tehdäkseen mitä tahansa haluaa.
Joten mitä meriokraattiset ja demokraattiset ateenalaiset tekivät, kun míloslaiset kohteliaasti kysyivät
ettei heidän tarvitsisi osallistua taisteluun?
He tappoivat kaikki míloslaiset miehet ja orjuuttivat kaikki naiset ja lapset.
Joten kyllä, Sokrates antoi meille hänen kyseenalaistavan menetelmänsä(?): Sofokles antoi Oidipuksen; mutta
French:
ont navigué jusqu'à l'île de Milos, une colonie spartiate, et ont demandé aux Miliens de se soumettre à la gouvernance athénienne.
Les Miliens ont fait remarquer qu'ils n'avaient jamais combattu aux côtés des Spartiates et
on fait "Écoutez, si c'est pareil pour vous, on aimerait être la Suisse dans tout ça"
- sauf que, bien sûr, ils n'ont pas dit ça parce que la Suisse n'existait pas -
ce à quoi les Athéniens ont répondu, et je cite directement: "Les forts font ce qu'ils peuvent
et les faibles endurent ce qu'ils doivent."
Nul besoin de mentionner que ce n'est pas une position particulièrement démocratique ou éclairée à prendre.
En fait, cette déclaration est parfois vue comme le premier endossement explicite de la soi-disant théorie
du réalisme en relations internationales.
Pour les réalistes, les interactions entre les nations, ou les peuples, ou les cultures
portent entièrement sur celui qui détient le pouvoir. Quiconque le détient peut contraindre quiconque ne l'a pas à faire n'importe quoi.
Donc, qu'est-ce qu'on fait les Athéniens méritocrates et démocrates lorsque les Miliens ont poliment demandé
à ne pas participer au combat?
Ils ont tué tous les hommes et ont asservit toutes les femmes et les enfants.
Donc, oui, Socrate nous a laissé la Maïeutique, Sophocle nous a laissé Œdipe,
Turkish:
Atinalılar, Sparta kolonisi Milos adasına giderler ve Milosluların Atina'ya katılmasını ister.
Atinalılar, Sparta kolonisi Milos adasına giderler ve Milosluların Atina'ya katılmasını ister.
Miloslular Spartalılar'ın yanında savaşmadaklırını söyler ve "Dinleyin,
sizin için sorun yoksa İsviçre'nin tarafında olmak isteriz". Tabii ki
böyle bir şey demediler çünkü İsviçre daha yoktu.
Atinalılar, doğruca aktarıyorum, "Güçlü yapabildiğini yapar, zayıf çekeceğini çeker" dedi.
Atinalılar, doğruca aktarıyorum, "Güçlü yapabildiğini yapar, zayıf çekeceğini çeker" dedi.
Haliyle bu çok demokratik ve aydınlanmış bir bakış açısı değildi. Aslında
bu açıklama bazen uluslar arası ilişkilerde gerçekçiliğin ilk açık uygulaması olarak kabul edilir.
bu açıklama bazen uluslar arası ilişkilerde gerçekçiliğin ilk açık uygulaması olarak kabul edilir.
Realistlere göre milletler arası (halklar veya kültürler) etkileşimler
kimin güçlü olduğuyla ilgilidir. Gücü olan, olmayana istediği neredeyse her şeyi yapabilir.
Peki Miloslular savaşmak istemediğini söyleyince meritokratik ve demokratik
Atinalılar ne yaptı?
Miloslu bütün erkekleri öldürdüler. Kadınları ve çocukları köleleştirdiler.
Evet, Sokrat bize sorgulayıcı metodu, Sofokles Oedipus'e verdi ama Antik
Vietnamese:
lái thuyền đến đảo Melos, một thuộc địa của Sparta, và yêu cầu người Melos phục tùng luật lệ Athens
Người Melos nói họ không bao giờ thực sự chiến đấu cùng người Sparta, kiểu như
"Nghe này, nếu các anh thấy sao cũng được, chúng tôi muốn Thụy Sĩ trong vụ này"
(Thụy Sĩ là nước chuyên đứng trung lập)
trừ việc họ không nói vậy vì chưa có Thụy Sĩ
Người Athens đáp lại “Kẻ mạnh làm những gì họ có thể,
và kẻ yếu phải chịu đựng những gì họ phải chịu“
Khỏi phải nói, đây không phải một quan điểm dân chủ hay khai sáng tệ hại để theo
Thực tế tuyên bố này đôi khi được coi như sự xác nhận rõ ràng đầu tiên về học thuyết gọi là
Chủ nghĩa Hiện thực trong quan hệ quốc tế. Với người Hiện thực, tương tác giữa các quốc gia,
dân tộc hay văn hóa đều nằm ở ai có quyền lực. Ai có nó có thể bắt ép người không có
làm gần như bất cứ điều gì
Vậy người Athens theo chế độ nhân tài và dân chủ đã làm gì khi người Melos lịch sự yêu cầu
không tham gia vào cuộc chiến? Họ giết hết đàn ông Melos và bắt phụ nữ và trẻ em làm nô lệ
Nên, đúng, Socrates cho chúng ta phương pháp truy vấn, Sophocles cho chúng ta người giải đố
Swedish:
seglade Atenarna till ön Melos, en Spartansk koloni,
och krävde att Melian accepterade Atenskt
styre. Melianerna påpekade att de skulle
aldrig kämpa mot spartanerna och
var typ , "Lyssna, om det är samma sak för dig, skulle vi vilja gå Schweiz på den här grejen"
fast naturligtvis skulle de inte säga
det eftersom det inte Schweiz fanns än.
Till vilken Atenarna svarade och här
citerar jag direkt, "De starka gör vad
de kan, och den svaga lida vad de måste. "
Självfallet är detta inte ett fruktansvärt demokratiskt
eller upplyst sätt att hantera saken. Detta påstående,
ses i själva verket ibland som det första explicita
godkännandet av den så kallade teorin om realism
i internationella relationer. För realister handlar interaktion mellan nationer, folk, eller
kulturer om vem som har makten. Den som har det kan tvinga den som inte har det
till att göra i stort sett allt.
Så vad gjorde meritokratiska och demokratiska
Atenarna när Melianerna frågade artigt
om att inte delta i kampen? De dödade alla
män och förslavade alla kvinnor och barn.
Så, ja, Socrates gav oss sin frågande
Metod; Sofokles gav oss Oidipus; men
Russian:
афиняне приплывают на остров Мелос, спартанскую колонию, и требуют, чтобы мелосцы признали власть Афин.
Мелосцы замечают, что они никогда в действительности не сражались за Спарту.
Они говорили:
"Слушайте, если вам всё равно, то в этом деле мы бы предпочли роль Швейцарии."
Хотя в действительности они сказали не так, потому что Швейцарии ещё не было.
На что Афиняне ответили, и здесь я цитирую:
"Сильный делает то, что может, а слабый терпит то, что должен»
Очевидно, что это не самая демократичная или просвещённая позиция.
Это заявление, на самом деле, часто рассматиривается как первое явное проявление так называемого политического реализма.
Для реалистов отношения между нациями, людьми и культурами сводятся к одному вопросу.
У кого есть сила.
И любой, у кого она есть, может заставить того, у кого её нет, делать практически всё, что ему угодно.
И так что же сделали меритократические и демократические афиняне в ответ на
вежливый отказ мелосцев участвовать в войне?
Они убили всех мужчин на Мелосе, а женщин и детей обратили в рабство.
Так что да, Сократ оставил нам свой метод ведения дискуссии,
Софокл оставил нам Эдипа.
Thai:
เอเธนส์ล่องเรือเข้าไปยังเกาะมีลอส ในดินแดนของสปาร์ต้า
และบังคับให้มีลอสเข้าร่วมกับเอเธนส์
ชาวมีลอสชี้แจงว่า พวกเขาไม่อยากจะสู้กับพวกสปาร์ต้า
และมีท่าทางประมาณว่า "ฟังนะ ถ้าพวกคุณเห็นด้วย พวกเราอยากจะเข้ากับสวิสเซอร์แลนด์มากกว่า"
แน่นอนว่าพวกเขาไม่ได้พูดออกมาแบบนั้น เพราะตอนนั้นยังไ่มีมีสวิสเซอร์แลนด์เลย
ซึ่งเอเธนส์ได้โต้ตอบดังนี้
"ผู้ที่เข้มแข็งย่อมกระทำในสิ่งที่เขาสามารถจะทำได้
ส่วนผู้ที่อ่อนแอก็ย่อมสูญเสียสิ่งที่พวกเขาจะต้องเสีย"
ไม่ต้องบอกก็รู้ว่า นี่ไม่ได้จะเป็นประชาธิปไตย หรือเป็นสิ่งที่ดีซักเท่าไหร่
อันที่จริง ข้อความนี้ มักถูกอ้างอิงถึงในฐานะรากฐานของทฤษฎีสัจนิยม (Realism) ในความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ
นักสัจนิยมเชื่อว่าความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ ผู้คน หรือวัฒนธรรม
ตั้งอยู่บนพื้นฐานของอำนาจ
ผู้ที่มีอำนาจก็สามารถบังคับให้ผู้ที่ด้อยกว่า
ให้ทำอะไรก็ได้ตามต้องการ
แล้วพวกเอเธนส์ผู้มีคุณธรรมและประชาธิปไตยทำยังไงนะหรอเมื่อชาวมีลอสวิงวอนขอไม่ต่อสู้ด้วย
พวกเขาฆ่าชายชาวมีลอสตายเรียบ
และจับผู้หญิงละเด็กเป็นทาสไงล่ะ
ดังนั้น แม้ว่าโสเครตีสจะมอบวิธีการตั้งคำถามให้เรา
โซโฟคลิสมอบอีดิปัส
Polish:
na wyspę Melos , spartiańską kolonię i zarządanie od nich poddania się Ateńskim
rządom
Melianie stwierdzili że nigdy właściwie nie byli po stronie Spartan i powiedzieli coś w stylu "Słuchajcie
jeżeli Wam to nie przeszkadza chcielibyśmy przenieść się do Szwajcarii ,
oczywiście tak nie powiedzieli , ponieważ nie było wtedy Szwajcarii , której Ateńczycy
mogliby odpowiedzieć, cytuje dosłownie "Silni robią to co mogą , a słabi
cierpią to co muszą"
Niepotrzebnie mówić, że to nie jest okropna demokracja lub oświecona pozycja do przyjęcia. To stanowisko
w zasadzie jest widziane jako pierwsze wyraźne poparcie tak zwanej teorii
Realizmu w międzynarodowych stosunkach [Realizm - pogląd mówiący iż główną zasadą na której powinna oparta być polityka jest siła a nie kwestie zasad i reguł]
Dla realistów , stosunki między narodami( albo ludźmi czy kulturami) opieraja się na tym
kto ma siłę. Ktokolwiek ją ma , może zmusić tego kto jej nie posiada do zrobienia prawie wszystkiego.
Więc co zrobili merytokratyczni i demokratyczni Ateńczycy kiedy Melianie grzecznie zapytali
czy mogą nie brać udziału w walce?
Zabili wszystkich mężczyzn a kobiety i dzieci wzięli do niewoli.
Więc tak , Sokrates dał nam jego metodę pytania , Sofokles - "Oedipusa"; ale
Turkish:
Yunan mirası çok daha karmaşık. Polopenes Savaşı'nı diktatör Spratalıların kazanmasının
bu durum üstünde büyük etkisi var. Büyük hayal kırıklığı
için teşekkürler Thought Bubble.
Şimdi ciddi bir soru: Pers Savaşları'nı doğru taraf mı kazandı?
Çoğu klasikçi ve Batı kültürü savunucusu Yunanlar kazandığı için elbette
mutlu olmamız gerektiğini söyler
Sonuçta Pers Savaşı galibiyeti sayesinde Klasik Çağ'ı
başlatan kültürel gelişmeler yaşandı. Ayrıca eğer Persler kazansaydı monarşi demokrasiyi beşiğinde
öldürebilirdi ve tek adam iktidarı olurdu.
Bu olabilirdi ama buna karşı şu üç şeyi de göz önünde bulunduralım:
Öncelikle, Pers hakimiyetinde yaşam gayet güzeldi ve
insanlığın son beş bin yılına bakarsak demokrasilerden çok, başarılı ve
dengeli imparatorluklar göreceksiniz.
İkincisi Atina egemenliğinde yaşam o kadar da güzel değildi, özellikle
kadın veya köleyseniz. Ayrıca hükümetin yolsuzlukları meşhurdu.
En önemlisi de Atina hükümeti gücünü vatandaşlarından değil emperyalist
"Güçlü Haklıdır" inancından alıyordu.
Modern Greek (1453-):
αλλά η κληρονομιά της Αρχαίας Ελλάδας είναι βαθύτατα ασαφής, πολλώ δε μάλλον επειδή νικητές
του Πελοποννησιακού πολέμου ήταν οι δικτατορικοί Σπαρτιάτες.
Ευχαριστώ για την απίστευτη αστοχία, Φούσκα της Σκέψης.
Ορίστε μια μη-ρητορική ερώτηση: Τους Περσικούς πολέμους τους κέρδισε η σωστή πλευρά?
Οι περισσότεροι κλασικιστές και υπερασπιστές της Δυτικής παράδοσης θα σας πουν πως φυσικά
θα πρέπει να είμαστε ευτυχείς που οι Έλληνες κέρδισαν.
Εν τέλει, η νίκη στον Περσικό πόλεμο ξεκίνησε την πολιτιστική ακμή που οδήγησε
στην Κλασική Εποχή. Και επίσης αν είχαν κερδίσει οι Πέρσες με τη μοναρχία τους πιθανόν να είχαν
στραγγαλίσει τη δημοκρατία στη γέννησή της και θα μας έδινε περισσότερη εξουσία από έναν άνθρωπο.
Και αυτό είναι πιθανόν, αλλά σαν αντιπαράθεση σε αυτό το επιχείρημα, ας εξετάσουμε τρία πράγματα:
Πρώτον, αξίζει να θυμηθούμε ότι η ζωή των Περσών ήταν αρκετά καλή
και αν κοιτάξουμε τα τελευταία 5000 χρόνια ανθρώπινης ιστορίας θα βρούμε
πολύ περισσότερες επιτυχημένες και σταθερές αυτοκρατορίες απ'ότι δημοκρατίες.
Δεύτερον, η ζωή των Αθηναίων δεν ήταν και τόσο φοβερή,
ειδικά αν ήσουν γυναίκα ή σκλάβος και η κυβέρνηση ήταν εμφανώς διεφθαρμένη.
Σε τελική ανάλυση η Αθηναϊκή κυβέρνηση δεν αντλούσε τη δύναμή της από τους πολίτες
αλλά από την ιμπεριαλιστική άποψη του νόμου του ισχυρού
German:
doch das Vermächtnis der alten Griechen ist sehr doppelbödig, vor allem weil der Gewinner
des Peloponnesischen Krieges die diktatorischen Spartaner waren.
Danke für diesen unglaublichen Horrortrip (?), ThoughtBubble.
Also, hier haben wir eine nicht-rhetorische Frage: Hat im Persischen Krieg die richtige Seite gewonnen?
Die meisten Kenner und Verteidiger der westlichen Tradition werden euch erzählen, dass wir natürlich froh sein sollten,
dass die Griechen gewonnen haben.
Immerhin ließ der Sieg in den Perserkriegen die Kultur aufblühen, was uns das klassische Zeitalter gab.
Außerdem wäre die Demokratie, hätten die Perser mit ihrer Monarchie gewonnen,
vielleicht im Keim erstickt worden und wir hätten stattdessen einen Alleinherscher bekommen.
Und das ist möglich, aber lasst uns drei Dinge berücksichtigen:
Erstens sollte man daran denken, dass das Leben unter den Persern ziemlich gut war, und wenn man
sich die letzten fünftausend Jahre menschlicher Geschichte anschaut, findet man wesentlich mehr erfolgreiche und
stabile Königreiche als Demokratien.
Zweitens war das Leben in Athen nicht so super, vor allem wenn man eine Frau
oder ein Sklave war, und die Regierung war korrupt.
Und außerdem rührte die Macht der athenischen Regierung nicht von ihrern Bürgern sondern von
der imperialistischen Idee des Rechts des Stärkeren her.
iw:
אבל המורשת של יוון העתיקה היא עמוקה מעורפלת ואמביוולנטית,
ויותר מכך בגלל שהמנצח הסופי
של מלחמת הפלופונס היו הספרטנים הדיקטטוריים.
תודה על הביאוס המדהים, בועת המחשבה.
אז הנה שאלה שאינה רטורית: האם
הצד הנכון ניצח במלחמות פרס-יוון?
רוב ראשי המחלקות ללימודים קלאסיים
ומגיני מסורת המערב יגידו שכמובן!
ואנחנו צריכים לשמוח שהיוונים ניצחו. אחרי הכל,
הניצחון היווני במלחמה סלל את הדרך
לתרבות שפרחה לאחר מכן ונתנה לנו את התקופה הקלאסית. ובנוסף, אם הפרסים היום מנצחים
עם שיטת המלוכה שלהם, אולי הם היו "הורגים" את הדמוקרטיה לפני שהיא התחילה והיינו נשארים עם יותר שלטון של אדם בודד...
וזה אפשרי, אבל כטיעון נגד
הבה נבחן שלושה דברים:
ראשית, כדאי לזכור שהחיים
תחת הפרסים היו טובים למדי,
ואם אתה מסתכל על חמשת אלפים השנים האחרונות
בהיסטוריה האנושית, אז טוב,
אתה תמצא הרבה יותר אימפריות מוצלחות ויציבות מאשר דמוקרטיות.
שנית, החיים תחת האתונאים לא היו
כל כך מדהימים, במיוחד אם היית אישה
או עבד, והממשל היה מוּשׁחָת לשמצה
ובסופו של דבר הממשלה האתונאית
כוחה הגיע לא מאזרחיה, אלא
מהאמונה האימפריאליסטית שכח פותר הכל
Finnish:
antiikin Kreikan perintö on syvällisen epäselvä, kaikki niin, koska lopullinen Peloponnesolaissodan
voittaja oli diktatoriset spartalaiset.
Kiitos uskomattomasta pettymyksestä Ajatuskupla.
Tässä ei-retorinen kysymys: Voittiko oikea osapuoli persialaissodat?
Suurin osa läntisen perinnön klassisteista ja puolustajista kertoo sinulle, että tietysti meidän
olisi oltava iloisia, että kreikkalaiset voittivat.
Loppujen lopuksihan persialaissodan voittaminen synnytti kulttuurin kukoistuksen, joka antoi meille
klassisen ajan. Lisäksi, jos persialaiset olisivat voittaneet monarkiallaan, se olisi voinut ahdistaa
demokratian kehdossaan ja antaa meille enemmän yksinvaltaa.
Se on mahdollista, mutta punnitaampa vastalauseeksi kolmea asiaa:
Ensimmäiseksi kannattaa muistaa, että elämä Persian alaisena oli melko hyvää ja jos
katsot viisi tuhatta vuotta taaksepäin ihmisen historiaa, löydät enemmän menestyneitä
ja vakaita imperiumeja kuin löydät demokratioita.
Toiseksi, elämä Ateenan alaisena ei ollut niin upeaa, erityisesti jos olit nainen
tai orja ja valtio oli pahamaineisen korruptoitunut.
Pohjimmiltaan Ateenan hallinto johti valtansa ei kansalaisiltaan, mutta
imperialistisesta ideasta, että valta oikeuttaa teot.
Thai:
แต่มรดกที่อาณาจักรกรีกโบราณมอบให้เรานั้นคลุมเครือมาก เพราะสุดท้ายผู้ชนะในสงครามเพโลพอนนีเซียน
กลับเป็นฝ่ายเผด็จการสปาร์ต้า
ขอบคุณมากสำหรับความผิดหวังนะ Thougth Buble
และนี่คือคำถาม "มันดีจริงๆรึเปล่าที่กรีกชนะในสงครามเปอร์เซีย?"
ผู้ที่ศึกษาวัฒนธรรมกรีกโบราณ และผู้อนุรักษ์ประเพณีตะวันตกส่วนมากมักบอกว่าเราควรดีใจที่กรีกชนะ
เพราะยังไง การที่กรีกชนะเปอร์เซีย
ทำให้ศิลปะวัฒนธรรมรุ่งเรือง
และทำให้เราเข้าสู่ยุคคลาสสิก และนอกจากนี้ ถ้าเปอร์เซียชนะ
อาจทำให้ประชาธิปไตยถูกฆ่าตัดตอน และทำให้เรามีแต่เผด็จการก็ได้
ซึ่งเป็นเรื่องที่เป็นไปได้ แต่เพื่อแย้งความคิดดังกล่าว
เรามาลองคิดถึงสามสิ่งนี้กันครับ
อย่างแรก จำได้มั้ยครับว่าชีวิตภายใต้การปกครองของเปอร์เซียนั้นดีมากทีเดียว
และถ้าคุณย้อนดูประวัติศาสตร์โลกตลอด 5000 ปีก่อน คุณจะพบว่ามีอาณาจักรที่รุ่งเรือง และมั่นคงมากมาย
ที่ไม่ได้เป็นประชาธิปไตย
สอง ชีวิตภายใต้การปกครองขอเอเธนส์ไม่ได้ดีอะไรมาก
โดยเฉพาะถ้าคุณเป็นผู้หญิง หรือทาส
และรัฐบาลก็มีชื่อเสียงในเรื่องคอรัปชั่น
และท้ายที่สุดรัฐบาลเอเธนส์ไม่ได้มาจากประชาชน แต่มาจากนักจักรวรรดินิยมที่แสวงหาอำนาจ
Romanian:
moștenirea Atenei antice e profund ambiguă cu atât mai mult pentru că învingătorul final
al Războiului Peloponeziac a fost Sparta cea tiranică.Mulțumesc pentru păcatul incredibil, Balonule de Gândit.
Avem deci o întrebare ne-retorică: A cine trebuia războaiele cu perșii?
Cei mai mulți clasici și apărători ai tradiției occidentale vă vor spune că bineînțeles
ar trebui să ne bucurăm că au învins grecii. În definitiv, victoria în războaiele cu perșii
a dus la înflorirea culturală care ne-a dat Epoca Clasică. Și în plus, dacă Perșii ar fi învins cu
monarhia lor asta putea să distrugă democrația și să ne ducă la conducerea unui singur om.
Și asta e posibil ar să susținem acest argument prin trei chestiuni:
Prima, să ne amintim că viața sub perși era destul de bună și dacă
priviți la ultimii cinci mii de ani de istorie a omenirii veți descoperi o mulțime de
imperii de succes și stabile decât democrații.
A doua, viața la Atena nu era așa de minunată mai ales dacă erai femeie
sau sclav iar corupția guvernării era notorie. Și în ultimul rând guvernarea ateniană
nu se baza pe puterea cetățenilor ci pe credința imperialistă că cei puternici fac legea.
Polish:
dziedzictwo starożytnej Grecji jest ogromnie dwuznaczne , tym bardziej dlatego że ostatecznym zwycięzcą
wojny peloponeskiej została dyktatorska Sparta.
Dzięki za niesamowitą wizualizację,
ThoughtBubble
Dlatego teraz zadaje nieretoryczne pytanie: Czy właściwa strona zwyciężyła Wojny Perskie ?
Najbardziej klasyczni obrońcy Zachodniej kultury odpowiedzą że oczywiście
powinniśmy się cieszyć że Grecy wygrali.
Koniec końców , zwycięstwo Persów mogłoby zatrzymać rozwój kultury , która dała nam okres klasyczny.
Dodatkowo , jeśli Persowie by wygrali ze swoją monarchią mogliby zdusić
demokrację i dać nam rządy jednego człowieka.
I to jest możliwe , ale jako przeciwwaga dla tych argumentów , rozważmy trzy rzeczy:
Po pierwsze , warto pamiętać że życie pod Persami było całkiem dobre
a jeśli spojrzycie na ostatnie 5 tysięcy lat ludzkiej historii , zobaczycie dużo więcej
sukcesywnych i stabilnych Imperiów niż w państwach demokratycznych.
Po drugie, życie w Atenach wcale nie było takie świetne , szczególnie jeśli było się kobietą
lub niewolnikiem a ich rząd był notorycznie skorumpowany.
W końcu , Ateński rząd czerpał siłę nie z swoich obywateli ale z
imperialistycznych wierzeń że "Siła tworzy prawo"
Spanish:
legado de la antigua Grecia es profundamente ambiguo, más así porque el ganador final de
la guerra del Peloponeso fueron los espartanos dictatoriales.
Gracias por la increíble decepción, Burbuja de Pensamiento.
Aquí hay una pregunta no retórica: ¿Las Guerras Médicas las ganó el lado correcto?
La mayoría de los clasicistas y defendientes de la tradición occidental te dirán que por supuesto que deberíamos
estar felices de que los griegos ganaran.
Después de todo, ganar las Guerras Médicas partió el florecimiento cultural que nos dio la
Edad Clásica. Y además, si los persas hubieran ganado con su monarquía, eso pudo haber estrangulado
a la democracia en su cuna y nos hubiera dado más dictaduras.
Y es posible, pero para rebatir ese argumento, consideremos tres cosas:
En primer lugar, cabe recordar que la vida bajo los persas era bastante buena y si
nos fijamos en los últimos 5 mil años de la historia de la humanidad, encontrarás muchos más Imperios
exitosos y estables que democracias.
En segundo lugar, la vida bajo los atenienses no fue tan genial, especialmente si eras una mujer
o un esclavo, y su gobierno era notoriamente corrupto.
Y al final, el gobierno ateniense deriva su poder, no de sus ciudadanos, sino de la
creencia imperialista que el poder impone el derecho.
Hungarian:
de az ókori görögök öröksége mélységesen kétértelmű, annál is inkább, mert a peloponészoszi háborúkat
a diktatórikus Spárta nyerte.
Köszi a segítséget, gondolat buborék.
Tehát itt egy nem-költői kérdés:
Vajon a "jó oldal" nyerte a perzsa háborúkat?
A klasszikus védelmezői a nyugati
hagyományoknak azt fogják mondani, hogy "Hát persze!
Hiszen a görögök győzelmének köszönhető a klasszikus kor kulturális virágzása.
Valamint, ha a perzsák nyertek volna, a monarchia megfojthatta volna a demokráciát,
aminek még több egyeduralmi berendezkedésű társadalom lehetett volna az eredménye.
Ez persze lehetséges, ellenérvként vessünk egy pillantást erre a három dologra:
Először is, érdemes megjegyezni, hogy az élet a perzsák uralma alatt elég jónak volt mondható,
és ha az utóbbi ötezer évre tekintünk, több sikeres és stabil egyeduralmi rendszert látunk,
mint amennyi sikeres és stabil demokráciát.
Másodszor, az élet Athénban nem volt olyan szuper, különösen nőként vagy szolgaként.
A kormányzat pedig hírhedten korrupt volt.
És az athéni kormány az erejét
nem polgáraiból merítette, hanem az imperialista meggyőződésből, hogy mindig az erősnek van igaza.
Chinese:
古希臘的影響盡其量可稱參差。
尤其因為伯羅奔尼撒戰爭最終得勝者是獨裁的斯巴達。
又是個悲哀的結尾。
我想你思考以下問題：希波戰爭希臘勝出是好事嗎。
古典學者和西方傳統擁護者會說當然要為希臘勝戰感幸。
打贏波斯才刺激希臘展開古典時期。
再說，波斯君王制勝利可能令民主胎死腹中，
其後只有更多一人專制。
反論點我想要提出以下三點：
一）波斯統治其實相對不差。
而近五千年來歷史上政局昌隆、平穩
帝國比民主來得多很多。
二）雅典人統治下生活並不那麼美好。
（尤其是女人和奴隸）
雅典政府更是出了名地腐敗。
雅典政治權力終極來源更不是人民，
而是強權即公理的帝國主義哲學。
Czech:
ale odkaz Řecka je poměrně nejasný,
nejen protože koneční vítězové
peloponéských válek
byli diktátorští Sparťané.
Děkujeme za hroznou smůlu,
Thought Bubble.
Položme si tuto otázku: Vyhrála
řecko-perské války ta správná strana?
Většina stoupenců
a obhájců západní kultury vám řekne,
že bychom samozřejmě měli
být rádi, že Řekové zvítězili.
Nakonec jejich vítězství
odstartovalo kulturní rozkět,
ze kterého vzešel klasický věk.
A navíc, kdyby vyhráli
Peršané se svou monarchií,
mohli zadusit demokracii v jejím
počátku a dát nám víc diktátorství.
To všechno je možné, ale můžeme
tomu odporovat; zvažme tyto tři věci:
Zaprvé, stojí za to nezapomenout,
že žít pod Peršany bylo docela fajn,
a když se podíváte na posledních
pět tisíc let lidské historie,
objevíte mnohem více úspěšných
a stabilních říší než demokracií.
Zadruhé, život
pod nadvládou Athén nebyl tak úžasný,
zvlášť jako žena nebo otrok,
a jejich vláda byla zkorumpovaná.
Athénská vláda
nezískává sílu z občanů,
ale z imperalistického přesvědčení,
že síla určuje, co je správné.
Je pravda, že nám Athény daly Sokrata,
Vietnamese:
nhưng di sản của Hy Lạp cổ đại rất mơ hồ, lí do lớn hơn là kẻ chiến thắng cuối cùng
trong Chiến tranh Peloponnesian là người Sparta độc tài
Đây là một câu hỏi không tu từ: Có phải bên đúng đã thắng cuộc chiến tranh Ba Tư?
Hầu hết nhà cổ điển và người bảo vệ truyền thống phương Tây sẽ nói
tất nhiên ta nên vui vì Hy Lạp thắng. Sau tất cả, thắng lợi trong chiến tranh Ba Tư đã khiến văn hóa nở rộ
cho chúng ta Thời kì Cổ điển. Hơn nữa, nếu Ba Tư thắng với nền quân chủ
có thể bóp nghẹt dân chủ từ trong trứng và cho chúng ta một sự thống trị nữa
Có thể, nhưng phản đối lại lý lẽ đó, hãy xem xét 3 điều:
Thứ nhất, nên nhớ rằng cuộc sống dưới người Ba Tư rất tốt, và nếu nhìn vào 5000 năm gần nhất
của lịch sử nhân loại, bạn sẽ thấy nhiều đế quốc thành công và ổn định
hơn các quốc gia dân chủ
Thứ hai, cuộc sống dưới người Athens không tuyệt cho lắm, đặc biệt nếu bạn là phụ nữ hoặc nô lệ,
chính quyền nổi tiếng tham nhũng. Và cuối cùng, chính quyền Athens
giành quyền lực không từ dân chúng, mà từ niềm tin đế quốc rằng Sức mạnh tạo ra quyền lực
French:
mais l'héritage de la Grèce antique est profondément ambiguë, d'autant plus parce que les grands vainqueurs
de la guerre du Péloponnèse étaient les Spartiates dictatoriaux.
Merci pour ce constat déprimant, Bulle d'idée.
Donc voici une question non rhétorique: Est-ce que le bon clan a gagné les guerres médiques?
La plupart des classicistes et défenseurs des traditions occidentales vont vous dire que bien sûr,
nous devrions être content que les Grecs aient gagné.
Après tout, la victoire des guerres médiques a lancé la prospérité culturelle qui nous a donné l'ère classique.
De plus, si les Perses avait gagné, avec leur monarchie, ils auraient pu étouffer la démocratie dans son berceau
et nous refiler plus de règnes à un seul dirigeant.
Et c'est possible, mais comme contre argument, considérons trois choses:
Premièrement, il faut se souvenir que la vie chez les Perses était plutôt bien et si
on regarde les 5 000 dernières années de l'histoire de l'humanité, on va trouver beaucoup plus
d'empires que de démocraties qui étaient prospères et stables.
Deuxièmement, la vie chez les Athéniens n'était pas si géniale, particulièrement si vous étiez une femme
ou un esclave et leur gouvernement était notoirement corrompu.
Ultimement, le gouvernement athénien puisait son pouvoir, non pas des citoyens,
mais de la croyance impérialiste de la loi du plus fort.
Portuguese:
legado da Grécia Antiga é profundamente ambíguo, ainda mais porque o vencedor
da guerra do Peloponeso foi a Esparta ditatorial.
Obrigada pela incrível animação Thought Bubble.
Então, aqui vai a pergunta não teórica: Será que o lado certo ganhou a guerra Persa?
A maioria dos classicistas e defensores da cultura ocidental dirão que nós devamos ficar
felizes pela vitória Grega.
Apesar de tudo, a vitória na Guerra Persa fez aflorar a cultura que deu origem
a era clássica. E mais, se os Persas tivessem ganho a guerra, sua monarquia provavelmente deve
ter atrasado a democracia e nos dado mas poder para Um.
Isso é provável, ms como contra argumento, vamos considerar três coisas:
Primeiro, vale lembrar que a vida no Império Persa era muito boa
e se você olhar para os últimos cinco mil anos da história da humanidade, mais impérios estáveis
estáveis e bem sucedido do que democracias.
Segundo, a vida em Atenha não era tão boa, principalmente se você for uma mulher
ou um escravo, e o governo era visivelmente corrupto.
E por ultimo, o governo Ateniense usou seu poder sob as cidades gregas
com a mentalidade imperialista que a ocasião faz o ladrão.
Arabic:
لكن إرث اليونان القديمة مبهم إلى حد كبير،
ويزيده إبهامًا أن الفائز النهائي في الحرب
البيلوبونيسية كان الاسبارطيين الديكتاتوريين.
شكرًا على هذه المعلومة المحبطة
يا فقاعة التخيل.
إليكم سؤال غير بلاغي:
هل كسب الجانب الصحيح الحروب الفارسية؟
معظم طلاب الدراسات القديمة
والمدافعين عن التراث الغربي
سيقولون لكم إنه بالطبع ينبغي لنا
أن نكون سعداء لفوز الإغريق،
ففوزهم في الحرب الفارسية
استهل ازدهارًا ثقافيًا منحنا العصر الكلاسيكي.
وبالإضافة إلى ذلك،
لو أن الفرس فازوا بنظامهم الملكيّ
لقتل ذلك الديمقراطية في مهدها
وأعطانا المزيد من حكم الرجل الواحد.
وهذا ممكن، ولكن كحجة مضادة لهذا الرأي،
دعونا نأخذ ثلاثة أمور بعين الاعتبار:
أولًا، من الجدير بالتذكر أن الحياة
في ظل حكم الفرس كانت جيدة جداً،
وإذا ما نظرتم الى الخمسة آلاف
سنة الأخيرة في تاريخ البشرية،
فستجدون عدد الإمبراطوريات الناجحة والمستقرة
أكبر بكثير من الديموقراطيات.
ثانيًا، لم تكن الحياة
في ظل حكم الأثينيين رائعة،
خاصة إذا كنت امرأة أو عبدًا،
كما كانت حكومتهم معروفة بفسادها.
وفي نهاية المطاف لم تكن الحكومة الأثينية
تستمد قوتها من مواطنيها،
وإنما من الاعتقاد الإمبريالي
بأن القوة هي الحق.
Dutch:
nalatenschap van de Griekse oudheid is een beetje dubbelzinnig, zelfs meer omdat de winnaar van
de Peleponnese oorlog de dictatorische Spartanen waren.
Dankje voor de ongelooflijke klaploper, gedachten bubbel.
Dus hier is een niet retorische vraag: Heeft de goede zijde de Perzische oorlog gewonnen?
Meeste classicisten en verdedigers van de Westerse traditie zullen je vertellen dat we natuurlijk
blij moeten zijn met dat de Grieken wonnen.
Per slot, het winnen van de Perzische oorlog begon een bloei van cultuur dat on de
klassieke eeuw gaf. En plus, als de Perzen hadden gewonnen met hun monarchie dat misschien democratie
had omgelegd in haar wieg en ons meer 1 mans heerschappij
En dat is mogelijk. maar als een counter tegen dat argument, laten we 3 dingen overwegen.
Ten eerste, het is goed om te herinneren dat leven onder de Perzen best wel goed was en als
je kijkt naar de laatste 5 duizend jaar van geschiedenis, zal je vinden dat er veel meer succesvolle
en stabiele rijken zijn dan democratieën.
Ten tweede, leven onder de Atheners was niet zo geweldig, specifiek als je een vrouw was
of een slaaf en hun regering was berucht corrupt.
en uiteindelijk haalde de Atheense regering niet zijn macht van het volk maar van de
imperialistische geloof dat macht, recht geeft
Swedish:
arvet från antikens Grekland är djupt tvetydig,
all mer så eftersom den slutliga vinnaren av det
peloponnesiska kriget var de diktatoriska Spartanerna.
Tack för den otroliga besvikelsen, tankebubblan.
Så här är en icke-retorisk fråga: Vann rätt sida de persiska krigen?
De flesta klassikerna och försvarare av den västerländska
traditionen kommer att säga att vi naturligtvis
borde vara glada att grekerna vann. Trots allt,
vinsten i de persiska krigeen skapade den kulturella
blomstring som gav oss den klassiska åldern.
Och plus, om Perserna hade vunnit med sin
monarki hade de kanske strypt demokratin
i krubban och gett oss mer enmans styre.
Och det är möjligt, men som ett motargument, låt oss betänka tre saker:
För det första är det värt att komma ihåg att livet
under perserna var ganska bra, och om
man tittar på de senaste fem tusen år av
mänsklighetens historia, hittar du långt fler framgångsrika
och stabila imperier än du kommer demokratier.
För det andra, livet under Atenarna var inte
så underbart, särskilt om du var kvinna
eller slav, och deras regering var ökänt
korrupt. Slutligen kom makten hos Atenska regeringen
inte från sina medborgare utan
från den imperialistiska tron att den starke har rätt.
English:
legacy of Ancient Greece is profoundly ambiguous,
all the moreso because the final winner of
the Peloponnesian War were the dictatorial Spartans.
Thanks for the incredible bummer, Thought Bubble.
So here’s a non-rhetorical question: Did
the right side win the Persian wars?
Most classicists and defenders of the Western
Tradition will tell you that of course we
should be glad the Greeks won. After all,
winning the Persian war set off the cultural
flourishing that gave us the Classical Age.
And plus, if the Persians had won with their
monarchy that might have strangled democracy
in its crib and given us more one-man rule.
And that’s possible, but as a counter that
argument, let’s consider three things:
First, it’s worth remembering that life
under the Persians was pretty good, and if
you look at the last five thousand years of
human history, you’ll find a lot more successful
and stable empires than you will democracies.
Second, life under the Athenians wasn’t
so awesome, particularly if you were a woman
or a slave, and their government was notoriously
corrupt. And ultimately the Athenian government
derived its power not from its citizens, but
from the imperialist belief that Might Makes
Russian:
Но наследие Древней Греции весьма противоречиво.
Это ещё более так из-за того, что в итоге победителями оказались властные спартанцы.
Вот это был облом, Thought Bubble.
Вот вам не риторический вопрос. Правильная ли сторона победила в Греко-Персидских войнах?
Большинство классиков и защитников западной традиции скажет, что мы
конечно же должны быть рады, что греки выиграли.
В конце концов победа в войне дала начало культурному процветанию и, собственно, периоду Античности.
И к тому же, если бы победили персы с их монархией, то они бы наверняка
задушили демократию в зародыше, что породило бы больше единоличных правлений.
Это было возможным, но в качестве контрагргумента давайте рассмотрим три пункта.
Во-первых, стоит помнить, что жизнь под персами была весьма неплохой.
И если вы посмотрите на последние 5000 истории человечества, то увидите, что
успешных и стабильных империй было гораздо больше, чем демократических государств.
Во-вторых, жизнь в Афинах не была такой уж классной, особенно если вы были
женщиной или рабом. А их правительство было известно своей коррумпированностью.
И по сути правительство Афин опиралось не на своих граждан,
а на империалистический принцип, что сильный всегда прав.
Да, это правда что Афины дали нам Сократа.
iw:
זה נכון שאתונה נתנה לנו סוקרטס,
אבל תנו לי להזכיר לכם שהם גם הרגו אותו.
***ובכן, אני מתכוון שהם אילצו אותו להתאבד.
לא משנה מה, הרודוטוס,
אתה לא היחיד כאן שיכול לעסוק ב"הטיה הסטורית".
ולבסוף, תחת שלטון פרסי היוונים
אולי היו נמנעים מהמלחמה הפלופונסית,
אשר בסופו של דבר החלישה את ערי המדינה היווניות
כל כך שאביו של "אלכסנדר (מגיע בקרוב) הגדול"
הצליח לכבוש את כולם, ולאחר מכן היו חבורה של מלחמות עקובות מדם
עם הפרסים וכל מיני
דברים נוראיים, ויוון לא הייתה מביאה דמוקרטיה שוב
במשך אלפיים שנה. כל זה היה יכול
להימנע אם הם רק היו מרשים לעצמם
לחטוף מכות על ידי הפרסים.
כל זה מאלץ אותנו לחזור אל שאלת השאלות
של ההיסטוריה האנושית:
"מה הטעם של להיות בחיים?"
יש לי חדשות טובות בשבילך בָּחוּר
אתה רק הולך לדאוג על זה במשך שמונה שניות נוספות.
אם זה להבטיח את החיים הכי ארוכים, בריאים ו-
פוריים עבור בני האדם? כי אם כן,
קל לטעון כי יוון הייתה צריכה להפסיד
במלחמה מול פרס. אבל אולי החיים הם
חיפוש אחר איזה אידיאל גדול
ששווה להקריב עבורו ללא הרף . ואם כך,
אולי תפארתה של אתונה עדיין זורחת, גם אם במעומעם.
Romanian:
E adevărat că Atena ni l-a dat pe Socrate dar lăsați-mă să vă reamintesc, tot ea l-a ucis.
Bine, vreau să spun că l-au forțat să se sinucidă.Oricum, Herodot, nu ești singurul
aici care ești înrolat într-o istorie părtinitoare.
Și în ultimul rând, sub dominație persană grecii ar fi putut evita Războiul peloponeziac,
care a slăbit orașele grecești atât de mult încât tatăl lui Alexandru Cel Venit Curând cel Mare
a fost capabil să-i cucerească pe toți, și atunci au existat o mulțime de războaie
sângeroase cu perșii și toate felurile de lucruri oribile și grecii nu vor mai vedea democrația din nou
timp de două milenii. Toate ar fi putut fi evitate dacă se lăsau
bătuți de perși.
Toate astea ne forțează să ne întoarcem la întrebarea fundamentală a istoriei omenirii: Care este scopul pentru care trăim?
Am vești bune pentru voi, băieți.N-o să vă îngrijorați
pentru asta mai mult de 8 secunde.Ar trebui să asigurăm cea mai lungă, cea mai sănătoasă și
cele mai bune vieți pentru oameni? Dacă da, e ușor să argumentăm că grecii ar fi trebuit
să piardă războaiele ci perșii.Dar poate viețile trebuie trăite urmând un mare ideal
care cere sacrificii nesfârșite. Și dacă e așa, poate gloria Atenei încă strălucește, cu toate că slab.
Spanish:
Es cierto que Atenas nos dieron a Sócrates, pero dejenme recordarles, también lo mataron.
Bueno, digo, lo obligaron a suicidarse.
Lo que sea, Heródoto. No eres el único
aquí que puede participar en el sesgo histórico.
Y por último, bajo el dominio persa los griegos podrían haber evitado la guerras médicas,
que acabó debilitando las ciudades-estado griegas tanto que el padre de Alejandro "Próximamente"
el Grande fue capaz de conquistarlas a todas y luego
hubo un montón de guerras
sangrientas con los persas y toda clase de cosas horribles y Grecia ni siquiera vería la democracia
de nuevo por dos milenios. Todo lo cual pudo haber sido evitado si se
hubieran dejado vencer por los persas.
Lo cual nos fuerza a regresas a nuestra pregunta núcleo de la historia humana: ¿Cuál es el punto
de estar vivo?
Tengo buenas noticias para ti, hombre. Solo tendrás que preocuparte por eso por unos
8 segundos más.
¿Deberíamos tratar de asegurar las vidas más largas, saludables y productivas para los humanos? Si es así,
es fácil decir que Grecia debió haber perdido las guerras médicas.
Pero quizás las vidas son para ser vividas en búsqueda de un gran ideal por el cual vale la pena
sacrificarse. Y si es así, tal vez la gloria de Atenas
aún brilla, aunque débilmente.
Hungarian:
Igaz, hogy Athén adta nekünk Szókratészt, de hadd emlékeztesselek, hogy ők is ölték meg.
Vagyis egészen pontosan: arra kényszerítették, hogy öngyilkosságot kövessen el.
Bárhogy is, Hérodotosz, nem te vagy az egyetlen,
akinek az előítéletei torzítják a történelmet.
És végül, perzsa uralom alatt a görögök elkerülhették volna a peloponnészoszi háborút,
ami miatt a városállamok úgy meggyengültek, hogy Nagy "Hamarosan Következik" Sándor
apja az összeset meg tudta hódítani, csomó véres harc
és egyéb válogatott szörnyűségek árán.
Görögország hírét se hallotta a demokráciának
a következő két évezreden keresztül.
Ez talán mind elkerülhető lett volna,
ha vereséget szenvednek a perzsáktól.
Mindez arra kényszerít bennünket, hogy visszatérjünk a történelem legnagyobb kérdéséhez:
Mi az élet értelme? A jó hírem számodra, hogy már csak 8 másodpercig
kell emiatt eggódnod. Érdekünk, hogy igyekezzünk biztosítani mindenki számára a hosszú, egészséges,
és produktív életet? Ha igen, akkor könnyűszerrel állíthatjuk, hogy a görögöknek veszíteniük kellett volna
a görög-perzsa háborúkban.
Bár talán élet értelme inkább a folyamatos törekvés,
és feláldozni mindent a végtelenségig
valami nemesb cél érdekében.
Ha így van, talán Athén dicsősége máig is ragyog... homályosan.
French:
Certes, il est vrai qu'Athènes nous a laissé Socrate, mais laissez moi vous rappeler qu'ils l'ont également tué.
Bon, je veux dire qu'ils l'ont forcé à se suicider. Peu imorte, Hérodote, tu n'es pas le seul
à se livrer aux biais historiques.
Et finalement, sous le règne perse, les Grecs auraient pu éviter la guerre du Péloponnèse,
qui, au final, a affaibli les cités-États grecques au point où le père d'Alexandre "À Venir Bientôt" le Grand
a pu toutes les conquérir, suivi d'un paquet de guerres sanglantes avec les Perses,
et toutes sortes de choses horribles, et que la Grèce n'aient pu voir l'ombre de la démocratie
pour deux millénaires. Tout ça aurait pu être évité s'ils s'étaient seulement laissé battre par les Perses!
Tout ça nous ramène à la question centrale de l'histoire de l'humanité:
Quel est le but d'être en vie?
J'ai de bonnes nouvelles pour toi mec. Tu vas devoir t'en soucier que pour 8 secondes de plus.
Devrions-nous tenter d'assurer une vie plus longue et en santé et productive pour les humains?
Si oui, c'est facile de faire valoir que la Grèce aurait dû perdre les guerres médiques.
Mais peut-être que la vie doit être vécue comme la poursuite d'un grand idéal qui vaut la peine de se sacrifier sans cesse.
Et si c'est le cas, peut-être que la gloire d'Athènes brille toujours, bien que faiblement.
Vietnamese:
Đúng là Athens cho chúng ta Socrate, nhưng họ cũng giết ông ta
Ý tôi là bắt ông tự tử.
Dù sao, Herodotus, ông không phải
người duy nhất ở đây bẻ cong lịch sử
Sau cùng, dưới sự cai trị của Ba Tư, người Hy Lạp có thể đã tránh được chiến tranh Peloponnesian,
mà kết cục làm suy yếu các thành bang Hy Lạp
đến nỗi cha của
Alexander "sắp đến" Đại đế có thể chinh phục tất cả, rồi hàng loạt
cuộc chiến đẫm máu với người Ba Tư và đủ thứ kinh khủng, và Hi Lạp không thoáng thấy lại
nền dân chủ trong 2 thiên niên kỉ. Tất cả có thể tránh khỏi nếu họ
để mình bị người Ba Tư đánh bại
Tất cả buộc chúng ta quay lại câu hỏi cốt lõi của của lịch sử loài người:
Sống để làm gì? Tôi có tin tốt cho các bạn. Bạn sẽ chỉ phải lo về nó
trong vòng 8 giây nữa. Chúng ta có nên cố đảm bảo cuộc sống lâu dài, khỏe mạnh,
sinh sôi nhất cho con người? Nếu vậy, dễ kết luận Hi Lạp nên thua Chiến tranh Ba Tư
Nhưng có lẽ đời là sống để theo đuổi vài lý tưởng vĩ đại
đáng để không ngừng hi sinh. Và nếu thế, có lẽ hào quang của Athens vãn tỏa sáng, nhưng mập mờ
Arabic:
صحيح أن أثينا منحتنا سقراط،
ولكن اسمحوا لي أن أذكركم بأنها قتلته أيضًا.
أو بالأحرى أجبروه على الانتحار.
مت بغيظك يا هيرودوت، لست الوحيد
الذي يستطيع ممارسة التحيز التاريخي.
وأخيرًا، في ظل الحكم الفارسي لربما كان الإغريق
سيتجنبون الحرب البيلوبونيسية،
والتي انتهى بها المطاف
إلى إضعاف دول المدن اليونانية بشدة،
درجة أن والد إسكندر الأكبر
"الذي سنناقشه قريبًا" استطاع غزوها جميعًا،
ثم وقعت عدة حروب دامية مع الفرس
وشتى الأحداث المرعبة
التي لم يشم الإغريق بعدها رائحة
الديموقراطية مجددًا لمدة ألفي السنين.
وهذا كله كان بالإمكان تفاديه لو أنهم
سمحوا لأنفسهم بالتعرض للهزيمة على يد الفرس.
وهذا كله يجبرنا على العودة
إلى السؤال الأساسي في التاريخ البشري:
ما مغزى الحياة؟
لدي نبأ سار لك يا صديقي.
بعد 8 ثوان لن تعود بحاجة
إلى القلق بشأن ذلك السؤال.
هل ينبغي لنا أن نحاول السعي لتحقيق
أطول وأصحّ حياة وأكثرها إنتاجية للبشر؟
إذا صحّ ذلك، فمن السهل إقامة الحجة بأن الإغريق
كان ينبغي أن يخسروا الحروب الفارسية.
فربما يُفترض عيش الحياة في نصرة مُثل عظيمة
تستحق أن نضحي من أجلها بكل ما نملك.
وإذا صحّ ذلك فلربما ما يزال
نور مجد أثينا مُشعًا، وإن كان خافتًا.
تلك هي الأسئلة الحقيقية التي علينا أن نستخلص
الإجابة عنها من التاريخ: ما مغزى الحياة؟
Finnish:
On totta, että Ateena antoi meille Sokrateen, mutta muistetaan, että he myös tappoivat hänet.
Tarkoitan siis, että he pakottivat hänet tekemään itsemurhan. Oli miten oli Herodotos,
et ole ainoa jolla on historiallinen asenteellisuus.
Ja viimeiseksi, persialaisten alaisena kreikkalaiset olisivat voineet välttää peloponnesolaissodan,
joka heikensi Kreikan kaupunkivaltioita niin, että (pian tulevan) Aleksander
Suuren isän oli mahdollista valloittaa ne kaikki ja sitten oli monta veristä
sotaa persialaisten kanssa ja kaikenlaisia kaameita asioita ja Kreikka ei näkisi demokratiaa
enää kahteen tuhanteen vuoteen. Kaikki olisi voitu välttää, jos he vain
olisivat antaneet persialaisten voittaa heidät.
Kaikki tämä pakottaa meitä palaamaan historian ydinkysymykseen: Mitä järkeä
on elossa olemisessa?
Minulla on hyviä uutisia sinulle, ukko. Sinun on mietittävä tätä vain seuraavat
8 sekuntia.
Pitäisikö meidän varmistaa pisin, terveellisin ja tuottavin elämä ihmisille? Jos niin,
on helppoa väitellä, että Kreikan olisi pitänyt hävitä persialaissodat.
Mutta ehkäpä elämä kuuluu elää jonkin suuren idean tavoittelussa, jolle voi uhrautua
ikuisesti. Jos niin on, Ateenan loisto kiiltää
yhä, tosin himmeästi.
Portuguese:
Verdade que Atena nos presenteou com Socrates, mas deixe-me lembrá-lo, eles também o mataram.
Bem, na verdade eles o forçaram a cometer suicídio. Tanto faz, Heródoto,
você não é o único aqui que conhece a História.
E por último, sob as regras Espartanas, os gregos poderiam ter evitado a guerra do Peloponeso.
A guerra que enfraqueceu a Gregas, deixando-as vuneráveis para que o pai de Alexandre "próximo vídeo"
o Grande conseguir conquistar toda a região, depois de um banho de sangue
nas guerras contra Persas e todas as coisas horríveis e a democracia grega não teria desaparecido
por dois milênios. E tudo isso poderia ser evitado se
eles deixassem os Persas ganharem.
E tudo isso nos força a retornar para a questão humana de sempre: Qual a razão
de estarmos vivos?
Eu tenho boas notícias para você. Só precisará se preocupar com isso pelos próximos
8 segundos.
Deveremos tentar garantir uma vida mais longa, saudável e produtiva para todos os humanos. Se for
é fácil argumentar que os Gregos deveriam ter perdido a guerra Persa.
Mas se as vida deve ser vivida para perseguir um ideal de sacrifício
então a glória de Atenas continua a
brilhar, vagamente.
Chinese:
雅典出了蘇格拉底沒錯，但要記得雅典也將他處決。
嚴格說是逼迫他服毒自殺，這沒差啦。
希羅多德你看，歷史偏差我也可以。
三）波斯統治下可避免伯羅奔尼撒戰爭。
諸城邦飽受戰爭摧殘、耗弱，
亞歷山大（即將登場）的父親甚至得以一統希臘。
之後還與波斯爆發一系列血腥戰爭等壞事，
希臘甚至兩千年間將不再見民主蹤影，
他們倘若戰敗這一切就不必發生。
這逼使我們回到研究歷史的核心問題：
活著是為了什麼？
黑板上的仁兄，好消息是你只須為此題煩惱約八秒。
意義是為人類爭取長壽、健康、有為的生活嗎？
是如此那希臘就應該要敗仗才對。
但也有可能活著是為了可無限付出的理想。
是如此那雅典可能依然發射光芒（雖然黯淡）
Thai:
จริงอยู่ที่เอเธนส์มอบโสเครตีสให้เรา แต่อย่าลืมว่า พวกเขาก็เป็นคนฆ่าโสเครตีสด้วย
คือ ผมหมายถึงพวกเขาบังคับให้โสเครตีสฆ่าตัวตาย
ช่างเถอะ เฮอรอโดทัส คุณไม่ใช่คนเดียวที่มีอคติทางประวัติศาสตร์นะครับ
และสุดท้าย ภายใต้การปกครองของเปอร์เซีย สงครามเพโลพอนนีเซียนอาจจะไม่เกิดขึ้นก็ได้
สงครามนี้ได้ทำให้กรีกอ่อนแอลงมากซะจน พระบิดาของอเล็กซานเดอร์มหาราช
สามารถยึดครองกรีกได้เกือบทั้งหมด และตามมาด้วยสงครามกับเปอร์เซียอีกหลายครั้ง
และกรีกก็ไม่ได้พบเจอกับประชาธิปไตยไปอีก 2000 ปี
ทั้งหมดนี้อาจไม่เกิดขึ้น
ถ้าพวกเขาแพ้เปอร์เซีย
ทั้งหมดนี้ทำให้เรากลับมาตั้งคำถามสำคัญเกี่ยวกับประวัติศาสตร์ของมวลมนุษยชาติ
ทำไมเราถึงมีชีวิตอยู่? ผมมีข่าวดีมาบอกครับ
เราจะกังวลกับเรื่องนี้อีกแค่ 8 วินาทีเท่านั้น
เราควรพยายามให้มนุษย์มีชีวิตที่ยืนยาว แข็งแรง และมีคุณภาพหรือไม่?
ถ้าใช่ เราก็อาจบอกได้ว่าเปอร์เซียควรจะชนะกรีกในสงครามเปอร์เซีย
แต่หากชีวิตคือการไล่ตามความเชื่อบางอย่าง และยอมสละทุกอย่างเพื่อให้ได้มันมา
ถ้าเป็นอย่างนั้น ความยิ่งใหญ่ของเอเธนส์ยังคงส่องแสง แม้จะริบหรี่ก็ตาม
Turkish:
Atina'nın bize Sokratı verdiği doğru ama hatırlayın, onu öldürdü de.
Yani, onu intihara zorladı. Her neyse, Herodot, burada tarihi ön yargısı olan tek
kişi sen değilsin.
Son olarak, Pers egemenliğinde Pelopones Savaşı engellenebilirdi.
Bu savaş şehir-devletleri o kadar yıprattı ki Büyük" Birazdan Geliyor" İskender'in
babası hepsini fethedebildi. Sonrasında Persler ile kanlı
savaşlar ve o kadar kötü şeyler yaşandı ki Yunanistan iki binyıl
boyunca demokrasiye geçmedi. Bunların hepsi Persler'e
yenilselerdi önlenebilirdi.
Bütün bular bizi tekrar insanlığın en önemli sorusuna götürüyor: Yaşamanın anlamı ne?
Bütün bular bizi tekrar insanlığın en önemli sorusuna götürüyor: Yaşamanın anlamı ne?
Senin için iyi bir haberim var. Sadece 8 saniye daha endişelenmen
gerekiyor.
İnsanlar için en uzun, en sağlıklı ve en üretken yaşamları mı sağlamalıyız?
Eğer öyleyse Yunanistan Pers Savaşları'nı kaybetti.
Belkide hayatımız hiç bitmeyecek bir ideale ulaşma yolunda feda etmeliyiz.
Eğer böyleyse Atinalıların zaferi hala parlıyor,
daha az, ama parlıyor.
Swedish:
Det är sant att Aten gav oss Sokrates,
men låt mig påminna er, de dödade honom också.
Tja, de tvingade honom att begå självmord.
Oavsett, Herodotos, du är inte den enda
här som kan engagera sig i historisk partiskhet.
Och slutligen, under persiskt styre kunde grekerna
ha undvikit det peloponnesiska kriget,
som försvagade de grekiska stadsstaterna
så mycket att Alexander "Snart här" den
Stores far kunde erövra
dem alla, och sedan fanns det en massa blodiga
krig med perserna och alla typer av fruktansvärda
saker, och Grekland skulle inte skymta demokrati
igen för två årtusenden. Allt detta kanske kunde
ha undvikits om de skulle bara låtit sig
slås av perserna.
Detta tvingar oss att återvända till kärnan när det gäller mänsklighetens historia: Vad är poängen
med att vara vid liv? Jag har goda nyheter för dig,
grabben. Du kommer bara att behöva oroa
dig i ca åtta sekunder till. Skall
vi försöka att säkerställa längsta, mest hälsosamma,
och mest produktiva liv för människor? Om så är fallet,
är det lätt att hävda att Grekland ska ha
förlorat persiska krigen. Men liv kanske är
att leva i jakten på några stora ideal
värt att offra för i oändlighet. Om så är fallet,
kanske Atens ära fortfarande lyser, om än, svagt.
Dutch:
Het is waar dat Athene ons Socrates gaf, maar laat me je herinneren, zij vermoorde hem ook.
Nou ja, ik bedoel ze forceerde hem om zelfmoord te plegen. Hoe dan ook, Herodotus, je bent niet de enige
hier die kan meedoen in historische voorinneming.
En ten laatste, onder Perzische heerschappij hadden de Grieken misschien de Peloponnesian oorlog ontweken,
die eindigde met een verzwakking van de Griekse staatsteden zo ver dat Alexander "Coming Soon" de
grote's vader mogelijk was om ze allemaal te veroveren en toen was er een bloedige hoop van
oorlogen met de Perzen en allerlei soorten van verschrikkelijke dingen en Griekenland zou democratie niet meer zien
voor 2 millennia.
Wat allemaal voorkomen had kunnen zijn als zij zich
gewoon hadden laten verslaan door de Perzen.
Wat ons allemaal weer terug drijft naar de basis vraag van de menselijke geschiedenis: Wat is het nut
van levend zijn?
Ik heb goed nieuws voor je, jongen. Je hoeft je er alleen maar zorgen over te maken voor
8 meer seconden
Zullen we proberen te zorgen voor de langste, gezondste en meest productieve levens voor mensen? Zo ja,
is het makkelijk om te beargumenteren dat Griekenland de Perzische oorlog zou moeten verliezen.
Maar misschien zijn levens ervoor om te leven in achtervolging van een groter ideaal, wat het waard is om je voor op te offeren.
En als het zo is, schijnt er misschien nog steeds iets van de glorie van Athene
, hoe dim dan ook.
Czech:
ale dovolte mi vám
připomenout, že ho také zabily.
Chtěl jsem říct,
že ho donutily spáchat sebevraždu.
Co už, Hérodote, nejsi jediný,
kdo byl historicky předpojatý.
Konečně pod Peršany se Řekové
mohli vyhnout peloponéské válce,
která jen zeslabila řecké státy
natolik, že táta Alexadera Velikého,
o něm již brzy, je mohl všechny
dobýt a pak nastal čas krvavých
válek s Peršany a dalších
hrůz a Řecko nevidělo demokracii
další dvě tisíciletí.
Toho všeho se mohli vyvarovat,
kdyby se jen nechali porazit Peršany.
Tohle všechno nás nutí se vrátit
k nejpodstatnější otázce historie:
Proč žijeme?
Mám pro tebe dobrou zprávu, kámo.
Budeš si s tím muset lámat hlavu
už jen asi 8 vteřin.
Měli bychom zajistit lidem co nejdelší,
nejzdravější a nejproduktivnější životy?
Pokud ano je snadné obhájit,
že Řecko mělo prohrát řecko-perské války.
Ale možná se mají životy žít
v honbě za ideálem, za který stojí
se obětovat. A pokud ano,
možná sláva Athén stále září,
i když jen mdle.
Toto jsou skutečné otázky historie:
Modern Greek (1453-):
Είναι αλήθεια ότι η Αθήνα μας έδωσε τον Σωκράτη, αλλά να σας θυμίσω ότι τον σκότωσε κιόλας.
Τον εξανάγκασαν σε αυτοκτονία δηλαδή.
Τέλος πάντων Ηρόδοτε, δεν υποπίπτεις μόνο εσύ σε ιστορική μεροληψία.
Και τελικά υπό Περσική κυριαρχία οι Έλληνες μπορεί να είχαν αποφύγει τον Πελοποννησιακό πόλεμο,
ο οποίος έληξε αποδυναμώνοντας τις πόλεις-κράτη τόσο πολύ
που ο πατέρας του Μέγα -έρχεται σύντομα- Αλέξανδρου κατάφερε να τις κατακτήσει όλες
και μετά ακολούθησαν πόλεμοι με τους Πέρσες και όλων των ειδών φρικτά πράγματα,
και η Ελλάδα δεν θα έβλεπε ξανά τη δημοκρατία για δύο χιλιετίες.
Όλα αυτά πιθανόν να είχαν αποφευχθεί εάν επέτρεπαν στους εαυτούς τους να τις φάνε από τους Πέρσες
Όλα αυτά μας αναγκάζουν να επιστρέψουμε στο κεντρικό ερώτημα της ανθρώπινης ιστορίας:
Ποιο είναι το νόημα του να είσαι ζωντανός?
Σου έχω καλά νέα φίλε, Θα πρέπει να σε απασχολήσει μόνο για 8 δευτερόλεπτα ακόμα.
Πρέπει να προσπαθούμε να εξασφαλίσουμε μακροζωία, ευεξία και παραγωγική ζωή για τους ανθρώπους?
Αν είναι έτσι, είναι εύκολο να ισχυριστούμε ότι η Ελλάδα θα έπρεπε να χάσει τους Περσικούς πολέμους
Αλλά ίσως θα πρέπει να ζούμε επιδιώκοντας κάποια ιδανικά για τα οποία αξίζει κανείς να πεθαίνει επ'αόριστον
Και αν είναι έτσι, τότε η Αθηναϊκή δόξα ίσως λάμπει ακόμα
ωστόσο αμυδρά
Αυτές είναι οι πραγματικές ερωτήσεις της ιστορίας:
Ποιο είναι το νόημα του να είσαι ζωντανός?
Russian:
Но позвольте напомнить, что они же и убили его.
Ну, всмысле что они заставили его совершить самоубийство.
Так или иначе, Геродот, ты не единственный, кто подвержен исторической предвзятости.
И последнее. Под персами греки вполне могли бы избежать Пелопонесской войны,
которая настолько ослабила греческие города, что отец Александра "скоро Великого"
смог завоевать их все.
А потом ещё была куча кровопролитных войн с персами и много других ужасных вещей.
Демократия в Греции потухнет на 2000 лет.
И всего этого можно было избежать, если бы греки лишь позволили персам побить себя.
Это заставляет нас снова вернуться к ключевому вопросу истории человечества.
В чём смысл быть живым?
У меня для тебя хорошие новости, приятель.
Тебе осталось задаваться этим вопросом не более 6 секунд.
Должны ли мы стараться сделать жизнь людей длиннее, здоровее и полноценнее?
Если да, то легко согласиться, что Греции было бы лучше проиграть войну с Персией.
Но возможно мы должны жить ради некоего великого идеала, который стоит всех этих бесконечных жертв.
И если так, то может быть слава Афин
всё ещё сияет в веках.
Пусть и тускло.
German:
Es stimmt, dass die Athener uns Sokrates gegeben haben, aber bedenkt, dass sie ihn auch getötet haben.
Nun ja, das heißt, sie haben ihn gezwungen Selbstmord zu begehen. Wie auch immer, Herodot, du bist nicht der einzige hier,
der voreingenommen sein kann.
Und schließlich hätten die Griechen unter persischer Führung den Peloponnesischen Krieg vermeiden können,
der die griechischen Stadtstaaten so schwächte, dass der Vater von Alexander "Coming Soon" dem Großen
in der Lage war, sie alle einzunehmen, und dann gab es eine Menge blutiger
Kriege mit den Persern und lauter furchtbare Dinge und die Griechen hatten für zwei Jahrtausende
keine Demkoratie mehr. Das alles hätte vermieden werden können, wenn sie sich
einfach nur von den Persern hätten besiegen lassen.
Das alles zwingt uns dazu, zur Kernfrage der menschlichen Geschichte zurückzukehren: Was ist der Sinn
des Lebens?
Ich habe gute Nachrichten für dich, Kumpel. Du musst dich nur noch
acht weitere Sekunden gedulden.
Sollten wir Menschen die längsten, gesündesten und produktivsten Leben gewährleisten? Wenn ja,
ist es einfach zu argumentieren, dass die Griechen die Perserkriege hätten verlieren sollen.
Doch vielleicht sollten Leben gelebt werden, indem man ein großartiges Ideal verfolgt, und sind es wert, dafür geopfert zu werden.
Und wenn das so ist, scheint der Ruhm Athens vielleicht nich immer,
wenn auch gedimmt.
English:
Right. It’s true that Athens gave us Socrates,
but let me remind you, they also killed him.
Well, I mean they forced him to commit suicide.
Whatever, Herodotus, you’re not the only
one here who can engage in historical bias.
And lastly, under Persian rule the Greeks
might have avoided the Peloponnesian War,
which ended up weakening the Greek city-states
so much that Alexander “Coming Soon” the
Great’s father was able to conquer all of
them, and then there were a bunch of bloody
wars with the Persians and all kinds of horrible
things, and Greece wouldn’t glimpse democracy
again for two millennia. All of which might
have been avoided if they’d just let themselves
get beaten by the Persians.
All of which forces us to return to the core
question of human history: What’s the point
of being alive? I’ve got good news for you,
guy. You’re only going to have to worry
about it for about 8 more seconds. Should
we try to ensure the longest, healthiest,
and most productive lives for humans? If so,
it’s easy to argue that Greece should have
lost the Persian Wars. But perhaps lives are
to be lived in pursuit of some great ideal
worth sacrificing endlessly for. And if so,
maybe the glory of Athens still shines, however dimly.
Polish:
To prawda że Ateńczycy dali nam Sokratesa , ale pozwólcie mi przypomnieć, że oni też go zabili.
To znaczy , miałem na myśli że zmusili go do popełnienia samobójstwa. W każdym razie , Herodotusie, nie jesteś jedynym
który potrafi manipulować faktami historycznymi.
I na koniec, pod Perskimi rządami Grecy być może uniknęliby Wojny Peloponeskiej
która osłabiła greckie miasta-państwa tak bardzo że ojciec Aleksandra "Wkrótce nadchodzę" Wielkiego
był w stanie podbić je wszystkie a potem było pełno krwawych wojen
z Persami i pełno strasznych rzeczy a Grecja nie odzyskała demokracji
przez kolejne dwa tysiąclecia. Wszystkiego tego można było uniknąć
jeśli pozwoliliby się pokonać Persom.
Wszystko to zmusza nas do powrotu do odwiecznego pytania w historii ludzkości: Jaki jest
sens życia ?
Mam dla Ciebie dobre wieści. Będziesz musiał sie nad tym zastanawiać tylko przez
następne 8 sekund.
Czy powinniśmy zapewniać najdłuższe, najzdrowsze i najbardziej produktywne życie dla ludzi? Jeśli tak,
to łatwo dowieść , że Grecy powinni przegrać Wojny Perskie.
Ale być może życie jest pogonią za jakąś wielką ideą wartą poświęcenia.
A jeśli tak , to może chwała Aten wciąż
lśni , aczkolwiek niewyraźnie.
Arabic:
وكيف ينبغي لنا أن ننظم أنفسنا
وماذا ينبغي أن نبتغي من هذه الحياة؟
هذه ليست أسئلة هيّنة، ولكننا سنحاول
الإجابة عنها مجددًا في الأسبوع المقبل
عندما نتحدث عن بوذا. أراكم آنذاك.
Crash Course من إنتاج وإخراج ستان مولر
والمشرفة على النص هي دانيكا جونسون
وفريق الرسومات هو Thought Bubble
والبرنامج من كتابة مدرّسي لمادة التاريخ
في الثانوية، راؤول ماير، بمساعدة مني.
عبارة الأسبوع في الأسبوع الماضي
كانت "Un mot de français".
إذا وددتم تخمين عبارة هذا الأسبوع
يمكنكم القيام بذلك في قسم التعليقات،
كما يمكنكم طرح الأسئلة
حول فيديو اليوم في قسم التعليقات
حيث سيحاول فريقنا من المؤرخين الإجابة عنها.
شكرًا على المشاهدة،
ولا تنسوا أن تكونوا رائعين.
Polish:
To jest prawdziwe pytanie historii:
Jaki jest sens życia ? Jak powinniśmy organizować
samych siebie , czego powinniśmy szukać w tym życiu ? To nie są łatwe pytania, ale
będziemy szukać na nie odpowiedzi w kolejnym tygodniu kiedy porozmawiamy o Buddzie.
Do zobaczenia.
Crash Course jest kręcony i reżyseroway przez Stana Mullera. Nadzorcą scenariusza jest Danica Johnson.
Zespołem graficznym jest ThoughtBubble a odcinek napisany jest przez mojego licealnego nauczyciela historii
Raoula Meyera i mnie.
Nasze zdanie na zeszły tydzień było "Un mot de Francais" Jeśli chcesz zgadnąć
zdanie na ten tydzień , możesz to zrobić w komentarzach. Możesz także zadawać pytania
na temat dzisiejszego odcinka na które nasz zespół historyków postara się odpowiedzieć.
Dzięki za oglądanie i nie zapomnijcie żeby być super.
Thai:
คำถามเหล่านี้คือคำถามสำคัญในการศึกษาประวัติศาสตร์
ทำไมเราถึงมีชีวิตอยู่? เราควรทำตัวยังไง?
เราควรค้นหาอะไรจากการมีชีวิต? คำถามเหล่านี้ไม่ใช่คำถามง่ายๆ
แต่เราจะค่อยๆหาคำตอบกันต่อในสัปดาห์หน้า
เมื่อเราพูดถึงพระพุทธเจ้า แล้วพบกันครับ
แครชคอร์ส อำนวยการผลิตและกำกับโดย สแตน มุลเลอร์
ผู้ตรวจบทได้แก่ เดนิกา จอห์นสัน
ทีมกราฟฟิกได้แก่ Thought Bubble และรายการนี้เขียนบทโดยอาจารย์วิชาประวัติศาสตร์สมัยม.ปลายของผม
ราอูล มาเยอร์ และผมเอง
วลีประจำสัปดาห์ของสัปดาห์ที่แล้วคือ "Un mot de français"
คุณสามารถทายวลีประจำสัปดาห์นี้ได้ที่คอมเม้นท์ใต้วิดิโอ
คุณสามารถถามคำถามเกี่ยวกับวิดีโอวันนี้ได้ที่คอมเม้นท์
ทีมงานนักประวัติศาสตร์ของเราจะพยายามหาคำตอบให้คุณ
ขอบคุณสำหรับการรับชม และอย่าลืมทำตัวให้เจ๋งนะครับ
Hungarian:
Ezek a történelem valódi kérdései: Mi az életünk értelme? Hogyan kéne szerveznünk a mindennapjainkat?
Mit várunk el létünk eredményétől?
Ezek nem könnyű kérdések, de talán
közelebb kerülünk a válaszhoz jövő héten is, amikor Buddháról fogunk beszélni. Akkor majd találkozunk.
Crach Course producere és rendezője Stan Muller, a script szupervízor Danica Johnson,
A grafikáért a gondolat buborék felel, és a show
a gimnáziumi történelem tanárom , Raoul Meyerrel írtam.
A hét mondása „Un mot de français”. Ha szeretnék kitalálni, mi a következő hét mondása,
várom a tippedet kommentben, bármilyen felmerülő kérdéssel egyetemben.
A történészekből álló csapatunk megkísérel válaszolni rájuk.
Köszönjük a figyelmet, és maradjatok ilyen szuperek.
Vietnamese:
Đó là những câu hỏi thực sự của lịch sử: Mục đích tồn tại là gì? Chúng ta nên tổ chức ra sao,
nên tìm kiếm điều gì trong kiếp này? Không phải các câu hỏi dễ, nhưng chúng ta
sẽ tiếp tục cố gắng vào tuần sau khi nói về Đức Phât. Hẹn gặp lại các bạn
Crash Course được sản xuất và đạo diễn bởi Stan
Muller, giám sát kịch bản của chúng tôi là Danica Johnson,
nhóm nghiên cứu đồ họa được tưởng Bubble, và
chương trình được viết bởi lịch sử trung học của tôi
giáo viên Raoul Meyer và tôi.
cụm từ của chúng tôi trong tuần tuần trước là "Un mot
de français". Nếu bạn muốn đoán đây
cụm từ tuần của tuần, bạn có thể làm như vậy
trong ý kiến. Bạn cũng có thể đặt câu hỏi về
video hiện nay trong ý kiến nơi nhóm chúng tôi
của các nhà sử học sẽ cố gắng trả lời chúng.
Cảm ơn bạn đã xem và Do not Forget To Be
Tuyệt vời.
Modern Greek (1453-):
Πως θα πρέπει να οργανώσουμε τους εαυτούς μας?
Τι πρέπει να ζητήσουμε από αυτή τη ζωή;
Αυτές δεν είναι εύκολες ερωτήσεις, αλλά θα τις προσπαθήσουμε την επόμενη εβδομάδα όπου θα μιλήσουμε για τον Βούδα.
Θα τα πούμε τότε!
Παραγωγή και σκηνοθεσία του Crash Course από τον Stan Muller, επόπτης σεναρίου είναι η Danica Johnson
ομάδα γραφικών είναι η ThoughtBubble
και η παράσταση είναι γραμμένη από τον καθηγητή ιστορίας στο γυμνάσιο μου Raoul Meyer και εμένα.
Φράση της προηγούμενης εβδομάδας ήταν η "Un mot de français ".
Αν θέλετε να μαντέψετε τη φράση αυτής της εβδομάδας μπορείτε να το κάνετε στα σχόλια.
Μπορείτε επίσης να κάνετε ερωτήσεις σχετικά με το σημερινό βίντεο στα σχόλια όπου η ομάδα των ιστορικών μας θα προσπαθήσει να απαντήσει.
Ευχαριστώ για την προβολή, και μην ξεχνάτε να είστε φοβεροί!
Dutch:
Dat zijn de echte vragen van geschiedenis: Wat is het doel van levend zijn? Hoe zouden we ons moeten organiseren,
wat zouden we moeten zoeken in dit leven? Dat zijn geen gemakkelijke vragen, maar we
zullen nog een poging tot ze wagen volgende week wanneer we praten over de Boeddha.
Ik zie je dan weer.
Crash Course is geproduceerd en geregisseerd door Stan Muller. Onze script opzichter is Danica Johnson.
Het grafische team is ThoughtBubble en de show is geschreven door mijn Middelbare school geschiedenis
docent Raoul Meyer en mij.
Onze uitdrukking van de week was vorige week "Un Mot De Francais". Als je wilt gokken wat deze
week's uitdrukking is kan je dat doen in de comments. Je kan ook vragen stellen over
vandaag's video in de comments waar ons team van historici zal proberen ze te beantwoorden.
English:
Those are the real questions of history: What’s
the point of being alive? How should we organize
ourselves, what should we seek from this life?
Those aren’t easy questions, but we’ll
take another crack at them next week when
we talk about the Buddha. I’ll see you then.
Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan
Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson,
the graphics team is Thought Bubble, and the
show is written by my high school history
teacher Raoul Meyer and me.
Our phrase of the week last week was "Un mot
de français". If you’d like to guess this
week’s phrase of the week you can do so
in comments. You can also ask questions about
today’s video in comments where our team
of historians will attempt to answer them.
Thanks for watching, and Don't Forget To Be
Awesome.
Portuguese:
Essas perguntas são realmente relacionadas a história: Porque estamos vivos? Como nós
deviríamos nos organizaram, o que deveríamos tirar da vida? Essas questões não são fáceis, mas nós
teremos mais na próxima semana, na qual falaremos sobre Buddha.
Vejo você lá
Crash Course é produzido e dirigido por Stan Muller.
Nosso supervisor de roteiro é Danica Johnshon
O time gráfico é a ThoughtBubble e o show é escrito por meu professor do ensino médio
Raoul Meyer e eu.
Nossa frase da semana passado por 'Un Mot De Fracais". Se você quer adivinhar
a frase da próxima semana, escreva nos comentários. Você também pode fazer perguntas
sobre o vídeio de hoje nos cometários no qual nosso time de historiados tentaram responder.
Obrigado por assistir e não se esqueça de ser incrível.
Chinese:
這些問題是歷史學精隨、意義：
活著為何？要如何組織？
一生中該盼望那些事？
沒一題容易解答，下週討論菩薩時再試解答。
下週再見。
本節目導演兼製作人是Stan Muller。
劇本總監是Danica Johnson。
動畫由Thought Bubble提供。
劇本由我高中老師Raoul Meyer以及我本人所寫。
上週金句是：「崩揪。法文字。」
要猜本週名言或問有關本集的問題請在以下留言，
我們歷史學家團隊會盡量回答。
謝謝收看，別忘記你很棒。
Turkish:
Bunlar tarihin gerçek soruları: Niye yaşıyoruz? Nasıl yaşamalıyız,
neyin peşinde olmalıyız? Bunlar kolay sorular değil ama önümüzdeki hafta Buda
hakkında konuşurken daha da ilerleyeceğiz.
Görüşmek üzere.
Crash Course Stan Muller tarafında yaratıldı ve yönetildi. Editörümüz Danica Johnson.
Grafik takımımız Thought Bubble. Senaryoyu lise tarih öğretmenim Raoul
Meyer ve ben yazdık
Geçen haftanın sözü "Un Mot De Français"di. Bu haftanınkini
tahmin etmek için yorum bırakın. Ayrıca soru da sorabilirsiniz.
Tarihçi ekibimiz soruları yanıtlamaya çalışacaktır.
İzlediğiniz için teşekkürler. Harika kalmayı unutmayın.
German:
Das sind sie wahren Fragen der Geschicht: Was ist der Sinn des Lebens? Wie sollten wir uns organisieren,
was sollten wir von diesem Leben erwarten? Das sind keine leichten Fragen, aber wir werden uns ihnen nächste Woche
weiter widmen, wenn wir über Buddha reden.
Wir sehen uns dann.
Für die Produktion und Regie von Crash Course ist Stann Muller verantwortlich. Unser Script Supervisor ist Danica Johnson.
Das Grafikteam ist ThoughtBubble und die Show wird geschrieben von meinem Highschool-Lehrer
Raoul Meyer und mir.
Unsere Redwendung der letzten Woche war "Un Mot De Francais". Wenn ihr die Redwendung dieser Woche
erraten wollt, könnt ihr das in den Kommentaren tun. Ihr könnt uns auch Fragen über das heutige
Video in den Kommentaren stellen, wo unser Team aus Historikern sein bestes tun wird, sie zu beantworten.
Danke fürs Zuschauen, und don't forget to be awesome.
Czech:
Proč jsme naživu?
Jak bychom se měli zařídit,
co očekáváme od tohoto života?
Nejsou to lehké otázky, ale my se na ně
znovu podíváme příští týden,
až budeme mluvit o Buddhovi.
Uvidíme se příště.
"Crash Course" je produkován
a režírován Stanem Mullerem.
Dozor nad scénářem
provádí Danica Johnson.
Náš grafický tým je Thought Bubble
a pořad je napsán mým učitelem dějepisu
ze střední Raoulem Meyerem a mnou.
Hláška minulého týdne
byla "un mot de français".
Pokud chcete zkusit
uhodnout hlášku tentokrát,
můžete v komentářích.
Také se v komentařích můžete
ptát na otázky ohledně dnešního videa,
kde se na ně náš tým
historiků pokusí odpovědět.
Díky za pozornost
a nezapomeňte být úžasní.
Překlad: 0Martina0, marek
Korekce: PanDan
Časování: miki
http://substube.mikicz.net/
French:
Ce sont là les vraies questions de l'histoire: Quel est le but d'être en vie? Comment devrions-nous nous
organiser? Que devrions nous chercher dans cette vie? Ce ne sont pas des questions faciles, mais
on va y revenir la semaine prochaine lorsqu'on va parler de Bouddha
À plus.
Crash Course est produit et réalisé par Stan Muller, notre scripte est Danica Johnson,
l'équipe de graphisme est Thought Bubble, et l'émission est écrite par mon professeur d'histoire du lycée,
Raoul Meyer et moi.
Notre phrase de la semaine la semaine dernière était "Un mot de français". Si vous voulez deviner
la phrase de cette semaine, vous pouvez le faire dans les commentaires. Vous pouvez aussi poser des
questions sur la vidéo d'aujourd'hui dans les comentaires où notre équipe d'historiens vont tenter d'y répondre.
Merci d'avoir été là, et n'oubliez pas d'être génial.
Swedish:
De är de verkliga frågorna i historien: Vad är
meningen med att vara vid liv? Hur ska vi organisera
oss, vad ska vi söka från detta liv?
Det är inga lätta frågor, men vi ska
ta en till titt på dem nästa vecka när
vi talar om Buddha. Vi ses då.
Crash Course produceras och regisseras av Stan
Muller, vår manusansvarige är Danica Johnson,
grafik ansvariga är thought Bubble och
showen är skriven av min high school lärare inom historia
Raoul Meyer och mig själv.
Vår meningen i veckan förra veckan var "un mot
de français ". Om du vill att gissa denna
veckas "veckans fras" kan du göra det
i kommentarsfältet. Du kan också ställa frågor om
dagens video i kommentarerna där vårt team
av historiker kommer att försöka besvara dem.
Tack för att du tittade och glöm inte att vara
grymt bra.
Spanish:
Esas son las preguntas reales de la historia: ¿Cuál es el punto de estar vivo? ¿Cómo deberiamos organizarnos
nosotros mismos? ¿Qué deberíamos buscar en esta vida?
Esas no son preguntas fáciles, pero vamos a
ver esas preguntasla próxima semana cuando hablemos del Buda.
Hasta entonces.
Curso Intensivo es producido y dirigido por Stan Muller. Nuestra supervisora de guión es Danica Johnson.
El equipo de gráficos es ThoughtBubble (Burbuja de Pensamiento) y el show es escrito por mi profesor de
historia de secundaria, Raoul Meyer y yo.
Nuestra frase de la semana pasada fue "Un Mot De Francais". Si quieres adivinar la frase
de la semana de esta semana, puedes hacerlo en los comentarios. También puede preguntar sobre
el video de hoy en los comentarios y nuestro equipo de historiadores intentará contestarlas.
Gracias por ver, y no olvides ser genial.
Finnish:
Nämä ovat historian oikeita kysymyksiä: Mitä järkeä on elossa olemisessa? Miten meidän tulisi järjestää
itsemme, mihin meidän tulisi pyrkiä tässä elämässä? Kysymykset eivät ole helppoja, mutta me
valoitamme niitä myös ensi viikolla, kun puhumme Buddhasta.
Nähdään silloin siis.
Crash Coursen on tuottanut ja ohjannut Stan Muller. Käsikirjoituksen tarkastaja on Danica Johnson.
Grafiikkaryhmä on ThoughtBubble ja videon on kirjoittanut lukion historian
opettajani Raoul Meyer ja minä.
Viime viikon lauseemme oli "Un Mot De Francais". Jos haluat arvata tämän
viikon lauseen, voit tehdä niin Kommenteissa. Voit myös kysyä kysymyksiä
tämänpäiväisestä videosta Kommenteissa ja historoitsijatiimimme yrittää vastata niihin.
Kiitos kun katsoit ja älä unohda olla mahtava.
Romanian:
Acestea sunt întrebările reale ale istoriei: Care e scopul pentru care trăim? Cum ar trebui să ne organizăm
noi înșine, ce ar trebui să căutăm în viață? Acestea nu sunt întrebări ușoare, dar o să
mai vorbim despre ele săptămâna viitoare când vom vorbi despre Buddha.Ne vedem atunci.
Crash Course e produs și condus de Stan Muller, supervizorul nostru e Danica Johnson,
echipa de grafică e Balonul de Gândit și programul e scris de profesorul meu de istorie din liceu
Raoul Meyer și de mine însumi.
Fraza săptămânii trecute a fost Un mot de francais. Dacă v-ar plăcea să ghiciți
fraza acestei săptămâni o puteți face în comentarii.Puteți de asemenea pune întrebări despre
videoul de astăzi în comentarii la care echipa noastră de istorici va încerca să răspundă
Mulțumesc pentru atenție și nu uitați să fiți grozavi.
Russian:
Это и есть настоящие вопросы истории. В чём смысл быть живым? Как нам самоорганизовываться?
Что мы должны искать в этой жизни?
Это всё нелегкие вопросы.
Но мы ещё раз попробуем их раскусить на следующей неделе, когда будем говорить о Будде.
Скоро увидимся.
Режиссёр и продюсер Crash Course - Стэн Мюллер.
Редактор сценария - Даника Джонсон.
Анимацию делал Thought Bubble.
Сценарий написан моим школьным учителем Раулем Майером и мной.
Фраза прошлой недели была "Un mot de français".
Если вы хотите попробовать угадать фразу этой недели, то можете сделать это в комментариях.
Там же вы можете задать вопросы по сегодняшнему видео, а наша команда историков попытается ответить.
Спасибо за просмотр,
и не забывайте быть классными.
iw:
אלה השאלות האמיתיות של ההיסטוריה: מה
הנקודה של להיות בחיים? כיצד עלינו לארגן את עצמנו?
מה עלינו לחפש בחיים האלה?
אלה אינן שאלות קלות, אבל
אנחנו נתבונן בהם שוב בשבוע הבא כאשר
אנחנו נדבר על בודהה, נתראה אז.
קראש קורס הופק ובוים ע"י סטן מילר ודסיה ג'ונסון אחראית על התסריט,
צוות הגרפיקה הוא "Thought Bubble", והתוכנית נכתבה ע"י המורה שלי להיסטוריה בתיכון:
ראול מאייר ואני...
ביטוי השבוע שלנו בשבוע שעבר היה "Un mot de français". אם תרצה לנחש את ביטוי השבוע
תוכל לעשות זאת
בהערות. אתה גם יכול לשאול שאלות על
הסרטון של היום בהערות שבו הצוות שלנו
והיסטוריונים ינסה לענות עליהן.
תודה על הצפייה, ואל תשכחו להיות
מדהימים.
Dutch:
Bedankt voor kijken, en vergeet niet om awesome te blijven.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
- Hello everyone and welcome
to Skincare with Hyram.
If you don't know who
I am, my name is Hyram,
I'm passionate about teaching you
how to perfect your skincare routine.
So make sure you subscribe to my channel
and hit the notification bell,
so that you can see my
videos every single week.
I know you guys are watching thinking
he's not wearing a colored
shirt what's going on.
If you're wondering why
I seem extra energized
it's because I am.
Bitch, I have news! calm
my nerves, calm my nerves.
I have an announcement,
something that I have been
working on for a few months,
and I am so excited to
reveal to you guys. Finally,
I have come out with Merch. Yes.
Skincare by hyram merch
You guys have been asking for
months and months and months,
and we're finally here,
but this merch is not like
your typical merch and
I'm really excited about it
because this is honestly a way
in which I'm so excited to make
a positive difference in the
world. As I get into this
video, I want to say the,
all the merch is available
right now at fan joy,
there's shirts, there's
hoodies, there's phone cases.
So many different styles
that each make a positive
difference in the world.
So if you are interested
in getting any of them,
they are available right now,
shop to your heart's content.
Just go to the link
below or fanjoy.co/hiram.
And don't forget to talk to me
so I can see your orders and
reshare them. Okay.
Where do I even begin?
- Let's start the very beginning.
- So you guys have been
requesting merge in my comment,
sections nonstop forever. And honestly,
I would always laugh when
I see those comments.
I didn't feel like there was
anything particularly unique
that I could offer through
merch, but, you know,
I kept reading you guys'
comments and the gears started
turning in my head.
And as I thought about
this particular idea, more,
the more and more I
got excited about this,
and this has been in the
works for a good four to five
months. And it's just so cool.
I'm so excited. It's just
get to the point higher.
As I started thinking more
about creating Merck, I thought,
why not make this as an
opportunity to make a positive
difference in the world?
I'm always looking for ways
in which I can help empower
people around the world,
help the environment,
work with others to
create positive change.
And as my platform grows,
I feel more and more of a
responsibility and a duty,
to be honest, to use my resources,
to make the biggest impact possible,
which is why I'm so excited
to announce this collection
merch with a purpose. So
what is merch with a purpose?
Every one of the pieces in my
merge collection has a direct
social impact. What does
this mean for every shirt,
hoodie or phone case you buy
a measurable impact will be
created in the world that either
helps the environment helps
empower people who are in
need and helps with local and
global COVID relief.
Now we all want to do good in the world,
but sometimes it's really
difficult to feel motivated,
to donate to a nonprofit,
to volunteer our time.
And sometimes, you know,
it doesn't feel necessarily
gratifying to send our money off
somewhere and not know what
impact it makes and hope that
it's doing good without ever
knowing each of these pieces
makes a direct impact in the world.
I wanted to permanently
integrate social good into this
collection and I'll explain
the exact impact each of these
designs have, as I show you
each piece in the collection,
let's go.
The first design is one that
I created myself and the most
requested one on my channel.
Where's the moisturizer.
You guys would not shut up
about asking for this merch,
I love you for it.
And I knew I had to
incorporate it in my Merch.
Somehow this design comes in
this vibrant ocean blue T and
in a darker blue hoodie
representing of course me always
wearing blue in my videos,
so also to signify the
meaning of the colors.
Ocean blues have always
been my favorite color ever.
And as you'll notice the text where's,
the moisturizer is on a surfboard. Now,
the reason this design is focused
on the ocean is because of
the social impact that it
has for every where's the
moisturizer T or hoodie sold
three pounds of trash will be
removed from the ocean.
Isn't that so cool.
Like how cool is that knowing
that you'll have that direct
impact,
you can have one of these shirts
and know exactly the impact
you're making and how
it's helping the earth.
Ocean blue project is a nonprofit
organization that focuses
on using their efforts to
collect as much trash as possible
from the ocean.
Their goal is to restore these
ecosystems and honestly means
so much to me because you
guys know how passionate I am
about protecting the ocean.
I always talk about plastic waste,
specific ingredients that
could be harmful to ocean and
Marine wildlife.
And it's so cool to know
that for every one of these
designs,
three pounds of trash will
be picked up from the ocean.
And that's really the focus
of this entire merch line.
I wanted to democratize social
good as much as possible to
give you guys the knowledge
of the direct impact you're
making by buying each of these pieces.
I love both of these cause
obviously they're blue and the
hoodie is super cute too. Also,
the other person you see in
these pictures is my merchandise
manager at Jazlyn.
She has helped so much in
making this project possible and
I'm so grateful to her.
And she was the first person
I thought of to model these
coasts alongside me because
I am not a model and she's
gorgeous. And if you're interested
in shopping this design,
the link is down below.
The next design is the second
most requested phrase on my
channel ingredients don't
lie a bitch, you know,
knowing you felt it don't lie.
I love repeating that phrase because,
cause I feel like it just
sums up my entire channel.
This design was created by a
local artist here in Hawaii.
The amazing Jack soar and
his work is incredible.
He was so awesome to work with.
Then one thing that was really
important to me with this
collection was working with
a local designer to help
contribute to the local
economy here in Hawaii.
And this design is super fun
as I wanted it to be emerged
between Hawaii tropical and
a vintage 1960s neon sign.
I love this design because it's
super cute and it's easy to
wear anywhere without people
noticing right away that you
have bits written on your shirt.
That was very important to me.
I wanted this designed to be
wearable and that's consistent
with all my other designs as well.
I wanted the designs
to be smaller and cute,
but not necessarily
noticeable from a mile away.
My goal is to create Mercer
that can be worn by anyone at
any time with Q elements that
don't necessarily scream that
this is merged. You feel me?
Yeah, you got it.
Now the social impact for
this design is super cool for
every ingredients don't lie
bitch piece that is sold 300
meals worth of seeds will be
provided to farmers around the
world in need. Now globally,
the small scale farming industry
is one that has been very
impacted, not only by COVID,
but also by global warming,
due to extreme temperatures and disasters.
And now limited buying because
of the pandemic farmers are
struggling around the world
to feed their families,
feed their communities
and sell their stock.
I personally have a soft
spot in my heart for farmers
because they truly understand
conventional hard labor,
but are some of the most
critical and necessary people to
communities. And for small farmers,
there are a lot of times the
reason that ecosystems are
thriving as they want to operate
as sustainably as possible
in order to make sure that
their same plots of lands can be
used for the rest of their life.
You sure sold we'll be providing
300 meals worth of seeds
through seed programs international,
which is a nonprofit organization
that works with local
community members around the
world to identify their target
needs the most sustainable
way to provide solutions and
cultivating a positive and
longterm relationship with their
farmers.
They provide seeds to these
farmers to grow and cultivates,
which will inevitably become
a business for these farmers.
And the amount of seeds that
we'll be providing through this
merger is enough to create 300
vegetable meal servings worth
of food,
as well as potentially opening
up business opportunities for
these farmers.
I really love this social
impact because not only is it
empowering people,
it's also helping the earth and
helping communities as well.
So if you want to purchase
any of the ingredients,
don't lie,
bitch designs go to the link
in my description box below.
And the next design is the
classic skincare junkie design.
The first one I ever
thought of for this line,
I've always referred to myself.
It was a skincare junkie
and that's what I've always
referred to you guys,
as I've made an entire community
called skincare junkie,
this design was also created
by Jack Soren and is so cute
because it draws from so many
elements of Hawaii that I
love. Hawaii has become
a place of refuge for me.
And honestly it means
so much in so many ways.
And I wanted to incorporate
elements of the place I love
into the designs, which has
seen in all of the designs,
but particularly this one,
this one comes in both light
blue and pink signifying the
light blue ocean colors and
the beautiful pink sunsets.
And I love the flora
and fauna illustrator.
That's here in Hawaii and I
really wanted this design to
kind of make you guys feel
a little bit like you're in
Hawaii when you were now,
the social impact for this
design is more specific to what's
currently going on in the world right now,
obviously covert has impacted
so many different people,
but even more so than some
of the struggles that we're
facing here in the USA globally,
it has had a disastrous impact
on so many small communities.
And I personally have seen
stories of people starving to
death,
family separated and not able
to get medical attention.
Entire communities cut off
from food and water supplies
because of quarantine and
so many horrific things.
And rather than a measurable
impact for this one,
what percentage of the sales
will be split between two
organizations? First kiva.org,
which is one of my favorite,
if not my favorite nonprofit
organization out there,
they operate on a micro loan basis.
They provide small ethical
loans to people who are in need
and the people over the
course of a few years solely
payback,
those amounts and the reason
it's such an incredible system.
It encourages self dependence. Yeah,
not a sense of reliance that
is really toxic to so many
global communities. If you
want to learn more about that,
go watch my, I was a humanitarian
and I regret it video.
I talk way more about how
nonprofits just endlessly giving
creates a cycle of dependence
and toxicity within small
communities. But when
they pay the funds back,
we're able to reinvest
them into more projects.
So whatever amounts that we're
raising from this specific
design,
we will be able to reinvest
into more projects for years and
years and years down the line,
creating an infinitely massive
impact on so many communities
and projects,
but we'll also be splitting
donations to the Hawaii farm
Bureau,
which is specifically focused
on helping local farmers,
cool families here in Hawaii
that are struggling because of
the pandemic.
As one thing that was really
important with at least one of
these designs was to help
contribute financially to the
place that I now call my home.
Hawaii has given me so much.
It's only right that I give back.
So if you're interested in
shopping the skincare junkie
design,
go to link in my description
box and we come to the last
designs, phone cases.
Woo. I mean,
you guys have sneak peek these
in some of my other videos
and they are so adorable.
Each of these designs
incorporate elements from these
skincare junkie design, the
flora and fauna here in Hawaii.
And I love the birds of paradise ones.
I just think they're so cute.
And these phone cases are
really good quality like this.
It's going to last a long time.
It has a rubber lining
on the inside. Anyway,
not every phone case created equally,
but this one's a really good one.
Every phone case sold
we'll plant three trees in
deforestation zones around the world.
I love trees so much and given
everything that's happening
with global warming and the
earth based off of my research,
the general consensus among
professionals is just that trees
in deforestation zones is the
best instant solution that we
can give. Additionally,
I also want it to offset,
to and compensate any of the
emissions created from my
merchant,
shipping out to people to
overflow the environmental costs
that my merchant line is creating.
And that's something that
was really important to me.
We will be donating to one
tree planted one of my favorite
organizations because
they work specifically in
deforestation zones and worked
with locals to assess the
needs of those areas.
Make sure they're planting the
right species and make sure
they're planting the right amount.
And I'm so excited to see
how many we get to plant.
If you are interested in
purchasing any of the phone cases,
go to link in my description
box. And finally,
the last thing I want to share
with you guys, obviously,
each of these impacts
are incredible. I am so,
so excited to see how large of
an impact we're able to make
through all of these March sales.
But I also want you guys to
see the exact impact that's
being made. So if you go to
March with a purpose.com,
you'll be able to see exactly
how many pounds of trash was
collected from the ocean. Exactly
how many trees we planted.
Exactly how many meals we
provided and we will be updating
this as frequently as possible
so that you guys can know
exactly how big of an impact
you're making in the world.
And truthfully in regards
to this March, yes,
the designs are cute. Yes.
I love how they look,
but the thing I am so excited
for is to see how big of a
change we collectively can
make in the world. Like,
can you imagine if we were
able to plant like 500 trees or
like 500 pounds of trash from the ocean?
Like how cool would that
be? It's just so awesome.
As you can tell,
I'm really excited about the
social media packed aspect.
And of course I'm passionate
about getting you guys really
cute wearable and fun signs
that kind of connect us both.
And I'm very,
I'm very nervous to see if
you guys are gonna like this.
If you guys are even
going to think it's cool,
passionate about the social
causes. I don't know, but yeah,
I hope you are.
And I hope that in some way
we can make a positive impact
because that's really, that's
what I truly care about.
Like I said before,
you can shop all of the designs right now,
fan story.co/hiram.
Thank you so much Jazlyn and
Fanjoy for working with me on
this. I couldn't have
done it without you guys.
And of course, to everyone who
is watching, please, please,
please tag me in your
orders, wearing your merch.
I want to see your beautiful
faces so badly. And yeah,
I think that's it guys.
And if you haven't already
be sure to subscribe to my
channel and hit the notification
belts that you can see my
videos every single week.
And I'll see you guys in the next one.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
It’s well known that gravity pulls two objects
together with a force proportional to the
mass of one, times the mass of the other,
divided by the square of the distance between
them.
. Anyway, this equation is called Newton’s
law of universal gravitation, it’s taught
to school children the world over, and it
predicts the motions of the planets and moons
and asteroids in our solar system with incredible
precision.
However, Newton’s law of universal gravitation
isn’t actually a universal law: first, we
know that when the gravitational force in
question is really strong, Newton’s law
is just wrong . And second, we know that when
the gravitational force in question is really
weak , we don’t know whether it’s right
or wrong because gravity gets too weak to
measure.
Only in between (like, on the scale of the
solar system), do we know that the “law”
of gravitation reasonably applies .
Ok, but if Newton’s Law of gravitation has
been confirmed so accurately by the motions
of planets and moons, how could it be wrong
at a different scale?
Well, the earth looks flat when you’re relatively
close to the ground, but zoom out and it looks
round, or zoom in and it looks bumpy; the
“law” describing the shape of the earth
is different at different scales.
Similarly, when the force of gravity is really
strong (like near a black hole), gravity is
better described by the mathematics of general
relativity, and only when the forces in question
get a bit weaker (for things farther apart
or with less mass) does gravity start to match
up with Newton’s law of gravitation.
But when you go even weaker (with objects
even farther away or even less massive ), we
get to a point where we don’t know whether
Newton’s law of gravitation applies any
more.
And yet, even many physicists appear to be
ignorant about our ignorance about how gravity
works when it’s weak - or at least, they
ignore our ignorance.
It’s common to blindly apply -G m M/r^2
to decidedly non-astronomical objects, for
which we haven’t tested gravitational attraction
very well at all: if you have two pieces of
tape, you can calculate the gravitational
force that they in principle exert on each
other according to the law of universal gravitation
- but it’s far too ridiculously ridiculously
small for you to ever have the remotest chance
of noticing any effect whatsoever, let alone
actually checking that the attraction between
them follows the law of universal gravitation
as you move the bits of tape farther apart.
In contrast, if you stick the two pieces of
tape together and then pull them apart, they’ll
exchange some electric charge and then measurably
attract each other; an electrical attraction
which is a million billion times stronger
than the predicted gravitational attraction
, and whose strength has allowed us to confirm
Coulomb’s law of electrical attraction to
a very very very high degree of accuracy .
So it makes sense to apply Coulomb’s law
of electrical attraction to objects at normal
human scales.
But testing Newton’s law of gravitation
at these scales requires very delicate experiments,
like very very sensitive oscillating pendulums
that oscillate slightly differently if there’s
a heavy mass nearby (and can thus measure
the gravitational force with great precision),
or incredibly finely-controlled lasers that
simultaneously levitate and measure the positions
and forces on tiny little beads of glass - these
can measure ridiculously faint forces, like
zeptonewtons.
And so far, for objects a meter apart, we’ve
only confirmed that the gravitational attraction
between them follows the law of universal
gravitation to within around one one hundredth
of a percent . Which is a trillion times less
precise than our knowledge of the equivalent
law for electricity.
And our grasp on gravity gets worse the smaller
you go - Here’s a plot showing how our uncertainty
about Newton’s gravitational law varies
across a whole range of distances - small
distances on the left, big distances on the
right; and the higher the line the higher
the uncertainty.
Which, you will notice, is very high on the
left.
Our existing experimental understanding of
short-distance gravity is so bad that gravity
at the scale of the atomic nucleus could actually
be as much as a quadrillion quadrillion times
stronger than Newton’s law of gravitation
predicts!
That’s a HUGE range; it would be like not
knowing whether the moon pulls on us with
the force of a hundred billion billion tons
of rock , or the force of a fruit fly . Or,
put another way, at the scale of an atomic
nucleus, the law of gravitation could depend
instead on the square of one or both masses,
or the square root, or the inverse cube of
the distance, or G could be a million billion
times bigger, or a bunch of other possibilities,
and we wouldn’t even know it.
.
The fact that there’s so much uncertainty
about gravity at short distances means that
a lot of interesting truths about our universe
could be hiding under our very noses!
One possibility, for example, is that there
are not just 3 dimensions of space, but an
extra one that only the gravitational force
can travel through, which loops back on itself
at the scale of micrometers or smaller . Just
like how the surface of a hair is technically
2-dimensional but hairs look one dimensional
from afar, this would mean that at distances
much much longer than a micrometer, gravity
would act as if space had 3 dimensions and
follow a roughly inverse square law (which
is what Newton’s law of gravitation is),
while at distances much shorter, it would
behave as if space had 4 dimensions and follow
more of an inverse cube law (which we haven’t
ruled out at particularly small scales) .
However, as we’ve made increasingly precise
measurements of the gravitational attraction
between small things, we haven’t yet discovered
any gravitational forces inconsistent with
Newton’s law of gravitation . so it may
be that -G m M over r squared does describe
the strength of gravity for very very short
distances; but our uncertainty is still very
big, and it remains pretty crazy to blindly
apply Newton’s law of gravitation to things
like an electron and proton in a hydrogen
atom.
This video was made with the support of the
Heising-Simons Foundation, which also supports
research in precision measurement of the strength
of gravity at short distances.
These experiments are super cool, because
they’re small, simple, clever, and are testing
our fundamental understanding of physics without
the need for giant multi-billion-dollar particle
accelerators.
Thanks again to the Heising-Simons Foundation
for supporting MinutePhysics, and for supporting
fundamental physics research.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
[MUSIC PLAYING]
VINCE LARA: Hi, and
welcome to another edition
of A Few Minutes
With, the podcast
that showcases Illinois College
of Applied Health Sciences.
I'm Vince Lara, and
today I'll speak
to Dr. David Strauser
of our Kinesiology
and Community Health
Department about his research
on work personality
and vocational
behavior with a focus on
people with chronic health
conditions and disability.
All right.
Speaking with Dr.
David Strauser.
Dr. Strauser, I appreciate
you taking the time
to come on with our podcast.
The first question I ask
when I meet with faculty
is I'm interested--
I do my prep as any
journalist would,
and I try to find
out-- hmm, I wonder
what led this person to
our fine institution?
Your background is at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison
is where you got your degrees.
So I wonder what
led you to Illinois.
DAVID STRAUSER: That's
a good question.
There's probably a variety
of things that led me
to the University of Illinois.
I came to the
University of Illinois
from the University of Memphis
where I spent 10 years.
And that was the
first job that I
got after completing my
PhD at the University
Wisconsin-Madison.
Down there, I started
a research center, had
about 30 people working for me.
We were doing a lot of
work across the state
of Tennessee in the southeast.
And then this opportunity
came available
at the University of Illinois.
And I think for a combination
of probably family reasons,
being a native Midwesterner,
and also an opportunity
to be at a school
like Illinois, it just
seemed like a nice
opportune time
to make that switch from
the University of Memphis
to the University of Illinois.
And a chance to be
in a Big Ten school,
at a big research school just
seemed like a hard opportunity
to turn down.
Also, I think Illinois is a
little bit unusual compared
to other programs in the Big
Ten that have my area of study
that it focused
a little bit more
on health and health behavior.
And so that was something
that maybe initially
didn't come into
the mix but became
a point of what I
really appreciated
over the course of my time here.
VINCE LARA: Are you from
the Midwest originally?
DAVID STRAUSER: I'm from
Madison, Wisconsin originally.
VINCE LARA: That makes sense.
I know research is a big
part of this job, obviously.
But did you always
want to teach?
Was that something
that was top of mind,
or was it the research
first for you?
DAVID STRAUSER: That's
a really good question.
And I would say it's probably
teaching first, research
second.
I started out as an
undergraduate thinking
that I would go on and
do-- as an athlete,
I was going to go on and
do coaching of some kind.
So I think that was
always kind of my focus
as an undergraduate.
And I had some very
influential faculty people
who pulled me aside and
said, hey, what about me
be doing this?
What about looking
at this opportunity?
And that started to peak my
interest enough to go look
into it a little bit deeper.
After completing
my undergraduate,
I was out in the private
sector for about a year or so
and decided, you
know, this is good,
but really being affiliated
with the university
and pursuing that academic
work would really be something
that I'd want to do as a career.
With that then became the
teaching, and then the research
developed through my work
as a doctoral student
to really look at
their research.
But I was very much
trained from faculty
at UW Madison who trained
me as a professor.
So when we talk about a
professor, in my opinion,
it's the research, teaching,
and service together.
It's not just one aspect of it.
So that relates to
your first question
about being in Illinois.
I think Illinois gives me an
opportunity to do all three
of those core components
of being a professor,
and that's teaching,
research, and service.
VINCE LARA: Focusing
on that research part,
now, your research,
to an extent,
focuses on work,
health, and well-being.
And I'm wondering,
commonly with researchers,
there's something that
inspired them to look at that.
And I was wondering
if there's anything
that inspired you to look
at those research lines.
DAVID STRAUSER: Yeah, that's
an interesting story probably
as a reflecting back on it.
Again, as I was an
athlete in college
and struggled with
injuries in college,
it became losing the
opportunity to compete
in college because of injuries.
I guess that was
happening at the same time
that I had some of these
influential faculty
in my year talking
about, hey, what
about pursuing rehabilitation
psychology as a career?
What about some of those things?
So I guess serendipity of
those things coming together.
That extended then to probably
my first job, as I mentioned,
before I went back
to graduate school,
and that was working with
injured workers in Southern
California.
And through that and
my own experience
of injury and then working
with industrial injured workers
solidified my interest
into working with people
with disabilities as a whole
and working with people who
are having problems working--
pursuing their careers because
they have an injury or illness.
VINCE LARA: Yeah.
You get some of your research
was in marginalized workers.
Could you talk a bit about that?
DAVID STRAUSER: Yeah, I think
that's a pretty big term,
marginalized workers, in
that it's a good word.
It's an encompassing word.
I look at--
especially right now,
for probably about
the last 15 years,
I've really looked at young
adults who are having a hard
time entering the labor
market for some reason related
to a chronic health condition,
whether that's cancer--
I do a large group of that.
Could be some mental
health issues, autism.
So they've been marginalized
because they have
a chronic health condition.
We have a project
right now where we're
looking at foster care
youth, formerly incarcerated
or justice involved youth.
So you're correct to
save my work has always
looked at people who've
been marginalized from entry
or participation in
the labor market,
usually because of some chronic
health condition or combination
thereof.
So my research has focused
a lot on undergraduate--
or I mean younger adults
in terms of their entrance
in the labor market.
Probably an advocacy
side of me has
continued to deal with
industrial injured workers--
I'll use that term-- people
who've been injured on the job
and advocating for their overall
well-being and helping them
manage and deal with their loss.
So that's probably more of
an outreach service component
of it than it is
a research part,
where my research is primarily
focusing on these young adults'
entrance into the labor market.
VINCE LARA: So what
particularly do you deal with?
Is it trying to overcome
the stigma of what
these workers have dealt with?
DAVID STRAUSER: Most people who
have chronic health conditions
are likely to
experience difficulty
in meeting the demands of
working how it's typically
performed.
So they're having some
issue with meeting the job
requirements or figuring out
how they identify with the labor
market.
They may-- for example, somebody
might have an interest in doing
something as a career,
but because they
have a limitation or a
functional impairment,
can't pursue that, so that
causes a lot of stress.
So I deal with that.
There also is just a lot of
people right now and a lot
that we more to learn
about mental health
that they're having a lot
of mental health issues
that are impacting their
ability to function on the job
and meet the demands on the job.
So they might get a job
but they can't keep a job.
And so after a
period of time, they
start to develop that resume
that looks very scattered,
very thin in terms of
duration on the job.
And that becomes then
stigmatizing and marginalized.
So stigma is an
issue, obviously,
that everybody deals with with
chronic health conditions.
That is something I deal
with, but I'm more interested
in how they fit to
the environment,
how do they see themselves
fitting as a worker,
and how did they develop
their identity as a worker.
VINCE LARA: Has your
research ever led
to you being a consultant for
either a company or perhaps
an industry looking to help
these marginalized workers get
back in?
DAVID STRAUSER: I do a
lot of work with a group
called Children's Brain
Tumor Foundation, where
I work a lot with them to help
young adult cancer survivors
and businesses help
understand issues
related to cancer survivors,
try to help that fit.
So yes, I've worked
with some non-profits
and some NGOs to work
with them to understand,
develop plans, develop
programs to help
them address these issues.
VINCE LARA: You developed
what's called the Illinois Work
and Well-being Model.
I'm interested about that.
Tell me a little
bit what that is.
DAVID STRAUSER: Yeah, the
Illinois Work and Well-Being
Model is kind of a
byproduct of my 30
years of in this field of how I
was thinking about career stuff
and finally came together for me
as a model, where in our field,
in the health field, we use
a lot of the International
Classification of
Functioning or the ICF.
So I use components
of the ICF and then
Common Career Development
domains and mesh those two
together.
And the model really
tries to explain
about how people's
functioning and how
their personal
environmental factors impact
how they function and how their
functioning impacts the career
domains of how people become
aware of what they are in terms
of what they want to do,
their vocational identity,
how they go about
acquiring jobs,
and how they go about
maintaining jobs.
And so that model helps provide
a framework for research,
and it's guided a lot of my
research over my whole career.
Probably the last
four or five years
it's been formalized
as a model that we're
using to guide our
research, to help us
identify factors and variables.
But also, we've been using it
quite a bit with practitioners
to help them guide their
services to identify where
interventions might
need to be placed,
where are points
of intervention.
So as an example,
if we're having
a person, a young adult cancer
survivor who has a brain tumor,
they're trying to
figure out, where
do I fit into the world of work?
What am I going to do?
How am I going to do it?
We might want to look
at their functioning.
What are the residual
factors of their brain tumor?
How do they function
in terms of physically,
cognitively, emotionally?
And how do they communicate?
And look at that.
However, even though as
we look at those factors
or those components,
we also understand
that personal factors,
psychological factors
such as resilience,
hope, self-efficacy,
impact how they perceive
their functioning.
In addition,
environmental factors--
ethnicity, social class.
I say ethnicity.
Ethnicity is a personal factor,
but their cultural background.
Their social factors, their
schooling, their family
also impact how they
perceive their functioning.
So we want to make
sure that we're
looking at all those
factors and then
how do they relate over to the
career domain and those three
factors I talked about
in terms of awareness.
We call it awareness.
Basically, vocational identity.
Acquisition and maintenance.
VINCE LARA: You always
have research going on,
several projects
in the pipeline.
That's one of the
things you have to do.
DAVID STRAUSER: Right.
VINCE LARA: What are some
of the ones that you have
that you're excited about,
that can talk about, say?
DAVID STRAUSER: Yeah.
We actually have a lot of
good stuff going on right now,
and I'm very excited about it.
We're at a good time.
We're having a lot of data
and a lot of projects.
So we are right now--
a couple things.
In terms of the cancer
group, we have several data
sets right now, one with Dana
Farber, one with Children's
Brain Tumor
Foundation, where we're
looking at these psychological
career factors that
impact employment and employment
outcomes with a group of brain
tumor survivors.
What's really exciting
about that, and this might--
compared to people in other
areas like epidemiology or even
breast cancer, our data
set combined right now
is we have about 300
brain tumor survivors.
That's quite a good number
for brain tumor survivors.
So it's a hard group to get.
So we have some data
there that we're
starting to analyze and look
at working with these Dana
Farber and Children's
Brain Tumor Foundation that
look at what are these
factors that impact employment
outcomes.
And we're very
excited about that.
We have several papers
submitted right now.
They're under review.
A couple of papers that
have been accepted that
are looking at using
the Illinois Model,
as we talked about,
looking at how
functioning and
perception of functioning
impacts the different
domains of career.
Highlight to that
would be we're starting
to get good evidence
to suggest that how
people's emotional
function, the perceptions
of their emotional
functioning, really
impact a lot of their
identity development,
contributes some to
the acquisition phase.
Conversely, we know
that people now
who start to-- how they perceive
themselves physically really
has a lot to do with how
they perceive their ability
to maintain a job.
So what we can start to do
there is start to parse out of,
where people are in
their career development,
what our interventions
need to target
and what areas of
functioning do we
need to maybe support or
address to maximize outcomes?
So that's very
exciting with that.
Another population that
we're starting to look at
or another group that
we're working with
is, as I mentioned,
a broader group
of people with
disabilities looking
at developing some instruments
related to the Illinois Work
and Well-Being Model.
We have a couple of instruments
being developed right now
to measure some of those
constructs within the model,
so we're very
excited about that.
That's not as maybe
exciting, but for us,
that's a very practical piece.
Another area that
we're really starting
to get into because
we have seen it
quite a bit with the young
adults in foster care
and the formerly
incarcerated young adults is
the issue of trauma and how
trauma is impacting them,
but how trauma is
impacting their perceptions
of their career development
and their career development
opportunities.
And not surprisingly,
we're finding again
there's quite a bit
of an impact there
in terms of how much trauma,
how they're experiencing
that trauma, how they feel
about that trauma, how
close to the surface, so
to speak, that trauma is
is going to be impacting a
lot of how they see themselves
as a worker, their identity,
and their motivation
to pursue those things.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
VINCE LARA: My thanks
to David Strauser.
For more podcasts on Illinois
College of Applied Health
Sciences, search A Few Minutes
With on iTunes, Spotify,
iHeart Radio, Stitcher,
and other places
you get your podcasts fix.
Thanks for listening,
and see you next time.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Indonesian:
Oke video ini ada di interpretasinya
fisika kuantum, yang ... saya sudah turun
sedikit lubang kelinci di atas yang terakhir
beberapa bulan jika saya jujur, karena
interpretasi fisika kuantum tidak
mudah dimengerti. Dan saya berpikir, hei saya akan
lakukan video pada mereka yang akan menyenangkan! Dan
kemudian saya melakukan penelitian dan melihat ke dalamnya,
dan jenis, dengan otak meleleh. Pokoknya ini
adalah upaya terbaik saya di interpretasi
Fisika kuantum Saya harap Anda menikmati. Terus
Apakah mereka? Yah pertama-tama ada lubang
di bagian bawah fisika ketika Anda turun
pada tingkat atom atau partikel subatomik,
Anda berada di ranah fisika kuantum dan
ada beberapa hal dalam fisika kuantum itu
sama sekali tidak masuk akal. Fisikawan tidak
suka hal-hal yang tidak masuk akal dan interpretasi
English:
Okay this video is on the interpretations
of quantum physics, which… I’ve been down
a little bit of a rabbit hole over the last
couple of months if I’m honest, because
the interpretations of quantum physics aren’t
easy to understand. And I thought, hey I’ll
do a video on those that’ll be fun! And
then I did my research and looked into it,
and kind of, by brain melted. Anyway this
is my best effort at the interpretations of
quantum physics I hope you enjoy. So what
are they? Well first of all there is a hole
in the bottom of physics when you are down
at the level of atoms or subatomic particles,
you are in the realm of quantum physics and
there are some things in quantum physics that
simply don’t make sense. Physicists don’t
like things not making sense and so the interpretations
Indonesian:
fisika kuantum adalah upaya banyak orang
fisikawan berbeda datang dengan cara
membuat fisika kuantum masuk akal. Sekarang
jika Anda tidak terbiasa dengan terminologi
fisika kuantum saya sarankan Anda menonton saya
video terakhir karena ini semacam pengantar
untuk fisika kuantum dan video ini semacam
dari bagian dua itu. Jadi nomor interpretasi
satu adalah interpretasi Kopenhagen dan itu
semacam cara standar kita diajarkan kuantum
fisika ketika kita mempelajarinya di Universitas dan
itu juga semacam tempat di mana saya bisa menggambarkan
di mana beberapa masalah mulai terjadi.
Jadi interpretasi Kopenhagen, standar
deskripsi adalah bahwa partikel subatomik, suka
dan elektron, dijelaskan oleh fungsi gelombang
dan fungsi gelombang ini mematuhi Schrödinger
persamaan, yang memberi tahu kita bagaimana gelombang itu menyortir
dari lancar berkembang dari waktu ke waktu. Dan fitur
dari gelombang ini memberi kita semua properti
dari fisika kuantum yang orang bicarakan
seperti superposisi, belitan, quantisation energi,
English:
of quantum physics are an attempt of many
different physicists to come up with ways
of making quantum physics make sense. Now
if you are not familiar with the terminology
of quantum physics I recommend you watch my
last video because it is kind of an introduction
to quantum physics and this video is a sort
of part two to that. So interpretation number
one is the Copenhagen interpretation and that’s
kind of the standard way we are taught quantum
physics when we learn it in University and
it is also kind of the place where I can illustrate
where some of the problems start happening.
So the Copenhagen interpretation, the standard
description is that subatomic particles, like
and electron, is described by a wave function
and this wave function obeys the Schrödinger
equation, which tells us how that wave sort
of smoothly evolves over time. And features
of this wave gives us all of the properties
of of quantum physics that people talk about
like superposition, entanglement, energy quantisation,
Indonesian:
decoherence dan tunneling kuantum, semuanya
semua itu adalah fenomena yang muncul karena
dari sifat seperti gelombang partikel subatom.
Jadi masalah konseptual dimulai ketika kita melakukannya
pengukuran pada gelombang ini. Jadi Kopenhagen
gambar fisika kuantum adalah yang Anda miliki
fungsi gelombang bergerak dengan lancar sesuai
ke persamaan Schrödinger sampai hits
benda seperti detektor. Lalu apa yang kita
lihat, apa yang kita ukur sebagai manusia, adalah tunggal
partikel dalam posisi tertentu, yang artinya
bahwa fungsi gelombang yang seperti menyebar
keluar dari luar angkasa, ketika itu mengenai detektor,
tiba-tiba runtuh, itu disebut lokalisasi.
Jadi gelombang melokalisasi, dari gelombang yang menyebar,
untuk gelombang yang sangat tajam di mana kita melihat
partikel. Masalahnya, apakah ada
tidak ada fisika aktual dalam mekanika kuantum itu
English:
decoherence and quantum tunnelling, all of
those things are phenomena that appear because
of the wave-like nature of subatomic particles.
So the conceptual problems begin when we do
a measurement on these waves. So the Copenhagen
picture of quantum physics is that you have
a wave function moving along smoothly according
to the Schrödinger equation until it hits
an object like a detector. And then what we
see, what we measure as a human, is a single
particle in a specific position, which means
that the wave function which is like spread
out over space, when it hits the detector,
it suddenly collapses, it is called localisation.
So the wave localises, from a spread out wave,
to a very sharply defined wave where we see
the particle. The trouble is, is there’s
no actual physics in quantum mechanics that
English:
describes how that collapse happens, and this
is known as the measurement problem. So this
measurement is sort of a barrier, which shields
the quantum realm. We can never see those
wave functions, all we can ever see are particles.
And in the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum
physics what they say is like, us humans,
we’ll never see those waves, there’s nothing
we can do to access that realm, so don’t
worry wondering whether they are real or not
real, the important thing are the measurements.
Reality is in the observations. Which is why
it has been termed the shut up and calculate
interpretation of quantum physics. But people
have not stopped there they don’t like this
discontinuous collapse of the wave function,
so they’ve come up with other ways of trying
to interpret what is going on. And this brings
us to the second interpretation that I’m
going to cover which is the many worlds interpretation
of quantum physics. So the many worlds interpretation
of quantum physics takes the wave function
Indonesian:
menggambarkan bagaimana keruntuhan itu terjadi, dan ini
dikenal sebagai masalah pengukuran. Jadi ini
pengukuran adalah semacam penghalang, yang melindungi
ranah kuantum. Kita tidak akan pernah bisa melihatnya
fungsi gelombang, yang bisa kita lihat hanyalah partikel.
Dan dalam interpretasi kuantum Kopenhagen
fisika seperti apa yang mereka katakan, kita manusia,
kita tidak akan pernah melihat gelombang itu, tidak ada apa-apa
bisa kita lakukan untuk mengakses ranah itu, jadi jangan
khawatir bertanya-tanya apakah mereka nyata atau tidak
sebenarnya, yang penting adalah pengukuran.
Realitas ada dalam pengamatan. Itulah sebabnya
telah disebut diam dan menghitung
interpretasi fisika kuantum. Tetapi orang-orang
belum berhenti di situ mereka tidak suka ini
runtuhnya fungsi gelombang yang terputus-putus,
jadi mereka telah menemukan cara lain untuk mencoba
untuk menafsirkan apa yang sedang terjadi. Dan ini membawa
kita ke interpretasi kedua bahwa aku
akan mencakup yang merupakan interpretasi banyak dunia
fisika kuantum. Begitu banyak interpretasi dunia
fisika kuantum mengambil fungsi gelombang
Indonesian:
menjadi nyata secara fisik dan mengatakan jika Schrödinger
Persamaan hanyalah deskripsi dari realitas,
seperti apa realitas itu? Jadi apa katanya
adalah saat Anda melakukan pengukuran pada partikel
yang ada di superposisi banyak berbeda
tempat sekaligus, sebenarnya partikel itu berbalik
di semua tempat yang berbeda, hanya di
versi realitas yang berbeda. Cara lain
untuk dipikirkan adalah jika sebuah partikel berada di superposisi
dua tempat sekaligus, dan itu hits detektor,
sekarang menempatkan detektor itu di superposisi
mengukur partikel di satu tempat atau yang lain,
dan jika Anda melihat hasil dari detektor itu
maka itu menempatkan Anda dalam superposisi melihat
partikel di satu tempat, atau melihat partikel
di tempat lain, tetapi karena hasilnya
dari satu tempat atau yang lain saling eksklusif
itu berarti bahwa sekarang semesta Anda berada di antara
dua milikmu telah saling decohered
dan sekarang dibagi menjadi cabang-cabang yang berbeda.
English:
to be physically real and says if the Schrödinger
equation is just a description of reality,
what does reality look like? So what it says
is that when you do a measurement on particle
that is in a superposition of many different
places at once, actually that particle turn
up at all those different places, just in
different versions of reality. Another way
to think of it is if a particle is in a superposition
of two places at once, and it hits a detector,
it now puts that detector in a superposition
of measuring a particle in once place or another,
and if you look at the results from that detector
then it puts you in a superposition of seeing
the particle in one place, or seeing the particle
in another place, but because the results
of one place or another are mutually exclusive
it means that now your universe between the
two you’s has decohered from each other
and are now split into different branches.
Indonesian:
Jadi superposisi digambarkan oleh gelombang
berfungsi, jadi benar-benar hanya ada satu raksasa
fungsi gelombang mega yang menjelaskan semua
kemungkinan yang bisa terjadi
dalam seluruh sejarah Semesta. Jadi kalau ada
adalah interpretasi fisika kuantum itu
Anda telah mendengar tentang ini akan menjadi yang ini,
banyak interpretasi dunia karena itu
tampaknya menangkap kesadaran publik, dan
Saya pikir itu karena orang menyukai ide itu
bahwa jika Anda telah membuat keputusan yang sangat buruk
bahwa Anda menyesal di masa lalu, Anda bisa baik
dari merasa nyaman dengan keyakinan bahwa ada
alam semesta lain di luar sana tempat Anda membuat
keputusan yang lebih baik dan ada versi
Anda yang bahagia sekarang. Sepertinya juga
menjadi teknik mendongeng yang sangat berguna
dalam film yang ingin memiliki jenis yang berbeda
realitas, seperti itu hanya di Spider-Man
menjadi ayat laba-laba untuk berbagai jenis
dari, yah aku seharusnya tidak merusak plotnya
itu film yang bagus. Tampaknya juga cantik
English:
So a superposition is described by a wave
function, so really there’s just one giant
mega wave function that describes all of the
possibilities that could ever have happened
in the entire history of Universe. So if there
is an interpretation of quantum physics that
you have heard about it’ll be this one,
the many worlds interpretation because it
seems to capture public consciousness, and
I think it is because people like the idea
that if you’ve made like a really bad decision
that you regret in the past, you can kind
of take comfort in the belief that there is
another universe out there where you made
a better decision and so there is a version
of you who’s happy right now. It also seems
to be a really useful storytelling technique
in films that want to have different sort
of realities, like it was just in the Spider-Man
into the spider verse for the different kinds
of, well I shouldn’t ruin the plot, anyway
it was a good film. It also seems to be pretty
Indonesian:
populer di kalangan fisikawan, meskipun saya
bukan penggemar berat itu karena salah satu
Masalahnya itu rusak probabilitas. Jadi bayangkan
jika Anda memiliki partikel yang dalam tiga puluh
kemungkinan persen berada di sini, dan tujuh puluh
kemungkinan persen berada di sini, ketika itu
hits detektor itu terbagi menjadi dua alam semesta
di mana itu pasti, dengan seratus persen
kemungkinan itu ada di satu tempat seratus
probabilitas persen di tempat lain
jadi jika semuanya terjadi apa yang mereka lakukan
probabilitas asli sebenarnya berarti? Ini
Masalahnya adalah alamat dalam interpretasi
disebut interpretasi kosmologis yang
mengatakan bahwa banyak teori dunia itu sepele
benar jika Semesta sangat besar, karena
ada jumlah tak terbatas yang Anda lakukan
percobaan itu, dan angka tak terbatas itu
hanya dibagi secara proporsional, jadi tiga puluh persen
dari mereka yang tak terbatas Anda akan melihat satu hal
English:
popular amongst physicists, although I’m
not such a huge fan of it because one of the
problems is it breaks probability. So imagine
if you’ve got a particle that’s in a thirty
percent probability of being here, and a seventy
percent probability of being here, when it
hits the detector it splits into two universes
where it definitely is, with a hundred percent
probability it is in one place and a hundred
percent probability it’s in the other place
so if everything all happens what do those
original probabilities actually mean? This
problem is addresses in an interpretation
called the cosmological interpretation which
says that the many worlds theory is trivially
true if the Universe is infinitely big, because
there is an infinite number of you’s doing
that experiment, and that infinite number
just splits in proportion, so thirty percent
of those infinite you’s will see one thing
English:
and seventy percent of those infinite you’s
will see the other thing. Unfortunately there’s
no experiments that we can run to see if this
interpretation is more valid than the Copenhagen
interpretation, and that’s actually a general
feature of all of these interpretations is
that we can’t pick them apart with any experiments
and so until we have experiments it’s all
kind of like physics-y story telling. Lets
now look at another aspect of quantum physics
that doesn’t quite make sense to us which
is called non-locality, otherwise known as
spooky action at a distance. And this can
be summarised by the EPR experiment which
is where you take two particles, say electrons,
and you entangle them together to have equal
and opposite spins say, and then you separate
them by a very very large distance because
they are now inextricably linked the wave
function that describes them has to describe
both particles and what this means in reality
is when you do a measurement on one of these
Indonesian:
dan tujuh puluh persen dari Anda yang tak terbatas itu
akan melihat hal lainnya. Sayangnya ada
tidak ada eksperimen yang bisa kita jalankan untuk melihat apakah ini
interpretasi lebih valid daripada Kopenhagen
interpretasi, dan itu sebenarnya seorang jenderal
Fitur dari semua interpretasi ini adalah
bahwa kita tidak dapat memisahkannya dengan eksperimen apa pun
dan sampai kita memiliki eksperimen, itu saja
semacam suka bercerita fisika-y. Mari
sekarang lihat aspek lain dari fisika kuantum
itu tidak masuk akal bagi kita yang mana
disebut non-lokalitas, atau dikenal sebagai
aksi seram di kejauhan. Dan ini bisa
dirangkum oleh percobaan EPR yang
adalah tempat Anda mengambil dua partikel, katakanlah elektron,
dan Anda melibatkan mereka untuk memiliki yang sama
dan berputar berlawanan berkata, dan kemudian Anda berpisah
mereka dengan jarak yang sangat sangat besar karena
mereka sekarang terkait dengan gelombang
fungsi yang menggambarkannya harus dijelaskan
baik partikel dan apa artinya ini dalam kenyataan
adalah ketika Anda melakukan pengukuran pada salah satunya
English:
particles it instantaneously influences the
other one, which can be you know billions
of miles away, and it does that instantaneously.
So it sort of feels like faster than light
action. That’s the action at a distance
which Einstein was really creeped out by.
So non-locality mean that one electron, its
properties are not local to its physical place.
Its properties are dependent on something
very very far away and this is an alien concept
in physics because if I throw a ball the balls
position or velocity or colour or anything
physical to do with that ball they’re all
localised to where that ball physically is,
whereas in quantum physics you can have things
that are non-local. And that seems weird to
a physicist, because you are like ‘all physics
is like this, except for this one bit here
in quantum physics’. So this has spawned
other interpretations of quantum physics that
Indonesian:
partikel itu secara instan mempengaruhi
yang lain, yang bisa Anda ketahui miliaran
mil jauhnya, dan itu melakukannya secara instan.
Jadi rasanya lebih cepat dari cahaya
tindakan. Itu aksinya di kejauhan
dimana Einstein benar-benar ketakutan.
Jadi non-lokalitas berarti satu elektron, itu
properti tidak lokal ke tempat fisiknya.
Sifat-sifatnya tergantung pada sesuatu
sangat jauh sekali dan ini adalah konsep alien
dalam fisika karena jika saya melempar bola bola
posisi atau kecepatan atau warna atau apa pun
fisik dengan bola itu, mereka semua
dilokalisasi ke tempat bola itu secara fisik,
sedangkan dalam fisika kuantum Anda dapat memiliki banyak hal
itu bukan lokal. Dan itu tampak aneh
seorang ahli fisika, karena Anda seperti 'semua fisika
seperti ini, kecuali yang ini sedikit di sini
dalam fisika kuantum '. Jadi ini telah melahirkan
interpretasi lain dari fisika kuantum itu
Indonesian:
coba jelaskan yang ini, dan yang salah
ini disebut teori variabel tersembunyi.
Jadi ide dalam teori variabel tersembunyi adalah
bahwa ketika Anda melakukan keterikatan ini ada
beberapa label rahasia yang menangkap yang sebenarnya
keadaan dua partikel ini jadi seperti
jika saya melempar koin dan memegangnya di tangan,
meskipun saya tidak tahu apakah itu
kepala atau ekor, koin itu sebenarnya adalah kepala
atau ekor ketika itu di tangan saya, dan saya hanya mengungkapkan
ketika saya membuka tangan. Jadi itu baik
dari apa teori-teori variabel tersembunyi ini
seperti, partikel berada pada posisi yang pasti
kita tidak tahu apa itu sampai kita mengukur
Itu. Sekarang interpretasi ini benar-benar terbunuh
oleh percobaan yang disebut teorema Bell.
Saya tidak akan masuk ke rincian
ini karena saya tidak punya waktu. Tapi pada dasarnya
teori variabel tersembunyi dan fisika kuantum
memprediksi berbagai probabilitas yang Anda amati
English:
try and explain away this one, and one of
these is called hidden variable theories.
So the idea in a hidden variable theory is
that when you do this entanglement there’s
some secret label which captures the actual
state of these two particles so it’s like
if I flip a coin and I hold it in my hands,
even though I don’t know whether it’s
heads or tails, the coin actually is heads
or tails when its in my hand, and I just reveal
it when I open up my hands. So that’s kind
of what these hidden variable theories are
like, the particles are in a definite position
we just don’t know what it is until we measure
it. Now this interpretation was actually killed
by an experiment called Bell’s theorem.
I’m not going to go into the details of
this because I don’t have time. But basically
the hidden variable theory and quantum physics
predict different probabilities of you observing
English:
certain things under Bell’s experiment.
And when they did the experiment, they actually
found the results matched quantum physics
and not hidden variable theories, so hidden
variables are out. Now it is not completely
game over for the hidden variable theories
because Bell’s theorem is built on some
axioms, some things that you assume to to
be true, and one of these is locality. And
so you can have a successful non-local hidden
variable theory, also known as Bohmian mechanics
also known as pilot wave theory. Now the idea
in this interpretation is that the particles
are always real, but they are kind of surfing
about on an underlying wave, and so when you
see the probability of particles appearing
in different places it’s because they have
been nudged in different directions by this
underlying wave. But still we can’t see
those waves. And the advantage of this is
Indonesian:
hal-hal tertentu di bawah eksperimen Bell.
Dan ketika mereka melakukan percobaan, mereka sebenarnya
menemukan hasil yang cocok dengan fisika kuantum
dan tidak variabel tersembunyi teori, sangat tersembunyi
variabel keluar. Sekarang tidak sepenuhnya
permainan berakhir untuk teori variabel tersembunyi
karena teorema Bell dibangun di atas beberapa
aksioma, beberapa hal yang Anda anggap
benar, dan salah satunya adalah lokalitas. Dan
sehingga Anda dapat memiliki tersembunyi non-lokal yang sukses
teori variabel, juga dikenal sebagai mekanika Bohmian
juga dikenal sebagai teori gelombang percontohan. Sekarang idenya
dalam interpretasi ini adalah partikel
selalu nyata, tetapi mereka jenis berselancar
tentang pada gelombang yang mendasarinya, dan begitu ketika Anda
lihat probabilitas partikel yang muncul
di tempat yang berbeda itu karena mereka punya
didorong ke arah yang berbeda dengan ini
gelombang yang mendasarinya. Tapi tetap saja kita tidak bisa melihat
gelombang itu. Dan keuntungannya adalah
English:
that it kind of returns quantum physics to
a sort of determinism, which none of the interpretations
of quantum physics do. But the trouble again
is there’s no testable hypotheses so there
is no way of us doing an experiment to see
if it is true. So another thread in the interpretations
of quantum physics is to instead focus on
the collapse of the wave function, and try
and make that bit make sense. So there are
interpretations called alternative collapse
theories that try and add some extra physics
in to that collapse that either explain why
it happens or add some, describe the dynamics
of how exactly the wave function localises.
One idea called spontaneous collapse theory
is that the wave function has got a probability
of collapsing at any time a bit like radioactive
decay. So for a small particle there is a
very low probability that its wave function
collapses, maybe like once in a hundred million
Indonesian:
bahwa itu semacam mengembalikan fisika kuantum ke
semacam determinisme, yang tidak satupun interpretasinya
fisika kuantum lakukan. Tapi masalahnya lagi
apakah tidak ada hipotesis yang dapat diuji sehingga tidak ada
tidak mungkin kita melakukan percobaan untuk melihat
jika itu benar. Demikian utas lain dalam penafsiran
fisika kuantum adalah untuk fokus
runtuhnya fungsi gelombang, dan coba
dan membuatnya sedikit masuk akal. Jadi ada
interpretasi yang disebut keruntuhan alternatif
Teori yang mencoba dan menambahkan beberapa fisika tambahan
ke keruntuhan yang menjelaskan mengapa
itu terjadi atau menambahkan beberapa, menggambarkan dinamika
tentang bagaimana tepatnya fungsi gelombang melokalisasi.
Satu ide yang disebut teori keruntuhan spontan
adalah bahwa fungsi gelombang telah mendapat probabilitas
runtuh setiap saat sedikit seperti radioaktif
kerusakan. Jadi untuk partikel kecil ada a
probabilitas sangat rendah bahwa fungsi gelombangnya
runtuh, mungkin seperti sekali dalam seratus juta
English:
years. Whereas for big groups of particles
together in something like a football there
would be way more collapses because if any
one those collapses, it has a knock on effect
to collapse the wave functions of all the
others. And so there would be maybe a hundred
million collapses per second which kind of
goes some way to describe why the world we
experience is all kind of solid and deterministic,
and the quantum realm isn’t, so it describes
kind of the boundary between those two things.
And the advantage of this interpretation is
it’s actually making a testable prediction.
And so at some stage in the future we could
design an experiment that could maybe see
if it is true or not. So, you know, it doesn’t
say that it is any more likely to be true
than any of the others but at least it has
got a testable prediction which, as an experimental
physicist, I like! So those are the main interpretations
of quantum physics but there’s many many
more, I’m just going to cover a few more
here. But this isn’t an exhaustive list.
Also, word of warning, this is where I started
Indonesian:
tahun. Sedangkan untuk kelompok partikel besar
bersama dalam sesuatu seperti sepak bola di sana
akan jauh lebih runtuh karena jika ada
satu yang runtuh, itu memiliki ketukan
untuk menutup fungsi gelombang semua
lainnya. Dan mungkin akan ada seratus
juta runtuh per detik jenis apa
pergi beberapa cara untuk menggambarkan mengapa dunia kita
pengalaman adalah semua jenis yang solid dan deterministik,
dan ranah kuantum tidak, jadi itu menjelaskan
semacam batas antara kedua hal itu.
Dan keuntungan dari interpretasi ini adalah
sebenarnya membuat prediksi yang dapat diuji.
Dan pada tahap tertentu di masa depan kita bisa
mendesain percobaan yang mungkin bisa dilihat
apakah itu benar atau tidak. Jadi, Anda tahu, tidak
katakan bahwa itu lebih mungkin benar
daripada yang lain tetapi setidaknya itu ada
mendapat prediksi yang dapat diuji yang, sebagai percobaan
fisikawan, saya suka! Jadi itu adalah interpretasi utama
fisika kuantum tetapi ada banyak
lebih, saya hanya akan membahas beberapa lagi
sini. Tapi ini bukan daftar lengkap.
Juga, kata peringatan, ini adalah tempat saya mulai
Indonesian:
untuk menjadi benar-benar agak bingung, jadi mari kita lanjutkan
dengan sejumlah hati-hati. Pertama adalah kuantum
Bayesianisme juga dikenal sebagai Qbism, yang mengambil
ide-ide probabilitas Bayesian dan berlaku
itu ke fisika kuantum jadi itu seperti
teori informasi fisika kuantum.
Dan ide yang saya mengerti adalah kapan
Anda mendapatkan informasi baru tentang keadaan pembaruan itu
kemungkinan hal-hal yang Anda inginkan
mengukur. Penafsiran sejarah yang konsisten
fisika kuantum rupanya matematika
agak dari hibrida antara variabel tersembunyi
teori dan teori keruntuhan spontan.
Ini termasuk runtuhnya gelombang secara spontan
fungsi, tetapi aspek yang berbeda, bukan hanya
posisi saja bisa runtuh. Itu juga mengatakan itu
keruntuhan itu bukan peristiwa fisik tetapi
hanya cara Anda memilih sejarah
English:
to get really rather confused, so lets proceed
with some amount of caution. First up is quantum
Bayesianism also known as Qbism, which takes
the ideas of Bayesian probability and applies
it to quantum physics so it’s sort of like
an informational theory of quantum physics.
And the idea as I understand it is that when
you get new information about a state it updates
the probabilities of the things that you will
measure. The consistent histories interpretation
of quantum physics apparently the mathematics
is somewhat of a hybrid between hidden variable
theories and spontaneous collapse theories.
It includes spontaneous collapses of the wave
function, but different aspects, not just
just position can collapse. It also says that
those collapses are not physical events but
just a way of you picking through a history
Indonesian:
dari objek kuantum yang masuk akal, itu
konsisten. Yang berikutnya adalah kuantum Darwinisme,
yang mana, ketika sistem kuantum berinteraksi
dengan lingkungan hal-hal tertentu terbunuh
mati. Jadi interaksi antara partikel dan
lingkungan seperti seleksi alam
untuk sifat-sifat objek kuantum itu.
Interpretasi lain disebut transaksional
interpretasi yang, dalam matematika aktual
fisika kuantum memungkinkan solusi itu
melakukan perjalanan mundur dalam waktu dan juga ke depan
dalam waktu, tetapi kami biasanya hanya membuang
mundur dalam waktu, karena Anda tahu Anda
tidak akan melakukan perjalanan mundur dalam waktu. Tapi
seperti, saya tidak tahu, mungkin Anda bisa. Jadi begitu
apa interpretasi transaksional, itu
membuat mereka dan mengatakan bahwa properti itu
Anda mungkin tergantung pada hal-hal itu
terjadi padamu di masa depan. Dan ini menarik
karena itu sebenarnya bisa menyiasati Bell's
dalil. Satu lagi disebut relasional
interpretasi yang tidak fokus pada
English:
of that quantum object that makes sense, that’s
consistent. The next one is quantum Darwinism,
which is where, when the quantum system interacts
with the environment certain things are killed
off. So interactions between particles and
the environment are kind of like natural selection
for the properties of that quantum object.
Another interpretation is called the transactional
interpretation which, in the actual mathematics
of quantum physics it allows solutions that
travel backwards in time as well as forwards
in time, but we normally just throw away the
backwards in time ones, because you know you’re
not going to travel backwards in time. But
like, I don’t know, maybe you can. So that’s
what the transactional interpretation, it
keeps those and says that the properties that
you have maybe are dependent on things that
happen to you in the future. And this is attractive
because it can actually get around Bell’s
theorem. Another one is called the relational
interpretation which doesn’t focus on the
Indonesian:
sifat benda kuantum kecuali segalanya
didefinisikan oleh hubungan di antara mereka.
Jadi itu adalah interpretasi utama kuantum
Fisika ada beberapa yang lain tetapi itu
yang utama. Saya terkadang ditanya apa
adalah interpretasi favorit saya dan saya tidak
benar-benar memilikinya. Pikiran saya tentang ini adalah:
karena ada begitu banyak interpretasi yang berbeda
fisika kuantum itu semacam tanda itu
kita mungkin kehilangan sesuatu yang mendasar,
jadi mungkin salah satu cara untuk menyerang masalah ini adalah
untuk benar - benar kembali ke prinsip pertama dan
kembali ke asumsi fundamental kuantum
fisika karena ada beberapa yang menarik
asumsi yang dibuat seperti saat Anda miliki
fungsi gelombang yang memprediksi probabilitas
hal-hal yang terjadi itu hanya dugaan,
dan itu bekerja dengan sangat baik, tetapi di sana
tidak ada alasan nyata untuk itu selain baik
tebakan. Jadi, ya fisika kuantum sedang berjalan
English:
properties of quantum objects but everything
is defined by the relationships between them.
So those are the main interpretations of quantum
physics there’s a few others but those are
the main ones. I sometimes get asked what
is my favourite interpretation and I don’t
really have one. My thoughts about this are:
because there’s so many different interpretations
of quantum physics it’s kind of a sign that
we might be missing something kind of fundamental,
so maybe one way to attack this problem is
to really go back to first principles and
back to the fundamental assumptions of quantum
physics because there’s some interesting
assumptions that were made like when you have
a wave function which predicts probabilities
of things happening that was just a guess,
and it works really really well, but there
was no real reason for that other than nice
guess work. So, yeah quantum physics is going
Indonesian:
untuk ... Nah itu akhirnya. Terima kasih telah menempel
melalui semua itu. Saya harap itu menarik.
Saya pikir Anda mendapatkan posisi duduk yang baik
turun dan mungkin bahkan biskuit, jadi terima kasih untuk
menonton dan terima kasih juga kepada sponsor
video ini: Skillshare. Saya selalu mendapatkan banyak
komentar bertanya kepada saya bagaimana saya menghasilkan video saya,
dan perangkat lunak apa yang saya gunakan dan kebenarannya adalah,
ini adalah kombinasi dari semua perangkat lunak Adobe:
Illustrator, Photoshop, After Effects dan
Premier. Dan Skillshare adalah situs web yang fantastis
jika Anda ingin mempelajari salah satu dari program ini
untuk proyek kreatif Anda sendiri. Sebaik
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lebih dari delapan belas ribu kelas mencakup
mulai dari menggambar, menulis hingga
produksi film. Berlangganan premium mereka
layanan membuka semua pelajaran ini yang
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bidang mereka. Tetapi jika Anda ingin mendapatkan kepala
mulai Anda bisa mendapatkan uji coba gratis dua bulan untuk
lima ratus orang pertama yang mengklik
English:
to… Well that’s the end. Thanks for sticking
through all of that. I hope it was of interest.
I think you’ve earned yourself a nice sit
down and maybe even a biscuit, so thanks for
watching and thanks also to the sponsor of
this video: Skillshare. I always get loads
of comments asking me how I produce my videos,
and what software I use and the truth is,
it’s a combination of all the Adobe software:
Illustrator, Photoshop, After Effects and
Premiere. And Skillshare is a fantastic website
if you want to learn any of these programs
for your own creative projects. As well as
covering the Adobe software, they have got
more than eighteen thousand classes covering
everything from drawing, writing through to
film production. Their premium subscription
service unlocks all of these lessons which
are delivered by trained professionals in
their fields. But if you want to get a head
start you can get a two month free trial for
the first five hundred people to click on
English:
this link. The link is also in the description
below. Well that’s it from me, thanks for
watching and I’ll see you next time.
Indonesian:
Link ini. Tautan ini juga ada dalam deskripsi
di bawah. Baik itu dari saya, terima kasih
menonton dan aku akan menemuimu lain kali.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Modern Greek (1453-):
To Crash Course Φιλοσοφίας προσφέρεται από το Squarespace.
Squarespace: Μοιράσου το πάθος σου με τον κόσμο.
Πιθανώς πιστεύεις ότι ξέρεις πολλά πράγματα.
Αλλά ξέρεις τι σημαίνει να ξέρεις κάτι;
Περάσαμε αρκετό καιρό συζητώντας πιστεύω και γνώσεις, αλλά δεν έχουμε στην πραγματικότητα
γίνει συγκεκριμένοι για το τι εννοούμε όταν μιλάμε για αυτά τα πράγματα.
Ευτυχώς, οι φιλόσοφοι αγαπάνε τους καλούς ορισμούς. Έχουν πολύ συγκεκριμένες και σαφείς ιδέες
στο νου τους όταν χρησιμοποιούν όρους όπως γνωρίζω ή πιστεύω ή η πρόταση ή η αιτιολόγηση.
Και, σε δέκα περίπου λεπτά από τώρα, και εσύ θα ξέρεις τι λέμε πραγματικά όταν χρησιμοποιούμε αυτές τις λέξεις.
Αλλά, απλά επειδή αυτοί οι όροι έχουν προσδιορισθεί, δεν σημαίνει ότι οι φιλόσοφοι δεν διαφωνούν ακόμα για αυτούς.
Γιατί ξέρεις, αυτό κάνουν οι φιλόσοφοι.
Οι ορισμοί τους μπορεί να φαίνονται κάπως προφανείς στην αρχή, αλλά όσο περισσότερο τους σκέφτεσαι,
τόσο εμφανίζονται να έχουν διάφορες αποχρώσεις.
Όπως, είναι το να ξέρεις κάτι το ίδιο με το να έχεις δίκιο;
Ή, αν πιστεύεις ότι κάτι είναι αληθές, και είναι όντως, έχει σημασία αν η πίστη σου σε αυτό είναι αιτιολογημένη;
Και μπορείς να έχεις δίκιο για κάτι χωρίς πραγματικά να προσπαθείς;
Italian:
Crash Course Philosophy è offerto da Squarespace.
Squarespace: Condividi la tua passione con il mondo.
Probabilmente pensi di sapere un sacco di cose.
Ma sai cosa vuol dire sapere una cosa?
Abbiamo speso un bel po' di tempo discutendo credenze e conoscenze, ma non siamo davvero
stati specifici su ciò che intendiamo quando parliamo di queste cose.
Per fortuna, i filosofi amano una buona definizione.
Hanno idee molto specifiche e chiare in
mente quando usano termini come sapere o credere o proposizione o giustificazione.
E, tra circa dieci minuti, anche tu saprai cosa stai realmente dicendo quando usi quelle parole.
Ma, solo perché questi termini sono stati definiti, non significa che i filosofi non stiano ancora discutendo su di loro.
Perché si sa, è così che fanno i filosofi.
Le loro definizioni potrebbero sembrare abbastanza ovvie in un primo momento, ma più pensi a loro,
più risultano avere sfumature.
Tipo, avere conoscenza di qualcosa è la stessa cosa di essere corretti?
Oppure, se credi che qualcosa sia vero, ed è vero, importa se la tua convinzione in esso è giustificata?
E puoi avere ragione su qualcosa senza veramente provarci?
Dutch:
Crash Course Filosofie wordt u aangeboden door Squarespace.
Squarespace: Deel je passie met de wereld.
Je denkt waarschijnlijk dat je veel weet.
Maar weet je wat het betekent om iets te weten?
We hebben nogal wat tijd doorgebracht met overtuigingen en kennis te bespreken, maar we zijn niet echt
specifiek geweest over wat we bedoelen wanneer we het daarover hebben.
Gelukkig houden filosofen van een goede definitie. Ze hebben heel specifieke en lucide ideeën in
gedachten wanneer ze termen als weten of geloven of propositie of verantwoording gebruiken.
En, binnen een minuut of tien, zal ook jij weten wat je echt aan het zeggen bent wanneer je die woorden gebruikt.
Maar, gewoon omdat deze termen gedefinieerd zijn, betekent niet dat filosofen ze niet nog steeds betwisten.
Want dat is nu eenmaal wat filosofen doen.
Hun definities lijken misschien wel vanzelfsprekend op het eerste gezicht, maar hoe langer je erover nadenkt,
hoe genuanceerder ze blijken te zijn.
Bijvoorbeeld, is kennis hebben van iets hetzelfde als correct zijn?
Of, als je gelooft dat iets waar is, en het is ook waar, maakt het dan iets uit of je geloof erin gerechtvaardigd is?
En kan je correct zijn over iets zonder echt te proberen?
Romanian:
Crash Course Philosophy îți este oferit de Squarespace.
Squarespace: Împărtășește-ți pasiunea cu lumea.
Probabil crezi că știi multe lucruri.
Dar știi ce înseamnă să știi ceva?
Am petrecut destul de mult timp discutând despre convingeri și cunoaștere, dar nu am spus concret
la ce ne referim când vorbim despre acele lucruri.
Din fericire, filosofilor le plac definițiile concrete. Ei se referă la idei precise și raționale
atunci când folosesc termeni precum ,,a ști" și ,,a crede", sau ,,propoziție" și ,,justificare"
Și, în vreo 10 minute, și tu vei ști exact ceea ce spui mai exact atunci când folosești acele cuvinte.
Dar, doar pentru că acești termeni au fost deja definiți, nu înseamnă că filosofii nu au încă discuții asupra lor.
Pentru că, știi, asta fac filosofii.
Definițiile lor pot părea evidente la început, dar cu cât te gândești mai mult la ele,
cu atât devin mai nuanțate.
Cum ar fi, a avea cunoștințe despre ceva e același lucru cu a avea dreptate?
Sau, dacă ai impresia că ceva este adevărat, și este adevărat, mai contează dacă părerea ta este justificată?
Și poți să ai dreptate în legătură cu ceva fără a încerca măcar?
Russian:
Краткий Курс Философии создан при поддержке Squarespace.
Squarespace: поделитесь вашим увлечением с миром.
Вы наверняка думаете, что многое знаете.
Но знаете ли вы, что значит знать что-то?
Мы потратили много время на обсуждение убеждений и знания, но мы не
уточняли, что имеем в виду под этими словами.
К счастью, философы обожают хорошие определения. Они имеют в виду очень определенные и ясные вещи,
пользуясь терминами знать, верить, предположение или обоснование.
И через 10 минут вы тоже будете знать, что вы на самом деле говорите, используя эти слова.
Но только то, что эти термины уже определены, не значит, что философы больше о них не спорят.
Потому что, вы знаете, философы это любят.
Их определения сперва могут показаться очевидными, но чем больше вы о них думаете,
тем больше нюансов замечаете.
Например, знать что-то и быть правым - это одно и то же?
Или, если вы верите во что-то, и оно является правдой, означает ли это, что ваша вера обоснована?
Можете ли вы быть правы, не стараясь?
iw:
קורס מזורז זה בפילוסופיה הובא לך
על ידי Squarespace.
Squarespace: שתף את התשוקה שלך עם העולם.
אתה כנראה חושב שאתה יודע הרבה דברים.
אבל האם אתה יודע מה זה אומר לדעת משהו?
בילינו לא מעט זמן בדיון
על אמונות וידע, אבל לא באמת
היינו ספציפיים לגבי מה שאנחנו מתכוונים אליו, כשאנחנו מדברים על הדברים האלו
למרבה המזל, פילוסופים אוהבים הגדרה טובה.
הם מתכוונים לרעיונות ספציפיים וצלולים מאוד
כשהם משתמשים במונחים כמו לדעת או להאמין
או הצעה או הצדקה
וגם, בעוד כעשר דקות מעכשיו, גם אתם תדעו מה אתם בעצם אומרים כאשר אתם משתמשים במילים האלו.
אבל, רק בגלל שמונחים אלו הוגדרו, אין זה אומר שפילוסופים אינם ממשיכים להתווכח עליהם.
מכיוון שכפי שאתם יודעים, ככה נוהגים פילוסופים
ההגדרות שלהם אולי נראות די ברורות
בהתחלה, אבל ככל שאתה חושב עליהן,
הן נעשות יותר ויותר מסובכות.
כאילו, הידיעה של משהו זה אותו דבר כמו משהו נכון?
לחלופין, אם אתה מאמין במשהו שאמור להיות נכון,
וזה נכון, האם זה משנה אם האמונה שלך היא מוצדקת?
והאם אתם יכולים להיות צודקים לגבי משהו בלי
באמת לנסות?
Portuguese:
Crash Course Philosophy é oferecido por Squarespace.
Squarespace: Compartilhe sua paixão com o mundo.
Você provavelmente acha que sabe muita coisa.
Mas você sabe o que significa "saber alguma coisa"?
Nós gastamos um bom tempo discutindo crenças e conhecimento, mas na verdade ainda
não discutimos o que queremos dizer quando falamos sobre essas coisas.
Ainda bem que filósofos adoram uma boa definição. Eles são bastante específicos e elucidam as ideias
quando usam os termos como "saber", "crença", "proposição" ou "justificativa".
E, daqui dez minutos, você também vai saber o que realmente está dizendo quando usa essas palavras.
Mas, só porque esse termos foram definidos não quer dizer que os filósofos pararam de discutí-los.
Porque, você sabe, esse é o jeito dos filósofos.
Suas definições podem parecer um pouco óbvias no começo, mas quanto mais você pensa nelas
mais nuances você enxergará.
Por exemplo, ter o conhecimento de algo é a mesma coisa de estar certo?
Ou, se você acredita que algo é verdade, e ela acaba sendo, importa se suas crenças nela são justificadas?
E você pode estar certo sobre algo sem nem mesmo tentar?
Turkish:
Crash Course Felsefe size Squarespace tarafından sağlanmıştır.
Squarespace: Tutkunuzu dünya ile paylaşın.
Muhtemelen birçok şeyi bildiğinizi düşünüyorsunuzdur.
Ancak bir şeyi bilmenin ne anlama geldiğini biliyor musunuz?
İnançları ve bilgiyi tartışarak yeterince zaman geçirdik, ancak bu şeyler
hakkında konuşurken neyi kast ettiğimiz konusunda derine girmedik.
Neyse ki, filozoflar iyi bir tanımı çok severler. Bilmek, inanmak veya önerme veya gerekçe gibi
kavramları kullanırken zihinlerinde oldukça özel ve berrak fikirleri vardır.
Ve, şu on dakikadan itibaren, sen de bu kelimeleri kullandığında esasen ne dediğini bileceksin.
Fakat, sırf bu kavramların tanımlanmış olması, filozofların hala onlar üzerinden tartışmadığı anlamına gelmez.
Çünkü bilirsiniz işte, filozoflar böyle yapar.
Başlangıçta tanımları bir nevi belirgin gözükebilir, ancak üzerinde düşündükçe,
daha çok ayrıntılı olmaya başlarlar.
Örneğin, bir şeyin bilgisine sahip olmak doğru olmakla aynı şey midir?
Veya, bir şeyin doğru olduğuna inanırsanız, ve doğruysa, inancınızın gerekçelendirilmiş olması fark eder mi?
Ve herhangi bir şey hakkında gerçekten denemeden doğru olabilir misiniz?
French:
Crash Course Philosophy vous est présenté par Squarespace.
Squarespace : partagez votre passion avec le monde.
Vous pensez probablement que vous savez un tas de choses.
Mais savez-vous ce que ça signifie de savoir quelque chose ?
On a passé un petit moment à discuter des croyances et de la connaissance, mais on n’a pas vraiment
parlé en détails de ce qu’on veut dire quand on parle de ces choses.
Heureusement, les philosophes adorent les belles définitions. Ils ont des idées très précises et lucides
à l’esprit quand ils utilisent des termes comme « savoir » ou « croire » ou « proposition » ou « justification ».
Et, dans environ dix minutes, vous aussi saurez ce que vous dites vraiment quand vous utilisez ces mots.
Mais, c’est pas parce que ces termes ont été définis que ça veut dire que les philosophes ne se disputent plus à propos de leurs sens.
Parce que, vous savez, c’est ce que les philosophes font.
Il se pourrait que leurs définitions semblent évidentes au début, mais plus on y réfléchit,
plus elles se révèlent nuancées.
Genre, est-ce qu’avoir connaissance de quelque chose est la même chose qu’avoir raison ?
Ou, si on croit que quelque chose est vrai, et que c’est vrai, est-ce que ça importe si votre croyance est justifiée ?
Et peut-on avoir raison à propos de quelque chose sans vraiment essayer ?
Vietnamese:
Crash Course Philosophy được tài trợ bởi Squarespace.
Squarespace: chia sẻ đam mê của bạn với thế giới.
Bạn có lẽ nghĩ rằng bạn biết nhiều về mọi thứ.
Nhưng bạn không biết biết một thứ có nghĩa là gì?
Chúng ta dành một chút thời gian thảo luận về niềm tin và tri thức, nhưng chúng ta không thực sự
rõ ràng về ý nghĩa của chúng là gì khi chúng ta nói về những điều này.
May mắn thay, những nhà triết gia thích định nghĩa rõ ràng. Họ có những định nghĩa rõ ràng và dễ hiểu trong
tâm trí khi họ sử dụng những cụm từ như biết hay tin hay tuyên bố hay biện hộ.
Và khoảng mười phút sau, bạn cũng sẽ biết bạn thật sự đang nói gì khi bạn sử dụng những từ đó.
Nhưng, chỉ bởi vì những từ này đã được định nghĩa, không có nghĩa là các nhà triết gia không còn tranh luận về chúng.
Bởi vì bạn biết đấy, đó là cách các nhà triết gia thường làm.
Những định nghĩa có thể có vẻ rõ ràng lúc đầu, nhưng bạn càng nghĩ về chúng,
bạn càng thấy chúng có nhiều sắc thái.
Giống như, việc có tri thức về một thứ gì đó có đồng nghĩa với việc đúng về thứ đó?
Hay, nếu bạn tin một điều gì đó là đúng, và nó là đúng, nó có vấn đề gì không nếu bạn tin điều đó đã được chứng minh?
Và bạn có thể đúng về thứ gì đó mà không thực sự cố gắng?
Arabic:
كراش كورس، الفلسفة تقدم لك عن طريق سكوير سبيس.
سكوير سبيس: شارك شغفك مع العالم.
قد تظن أنك تعلم الكثير من الأشياء.
لكن هل تعرف معنى أن تعلم شيئا؟
نحن نقضي الكثيرمن الوقت نتناقش في الإعتقادات والمعرفة
لكن لم نكن أبدا دقيقين فيما نعنيه عندما نتحدث عن تلك الأشياء.
لحسن الحظ الفلاسفة يحبون التعريفات الجيدة. لديهم أفكار دقيقة وواضحة في عقولهم
عندما يستخدمون مصطلحات مثل معرفة أو اعتقاد أو افتراض أو تفسير.
وخلال 10 دقائق من الآن، أنت أيضا ستعرف فعلا ما تتحدث عنه عندما تستخدم هذه الكلمات.
لكن، لا يعني كون هذه المصطلحات معرَّفة أن الفلاسفة لا يتجادلون حولها
لأنه كما تعلم، هذا هو ما يفعله الفلاسفة .
قد يكون تعريفهم للحظة الأولى واضحًا لك، لكن كلما فكرت فيهم
كلما ظهر تباينهم أكثر.
مثلاً، هل معرفتك بشيء ما هو نفسه أن تكون محقاً بشأنه؟
أو إذا كنت تعتقد أن شيئا ما صحيحاً، وكان فعلا صحيحا، هل يهم ما إذا كان إعتقادك به مبررا؟
و هل يمكن أن تكون محقا بشأن شيء دون محاولة تبريره؟
Spanish:
Crash Course Filosofía es traído a ti por Squarespace.
Squarespace: Comparte tu pasión con el mundo.
Tu probablemente pienses que sabes muchas cosas.
¿Pero sabes lo que significa saber algo?
Estuvimos dedicando bastante tiempo a la discusión sobre creencias y conocimiento, pero en verdad
no hemos sido específicos sobre a que nos referimos cuando hablamos de esas cosas.
Por suerte, a los filósofos les encanta una buena definición. Tienen ideas específicas y lúcidas en
sus mentes cuando usan términos como conocer o creer o proposiciones o justificaciones.
Y dentro de diez minutos tu también sabrás lo que en realidad dices cuando usas esas palabras.
Pero solo porque estos términos hayan sido definidos, no significa que los filósofos no sigan discutiendo sobre ellos.
Porque ya sabes,es así como lo hacen los filósofos.
Sus definiciones pueden parecerte un poco obvias pero mientras más piensas en ellas,
más matices les vas a ver.
Como ¿tener conocimiento de algo es lo mismo que estar en lo correcto?
O si crees que algo es verdadero, y lo es, ¿importa si tu creencia en ello está justificada?
Y ¿puedes estar en lo cierto sobre algo sin siquiera tratar?
Estonian:
Crash Course Filosoofia toob sinuni Squarespace.
Squarespace: jaga maailmaga oma kirge.
Arvatavasti sa arvad, et sa tead palju asju.
Aga kas sa tead, mida tähendab midagi teada?
Me oleme veetnud üsna palju aega arutades uskumusi ja teadmist, aga me ei ole tegelikult
täpsustanud, millest me räägime, kui me räägime neist asjadest.
Õnneks aga filosoofidele meeldivad head definitsioonid. Neil on mõttes väga täpne ja selge
ettekujutus kui nad kasutavad termineid nagu "teadma" või "uskuma" või "propositsioon" või "põhjendus".
Ja umbes kümne minuti pärast tead ka sina mida sa tegelikult ütled, kui sa neid sõnu kasutad.
Aga see, et need mõisted on defineeritud ei tähenda veel, et filosoofid nende üle ei vaidleks.
Sest just seda filosoofid teevad.
Nende definitsioonid võivad esmalt näida ilmsed, aga mida rohkem sa nendele mõtled,
seda nüanssi rikkamaks need muutuvad.
Nagu, kas millegi kohta teadmise omamine on sama mis tõe omamine?
Või kui sa usud, et miski on tõene ja see osutub tõeseks, siis kas on oluline, et sinu usk pole põhjendatud.
Ja kas sul võib olla õigus, ilma seda proovimata?
English:
Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you
by Squarespace.
Squarespace: Share your passion with the world.
You probably think you know a lot of things.
But do you know what it means to know something?
We’ve spent quite a bit of time discussing
beliefs and knowledge, but we haven’t really
been specific about what we mean when we talk
about those things.
Thankfully, philosophers love a good definition.
They have very specific and lucid ideas in
mind when they use terms like know or believe
or proposition or justification.
And, about ten minutes from now, you too will know what you’re really saying when you use those words.
But, just because these terms have been defined, doesn’t mean that philosophers aren’t still arguing over them.
Because you know, that’s how philosophers
do.
Their definitions might seem kind of obvious
at first, but the more you think about them,
the more nuanced they turn out to be.
Like, is having knowledge of something the
same thing as being correct?
Or, if you believe something to be true, and
it is true, does it matter if your belief in it is justified?
And can you be right about something without
really trying?
Italian:
Le risposte a queste domande e altro ancora ti attendono, così come
dei gatti!
[Tema musicale]
L'hai già sentito: i filosofi amano una buona argomentazione.
Ma ormai avrai capito che i filosofi discutono in un modo diverso da quello, tipo, dei bambini
dell'asilo, o dei troll, o di altre persone che confondono «discutere» con battibeccare
o semplicemente inventarsi battute argute.
No. I filosofi hanno tutti quanti i tipi di stratagemmi retorici a loro disposizione che possono usare
per promuovere un'idea, o mettere in dubbio le idee dei loro interlocutori.
Quindi, al fine di cavarsela in un dibattito filosofico, dovrai conoscere la differenza
tra due cose che sembrano esattamente la stessa cosa: un'affermazione, ed una proposizione.
E dovrai essere in grado di saper distinguere se qualcuno sa per davvero di cosa sta parlando,
o se semplicemente credono che ciò che stanno dicendo potrebbe essere vero.
Per esempio: la frase che sto dicendo proprio ora è un'affermazione. Un'asserzione è un atto
linguistico - sia parlato o scritto - avente un valore di verità. E nonostante quello che potrebbe
Estonian:
Vastused neile ja veel mõnele imelikule küsimusele ootavad sind, nagu ka
kassid!
[Tunnusmuusika]
Seda oled sa juba kuulnud, et filosoofidele meeldivad head argumendid.
Aga sa tead ka seda, et filosoofid arutlevad natuke teisiti kui näiteks lasteaia lapsed
või interneti trollid, või need inimesed, kes ajavad segamine argumenteerimise ja edasi-tagasi
vaimukate lausete loopimise.
Ei, Filosoofidel on kasutada erinevaid retoorilisi vahendeid, mille abil nad saavad
oma vestluskaaslase mõtteid arendada või küsimuse ala seada.
Seega, et ise pidada filosoofilist debatti, pead sa teadma mis on erinevat
nende kahe sarnaselt kõlava mõiste vahel milleks on "väide" ja "propositsioon".
Ja sa pead olema võimeline aru saama, kas keegi teab, millest ta räägib,
või nad lihtsalt usuvad, et see, millest nad räägivad, on tõene.
Näiteks, lause, mida ma praegu lausun on väide. Väide on keeleline tegevus
-- kas suuline või kirjalik -- millel on tõeväärtus. Ja hoolimata sellest, kuidas see
Romanian:
Imediat urmează răspunsuri la aceste întrebări și multe altele, dar și
pisici!
Deci, ai auzit asta deja: filosofilor chiar le plac dezbaterile.
Dar ți-ai dat seama deja că filosofii dezbat altfel decât copiii de grădiniță, de exemplu,
sau măscăricii de pe internet, ori oamenii care confundă dezbaterea cu cearta
sau cu replicile tăioase.
Nu. Filosofii au la dispoziție tot felul de instrumente retorice pe care le pot folosi
pentru a formula o idee sau pentru a analiza ideile interlocutorilor.
Deci, pentru a-ți putea susține punctul de vedere intr-o dezbatere filosofică, trebuie să știi diferența
dintre două lucruri care par a fi același lucru: declarație și propoziție logică.
Și trebuie să poți să îți dai seama dacă cineva știe despre ce vorbește
sau dacă doar crede că ceea ce spune s-ar putea să fie adevărat.
De exemplu, propoziția pe care o spun acum este o declarație. Declarația este o manifestare lingvistică,
fie orală sau scrisă, ce are o valoare de adevăr. Și, chiar dacă ar putea părea așa
Arabic:
أجوبة تلك الأسئلة الغريبة والمزيد بأنتظارك
كما القطط!
معنى المعرفة
سبق أن سمعت هذا: الفلاسفة يحبون الحجج الجيدة
لكنك لاحظت إلى حد الآن أن الفلاسفة يتناقشون بطريقة مختلفة عن أطفال الروضة
أو متصيدو الانترنت أو الآخرون الذين يخلطون "النقاش" بالجدال
أو يحاولون التفكير بردود مفحمة
لا، الفلاسفة في حوزتهم جميع الأدوات البلاغية التي يمكنهم استخدامها
لتحسين فكرة، أو التشكيك في أفكار محاوريهم.
لذا، لتتمكن من أن تتماسك في مناظرة فلسفية، عليك أن تعرف الفرق
بين شيئين يظهران متماثلين تماما: التوكيد والإفتراض
وتحتاج أن تكون قادرًا على معرفة ما إذا كان الفرد يعرف بالضبط ما يتحدث عنه
أو أنه يعتقد بأن ما يتحدث عنه قد يكون صحيحا
على سبيل المثال: الجملة التي أقولها الأن هي توكيد، التوكيد هو
فعل لغوي -منطوق أو مكتوب- ذو قيمة حقيقية
Turkish:
Bu soruların ve daha fazlasının cevapları sizi bekliyor, hem de
kedilerle birlikte!
[Tema Müziği]
Şunu zaten öğrenmiştiniz: Filozoflar iyi bir argümanı çok sever.
Ancak şu ana kadar filozofların kreş çocuklarından,
internet trollerinden, ya da tartışmayı ileri geri atmak veya
hazırcevap dönüşlerle karıştıranlardan farklı bir şekilde tartıştıklarını farkettiniz.
Hayır. Filozoflar bir fikri ilerletmek ya da muhataplarının fikirlerini sorgulamak için
kullanabileceği her türlü teorik aygıtı zaten ellerinde bulundurur.
Yani felsefi bir tartışmada bulunmak istiyorsanız, kulağa tamamen
aynı şeymiş gibi gözüken iki şey arasındaki farkı bilmelisiniz: bir varsayım, ve bir önerme.
Birilerinin gerçekten konuştukları şeyi bildiğini, ya da sadece söylediklerinin
doğru olabileceklerini inandıklarını söyleyebilmeniz gerekir.
Örneğin: Şu anda söylediğim cümle bir iddiadır. İddia doğruluk değeri olan
konuşulan ya da yazılan linguistik bir eylemdir.
Ve göründüğünün aksine,
Spanish:
Las respuestas a estas preguntas raras y más te esperan, así como
¡Gatos!
Ya has escuchado esto antes; a los filósofos les encanta una buena discusión.
Pero ya te diste cuenta de que los filósofos discuten de una forma distinta a, digamos, infantes
o trolls de internet o a otras personas que confunden "discutir" con hacer críticas de un lado
para el otro o solo pensar respuestas ingeniosas.
Nop. Los filósofos tienen muchos tipos de elementos retóricos a su disposición que pueden usar
para avanzar una idea, o poner en cuestionamiento ideas de sus interlocutores.
Así que para defender tu posición en un debate filosófico debes saber la diferencia
entre dos cosas que suenan como exactamente la misma cosa: una afirmación y una proposición.
Y necesitarás ser capaz de ver si alguien en verdad sabe de lo que está hablando
o si solo creen que lo que están diciendo puede ser verdad.
Por ejemplo: la oración que estoy diciendo ahora mismo es una afirmación. Una afirmación es un acto
lingüístico -escrito o hablado - que tiene valor verdadero. Y a pesar de como pueda
French:
Des réponses à ces questions et plus encore vous attendent, ainsi que
des chats !
[Musique du générique]
Vous avez déjà entendu ceci : les philosophes adorent les bons arguments.
Mais vous avez compris maintenant que les philosophes argumentent d’une manière différente des, genre, gamins
du jardin d’enfants, ou des trolls Internet, ou d’autres personnes qui confondent « argumenter » et critiquer à tort
et à travers ou juste inventer des réparties spirituelles.
Nan. Les philosophes ont plein de procédés rhétoriques à leur disposition qu’ils peuvent utiliser
pour avancer une idée, ou remettre en question les idées de leurs interlocuteurs.
Donc afin de défendre votre bifteck dans un débat philosophique, vous allez devoir connaitre la différence
entre deux choses qui semblent être exactement la même chose : une assertion et une proposition.
Et vous aurez besoin de pouvoir dire si quelqu’un sait vraiment de quoi il parle
ou s’il croit juste que ce qu’il dit pourrait être vrai.
Par exemple : la phrase que je dis tout de suite est une assertion. Une assertion est un acte
linguistique – soit parlé, soit écrit – qui a une valeur de vérité. Et malgré
English:
Answers to these questions and more await
you, as well as
cats!
[Theme Music]
So you’ve heard this already: Philosophers
love a good argument.
But you’ve figured out by now that philosophers
argue in a different way than, like, kindergarten
kids, or Internet trolls, or other people
who confuse “arguing” with sniping back
and forth or just thinking up witty comebacks.
Nope. Philosophers have all kinds of rhetorical
devices at their disposal that they can use
to advance an idea, or call into question
the ideas of their interlocutors.
So in order to hold your own in a philosophical
debate, you’re gonna have to know the difference
between two things that sound like exactly
the same thing: an assertion, and a proposition.
And you’ll need to be able to tell whether
someone actually knows what they’re talking
about, or if they just believe what they’re
saying might be true.
For example: The sentence I’m saying right
now is an assertion. An assertion is a linguistic
act – either spoken or written – that
has a truth value. And despite what it might
Dutch:
Antwoorden op deze vragen en meer staan je te wachten, net als
katten!
[Muziek]
Je hebt dit al wel eerder gehoord: Filosofen houden van een goede discussie.
Maar je hebt ondertussen wel al beseft dat filosofen op een andere manier discussiëren dan, bijvoorbeeld,
kleuters, of internet trolls, of andere mensen die 'discussiëren' verwarren met heen
en weer schieten of gewoon gevatte replieken bedenken.
Nee. Filosofen beschikken over een heleboel retorische middelen die ze kunnen gebruiken
om een idee voorop te stellen, of de ideeën van hun gesprekspartner in vraag te stellen.
Dus om je mannetje te staan in een filosofisch debat, moet je het verschil kennen
tussen twee zaken die klinken als hetzelfde ding: een bewering, en een propositie.
En je zal moeten in staat zijn om te achterhalen of iemand daadwerkelijk weet waar ze het over
hebben, of of ze gewoon geloven dat wat ze zeggen waar zou kunnen zijn.
Bijvoorbeeld: De zin die ik nu aan het zeggen ben is een bewering. Een bewering is een linguïstische
daad - gesproken of geschreven - die een waarheidswaarde heeft. En ondanks hoe het zou
Modern Greek (1453-):
Απαντήσεις σε αυτές τις ερωτήσεις και περισσότερα σε περιμένουν, όπως επίσης
γάτες!
[Μουσική Θέματος]
Το έχετε ήδη ακούσει: Οι φιλόσοφοι αγαπάνε ένα καλό επιχείρημα.
Αλλά είδαμε μέχρι τώρα ότι οι φιλόσοφοι επιχειρηματολογούν με διαφορετικό τρόπο από, παιδιά
νηπιαγωγείου, ή τρολ στο διαδίκτυο, ή άλλους ανθρώπους που μπερδεύουν την επιχειρηματολογία με το να "την λέει"
ο ένας στον άλλο ή να σκέφτεται πνευματώδεις απαντήσεις.
Όχι. Οι φιλόσοφοι έχουν όλων των ειδών τους ρητορικούς μηχανισμούς στην διάθεσή τους τους οποίος μπορούν να χρησιμοποιήσουν
για να προχωρήσουν τις ιδέες τους, ή να αμφισβητήσουν τις ιδέες των συνομιλητών τους.
Οπότε για να έχετε το δικό σας σε έναν φιλοσοφικό διάλογο, πρέπει να ξέρετε την διαφορά
μεταξύ δύο πραγμάτων που ακούγονται σαν το ίδιο ακριβώς πράγμα: ένας ισχυρισμός και μια δήλωση.
Και πρέπει να είσαι ικανός/η να ξεχωρίσεις αν κάποιος πραγματικά ξέρει για ποιο πράγμα μιλάει,
ή απλά πιστεύουν ότι αυτό που λένε μπορεί να είναι αληθές.
Για παράδειγμα: Η πρόταση που λέω αυτή την στιγμή είναι ένας ισχυρισμός. Ένας ισχυρισμός είναι μια γλωσσική
πράξη - είτε προφορικό είτε γραπτό - το οποίο έχει κάποια τιμή αληθείας. Και παρά το
iw:
תשובות לשאלות כאלו, ועוד מחכים לך, ובנוסף
חתולים!
[מוזיקת פתיחה]
אז כבר שמעתם את זה: פילוסופים
אוהבים ויכוח טוב.
אבל אתם כבר מבינים בעצמכם שפילוסופים
מתווכחים בצורה שונה מאשר, למשל, ילדים בגן ילדים
או טרולים באינטרנט, או אנשים אחרים
אשר מבלבלים "ויכוח" עם צליפה חזור
ושוב או רק ממציאים בדיחות שנונות
לא. יש לפילוסופים כל מיני שיטות רטורית
העומדים לרשותם שהם יכולים להשתמש
כדי לקדם רעיון, או לתשאל את
הרעיונות של בני שיחם.
אז להפעיל דיון פילוסופי משלך, אתה מוכרח לדעת את ההבדל
בין שני דברים שנשמעים בדיוק אותו הדבר: קביעה, טענה.
ואתה צריך להיות מסוגל לומר אם
מישהו באמת יודע על מה הם מדברים
או אם הם רק מאמינים למה שהם
אומרים, ויכול להיות שזה נכון.
לדוגמה: המשפט שאני אומר
כרגע הוא טענה. טענה היא מעשה
לשוני - או בדיבור או בכתיבה -יש לו ערך אמת. ולמרות שזה
Vietnamese:
Trả lời những câu hỏi này và chờ đợi bạn chính là
những chú mèo!
Bạn đã nghe về điều này: Các nhà triết gia thích một cuộc tranh luận tốt.
Nhưng bây giờ bạn đã nhận rằng những nhà triết gia tranh luận theo cách khác với, như
đứa trẻ mẫu giáo, hay Internet trolls ( những người đăng tin gây tranh cãi), hay những người nhầm lẫn giữa "tranh luận" và cãi
tới lui hay chỉ nghĩ ra những màn đáp trả dí dỏm.
Không. Những nhà triết gia có tất cả các loại ngôn từ hùng biện để tùy ý sử dụng
để đề xuất ý tưởng, hoặc kiểm tra lại những ý tưởng của người đối thoại với họ.
Vậy để giữ quan điểm của mình trong cuộc tranh luận triết học, bạn sẽ phải biết sự khác biệt
giữa hai thứ nghe có vẻ giống nhau: sự khẳng định, và nghĩa mệnh đề .
Và bạn sẽ cần biết nói lên được khi nào một người thực sự biết họ đang nói về điều gì
hay họ chỉ tin điều họ nói có thể là đúng.
Ví dụ như: Câu nói tôi đang nói bây giờ là một sự khẳng định. Sự khẳng định là hành động ngôn ngữ
-- được nói hoặc được viết-- có giá trị thực. Và mặc dù nó vẻ ra sao,
Portuguese:
Resposta a estas questões estranhas e mais esperam por você, assim como
gatos!
Então, você já ouviu isso: Filósofos adoram um bom argumento.
Mas você já deve ter imaginado que filósofos discutem de uma forma diferente de pré-primários
crianças, trolls da internet, ou outras pessoas que confundem "argumentar" com dar "pitacos"
ou se sentindo sabichão com respostas simples.
Não, filósofos tem todos os tipos de dispositivos de retórica à sua disposição que eles usam
para avançar em uma ideia, ou se colocar em uma questão de seus interlocutor.
Então para se garantir em debate filosófico, você terá que saber a diferença
entre duas coisas que soam exatamente como a mesma coisa: uma assertiva e uma proposição.
E você precisará ser capaz de dizer se alguém realmente sabe do que está falando
ou se apenas acreditam que aquilo que dizem é verdade.
Por exemplo: A sentença que estou dizendo agora é uma assertiva. Uma assertiva é um ato linguístico
- seja falada ou escrita - que tem um valor lógico. E, sem levar em conta da
Russian:
Ответы на эти странные вопросы и многое другое ожидают вас дальше, а еще
коты!
Музыка.
Это вы уже знаете: философы любят поспорить.
Но вы также уяснили, что философы спорят не так, как детсадовцы
или интернет тролли, или другие люди, путающие "спор" с пререканиями или просто придумыванием
остроумных подколов.
Нет. Философы имеют всевозможные риторические приемы в своём арсенале, чтобы
развить идею, или зародить сомнения в идеях собеседника.
Итак для того, чтобы продержаться в философских дебатах, вам нужно знать разницу
между двумя вещами, которые звучат совершенно одинаково: утверждением и предположением.
И вы должны уметь распознавать, когда кто-то действительно знает о чем говорит, а когда
они просто верят в то, что они говорят, — правда.
Например: предложение, которое я сейчас произношу — это утверждение. Утверждение — это лингвистическое
действие: письменное или устное, имеющее значение истинности. И несмотря на то, как это может
Russian:
показаться, значение истинности не является мерой того, насколько что-то верно. Оно может быть
либо верно, либо ложно, либо не определено. У всех повествовательных предложений есть значение истинности.
Повествовательные предложения, которые утверждают что-либо о прошлом или настоящем всегда либо истинны, либо ложны.
А утверждения о будущем не определены, по крайней мере тогда, когда они произносятся, так как
никто еще не знает правдивы ли они.
Например, я утверждаю, что "к концу эпизода этот кот написает на мой стол".
У этого утверждения есть значение истинности, но оно не определено, потому что эпизод еще не окончен.
Поэтому мы просто подождем и увидем.
Утверждениям противопоставляются другие типы лингвистических структур, такие как вопросы, которые ничего не утверждают.
"Это кот" — утверждение, а "Это кот?" тоже лингвистическая структура,
но не утверждение.
Но у сути вашего утверждения тоже есть название.
Содержание вашего утверждения — это предположение. Оно лежит в основе того, что вы говорите.
То есть, даже, если утверждение может изменяться, например, в зависимости от языка, на котором вы говорите,
его значение не меняется, в отличие от внешней оболочки.
К примеру, и "Это кот", и "Este es un gato" утверждают одно предположение.
Portuguese:
a maneira que soa, valor lógico não é uma medida de quão certo alguma coisa está. É apenas
um estado de ser verdadeiro ou falso ou indeterminado. Todas as sentenças declarativas têm valor lógico.
Declarações que afirmam algo sobre o passado ou sobre o presente e são verdadeiras ou falsas.
E assertivas sobre o futuro são indeterminadas, pelo menos até que aconteçam
ninguém sabe se elas estão certas ou não.
Por exemplo. Eu vou afirmar que "Este gato vai fazer xixi na minha mesa antes do fim do programa."
Essa assertiva tem um valor lógico, mas é indeterminado, porque o programa ainda não acabou.
Vamos ter que esperar pra ver o que acontece.
Agora, todo esse contraste com tipos de atos linguísticos, como questões, que não afirmam nada,
"Isso é um gato" é uma assertiva, ao contrário de "Isso é um gato?", que é um ato linguístico
mas não uma assertiva.
Mas a essência do que você afirma também tem um nome.
O conteúdo da sua afirmação é a proposição. É o significado oculto do que você está dizendo.
Então mesmo uma assertiva pode mudar, dependendo, digamos, que idioma é falado
seu significado não só muda como também muda o seu rótulo.
Tipo, "Isso é um gato" e "Este és un gato", ambas assertivas têm a mesma proposição.
Modern Greek (1453-):
πώς μπορεί να ακούγεται, η τιμή αληθείας δεν είναι ένα μέτρο για το πόσο σωστό είναι κάτι. Είναι απλά η
κατάσταση του να είναι είτε αληθές, είτε ψευδές, είτε αόριστο. Όλες οι δηλωτικές προτάσεις έχουν τιμή αληθείας.
Οι δηλώσεις που ισχυρίζονται κάτι για το παρελθόν ή το παρόν είναι είτε αληθείς είτε ψευδείς.
Και οι ισχυρισμοί για το μέλλον είναι αόριστοι, τουλάχιστον όταν εκφράζονται, διότι
κανείς δεν ξέρει αν είναι αληθείς ή ψευδείς ακόμη.
Για παράδειγμα, θα ισχυριστώ ότι "Αυτή η γάτα θα κατουρήσει στο γραφείο μου πριν το τέλος της εκπομπής."
Αυτός ο ισχυρισμός έχει μια τιμή αληθείας, αλλά είναι αόριστη, διότι η εκπομπή δεν έχει τελειώσει ακόμα.
Πρέπει απλά να περιμένουμε και να δούμε.
Τώρα, όλα αυτά αντιτίθενται με άλλα είδη γλωσσικών πράξεων, όπως οι ερωτήσεις, οι οποίες δεν ισχυρίζονται κάτι.
"Αυτό είναι μια γάτα" είναι ένας ισχυρισμός, σε αντίθεση με το "Είναι αυτό μια γάτα;", το οποίο είναι μια γλωσσική
πράξη, αλλά όχι ένας ισχυρισμός.
Αλλά η ουσία αυτού που ισχυρίζεστε έχει επίσης όνομα.
Το περιεχόμενο του ισχυρισμού σου είναι η δήλωσή σου. Είναι το βαθύτερο νόημα αυτού που λες.
Οπότε ακόμα και αν ένας ισχυρισμός μπορεί να αλλάξει, ανάλογα μας πούμε, με την γλώσσα που εκφράζεται,
το νόημά του δεν αλλάζει απλά επειδή η εξωτερική συσκευασία άλλαξε.
Όπως, "Αυτό είναι μια γάτα" και "Este es una gato", και τα δύο ισχυρίζονται την ίδια δήλωση.
Vietnamese:
giá trị thực không phải là thước đo một điều đúng như thế nào. Nó chỉ là
phát biểu về điều đúng, hay sai, hay không rõ. Tất cả những câu tuyên bố có những giá trị thực.
Sự tuyên bố khẳng định về quá khứ hay hiện tại có thể đúng hoặc sai.
Và sự khẳng định về tương lai thì không rõ, ít nhất là khi họ tuyên bố, bởi vì
chưa ai biết chúng là đúng hay sai.
Ví dụ tôi sẽ khẳng định rằng "con mèo này sẽ tè lên bàn của tôi trước khi kết thúc chương trình"
Sự khẳng định có giá trị thực, nhưng nó mơ hồ, bởi vì chương trình chưa kết thúc.
Chúng ta phải đợi xem
Bây giờ, tất cả điều này tương phản với những hành động ngôn ngữ khác, ví dụ như những câu hỏi không khẳng định điều gì cả.
"Đây là con mèo" là một sự khẳng định, đối nghịch với "Đây có phải là con mèo?"- một hành động
ngôn ngữ nhưng không phải là sự khẳng định.
Nhưng thực thể của cái mà bạn khẳng định của có tên
Nội dung trong lời khẳng định của bạn là nghĩa mệnh đề. Nó là ý nghĩa cơ bản trong những gì bạn nói.
Vì thế nên cho dù lời khẳng định tự bản thân nó có thể thay đổi, tùy theo ngôn ngữ nó được dùng
nghĩa của nó không đổi chỉ vì vẻ ngoài của nó.
Giống như "đây là con mèo" và "Este es un gato" đều khẳng định cùng một một đề.
Turkish:
doğruluk değeri bir şeyin ne kadar doğru olduğunun bir ölçüsü değildir. Sadece
doğru, yanlış veya belirsiz olma durumudur.
Tüm yargı cümlelerinin doğruluk değeri vardır.
Yargılar geçmiş veya gelecek hakkında doğru ya da yanlış iddialarda bulunur.
Ve gelecek hakkındaki varsayımlar belirsizdir, en azından ifade edildiklerinde,
çünkü kimse henüz doğru ya da yanlış olduklarını bilmez.
Örneğin, "Şov bitmeden önce bu kedinin masama işeyeceğini" iddia edeceğim.
Bu iddianın bir doğruluk değeri vardır, ancak belirsizdir, çünkü şov henüz bitmedi.
Yalnızca beklememiz ve görmemiz gerekiyor.
Şimdi, tüm bunlar, sorular gibi hiç bir iddiada bulunmayan diğer linguistik eylemlerle tezatlık gösterir.
"Bu bir kedidir" bir iddiayken, "bu bir kedi mi?" linguistik bir eylem olsa da,
bir iddia değildir.
Ama iddia ettiğiniz şeyin özünün de bir adı vardır.
İddianızın içeriği önermenizdir. Söylediğiniz şeyin altında yatan anlamdır.
Yani bir iddianın kendisi değişebilse de, mesela hangi dilde konuşulduğuna göre,
sırf dış ambalajı değişiyor diye anlamı değişmez.
Örneğin, "Bu bir kedidir" ve "Este es un gato"nun ikisi de aynı önermeyi iddia ediyor.
Estonian:
kõlab, tõeväärtust ei mõõdeta selle järgi, kui tõene miski on. See on
kas tõene või väär või määramatu. Igal väitlausel on tõeväärtus.
laused, mis väidavad midagi mineviku või oleviku kohta on kas tõesed või väärad.
Ja väited tuleviku kohta on määramatud, vähemalt seni, kuni need pole juhtunud,
sest seni ei tea keegi, kas need on tõesed või mitte.
Näiteks ma väidan, et "See kass urineerib enne saate lõppu mu laua peale."
Sellel väitel on tõeväärtus, kuid see on määramatu, sest saade pole veel läbi.
Me peame lihtsalt ootama ja vaatama.
Aga see kõik on vastandub teiste keeleliste toimingutega nagu küsimused, mis ei väida midagi.
"See on kass" on väide "Kas see on kass?" aga ei ole, see on küll keeleline
toiming, aga ei ole väide.
Aga sisul, mida sa väidad on samuti oma nimetus.
Sinu väite sisu on propositsioon. See on mõte, mida sa edastad.
Seega isegi kui väide ise võib muutuda, sõltudes näiteks sellest, mis keelt sa räägid,
siis mõte ei muutu lihtsalt sellepärast, et selle pakend muutub.
Nagu "See on kass" ja “Este es un gato,” mõlemad edastavad sama propositsiooni.
Dutch:
mogen klinken, waarheidswaarde is geen maat voor hoe juist iets is. Het is gewoon
de staat van ofwel waar, ofwel vals, ofwel onbepaald te zijn. Alle declaratieve zinnen hebben waarheidswaarde.
Uitspraken die iets beweren over het verleden of het heden zijn ofwel waar ofwel vals.
En beweringen over de toekomst zijn onbepaald, ten minste wanneer ze gedaan worden, want
niemand weet al of ze correct zijn of niet.
Bijvoorbeeld, ik ga beweren dat 'Deze kat zal plassen op mijn bureau voor het einde van deze aflevering.'
Deze bewering heeft een waarheidswaarde, maar hij is onbepaald, omdat de aflevering nog niet afgelopen is.
We moeten het einde ervan afwachten.
Nu, dit alles staat in contrast met andere soorten linguïstische handelingen, zoals vragen, die niets beweren.
'Dit is een kat' is een bewering, in tegenstelling tot 'Is dat een kat?', wat een linguïstische
handeling is, maar geen bewering.
Maar de inhoud van wat je beweert heeft eveneens een naam.
De inhoud van je bewering is de propositie. Het is de onderliggende betekenis van wat je aan het zeggen bent.
Dus ook al kan een bewering op zich veranderen, afhankelijk van bijvoorbeeld, in welke taal hij gedaan
is, zijn mening wijzigt niet louter omdat de verpakking verandert.
Bijvoorbeeld, 'Dit is een kat' en 'Este es un gato,' beweren beide dezelfde propositie.
iw:
נשמע כמו, ערך האמת אינו מדד
לכמה משהו נכון. זה
מצב של או אמת, או שקר, או בלתי מוגדר.
לכל משפט הצהרתי יש ערכי אמת.
הצהרות שטוענות משהו על
העבר או ההווה הם או אמת או שקר.
וטענות על העתיד הן לא מוגדרות,
לפחות כשהם באות לידי ביטוי, כי
אף אחד לא יודע כרגע אם הן צודקות או לא.
לדוגמה, אני הולך לטעון ש "החתול הזה הולך להשתין על שולחני לפני סוף המופע."
לטענה זו יש ערך אמת, אבל זה
לא מוגדר, כי המופע עדיין לא נגמר.
אנחנו פשוט נצטרך לחכות ולראות.
עכשיו, כל זה עומד בניגוד לסוגים אחרים של מעשים לשוניים, כמו שאלות, אשר אינם טוענים דבר
"זה חתול" זה טענה, בניגוד
ל"האם זה חתול?" ,שהינה מעשה
לשוני, אך לא טענה.
אבל התוכן של מה שאתה טוען יש
שם, גם.
התוכן של הטענה שלך הוא העמדה שלך.
זה המשמעות הבסיסית של מה שאתה אומר.
אז למרות שטענה יכולה לשנות,
תלוי למשל, באיזו שפה מדובר,
המשמעות אינה משתנה רק בגלל
שהחיצונית שלה משתנה.
כמו, "זה חתול" ו "זה חתול(ספרדית)"
לשניהן יש את אותה המשמעות.
Arabic:
وبغض النظر عما تبدو، القيمة الحقيقة ليست المقياس لمدى صحة شيء ما.
هي فقط حالة تكون صائبة أو خاطئة أو غير محددة. كل الجمل التصريحية لها قيم حقيقية
التصاريح التي تؤكد شيء عن الماضي أو الحاضر تكون إما صائبة أو خاطئة
والتوكيدات عن المستقبل غير محددة، على الأقل ساعة التصريح بها
لا أحد يعلم إذا كانت حقًا أم لا
على سبيل المثال: سوف أؤكد بأن هذه القطة ستتبول على مكتبي قبل نهاية العرض
ذلك التوكيد له قيمة حقيقية، لكنها غير محددة، لأن العرض لم ينتهي بعد.
يجب علينا ان ننتظر و نرى.
الآن كل هذا الاختلاف مع الأنواع الأخرى من الأفعال اللغوية، مثل: الأسئلة، والتي لا تحمل أي توكيدات
"هذه قطة" هو توكيد مخالف لـ "هل هذه قطة؟" حيث أنه فعل لغوي
لكنه ليس توكيدا.
لكن العنصر الذي تؤكده له اسم أيضا.
محتوى ما تؤكده هو افتراضك، هو المعنى الكامن لما تقوله.
بالرغم من أن التوكيد نفسه قد يتغير اعتمادًا - فلنقل - على أي لغة نُطق بها
فمعناه لا يتغير فقط لأن الغلاف الخارجي تغير
"هذه قطة" و “Este es un gato” كلاهما تؤكدان نفس الافتراض.
French:
ce à quoi ça peut ressembler, la valeur de vérité n’est pas une mesure de comment est quelque chose. C’est juste
l’état d’être soit vrai, soit faux, soit indéterminé. Toutes les phrases déclaratives ont une valeur de vérité.
Les déclarations qui affirment quelque chose à propos du passé ou du présent sont soit vraies, soit fausses.
Et les assertions sur le futur sont indéterminées, au moins quand elles sont exprimées, parce que
personne ne sait encore si elles sont vraies ou pas.
Par exemple, je vais affirmer que « ce chat va pisser sur mon bureau avant la fin de cette émission ».
Cette assertion a une valeur de vérité, mais elle est indéterminée parce que l’émission n’est pas encore terminée.
Va juste falloir qu’on attende.
Maintenant, tout ceci contraste avec d’autres genres d’actes linguistiques, comme les questions, qui n’affirment rien.
« Ceci est un chat » est une assertion, comparé à « Est-ce que c’est un chat ? », qui est un acte
linguistique, mais pas une assertion.
Mais la substance de ce qu’on affirme a un nom aussi.
Le contenu de votre assertion est votre proposition. C’est le sens sous-jacent de ce que vous dites.
Donc même si une assertion peut changer, dépendamment de la langue dans laquelle
on la dit, son sens ne change pas, c’est juste son emballage extérieur.
Genre, « Ceci est un chat » et « Este es un gato », affirment toutes les deux la même proposition.
Spanish:
sonar, el valor verdadero no es una medida de cuán cierto sea algo. Es solo el
estado de ser verdadero o falso o indeterminado. Todas las oraciones declarativas tienen valores verdaderos.
Declaraciones que afirman algo sobre el pasado o el presente son o verdaderas o falsas.
Y afirmaciones sobre el futuro son indeterminadas, por lo menos cuando son expresadas, porque
todavía nadie sabe si son ciertas o no.
Por ejemplo, voy a afirmar que "Este gato va a mear en mi escritorio antes de que termine el show."
Esa afirmación tiene valor verdadero pero es indeterminado, porque todavía el show no terminó.
Vamos a tener que esperar y ver que pasa.
Ahora, todo esto contrasta con otros tipos de actos lingüísticos como preguntas, que no afirman nada.
"Esto es un gato" es una afirmación, en oposición a ¿esto es un gato? lo que es un acto
lingüístico pero no una afirmación.
Pero la sustancia de lo que afirmas también tiene un nombre.
El contenido de tu afirmación es tu proposición. Es el significado subyacente de lo que estás diciendo.
Así que aunque una afirmación pueda cambiar, dependiendo de , ejemplo, en que lenguaje se diga
su significado no cambia sólo porque su envoltura lo hace.
Como "This is a cat" y "Este es un gato", ambas afirman la misma proposición.
Romanian:
valoarea de adevăr nu măsoară dacă ceva este corect, ci
reprezintă faptul că ceva este adevărat, fals sau nedeterminat. Toate propozițiile declarative au valoare de adevăr.
Declarațiile prin care se spune ceva despre prezent sau despre viitor sunt fie adevărate, fie false.
Declarațiile despre viitor sunt nedeterminate, cel puțin atunci când sunt exprimate, pentru că
nimeni nu știe încă dacă are dreptate sau nu.
De exemplu, o să declar că această pisică va face pipi pe birou înainte să se termine emisiunea.
Declarația are o valoare de adevărat, dar ea este nedeterminată (necunoscută), pentru că emisiunea nu s-a terminat încă.
O să așteptăm și o să vedem.
Toate aceste lucruri se diferențiază față de alte manifestări lingvistice, cum ar fi întrebările, pentru că ele nu declară nimic.
"Aceasta este o pisică" este o declarație total opusă față de "Aceasta este o pisică?", care este o
manifestare lingvistică, dar nu o declarație
Dar ceea ce declari are și un nume.
Conținutul declarației este o propoziție logică. Ea reprezintă înțelesul a ceea ce spui.
Deci, chiar dacă declarația se poate schimba, în funcție de limba vorbită, de exemplu,
înțelesul nu se schimbă doar pentru că învelișul este diferit.
De exemplu, "Aceasta este o pisică" și "Este es un gato" reprezintă aceeași propoziție.
Italian:
sembrare, valore di verità non è una misura di quanto giusto sia qualcosa. È solo lo
stato di essere o vero o falso, o indeterminato. Tutte le frasi dichiarative hanno valori di verità.
Le dichiarazioni che affermano qualcosa sul passato o sul presente sono o vere o false.
E affermazioni sul futuro sono indeterminate, almeno quando sono espresse, perché
nessuno sa ancora se sono giuste o no.
Per esempio, affermerò che "Questo gatto farà pipì sulla mia scrivania entro la fine dello show."
Quella affermazione ha un valore di verità, ma è indeterminato, perché lo show non è ancora finito.
Possiamo solo aspettare e vedere.
Ora, tutto questo è in contrasto con altri tipi di atti linguistici, come le domande, che non affermano nulla.
«Questo è un gatto» è una affermazione, in contrapposizione a «È un gatto quello?» che è un atto
linguistico, ma non una affermazione.
Ma anche la sostanza di ciò che affermi ha un nome.
Il contenuto della tua affermazione è la tua proposizione. È il significato di fondo di ciò che stai dicendo.
Così anche se l'affermazione in sé può cambiare, a seconda di, per dire, in che lingua è,
il suo significato non cambia solo perché lo fa il suo imballaggio esterno.
Cioè, «Questo è un gatto» e «Este es un
gato», affermano entrambi la stessa proposizione.
English:
sound like, truth value isn’t a measure
of how right something is. It’s just the
state of being either true, or false, or indeterminate.
All declarative sentences have truth values.
Declarations that assert something about the
past or present are either true or false.
And assertions about the future are indeterminate,
at least when they’re expressed, because
no one knows if they’re right or not yet.
For example, I’m gonna assert that “This cat will pee on my desk before the end of the show.”
That assertion has a truth value, but it’s
indeterminate, because the show’s not over yet.
We’re just gonna have to wait and see.
Now, all of this contrasts with other kinds of linguistic acts, like questions, which don’t assert anything.
“This is a cat” is an assertion, as opposed
to “Is that a cat?,” which is a linguistic
act, but not an assertion.
But the substance of what you assert has a
name, too.
The content of your assertion is your proposition.
It’s the underlying meaning of what you’re saying.
So even though an assertion itself can change,
depending on say, what language it’s spoken
in, its meaning doesn’t change just because
its outer packaging does.
Like, “This is a cat” and “Este es un
gato,” both assert the same proposition.
English:
And a proposition is true if it asserts a
claim that corresponds to reality.
The proposition when I assert “This is a
cat,” is true if the object of the “this”
is in fact a cat, and false if it is anything
other than a cat. Like, “This is a cat.”
It’s worth pointing out that attitude counts,
too, when you’re asserting something.
A speaker’s mental state toward the proposition
they’re making is their propositional attitude.
If I say, like, “This is a cat,” but I
actually believe it to be a rat and I’m
trying to fool you, then philosophers would
say that I have a propositional attitude of disbelief.
Whereas, if I think I’m speaking truthfully,
I have a propositional attitude of belief.
And of course, you’re not going to get very
far as a philosopher unless you understand
the classic definition of belief itself. Based
on the lingo you’ve learned so far today,
belief is just when you take a propositional
attitude of truth.
I believe that this is a cat, if I think it’s
true – that is, if my attitude is that the
assertion corresponds to reality. And even
if I’m wrong -- even if there were an aardvark
on my desk, or if there weren’t a cat on
my desk at all, which there isn’t anymore
-- if I really thought there was a cat on
my desk, that would just be my belief.
Modern Greek (1453-):
Και μια δήλωση είναι αληθής αν ισχυρίζεται έναν ισχυρισμό που αντιστοιχεί στην πραγματικότητα.
Η δήλωση όταν ισχυρίζομαι "Αυτό είναι μια γάτα", είναι αληθής αν το αντικείμενο "αυτό"
είναι στην πραγματικότητα μια γάτα, και ψευδής αν είναι οτιδήποτε άλλο από γάτα. Όπως, "Αυτό είναι μια γάτα"
Αξίζει να επισημάνουμε ότι η διάθεση μετράει, επίσης, όταν ισχυρίζεστε κάτι.
Η διανοητική κατάσταση του ομιλητή ως προς την δήλωση που κάνουν είναι η δηλωτική διάθεσή τους.
Αν πω, "Αυτό είναι μια γάτα", αλλά στην πραγματικότητα πιστεύω ότι είναι ένας αρουραίος και προσπαθώ
να σας ξεγελάσω, οι φιλόσοφοι θα έλεγαν ότι έχω δηλωτική διάθεση δυσπιστίας.
Ενώ, αν πιστεύω ότι μιλάω αληθώς, έχω δηλωτική διάθεση αξιοπιστίας.
Και φυσικά, δεν θα προχωρήσετε πολύ ως φιλόσοφος αν δεν κατανοήσετε
τον κλασσικό ορισμό της πίστης καθεαυτής. Βασιζόμενοι στην διάλεκτο που μάθατε μέχρι τώρα σήμερα,
η πίστη είναι όταν έχεις δηλωτική συμπεριφορά αλήθειας.
Πιστεύω ότι αυτό είναι μια γάτα, αν νομίζω ότι είναι σωστό - αυτό σημαίνει, αν η διάθεσή μου είναι ότι ο
ισχυρισμός αντιστοιχεί στην πραγματικότητα. Και ακόμα και αν κάνω λάθος - ακόμα και αν υπήρχε ένας μυρμηγκοφάγος
στο γραφείο μου, ή αν δεν υπήρχε καμία γάτα εντελώς στο γραφείο μου, που δεν υπάρχει πλέον
- αν πραγματικά πίστευα ότι υπήρχε μια γάτα στο γραφείο μου, αυτή θα ήταν η πίστη μου.
Italian:
E una proposizione è vera se si afferma una dichiarazione che corrisponde alla realtà.
La proposizione quando affermo «Questo è un gatto», è vera se l'oggetto del «questo»
è infatti un gatto, e falsa se è qualsiasi cosa diversa da un gatto. Tipo, «Questo è un gatto.»
Vale la pena sottolineare che anche l'atteggiamento conta, quando si sta affermando qualcosa.
Lo stato mentale di un oratore nei confronti della proposizione che sta facendo è il suo atteggiamento proposizionale.
Se dico, tipo, «Questo è un gatto.» ma in realtà credo sia un topo e sto
cercando di ingannarti, allora i filosofi direbbero che ho un atteggiamento proposizionale di incredulità.
Mentre, se penso di star dicendo la verità, ho un atteggiamento proposizionale di convinzione.
E naturalmente, non farai molta strada come filosofo a meno che tu non capisca
la definizione classica di convinzione stessa. Basandoci sul gergo che hai imparato finora oggi,
convinzione è semplicemente quando assumi un atteggiamento proposizionale di verità.
Credo che questo sia un gatto, se penso che sia vero – cioè, se il mio atteggiamento è che
l'affermazione corrisponda alla realtà. E persino se sbaglio – anche se ci fosse un oritteropo
sulla mia scrivania, o se non ci fosse per niente un gatto sulla mia scrivania, che infatti non c'è più
– se davvero pensassi che ci fosse un gatto sulla mia scrivania, quello sarebbe solo la mia convinzione.
Vietnamese:
Và một đề là đúng nếu nó khẳng định một tuyên bố dựa vào thực tế.
Mệnh đề khi tôi khẳng định "Đây là con mèo" , là đúng nếu vật thể của "đây là"
trong thực tế là con mèo, và sai nếu là thứ gì khác con mèo. Giống như là "đây là con mèo"
Thái độ của bạn cũng được tính đến khi bạn khẳng định một điều gì đó.
Trạng thái tinh thần của người nói với mệnh đề mà họ nói là thái độ tuyên bố
Nếu tôi nói," đây là con mèo", nhưng tôi thực sự tin đây là con chuột và tôi
đang cố lừa bạn, vậy thì những nhà triết gia sẽ nói tôi có thái độ tuyên bố của sự bất tin.
Trong khi đó, nếu tôi tin tưởng điều tôi đang nói, tôi có thái độ tuyên bố của sự tin tưởng.
Và đương nhiên, bạn không thể đi sâu hơn như một nhà triết gia trừ khi bạn hiểu
khái niệm kinh điển của sự tin tưởng. Dựa trên những tiếng lóng mà bạn mới được học hôm nay
sự tin tưởng là khi bạn có thái độ tuyên bố sự thật.
Tôi tin đây là con mèo, nếu tôi nghĩ đó là sự thật- đó là, nếu thái độ của tôi
là sự khẳng định dựa trên thực tế. Và thậm chí nếu tôi sai -- thậm chí nếu có một con lợn đất
trên bàn của tôi, hoặc nếu không hề có con mèo trên bàn nữa
nếu tôi thật sự tin rằng có một con mèo trên bàn, thì đó là niềm tin của tôi.
Turkish:
Ve bir önerme eğer gerçeklikle uyuşan bir iddiada bulunuyorsa doğrudur.
İddia ettiğim "bu bir kedidir" önermesi, eğer "bu"nun nesnesi esasında bir
kedi ise doğrudur, ve başka bir şey ise yanlıştır.
"Bu bir kedidir" gibi.
Bir iddiada bulunurkenki tutumunuzun da önemli olduğunu belirtmekte fayda var.
Bir konuşmacının belli bir önermeyle ilgili zihin durumu onun önermesel tutumudur.
Eğer, "Bu bir kedidir" dersem ancak aslında bir fare olduğuna inanıyorsam sizi
kandırmaya çalışıyorsam, filozoflar önermesel inançsızlık davranışına sahip olduğumu söyleyeceklerdir.
Buna karşın, eğer doğruları konuştuğumu düşünürsem, önermesel inançlılık davranışına sahibimdir.
Ve tabi ki, bir filozof olarak inancın kendisinin klasik tanımını bilmeden
pek de ileriye gidemezsiniz. Bugün öğrendiğiniz jargona dayanaraktan,
inanç yalnızca önermesel bir doğruluk tavrı takınmanızdır.
İddianın gerçekle uyuştuğu tutumundaysam, eğer doğru olduğunu düşünüyorsam,
bunun bir kedi olduğuna inanıyorumdur. Ve yanılıyor olsam bile -- masamda bir yerdomuzu
olsa bile, ya da masamda bir ket hiç olmasa bile, ki artık yok,
-- eğer masamda kedinin olduğunu düşündüysem, bu benim inancım olurdu.
Spanish:
Y una proposición es cierta si afirma una declaración que se corresponde con la realidad.
La preposición cuando afirmo "Esto es un gato" es verdadera si el objeto de "esto"
es ,de hecho, un gato y es falsa si es cualquier cosa aparte de un cato. Como "esto es un gato."
Vale la pena señalar que la actitud también cuenta cuando estás afirmando algo.
El estado mental del orador hacia la proposición que están haciendo es su Actitud Proposicional.
Si yo digo "esto es un gato" pero en realidad creo que es una rata y yo estoy
tratando de engañarte, entonces los filósofos dirán que tengo una actitud proposicional de descreimiento.
Mientras que si pienso que estoy hablando honradamente tengo una actitud proposicional de creencia.
Y por supuesto no vas a llegar muy lejos como filósofo a menos que entiendas
la definición clásica de "creencia". Basándonos en el lenguaje que aprendimos hasta ahora,
"creencia" se refiere a la actitud proposicional de verdad.
Yo creo que esto es un gato, si lo pienso verdad, eso es si mi actitud es que la
afirmación corresponde a la realidad. E incluso si estoy equivocado - si hubiese un aardvark
en mi escritorio, o si no hubiese ningún gato en absoluto, el cual ya no está más
si de verdad pienso que hay un gato en mi escritorio, eso solo sería mi creencia.
Dutch:
En een propositie is waar als een bewering wordt gedaan die correspondeert aan de realiteit.
De propositie wanneer ik beweer 'Dit is een kat,' is waar als het object van de 'dit'
werkelijk een kat is, en vals als het eender wat anders dan een kat is. Bijvoorbeeld, 'Dit is een kat.'
Het is interessant op te merken dat ook je attitude telt wanneer je iets beweert.
De mentale staat van een spreker ten opzichte van de propositie die ze maken is hun propositionele attitude.
Als ik bijvoorbeeld zeg, "Dit is een kat," maar ik eigenlijk geloof dat het een rat is en ik
aan het trachten ben je om de tuin te leiden, dan zouden filosofen zeggen dat ik een propositionele attitude heb van ongeloof.
Indien ik daarentegen denk dat ik naar waarheid spreek, heb ik een propositionele attitude van geloof.
En je zal natuurlijk niet ver geraken als filosoof tenzij je
de klassieke definitie van geloof zelf begrijpt. Gebaseerd op het jargon dat je tot nu toe vandaag hebt geleerd,
is geloof gewoon wanneer je een propositionele attitude van waarheid aanneemt.
Ik geloof dat dit een kat is, indien ik denk dat het waar is - dus, als mijn attitude is dat de
bewering correspondeert met de realiteit. En zelfs indien ik het fout heb - zelfs als er een aardvarken
op mijn bureau zou zitten, of als er helemaal geen kat op mijn bureau zou zijn, wat nu ook zo is
- als ik echt dacht dat er een kat op mijn bureau zat, dan zou dat mijn geloof zijn.
Arabic:
والافتراض يكون صحيحًا إذا أكّد أن مايزعمه موافق للواقع
الافتراض هو عندما أؤكد أن (هذه قطة) صحيح إذا كان الغرض المشار إليه في (هذه) هو في الواقع (قطة)
و خاطئ إذا كان أي شيء غير القطة، مثل: "هذه قطة"
جدير بالذكر أن السلوك له اعتبار أيضًا، عندما تؤكد شيئا.
الحالة الذهنية للمتحدث نحو الإفتراض الذي يفترضه هو سلوكه الفرضي
إذا قلت مثلا "هذا قط" لكن أنا أؤمن أنه جرذ وأني أحاول أن أخدعك
فسيقول الفلاسفة أن لدي سلوكا فرضياً من الإنكار
بينما إذا كنت أتكلم بصدق، فلدي سلوك فرضي من التصديق
و بالطبع لن تصبح فيلسوفا إلا إذا فهمت التعريف التقليدي للاعتقاد نفسه
بناء على اللغة التي تعلمتها اليوم
الاعتقاد هو فقط عندما تسلك سلوكا فرضيا من التصديق
أنا أؤمن أن هذه قطة إذا كنت أعتقد أنه صحيح -
هذا يعني أن سلوكي هو أن التوكيد متوافق مع الواقع..
حتى لو كنت مخطئًا -- حتى لو كان هناك آكل النمل على مكتبي
أو لم يكن هناك قط على مكتبي، حيث أنه ليس موجودًا الآن
إذا اعتقدت فعلا أن هناك قط على مكتبي، سيكون فقط هذا اعتقادي .
French:
Et une proposition est vraie si elle affirme une chose qui correspond à la réalité.
La proposition quand j’affirme : « Ceci est un chat » est vraie si le référent de « ceci »
est en effet un chat et fausse si n’importe quoi d’autre qu’un chat. Genre, « Ceci est un chat. »
Faut dire que l’attitude compte aussi quand on affirme quelque chose.
L’état mental d’un locuteur envers la proposition qu’il fait est son attitude propositionnelle.
Si je dis, genre, « Ceci est un chat », mais que je crois en fait que c’est un rat et
que j’essaye de vous tromper, alors les philosophes que j’ai une attitude propositionnelle d’incrédulité.
Alors que si je pense que ce que je dis est vrai, j’ai une attitude propositionnelle de crédulité.
Et bien sûr, vous n’allez pas aller bien loin comme philosophe si vous ne comprenez pas
la définition classique de la croyance elle-même. Basée sur le jargon que vous avez appris aujourd’hui,
la croyance, c’est juste quand on prend une attitude propositionnelle de vérité.
Je crois que ceci est un chat, si je crois que c’est vrai – c-à-d si mon attitude est que
l’assertion correspond à la réalité. Et même si j’ai tort – même s’il y avait un oryctérope du Cap
sur mon bureau, ou s’il n’y avait pas de chat du tout sur mon bureau, ce qui est le cas
– si je pensais vraiment qu’il y avait un chat sur mon bureau, ce serait juste ma croyance.
Russian:
И предположение правдиво тогда, когда то, что оно утверждает, совпадает с реальностью.
Суждение, когда я утверждаю "это кот", правдиво, если объект "это" на самом деле
кот, и ложно, если не кот. Например: "Это кот".
Стоит отметить, что личное отношение тоже имеет значение, когда вы утверждаете что-то.
Внутреннее состояние говорящего делает суждения, которые он выносит, субъективными.
Если я скажу, например, "Это кот", но я на самом деле верю, что это крыса, и я
пытаюсь обмануть вас, то философы скажут, что я имею субъективную позицию неверия.
В то время как я думаю, что говорю правду и имею субъективную позицию веры.
Конечно, вы не сможете зайти так далеко, как философы, пока не поймёте
классическое определение веры. Основываясь на терминах, изученных сегодня,
вера - это лишь, когда вы имеете субъективную позицию правдивости, верите, что это правда.
Я верю, что это кот, если я думаю, что это правда - то есть, моя позиция такова, что
моё утверждение соответствует реальности. И даже, если я не прав, даже если это муравьед
на моём столе, или, если на моём столе не было кота вовсе, которого, кстати, больше здесь нету.
Если я действительно думал, что кот был на столе, это всего лишь моё убеждение.
iw:
וגם הצעה נכונה אם זה קובע
טענה תואמת את המציאות.
המשמעות כאשר אני טוען "זה חתול",
באמת נכון אם האובייקט של "זה"
הוא למעשה חתול, ושקרי אם הוא כל דבר
מלבד חתול. כמו, "זה חתול".
ראוי לציין כי היחס גם נחשב,
כשאתה טוען משהו.
הגישה של דוברים כלפי ההצעה
שהם עושים זאת גישת ההיגדים שלהם.
אם אני אומר, למשל, "זה חתול", אבל אני
מאמין שזה עכברוש ואני
מנסה להפיל אותך בפח, אז הפילוסופים היו
אומרים שיש לי יחס של חוסר אמון.
לעומת זאת, אם אני חושב שאני מדבר בכנות,
יש לי יחס של אמונה.
וכמובן, אתה לא הולך להגיע
רחוק כפילוסוף אלא אם אתה מבין
את ההגדרה הקלאסית של האמונה עצמה. מבוסס
על הלשון שלמדת עד כה היום,
אמונה היא רק כאשר אתה לוקח היגדים
עם יחס של אמת.
אני מאמין שזה חתול, אם אני חושב שזה
נכון - כלומר, אם הגישה שלי היא
קביעה שתואמת את המציאות. ואפילו
אם אני טועה - גם אם היה עוד דוב נמלים
על השולחן שלי, או אם לא היה חתול על
השולחן שלי בכלל, אשר אין עוד
- אם אני באמת חשבתי שיש חתול על
השולחן שלי, זה יהיה אמונתי.
Portuguese:
E uma proposição é verdadeira se suas assertivas corresponderem à realidade.
A proposição de quando eu afirmo "Isso é um gato" é verdadeira se o objeto de "Isso"
é de fato um gato e falso se for qualquer outra coisa. Tipo "Isso é um gato".
Um ponto válido é que a atitude conta também quando você afirma algo.
O estado mental do falante em relação à proposição forma a sua atitude proposicional.
Se eu disser "Isso é um gato..." mas na verdade acreditar que é um rato
e tentar te enganar, então os filósofos diriam que eu estou tendo uma "atitude proposicional de descrença".
Enquanto que se eu disser com convicção, tenho uma "atitude proposicional de crença"
E, claro, você não irá muito longe como filósofo até que você entenda
a definição clássica de "crença". Baseado no dialeto que você aprendeu até hoje,
"crença" é a apenas quando você tem uma "atitude proposicional para a verdade"
Eu acredito que isso é um gato, se eu achar que é verdade - isso é, se minha atitude
corresponde à realidade. E mesmo que eu estiver errado - se fosse um "porco da terra"
na minha mesa, ou se não houvesse nenhum gato na minha mesa, e agora não tem mesmo
- se eu realmente pensar que havia um gato na minha mesa, esta seria apenas a minha crença.
Estonian:
Ja propositsioon on tõene kui see väidab midagi, mis on vastavuses reaalsusega.
Kui ma väidan "See on kass" omab tõest propositsiooni siis kui objekt, millele "see" viitab
on tõesti kass ja väär kui see on midagi muud, kui kass. Nagu "See on kass".
Tasub veel märkida, et hoiak on oluline, kui sa midagi väidad.
Kõneleja vaimne seisund selle propositsiooni kohta, mida nad väidavad on nende propositsiooniline hoiak.
Kui ma näiteks ütlen, "See on kass" aga tegelikult usun, et see on rott ja ma
proovin sind lolliks teha, siis filosoofid väidaksid, et minu propositsiooniline hoiak on mitte uskumine.
Aga kui ma arvan, et ma räägin tõeselt, on minu propositsiooniline hoiak uskumine.
Ja otseloomulikult ei jõua sa filosoofina kaugele, kui sa ei saa aru
klassikaliselt uskumuse definitsioonist. Kasutades sõnavara, mida sa oled täna õppinud,
on uskumus see kui sinu propositsiooniline hoiak on tõene.
Ma usun, et see on kass, kui ma arvan, et see on tõene -- See tähendab minu hoiak on see, et
väide on reaalsusega kooskõlas. Ja isegi kui ma eksin -- isegi kui mu laual on tuhnik
või mu laual ei ole kassi, nagu hetkel ei ole
-- kui ma tõesti arvan, et mu laual on kass, oleks see lihtsalt minu uskumus.
Romanian:
Iar o propoziție este adevărată dacă ceea ce propune corespunde realității.
Pentru ca propoziția "Aceasta este o pisică" să fie adevărată, înseamnă că lucrul desemnat de "aceasta"
trebuie să fie, într-adevăr, o pisică. Dacă e altceva, atunci propoziția este falsă, cum ar fi "ACEASTA este o pisică".
E important să ținem minte că atitudinea e importantă atunci când declarăm ceva.
Atitudinea vorbitorului față de propoziția pe care o spune se numește atitudine propozițională.
Dacă spun "Aceasta este o pisică", dar eu cred, de fapt, că e un șoarece și
încerc să te păcălesc, atunci filosofii ar spune că atitudinea mea propozițională este una de neîncredere.
În schimb, dacă consider că spun adevărul, atunci atitudinea mea propozițională este una de convingere.
Și, bineînțeles, nu o să ajungi prea departe ca filosof dacă nu înțelegi
clasica definiție a "convingerii" însăși. Pe baza a ceea ce ai învățat azi,
convingerea înseamnă a avea o atitudine propozițională de adevăr.
Cred că aceasta este o pisică dacă consider că acest lucru este e adevărat, adică dacă atitudinea mea
reflectă că declarația corespunde realității. Și chiar dacă greșesc - chiar dacă acum ar fi un porc furnicar
pe biroul meu, sau dacă nu ar fi nicio pisică pe birou, așa cum nu e acum -
dacă într-adevăr credeam că o pisică e pe biroul meu, atunci asta ar fi convingerea mea.
Russian:
Моя субъективная позиция, другими словами, это то, что определяет имею ли я веру.
Что это всё значит - это то, что каждый может иметь неверные убеждения. Просто мысли о чём-либо
не делают это соответствующим реальности, что необходимо для того, чтобы быть правдивым.
Но, конечно, удовольствие в споре - это покрасоваться вашими знаниями перед другими людьми, или, как минимум,
предоставить действительно умные доказательства для поддержки вашей идеи.
Итак, это поднимает вопрос о том, что означает "действительно знать что-либо" в философском смысле.
Традиционное определение знания - это обоснованное верное суждение.
Заметьте, что здесь присутствуют три аспекта.
Итак, я действительно знаю, что это кот если: во-первых, я верю, что это кот.
Также я верю в то, что это кот на самом деле, то есть, моя вера соответствует реальности
и поэтому верна. И, наконец, я могу сказать, что знаю, что это кот, если моя вера
обоснована смыслом, то есть у меня есть несколько законных доказательств для поддержки моего суждения.
Сейчас, мы уже определили правду и веру. Обоснование - это просто доказательство или любая другая
поддержка для вашей веры. Если вы вернётесь на два эпизода назад, то вы вспомните, что предпосылки
предполагают обоснование для выводов. Обоснование может выражаться в различных формах. Чаще всего
Arabic:
سلوكي الفرضي، بمعنى آخر هو ما يحدد إن كنت أمتلِك اعتقادًا
ما يعنيه كل هذا، أنه أنا وأي شخص آخر يمكن أن يكون لديه "اعتقادات خاطئة"
ببساطة شيء لا يتوافق مع الواقع، وهو ما يلزم للحقيقة
لكن بالتأكيد، متعة النقاش هي الاستعراض بما تعرفه أمام الاخرين، أو على الأقل
إثبات دليل جيد ليدعم قضيتك.
إذن هذا يثير تساؤل: ماذا يعني معرفة الشيء فعليا، بمعنى فلسفي
التعريف التقليدي للمعرفة هو أنه اعتقاد حقيقي مسوغ
لاحظ أنه هناك 3 مكونات مختلفة
إذن لدي معرفة بأن هذه قطة إذا اعتقدت أولا بأنها قطة
و أيضا لابد أن تكون فعلًا قطة - هذا يعني أن اعتقادي متوافق مع الواقع ولهذا يصبح صحيحا.
و أخيرا يمكن أن يقال أن لدي معرفة بهذه القطة إذا كان إعتفادي مسوغ -
معناه، أن لدي نوعا من الأدلة المنطقية ليدعم اعتقادي
الآن، عرَّفنا الحقيقة والاعتقاد. التبرير هو ببساطة إثبات أو دعم آخر لاعتقادك.
إذا استرجعت الحلقة الثانية، ستتذكر أن المقدمَات تبرِّر الإستنتاجات.
والمبررات قد تأتي يأشكال مختلفة.
English:
My propositional attitude, in other words,
is what determines if I have a belief.
What all this means is that I, like everyone
else, can have false beliefs. Simply thinking
something doesn’t make it correspond to
reality, which is what’s needed for truth.
But of course, the fun of arguing is showing
off what you know to other people, or at least
producing really clever evidence to support
your case.
So, this raises the question of what it means to actually know something, in the philosophical sense.
The traditional definition of knowledge is
that it’s a justified true belief.
Note that there are three separate components here.
So, I have knowledge that this is a cat if:
I first believe i’s a cat
And also that it is in fact a cat – that
is, my belief corresponds to reality and is
therefore true. And finally, I can be said
to have knowledge about this cat if my belief
is justified – meaning, I have some sort
of legitimate evidence to support my belief.
Now, we’ve already defined truth and belief.
Justification is simply evidence, or other
support, for your belief. If you remember
back to episode 2, you’ll recall that premises
offer justification for conclusions. And justification
can come in a variety of forms. Most often,
iw:
היחס ההגדי שלי, במילים אחרות,
הוא מה שקובע אם יש לי אמונה.
מה שזה אומר זה שגם אני, כמו כל אחד
אחר, יכולות להיות אמונות שווא. פשוט לחשוב
על משהו לא עושה את זה מציאותי,
שזה מה שצריך בשביל אמת.
אבל כמובן, הכיף של להתווכח זה להראות
את מה שאתה יודע לאנשים אחרים, או לפחות
להפיק ראיות חוכמה שיתמכו במקרה שלך
אז, זה מעלה את השאלה מה זה אומר בעצם לדעת משהו, במובן הפילוסופי.
ההגדרה המסורתית של ידע היא
אמונה אמיתית מוצדקת.
שים לב כי ישנם שלושה מרכיבים נפרדים כאן.
אז, יש לי ידע שזהו חתול אם:
בהתחלה אני מאמין שזה חתול
וגם אם זה למעשה חתול-והוא כן,
ולכן האמונה שלי תואמת את המציאות
והמשפט נכון. ולבסוף, יכולים להגיד עלי
שיש לי ידע על החתול, והאמונה שלי
מוצדקת - המשמעות: שיש לי מעין
ראיות לגיטימיות בשביל לתמוך באמונה שלי.
עכשיו, אנחנו כבר הגדרנו אמת ואמונה.
הצדקה היא פשוט ראיות, או אחרים
שתומכים באמונה שלך. אם אתם זוכרים
את פרק 2, אתם ודאי זוכרים שהנחות
נותנות הצדקה למסקנות. והצדקה
יכולה לבוא במגוון של צורות. לרוב,
Spanish:
Mi actitud proposicional, en otras palabras, es lo que determina si yo creo en algo.
Lo que todo esto significa es que, como todos lo demás, puedo tener creencias falsas. Por el simple
hecho de pensar algo no lo hace corresponder a la realidad, que es lo que se necesita para la verdad.
Pero por supuesto la diversión de una discusión es presumir lo que sabemos a otras personas, o por lo menos
producir evidencia inteligente para apoyar tu caso.
Esto alza preguntas sobre que significa realmente saber algo, en el sentido filosófico.
La definición tradicional de conocimiento es que es una creencia verdadera justificada.
Notemos que hay tres componentes separados aquí.
Tengo el conocimiento de que esto es un gato si: primero creo que es un gato
y también si de hecho es un gato - mi creencia corresponde a la realidad y
por lo tanto es verdad. Y finalmente puedo decir que tengo conocimiento sobre este gato si mi creencia
está justificada - significando, tengo algún tipo de evidencia legítima para apoyar mi creencia.
Ya definimos verdad y creencia. Justificación es simplemente la evidencia, o otro
apoyo, para tu creencia. Si recuerdas del episodio 2, recordarás que las premisas
ofrecen justificaciones para conclusiones. Y las justificaciones pueden venir en una variedad de formas. Más a menudo,
Turkish:
Önermesel tutumum, başka bir değişle, bir inancımın olduğunu belirleyen şeydir.
Tüm bunlar benim, tıpkı diğer herkes gibi, yanlış inançlara sahip olabileceğim anlamına gelir. Basitçe
bir şeyi düşünmek onun gerçeğe tekabül etmesini sağlamaz, ki doğruluk için gereken budur.
Ama tabi ki, tartışmanın eğlencesi bildiklerini diğer insanlara göstermek ya da en azından
davanızı desteklemek için gerçekten zekice kanıtlar üretmektir.
Böylece, bu bir şeyi gerçekten bilmenin ne anlama geldiği sorusunu meydana getiriyor, felsefi manada.
Bilginin geleneksel tanımı gerekçelendirilmiş doğru bir inanç olduğudur.
Burada ayrı bileşenlerin olduğunu not edin.
Yani, bunun bir kedi olduğu bilgisine ancak: önce kedi olduğuna inanırsam
ve ayrıca gerçekten de bir kedi ise - yani, inancım gerçeklikle uyumluysa ve dolayısıyla
doğruysa sahip olabilirim. Son olarak, inancım gerekçelendirilmiş ise, bu kedi hakkında bilgiye sahip
olduğum söylenebilir - yani, inancımı desteklemek için bir çeşit mantıklı kanıta sahipsem.
Şuan, zaten doğruluk ve inancı tanımladık. Gerekçe basitçe inancınızı desteklemek için,
kanıt ya da başka bir destektir. Eğer ikinci bölümü hatırlıyorsanız, öncüllerin sonuçlar için
gerekçe sağladığını anımsayacaksınız. Ve gerekçe bir çok farklı çeşitte gelebilir. Genellikle,
Modern Greek (1453-):
Η δηλωτική μου διάθεση, με άλλα λόγια, είναι αυτή που καθορίζει αν πιστεύω κάτι.
Όλα αυτά σημαίνουν ότι εγώ, όπως όλοι οι υπόλοιποι, μπορεί να έχω λανθασμένα πιστεύω. Απλά σκεπτόμενος
κάτι δεν το κάνει να αντιστοιχεί στην πραγματικότητα, πράγμα που χρειάζεται για την αλήθεια.
Αλλά φυσικά, η πλάκα με το να επιχειρηματολογείς είναι να επιδεικνύεις το τι ξέρεις σε άλλους ανθρώπους, ή τουλάχιστον
να παράγεις πραγματικά έξυπνες στοιχεία για να υποστηρίξεις την θέση σου.
Οπότε, αυτό δημιουργεί την απορία του τι σημαίνει πραγματικά να ξέρεις κάτι, με την φιλοσοφική έννοια.
Ο παραδοσιακός ορισμός της γνώσης είναι ότι είναι μια αιτιολογίσημη αληθής πίστη.
Σημειώστε ότι υπάρχουν τρία διαφορετικά Μέρη εδώ.
Οπότε, έχω την γνώση ότι αυτή είναι μια γάτα αν: Πρώτα πιστεύω ότι είναι μια γάτα
και επίσης αυτό είναι όντως μια γάτα - αυτό είναι, η πίστη μου αντιστοιχεί στην πραγματικότητα και
γιαυτό είναι αληθινή. Και τέλος, μπορώ να πω ότι έχω γνώση ότι αυτή είναι μια γάτα αν η πίστη μου
είναι αιτιολογίσημη - εννοώντας, έχω κάποιου είδους θεμιτό στοιχείο να υποστηρίξω την πίστη μου.
Τώρα, έχουμε ήδη ορίσει την αλήθεια και την πίστη. Η αιτιολόγηση είναι απλά στοιχεία ή άλλη
υποστήριξη, για το πιστεύω σου. Αν θυμάστε το 2ο επεισόδιο, θα ανακαλείται ότι οι προκείμενες
προσφέρουν αιτιολόγηση για τα συμπεράσματα. Και η αιτιολόγηση μπορεί να έρθει σε ποικίλες μορφές. Πιο συχνά,
Portuguese:
Minha atitude proposicional, em outras palavras, é o que determina se eu tenho uma crença.
O que isso significa é que eu, como todo mundo, posso ter falsas crenças. Apenas pensar
em algo não o faz verdadeiro, que é o necessário para a "verdade".
Mas, claro, o divertido de argumentar é mostrar o que você sabe para outras pessoas, ou, pelo menos,
produzir evidências claras que deem suporte ao seu caso.
Então, isso levanta a questão do que significa realmente saber alguma coisa, no sentido filosófico.
A definição tradicional de conhecimento é uma crença verdadeira justificada.
Note que há três componentes separados aqui.
Então, eu tenho o conhecimento que isso é um gato se: Antes, eu acreditar que é um gato.
E também se for mesmo um gato - quer dizer, se minha crença corresponder à realidade
e portanto verdadeira. E finalmente, posso dizer que tenho o conhecimento sobre esse gato se minha crença
é justificada - ou seja, eu tenho algumas evidências legítimas que suportam minha crença.
Agora, já definimos o que é verdade e crença. Justificativa é simplesmente evidência, ou
outros suportes à sua crença. Se você lembrar do episódio 2, você vai lembrar que premissas
oferecem justificativas à conclusões. E justificativas podem vir em várias formas.
Italian:
Il mio atteggiamento proposizionale, in altre parole, è ciò che determina se ho una convinzione.
Tutto questo significa che io, come chiunque altro, posso avere convinzioni false. Semplicemente pensare
qualcosa non la fa corrispondere alla realtà, che è ciò che è necessario per la verità.
Ma, naturalmente, il divertimento nel discutere sta nello sfoggiare ciò che sai ad altre persone, o almeno
produrre prove molto intelligenti a sostegno del tuo caso.
Quindi, questo pone la questione su cosa significhi sapere qualcosa per davvero, nel senso filosofico.
La definizione tradizionale di conoscenza è
che si tratta di una convinzione vera e giustificata.
Nota che ci sono tre componenti separate qua.
Dunque, ho conoscenza che questo è un gatto se: Io credo prima di tutto sia un gatto
E anche che infatti è un gatto – cioè, la mia convinzione corrisponde alla realtà ed è
dunque vera. E infine, si può dire che ho conoscenza di questo gatto se la mia convinzione
è giustificata – ossia, ho una specie di prova legittima per sostenere la mia convinzione.
Ora, abbiamo già definito verità e convinzione. La giustificazione è semplicemente la prova, o altro
supporto, per la tua credenza. Se ripensi all'episodio 2, ricorderai che le premesse
offrono giustificazione per le conclusioni. E la giustificazione può venire in una varietà di forme. Più spesso,
Vietnamese:
Thái độ tuyên bố, nói cách khác là thứ quyết định xem tôi có niềm tin hay không.
Điều đó nói lên điều gì, giống như những người khác, tôi có thể có niềm tin sai. Đơn giản là nghĩ về
điều gì đó không có nghĩa là nó phản ánh thực tế, điều mà cần thiết cho sự thật.
Nhưng tất nhiên, niềm vui trong tranh luận là cho người khác thấy cái mà bạn biết, hay ít nhất
là đưa ra những bằng chứng thông minh để ủng hộ quan điểm của bạn.
Vì vậy, điều này làm dấy lên một câu hỏi về việc thật sự biết về điều gì đó có nghĩa là gì trong triết học.
Định nghĩa truyền thống của tri thức là nó là niềm tin sự thật hợp lý.
Chú ý là có 3 nhân tố ở đây.
Vì thế, tôi có tri thức đây là con mèo nếu: đầu tiên tôi tin nó là con mèo
và thực tế nó là con mèo - đó là niềm tin dựa trên thực tế và
nó là thật. Và cuối cùng, tôi có thể được nói là có tri thức về con mèo nếu niềm tin của tôi là
hợp lý - có nghĩa là, tôi có đại loại vài bằng chứng hợp lý để ủng hộ niềm tin của tôi.
Bây giờ, chúng ta đã định nghĩa về sự thật và niềm tin. Sự biện hộ đơn giản là bằng chứng, hoặc những thứ
chứng minh khác cho niềm tin của tôi. Nếu bạn nhớ về tập 2, bạn sẽ nhớ về những tiền đề
yêu cầu sự biện hộ để kết luận. Và sự biện hộ có thể ở nhiều dạng. Thông thường nhất
Dutch:
Mijn propositionele attitude, met andere woorden, is wat bepaalt of ik een geloof heb.
Wat dit alles betekent is dat ik, net als iedereen, valse overtuigingen kan bezitten. Gewoon iets denken
betekent niet dat het correspondeert met de realiteit, wat nodig is voor waarheid.
Het leuke aan discussies is natuurlijk je kennis tentoon te spreiden aan andere mensen, of tenminste
heel gewiekste bewijzen aanbrengen om je zaak te verdedigen.
Dus, dit werpt de vraag op wat het betekent om werkelijk iets te weten, in de filosofische betekenis.
De traditionele definitie van kennis is dat het een gerechtvaardigde ware overtuiging is.
Merk op dat er hier drie verschillende componenten zijn.
Dus, ik heb de kennis dat dit een kat is indien: ik eerst geloof dat het een kat is;
en ook dat het daadwerkelijk een kat is - namelijk, mijn geloof correspondeert met de realiteit en is
daarom waar; en ten laatste, men kan stellen dat ik kennis heb over deze kat indien mijn geloof
gerechtvaardigd is - ik heb een of ander legitiem bewijs om mijn geloof te ondersteunen.
We hebben nu al waarheid en geloof gedefinieerd. Verantwoording is eenvoudigweg bewijs, of andere
ondersteuning, voor jouw geloof. Indien je je aflevering 2 herinnert, weet je dat premissen
de verantwoording bieden voor conclusies. En verantwoording kan diverse vormen aannemen. Meestal
Estonian:
Minu propositsiooniline hoiak on teisisõnu miski, mis määrab kas mul on uskumus.
Mida see kõik tähendab on see, et minul, nagu ka kõigil teistel, võib olla vääraid uskumusi. Mõtlemisest ei piisa,
et see mõte ka reaalsusele vastaks. Ja seda on tõeks vaja.
Aga otseloomulikult arutlemise mõte on selles, et näidata teistele mida sa tead, või vähemalt
esitada väga kavalaid tõendusi oma juhtumi kasuks.
See tõstatab küsimuse, mida tegelikult tähendab midagi teada, filosoofilises mõttes.
Traditsiooniline teadmise definitsioon on õigustatud tõene uskumus.
Pane tähele, et siin on kolm eraldiseisvat osa.
Seega, mul on teadmine, et see on kass siis kui ma esmalt usun, et see on kass.
Ja lisaks see on tõepoolest kass -- ehk minu uskumus on reaalsusega kooskõlas ja on
seega tõene. Ja viimaks võin ma väita, et ma tean, et see on kass, kui mu uskumus
on õigustatud. Tähendab mul on mingit sorti legitiimne tõestus oma uskumuse toetuseks.
Me oleme juba defineerinud "tõe" ja "uskumuse". Õigustus on lihtsalt tõestus, või muu
toetus, sinu uskumusele. Kui sa meenutad episoodi 2, siis sa võid meelde tuletada, et eeldused
õigustavad järeldust. Ja õigustused võivad tulla väga erinevas vormis. Kõige tavalisemalt
French:
Mon attitude propositionnelle, en d’autres termes, est ce qui détermine si j’ai une croyance.
Ce que tout ceci veut dire est que, comme tout le monde, je peux avoir des croyances fausses. Simplement penser
quelque chose ne le fait pas correspondre à la réalité, ce qui est nécessaire à la vérité.
Mais bien sûr, la joie d’argumenter est de montrer ce qu’on sait à d’autres personnes, ou au moins
fournir des preuves vraiment astucieuses pour soutenir sa position.
Ceci pose la question de ce que ça signifie de vraiment savoir quelque chose, dans le sens philosophique.
La définition traditionnelle de la connaissance est que c’est une croyance vraie justifiée.
Notez qu’il y a trois différents composants ici.
Donc, j’ai la connaissance que ceci est un chat si : je crois d’abord que c’est un chat
et aussi que c’est en effet un chat – c-à-d, que ma croyance correspond à la réalité et est
donc vraie. Et enfin, on peut dire que j’ai la connaissance à propos de ce chat si ma croyance
est justifiée – c-à-d, j’ai une quelconque preuve légitime pour soutenir ma croyance.
Là, on a déjà défini la vérité et la croyance.
La justification est simplement une preuve, ou un autre
soutien, pour votre croyance. Si vous vous souvenez de l’épisode 2, vous vous souviendrez que les prémisses
offrent des justifications pour les conclusions. Et la justification peut venir sous plusieurs formes. Très souvent,
Romanian:
Cu alte cuvinte, atitudinea mea propozițională determină dacă am o convingere.
Mai exact, eu, ca orice altă persoană, pot avea convingeri false. Doar pentru că
ai o convingere, nu înseamnă că ea corespunde realității, adică exact de ce e nevoie pentru a avea un adevăr.
Dar, bineînțeles, distracția în dezbatere e în a le arăta celorlalți cât de mult știi, sau, măcar
să îți demonstrezi convingător cazul.
Iar astfel se pune problema a ce înseamnă să știi ceva, în sens filosofic.
Definiția tradițională a cunoașterii este: o convingere adevărată și justificată.
Fii atent la cele trei componente distincte.
Deci, cunosc că aceasta este o pisică dacă: în primul rând, cred că este o pisică,
dar este și într-adevăr o pisică, adică convingerea mea corespunde cu realitatea, deci
este adevărată. În concluzie, pot spune că am cunoștință despre această pisică dacă convingerea mea
este justificată, adică am dovezi puternice prin care să îmi susțin convingerea.
Am definit deja adevărul și convingerea. Justificarea este pur și simplu dovada, ori orice alt ajutor
pentru convingerea ta. Dacă mai ții minte al doilea episod, îți amintești că premisele
oferă justificarea concluziilor, iar justificarea poate avea mai multe forme. De cele mai multe ori,
Estonian:
tulevad need tunnistuste kujul -- lihtsalt uskudes kellegi sõnu. Otseloomulikult mitte kõik tunnistused
ei ole tugevad ega usaldusväärsed. Aga kui see tuleb kelleltki, kes on käesoleva
teema ekspert, siis on sul põhjust pidada tunnistust usaldusväärseks.
Ja tõepoolest, enamus mida sa tead maailma kohta on õpitud läbi tunnistuste.
Sa usaldasid oma õpetajaid, kui nad sulle asju õpetasid ja sama kehtib ka
iga raamatu kohta, mida sa oled lugenud ja iga uudise kohta, mida sa näinud oles. Need kõik
on lihtsalt erinevad tunnistuste vormid, mida sa aktsepteerid kui õigustust oma teadmistele ja uskumustele.
Aga õigustused võivad ka tulla teistes vormides. Teine levinud tüüp on esimese isiku vaatlused
-- informatsioon mida sa saad oma meelte kaudu.
Kui ma usun, et kass on kass, sest mul juba on tugev ja hästi informeeritud uskumus
kasside kohta, siis, kuna mul on olnud nendega minevikus laialdasi kogemusi saan ma tuvastada
kassi kui kassi, kui ma temaga otseselt kokku puutun.
See paistab, tundub ja käitub nagu kass. Järelikult -- kass!
Aga filosoofia ei oleks lõbus, kui teadmistega oleks asi nii lihtne, eksole?
Kuni Ameerika filosoofi Edmund Gettieri tulemiseni 1960. aastatel olid filosoofid
Turkish:
tanıklık, başka birinin sözünü almak üzerinden gelir. Tüm şahitlikler
güçlü ya da güvenilir değildir tabi ki. Ama sorulan konuda uzman olan biri tarafından
yapılırsa, tanıklığın güvenilir olduğunu düşünebilirsiniz.
Ve gerçek şu ki, dünya hakkında bildiğiniz çoğu şeyi, tanıklık üzerinden öğrendiniz.
Size bir şeyler öğretirlerken öğretmenlerinizin sözünü alırsınız, ve aynısı
okuduğunuz her kitap ve gördüğünüz her haber raporu için geçerlidir.
Hepsi bilginiz ve inançlarınız için gerekçe olarak kabul ettiğiniz tanıklığın biçimleridir.
Ama gerekçe bir çok farklı formda da gelebilir. Bir diğer yaygın tip birincil şahıs gözlemidir.
Duyularınız aracılığıyla elde ettiğiniz bilgi.
Eğer bu kedinin kedi olduğuna inanırken, zaten kediler hakkında sağlam ve iyi-bilgilendirilmiş
inançlara sahipsem, o halde, onlarla geçmişte geniş çaplı deneyimlere sahip olurken, kediyi
doğrudan deneyimlediklerim aracılığıyla kedi olarak tanımlarım;
görünüşü, hisler, kedi gibi davranması.
Dolayısıyla: kedi!
Ancak! Eğer bilginin sırrı bu kadar basit olsaydı felsefenin eğlencesi kalmazdı, değil mi?
Amerikan filozof Edmund Gettier 1960'larda ortaya çıkana kadar, filozoflar
Russian:
они проходят через свидетельство, просто опираясь на чьё-то слово. Конечно, не всегда свидетельство
является весомым или заслуживающим доверия. Но, если оно приходит со стороны эксперта
в данной теме или вопросе, то вы можете считать свидетельство надёжным.
И ведь действительно, многое из того, что вы знаете об этом мире, вы узнали с чьих-то слов, через свидетельства.
Вы доверяли учителю, когда она учил вас, и, точно так же,
вы доверяли каждой книге, которую когда-либо читали, или новостному репортажу, который когда-либо смотрели.
Это всё формы свидетельства, которые вы принимаете в качестве обоснования для ваших знаний и суждений.
Но обоснование также может выражаться и в других формах. Другим распространённым типом обоснования являются ваши наблюдения,
информация, которую вы приобрели через органы чувств.
Если я верю, что кот - это кот, потому что я уже хорошо осведомлён в данной области и имею здравые суждения
насчёт котов, то, имея богатый опыт с ними в прошлом, я могу определить,
что "кот - это кот" через прямой контакт с ним.
Он выглядит, ощущается, действует как кот. Значит это кот!
Но! Философы не были бы такими весельчаками, если бы ключ к знанию был бы таким простым, верно?
Пока американский философ Эдмунд Геттьер не появился в 1960-ых, философы были
Romanian:
aceasta are forma testimonialului, adică să crezi ce îți spune cineva. Totuși, nu toate testimonialele
sunt puternice și de încredere, normal, dar dacă vin de la un expert
pe domeniul în cauză, atunci putem considera că testimonialul este de încredere.
Iar adevărul este că multe din lucrurile pe care le știi despre lume le-ai învățat prin testimoniale.
Ți-ai crezut profesorii când îți predau chestii, iar acest
lucru se poate aplica fiecărei cărți pe care ai citit-o și fiecărui reportaj pe care l-ai văzut. Toate
sunt forme de testimonial pe care l-ai acceptat ca justificare pentru cunoștintele și convingerile tale.
Dar justificarea poate îmbrăca și ea forme diferite. Un tip comun este observația personală -
informația pe care o primești prin intermediul simțurilor.
Dacă eu cred că o pisică este o pisică, pentru că am deja convingeri serioase și bine documentate
despre pisici, atunci, având deja experiență vastă cu ele în trecut, identific
pisica drept pisică prin intermediul contactului direct cu ea.
Arată, se simte și se poartă ca o pisică, ergo: pisică!
Dar! Filosofia nu ar fi distractivă dacă drumul către cunoaștere ar fi atât de ușor, corect?
Până la filosoful Edmund Gettier, în anii 60, majoritatea filosofilor era
English:
it comes about through testimony – just
taking someone’s word for it. Not all testimony
is strong, or trustworthy, of course. But
if it comes from someone who’s an expert
on the topic in question, you might consider
the testimony to be reliable.
And the fact is, most of what you know about
the world, you learned through testimony.
You took your teachers’ word for it when
they were teaching you stuff, and the same
goes for every book you’ve ever read and
every news report you’ve ever seen. They’re
all just forms of testimony, which you accepted as justification for your knowledge, and your beliefs.
But justification can come in other forms,
too. Another common type is first person observation
– information you acquire through your senses.
If I believe that a cat is a cat, because
I already have robust and well-informed beliefs
about cats, then, having had extensive experience
with them in the past, I’m identifying the
cat as a cat through my direct contact with
it
It looks, feels, acts like a cat. Ergo: cat!
But! Philosophy wouldn’t be any fun if the
key to knowledge were that easy, right?
Until American philosopher Edmund Gettier
came along in the 1960s, philosophers were
French:
elles viennent à travers un témoignage – juste en prenant la parole de quelqu’un pour vraie. Tous les témoignages
ne sont pas solides, ou fiables bien sûr. Mais si ça vient de quelqu’un qui est un expert
du sujet en question, on peut considérer le témoignage comme étant fiable.
Et le fait est que, la plupart des choses que vous savez sur le monde, vous l’avez appris via témoignage.
Vous avez tenu la parole de vos profs pour vraie quand ils vous enseigné des trucs, et c’est la même
chose pour tous les livres que vous avez lus et tous les bulletins d’info que vous avez entendus. Ce sont
juste des formes de témoignage, que vous avez acceptées comme justification pour votre connaissance et vos croyances.
Mais la justification peut prendre d’autres formes encore. Un autre type commun est l’observation à la première personne
– les informations que vous obtenez via vos sens.
Si je crois qu’un chat est un chat parce que j’ai déjà des croyances robustes et bien informées
sur les chats, alors, ayant eu une vaste expérience des chats par le passé, j’identifie
le chat comme un chat via mon contact direct avec lui.
Il ressemble à et agit comme un chat. Ergo : chat !
Mais ! La philosophie ne serait pas drôle si la clé de la connaissance était si facile, n’est-ce pas ?
Jusqu’à ce que le philosophe Edmund Gettier arrive dans les années 1960, les philosophes étaient
Dutch:
is het een gevolg van getuigenis - gewoon iemand op zijn woord geloven. Niet alle getuigenissen
zijn sterk, of betrouwbaar, natuurlijk. Maar als het van iemand komt die een expert is
over het gevraagde onderwerp, kan je de getuigenis als betrouwbaar beschouwen.
En het feit is dat je het meeste wat je weet over de wereld geleerd hebt door getuigenissen.
Je nam de woorden van je leerkrachten voor waarheid aan wanneer ze je zaken aanleerden, en hetzelfde
gaat op voor elk boek dat je ooit gelezen hebt en elk nieuwsbericht dat je ooit hebt gezien. Het zijn
allemaal gewoon vormen van getuigenissen, die je accepteerde als verantwoording voor jouw kennis, en jouw overtuigingen.
Maar verantwoording kan eveneens in andere vormen komen. Een ander veelvoorkomend type is eerste persoon observatie
- informatie die je vergaart door je zintuigen.
Als ik geloof dat een kat een kat is, omdat ik reeds robuuste en gefundeerde overtuigingen heb
over katten, dan indentificieer ik, aan de hand van mijn uitgebreide ervaring met hen in het verleden,
de kat als een kat door mijn direct contact ermee.
Het ziet eruit, voelt, en gedraagt zich als een kat. Dus: kat!
Maar! Er zou geen lol aan filosofie zijn als de sleutel tot kennis zo voor het grijpen lag, nietwaar?
Tot de Amerikaanse filosoof Edmund Gettier op het toneel verscheen in de jaren '60, waren filosofen het
Arabic:
في أغلب الأحيان، تأتي على شكل "شهادات" الأخذ بكلام شخص ما
ليست كل الشهادات قوية أوجديرة بالثقة طبعا
لكن إذا جاءت من خبير (في موضوع النقاش) قد تعتمد شهادته
في الحقيقة، معظم ما تعرفه عن العالم تعلمته عن طريق الشهادات
كنت تثق بكلام أساتذتك عندما كانوا يدرسونك، و ينطبق الكلام على كل كتاب قرأته
و كل تقرير أخبار رأيته
كلها أشكال من الشهادات، والتي تقبلتها كمسوِّغ لمعرفتك واعتقاداتك
لكن التبرير قد يأتي بشكل آخر أيضا، الشكل المشهور: "الملاحظة الشخصية"
المعلومات التي تكسبها عن طريق أحاسيسك
إذا اعتقدت أن هذا القط "قط" لأن لدي اعتقادات قوية ومتينة مسبقة عن القطط
ثم لدي خبرة واسعة معهم في الماضي
أنا أعرِّف القط كـ"قط" من خلال اتصالي المباشر معه
إنه يبدو ويتصرف مثل القطط، إذن هو: قط.
لكن الفلاسفة لن يكونوا راضِين إن كان المفتاح للمعرفة بهذه السهولة، صحيح؟
حتى مجيء الفيلسوف الأمريكي إدموند جيتر 1960
Modern Greek (1453-):
εμφανίζεται μέσω μαρτυριών - πιστεύοντας τα λόγια κάποιου για κάτι. Δεν είναι όλες οι μαρτυρίες
ισχυρές, ή αξιόπιστες, φυσικά. Αλλά αν έρχεται από κάποιον που είναι αυθεντία
στο θέμα που διερευνάτε, μπορείς να θεωρήσεις την μαρτυρία αξιόπιστη.
Και το γεγονός είναι, τα περισσότερα που ξέρεις για τον κόσμο τα έμαθες μέσω μαρτυριών.
Πίστεψες τα λόγια των δασκάλων σου όταν σε δίδασκαν πράγματα και το ίδιο
ισχύει για κάθε βιβλίο που έχεις διαβάσει και κάθε δελτίο ειδήσεων που έχει δει. Είναι
όλα απλά μορφές μαρτυριών, τις οποίες αποδέχεσαι ως αιτιολόγηση για τις γνώσεις σου και τα πιστεύω σου.
Αλλά η αιτιολόγηση μπορεί να έρθει σε διάφορες μορφές επίσης. Ένας άλλος κοινός τύπος είναι οι παρατηρήσεις πρώτου προσώπου
- πληροφορίες που αποκτάς μέσω των αισθήσεών σου.
Αν πιστεύω ότι μια γάτα είναι μια γάτα, διότι ήδη έχω στιβαρά και καλά πληροφορημένα πιστεύω
για τις γάτες, τότε, έχοντας εκτεταμένες εμπειρίες με αυτές στο παρελθόν, αναγνωρίζω την
γάτα ως γάτα μέσω της άμεσης επαφής με αυτήν.
Μοιάζει, την αισθάνομαι, συμπεριφέρεται σαν γάτα. Άρα: γάτα!
Αλλά! Η φιλοσοφία δεν θα είχε καθόλου πλάκα αν το κλειδί για την γνώση ήταν τόσο απλό, σωστά;
Μέχρι να έρθει ο Αμερικάνος φιλόσοφος Edmund Gettier στα 1960, οι φιλόσοφοι ήταν
Spanish:
vienen a través de testimonios - tomando la palabra de alguien. No todo testimonio es
fuerte, o merece confianza por supuesto. Pero si viene de un experto
en el tópico en cuestión, considerarás que el testimonio es fiable.
Y la cosa es que la mayoría de lo que sabes sobre el mundo lo aprendiste a través de testimonio.
tu tomas la palabra de tus profesores cuando te enseñan cosas, y lo mismo
va para cada libro que hayas leído o cada reporte de televisión que hayas visto. Son
todas formas de testimonio que aceptas como justificación a tu conocimiento y tus creencias.
Pero la justificación también puede venir en otras formas. Otro tipo común es observación en primera persona
- información que adquiriste a través de los sentidos.
Si yo creo que ese gato es un gato porque ya tengo creencias sólidas y bien informadas
sobre los gatos, luego, habiendo tenido experiencias con ellos en el pasado, estoy identificando al
gato como un gato a través de mi contacto directo con él.
Se ve, se siente, actúa como un gato. Ergo: ¡gato!
¡Pero! La filosofía no sería divertida si la llave para el conocimiento fuera tan fácil, ¿no?
Hasta que el filósofo americano Edmun Gettier llegó en los 60s, los filósofos estaban
Vietnamese:
nó thông qua lời chứng - dùng lời người nào đó khác. Không phải tất cả các lời chứng
đều mạnh, hay có giá trị, đương nhiên. Nhưng nếu nó đến từ một người có chuyên môn
trong chủ đề câu hỏi, bạn có thể xem xét lời chứng đó là có thể tin cậy.
Và thực tế là, phần lớn những gì bạn biết về thế giới là thông qua lời chứng.
Bạn chấp nhận lời nói của giáo viên bạn khi họ dạy bạn về các thứ, và tương tự
về những cuốn sách bạn đọc và tin tức mỗi ngày bạn xem. Chúng
đều là các dạng của lời chứng, cái mà bạn chấp nhận như sự biện hộ cho sự nhận biết và niềm tin của bạn.
Nhưng sự biện hộ cũng có thể đến theo những cách khác. Dạng hay dùng khác là sự quan sát đầu tiên
-thông tin thu được thông qua các giác quan.
Nếu tôi tin rằng con mèo là con mèo, bởi vì tôi có những niềm tin rõ ràng và thiết thực
về những con mèo sau đó có những trải nghiệm bao quát với chúng trong quá khứ, tôi đang nhận biết con mèo
là con mèo thông qua sự tiếp xúc trực tiếp với nó.
Nó có vẻ ngoài, cảm giác và hành động như con mèo. Vì thế: mèo!
Nhưng! Triết học sẽ chẳng có gì vui nếu chìa khóa dẫn đến tri thức dễ như thế, đúng không?
Cho đến khi nhà triết gia người Mỹ Edmund Gettier xuất hiện vào những năm 1960, các nhà triết học
Italian:
avviene attraverso la testimonianza – semplicemente fidandosi di qualcuno. Non tutte le testimonianze
sono forti, o affidabili, naturalmente. Ma se proviene da qualcuno che è un esperto
sul tema in questione, potresti considerare la testimonianza come affidabile.
E il fatto è che, la maggior parte di quello che sai del mondo, lo hai appreso attraverso la testimonianza.
Ti sei fidato dei tuoi insegnanti quanto ti insegnavano cose, e lo stesso
vale per ogni libro che tu abbia mai letto e
ogni telegiornale tu abbia mai visto. Sono
tutte solamente forme di testimonianza, che hai accettato come giustificazione per la tua conoscenza, e le tue convinzioni.
Ma la giustificazione può venire anche in altre forme. Un altro tipo comune è l'osservazione in prima persona
– informazioni che acquisisci attraverso i sensi.
Se ritengo che un gatto sia un gatto, perché ho già credenze robuste e ben informate
sui gatti, poi, avendo avuto una vasta esperienza con loro in passato, sto identificando il
gatto come un gatto attraverso il mio contatto diretto con esso
Appare, sembra, si comporta come un gatto. Ergo: gatto!
Ma! La filosofia non sarebbe alcun divertimento se la chiave per la conoscenza fosse così facile, giusto?
Prima che il filosofo americano Edmund Gettier entrasse in scena negli anni 1960, i filosofi erano
iw:
מדובר על דרך עדות - רק
לקחת מילה של מישהו על זה. לא כל העדויות
הן חזקות, או אמינות, כמובן. אבל
אם זה מגיע ממישהו מומחה
על הנושא הנדון, אולי כדאי שתשקלו
את עדותו להיות אמינה.
והעובדה היא, רוב הדברים שאתה יודע על
העולם, למדת דרך עדות.
לקחת את המילה של המורים שלך על זה כאשר
הם לימדו אותך דברים, ואותו
הדבר נכון גם לגבי כל ספר שאי פעם קראת
ובכל מהדורת חדשות שראית אי פעם. זה
הכל רק צורות של עדות, אשר קבלו את הצדקת ידיעתך, ואת האמונות שלך.
אבל הצדקה יכולה להתבטא באופנים אחרים,
בנוסף. עוד סוג נפוץ הוא התבוננות בגוף ראשון
- מידע המתקבל דרך החושים שלך.
אם אני מאמין שחתול הוא חתול, כי
יש לי כבר חזקות באמונות שלי
על חתולים, אם כן, יש לי ניסיון רב
איתם בעבר, אני מזהה
חתול כחתול באמצעות המגע הישיר שלי
איתו
זה נראה, מרגיש, מתנהג כמו חתול. ולכן: חתול!
אבל! פילוסופיה לא תהיה כל כיף אם
המפתח לידע היה כל כך קל, נכון?
עד שהפילוסוף האמריקאי אדמונד גטייר
בא ב -1960, הפילוסופים היו
Portuguese:
A maioria através de testemunhos - apenas levar em conta as palavras de alguém. Nem todo testemunho
é forte, ou confiável, claro. Mas se vêm de alguém que é especialista
no tópico em questão, você pode considerar seu testemunho como fidedigno.
E o fato é que a maior parte do que você sabe sobre o mundo, você aprendeu através de testemunhos.
Você tomou as palavras dos seus professores enquanto eles te ensinavam, e o mesmo
vale para todo livro que você ler e qualquer jornal ou notícia que você verá.
São todas formas de testemunho, que você aceita como justificativa para o seu conhecimento e suas crenças.
Mas justificativas podem vir em outras formas também. Um tipo comum é a "observação em primeira pessoa"
- que é informação que você adquire através dos seus sentidos.
Se eu acredito que um gato é um gato, porque eu já tenho crenças robustas e bem formadas sobre gatos
já que tive muita experiência com eles no passado, eu identifico
um gato como um gato através do meu contato direto com ele.
Parece, age e eu sinto que é um gato. Ergo: gato!
Mas! Filosofia não seria divertido se a chave para o conhecimento fosse tão fácil, certo?
Até que o filósofo americano Edmund Gettier aparecesse no anos 60, filósofos tinham
French:
largement d’accord sur la définition de la connaissance – que c’est une croyance vraie justifiée.
Parce que, on peut croire n’importe quel vieux truc, mais afin de savoir quelque chose, c’est évident
qu’on doit aussi avoir des preuves pour sa croyance, et elles doivent être vraies. En d’autres
termes, on peut avoir une croyance fausse, mais on ne peut pas avoir de connaissance fausse. Et si quelque chose
qu’on pensait savoir se révèle ne pas être vrai, alors le fait est qu’on ne savait en fait rien, on croyait simplement savoir quelque chose.
Et de la même manière, on peut avoir une vraie croyance, mais si on n’a pas de justification, si on a
juste accidentellement raison, ce qui arrive parfois – ça ne compte pas comme de la connaissance non plus.
Entre Edmund Gettier. Gettier a écrit un court mais incroyablement influent article qui a chamboulé
la compréhension standard de la connaissance.
Il a fait ça en proposant ce qui est maintenant connu comme les problèmes de Gettier – des cas dans lesquels
on peut avoir des croyances vraies justifiées, mais pas de la connaissance.
Ce qui nous amène au Flash Philosophy de cette semaine ! Allons dans la Thought Bubble.
Voici un des cas originels de Gettier. Smith et Jones ont tous les deux postulé pour le même poste.
Le président de la compagnie dit à Smith que Jones aura le poste. Ceci compte comme une preuve ;
Modern Greek (1453-):
σε αρκετά διαδεδομένη συμφωνία για τον ορισμό της γνώση -- ότι είναι αιτιολογημένη αληθής πίστη.
Διότι, μπορείς να πιστεύεις οτιδήποτε, αλλά για να ξέρεις κάτι, φαίνεται
λογικό να πρέπει να έχεις στοιχεία για το πιστεύω σου, και πρέπει να είναι αληθές. Με άλλα
λόγια, μπορείς να έχεις μια ψευδή πίστη, αλλά δεν μπορείς να έχει μια ψευδή γνώση. Και αν κάτι
που πίστευες ότι ήξερες αποδειχθεί μη αληθές, τότε η πραγματικότητα είναι, ότι ποτέ πραγματικά δεν το ήξερες, απλά το πίστευες.
Και αντίστοιχα, μπορεί να έχεις μια αληθή πίστη, αλλά αν δεν έχεις καμία απόδειξη για αυτή, αν
συμπτωματικά έτυχε να έχεις δίκιο, το οποίο συμβαίνει κάποιες φορές - αυτό δεν μετράει ως γνώση, επίσης.
Μπαίνει ο Edmund Gettier. Ο Gettier έγραψε μια σύντομη αλλά θαυμάσια ισχυρή δημοσίευση η οποία αναποδογύρισε
την καθιερωμένη αντίληψη της γνώσης.
Το έκανε αυτό προτείνοντας αυτό που έγινε γνωστό ως υπόθεση του Gettier - καταστάσεις στις οποίες κάποιος
μπορεί να έχει αιτιολογημένη αληθής πίστη, αλλά όχι γνώση.
Το οποίο μας φέρνει στην Γρήγορη Φιλοσοφία αυτής της εβδομάδας! Ας πάμε στην φυσαλίδα της σκέψης.
Εδώ είναι μια αυθεντική υπόθεση του Gettier. Ο Smith και ο Jones έχουν και οι δύο κάνει αίτηση για την ίδια δουλειά.
Ο πρόεδρος της εταιρίας είπε στον Smith ότι ο Jones θα πάρει την δουλειά. Αυτό μετράει ως στοιχείο·
English:
in pretty widespread agreement about the definition
of knowledge -- that it’s justified true belief.
Because, you can believe any old thing, but
in order to know something, it just makes
sense that you must also have evidence for
your belief, and it must be true. In other
words, you can have a false belief, but you
can’t have false knowledge. And if something
you thought you knew turns out not to be true, then the fact is, you never actually knew it, you just believed it.
And likewise, you might happen to hold a true belief, but if you don’t have any justification for it, if you
just accidentally happened to be right, which happens sometimes – that doesn’t count as knowledge, either.
Enter Edmund Gettier. Gettier wrote a short
but fabulously influential paper that turned
the standard understanding of knowledge upside
down.
He did this by proposing what came to be known
as Gettier cases – situations in which one
can have justified true belief, but not knowledge.
Which brings us to this week’s Flash Philosophy!
Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
Here’s one of Gettier’s original cases.
Smith and Jones have both applied for the same job.
The president of the company told Smith that Jones will get the job. This counts as evidence;
Dutch:
vrij algemeen over de definitie van kennis eens - dat het een kwestie van gerechtvaardigde ware overtuigingen is.
Immers, je kan eender wat geloven, maar om iets te weten, moet je
ook bewijs hebben voor je overtuiging, en het moet waar zijn. Met andere
woorden, je kan een vals geloof hebben, maar je kan geen valse kennis bezitten. En indien iets
waarvan je dacht het te weten niet waar blijkt te zijn, dan wist je het in feite nooit, je geloofde het enkel.
Op dezelfde manier heb je misschien wel een ware overtuiging, maar indien je er geen verantwoording voor hebt, als je
gewoon toevallig correct bent, wat soms gebeurt - dan telt ook dat niet als kennis.
Hier maakt Edmund Gettier zijn entrée. Gettier schreef een korte maar geweldig invloedrijke paper dat
het standaard begrip van kennis op z'n kop zette.
Hij deed dit door wat als Gettier gevallen bekend zou worden voor te stellen - situaties waarin iemand
een gerechtvaardigde overtuiging kan hebben, maar geen kennis.
Wat ons brengt tot de Flash Filosofie van deze week! Laten we naar de Thought Bubble gaan.
Hier is een van Gettiers originele gevallen. Smith en Jones hebben beiden gesolliciteerd voor dezelfde job.
De voorzitter van het bedrijf vertelde Smith dat Jones de job zal krijgen. Dit telt als bewijs;
Italian:
abbastanza ampiamente d'accordo sulla definizione di conoscenza – che sia credenza vera giustificata.
Perché, puoi credere qualsiasi cosa, ma al fine di sapere qualcosa, ha senso
che tu debba anche avere prove per la tua convinzione, e devono essere vere. In altre
parole, puoi avere una falsa convinzione, ma non puoi avere falsa conoscenza. E se qualcosa
che credevi sapere risulta non essere vero, allora il fatto è che in realtà non l'avevi mai davvero saputo, solo creduto.
E allo stesso modo, potresti avere una convinzione vera, ma se non hai alcuna giustificazione al riguardo, se
ti è capitato accidentalmente di avere ragione, il che capita a volte – neppure qullo conta come conoscenza.
Fa il suo ingresso Edmund Gettier. Gettier ha scritto un breve ma favolosamente influente articolo che ha
capovolto la normale interpretazione di conoscenza
Lo ha fatto proponendo quelli che sono finiti per essere conosciuti come come casi di Gettier - situazioni in cui
si può avere convinzioni vere giustificate, ma non conoscenza.
Il che ci porta alla Filosofia Flash di questa settimana! Andiamo alla Bolla del Pensiero.
Ecco uno dei casi originali di Gettier. Smith e Jones hanno entrambi fatto domanda per lo stesso lavoro.
Il presidente della società ha detto a Smith che Jones otterrà il lavoro. Questo conta come prova;
Arabic:
كان الفلاسفة اتفقوا اتفَاقًا تامًا على تعريف المعرفة بأنها اعتقاد حقيقي مبرر
لأنك تستطيع الاعتقاد بأي شيء قديم
لكن لمعرفة الشيء لابد لك من أن تملك دليلًا عليه، ولابد أن يكون صحيحا
بمعنى آخر، يمكن أن يكون لك اعتقاد خاطئ لكن لا يمكن ان تكون لديك معرفة خاطئة.
وإذا اتضح أن شيئًا تعرفه ليس صحيحا، إذن في الحقيقة أنت لم تعرفه من قبل فعلا، أنت فقط اعتقدته
وبالمثل، قد يحصل أن تعتقد اعتقادا صحيحا، لكن إذا كنت لا تملك أي مبرر له
فقط كانت مصادفة -والتي قد تحدث أحيانا- هذا لا يعد معرفة أيضا
دخل إدموند جيتر هنا. كتب جيتر ورقة قصيرة لكنها في غاية التأثير
حيث قلبت الفهم القياسي للمعرفة رأسًا على عقب
كتب تلك الورقة بعد افتراضه لما سماه حالات جيتر -
حالة يكون للشخص فيها اعتقاد صحيح مبرر، لكنه ليس معرفة
والذي يقودنا إلى لمحة الأسبوع الفلسفية الخاطفة! لنذهب لفقاعة الفكر
هنا إحدى حالات جيتر الأصلية، سميث وجون تقدَّما لنفس الوظيفة.
أخبر رئيس الشركة سميث أن جون سيحصل على الوظيفة. يعد هذا دليلًا
Romanian:
de acord cu definiția cunoașterii - o convingere adevărată și justificată,
pentru că poți crede în orice lucru, dar pentru a ști ceva, atunci are sens
faptul că trebuie să ai și dovezi în legătură cu această convingere, iar aceasta trebuie să fie adevarată. Altfel spus,
poți avea o convingere falsă, dar nu poți avea o cunoștință falsă, iar dacă ceva
ce știai se dovedește a nu fi adevărat, atunci, de fapt, nu ai știut niciodată cu adevărat, ci doar ai crezut.
Pe același principiu, s-ar putea să ai o convingere adevărată, dar dacă nu ai niciun motiv pentru ea, atunci
doar s-a întâmplat să ai dreptate, pentru că așa se întamplă uneori, dar nu se pune drept cunoaștere.
Apoi a venit Edmund Gettier. Gettier a scris o lucrare scurtă, dar incredibil de influentă, ce a întors pe dos
standardul de înțelegere a cunoașterii.
A făcut acest lucru propunând ceea ce acum este cunoscut drept "probleme de tip Gettier" - situații în care
poți avea o convingere adevărată și justificată, însă nu o cunoștință.
Iar asta ne conduce către problema de gândire a saptămânii! Să mergem la Balonul cu Idei.
Acestea sunt originalele probleme de tip Gottier. Smith și Jones au aplicat amândoi pentru același job.
Președintele companiei i-a spus lui Smith că Jones a primit slujba. Acest lucru reprezintă dovada -
Spanish:
en extendido acuerdo sobre la definición de conocimiento - que es una creencia verdadera justificada.
Porque tu puedes creer cualquier cosa vieja pero para saber algo, tiene sentido que
también debas tener evidencia para tus creencias y debe ser verdadera. En otras
palabras, puedes tener una creencia falsa pero no puedes tener conocimiento falso. Y si algo
que pensabas que sabías resulta no ser verdad, el hecho es que en realidad nunca lo supiste solo lo creías.
Asimismo, es posible que tengas una creencia verdadera, pero si no tienes ninguna justificación, si solo
por accidente tienes razón, lo que a veces pasa - eso tampoco cuenta como conocimiento.
Entra Edmund Gettier. Gettier escribió un documento corto pero fantástico que puso al revés
el entendimiento estándar de conocimiento.
Él hizo esto proponiendo lo que se conoce como "Casos de Gettier" - situaciones en las que se
puede tener una creencia verdadera justificada pero no conocimiento.
Lo que nos lleva al ¡Flash de Filosofía de esta semana! Vayamos a la Burbuja del Pensamiento.
Este es uno de los casos originales de Gettier. Smith y Jones solicitaron el mismo trabajo.
El presidente de la compañía le dijo a Smith que Jones iba a tener el trabajo. Esto cuenta como evidencia;
Russian:
в довольно широком согласии насчёт определении знания - это обоснованное верное суждение.
Вы можете верить во что угодно, но для того, чтобы действительно знать что-либо, обязательно необходимо
иметь доказательства для вашей веры во что-то, и это что-то должно быть обязательно правдиво. Другими словами,
вы можете иметь неверные суждения, но вы не можете иметь неверные знания. И, если
вы думали, что действительно что-то знали, а это оказалось ложью, то, значит, что на самом деле вы никогда не знали этого, вы просто верили в это.
Также, если так случилось, что вы имеете верное суждение, но вы не имеете никаких обоснований для этого суждения,
если вы случайно оказались правыми, что происходит временами, то это также не засчитывается за знание.
Поговорим об Эдмунде Геттьере. Он написал короткий, но невероятно влиятельный трактат, который перевернул
стандарты понимания "знания" с ног на голову.
Он сделал это предположив, что вы можете иметь обоснованное верное суждение, но не иметь знания об этом,
что в дальнейшем стало известно как случаи Геттьера.
Что приводит нас к еженедельной "Минутке Философии", давайте подумаем вместе с "Пузырём Мыслей".
Это один из оригинальных случаев проявления идеи Геттьера. Смит и Джонс, оба, претендуют на одну и ту же работу.
Президент компании сказал Смиту, что Джонс получит эту работу. Это считается доказательством, так как
Portuguese:
um amplo acordo do que seria definido por conhecimento - ou seja a crença verdadeira justificada.
Porque, você pode acreditar em qualquer coisa antiga, mas para saber de algo, só faz
sentido se você tiver evidência para sua crença, o que deve ser verdade.
Em outras palavras, você pode ter falsas crenças, mas não pode ter um falso conhecimento. E se algo que você pensou
saber acaba não sendo verdadeiro, então o fato é que você nunca soube realmente, você apenas acreditou
E, da mesma forma, você pode se segurar numa crença verdadeira, mas se você não tiver nenhuma justificativa,
se apenas, acidentalmente, estava certo, o que acontece às vezes - isso não conta como conhecimento também.
Introduzindo Edmundo Gettier. Gettier escreveu um curto mas fabuloso e influente artigo que
acabou virou o entendimento de "conhecimento" de cabeça pra baixo.
Ele fez isso propondo o que ficaram conhecidos como os Casos Gettier - situações nas quais
alguém pode ter crença verdadeira justificada, mas não conhecimento.
O que nos traz o Flash Philosophy dessa semana! Vamos para a Bolha de Pensamento.
Aqui está um dos Casos Gettier original. Smith e Jones se candidataram ao mesmo emprego.
O presidente da empresa disse ao Smith que Jones ia ficar com a vaga. Isso conta como evidência;
Vietnamese:
khá đồng tình với về định nghĩa của tri thức -- đó là niềm tin sự thật hợp lý.
Bởi vì, bạn có thể tin vào bất cứ thứ gì trước đó, nhưng để biết về thứ gì đó, nó chỉ có nghĩa
rằng bạn cũng phải có bằng chứng cho niềm tin của bạn và bằng chứng đó phải đúng. Nói cách khác
bạn có thể có niềm tin sai nhưng bạn không thể có tri thức sai. Và nếu có thứ gì đó
bạn nghĩ là bạn biết mà nó hóa ra không đúng, vậy thực tế là, bạn không hề thực sự biết, bạn chỉ tin nó.
Và cũng như thế, bạn có thể vô tình có niềm tin đúng, nhưng nếu như bạn không có bất cứ sự biện hộ nào cho nó, nếu như bạn
chỉ vô tình đúng, điều đôi lúc xảy ra - nó cũng không tính là tri thức.
Enter Edmund Gettier. Gettier đã viết một bài ngắn nhưng có ảnh hưởng khó tin làm cho
tiêu chuẩn của việc hiểu về tri thức bị đảo ngược lại.
Ông ấy làm điều này bằng cách đề xuất cái mà được biết đến như những tình thế Gettier -- những tường hợp mà
bạn có thể có niềm tin sự thật hợp lý nhưng không phải là tri thức.
Điều này đưa chúng ta đến Flash Philosophy tuần này! Hãy đến với Thought Bubble.
Đây là một trong những trường hợp Gettier gốc. Smith và Jones đều nộp đơn xin cùng một công việc.
Giám đốc của công ty nói với Smith là Jones sẽ nhận được việc. Đây được tính là bằng chứng
Turkish:
geniş bir şekilde bilginin tanımı konusunda hemfikirdiler -- gerekçelendirilmiş doğru inanç olduğuna.
Çünkü, her eski şeye inanabilirsiniz, ancak bir şeyi bilmek için, aynı zamanda
inancınız için kanıtınızın da olması gerekir, ve doğru olmalıdır. Başka bir değişle,
yanlış bir inanca sahip olabilirsiniz, ancak yanlış bir bilgiye sahip olamazsınız. Ve eğer bildiğinizi
düşündüğünüz bir şeyin doğru olmadığı ortaya çıkarsa, o zaman gerçek, onu hiç bilmediğiniz, sadece inandığınızdır.
Ve benzer şekilde, doğru bir inanca sahip olabilirsiniz, ancak hiç bir gerekçeye sahip olmayabilirsiniz, eğer
yanlışlıkla doğru olduysa, ki bazen olur - bu da bilgi olarak sayılmaz.
Giriş: Edmun Gettier. Gettier'in kısa ancak inanılmaz etkili bir makale yazması
standart bilgi anlayışının alt üst olmasına neden oldu.
Bunu Gettier durumları olarak da bilinen şeyi ileri sürerek yaptı - kişinin gerekçelendirilmiş
doğru inanca sahip olabileceği ancak bilgiye sahip olamayacağı durumlar.
Ki bu da bizi bu haftanın Flaş Felsefesi'ne götürür! Düşünce Balonu'na gidelim!
İşte Gettier'in orjinal durumlarından birisi. Smith ve Jones'un ikisi de aynı iş için başvurdular.
Şirketin müdürü Smith'e Jones'un işi alacağını söyledi. Bu kanıt olarak sayılır;
iw:
בהסכמה רחבה למדי לגבי ההגדרה של
ידע - שזה אמונה אמיתית מוצדקת.
בגלל, שאתה יכול להאמין לכל דבר ישן, אבל
כדי לדעת משהו, זה רק גורם
מובן זה שאתה גם חייב להיות ראיות
לאמונה שלך, וזה גם חייב להיות אמיתי.
במילים אחרות, אתה יכול לקבל אמונה שקרית, אבל אתה
לא יכול להיות בעל ידע שקרי. ואם משהו
שחשבת שאתה יודע מתברר כלא נכון, אז העובדה היא, שאתה אף פעם לא באמת ידעת את זה, רק האמנת לזה
וכמו כן, אתה יכול שיהיה לך אמונה אמיתית, אבל אם אין לך שום צדקה, אם אתה
רק בטעות קרה שאתה צודק, וזה קורה לפעמים - זה לא נחשב כמו ידע, גם.
זן אדמונד גטייר. גטייר כתב מקרה קצר
אבל נוגע שהפך את
ההבנה של הידע
מלמטה למעלה.
הוא עשה זאת על ידי הצעה של מה שנודע
כמו במקרים גטייר - מצבים שבהם אחד
יכול היה להצדיק אמונה אמיתית, אבל לא ידע.
מה שמביא אותנו אל הפילוסופיה הזריזה של השבוע!
בואו נלך אל בועת המחשבה.
הנה אחד מהמקרים המקוריים של גטייר.
סמית וג'ונס מנסים להתקבל לאותה עבודה
נשיא החברה אמר לסמית שג'ונס יקבל את העבודה. זה נחשב לראיה;
Estonian:
üldiselt nõus kehtiva teadmise definitsiooniga -- et see on õigustatud tõene uskumus.
Sest sa võid uskuda igat asja, aga selleks, et teada, tundub loogiline,
et sul peab ka olema tõestus oma uskumuse jaoks ja uskumus peab olema tõene. Teisisõnu
Sul võib olla vääraid uskumusi, aga sul ei saa olla vääraid teadmisi. Ja kui miski,
mida sa arvasid end teadvat osutub vääraks, siis sa tegelikult kunagi ei teadnud seda, sa lihtsalt uskusid seda.
Ning samuti sa võid omada tõest uskumust, aga kui sulk ei ole sellele mingeid tõendeid, kui
sul lihtsalt kogemata on õigus, mis ka mõnikord juhtub -- siis ei ole samuti tagamist teadmisega.
Siis tuli Edmund Gettier. Gettier kirjutas lühikese, aga ilmeliselt mõjuvõimsa artikli mis pööras
traditsioonilise arusaama teadmisest pea peale.
Ta tegi seda luues mõtteeksperimendi, mida meie tunneme kui Gettieri juhtumit -- olukord kus kellelgi
võib olla õigustatud tõene uskumus, aga mitte teadmist.
See toob meid selle nädalase Flash Filosoofia juurde. Läheme Mõttemulli.
Siin on üks Gettieri algsetest juhtumitest. Nii Smith kui ka Jones kandideerivad samale töökohale.
Firma president ütles Smithile, et Jones saab töö endale. Tee kõlbab tõestuseks --
Modern Greek (1453-):
ο πρόεδρος της εταιρίας φαίνεται να είναι μια αξιόπιστη πηγή αυτής της πληροφορίας.
Στο μεσοδιάστημα, ο Smith μετράει τα κέρματα στην τσέπη του Jones και βλέπει ότι υπάρχουν
δέκα κέρματα εκεί. Ο Smith τότε διαμορφώνει ένα πιστεύω, βασισμένο στο πρώτου προσώπου παρατηρητικό στοιχείο
των κερμάτων, όπως επίσης στην μαρτυρία του προέδρου της εταιρίας.
Πιστεύει ότι: Το άτομο που θα πάρει την δουλειά έχει 10 κέρματα στην τσέπη του.
Αλλά, αποδεικνύεται, ότι η μαρτυρία του προέδρου ήταν ψευδής, και ο Smith, όχι ο Jones, θα πάρει την δουλειά.
ΚΑΙ, συμβαίνει, εν αγνοία του Smith, να έχει και αυτός 10 κέρματα στην τσέπη του.
Οπότε, ο Smith έχει μια πίστη - ότι το πρόσωπο που θα πάρει την δουλειά έχει 10 κέρματα στην τσέπη του.
Και είναι αιτιολογημένη - διότι μέτρησε τα κέρματα του Jones και ο πρόεδρος του είπε
ότι ο Jones θα πάρει την δουλειά. Και η πίστη του αποδεικνύεται αληθής - το άτομο που
πήρε την δουλειά είχε όντως 10 κέρματα στην τσέπη του.
Εντούτοις, κανένα κομμάτι της αιτιολόγησης πραγματικά οδήγησε τον Smith στην σωστή απάντηση. Η μαρτυρία
του προέδρου ήταν ψευδής, και τα 10 κέρματα που είδε ήταν στην τσέπη του Jones, όχι στη δικιά του.
Οπότε φαίνεται ο Smith έτυχε να έχει δίκιο.
French:
le président de la compagnie semblerait être une source fiable pour cette information.
Entretemps, Smith compte les pièces dans la poche de Jones et voit qu’il y a
dix pièces dedans. Smith forme ensuite une croyance basée sur sa preuve d’observation personnelle
des pièces, ainsi que sur la déclaration du président de la compagnie.
Il vient à croire que : la personne qui obtient le poste a 10 pièces dans sa poche.
Mais, il s’avère que la déclaration du président était fausse, et c’est Smith, pas Jones, qui obtient le poste.
ET, il s’avère aussi sans que Smith le sache, qu’il a aussi 10 pièces dans sa poche.
Smith a donc une croyance – que la personne qui obtient le poste a 10 pièces dans sa poche.
Et cela est justifiée – parce qu’il a compté les pièces de Jones et que le président lui a dit que
Jones obtenait le poste. Et sa croyance s’est aussi avérée – la personne qui
a obtenu le poste avait bien 10 pièces dans sa poche.
Cependant, aucune justification n’a en réalité guidé Smith vers la bonne réponse. La déclaration
du président était fausse et les 10 pièces qu’il a vues étaient dans la poche de Jones, pas la sienne.
Il semble donc que Smith a simplement eu raison par chance.
Russian:
президент компании является самым надёжным источником информации в данном случае.
Тем временем Смит считает монеты в кармане Джонса и видит, что
там десять монет. Поэтому Смит формирует мнение, основанное на увиденных
монетах, также как и на свидетельстве со стороны президента компании.
Он приходит к выводу, что "человек, который получает работу, имеет 10 монет в кармане".
Но, оказывается, что свидетельство со стороны президента оказалось ложным, и Смит, не Джонс получает эту работу.
И, просто так случилось, неведомо для Смита, что он тоже имеет 10 монет в своём кармане.
Итак, Смит имел суждение о том, что тот, кто получает работу, имеет 10 монет в своём кармане.
И оно было обосновано, потому что он посчитал монеты в кармане Джонса, и президент компании сказал ему,
что Джонс получает эту работу. Соответственно, его суждение также оказалось верным, так как персона,
которая получила эту работу, имела в кармане ровно 10 монет.
Однако, ни одно из указанных обоснований, в действительности, не указало Смиту правильный ответ.
Свидетельство президента было неверным, и 10 монет, которые он (Смит) заметил, были в кармане Джонса, а не в его собственном.
Выходит, что Смиту просто повезло быть правым.
Turkish:
Şirketin müdürü bu bilgi için güvenilir bir kaynak olarak görülebilinir.
Bu sırada, Smith Jones'un cebindeki bozuk paraları sayar ve orada on bozuk para
olduğunu görür. Smith daha sonra bozuk paralardan birinci şahıs gözlemleriyle
edindiği kanıtlardan ve şirket müdürünün tanıklığına dayanarak bi inanç geliştirir
İşi alan kişinin cebinde 10 bozuk para olduğu inancına varır.
Ancak, müdürün tanıklığının yanlış olduğu ortaya çıkar, ve işi alanın Jones değil, Smith olduğu ortaya çıkar.
Ve, öyle ki, Smith'in haberi olmasa da, kendi cebinde de 10 bozuk para olduğu ortaya çıkar.
Yani, Smith'in cebinde 10 bozuk parası olan kişinin işi alacağına dair bir inancı vardır.
Ve gerekçelendirilmiştir - çünkü Jones'un bozuk paralarını saymış, ve müdür ona Jones'un
işi alacağını söylemiştir. Ve inancı aynı zamanda doğrudur da - işi alan kişinin
cebinde 10 bozuk para vardır.
Ne varki, gerekçelerin hiç biri Smith'i gerçekten de doğru cevaba yönlendirmedi. Müdür'ün
tanıklığı yanlıştı, ve Jones'un cebinde gördüğü 10 bozuk para, kendisinin değildi.
Yani öyle gözüküyor ki basitçe Smith doğru olmakta şanslıydı.
Portuguese:
o presidente da empresa seria uma fonte confiável com essa informação.
Enquanto isso, Smith conta as moedas no bolso de Jones e percebe que há
dez moedas. Smith então forma uma crença, baseado em sua evidência da observação em primeira pessoa
das moedas, e também no testemunho do presidente da empresa.
Ele passa a acreditar nisso: "A pessoa que que conseguiu o emprego tem 10 moedas no bolso"
Mas acontece que o testemunho do presidente era falso, e Smith, não Jones, é quem fica com a vaga.
E, por coincidência, sem Smith saber, ele também tinha 10 moedas em seu bolso.
Então, Smith tinha uma crença - que a pessoa que ficaria com a vaga tinha 10 moedas no bolso.
E que era justificada - porque ele contou as moedas no bolso de Jones, e o presidente disse a ele
que Jones ficaria com a vaga. E a crença dele também acabou sendo verdadeira - a pessoa
que ficou com a vaga tinha 10 moedas no bolso.
Entretanto, nenhuma parte das justificativas realmente apontaram Smith para a resposta certa. O testemunho
do presidente estava errado e as 10 moedas ele viu no bolso de Jones, não no dele.
Então parece que Smith deu sorte em estar certo.
English:
the president of the company would seem to be a reliable source of this information.
Meanwhile, Smith counts the coins
in Jones’ pocket and sees that there are
ten coins in there. Smith then forms a belief,
based on his first person observational evidence
of the coins, as well as the testimony of
the company president.
He comes to believe that: The person who gets
the job has 10 coins in his pocket.
But, it turns out, the testimony of the president
was false, and it’s Smith, not Jones, who gets the job.
AND, it just so happens, unbeknownst to Smith,
that he also has 10 coins in his own pocket.
So, Smith has a belief – that the person
who gets the job has 10 coins in his pocket.
And that is justified – because he counted
Jones’ coins, and the president told him
Jones was getting the job. And his belief
also turns out to be true – the person who
got the job did have 10 coins in his pocket.
However, neither pieces of justification actually
pointed Smith to the right answer. The president’s
testimony was wrong, and the 10 coins that
he saw were in Jones’ pocket, not his own.
So it seems Smith simply lucked into being
right.
Vietnamese:
vị giám đốc công ty này có vẻ như là nguồn tin đáng tin cậy.
Trong khi đó, Smith đến số đồng xu trong túi Jones và thấy có
10 xu trong đó. Smith sau đó hình thành nên niềm tin, dựa trên bằng chứng mà anh thấy
về đồng xu, cũng như là lời chứng của giám đốc công ty.
Anh ấy tin rằng: người nhận được việc sẽ có 10 xu trong túi.
Nhưng hóa ra, lời chứng của giám đốc là sai, và Smith chứ không phải Jones nhận được việc.
Và, nó xảy ra, mà Smith không biết, anh ấy cũng có 10 xu trong túi.
Vì thế, Smith có niềm tin rằng -- người nhận được việc sẽ có 10 xu trong túi.
Và điều này được chứng minh là đúng -- bởi vì anh ấy đếm xu của Jones, và giám đốc nói với anh ấy
là Jones sẽ nhận được việc. Và niềm tin của anh ấy hóa ra lại đúng- người nhận
được việc sẽ có 10 xu trong túi.
Tuy nhiên, cả hai sự biện hộ này đều không chỉ ra Smith có câu trả lời đúng. Lời chứng
của giám đốc là sai, và 10 xu anh ấy thấy trong túi Jones, chứ không phải túi anh ấy.
Vì vậy có vẻ như Smith chỉ đơn giản là may mắn đúng.
Dutch:
de voorzitter van het bewijs lijkt een betrouwbare bron te zijn voor deze informatie.
Ondertussen telt Smith de geldstukken in Jones's zak en ziet dat er
tien in zitten. Smith vormt dan een geloof, gebaseerd op zijn eerste persoon observationeel bewijs
van de geldstukken, evenals de getuigenis van de voorzitter van het bedrijf.
Hij komt tot het volgende geloof: de persoon die de job krijgt heeft 10 geldstukken in zijn zak.
Maar, zo blijkt, de getuigenis van de voorzitter was vals, en het is Smith, niet Jones, die de job krijgt.
EN, wat blijkt nu, zonder het te weten heeft ook Smith 10 geldstukken in zijn eigen zak.
Dus, Smith heeft een geloof - dat de persoon die de job krijgt 10 geldstukken in zijn zak heeft.
En dat is gerechtvaardigd - want hij telde Jones's geldstukken, en de voorzitter vertelde hem dat
Jones de job zou krijgen. En zijn geloof bleek ook waar te zijn - de persoon die
de job kreeg had inderdaad 10 geldstukken in zijn zak.
Geen van de bewijsstukken brachten Smith echter tot het juiste antwoord. De getuigenis van de voorzitter
was vals, en de 10 geldstukken die hij zag waren in Jones's zak, niet in zijn eigen.
Het lijkt dus dat Smith gewoon met een gelukje juist was.
Romanian:
președintele companiei pare a fi o sursă sigură de informații.
Între timp, Smith numără monedele din buzunarul lui Jones și observă că
sunt 10 monede. Smith apoi elaborează o convingere pe baza observației personale
asupra monedelor, dar și pe baza testimonialului președintelui companiei.
El ajunge să creadă că persoana care obține slujba are 10 monede în buzunar,
dar se pare că testimonialul președintelui era fals, deci Smith, nu Jones, a primit slujba.
Și, fără să știe asta măcar, Smith are și el 10 monede in buzunar.
Deci, Smith are o convingere - persoana care primește slujba are 10 monede în buzunar,
iar acest lucru este justificat, pentru că a numărat monedele lui Jones și președintele i-a spus că
Jones primise slujba. Această convingere se dovedește a fi adevărată - persoana care
a primit slujba avea 10 monede in buzunar.
Totuși, nicio motivație nu l-a condus pe Smith către răspunsul corect. Testimonialul
președintelui era fals, iar cele 10 monede pe care le-a văzut erau în buzunarul lui Jones, nu al lui.
Deci, se pare că Smith a fost norocos să aibă dreptate.
Estonian:
firma president paistab piisavalt usaldusväärne sellise informatsiooni allikas.
Samalajal Smith loeb üle sendid Jonesi taskus ja näeb, et
seal on kümme senti. Võttes arvesse oma vaatluse andmeid ja firma presidendi
tunnistust formuleerib Smith uskumuse.
Ta usub, et inimese, kes saab tööd, taskus on kümme senti.
Aga tuleb välja, et presidendi tunnistus osutub vääraks ja Smith, mitte Jones, saab töö.
JA juhtub nii, et Smithile teadmata on ka tema enese taskus kümme senti.
Seega, Smithil on uskumus, et inimese, kes saab töö, taskus on kümme senti.
Ja see on õigustatud -- sest ta luges üle sendid Jonesi taskus ja president ütles talle,
et Jones saab töö. Ning ta uskumus on ka tõene -- Inimese, kes saab töö,
taskus on kümme senti.
Aga ometi, kumbki õigustus ei suuna Smithi õige vastuse poole. Presidendi
tunnistus oli väär ja kümme senti, mida ta nägi, olid Jonesi taskus, mitte tema enda omas.
Sega paistab, et Smithil lihtsalt vedas.
Arabic:
رئيس الشركة يبدو كمصدر معتمد لهذه المعلومة.
في هذه الأثناء يحسب سميث كمية نقود جون، ويرى أن هناك 10 نقود
فاعتقد سميث -اعتمادا على دليل ملاحظته الشخصية من عد النقود-
اضافة إلى تصريح رئيس الشركة
وصل الى اعتقاد أن: الشخص الذي يحصل على الوظيفة لديه 10 نقود في جيبه
لكن، اتضح أن تصريح رئيس الشركة خاطئ، وأن سميث هو من حصل على الوظيفة وليس جون
وحدثت ودون علم سميث، أنه أيضا يملك 10 نقود في جيبه
لذا سميث يعتقد أن الشخص الذي يحصل على الوظيفة لديه 10 نقود في جيبه
وهذا مبرَّر- لأنه عدَّ نقود جون، عندما أخبره الرئيس أن جون هو من حصل على الوظيفة
واتضح أن اعتقاده صحيح -- الشخص الذي يحصل على الوظيفة يملك 10 نقود في جيبه
بالرغم من ذلك، التبريران لم يوجها سميث للاجابة الصحيحة
شهادة رئيس الشركة كانت خاطئة و الـ10 نقود التي رآها لم تكن ملكه
لذا يبدو أن سميث حالفه الحظ وكان محقا
iw:
נשיא החברה נראה בתור מקור אמין של מידע מסוג זה.
בינתיים, סמית סופר את המטבעות
בכיס של ג'ונס ורואה שיש
עשרה מטבעות שם. סמית מכך יוצר אמונה,
המבוססת על ראיות תצפיתיות
(על המטבעות), כמו גם את עדותו של
נשיא החברה.
הוא בא להאמין: שלמי שמקבל
את העבודה יש 10 מטבעות בכיסו.
אבל, מתברר, שעדותו של הנשיא
היתה שקר, וזה סמית, לא ג'ונס, שיקבל את התפקיד.
וגם, זה פשוט קרה, ללא ידיעה סמית,
שגם לו יש 10 מטבעות בכיסו.
אז, לסמית' יש אמונה - שהאדם
שמקבל את העבודה יש 10 מטבעות בכיסו.
וזה מוצדק - כי הוא ספר את
המטבעות של ג'ונס, והבוס אמר לו
שג'ונס היה מקבל את התפקיד. ואמונתו
גם התבררה כנכונה - למי
שקיבל את העבודה היו 10 מטבעות בכיסו.
אם זאת, כל פיסות ההצדקה למעשה
לא הראו לסמית את התשובה הנכונה.
העדות של הבוס הייתה שגויה, וה10 המטבעות
היו בכיס של ג'ונס, לא שלו.
אז נראה סמית פשוט שהתמזל מזלו להיות נכון.
Spanish:
el presidente de la compañía parecería una fuente fiable de información.
Mientras tanto, Smith cuenta las monedas en el bolsillo de Jones y ve que allí
hay diez monedas. Entonces Smith forma una creencia basado en la evidencia observacional en primera persona
de las monedas así como también el testimonio del presidente de la compañía.
Él cree que: La persona que tiene diez monedas en el bolsillo obtiene el trabajo.
Pero, resulta que el testimonio del presidente era falso y Smith, no Jones,es quien consigue el trabajo.
Y, justo pasa que, desconocido para Smith, él también tiene diez monedas en el bolsillo.
Así que Smith tiene una creencia - que la persona que obtiene el trabajo, tiene 10 monedas en su bolsillo.
Y eso está justificado porque contó las monedas de Jones y el presidente le dijo
que Jones iba a tener el trabajo. Y su creencia resulta ser verdad porque la persona que
obtuvo el trabajo tiene 10 monedas en su bolsillo.
Sin embargo, ninguna de las piezas de justificación en realidad apuntan a Smith como la respuesta correcta. El testimonio del
presidente era incorrecto y las 10 monedas que vio estaban en el bolsillo de Jones, no en el suyo.
Así que parece que Smith simplemente tuvo la suerte de estar en lo correcto.
Italian:
il presidente della società sembrerebbe essere una fonte affidabile per questa informazione.
Nel frattempo, Smith conta le monete nella tasca di Jones e vede che ci sono
dieci monete. Smith poi forma una convinzione, basata sulla sua evidenza osservativa di prima persona
delle monete, nonché sulla testimonianza del presidente della società.
Egli giunge a credere che: la persona che ottiene il lavoro ha 10 monete in tasca.
Ma, a quanto pare, la testimonianza del presidente era falsa, ed è Smith, no Jones, che ottiene il lavoro.
E, si dà il caso, all'insaputa di Smith, che anche lui abbia 10 monete nella sua tasca.
Quindi, Smith ha una convinzione – che la persona che ottiene il lavoro ha 10 monete in tasca.
E ciò è giustificato – in quanto ha contato le monete di Jones, e il presidente gli ha detto
che Jones avrebbe ottenuto il lavoro. E la sua convinzione risulta anche essere vera - la persona che
ha ottenuto il lavoro infatti aveva 10 monete in tasca.
Tuttavia, nessuno dei pezzi di giustificazione in realtà ha puntato Smith verso la risposta giusta. La testimonianza
del presidente era sbagliata, e le 10 monete che aveva visto erano nella tasca di Jones, non la propria.
Così sembra Smith abbia avuto ragione per pura fortuna.
Portuguese:
Gettier argumenta que agora temos um caso de crença verdadeira justificada que não é conhecimento.
E assinala, você não SABE algo se simplesmente tropeçou na resposta certa.
Obrigado Bolha de Pensamento, o mundo filosófico virou de ponta-cabeça com essa ideia, e os filósofos -
amando um contra-exemplo - começaram a fazer seus próprios Casos Gettier.
O filósofo americano Roderick Chisolm propôs esse
Olhando um campo, você vê um objeto que parece uma ovelha, e forma a crença
que "há uma ovelha no campo".
Mas acontece que o objeto é na verdade um cachorro.
Ainda assim, também há uma ovelha, escondida da visão por uma colina.
Então, você tem uma crença verdadeira justificada, mas a justificativa para sua crença - o objeto que viu
- não é uma ovelha. Você apenas deu sorte em estar certo.
Uma vez que você entende como isso funciona, é bem fácil fazer o seu próprio Caso Gettier.
E muitos filósofos hoje em dia acham que Gettier destruiu com sucesso a definição de conhecimento como "crença verdadeira justificada"
Mas mesmo a década de 60 parecendo há muito tempo atrás, lembre-se: filósofos estão
no ramo de ter debates milenares sobre as coisas. Então não se surpreenda
se o debate filosófico sobre isso ainda for furioso.
Mas se conhecimento não é uma crença verdadeira justificada... o que é???
Romanian:
Gettier a afirmat că acum avem un caz de convingere adevărată și justificată ce nu este cunoștință.
Așa cum a demonstrat, NU ȘTII ceva dacă pur și simplu ai dreptate din întâmplare.
Mulțumesc, Balonule cu Idei. Mediul filosofic a fost răsturnat de această idee, iar filosofii
- pentru că le place să contraargumenteze - au început să conceapă propriile probleme de tip Gettier.
Filosoful american Roderick Chisholm l-a propus pe acesta:
Uitându-te pe un câmp, vezi un lucru ce pare a fi o oaie, așa că îți formezi
convingerea că "o oaie este pe câmp".
Se pare însă că lucrul pe care l-ai văzut e de fapt un câine.
Totuși, pe câmp se află și o oaie, pe care nu o vezi din cauza unui deal,
deci ai o convingere adevărată și justificată, însă justificarea convingerii - lucrul pe care l-ai văzut -
nu este o oaie. Pur și simplu s-a întâmplat să ai dreptate.
Odată ce înțelegi cum merge, e destul de ușor să formulezi probleme de tip Gettier și singur.
Mulți filosofi din ziua de azi cred că Gettier a distrus cu succes definiția cunoașterii - convingere adevărată și justificată,
însă chiar dacă anii 60 par a fi o perioadă îndepărtată, ține minte că filosofilor
le place să aibă dezbateri care se întind pe milenii. Nu ar trebui să te surprindă
faptul că dezbaterea filosofică despre acest lucru este încă în desfășurare.
Dar din moment ce cunoașterea nu este o convingere adevărată și justificată, atunci... ce este?
Italian:
Gettier sosteneva che ora abbiamo un caso di convinzione vera giustificata che non è conoscenza.
Come ha sottolineato, non SAI qualcosa se ti sei semplicemente imbattuto nella risposta giusta.
Grazie Bolla del Pensiero; il mondo filosofico è stato stravolto da questa idea, e filosofi
– amando un buon controesempio – hanno cominciato a generare i propri casi di Gettier.
Il filosofo americano Roderick Chisholm propose questo:
Guardando attraverso un campo, vedi un oggetto che assomiglia ad una pecora, e formi la
convinzione che «c'è una pecora nel campo».
Salta fuori che l'oggetto che vedi è in realtà un cane.
Tuttavia, c'è anche una pecora, oscurata alla tua visione da una collina.
Quindi, hai una convinzione vera giustificata, ma la giustificazione per la tua convinzione – l'oggetto
che hai visto – non è una pecora. Hai solo avuto un colpo di fortuna di aver ragione.
Una volta capito come funziona, è abbastanza facile generare casi di Gettier da te.
E molti filosofi oggi pensano che Gettier abbia distrutto con successo la definizione di «convinzione vera giustificata» della conoscenza.
Ma anche se gli anni 60 potrebbero sembrare tanto tempo fa per te, ricorda: i filosofi sono
pronti ad avere dibattiti lunghi millenni sulle cose. Quindi non ti dovrebbe sorprendere
che il dibattito filosofico su questo sia ancora accanito.
Ma se la conoscenza non convinzione vera giustificata, allora... cooos'è?
Vietnamese:
Gettier tranh luận rằng bây giờ chúng ta đã có một trường hợp niềm tin đúng hợp lý mà không phải là tri thức.
Như ông ấy chỉ ra, bạn không biết thứ gì gì đó nếu bạn chỉ vô tình có câu trả lời đúng
Cám ơn Thought Bubble, thế giới triết học bị đảo lộn bởi ý tưởng này, và các nhà triết gia
- những người thích một ví dụ ngược- bắt đầu tạo ra những trường hợp Gettier của bản thân họ.
Nhà triết gia người Mỹ Roderick Chisholm đề xuất ví dụ sau:
Nhìn ra cánh đồng, bạn thấy một vật giống như con cừu, và bạn hình thành một niềm tin
là " có một con cừu trên cánh đồng".
Hóa ra vật thể bạn thấy trên cánh đồng thực sự là một con chó.
Trong khi đó, cũng có một con cừu, khuất tầm nhìn của bạn bởi cái đồi.
Vì vậy, bạn có một niềm tin đúng hợp lý, nhưng sự biện hộ cho niềm tin của bạn -- vật thể
mà bạn thấy-- không phải là con cừu. Bạn chỉ may mắn đúng thôi.
Một khi bạn hiểu được cách vận hành của nó, bạn có thể dễ dàng tạo ra những trường hợp Gettier cho bản thân bạn.
Và nhiều nhà triết gia ngày nay cho rằng Gettier đã phá hủy định nghĩa của tri thức "niềm tin đúng hợp lý" một cách thành công.
Nhưng thậm chí những năm 1960 có vẻ xa xôi với bạn, hãy nhớ: những nhà triết gia
đang trong cuộc tranh luận kéo dài ngàn năm về các vấn đề. Nên bạn không có gì ngạc nhiên
khi cuộc tranh luận về vấn đề này vẫn còn dữ dội.
Nhưng nếu tri thứ không phải là niềm tin đúng hợp lý vậy.. nó là gì?
Spanish:
Gettier argumentó que ahora tenemos un caso de creencia verdadera justificada que no es conocimiento.
Como él señaló, no SABES algo si simplemente caíste en la respuesta correcta.
Gracias Burbuja del Pensamiento, el mundo filosófico se dio vuelta por esta idea y los filósofos
- amantes de un buen contra ejemplo - comenzaron a generar sus propios casos de Gettier.
El filósofo americano Roderick Chisholm propuso esta:
Mirando a través de un campo ves un objeto que se parece a una oveja y formas la
creencia de que "hay una oveja en el campo".
Resulta que el objeto que estas observando es en realidad un perro.
Sin embargo también hay una oveja, oculta de tu visión por una montaña.
Tienes una creencia verdadera justificada pero la justificación para tu creencia - el objeto
que tu viste - no es una oveja. Solo tuviste la suerte de estar en lo correcto.
Una vez que entiendes como funciona, es bastante fácil generar casos de Gettier propios.
Y muchos filósofos hoy piensan que Gettier triunfantemente destruyó la definición de conocimiento "creencia verdadera justificada".
Pero aunque 1960 te parezca mucho tiempo atrás, recuerda: los filósofos están en
el negocio de tenes debates sobre cosas que duran un milenio. Así que no debería sorprenderte
que el debate filosófico sobre esto todavía oscila.
Pero si el conocimiento no es una creencia verdadera justificada entonces ¿queee es?
Arabic:
ناقش جيتر أنه لدينا الآن حالة من الاعتقاد الصحيح المبَّررالذي لا يعد معرفةً.
كما أشار إلى أنك لا تعرف شيئا إذا كنت ببساطة صادفت الإجابة الصحيحة.
شكرًا فقاعة الفكر، انقلب العالم الفلسفي رأسا على عقب بهذه الفكرة
والفلاسفة المحبين للمتضادات -بدأوا- بخلق حالات جيتر الخاصة بهم
افترض الفيلسوف الأمريكي رودريك شيسهولم أنه:
أنظر عبر الحقل، تشاهد شيئا ما يشبه الخروف، فتعتقد أن:
"هناك خروف في الحقل"
اتضح لاحقا أن ذلك الشيء الذي تراه هو في الواقع كلب.
لكن لا زال هناك خروفا، متواري عن نظرك خلف التل
إذن أنت بررت اعتقادًا صحيحًا، لكن التبرير لاعتقادك
- الشيء الذي رأيته - ليس خروفا. فقط حالفك الحظ بأن تكون محقا.
حالما تفهم كيف تعمل، سيكون من السهل أن تنتج حالات جيتر بنفسك.
يعتقد الكثير من الفلاسفة أن جيتر فعلا استطاع تدمير تعريف المعرفة بصفتها اعتقادًا صحيحًا مبررًا
لكن رغم ذلك، فد تكون ستينات القرن الماضي بعيدة في وجهة نظرك، تذكر:
عمل الفلاسفة هو المناظرة على الأشياء لآلاف السنين، فلا يفاجئك
أن النقاشات الفلسفية حول هذا لا زالت قائمة
لكن إذا لم تكن المعرفة هي اعتقاد صحيح مبرر، فماذا تكون؟
French:
Gettier a soutenu qu’on a maintenant un cas de croyance vraie justifiée qui n’est pas de la connaissance.
Comme il le soulignait, on ne SAIT pas quelque chose si on tombe simplement sur la bonne réponse.
Merci Thought Bubble, le monde philosophique a été chamboulé par cette idée, et les philosophes
– qui adorent les contrexemples – ont commencé à générer leurs propres problèmes de Gettier.
Le philosophe américain Roderick Chisholm a proposé celui-ci :
En regardant à travers un champ, vous voyez une chose qui ressemble à un mouton, et vous formez la
croyance qu’« il y a un mouton dans le champ ».
Il s’avère que la chose que vous voyez est en fait un chien.
Pourtant, il y a aussi un mouton, caché de votre vue par une colline.
Vous avez donc une croyance vraie justifiée, mais la justification de votre croyance – la chose
que vous avez vue – n’est pas un mouton. Vous avez juste eu raison par chance.
Une fois qu’on a compris comment ça marche, c’est assez facile de générer soi-même des cas de Gettier.
Et beaucoup de philosophes pensent aujourd’hui que Gettier a détruit avec succès la définition « croyance vraie justifiée » de la connaissance.
Mais même si les années 1960 peuvent vous sembler lointaines, rappelez-vous : les philosophes ont comme occupation
des débats de plusieurs millénaires sur les choses. Ça ne devrait donc pas vous surprendre
que le débat philosophique sur ceci fait encore rage.
Mais si la connaissance n’est pas une croyance vraie justifiée, alors... c’est quoi ?
Modern Greek (1453-):
Ο Gettier ισχυρίστηκε ότι τώρα έχουμε μια περίπτωση αιτιολογημένης αληθής πίστης η οποία δεν είναι γνώση.
Όπως επισήμανε, δεν ΓΝΩΡΙΖΕΙΣ κάτι αν απλά σκόνταψες στην σωστή απάντηση.
Ευχαριστούμε Φυσαλίδα της Σκέψης, ο φιλοσοφικός κόσμος αναποδογύρισε με αυτή την ιδέα, και οι φιλόσοφοι
- αγαπώντας ένα καλό αντεπιχείρημα- άρχισαν να δημιουργούν τις δικές τους υποθέσεις Gettier.
Ο Αμερικανός φιλόσοφος Roderick Chisholm πρότεινε αυτή:
Κοιτώντας ένα λιβάδι, βλέπεις ένα αντικείμενο που μοιάζει με αρνί, και σχηματίζεις
της άποψη ότι "υπάρχει ένα αρνί στο λιβάδι".
Αποδεικνύεται ότι το αντικείμενο που βλέπεις είναι στην πραγματικότητα ένα σκυλί.
Όμως, υπάρχει ένα αρνί, κρυμμένο από την θέα σου από έναν λόφο.
Επομένως, έχεις μια αιτιολογημένη αληθής πίστη, αλλά η αιτιολόγηση της πίστης σου - το αντικείμενο
που έβλεπες - δεν είναι ένα αρνί. Απλά έτυχε να έχεις δίκιο.
Μόλις καταλάβετε πώς λειτουργεί, είναι αρκετά εύκολο να δημιουργήσετε δικές σας υποθέσεις Gettier.
Και πολλού φιλόσοφοι σήμερα πιστεύουν ότι ο Gettier επιτυχώς κατέστρεψε τον "αιτιολογημένη αληθής πίστη" ορισμό της γνώσης.
Αλλά ακόμα και αν τα 1960 σας φαίνονται μακρινά, θυμηθείτε: οι φιλόσοφοι είναι
στην δουλειά του να έχουν διαλόγους χιλιετιών για πράγματα. Οπότε δεν θα έπρεπε να σας εκπλήσσει
το ότι ο φιλοσοφικός διάλογος για αυτό ακόμα διευθετείται.
Αλλά αν η γνώση δεν είναι αιτιολογημένη αληθής πίστη τότε... τιιι είναι;
Turkish:
Böylece Gettier gerekçelendirilmiş doğru inancın bilgi olmadığı bir sorunumuzun olduğunu savundu.
Gösterdiği gibi, eğer yanlışlıkla doğru cevaba ulaşırsanız bir şeyi bilmiyorsunuzdur.
Teşekkürler Düşünce Balonu, felsefi dünya bu fikirle baş aşağı döndü, ve
karşıt örnekleri seven filozoflar kendi Gettier durumlarını oluşturmaya başladılar.
Amerikan filozof Roderick Chrisholm şunu önerdi:
Bir alana karşıdan bakarken, kuzu gibi görünen bir nesne görüyorsunuz, ve
"oradaki alanda bir kuzu" var inancını oluşturuyorsunuz.
Gördüğünüz nesnenin aslında bir köpek olduğu ortaya çıkıyor.
Yine de, bir tepe aracılığıyla görüş açınızdan gizlenmiş bir kuzu da vardır.
Yani, gerekçelendirilmiş doğru inanca sahipsiniz, ancak inancınızın gerekçesi -- gördüğünüz
nesne -- bir kuzu değil. Sadece şansınız yaver gitti.
Nasıl çalıştığını bir kez anladığınızda, kendi Gettier durumlarınızı üretmek oldukça kolaydır.
Ve bugünün çoğu filozofu Gettier'in bilginin "gerekçelendirilmiş doğru inanç" tanımını başarılı bir şekilde yok ettiğini düşünür.
Ancak 1960'larda bile, size uzun zaman önceymiş gibi gözükebilir, hatırlayın: filozoflar
şeyler hakkında bin yıllık tartışmaların içerisindeydiler. Yani bunun hakkındaki
felsefi tartışmanın hala köpürmesi sizi şaşırtmasın.
Ama eğer bilgi gerekçelendirilmiş doğru inanç değil ise... nedir?
Russian:
Геттьер утверждал, что в данном случае мы имеем обоснованное подтверждённое суждение, но не знание.
Как он отметил, вы не знаете ничего, если вы просто натолкнулись на правильный ответ.
Спасибо "Пузырю Мыслей". Мир философии был перевёрнут сверху вниз благодаря этой идее, и философы,
любители хороших контрпримеров, начали придумывать свои "примеры Геттьера" .
Американский философ Родерик Чизем предложил следующий.
Глядя на поле, вы видите объект, который выглядит как овечка, и вы формируете
мнение, что "это овечка в поле".
Однако оказывается, что объект, который вы видите, - это собака.
Хотя, на поле есть овечка, спрятанная от вашего взгляда за холмом.
Итак, у вас есть подтверждённое верное суждение, но обоснование вашего верования, объект,
который вы видите, не является собакой. Вам просто повезло оказаться правым.
Когда вы понимаете, как это работает, то становится очень легко самостоятельно генерировать "случаи Геттьера".
И сейчас, многие философы думают, что Геттьер успешно разрушил "обоснованное верное суждение" в качестве определения знания.
Но, даже если 60-ые кажутся вам довольно далёкими, помните, философы находятся
в процессе споров о чём угодно тысячелетиями. Поэтому вас не должно удивлять,
что философские дебаты по нашей теме всё ещё бушуют.
Но, если знание не является "обоснованным верным суждением", то.... чтоооо же это?
English:
Gettier argued that we now have a case of
justified true belief that is not knowledge.
As he pointed out, you don’t KNOW something
if you simply stumbled into the right answer.
Thanks Thought Bubble, the philosophical world
was turned upside down by this idea, and philosophers
– loving a good counterexample – began
generating their own Gettier cases.
American philosopher Roderick Chisholm proposed
this one:
Looking across a field, you see an object
that looks like a sheep, and you form the
belief that “there is a sheep in the field.”
It turns out that the object you see is actually
a dog.
Yet, there is also a sheep, obscured from
your vision by a hill.
So, you have a justified true belief, but
the justification for your belief -- the object
that you saw – is not a sheep. You just
lucked into being right.
Once you understand how it works, it’s pretty
easy to generate Gettier cases of your own.
And many philosophers today think that Gettier successfully destroyed the “justified true belief” definition of knowledge.
But even though the 1960s might seem long
ago to you, remember: philosophers are in
the business of having millennia-long debates
about stuff. So it shouldn’t surprise you
that the philosophical debate about this is
still a-raging.
But if knowledge is not justified true belief,
then…whaaat is it?
Estonian:
Gettier väitis, et antud olukorras on meil juhtum kus õigustatud tõene uskumus ei ole teadmine.
Ja ta väitis et sa ei TEA midagi, kui sa kogemata pakud õige vastuse.
Aitäh, Mõttemull! Filosoofiline maailm pöörati selle ideega peapeale ja filosoofid
-- kes armastavad häid vastuargumente -- lõid ka oma Gettieri juhtumeid.
Ameerika filosoof Roderick Chisholm pakkus välja sellise:
Sa vaatad üle nurme ja näed objekti, mis paistab nagu lammas, ning sa moodustad
uskumuse "Nurmel on lammas"
Aga tuleb välja, et objekt mida sa näed, on tegelikult koer.
Aga seal on ka lammas, keda sa ei näe, sest ta jääb künka taha.
Sul on õigustatud tõene uskumus, aga õigustus sinu uskumusele -- objekt
mida sa nägid -- ei ole lammas. Sul lihtsalt vedas.
Kui sa mõistad kuidas see töötab, on üsna lihtne ka ise Gettieri juhtumeid luua.
Ja paljud tänapäeva filosoofid usuvad, et Gettier hävitas edukalt teadmise definitsiooni -- õigustatud tõene uskumus.
Aga isegi kui 1960. aastate keskpaik oli ammu, siis pea meeles, filosoofidel on
kombeks pidada tuhandeid aastaid kestvaid vaidlusi. Seega ei tohiks sind üllatada,
et filosoofilised debatid sellel teemal on endiselt tulised.
Aga kui teadmine ei ole õigustatud tõene uskumus ... siis mis see on?
iw:
גטייר טען כי עכשיו יש לנו מקרה של
אמונה אמיתית מוצדקת שהיא אינה ידע.
כפי שציין, אתה לא יודע משהו
אם אתה פשוט מועד לתוך התשובה הנכונה.
תודה בועת המחשבה, העולם הפילוסופי
התהפך על ידי רעיון זה, ופילוסופים
- אוהבים דוגמה נגדית טובה - החלו
ליצור מקרי גייטר משלהם.
הפילוסוף האמריקאי רודריק צ'יזהולם
הציע את זה:
במבט על פני שדה, אתה רואה אובייקט
שנראה כמו כבשה, ואתה מייצר את
האמונה כי "יש כבשה בתחום".
מתברר כי האובייקט שאתה רואה הוא בעצם
כלב.
למרות זאת, יש גם כבשה, הנסתרת מעיניך
על ידי גבעה.
אז, יש לך אמונה אמיתית מוצדקת, אבל
הצדקת האמונה שלך - האובייקט
שראית - הוא לא כבשה. אתה פשוט
התמזלת להיות צודק.
ברגע שאתה מבין איך זה עובד, זה די
קל ליצור מקרי גייטר משלך.
ורבי פילוסופים היום חושבים שגייטר הצליח להרוס את הגדרת ה"אמונה נכונה מוצדקת" של ידע.
אבל למרות ששנות ה -1960 אולי נראים
לך לפני הרבה זמן, זכור: פילוסופים נמצאים
בעובודות שיש להם ויכוחים ארוכים מלפני אלפי שנים
על דברים. אז זה לא אמור להפתיע אותך
כי הדיון הפילוסופי על זה
עדיין משתולל.
אבל אם ידע אינו אמונה אמיתית מוצדקת,
אז ... ממממה זה?
Dutch:
Gettier argumenteerde dat we nu een geval hebben van een gerechtvaardigde ware overtuiging die geen kennis is.
Zoals hij aantoonde, je WEET iets niet als je simpelweg toevallig op het correcte antwoord stuit.
Bedankt Thought Bubble! De filosofische wereld werd op z'n kop gezet door dit idee, en filosofen
- die houden van een goed tegenvoorbeeld - begonnen met hun eigen Gettier gevallen op de proppen te komen.
De Amerikaanse filosoof Roderick Chrisholm stelde deze voor:
Kijkend over een veld, zie je een object dat eruitziet als een schaap, en je vormt de
overtuiging dat "er een schaap in het veld is."
Het blijkt uiteindelijk dat het object dat je ziet eigenlijk een hond is.
Er is echter ook een schaap, verborgen uit het zicht door een heuvel.
Dus, je hebt een gerechtvaardigde ware overtuiging, maar de rechtvaardiging voor je overtuiging - het object
dat je zag - is geen schaap. Je had het gewoon met een gelukje bij het rechte eind.
Eens je begrijpt hoe het werkt, is het vrij eenvoudig om je eigen Gettier cases uit te vinden.
En vele filosofen menen vandaag de dag dat Gettier met succes de "gerechtvaardigde ware overtuiging" definitie van kennis aan diggelen sloeg.
Maar zelfs als de jaren '60 misschien lang geleden lijken voor jou, herinner je dat filosofen
millenia-lange debatten hebben over dingen. Het zou je dus niet mogen verbazen
dat het filosofisch debat hierover nog steeds volop woedt.
Maar als kennis niet gerechtvaardigde ware overtuiging is... wat is het dan wel?
Modern Greek (1453-):
Την επόμενη φορά, θα κοιτάξουμε μια πιθανή απάντηση.
Στο μεταξύ, μάθατε για κάποιες έννοιες κλειδιά που χρησιμοποιούμε όταν συζητάμε τα πιστεύω
και την γνώση. Μάθατε τι καθορίζει έναν ισχυρισμό και μια δήλωση, και ότι η πίστη
είναι ένα είδος δηλωτικής διάθεσης. Μάθαμε επίσης για είδη αιτιολόγησης και τον
παραδοσιακό ορισμό της γνώσης, τον οποίο ο Edmund Gettier μπέρδεψε τελείως, χρησιμοποιώντας τις υποθέσεις Gettier.
Και η γάτα δεν κατούρησε στο γραφείο μου! Διότι η γάτα ήταν ανίκανη να περάσει χρόνο
πάνω στο γραφείο μου. Οπότε αποδεικνύεται ότι ο ισχυρισμός που έκανα ήταν ψευδής.
Αλλά είναι ένας αληθής ισχυρισμός ότι το επεισόδιο αυτό χορηγήθηκε από το Squarespace. Το Squarespace
σε βοηθά να δημιουργήσεις ιστοσελίδες, μπλογκ και διαδικτυακά καταστήματα για εσένα και τις ιδέες σου. Οι ιστοσελίδες φαίνονται
σχεδιασμένες επαγγελματικά άσχετα με το επίπεδο δεξιοτήτων, δεν απαιτείτε προγραμματισμός. Δοκιμάστε το Squarespace
στο squarespace.com/crashcourse για μια ειδική προσφορά.
Το crash course φιλοσοφίας δημιουργείται σε συνεργασία με τα PBS Digital Studios. Μπορείτε να κατευθυνθείτε
στο κανάλι τους για να δείτε καταπληκτικά σόου όπως τα Game/Show, The Chatterbox, και Physics Girl.
Αυτό το επεισόδιο Crash Course γυρίστηκε στο Crash Course Studio του Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney
Italian:
La prossima volta, vedremo una possibile risposta.
Nel frattempo, hai imparato alcuni concetti chiave che usiamo quando si parliamo di convinzioni
e conoscenza. Hai imparato cosa definisce un'asserzione ed una proposizione, e che una convinzione
è un tipo di atteggiamento proposizionale. Abbamo anche imparato a conoscere le forme di giustificazione e
la definizione tradizionale di conoscenza, che Edmund Gettier ha scombussolato, usando i suoi casi di Gettier.
E il gatto non ha fatto pipì sulla mia scrivania! Perché il gatto non è stato in grado di passare alcun tempo
sulla mia scrivania. Così salta fuori che l'affermazione che ho fatto era falsa.
Ma è una vera affermazione che questo episodio è stato offerto da Squarespace. Squarespace
aiuta a creare siti web, blog o negozi in linea per voi e le vostre idee. I siti web sembrano
progettati professionalmente indipendentemente dal livello di abilità, senza bisogno di programmare. Prova Squarespace
a squarespace.com/crashcourse per un'offerta speciale.
Crash Course Philosophy è prodotto in associazione con PBS Digital Studios. Puoi dirigerti
verso il loro canale per dare un'occhiata a spettacoli sorprendenti come Game/Show, The Chatterbox, e Physics Girl
Questo episodio di Crash Course è stato girato nel Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
Portuguese:
Na próxima nós veremos algumas respostas possíveis.
Nesse meio tempo, você aprendeu sobre alguns conceitos chave que usamos quando discutimos crenças
e conhecimento. Aprendeu o que define uma assertiva e uma proposição, e que crença
é um tipo de atitude proposicional. Também aprendemos sobre formas de justificativa e
a definição tradicional de conhecimento, o que Edmund Gettier bagunçou bastante com seus Casos Gettier.
E o gato não fez xixi na minha mesa! Porque o gato não ficou tempo suficiente
na minha mesa. Então a assertiva que eu fiz era falsa.
Mas é uma assertiva verdadeira que este episódio é oferecido a você por Squarespace.
Squarespace ajuda a criar websites, blogs e lojas online para você e suas ideias. Os sites são
desenvolvidos profissionalmente, independente do nível de habilidade, não é necessário saber encodar.
Experimente Squarespace em squarespace.com/crashcourse para uma oferta especial.
Crash Course Philosophy é produzido em associação com PBS Digital Studios. Você pode dar uma
olhada nos canais e ver outros programas incríveis como Game/Show, The Chatterbox and Physics Girl.
Este episódio de Crash Course foi filmado no Estúdio Crash Course Dra Cheryl C. Kinney
Vietnamese:
Lần tới chúng ta sẽ xem xét một đáp án nữa.
Vừa rồi, bạn được tìm hiểu về một số khái niệm chính mà chúng ta dùng khi bàn về niềm tin
và tri thức. Bạn tìm hiểu về định nghĩa của sự khẳng định và mệnh đề, và niềm tin
là một loại thái độ mệnh đề. Chúng ta cũng tìm hiểu về dạng biện hộ và
định nghĩa truyền thống của tri thức, cái mà Edmund Gettier hoàn toàn không tán thành bằng cách sử dụng trường hợp Gettier.
Và con mèo không tè lên bàn của tôi. Bởi vì con mèo không hề có thời gian
nằm trên bàn của tôi nữa. Thế hóa ra khẳng định của tôi là sai.
Nhưng khẳng định tập này được tài trợ bởi Squarespace là đúng. Squarespace
giúp bạn tạo trang web, blog hoặc của hàng online cho bạn và cho ý tưởng của bạn. Những trang web chuyên nghiệp được tạo ra
bất kể trình độ nào, không bắt buộc mã. Hãy ghé thăm Squarespace tại
squarespace.com/crashcouse để nhận được những ưu đãi đặc biệt.
Crash Course Philosophy được hợp tác sản xuất với PBS Digital Studio. Bạn có thể đến với
kênh của họ để xem những chương trình tuyệt vời như Game/Show, The Chatterbox, and Physics Girl
Tập này được quay phim ở Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
Estonian:
Järgmisel korral me vaatame ühte võimalikku vastust.
Aga vahepeal, sa õppisid mõned võtme-terminid mida kasutada, kui arutad uskumusi
ja teadmisi. Sa õppisid kuidas defineerida väidet ja propositsiooni ja et uskumus
on propositsiooniline hoiak. Samuti me õppisime erinevate õigustamise vormide kohta ja
traditsioonilist teadmise definitsiooni, mille Edmund Gettier täielikult lõhkus, kasutades selleks Gettieri juhtumit.
Ja kass ei urineerinud mu lauale! Sest kass oi olnud võimeline veetma minu laual
märkimisväärset aega. Ja seega tuleb välja ei minu väide on väär.
Aga selle episoodi tõesed väited tõi sinuni Squarespace. Scuarespace
aitab luua veebilehti, blogisid ja veebi poode sulle ja sinu ideedele. Veebilehed näevad välja
professionaalsed, sõltumata sinu oskustest ja programmeerimist ei ole vaja. Proovi Squarespace'i
aadressil squarespace.com/crashcourse
et sada osa eripakkumisest.
Crash Course Filosoofia on todetud koostöös PBS Digital Studios. Sa võid külastada nende kanalit
ja vaadata mõnda suurepärast esitlust nagu Game/Show, The Chatterbox ja Physics Girl.
See Crash course'i episood filmiti
Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio's
Dutch:
Volgende keer zullen we een mogelijk antwoord bekijken.
In de tussentijd heb je enkele van de sleutelconcepten geleerd die we gebruiken wanneer we geloof
en kennis bespreken. Je leerde wat een bewering en een propositie definiëren, en dat geloof
een soort propositionele attitude is. We hebben ook geleerd over vormen van rechtvaardiging en de
traditionele definitie van kennis, die Edmund Gettier totaal aan het wankelen bracht met behulp van zjn Gettier gevallen.
En de kat heeft niet op m'n bureau geplast! Want de kat was niet in staat om enige tijd
op mijn bureau door te brengen. Blijkt dat de bewering die ik maakte vals was.
Het is echter wel een ware bewering dat deze aflevering je aangeboden werd door Squarespace. Squarespace
helpt je om websites, blogs of webwinkels te creëren voor jou en je ideeën. Websites zien er
professioneel ontworpen uit ongeacht je vaardigheden, geen programmeren vereist. Probeer Squarespace
via squarespace.com/crashcourse voor een speciale aanbieding.
Crash Course Filosofie wordt geproduceerd in samenwerking met PBS Digital Studios. Je kan een kijkje nemen
op hun kanaal voor geweldige shows als Game/Show, The Chatterbox, en Physics Girl.
Deze aflevering van Crash Course werd gefilmd in de Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
Russian:
В следующем эпизоде мы рассмотрим один из возможных ответов.
Между тем, вы узнали несколько концептов, которые мы используем для обсуждения веры
и знания. Вы изучили, что такое утверждение и предположение, и, что вера
- это всего-лишь вид субъективного суждения. Мы также изучили формы обоснований и
традиционное определение знания, которое Эдмун Геттьер полностью разрушил, используя свои примеры.
И да, кот не написал на мой стол! Потому что кот не мог провести столько времени
на моём столе. Значит моё утверждение насчёт этого оказалось неверным.
Но это абсолютно верное утверждение, что этот эпизод был подготовлен для вас при поддержке Squarespace.
Squarespace помогает создавать сайты, блоги или онлайн магазины для вас и ваших идей. Веб-сайты выглядят
профессионально, в независимости от ваших знаний в программировании. Заходите на
https://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse за специальным предложением.
"Краткий Курс Философии" произведён совместно с PBS Digital Studios. Вы можете зайти
на их канал, чтобы оценить невероятные шоу, такие как Game/Show, The Chatterbox, and Physics Girl.
Этот эпизод "Краткого Курса" был отснят в Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course студии
Turkish:
Bir sonraki sefer, olası bir cevaba bakacağız.
Ve bu sırada, inanç ve bilgi hakkında tartışırken bazı ana kavramları öğrendiniz.
Bir iddiayı ve önermeyi neyin tanımladığını, ve inancın
bir çeşit önermesel tutum olduğunu öğrendiniz. Aynı zamanda gerekçenin biçimlerini ve
bilginin geleneksel tanımını öğrendik, ki Edmund Gettier kendi Gettier durumlarını kullanarak alt üst etmişti.
Ve kedi masama işemedi! Çünkü tüm bu zaman boyunca masamda zaman geçirmek
elinden gelmiyordu. Yani yaptığım iddianın yanlış olduğu ortaya çıktı.
Ancak bu bölümün size Squarespace tarafından sağlandığı doğru bir iddia.
Squarespace, web sitesi, blog veya çevrimiçi mağaza ve fikirlerinizi üretmek için bir yoldur. Programlama
ya da yetenek seviyesi gerektirmeksizin profesyönelce tasarlanmış siteler.
squarespace.com/crashcourse sitesinden özel bir teklile deneyebilirsiniz.
Crash Course felsefe PBS Digital studios ortaklığıyla üretilir. Onların kanalına
gidip Game/Show, The Chatterbox ve Physics Girl. gibi muhteşem şovları inceleyebilirsiniz.
Crash Course"un bu bölümü Doktor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio'da çekilmiştir.
Spanish:
La próxima vez, veremos a una posible respuesta.
Mientras tanto aprendiste sobre los conceptos clave que usamos cuando discutimos creencia
y conocimiento. Aprendiste que define a una afirmación y a un conocimiento y que la creencia
es un tipo de actitud proposicional. También aprendimos sobre formas de justificación y la
tradicional definición de conocimiento con la que Gattier totalmente jugó usando los casos de Gettier.
¡Y el gato no meó en mi escritorio! Porque el gato era incapaz de estar más tiempo
en mi escritorio. Así que resulta que la afirmación que hice era falsa.
Peor es una afirmación falsa que este episodio fue traído a ti por Squarespace. Squarespace
te ayuda a crear sitios web, blogs, o tiendas online para ti y tus ideas. Los sitios web se ver
diseñados profesionalmente sin importar el nivel de habilidad, no se requiere codificación. Prueba Squarespace
en squarespace.com/crashcouse para una oferta especial.
Crash Course Filosofía es producido en asociación con PBS Digital Studios. Puedes ir a su
canal y ver show increíbles como Game/Show, The Chatterbox, y Physics Girl
Este episodio de Crash Couse fue filmado en el Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
iw:
בפעם הבאה, נבחן תשובה אפשרית אחת.
בינתיים, למדת חלק
ממושגי המפתח שאנו משתמשים כאשר דנים על אמונה
וידע. למדת מה מגדיר
ביטוי טענה והצעה, ואמונה
זה סוג של יחס היגדים. אנחנו גם
למדנו על צורות של הצדקה ואת
ההגדרה המסורתית של ידע, אשר אדמונד גייטר התעסק ושינה לחלוטין, באמצעות מקרי גייטר שלו.
והחתול לא השתין על שולחני! כי
החתול לא היה מסוגל לבלות זמן
על השולחן שלי בכלל. אז מתברר שהקביעה
שעשיתי הייתה שקר.
אבל קביעה נכונה לפרק זה
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קורס הצעה מיוחדת.
קראש קורס פילוסופיה מופקת בשיתוף פעולה
עם האולפנים הדיגיטליים של PBS. אתה יכול להיכנס
לערוץ שלהם ולבדוק הופעות מדהימות
כמו משחק/ הצגה, הפטפטנית, ואת ילדת הפיזיקה
פרק זה של קראש קורס צולמה
בסטודיו קראש קורס: דוקטור שריל ג קיני
English:
Next time, we will look at one possible answer.
In the meantime, you learned about some of
the key concepts we use when discussing belief
and knowledge. You learned what defines an
assertion and a proposition, and that belief
is a kind of propositional attitude. We also
learned about forms of justification and the
traditional definition of knowledge, which Edmund Gettier just totally messed with, using his Gettier cases.
And the cat did not pee on my desk! Because
the cat was unable to spend any time at all
on my desk. So it turns out the assertion
that I made was false.
But it is a true assertion that this episode
was brought to you by Squarespace. Squarespace
helps to create websites, blogs or online
stores for you and your ideas. Websites look
professionally designed regardless of skill
level, no coding required. Try Squarespace
at squarespace {dot com} {forward slash} crash
course for a special offer.
Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association
with PBS Digital Studios. You can head over
to their channel to check out amazing shows
like Game/Show, The Chatterbox, and Physics Girl
This episode of Crash Course was filmed in
the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
Romanian:
Data viitoare vom vedea un posibil răspuns.
Între timp, ai învățat despre câteva concepte cheie pe care le vom folosi pentru a vorbi despre convingere
și cunoaștere. Ai învățat definiția unei declarații și a unei propoziții logice, și că o convingere
este un tip de atitudine propozițională. De asemenea, am învățat despre formele justificării și despre
definiția tradițională a cunoașterii, pe care Edmund Gettier a schimbat-o folosind problemele de tip Gottier.
Și că pisica nu a făcut pipi pe birou! Asta pentru că pisica nu a putut să stea prea mult timp
pe birou, deci declarația pe care am făcut-o a fost falsă.
Dar este o declarație adevărată că acest episod ți-a fost oferit de Squarespace. Squarespace
te ajută să creezi website-uri, bloguri și magazine online pentru tine și ideile tale. Site-urile arată
profesional, indiferent de nivelul abilităților, și fără a fi nevoie de codare. Încearcă Squarespace
pe squarespace.com/crashcourse pentru oferte speciale.
Crash Course Philosophy este produs prin asociere cu PBS Digital Studios. Poți să arunci un ochi
pe canalul lor pentru a vedea show-uri ca Game/Show, The Chatterbox și Physics Girl.
Acest episod Crash Course a fost filmat în studioul Crash Course - Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney
Arabic:
في المرة القادمة، سنستعرض أحد الإجابات المحتملة
في هذه الأثناء، تعلمت أحد المفاهيم الأساسية التي نستعملها لنناقش الاعتقاد
و المعرفة، تعلمت ما يحدد التوكيد و الافتراض، وأن ذلك الاعتقاد
هو نوع من السلوك الفرضي، أيضا تعلمنا عن أشكال التبرير
و التعريف التقليدي للمعرفة، والذي عبث به إدموند جيتر كليا، باستخدام حالات جيتر الخاصة به
والقط لم يتبول على مكتبي، لأنه لم يستطع أن يمضي أي وقت على مكتبي
إذن اتضح أن التوكيد الذي قلته كان خاطئًا
لكنه توكيد صحيح، هذه الحلقة قدمت لكم من Squarespace
سكوير سبيس طريقة لإنشاء المواقع أو مدونة أو متجر إلكتروني لك وأفكارك.
مواقع إلكترونية مصممة باحتراف, بغض النظر عن مسوى المهارة, ولا تحتاج للبرمجة.
جرب Squarespace
تم إنتاج Crash Course Philosophy بالتعاون مع PBS Digital Studios
يمكنك التوجه لقناتهم لاستكشاف عروض مدهشة مثل الألعاب والعروض, The Chatterbox و Physics Girl
تم تصوير هذه الحلقة في استوديو الدكتور Cheryl C. Kinney
French:
La prochaine fois, nous verrons une possible réponse.
Entretemps, vous avez vu certains des concepts clé qu’on utilise quand on discute des croyances
et de la connaissance. Vous avez appris ce qui définit une assertion et une proposition, et que la croyance
est un genre d’attitude propositionnelle. On a aussi vu des formes de justification et la
définition traditionnelle de la connaissance, ce qu’Edmund Gettier a foutu en l’air, en utilisant ses cas de Gettier.
Et le chat n’a pas fait pipi sur mon bureau ! Parce que le chat ne pouvait pas passé de temps
sur mon bureau. Il s’avère donc que l’assertion que j’ai faite était fausse.
Mais c’est une vraie assertion que cet épisode vous a été présenté par Squarespace. Squarespace
aide à créer des sites, des blogs ou des magasins en ligne pour vous et vos idées. Les sites ont
un design professionnel quels que soient vos compétences, pas de codage requis. Essayez Squarespace
sur squarespace.com/crashcourse pour une offre spéciale.
Crash Course Philosophy est produit en association avec les Studios PBS Digital. Vous pouvez aller voir
leur chaine pour regarder de fantastiques émissions comme Game/Show, The Chatterbox et Physics Girl.
Cet épisode de Crash Course a été filmé dans le studio Crash Course Dr Cheryl C. Kinney
Arabic:
مع مساعدة كل هؤلاء الأشخاص المذهلين, وفريق التصوير Thought Cafe.
Estonian:
ning meid aitasid kõik need lahedad inimesed ning meie fantastiline graafika meeskond Thought Cafe.
iw:
בעזרת האנשים המדהימים וצוות הגרפיקה הפנטסטי שלנו לא פחות הוא טוג' קפה.
French:
avec l’aide de ces gens fantastiques et notre tout aussi fantastique équipe graphique est Thought Café.
Modern Greek (1453-):
με την βοήθεια αυτών των καταπληκτικών ανθρώπων και η ισάξια φανταστική ομάδα γραφικών είναι το Thought Cafe.
Italian:
con l'aiuto di queste persone fantastiche ed il nostro altrettanto fantastico team grafico è Thought Café.
Turkish:
Bu videoya bu harika insanlar yardımcı olmuşlardır ve grafik ekibimiz Thought Cafe.
Portuguese:
com ajuda dessas pessoas incríveis e nossos igualmente fantástico time gráfico é Thought Café.
Spanish:
con la ayuda de esta gente asombrosa y nuestro igualmente fantástico equipo gráfico es Thought Cafe.
Dutch:
met de hulp van deze geweldige mensen en ons evenzeer fantastisch grafisch team is Thought Cafe.
English:
with the help of these awesome people and our equally fantastic graphics team is Thought Cafe.
Russian:
с помощью этих замечательных людей и не менее фантастической графической команды Thought Cafe.
Vietnamese:
với sự giúp đỡ của những người tuyệt vời và đội đồ họa Thought Cafe của chúng tôi.
Romanian:
cu ajutorul acestor oameni minunați, iar echipa fantastică de grafică este Thought Cafe.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Hey Meta Junkies.
Before we get into this video, I wanted to
remind you to like this video, and to subscribe.
We are a new channel dedicated to spreading
the gaming news in a short, concise format,
and it would help us out alot.
Thanks.
Onto the news:
Naughty Dog has officially given a release
date to their next outing, Uncharted The Lost
Legacy.
It features two characters that players of
other Uncharted titles should be aware of,
and a whole new story and new treasures to
find.
Not only was a cinematic released as well,
but they also dropped over 10 minutes of gameplay
footage to boot.
The demo opens with our two heroes navigating
some treacherous terrain in an Indian jungle.
The tools of the trade are all familiar, from
swinging on a grappling hook to parkour-style
wall-climbing.
It the quieter moments, the pair examine their
striking surroundings with a keen eye, sleuthing
out the best path forward.
But it doesn’t take long for the duo to
find themselves in a firefight and staring
down a tank.
The footage was shown at E3, at 60fps for
the PS4 Pro, but it can still be played by
the normal PS4.
It is confirmed to have a runtime of around
3-5 hours.
This game was originally meant as a DLC, but
as they worked on it they decided to make
it feature length.
Uncharted The Lost Legacy drops on August
22nd, 2017, at a reasonable price of $40 US
or 30 GBP If you purchased the Uncharted 4
Digital Deluxe Edition or the Explorer’s
Pack before December 13 will get Lost Legacy
as a free download.
My thoughts:
I have never played an Uncharted game, and
this one seems like a good place to start.
I watched the trailer, and the gameplay, and
it looked like I was watching a movie in game
form.
I'd love to give it a shot, and at 40 bucks,
it's cheap enought to take the risk.
What are your thoughts?
As usual, please leave them in the comments!
And don't forget to like and subscribe to
this channel!
If you want to play better, watch Juste Meta,
thanks for watching!
Source - http://www.gamesradar.com/uncharted-4-the-lost-legacy-release-date-trailer-gameplay/
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Okay, so this is kind of really hard for me
to say because I'm a bit upset about it, but
The whole thing with Stephen Hawking's death…
Um, Rest In Peace.
Brilliant man, obviously.
No one is disputing that.
But with his death, I am seeing images and
comments that are just so extremely ableist
and upsetting.
I'll show you one here, for example:
This image upsets me because it's basically
saying "Now that Stephen Hawking is dead,
he's free.
He's free from his wheelchair, he's free from
his disability, he's free from suffering."
That is a damaging and dangerous idea, to
put it as simply as I can.
It wasn't Stephen Hawking's wheelchair that
limited him.
He was limited physically by his degenerative
disability, no one can dispute that, of course.
But he was more limited by what people thought
he couldn't do now that he was a wheelchair
user.
He was limited by the universities he went
to not being wheelchair accessible, he was
limited by people thinking that he couldn't
achieve anything now that he was a disabled
man.
Steven Hawking, first and foremost, was a
brilliant mind.
He was a genius.
He discovered things about black holes, about
time and space that most of us still can't
fully comprehend.
I know I can't!
Like, I still don't really understand what
it is that he actually discovered…
And that's on me, but…
To say that now now he's died, to go "Now
he's finally free…"
It was his wheelchair that set him free!
My wheelchair…
Sorry…
My wheelchair is what gives me freedom.
It's how I get through the world.
It's…
It's what gives me the capacity to have a
good quality of life.
And…
And by seeing images like that, really hurt
me.
Because it says…
Because it says that my life isn't valuable
until I die, which…
(I'm shaking!
I'm shaking because this makes me so emotional,
but…)
The thing with Stephen Hawking was he achieved
so much, and he was a disabled man.
He achieved what he did, and he was disabled.
It wasn't his disability that stopped him
from achieving.
It's thoughts about our assistive devices
like wheelchairs, like canes, like breathing
apparatuses…
It's people seeing them as a weakness, as
a hindrance that stops society from helping
us.
That makes people think that "Awh, they're
just in pain.
That's their problem.
I'm gonna ignore it."
Rather than going "Oh!
These are the things people need to live good
lives."
If people had more of these things, if people
had things like this that worked better, their
lives could be even better!
And it's this idea of assistive devices as
restrictive that stops us from making devices
better, that stops us from truly including
people with disabilities in our society.
Sorry I got so emotional just there, but it's
so incredibly, like,
a part of who I am.
Like, I can't imagine not having my wheelchair.
It's my wheelchair that gives me the abilities
that I have, essentially.
Like, I couldn't go out and get groceries
without my wheelchair.
I couldn't see my friends, I couldn't exercise.
I couldn't do so much…
And to think that, when I died, people would
try and take that away from me would be awful…
I am a wheelchair user.
If that makes you sad, if that makes you uncomfortable,
I can't help that.
Like, be sad.
Be uncomfortable.
But don't put that on me.
Don't think that my life is less than yours,
because I use a wheelchair.
I'm just using what I got, you know what I
mean?
I'm just doing the best I can, with what I
have.
Stephen Hawking had even less than me, physically
speaking.
But he's done even more, so much more!
His achievements are a testament to…
The hypocrisy that physical limitation has
to limit your life in any way.
It doesn't.
It's your limited mentality that restricts
people!
It honestly, honestly is.
And I think that if we can get passed this
idea that devices are what limits people,
I think we could do so much better.
For people like me, for ourselves, we can
do so much better.
We can understand each other so much better
if we stop reducing disabled people down to
their devices, down to what they can't do,
and start accepting that we can achieve.
We can do.
We can do whatever we want to.
But we need help.
We need help from our devices, we need help
from the people around us.
And we need you to understand that that's
okay.
It's okay!
So, I went away to emotionally distance myself
and I've come back.
Just because I had more to say and I wanted
to say it properly…
So basically, my point in this video, to sum
up, is that Stephen Hawking was not limited
by his wheelchair.
It was his wheelchair that set him free.
That is my point.
Assistive devices are what help us, not what
hinder us.
Please, please, do not keep this rhetoric
of Stephen Hawking being set free from his
wheelchair going.
Because it is severely hurtful and damaging
for people like me, who use assistive devices.
And consider those when you share things to
do with Stephen Hawking's death.
Thanks so much for listening, have a great
day.
Bye!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
welcome to another anarchism research
group video. in this episode historian
Mike Finn talks to us about anarchist influences on education policy and
studying history with an anarchist squint. Don't forget to click subscribe and like
and share this video.
My name is Mike
Finn I'm an historian of post-war
Britain, contemporary Britain as well.
I've worked on a range of different
things but probably most recently the
stuff that I've been most focused on is
looking at the ways in which education
policy, the British state and British
socialism of all kind of interacted with
each other and the ways in which
actually increasingly I've been looking
at anarchist influences at those
intersections and I've got a book coming
out in the course of the next year which
is called Socialism, Education and Equal
Opportunity which focuses on those
questions in the context of Anthony
Crosland, socialist theorist and
politician, and the ways in which he was
influenced by anarchist and libertarian ideas
and the ways in which that played into
some of the policy decisions that he
made in relation to education
so I think one of the interesting things
about when we think about Anarchism and
education in Britain is the ways in
which it's usually a story that's told
at the margins. So it's usually a story
that's told about small-scale endeavors
often the case with anarchist initiatives,
at the margins society free schools,
anarchist communist Sunday schools before the
First World War
drawing on Francisco Ferrer and that
sort of thing. What we don't see really
in the story about anarchist education in
Britain is an investigation about the
ways in which libertarian socialist
anarchist ideas still played a role in
broader educational questions and have
more of an impact so what I've looked at
what I've tried to look into in two
different areas of my work is firstly,
the way in which the state relates to
higher education and the ways in which
that kind of you know can be looked at through an anarchist lens if you like and
then this more substantive project
that's now coming out as a book looking
at the ways in which socialist ideas of
a libertarian tinge if you like, of
anarchist variety, made an impact on the
ways in which people and particularly
politicians thought about how to
implement secondary education and where
the role of the state should be in that:
should it be directive should it be
coercive who should it be organized around local authorities as it generally
was in England and Wales and what the
character of that education should look
like and I've done that in this
particular case through looking Anthony
Crosland, the revisionist theorist and the
Labour politician who was also the
education secretary between '65 and '67. So I've looked at Anthony Crosland in the
connection with with these issues
because he's somebody we think we know
or he's somebody you that the left
thinks it knows and the different
fractions on the left think they know
well. You know he's often discussed as a
kind of proto-Blairite figure. The left of the
labor movement feel that way about him
but also the right of the labor movement
who want to appropriate him for that
cause and what that's really done is
it's really taken away from a real
understanding of what his motivations
we're and what his influences were and
David Goodway in an essay published a
couple of years ago made a provocative
claim that some of GDH Cole the
socialist intellectuals ideas permeated
down to Anthony Crosland do them took them on in his political career. So I was
already working on Crosland at that point
but I was sparked to look at his kind of if you
like anarchist lineage through that to
try and understand to what extent were
his actions and his political thought
influenced by by libertarian socialism
perhaps more explicitly and I do that in
the work that I do through looking at
his writing, which was extensive in terms
of his book the future of socialism and
his wider literature, but also in terms
of looking at why it was that he was so
interested in comprehensive education
right through his career. What was it
about that the had libertarian socialist
emphases? And I think a clear answer to
that in some ways is his attack on
hierarchy, his belief that fundamentally
hierarchy was antithetical to a
socialist society and his egalitarianism
was very much one that was
focused on essentially a critique of the
state and that also plays out ironically
in comprehensive education in the ways
in which he saw education being organised
Well I think, when people think about anarchist approaches to education, generally they think about
pedagogy, they think about the way in
which anarchist schools are organized. It's
not the case the Crosland appropriates
those. Crosland is still in favor of
classrooms and hierarchical organization
as far as that goes he's even in favor
of some things that contemporary
educationists of a non anarchist variety
will be against you know he's generally
quite supportive streaming for instance
but what he is interested in is the idea,
and this comes through in his wider work,
he's interested in workers control, which
he's consistently interested in, so there's
some syndicalist overtones there, and he
extends that to teachers and the
teaching profession and the idea they
should teach in the way they see fit and
they should be free from state directive
in that regard. So he's in some ways
inimical to the ideas of centralization
that we see later emerge within the
state education sector but his real
focus in terms of his libertarian
socialist emphases is that he wants to
build a community that is able to be
free in order to be free and egalitarian
he argues that community has to know
each other and the big scar on British
education or certainly English education
after the Second World War is the 11
plus it's the idea that people are
segregated at the age of 11 according to
supposes intellectual aptitude and he is
vehemently against this because he sees
this as creating hierarchies a naturalising
hierarchies and the two if you like the
two biggest emphases I would see is a
sort of libertarian socialist frame for him, are his critique of the state which
means that he wants to ensure that
schools have as much local autonomy as
they can and then secondly he he also
has this broader critique of hierarchy
which we see correspond with a lot of
anarchist and libertarian socialist
thinkers after the war, which he sees
being most liable to attack through the
spaces that you can create within the
comprehensive school. So in terms of
where it actually plays out, the
comprehensive school clearly is a state
initiative, in that sense it's obviously
not an anarchist one, but in Crosland's
mind it creates space for libertarianism,
it creates space for pupils together to
build a new community that's organized
on libertarian lines which is not
possible in a space where they are
segregated. In terms of how anarchists
can relate to the state I think
actually one of the interesting things
here is the extent to which what Crosland does and some of the ideas
that Crosland has actually correspond with
people like Colin Ward. So if you think
about Colin Ward, Colin Ward and
education is thinking more in terms of
pedagogy and he's thinking more radical
interventions in that way, but if you
look at Colin Ward's career, Colin Ward's career does acknowledge the existence the state,
does interact with it, you know in his
career as a town planner, in terms of the
discursive interventions he makes to try
and shape the agenda in terms of town
planning, you know the fact that he
writes for New Statesman and New Society
on self-help socialism and so on. That
parallels Crosland quite closely,
recognizing the existence of the state
and being prepared to try and if you
like make spaces for anarchy, which is
very much the Ward project, you know that
is something that sometimes has to
happen in a context where a state will
infringe on them if you don't engage
with it in some way shape or form. So I
think it does offer us some insights in
terms of the ways in which states can
be kind of evaluated on the crude
materialist criteria of better and worse, you
know the state is the enemy but at the
end of the day there are better and
worse states to live under and Crosland's vision of the much more
decentralized state might be one that
an anarchist will be relatively more
able to sleep at night under. I think it's
in the context of Crosland's
relationship with the state and his
sense of trying to preserve autonomy I
think there are lessons to be drawn from
that obviously for governments and
interestingly one of those lessons
which typically has been used by the
right as an excuse to not do things in
terms of social welfare but actually can
be interpreted very differently is to be
cautious when using the state machine. So
Crosland has sometimes been criticized
on the left for not being forthright
enough in pushing through the
comprehensive education program in 1965
to 1967 but part of the reason he was
reticent if you like to use the state
machine was his view that actually local
government was a good thing, the
government close to the people was in
general a good thing, that he was a
municipalist, which he was, and on that
basis he was a reluctant to use the kind
of office of the minister that just
closed down communities' abilities to
make their own decisions. That's
something we don't see very often now in
central government you know if we take
for example if we look at the ways in
which central government has operated in
relation to fracking for instance, that
it's just pretty much ridden
roughshod over a lot of communities'
objections that there's now,
notwithstanding recent discussions of a
ban, there's now conversations about the
idea that it might be worthwhile introducing
legislation to override local
authorities' ability to prevent fracking.
We can see there's a very different
ethos operating in government now so I
think that caution about using the state, and blithely using the state, and also
Crosland's fear that in doing so you
irrevocably change the relationships
within people, I think that it does an
important lesson which is very much been
forgotten both by the left and the right.
So I think in terms of an anarchist
approach to history one of the things we
have to think about is actually this
very little history that's been written
by anarchists, in terms of academic or
professional history at least. And one of
the reasons that is fairly obvious and
one of the things an academic an
anarchist approach can give us I think
is an attention to the way in which
history is biased in favor of power.
So if you go to James Scott's work for
instance, if you think about reading the
past with an anarchist squint, what it
does very clearly I think is show up
the state. It shows the state for what it
is, in a particular way, because history
is a state-centric discipline, you know
if you go back to the 19th century the
modern historical discipline
very much evolved as a way of
legitimizing state forms you know it's
not a controversial assessment you know
in 1724 the British crown established
professorships of history Oxford and
Cambridge in the 1880s the Regis
Professor of history at Cambridge JR
Seeley produced a book called The Expansion
of England which was very much about
trying to glorify here they kind of
English state project. So the state and
history have always been intertwined with
each other, you know in terms of an
object and also a discipline of study
and I think what anarchist historiography can do or an anarchist approach to
history is it can correct for that. Now
actually Marxism has done a great deal
in bringing into historiography
the literature if those that have been driven
out the historical record, you know we've
seen that with the developments in
gender history since the 60s the you
know the issues around including race
and ethnic minority issues within
history you know strong analyses of
imperialism as well that have come from
Marxism. So we've seen that but I think
what anarchism can also give us which is
slightly different is when we look at
topics that are covered by mainstream
history, for example the education system,
we can see ways in which the state
operates which otherwise lack
explanation, or lack plausible explanation.
So my first major historical work as
a historian was my PhD which looked at
the expansion of higher education in
Britain in the post-war period and I
didn't start that as an anarchist, but was
part of the reason I ended up one is
because of the ways in which the state
on the one hand
try to legitimize what I was doing in
terms of the language of welfare and the
benevolence of the state towards the
public, wider population but actually
what it was doing in the context of what
David Edgerton the historian talks about, who is not an anarchist, it was expanding
the warfare states and what it was doing
was it was remodeling population for a
global economic war, and if you look at
that with an anarchist squint what it also
does is it problematizes the periods we
look at. So when we're activists as well,
when we're thinking about trying to
resist neoliberalism what if the problem
actually trying to resist is more
deep-seated than that? So an anarchist
reading for example of the development
the university since 1945 wouldn't see a
Golden Age between 1945 and 1998. What it would says is that the state has always been
aggrandizing and has always been expanding
its power within universities and that
has always at serious consequences to
the people within them even as it has at
face-value diminished privilege. So I
think what anarchism offers us as
historians - that's just a case study - what
it really does offer us it offers us a
much more nuanced reading of power and
state power than either Marxism or
liberal historiographies. We can both
bring into the records directly the
histories of the marginalized that have
been obscured but what we can also do is we
can take a very critical lens to
historiographical topics they've already
been well investigated and see the state
in a way that we you know, that hadn't
been available to us previously. So I
think the consequences for activism
of adopting an anarchist approach to
historiography are obviously first and
foremost that it does bring in more
marginalized voices, provides an ethics
of how to relate to people's concerns
and a way to behave in radical circles,
that's first off, but second off in terms
of the actual things we're trying to
solve, the actual problems we're trying to
address, it contextualizes them more
deeply which I think is helpful but
also it makes us look and think hard
about whether we're aiming at the wrong
targets. One of the things that the
radical left has done consistently,
forever, is make demands on the state. Now
anarchists necessarily are skeptical of
that, Now, I know that we have to make
demands of the state, the state is real
and it exists but the critical ways in
which we do so need to be evaluated
in history can help us to do that, you
know if for example you know we
want to take a policy, let's take
from the current labor policy suite if you like, the National Education
Service, on face value many on the Left
will find nothing to object to about the
idea of enshrining a commitment to
education philosophically, on the same
level as a commitment to health, but at
the same time an anarchist would look at
that and say part of the problems
that we have in education today are
actually because of the expansion of
state power not its withdrawal, so what
happens if you radically increase the
influence of the state within education
for supposedly benign reasons but then
you end up in a situation where a
government which takes a different view
than has access to that vehicle? Because
it is a natural enough thing
particularly for those who are
interested in the parliamentary left to
make demands on the state but equally
state expansion generally for an
anarchist is never a good thing, so we
need to think carefully about what we do
when we're making those sorts of claims and
I think history can help us with that
I think the first way in which you can start to
do a new kind of anarchist historiography
is you can involve different kinds of people
in it for starters, and that's not just
in terms of the stories you tell but
also the ways in which you break down
your own privilege as an historian so I think
as academics sometimes we're a bit shame-faced about the fact that were privileged people,
we are privileged people you know, we
occupy a particular situation that is
socially very privileged. At the same
time to do anarchist history
effectively, to be able to offer a squint
on a whole series of topics, to bring
things to life you haven't seen before,
you need to essentially facilitate the
ability of groups to make their own
history and so I think one of the things
that anarchist historiography can do is in an
accessible way it can write narratives
and stories that people can recognize
themselves in and can find useful but
equally it doesn't just do that from a
position of privilege, it goes out to the
society and asks you know people to be
involved, so co-creation history is an
obvious one. Particularly as anarchist
activists and academics we shouldn't be
seeing a division between ourselves and our
professional concerns and those of the
wider society, you know, ultimately an anarchist historiography
I think prefiguratively
should mirror what an anarchist
university should look like, which means
there should be no boundary between it
and a wider society, you know the two
should be synonymous with each other, the
anarchist university should be a
living presence amongst the society and
ditto the historiography. That's a long
way from where we are so in terms of
initial practical building blocks what
does that mean? Well it means actually
checking your privilege, getting out into
communities and getting involved in groups
that are developing histories of
communities and of marginalized
communities and not being privileged in
doing so, not not saying you're going out
there to tell people how to write
history, because you're not, you're going out
there to learn how to write history and
also use your privilege to facilitate
the entree of that history into the
broader academic historiography, that's
what you're there for. You're not a gate-keeper you're there to smash the gate down.
Anarchist history is a problem as much for
historians as the anarchist present is,
you know if you think about a
controversy over Rojava one of the
great challenges for anarchists is seeing
anarchism when it's actually happening. I
think that's a real issue, and if you
bear in mind there's no consensus
amongst the anarchist community if you
like on Rojava then take that back to
the past and multiply it because you have
anarchists who claim all sorts of
non-hierarchical, horizontal organizing
practice as anarchism in the past,
which can be seen as partisan, and in a
sense can then obscure as much as
illuminate the reality of the historical
past so I think that you know there's
not a straightforward division between
doing anarchist history and thinking
about the anarchist present, I think we
have to think about both at the same
time because history is a creature of
the present that's what it is but I
think also if we turn that lens on
ourselves and we think about the ways
you know as Matthew Adams has said the
anarchist canon is constructed and we
think about the ways in which actually
as anarchists were beholden to a
self-mythology
I think being critical about our own
histories is really important in terms of
any opportunity we might have to not
just be wedded to what might be seen as
dogmatic positions and being able to
adapt to events as anarchists in the
past, in the 1860s 1870s in the classic
period weren't able to do in their own
time.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
BECOME NXT CHAMPION.
HE'S GOT IT LOCKED IN.
>> GARGANO ESCAPE LOCKED IN.
AND AS TIME TICKS AWAY, CAN
JOHNNY GARGANO EARN HIS SECOND
DECISION IN THIS MATCHUP
COLE IS FIGHTING
LOOK AT THE TORQUE ON THE LEFT
SHOULDER, BETH.
>> ADAM COLE LOOKING TO REVERSE
IT, AND GARGANO ONCE AGAIN
CINCHES IT IN.
>> GARGANO REALIZING HE'S SO
CLOSE.
ADAM COLE FIGHTING THROUGH IT
FROM THE OUTSIDE
TOMMASO CIAMPA DRAGGING GARGANO
AND COLE TO THE FLOOR.
>> CIAMPA WAS DOWN AND OUT, BUT
SOMEHOW, SOME WAY BOUGHT HIMSELF
ENOUGH TIME TO COME AROUND
THAT KNEE CLEARLY STILL
BOTHERING HIM, THOUGH.
>> AND REMEMBER A PINFALL AND
SUBMISSION MUST TAKE PLACE,
BETH, INSIDE THE RING.
CIAMPA'S GOT TO GET ONE OF THESE
SUPERSTARS BACK INSIDE THE RING.
>> CIAMPA CONTINUING HIS
ONSLAUGHT, LOOKING TO LAY OUT
THE OTHER TWO COMPETITORS, TO
BUY ENOUGH TIME TO GET A PINFALL
OR SUBMISSION IN THE MIDDLE OF
THE RING.
>> IF YOU CAN SCORE ONE PINFALL
AT THIS POINT IN THE MATCHUP,
YOU HAVE TO THINK IT IS GOING TO
BE SUDDEN DEATH.
ONE FALL, I'M SURE, IS GOING TO
WIN THIS NOW.
>> CIAMPA NOT AT 100%.
TRYING TO SHAKE FEELING INTO HIS
KNEE
HOISTING UP, AND WHAT A SUPLEX
ON THE FLOOR
THIS, WADE, MIGHT BE SMART
STRATEGY BY CIAMPA
DECIMATING HIS OPPONENTS ON THE
FLOOR AND THEN TOSS ONE IN AND
TRY TO PIN HIM
I MEAN CIAMPA COULD BE CLOSING
DOWN THE VICTORY.
>> CIAMPA, AT THE COST OF HIS
OWN BODY
>> THE DAMAGE IS ALREADY DONE
FOR CIAMPA
WHY NOT AT THIS STAGE?
GIVE IT EVERYTHING YOU'VE GOT.
>> NOW CIAMPA AND GARGANO
SLUGGING IT OUT.
THEY'VE TRADED BLOWS IN THE
PAST
THE FORMER BEST FRIENDS TURNED
BITTER RIVALS.
>> I'M NOT EVEN SURE IF THEY ARE
AWARE OF THE TIME, HOW LONG IS
LEFT
WE'VE SEEN THIS BEFORE LAST
WEEK
>> CIAMPA, HE TRIED THIS EARLIER
IN THE MATCHUP
CIAMPA NOW
OH
>> THIS COULD BE FOR THE NXT
CHAMPIONSHIP
GET HIM IN THE RING, CIAMPA.
>> CIAMPA TRYING TO GET GARGANO
BACK INTO THE RING
GARGANO, THERE'S NO WAY GARGANO
HAS ANYTHING LEFT.
IS CIAMPA LOOKING FOR THE SECOND
DECISION FOR HIMSELF
HOOK OF THE LEG.
THE COVER.
OH
ADAM COLE.
>> AGONIZING
A GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY GONE THERE
FOR TOMMASO CIAMPA
>> THIS TIME FAINN BALOR WITH TH
WHEREWITHAL TO PULL OFF CIAMPA.
>> CIAMPA NOW LAYING WASTE AS
WE'RE UNDER TWO MINUTES.
CIAMPA REALIZING TIME IS
SLIPPING AWAY.
CIAMPA TRYING TO PUT AWAY JOHNNY
GARGANO.
CIAMPA
CIAMPA JUST, JUST KICKED OUT.
>> HOW ON EARTH IS JOHNNY
GARGANO ON HIS FEET AFTER THAT
CRUSHING COLLISION WITH THE
RING
REMEMBER, JAKE ATLAS GOT
STRETCHERED OUT OF THE ARENA ONE
WEEK AGO BECAUSE OF THAT.
>> 90 SECONDS IS ALL THAT IS
LEFT
TOMMASO CIAMPA IS IN THE
DRIVER'S SEAT AT THIS MOMENT
CIAMPA LOOKING DOWN AT JOHNNY
GARGANO AND THE MAN WHO NEVER
LOST THE NXT CHAMPIONSHIP COULD
BE CLOSING IN ON ONCE AGAIN
WINNING IT BACK.
>> WHOEVER WINS THE NEXT FALL
HAS GOT TO BE THE CHAMPION
IF I'M A BETTING MAN, I'M
PUTTING MY HOUSE ON TOMMASO
CIAMPA.
>> TIME IS SLIPPING AWAY
TIME IS TICKING OFF THE CLOCK.
ALL FOUR SUPERSTARS AT ONE FALL
APIECE
WE ARE ONE MINUTE LEFT IN THIS
60-MINUTE IRON MAN MATCH
DESPERATION STARTING TO SETTLE
IN FOR THESE FOUR SUPERSTARS
GARGANO IS LEGITIMATELY OUT ON
HIS FEET
50 SECONDS AND COUNTING.
CIAMPA'S GOT TO MOVE
THE CLOCK IS TICKING
>> NOT A SECOND TO WASTE HERE.
TIE IT UP AND GET THE JOB DONE.
>> CIAMPA TRYING TO PULL, TRYING
TO WILL HIMSELF TO THE ROPE, THE
MIDDLE ROPE.
NOW HOISTING UP GARGANO.
30 SECONDS
GARGANO DROPPED CENTER OF THE
RING
CLOCK IS TICKING
WAIT A MINUTE.
>> OUT OF NOWHERE!
>> CAN BALOR PICK UP THE
VICTORY?
>> WHOA!
>> HE'S THE NEW CHAMPION
>> 12 SECONDS.
IT'S DOWN TO 10.
HAS BALOR DONE IT?
WAIT A MINUTE.
CLOCK IS TICKING
FIVE SECONDS
COLE TRYING TO FALL OVER BALOR
COVER.
WAIT A MINUTE.
>> NO WAY!
>> WHAT JUST HAPPENED?
>> LET'S GO BACK TO THE ACTION
I MEAN NO DOUBT ABOUT IT, WADE,
HERE
TOMMASO CIAMPA, VICTIM OF THE
COUP DE GRACE.
SPINS BALOR.
PRESENCE OF MIND TO ROLL OVER.
THERE YOU SEE THE REFEREE.
NO DOUBT BIN FAFINN BALOR SCORED
SECOND FALL.
BUT AS TIME WAS TICKING AWAY,
UNDER 10 SECONDS, IT WAS ADAM
COLE WITH THE LAST SHOT,
CONNECTING TO THE BACK OF FINN
BALOR.
COLE DESPERATELY, DESPERATELY
TRYING TO ROLL BALOR OVER.
REFEREE THERE.
>> FINN BALOR THOUGHT HE HAD IT
IN THE BAG
MAYBE CELEBRATING TOO EARLY.
>> THE ARGUMENT PICKING UP
BETWEEN BALOR AND COLE
>> LEGAL IS OUT HERE TO CLEAR
THINGS UP.
>> WHO IS THE CHAMPION
>> ON THE NEXT SUPER TUESDAY,
YOU TWO WILL FACE EACH OTHER
IT WILL BE ONE FALL TO THE
FINISH
| YoutubeSubtitles |
YoutubeSubtitles |
|
A lot of expert makeup work goes into the
Guardians of the Galaxy.
Out of all of the characters, nobody's look
is more difficult to achieve than that of
Nebula, daughter of Thanos and villain turned
Avenger.
You may recognize actress Karen Gillan, but
she definitely looks a little different in
the MCU.
In order to design Nebula's prosthetics, Guardians
of the Galaxy's makeup team began with a full-size
sculpted bust of Gillan's head, which was
used to properly fit the prosthetics they'd
soon be applying to the actress herself.
Makeup effects artist David White called the
design the "most complex and interesting"
of any of the Guardians, and likened it to
putting together a 3-D puzzle.
Speaking with Business Insider, White said,
"The five-piece prosthetic was a puzzle of
butt joins and blend offs, all on the same
pieces, and the density of the prosthetic
changes to accommodate the need to control
the amount of prosthetic movement from one
piece to another."
In other words, the areas of her face where
Gillan's expressiveness would have to shine
through needed thinner prosthetic pieces than
areas for which this wasn't a consideration.
The makeup team applied the carefully designed
prosthetics to Gillan's head each and every
day, after first putting on a latex bald cap,
which, especially in the case of the first
Guardians movie, was really kind of a formality.
Guardians of the Galaxy's version of the Nebula
makeup required Gillan to shave her entire
head, which she understood would be necessary
before accepting the gig.
Speaking with Screen Rant shortly before the
film's release, Gillan said,
"I was told even before I auditioned that
the actress who got this would have to shave
her head, and I didn't think I was gonna get
it.
So I was like, 'absolutely, I will shave my
head!
Sure!'
Then, like three screen tests later, [I thought],
'oh God, this might actually happen.'"
Gillan famously demonstrated her dedication
at San Diego Comic Con in 2013, when the Guardians
cast was introduced.
She arrived at the event sporting shoulder-length
locks, but when an audience member pointed
out that Nebula was supposed to be bald, Gillan
removed what turned out to be a wig, revealing
her completely smooth dome and drawing a raucous
response from the crowd.
At the time, she called the look "liberating,"
but admitted later that being bald did take
some getting used to.
"I found the whole thing hilarious at the
time, I was like, 'Ha ha, I'm bald!'
And then I woke up in the morning and I was
like, 'Oh God, oh God!'"
By the time she reprised her role in Guardians
of the Galaxy Vol. 2, her makeup's design
had undergone a slight modification.
Speaking to The Wrap before the flick's release,
Gillan said,
"I shaved half of my head this time, but they
took away the butt, like, the underneath-half
of my hair, and then left the top part.
That was the best gift ever."
For the first Guardians film, Gillan's stint
in the makeup chair each morning was nothing
short of grueling.
Being Nebula's first appearance in the Marvel
Cinematic Universe, the flick was introducing
a character who had a very specific look in
the comics, one which the makeup team took
extra time to ensure came off looking perfect
onscreen.
"It takes about five hours to get ready in
the mornings, and it's all just kind of prosthetics
all over my face and then an intense amount
of paint."
The process involved delicately putting that
five-piece puzzle together on Gillan's face,
carefully matching the prosthetics' blue shade
with makeup wherever her skin was exposed.
Of course, every piece would have to be a
perfect fit, including the "cybernetic implant"
on the left side of her head.
Once the day's shooting was complete, it was
another 30 minutes in the makeup chair for
everything to be removed, during which Gillan
would often serenade her makeup artists.
And, the next morning, she'd have to endure
the process all over again.
By the time Guardians Vol. 2 was ramping up
production, the makeup team had gotten their
process down to the point where they could
essentially cut the amount of time in half,
requiring her to sit for only two-and-a-half
hours every morning.
Once all of the prosthetics are in place,
there are several minor touches needed to
finish off the look.
The parts of her face not covered in latex
need to be touched up with blue makeup, which
is carefully applied with special swabs.
To achieve a delicate shading in these areas,
more makeup is layered on with an airbrush.
Finally, some fine detail is provided all
around using fine brushes and stencils, which
are used to give a textured look.
A final once-over with the airbrush, some
black shading around the eyes, and a set of
false eyelashes finishes off Gillan's head
and neck.
While Gillan's face and head are being worked
on, additional artists tend to her hands,
which are also painted completely blue.
The same texturing stencil is applied to the
backs of her hands, and once this is complete,
there's the little matter of Nebula's cybernetic
arms to consider.
As Gillan is made up in blue all the way down
past her shoulders, she's fitted with a pair
of prosthetic sleeves, the right one featuring
Nebula's lovely blue skin tone and "seams"
around the shoulder, and the left made to
look completely metallic.
The right arm also receives the stencil treatment
and fine detailing.
Gillan is then given a final once-over by
the team, and then there's one last piece
to the puzzle.
As with the rest of Nebula's look, her jet
black eyes are also achieved through practical
means.
According to makeup artist David White, Gillan
was fitted with 22-millimeter black contact
lenses which cover her entire eye to finish
off her daily makeup ordeal.
Of course, all of the makeup on Earth wouldn't
make a difference if Gillan weren't capable
of nailing Nebula's physicality, and, like
most Marvel actors, she undergoes a training
regimen which requires an insane amount of
dedication.
"Ugh, this is horrible."
In addition to healthy doses of cardio exercises
like cycling and running, she took part in
martial arts training, and lots of it.
Speaking to the crowd at St. Louis Comic Con
in 2017, Gillan said,
"I had to do fight training every day that
I wasn't shooting.
They told me that you have to do something
six thousand times before it's second nature.
I didn't manage to do the routine six thousand
times, but we certainly tried."
Weightlifting is also a critical part of her
routine when preparing to step into Nebula's
shoes.
The actress told PopSugar:
"I had to transform myself, because prior
to playing the role, I didn't do any [strength
training]."
Her routine before and during a shoot consists
of three days per week of heavy weight training,
interspersed with two days of dedicated fighting
and mixed martial arts.
It takes a lot of time and expert makeup work
to transform a pleasant Scottish actress into
a menacing alien warrior, but it's hard to
deny that the results are anything short of
astounding.
Gillan as Nebula is virtually unrecognizable,
and according to the actress, that's largely
due to the extensive makeup process.
Without it, Gillan says, she has a hard time
even reading her lines.
In one interview, Gillan said,
"Essentially, I have the character's skin
glued to my face, which is really as close
as I could possibly get to her.
It's pretty cool.
And it's kind of intense and slightly claustrophobic.
It's definitely become like part of my ritual,
in terms of like getting into character.
One time I did a rehearsal without the makeup
and I did not feel like her at all.
It's become a vital part of the process for
me."
Check out one of our newest videos right here!
Plus, even more Looper videos about the Marvel
Cinematic Universe are coming soon.
Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the
bell so you don't miss a single one.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
mmm up
in widespread destruction
collateral damage financial loss and
ultimately
a threat to life all brought about by
profoundly strong environmental forces
earthquakes
floods fires in hurricanes environmental
disasters so intense they leave their
own devastating signature
and require clear stabilized airborne
Intel to support timely relief missions
Wescam's MX Series appeal
IR systems incorporate both a
multi-spectral large aperture optics
and long range sensing capabilities
required for multi-mission capability
in the wake of such disasters missions
could include
searching for survivors in very low
light conditions
see to Hayes fog smoke another visual
determines
calculating the perimeter and area the
devastation
map in the movement and the fires
chemical or oil spills
and overseeing the progress and the
surgeon cleanup efforts
when disaster strikes
to Wescam
see First. Act First
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Natto - Fermentación de granos de soja
300g de soja remojados durante la noche
Seco y Remojado
poner a hervir al vapor con la olla a presión durante 15 minutos
ó, hervir durante 60 minutos con una olla normal
utilizar la paja del arroz
Las levaduras de fermentación están de forma natural en la paja de arroz
Las levaduras de Natto son muy resistentes.
Yo utilizo siempre el mismpo recipiente para la fermentación exclusiva del Natto
No cierre el recipiente herméticamente ya que los bacterias de Natto necesitan respirar.
ponga un paño de tela para que no se sequen los granos
fermentar a 40ºC/1041F durante 24 horas
en 24 horas
hecho :)
Cuando la fermentación está terminada huele a amoníaco
Ponga en Natto en el frigorifico y el olor a amoníaco desaparecerá
Una vez se tenga la paja de arroz es muy fácil hacer el Natto
Gracias por visitarme!
| YoutubeSubtitles |
(gentle music)
- [Narrator] Lesson one:
you can't win an argument.
Dale has been involved in
and observed thousands of arguments.
He came to the conclusion
that to get the best
of an argument, avoid it altogether.
Nine times out of 10, an
argument ends with each person
being more convinced that
they're absolutely right.
Even if you win an argument, you lose.
Why?
Well, because you've made the
other person feel inferior
and hurt their sense of pride.
Ask yourself, is it really
worth your time and energy
trying to win an argument
when it will give you nothing
but a temporary sense
of victory in exchange
for making the other
person feel like crap?
Lesson two: never tell a man he is wrong.
Wayne is a woodchopper.
Carl is a builder.
Wayne specialises in oak
wood and Carl in pine wood.
One day, Carl ordered
some oak wood from Wayne.
Upon inspecting the oak
wood, Carl was frustrated
with its poor quality and
wasn't willing to pay for it.
But Wayne noticed his quality
inspection was too strict
and was misinterpreting how to asses
the quality of oak wood.
He knew Carl was wrong.
Now most people would be tempted to say,
Carl, mate, you're bloody wrong.
But not Wayne.
Instead, he began asking
questions as to why the oak wood
was not of high quality.
He emphasised that he was only
asking so that he could give
Carl exactly what he
wanted for future orders.
He approached the situation in a friendly
and cooperative manner.
Eventually, Carl's attitude changed.
He soon admitted he was not
experienced with oak wood
and began asking Wayne questions.
He finally understood that
it was his fault for making
poor judgements about
the quality of the wood.
Carl ended up happily paying for the wood.
Now that's the power of never
telling someone they're wrong.
Feel free to try this
out in your own life.
I'm confident you will
notice that people respond
much more positively to you
when you don't tell them they're wrong.
Lesson three: ask questions
instead of giving orders.
It makes people want
to cooperate with you.
If you want your roommate
to help you do the dishes,
you will likely get a more
positive response if you say:
hey Clarence, could you
please give me a hand
with the dishes?
Instead of: hey Clarence,
do the dishes with me now.
Framing your request as a
question rather than a demand
makes Clarence feel like he
has a choice and therefore
will be more responsive to your requests.
Lesson four: remember names.
Andrew Carnegie, one of
the richest men in history
understood the importance of names.
As a child, he had a nest of pet rabbits
but no food to feed them.
He told the boys in the neighbourhood
that if they would go out
and get enough dandelions
to feed the rabbits,
he would name the bunnies in their honour.
The plan worked.
He used the same principle in business.
A man named Pullman and
himself were fighting
against each other trying to get
the sleeping car business to work.
During a meeting one
evening, Andrew suggested
that they merge companies
and work together.
Pullman listened intently and then asked,
what would you call the new company?
Andrew responded:
why, the Pullman Palace
Car Company, of course.
Pullman's face brightened and
he said: come into my room,
let's talk it over.
When I first met Amy, she told me her name
but I didn't hear her properly.
I asked her to say it again.
And even a third time during class.
The longer you leave it,
the more awkward it becomes.
You might feel embarassed
about asking more than once
but realise that people appreciate
it when you take the time
to learn their name.
I remember randomly talking to
a man in my class named Tom.
Next week I came in and I said:
hey Tom, how are you doing?
And he said: wow, I'm surprised
you remembered my name.
And now for the final lesson:
talk in terms of others' interests.
If there was just one
lesson you could take away
from this book this would be it.
I really struggle to talk to new people.
It doesn't matter if we
have nothing in common
because I talk about their interest.
In one of my first conversations with Amy,
I asked her a simple question:
what do you like to do in your spare time?
She said: I listen to music,
randomly sing and dance,
draw, do artsy stuff, try to keep fit,
watch movies and funny
TV shows, I read, I cook,
I play with my pets
and spend time with my family and friends.
I followed her up with
another simple question.
Okay, so what do you read
and what do you draw?
Amy got excited.
After a long outburst of
sharing her interests,
she said: I'm getting way too
excited talking about this.
No one ever gets to know me this way
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It's so awesome talking about my passions
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It doesn't matter whether
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friends, family, or strangers.
Talk in terms of other people's interests
and they'll love you for it.
Okay, now let's summarise
what we've learned today.
You can win an argument.
Never tell a man he is wrong.
Ask questions instead of giving orders.
Remember names.
And most importantly, talk in
terms of other's interests.
Feel free to drop a
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(gentle music)
| YoutubeSubtitles |
COLTON OGDEN: Hello world.
This is CS50 on Twitch.
My name is Colton Ogden, and today
I am joined for the first time by--
ANDY CHEN: Andy Chen.
Nice to meet y'all.
COLTON OGDEN: So Andy here--
tell us a little about
what would you do here
on campus, which you're involved in.
ANDY CHEN: Sure.
So I am a master student
studying bioinformatics.
I'm also a special student
in computer science,
and I actually work at
HarvardX, so if you guys
are familiar with the online
learning platforms of Harvard, that's
one of the offices that
has really good resources.
COLTON OGDEN: I feel like you--
didn't I-- I met you
in the spring, I think.
You came to the fair
for the Supreme Court.
ANDY CHEN: That's right, yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: And I
think you were talking
about something like that, yeah.
Pretty exciting.
And what are you going
to talk about today?
ANDY CHEN: Well today we're
going to talk about a programming
language called R, and
one of the things you
can do in it which
includes biostatistics.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh yeah.
ANDY CHEN: Cole, you might
ask me what is biostatistics?
COLTON OGDEN: What is biostatistics?
I actually--
ANDY CHEN: So it's really statistics
in the field of like biological data.
But a lot of people use it in
the context of epidemiology,
as opposed to more like
molecular biology kind of things.
And that's actually what we're
going to be dealing with today.
COLTON OGDEN: That's
diagnosing diseases, right?
Epidemiology.
ANDY CHEN: Epidemiology
is sort of the study
and the practice of response
to the spread of diseases.
COLTON OGDEN: Got it, OK.
Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: Right.
COLTON OGDEN: I clearly don't--
I'm not an expert on
biology or biostats.
ANDY CHEN: But you will be soon.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, I'm very excited.
We have a lot of people in
the chat that have joined us,
and were talking before we
started a little bit in advance.
Thank you very much to
everybody who's joined.
Regulars of ISO TV.
There's a new regular, Asley,
Newanda33333, belacures,
m.kloppenburg, thank you for joining.
Let me make sure I didn't
miss anybody up above that.
Techytack, hello.
[INAUDIBLE] and fatma,
thank you for joining
the regulars and everyone she's saying.
Really curious about about
this one says m.kloppenburg.
This is the first time we've
had anything kind of statistics
related onstream.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, exciting.
COLTON OGDEN: Python's
obviously a language
that's very often used in bio
or in stats, generally speaking.
But R kind of like the language that
people I think, maybe most people
associate-- or at least they associate
starts with R, and then R also
sort of with stats that
end with Python, too.
I don't know anything
about R, so I'm actually
very curious to see what it looks
like, what the environment looks,
what we can do in it.
I think we've caught
up on all the comments.
Everybody's saying hey Andy, nice
to meet you Andy, everybody saying,
so you got a lot of
friends in the chat there.
Yeah, so thanks so much everybody.
Let's go to your screen here,
so we have your screen set up.
And why don't you get us started here.
ANDY CHEN: Sure, awesome.
Thank you very much Colton.
Hello everyone, hello friends
from all over the world.
So R, like Colton was saying,
is one of probably two languages
that are very popular for statistics
or data science kind of things,
Python being the other one.
Today we're going to be looking at
R, which let's go to the website.
So bring up a browser if you will.
The first thing we're going to be doing
is installing the language itself.
Now notice that we
actually are not going
to be working in R, which on Mac OS 10--
well actually I don't
know what I'm running,
but whatever-- on Mac you have
to install R the language itself,
which actually I think does
have a command line interface.
But we're going to be
working in R Studio, which
is an integrated developing--
developing environment?
COLTON OGDEN: Integrated
development environment.
ANDY CHEN: Development
environment, thank you.
COLTON OGDEN: It's a mouthful.
ANDY CHEN: It's a mouthful.
I'll just keep calling ID.
COLTON OGDEN: ID.
That's why we call it an ID.
No one wants to say all those words.
ANDY CHEN: But yeah, so
we're going to be installing
R, which is the language itself,
as well as R Studio, which
is the IDE in which we'll be working.
COLTON OGDEN: What are the
links that we can go to,
and I can toss them in the chat as well.
ANDY CHEN: Great So the first one
is going to be www.r-project.org.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
ANDY CHEN: The second one
is going to be rstudio.com.
And the last one--
COLTON OGDEN: The former
being the language
itself, the latter being the IDE,
the R IDE that you're alluding to?
ANDY CHEN: Exactly.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
And babicnight also in the chat,
and Andre Jacob Johnson, and Irenae,
thank you very much for
joining us, everybody.
Well, some more regulars.
And babic, to answer your
question, not late at all.
We just started.
We're now tossing in some links into
the chat for downloading R and RStudio.
So r-project.org and rstudio.com.
ANDY CHEN: Thank you.
So what we're going to
be doing today is working
with the M Heinz data set, which
is actually kind of difficult to--
it's freely available.
It's a US governmental data, but it's
actually hard to parse its raw format,
so what we have provided
today is a .text file,
which I've uploaded to this link.
I don't--
COLTON OGDEN: We can
make a bitly for it.
So what is the--
do you want to email me the link, and
then I'll toss a bitly into the chat.
People can click on it, and then
get access to it later on YouTube.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely, yep.
And then so while I'm
doing that, let's see.
Let's get to email.
Oh, man [INAUDIBLE] piling up.
COLTON OGDEN: If you want
I can go and go here,
so people can see your personal email.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, yeah.
Some people like that.
COLTON OGDEN: Lots of
juicy tidbits in there.
Everybody just go ahead and
look through Andy's email.
Yeah, we'll get to it we'll get a
bitly for everybody in the chat,
if you want to email that to me.
ANDY CHEN: I think it should be sent.
COLTON OGDEN: OK, and we refresh.
Just one sec, everybody.
Sorry for the delay, but this
will be a lot better than typing
a super long mega upload link.
OK, so here I go I got the link.
I'm making the link.
I'm going to copy it to bitly.
If it wants to cooperate.
Copy it over to bitly,
paste it in there.
Get rid of these stupid messages.
ANDY CHEN: They're just
try to show you love, Cole.
COLTON OGDEN: A little bit.
Aw, crap.
OK.
Here, we're good.
We got this.
And edit bitly, get a a copy.
Can customize it?
I can't.
So we're going to call this
bit.ly/biostats_stream.
And so that will be how it works.
Clear all these messages, save that.
It's going to-- I'm going to copy that.
I'm going to go to the chat,
and I'm going to paste that in.
So now if you go to this bitly url.
So it's a bit.ly/biostats_stream.
And let me-- and Asly says, Andy is
such a Hufflepuff with a heart emoji.
ANDY CHEN: Thank you.
COLTON OGDEN: So bit.ly-- let
me make sure this is working--
/biostats_stream.
Yep, it works perfectly.
ANDY CHEN: Good.
And if anybody is curious, go to bit.ly
if you want to have a really long url,
and you want to shorten it
down, you can do that at bit.ly.
Bitly, as it's called.
COLTON OGDEN: Indeed.
OK.
ANDY CHEN: I think we
have a few comments.
Nuwanda333, I am a Hufflepuff.
Thank you, I think.
I think it's a good thing, right?
COLTON OGDEN: I think so.
I think the Hufflepuffs are--
I actually don't know what the--
ANDY CHEN: I think
they're the catch all.
COLTON OGDEN: I think
they're the friendly--
like I actually honestly
don't know too much about it.
ANDY CHEN: OK, well I'll take it.
COLTON OGDEN: All I know
is that they're friendly.
ANDY CHEN: Sure.
And then in response
to TwitchHelloWorld.
So I am doing my masters
in bioinformatics.
COLTON OGDEN: And did you
say you're doing with NCS?
ANDY CHEN: I'm a special
student in the graduate school
of Arts and Sciences, which
means I am sort of a visiting
student within the university.
COLTON OGDEN: Mm.
OK got it, got it.
Makes sense.
Only three megabytes, says faceless
voice [INAUDIBLE] surprised.
The data set is roughly small.
ANDY CHEN: Yay.
It's just text.
COLTON OGDEN: No big data today.
This is small data.
Sort of.
ANDY CHEN: It's approximately
10,000 entries, if I recall.
COLTON OGDEN: That's
actually pretty sizable.
ANDY CHEN: Actually I think
it's exactly 10,000 entries.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, wow.
Next we'll find the number.
ANDY CHEN: We'll find out.
COLTON OGDEN: Forces me to
install a stupid Chrome add on.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, don't do that.
It's so-- actually let me see if I
can show what it should look like.
Do not install the Chrome add on.
It's-- here.
So can we--
OK great.
So if you hit it once, and
it should, da, da, da--
I don't know what's going on.
No, no, you don't want this.
Do not do this.
This is-- OK.
I think-- there we go.
So you want it actually--
COLTON OGDEN: I guess you
got to click on it twice.
Just don't install the add on.
The upload is a little bit shady.
ANDY CHEN: It's a little--
I wouldn't trust it.
Those kiwis-- no, I'm just kidding.
COLTON OGDEN: Trying to get some
ransomware on everyone's computer
today.
Make a little extra money on the side.
ANDY CHEN: That's actually
what they pay me for.
It's my real job.
But all right, let's get back to R.
The first link on r-project.org is
downloading the language itself.
All right, so what we're going to do
is under the Getting Started section
we're going to go to Download
R, this link right here.
We're going to click it.
And then, so these are--
COLTON OGDEN: We maybe we want to
command plus a couple of times,
just so we can see a little bit.
It's a little small.
ANDY CHEN: Let me see if I can-- yeah.
Is that better?
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, this
should be pretty good I think.
ANDY CHEN: Cool.
So CRAN is the Comprehensive
R Archive Network,
which is a bunch of mirrors for where
are different distributions of R
are stored.
And so I'm going to go to
one that is closest to me.
It doesn't really matter,
but what, Massachusetts.
Probably CMU.
Pennsylvania, I think
that's the closest one.
Well, if we go back.
CMU Pittsburgh.
Pennsylvania is pretty closest.
COLTON OGDEN: It's
probably, it's pretty close.
ANDY CHEN: I mean doesn't really matter.
COLTON OGDEN: It
doesn't matter too much.
If you're-- maybe if you're abroad
it might make a little bit more
of a difference, a
download speed difference.
But yeah, I choose the mirror most
appropriate to you, to your country.
We do have a lot of people tuning
in from all over the world,
which is always super
awesome. [? RobertSpiri ?]
thank you for joining me.
We are doing some biostats
in R with Andy Chen.
ANDY CHEN: Hello.
A newcomer to the stream.
And we just got everybody sort
of situated with the data set.
So if you're not equipped with
it yet, you can go to this URL.
bit.ly/biostat_stream.
ANDY CHEN: That's a great title.
COLTON OGDEN: It works.
It wasn't taken, thankfully.
No one's done a biostat stream.
ANDY CHEN: This the first ever.
COLTON OGDEN: First ever in history.
ANDY CHEN: Wow, I'm into it.
I feel like I should like frame
this moment, put it over my bed.
COLTON OGDEN: I think you should.
But let's get back to the R
before I get too distracted.
So once we've clicked on an
appropriate mirror for you,
I am going to download R
for Mac OS, because that
is the operating system I'm running.
And then it's-- we are
I think 351 should work,
but we'll go with an older
version, just to be safe.
I'm going to do 333.
To download that.
So on the Mac OS that download at .pkg,
which I think actually is like sort
of a custom installer.
So it's currently downloading, and
then once that's done downloading,
I'm going to click it.
I'm going to double click it.
There we go.
COLTON OGDEN: Go through all the steps.
ANDY CHEN: And then just--
if you want to be particular about
it you should feel welcome to.
It-- oh, so one thing that is actually
very attractive about R in the industry
is it is a commercially-- it's
a free open source software.
So unlike a lot of
commercial statistics,
some industries that do allow
statistics will prefer certain languages
like Stata or SaaS, but R is popular
in certain industries, and in academia
because it's free.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
And hence maybe why it's becomes so
popular as of the last few years.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely.
COLTON OGDEN: Facelessvoice in the
chat is saying, what is biostats?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, that's
a really good question.
So the way that using the term today
is referring to applied statistics
with biological data.
And we talked about this earlier in
the stream, that could technically
be used in the context of
molecular biological data,
but today we're actually going to
be looking at epidemiological data.
Which to reiterate, is
the study and the practice
of response to disease
and its transmission.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
Makes sense.
Aren't the majority of languages
free, says facelessvoice?
ANDY CHEN: So Stata and Saas
are not free, I don't think.
COLTON OGDEN: Like Matlab I
think has an expensive license.
ANDY CHEN: I think so, yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: Most languages
are free, I would probably say.
I think it's also the environment
is usually a big part of it, too.
ANDY CHEN: That's true.
The environment.
COLTON OGDEN: But in the context
of bio stats it sounds like--
in the context of statistics
it sounds like there
are relative to maybe the
rest of CS, some languages
are environments that are not free.
ANDY CHEN: That's-- yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: That's kind of why
making the case here is important.
ANDY CHEN: I think
that's absolutely true.
And as we'll see and a little bit, I--
this is still installing.
Great.
We have time to talk.
Ooh, no we don't.
Statistics is sort of--
the way that you can use R is
almost like a giant calculator.
Which is different from certain
programming languages, which
is why it's very popular in certain--
in industry and statistics, because
you can just plug it in and plug it out
without having to think about like
scripts or scary CSE kind of things.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
[? Ahmet Osman ?] says,
this is an awesome stream
by chance of participating
in an MIT hacking medal.
Do giving you advice or recommendations?
ANDY CHEN: I actually I think I
was thinking it apply to that,
but I missed the deadline.
The last MIT hackathon I went
to was a VR/AR AR/VR hackathon?
Advice.
Are you local?
It would be helpful to know if--
do you have any specific questions on
what kind of advice you would like?
Because if not my first thing
is just have a lot of fun
and make a lot of friends.
And get swag.
COLTON OGDEN: Also shout out to
the invisible can of seltzer.
ANDY CHEN: It's the color of my face.
COLTON OGDEN: You can put it in
front of your-- actually [INAUDIBLE]
because all it does, it shows
the background of the grass.
Because you're already
looking at a green background,
but if that was for example
like a red background,
it would probably be a little bit
easier to see that it's invisible.
[? Twitch Hello World, ?] is it also
applicable to epidemiology in terms
of treatment and not just spread?
ANDY CHEN: To epidemiology in terms
of treatment and not just spread.
Hm.
I suppose you could probably get
some interesting data out of--
well, actually I'll say it this way.
I think a lot of epidemiologists
will say that the treatment requires
understanding the situation,
understanding the context,
and the only way to do that, or one
of the best tools we have to do that,
is through statistical analysis.
And so treatment-- in the
real world epidemiologists
have to face sort of issues of,
this might be the best medicine,
but is it cost effective?
Can we get it there in time?
There's a lot of logistics involved.
And if you have statistical data
about how the disease is spreading,
where it's spreading, and what actual
demographics are being affected,
you can make really good
logistical and business decisions
that will maximize the medical
impact that you do have.
And so in terms of treatment, not
in the development of treatment,
but absolutely in the execution and
the decision making of what treatment
is probably best.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
Biostats is equal to
epidemiology plus statistics,
definition from [? Vert ?]
[? Lu's ?] school.
ANDY CHEN: I-- you know what?
I like that definition, yeah.
I think all definitions need to be a
little fluid, because people use them
in different ways in different
contexts, and they evolve over time.
But I like that definition.
COLTON OGDEN: Andre, what would you
say are the biggest advantages of R
over Python?
ANDY CHEN: Hmm.
I actually am much, much more
into Python than I am into R.
But the biggest advantage
of R over Python?
Oh, piping.
You can do lots of really
cool things with piping, which
is like sort of feeding processes.
It's kind of hard to explain, but
I think we'll talk about it later.
And the other thing is, I
think R is a little more
approachable to people who are--
Python is a little more--
it's actually less abstract,
but it's a little more similar
to traditional computer science--
like programming language
and environments--
to the point where I think a lot people
are uncomfortable getting into it.
It's like, oh, computer science.
Whereas R is very-- the GUI
is very much as we'll see--
the GUI for R studio is a pretty
familiar environment to at work in.
You can just use it like a calculator.
COLTON OGDEN: That makes sense.
Great.
ANDY CHEN: So lets--
I downloaded.
Oh, R is installed.
So if I check R, it's installed.
Great.
So, well actually let's open that.
So R itself does have a
command line environment
if you want to work in it by itself.
But I don't know where it went.
COLTON OGDEN: I think it
came up and then instantly--
ANDY CHEN: It died.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
ANDY CHEN: Uh-oh.
I hope that's not--
that's not even working.
OK well, we'll get to
that when we get to that.
Let's go to RStudio.
All right, so again this is the
integrated development environment
in which we'll be working with the
R language, and to install RStudio
we're going to go to this link,
which is again rstudio.com,
going to choose Download under RStudio.
So this is RStudio right here, and
we're going to choose this link here,
which is Download.
All right, and we're going to choose the
RStudio that's top open source license,
and as Colton was saying earlier,
some of the IDE insert languages
do cost money to use,
and RStudio is a common--
is a popular one because
it's also free, sort of.
Depending on your usages,
as you'll see here.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah,
it looks like they do
have different licenses, different
commercial licenses and whatnot.
They get pretty expensive.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, $30,000 a year.
COLTON OGDEN: That is expensive.
ANDY CHEN: That's about how much
I dropped my boats every month.
I wish.
COLTON OGDEN: Making
that sweet stats money.
ANDY CHEN: Although if you call it data
science, slap data science on there,
you make a lot of money that way.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, pretty much.
ANDY CHEN: All right, so
it brings you down to here,
and so again I'm running Mac OS.
So I'm going to download that.
And then this is more of
a traditional-- at least
I don't know how the distribution
is for the other operating systems,
but this is more of a
traditional Mac type installer.
So it's just like, it comes
up, and then you drag and drop
into your applications folder, and
then it bounces an image I think.
Once it's done downloading.
Great.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, looks good.
The DMG?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, DMG, exactly.
COLTON OGDEN: If you're
on the Windows, there
would probably be something
somewhere that-- they'll probably
have an installer, an MSI that as
an application of some Program Files
folder.
ANDY CHEN: So that's in there.
COLTON OGDEN: But then they make
it easy, is what it looks like.
ANDY CHEN: Right, yes.
COLTON OGDEN: Relatively.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, I guess
I'll check some other way.
Ooh, my secrets.
COLTON OGDEN: Well your text messages.
ANDY CHEN: Uh-oh.
COLTON OGDEN: A deep dive
in your text history here.
ANDY CHEN: Ruh-ro.
COLTON OGDEN: OK, [? Ahmet Osman ?]
says I'm Egyptian living in Saudi,
and they're coming here and
I just got the invitation.
Actually today after 12
hours going to start.
The advice I'd be interested in
is, how could the stream benefit me
in the context of health care buisness.
I'm also an MIT Enterprise
forum competitor for 2014,
and hell yeah I was a lot of fun.
ANDY CHEN: Nice.
OK, let's see.
[INAUDIBLE] I got the
invitation [INAUDIBLE] 12 hours.
Oh OK, so it's coming soon.
What would be [INAUDIBLE] how this
[INAUDIBLE] in context of health
care business.
This is hacking medicine, right?
I think unless you have a very specific
niche in mind, a topic or a field
that you want to go into in
health business, probably
the single best thing that
you can get out of a hackathon
like this is just the network.
Right?
Spend as much time as you
can-- well obviously focus
on your project, whatever your hack is.
But meet cool people.
People come there because they're smart,
they're passionate, they're driven.
And so there are very
few opportunities in life
where you can kind of have
in like what, 24 hours,
meet potentially a hundred people who
are really interesting, really smart.
And if they don't have specifically
what you need, they might later on,
or maybe they know someone who can.
But unless you-- the
other thing is, if you
have something you are
very specific in, I
would look up at the list of
sponsors, list of speakers,
and try to be very strategic about
the resources that are available
and the people there
are there that you can
talk to try to get into whatever
in health care business.
Or health care business you get into.
COLTON OGDEN: Great.
Good response.
Jack [INAUDIBLE] saying it's
inexecutable for Windows,
but it download froze at 100 percent.
That is unfortunate.
I would maybe just try
it again, probably.
I've had that happen to me
on Windows a couple of times.
And Chrome.
Chrome will say that
the download is going,
and then when you gets 100 percent it
will just kind of chill for a while.
But yeah.
That would-- for me as well.
Let it be.
Sometimes you have to
wait it out a little bit,
and then it'll save the larger
files and Chrome into a--
yeah exactly.
[? Babbick Night ?] just said it will
complete, and then you can install.
ANDY CHEN: (SINGING)
Let it be, let it be.
COLTON OGDEN: Just don't divorce too
many ex-wives, that gets expensive
says [? Twitch Hello World. ?]
ANDY CHEN: Oh, nice.
That's good advice, keep it in mind.
All right, so speaking of [INAUDIBLE]
a few minutes while people catch up,
I think.
It's-- so I can open this up.
So this is what RStudio looks like.
COLTON OGDEN: Does it
get any bigger by chance?
It is a little small.
Might be small on the screen.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, I can do that.
COLTON OGDEN: Beautiful.
ANDY CHEN: Well actually
that's real nice.
COLTON OGDEN: That's great.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
So RStudio has-- let me actually
I don't like this full screen.
COLTON OGDEN: You need option
plus it'll expand without actually
going to full screen mode.
Or option, click the plus.
ANDY CHEN: Way out here?
COLTON OGDEN: The green plus, yeah.
Hold Option and click that green plus.
ANDY CHEN: Oh.
COLTON OGDEN: No, this
green one up here.
No, yeah, that one.
ANDY CHEN: Thank you, that's a
good-- that's a good hack to know.
COLTON OGDEN: I had the same
issue with another application.
I forgot what it was, and I wasn't
having any of the full screen.
Oh, and I forgot to shout out to all
of the people to that followed now
and before the streams.
Let's do that really fast.
So we have Notice, and actually it
looks like [? Digleen, ?] [INAUDIBLE]
[? Conciliated, ?]
[? Stadium'91 ?] you [INAUDIBLE]..
We have Alaska Ukraine,
Newtown kings, savage X factor.
Tono A 30, and Kate@00.
Thank all of you for following today.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, thanks for coming out.
COLTON OGDEN: Quite a
good number of people.
ANDY CHEN: If I had Thanksgiving
leftovers, I would share it,
but I ate them all.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, yeah.
ANDY CHEN: In my tummy.
COLTON OGDEN: You did the right thing.
What do we see, we have a
blackjack counting card.
ANDY CHEN: I don't know what that is.
COLTON OGDEN: Steve [INAUDIBLE] sent a
blackjack counting cards link and see
it looks like high-low.
High-low be like the classic phrase.
Yeah.
Cool.
ANDY CHEN: Nice.
By Robert Springer.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, Robert Springer.
Gotta run.
Keep up the good work.
Thanks Rob for tuning in.
Hopefully catch it on YouTube.
We'll see you next time.
And good, it sounds like Jack Welch
got the download working after all.
Yeah, sometimes chrome is weird like
that or whatever browser on Windows.
It just takes a couple seconds.
ANDY CHEN: To finish up.
COLTON OGDEN: Not sure
why, but, you know.
Such is life.
ANDY CHEN: Great.
OK, so now we've opened up RStudio,
which is our integrated development
environment in which we'll
be working with R. Great, so
let's familiarize ourself a little
bit with how the actually works.
So you actually have your
console here, terminal if you
want to do some command line stuff.
LS, CD.
COLTON OGDEN: That's
like your actual terminal
for Mac versus the console
being like within RStudio.
ANDY CHEN: Correct, yeah.
I think it's-- yeah.
It's wait.
I forget how command line works.
Well anyways, it's there
if you want to use it.
COLTON OGDEN: Beautiful.
ANDY CHEN: And then, so over
here this is a sort of--
and I don't know how to
describe this little panel here,
but this is where all of your values,
all your variables will be stored.
Not stored, it will be displayed.
So you can actually look at them.
I'm going to get rid of
that, because you're not
supposed to be able to see that yet.
The environment is empty.
And so there's a little
broom brushes right here,
and we'll let you clear stuff.
If for example I had some variables
in here that I just cleared,
which I just did.
Let's say--
COLTON OGDEN: They've
abstracted it into a brush?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, it's very--
COLTON OGDEN: Scoop all
the garbage out there.
ANDY CHEN: It's very high level.
It's not machine code, it's human code.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
ANDY CHEN: So let's say that I
have a very messy console, right?
It's messy, and I clean it.
Oh look, it's clean.
For those of you who like clean
consoles, that's a very nifty--
COLTON OGDEN: Clear consols are nice.
ANDY CHEN: Clean consoles are very nice.
COLTON OGDEN: Clear and terminal
as well, shout out to Clear.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, really?
Just clear.
Oh, dude, I'm getting
all the tips, Colton.
COLTON OGDEN: We had we
had a Linux command stream.
Nick?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, Nick.
COLTON OGDEN: Right, yeah we had
a lot of juicy tidbits in there.
I don't know if Clear was
one of the things that--
does Python have something similar
for the environment window?
ANDY CHEN: It depends
on what your IDE is.
I usually work in Jupiter and
notebook, which I think does actually.
I just don't know what
command is in Jupiter.
COLTON OGDEN: I don't
work too much in those.
I know PyCharm is--
people love PyCharm.
I'm not if that has
something similar as well?
ANDY CHEN: Mm, I'm not sure.
COLTON OGDEN: That's getting a lot of
popularity in the Python community,
if it hasn't already for a long time.
ANDY CHEN: Right it's--
I mean that seems like it's a pretty
useful thing to be able to do.
So I imagine a lot of popular
IDE's have that available.
Windows defender scanner-- oh.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, yeah.
Yeah, good point [? Jacob ?] about the--
or [INAUDIBLE] about
the Windows Defender.
That would make sense.
It just wants to make sure you're
not giving everybody viruses.
ANDY CHEN: They got me.
COLTON OGDEN: Step by step by
step, every step of the way.
[INAUDIBLE] I'm guessing PyCharm
are the ones you talked about.
ANDY CHEN: OK.
Well actually I think
there's a faceless-- no.
There's an health interest in patients
with learning disabilities and autism.
Mm-hmm.
That's not my field, but the fact that
you have something narrow and specific,
that means that you should
definitely-- if that's
something you want to
be working in, look up
the list of guests, the list of
speakers, list of companies who
are supporting, and also maybe
if there's a list of other people
who are joining, and then try to
reach out to them as much as possible.
And then brainstorm some ideas.
COLTON OGDEN: And [INAUDIBLE],,
thank you very much for following.
ANDY CHEN: Hi.
All right so, this is our studio, and
the first thing we're going to be doing
is importing the data set.
So actually I should probably give a few
words on the data set we're working on.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, yeah
definitely describe what
it is, and the full name of it too.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely.
So NHANES, is the National
Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey, which is a
very long running and I
think it's an annual survey that covers
actually a lot of different things.
But it's a CDC study that
happens pretty much every year.
There's NHANES one two and three,
which cover different things,
but if you explore the website--
let's see.
About NHANES, blah,
blah, blah, blah, blah.
You can have access to
what the questions are
the way that the
interviewers actually got
this information from their patients,
but so there are a lot of things
that you can learn about.
So anemia, cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, environmental exposures,
eye diseases, et cetera, et cetera.
And yeah.
So it's readily available
on the CDC website,
however the way to
actually use the data--
so it's readily available, but the
way to actually get into the data is
a little bit confusing, which is why
we're using a pre-rendered .text,
nhanes.text file, because in R--
so the reason it's difficult to parse
is, a lot of these data, these files,
come out in Sas, which is the
language you talked about earlier,
in Sas format which we cannot use in R.
So that's why we're using this dot text
that we have in the mega upload link.
COLTON OGDEN: Cool.
Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: Sure so--
COLTON OGDEN: Do you have a specific
field you're interested in applying to,
Andy, says [? Twitch Hello World. ?]
ANDY CHEN: Oh, hm.
Yeah, that's a really good question.
I think-- so the work that I
support in the lab that I work in
is regenerative biology.
And so I suppose I would be interested
in going into regenerative medicine
as a field.
COLTON OGDEN: Like stem cells?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
Exactly.
It's part of the Harvard Stem
Cell Initiative, or Institute.
HSCI.
A lot of I's.
COLTON OGDEN: Get
those limbs grown back.
ANDY CHEN: It's absolutely.
If you guys are interested, you should
look up axolotls, A-X-O-L-O-T-L.
These are tiger salamanders and
anbystoma salamanders that if you cut
their arms off, they go right back.
And I think parts of their hearts and
their tails and parts of the brain.
COLTON OGDEN: Soon to be human DNA.
ANDY CHEN: You heard it here.
You heard it here first, folks.
COLTON OGDEN: That would be pretty cool.
ANDY CHEN: All right, so I think.
Nice, bro, thanks.
I'd definitely like to friend you.
How could I get your contacts?
I think if you email one of
us, or email Cole later on, he
can probably put you in touch.
Cool.
And then [INAUDIBLE] says
I opened it, now what.
If you tell me--
I'm not sure what you opened, but if
you give us a little more information we
can probably try to help troubleshoot.
COLTON OGDEN: Maybe the R Studio.
Maybe they're thinking--
ANDY CHEN: Oh, now what we do.
Oh, sorry we got
distracted by the comments.
Let's finish up some
of the comments, then
we can get into R. Soon
to be on wolverines.
True.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, that's true.
Then we will-- that's the whole
goal, the whole motivation.
ANDY CHEN: That's the
only reason I'm doing it.
Let's be honest.
Do you do brain regeneration?
I've been helping stroke rehab.
Oh, that's really awesome.
So I don't personally study
any brain regeneration,
and actually most of the
stuff I do is computational.
But there is a lot happening in
the field of brain regeneration
in zebrafish and axolotls,
so there are definitely
a lot of faculty professors out
there who are studying that.
There was a [INAUDIBLE].
OK, cool.
[? Heard ?] something on edX
and I should have instead ted--
Oh, TED.
Well, I got rep edX because
they're right above us.
OK, so back to the IDE.
So this is what the IDE
looks like when you open it.
So now what we're going to do is we're
going to open the NHANES data set,
and the way-- there's actually
two or three ways to do that,
but in terms of the actual
interacting with the GUI
there's two ways to do that.
So the first one is, under
this environment pane
right here there is the import
data set drop down menu.
And so we're going to
click that and then
we're going to import
a data set from text,
and then base is the
second part of that.
And so we're going to navigate
to where our NHANES is,
and so it should come up with an import
data set window that looks like this.
And then what we're going to do
is we're going to do heading,
we're going to check yes
just to make it pretty.
So if you notice this is what
it looks like if heading is yes.
The actual heading's in the file itself,
and here's what looks like if it's no.
In which case V1 is not
nearly as apt as ID.
So we're going to do that.
And then we're going to import.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
So there you have it.
We actually-- in this window that popped
up above our console and terminal,
we actually have the data
itself visualized in the IDE.
COLTON OGDEN: It's effectively
sort of turned into Excel.
ANDY CHEN: Essentially, yeah.
It's a spreadsheet
inside of your IDE, which
is one of the reasons why
R-- well RStudio's popular is
you can work your statistics and
have access to the spreadsheet
that you're working with.
Which I think you can probably
do in certain R-- or Python IDEs,
but most are not I don't
think designed to do that.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: So let's actually take
a walk through the NHANES data set,
and just check out what's inside.
So IDE is the idea of the patient.
That's not super
interesting to us, but--
so we have a survey year.
So I think all of these
might be 2009, 2010.
Yeah, because these are-- it's NHANES
is an annual survey, or roughly
an annual survey.
I think it's to us and
time that I might be wrong.
We also have gender.
Well probably a more apt term
in usage common parlance today
would be sex, the physical
sex of an individual.
Age and then bracketed
into age decade, which
we'll talk about why they did that.
We're going to talk about a little
bit about the kinds of variables
that people use in statistics,
because that determines what kind
of statistical tests you will run those
on when you're trying to figure things
out from the analysis.
Age months, race, education
level, whether or not they're
married, their income.
So there's a lot of
socioeconomics in it, too.
Even like the number
of rooms in your house.
It's kind of an interesting
data point to have.
Whether they're working, their weights.
So socioeconomics, physical
characteristics, BMI.
So we're getting a little
bit more towards some health
characteristics, some disease statuses.
Sati?
Statuses?
COLTON OGDEN: I think statuses is--
ANDY CHEN: Statuses?
COLTON OGDEN: I think if we're doing
official Latin it would be statiae,
but I think that statuses.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, is this
supposed to be in Latin?
I think I didn't get the memo.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, the rest of
it's going to have to be in Latin.
Sorry.
ANDY CHEN: Pulse, et cetera.
There's actually a lot.
So there are-- we'll see
exactly-- well actually right here
there are 10,000 entries, it says.
But I'll also be showing you a line that
will tell you how many rows there are.
Blood pressure, systolic, diastolic.
Testosterone levels, direct
cholesterol, the volume of your urine,
something I always
want to know of course.
Diabetes, the days
with bad mental health,
depression, number of pregnancies,
babies, alcohol consumption.
There's a lot.
So the what I'm trying to say is,
NHANES is a not comprehensive,
but is a very, very wide
breath data set that you
can actually-- if you're
interested in learning
about parsing this data to look
if there are any trends that you
want to learn about, it's a really
good data set to start with.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
Looks like there's a
lot of fields in there.
ANDY CHEN: A lot of fields--
marijuana, age of first marijuana.
COLTON OGDEN: Definitely,
the more information
you have is more useful obviously,
than having less information.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely.
That's what all data
scientists will tell you.
Hard drugs?
Yes please!
That's for the consumption of have you
ever consumed hard drugs, I imagine.
And then some sexual activity.
And yeah.
So that's all the different
things we have here.
So this is the enhanced data set.
So that's one of the ways to import it.
Let's clean this out right let's
say that we're starting over.
COLTON OGDEN: Asa had a good question.
She said the first
three IDs are the same.
Was the same patient tested
thrice on different occasions?
ANDY CHEN: Ooh, that's
a really good question.
Well, let's open it again first.
The other way to do it is File,
Import Data Set from Text Base.
Great.
And again, we want to check heading.
All right.
That's a really good question.
It looks like it's repeated.
So if you look at actually all the
other data, it is exactly the same.
So like for example, the
number of rooms is 6, 6, and 6.
9, not working.
I think this-- yeah.
So the first individual--
COLTON OGDEN: It's the same ID too.
So maybe you would put this-- like, you
would sort of make a set of the data
where every idea is different.
ANDY CHEN: Right.
So that's probably really good idea.
There appears to have been
a replication error here.
COLTON OGDEN: And asking it's
actual people's data, right?
L-o-l.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, no, this
is publicly available.
It's off the CDC website.
COLTON OGDEN: I heard that China created
genetically modified babies recently.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, like yesterday.
They talked about like, two
days ago, one of the scientists
had someone CRISPR, which
is a gene editing technique.
One of the, I think, probably like,
T cell receptors for an HIV virus
out of a--
they CRISPRed it out of a baby's
genome so that they don't have there--
So the way that HIV works is it--
the immunologists might
get on me, but it's
a virus that attacks one of the
cells that's critical for it
to the human immune system.
My understanding of what happened
with that China baby case
is the father had HIV or AIDS.
And then so the
scientist CRISPRed, which
is a gene editing [? talent, ?]
CRISPRed the gene for one of the cell
receptors out of the genome so
that the baby's immune system
cells can actually-- the HIV has
no way of getting inside the cell.
COLTON OGDEN: Interesting.
They have to do that when
the baby is like practically
like, just after being a zygote.
Because otherwise you'd have edit--
ANDY CHEN: A trillion,
like, a billion cells.
COLTON OGDEN: So they do it
when it's just impregnate--
or the woman is just
impregnated probably.
ANDY CHEN: That's probably
very, very early on.
Actually, I have no idea
how they did it in humans.
I don't if it was in the woman herself,
or if it was more like a test tube baby
situation.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah,
that would make sense.
That would make sense.
That would be easier.
In vitro probably would
be really difficult.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, it probably would be.
Well, I don't know.
I don't [INAUDIBLE].
COLTON OGDEN: Like,
for the woman, I feel
like it could be difficult
to be constant operated on.
If there was like, repeated follow up.
ANDY CHEN: Right.
Plus like, there was like, sort
of health questions about--
I don't know how you would isolate
the baby specifically inside of--
COLTON OGDEN: It would be rough.
ANDY CHEN: That actually
brings up a good point.
That's one of the reasons
why gene therapies are
sort of questionable, is
because like, they generally
work on the scale of single cells.
And so if you're trying to do
provide gene therapy for an adult,
that's a lot of cells that
the retrovirus [INAUDIBLE]..
COLTON OGDEN: If I were a
scientist working in that,
I have no obviously, information
about that or context.
But I would imagine it'd be easier
just to start from the very beginning
and get just the sperm and the egg,
and then manipulate those cells.
And then those cells
would then replicate.
And then the therapy that we've
provided to the original cell
would then propagate to the other cells.
ANDY CHEN: Exactly, yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: But I'm no expert.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
That's how that would work.
It's much easier if
you start earlier on.
Anyways, I think we have some question.
Gattaca becoming real?
Gattaca is becoming real.
It's true.
COLTON OGDEN: I actually
don't know what that is.
ANDY CHEN: It's a Battlestar Galactica.
It's a SyFy series.
I think there's like very similar to
human robots that are-- or something.
The gattacas I think, are the--
I mean, I might be getting this wrong.
I've never seen it.
Enhance is a dot text.
COLTON OGDEN: Do we need to hook
you up with a power supply probably?
ANDY CHEN: 58%?
I think I'm OK for now.
But I do have one in my pack in
case I need to get it at some point.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
If you want to continue, we're
probably running low on battery.
You can keep going and then
just give me your power supply,
and I'll plug it in for you right now.
ANDY CHEN: Sure.
It's in my blue bag in the
main folded under the jacket.
Cool.
So now that we have
opened [INAUDIBLE] and we
can sort of look through the data
here, let's just use R as a calculator.
Because that is one of
the reasons it's popular,
RStudio is popular is
because it's easy to use.
It doesn't look exactly like
you're coding hard core.
It's easy for-- ooh--
COLTON OGDEN: What happened?
ANDY CHEN: It's a black screen.
COLTON OGDEN: Did your
computer go to sleep?
ANDY CHEN: No, I don't think so.
Well, there we go.
Thank you so much.
COLTON OGDEN: [INAUDIBLE] I believe.
ANDY CHEN: Teamwork
makes the dream work.
Very nice.
COLTON OGDEN: I'm not sure
why your screen went black.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, I'm not sure.
Maybe it just hate me.
COLTON OGDEN: That's probably it.
I think you figured it out.
ANDY CHEN: You can use
like, a giant calculator.
For instance, Colton,
off the top of your head,
what is the product of 933 times 186?
COLTON OGDEN: If I got that
right, that would be amazing.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
Do it, do it, do it.
COLTON OGDEN: 900 times 100
would be-- what would that--
That would be 90,000.
So I'm guessing like, 126,000 something.
ANDY CHEN: Give me some
random digits in there.
COLTON OGDEN: 1, 2, 6--
1, 2, 6, 1, 4, 4?
ANDY CHEN: 1, 2, 6, 1, 4, 4.
I mean, in the same order
of magnitude, 170,538.
COLTON OGDEN: I'm terrible
at that kind of math.
ANDY CHEN: So I actually sometimes I
use R for my homework for my problem
sets because if I don't have a pen
or paper, I can like, put it in here.
I can remember it.
So we're doing this in console.
Should I do this in a script?
What do you think?
COLTON OGDEN: You do what--
you multiply 16 by 16.
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
ANDY CHEN: Can you do it Colton?
Hold on.
Block the screen.
Block the screen.
COLTON OGDEN: Is at 100 and-- wait.
No, no it's not 196.
What is it?
Because what's 16 times 6?
What's 10 times 6?
[INAUDIBLE] So what?
60 plus 96?
Would it be 254?
ANDY CHEN: 256, dog.
You're close.
You're close.
I did it off the top of my head.
COLTON OGDEN: I got--
clearly.
Yeah.
So in the console, we can
actually run R commands here.
But we can also actually--
New Script-- we can run it as
a script in the folder up here.
So as you notice on the screen,
we just open up a new thing right
here, a new R script.
And so if you want to do 16 times 16--
and we so we wrote it.
And then we run it, it'll print 16
times 16 down here in your console.
COLTON OGDEN: So it's
kind of like Python
in that you can execute
line by line exact script.
ANDY CHEN: And I think that's
because it's interpreted,
not because it gets compiled.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, that makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: So for instance, I
do my homework here sometimes.
So let's say like, a
product is 82 times 93.
Later on, I'll be like, oh I want to
actually know 40 times the product.
So I'll be like, oh I don't know,
but I can do 40 times product
and then run it.
I'll have to run from the top.
So one thing that you
should know about the script
is you have to write it from the top.
It is not stored in local memory.
It needs to run before it happens.
If you are used to using Jupyter
Notebook, it's really similar to that.
So we run.
We stored 8,293 into a
variable called product.
And so product is now in memory, which
is we talked about it before here where
our local variables are.
Or I guess-- in the context
of this, [INAUDIBLE]..
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah,
just your environment.
So whatever your current--
ANDY CHEN: Things.
I don't know if you would call
it a global local variable.
COLTON OGDEN: There's like, a frame.
I think it's called a frame.
And it basically just whatever all the--
it's global environment.
So I imagine it's got its own
global variables in this context?
ANDY CHEN: I think so.
Yeah, that would make sense.
Let's go with that.
So let's say that later
on my homework, like, oh!
Now I need to take 40 times product.
I don't remember what product
was, but hey, it's stored here.
So I can get one product.
It's 305,040.
Who knew?
R did.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
R has got the hookup.
ANDY CHEN: I got the hookup.
COLTON OGDEN: And thanks to
Twitch Hello World saying I'm
a good sport, [INAUDIBLE] for saying
Colton is super smart, though.
He just can't multiply.
And I'm actually
disappointed, because now I
realize that we did ask,
though, 16 by 16 in the chat.
I feel like it's something a programmer
should know, just off of their head
now.
16 times 16, because 256, right?
I feel like that's something that
I have to have that memorized.
ANDY CHEN: I definitely would
not be able to do that yet.
COLTON OGDEN: Corrugated Drop,
thank you very much for following.
We're doing live mental
multiplication on stream.
It's great.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
All right.
So let's see.
So let's oh actually-- so the third
way to load data set is as follows.
In your script or in your
console-- because they
are sort of functionally
a [INAUDIBLE] in the sense
that what other commands you write in
console you can also do in scripts.
The difference is scripts,
you can run over and over.
It's being stored as like,
as a program, as a script.
So the other way that
we can load a data set
is I'm just going to make
a variable called NHANES.
And I'm going to store it as read.dlim.
And then whenever the
location of my data set, which
is as follows, if I do that, then
what has actually been done is I've
stored NHANES in a
variable called NHANES.
So let's try that again.
Let's say that my look
environment is empty.
If I run this command--
whoops.
It does not like that.
That should work.
I wonder why it's not working.
It's a period here.
That should be a--
COLTON OGDEN: And it
should be Downloads, right?
ANDY CHEN: Ooh, good catch.
Maybe?
Yeah, there we go!
And so it pops up.
Thank you, Colton.
COLTON OGDEN: I try, you know.
That's what friends are for.
ANDY CHEN: Teamwork.
Teamwork brought to you by teamwork,
the official drink of teamwork.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, exactly.
ANDY CHEN: So as you'll notice, the
NHANES data site pops up on your right,
right here.
So that's the third way
to import a data set.
So now that we have our
data set here, let's--
and so earlier, I was
mentioning on how it
might be useful to know
how big your data set is.
And so one of the really easy ways to do
that is there's a command called NRow.
If we call NRow, and then pass
in NHANES as its argument,
when the return's done--
so I've saved it.
I keep forgetting.
Now we have to actually run it.
In our console it
returns NRow is called.
NHANES is passed in as the argument.
And it returns 10,000.
COLTON OGDEN: So it just
basically show for number of rows?
ANDY CHEN: Number of rows.
Yeah.
So it's a very good--
if you forget like,
how big your thing is,
it's a very useful command for that.
COLTON OGDEN: Cool.
Great
ANDY CHEN: All right,
so Colton, you were
talking earlier about making a subset
of data that would be interesting.
So I suggest that today.
And not a suggestion.
This is the only way
we're going to do it,
because it's the only
thing I have notes for.
Let's make a subset of the data
for just pediatric patients.
So conceivably, can you
think of a situation
where I would like to know a certain
data from the NHANES population,
but I only care about
knowing it and in children?
COLTON OGDEN: Check for age?
So check for age is less than 18?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, exactly.
So the way we do that-- whoops.
We're going to go back into our script.
We're going to take a new
variable called NHANES pediatric.
And then say we're going to call
a subset, which is a function that
subsets a data set into a new data set.
And then it's going to take in the
original NHANES as an argument.
And then we're going to give it
these parameters where the age--
so what this line is
doing is we're making
a new variable called NHANES pediatric.
We're going to call subset and
passed in NHANES original data set
as the n argument with
the caveat that we only
want entries rows individuals whose
age, which let me open NHANES here--
it's actually a column
here-- and age were here--
the value of it is equal
to or less than 18.
And so that makes someone a pediatric.
COLTON OGDEN: OK, makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: So let's run it.
And oh look!
Right here popped up a new data
set in our global environment.
And so we have successfully
substituted the NHANES data
set to the point where we're only
looking at pediatric individuals.
COLTON OGDEN: And then
Faceless Voice is saying
could you remove the duplicate IDs?
Do you know off hand how to do that?
Is there a set [INAUDIBLE] off of a key?
ANDY CHEN: You know, there's
a way to do it, but I--
let's think about it.
OK, so.
We could run that again.
So where ID is 5, 1 is not equal to--
I wonder of that'll work.
It'll get rid of the original.
COLTON OGDEN: It'll get rid of all
of just the 5, 1, 6, 2, 4's, but that
won't actually make it a set.
I'm curious if there's
like, an R set function.
That would be pretty handy.
Sets.
Make set with order.
There's a lot of documentation.
Let me see.
R set on key.
I feel like that would be--
there's so many function
called like, set key.
What's the purpose of
setting a key in data.table?
ANDY CHEN: Every time I do a deep dive
into the docs, I die a little bit.
COLTON OGDEN: How to perform a
cumulative sum of the unique IDs only.
ANDY CHEN: So Twitch Hello
World, is this similar to Excel?
There are a lot of things that you
could do in Excel that you can do in R.
But there are arguably more things you
can do in R than you can do an Excel.
R is a-- some people call
it a statistical language,
because it's very useful to perform--
it's very easy and useful
for statistical analysis.
But a lot of things you can do in Excel,
but R is more powerful in the sense
that it's more low level, and you
can implement your own functions.
Although you can do that
with macros in Excel.
But I think it's more
powerful, it's more low level.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah they
wanted to figure out how
to get rid of all the duplicate ideas.
Yeah, if you don't know
the function offhand,
we can maybe forge ahead and then--
it looks like it's somewhat hard to--
oh, maybe the unique functions
[INAUDIBLE] is saying?
R unique function.
Oh, OK.
So what Unique will do
is it will actually just
get rid of all duplicate rows, which
I think will work for R use case.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, I think it does.
Yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: So just call
yeah, I guess, unique first.
You'd be like, NHANES unique, because
you probably want to do it after the--
or I guess you want to on that.
Yeah, that works.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, either way, I
think it's would probably be OK.
OK admitted [INAUDIBLE].
Let's look at how many rows there are.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, but you probably want
to assign it to a variable too, right?
ANDY CHEN: Yes.
Into itself, you think?
COLTON OGDEN: Sure, yeah.
ANDY CHEN: So let's run that.
Cool.
OK.
So let's actually--
COLTON OGDEN: So then you can print
n rows on NHANES pediatric and then
before you do the function, yeah.
ANDY CHEN: And then that will
tell us how many individuals.
So we should see at least three fewer.
COLTON OGDEN: So thanks Bella,
for tossing that in the chat.
Magus 503 says it also duplicated.
So I guess that will give
us how many are the same?
ANDY CHEN: Are the same?
That's a good one to know.
Thank you.
COLTON OGDEN: It looks like it's
printing out for some reason.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
But that's because I haven't
saved it to a variable.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, I see.
Gotcha.
ANDY CHEN: So if we did not
call unique, then what happens
is we have 2,628 entries.
And if we do end up calling
it, we have 2,246 entries.
COLTON OGDEN: OK, nice.
So there's 400 duplicates.
ANDY CHEN: That's quite a lot.
COLTON OGDEN: Duplicates.
ANDY CHEN: Duplicitous.
What does duplicitous mean?
COLTON OGDEN: Good question.
I actually don't know.
ANDY CHEN: Like serendipitous?
COLTON OGDEN: We can--
we can use the good old dictionary app.
Duplicitous, deceitful.
ANDY CHEN: Oh really?
Oh!
Oh, that makes sense.
COLTON OGDEN: Treacherous, duplicitous.
ANDY CHEN: Treacherous!
COLTON OGDEN: The
Vocabulary stream as well.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, we're
learning lots of things today.
Great.
So now we have made a subset
with unique individuals.
Very nice.
OK.
COLTON OGDEN: And we did it live.
We figured it out live, even better.
Even better.
Thanks to the Twitch stream
for shouting it out for us.
They got our back.
They always got our back.
ANDY CHEN: We always got your back.
Oh actually, so this is interesting.
In statistics in general,
if you have a data set
and you have information that
is what you think erroneous,
or it's absent-- like,
for instance, let's
say you have an individual who didn't
give an age or a gender or a BMI et
cetera, you have to consider is there
a reason for why that data was omitted.
Because there might be
an underlying factor
there and that is actually
causing that data to be admitted.
That's just something that you have
to be considerate of when you're
performing biostatistical analysis.
So for instance, let's say that--
so the sum function is interesting.
It's going to count how many
times the argument occurs.
And I'm going to say is .na, which
is saying the thing is not a thing.
It's confusing, but I'll
explain it in a minute.
Let's look at NHANES pediatric.
And then we use a dollar sign,
which is to parse into and say hey,
which variable are we looking at?
I think most of these are
going to be not empty.
So blood pressure systolic av.
That's some kind of
blood pressure thing.
So my guess is that there's going to
be some empties here, but let's run it.
Yep.
So sum is it counts how many things
happen of the thing that's inside.
And what we put inside is, is .na.
And what this is saying
is like, the thing itself,
if it is absent, na,
like not applicable.
And then what is not applicable?
In the data set NHANES pediatric,
specifically for BP sys av.
So what that means if we're
going to visualize it,
is it goes into this NHANES data set.
It goes into the variable
called-- what do we do?
Is this [? b sys av ?] or something?
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, it's one of those
ones that's kind of abbreviated.
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
Oh, no, you had BP sys av.
ANDY CHEN: BP sys av.
Oh, thank you.
This one.
So some of these have entries in them.
But you'll notice that, for
instance this one has an na in it.
It doesn't have anything.
So what I was alluding to earlier
is in statistics in general,
you should consider why your data
set might have an empty there.
Just because it's empty doesn't
mean that you should admit it,
because there might be a very
interesting reason and underlying
factor for why it's being admitted.
We're not going to consider
that too much today.
But if you go further on into doing
biostatistics or statistics in general,
you definitely need to put
thought into why you're
omitting data if you decide to omit.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
Osire18 says I'm a biochemist
out sick from work.
Thank you cssatv for some [INAUDIBLE].
ANDY CHEN: Welcome back to
the-- so the world of bio stuff.
You can't escape it.
I hope you feel better.
So this line in line 11 is it's
counting up each of these rows.
So one, two, each of these individuals,
this person, this person, this person,
this person.
And it's saying in its data
set for the variable BP sys av,
does it say na in it?
If so, add to sum.
And then so when we've
called it, it returns 1,022.
So in our particular
data set, our subset
of data set for pediatric patients
or individuals, 1,022 of them
have an empty in them.
Interesting.
I don't know why, but the reason
why might actually be important.
So something to think about.
COLTON OGDEN: And it look like they used
the dollars sign kind of Excel syntax
there too.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, is that Excel syntax?
COLTON OGDEN: They have like
dollar sign for like, the row.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, that's right.
Yeah, that's right.
COLTON OGDEN: And so that
kind of reminds me of.
It's nice that you can index
into this the sheet like that.
ANDY CHEN: That's the word to use.
Index, yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: Fancy CS
words here, you know.
Indexing.
ANDY CHEN: My life is zero indexed.
COLTON OGDEN: There you go.
ANDY CHEN: How many
people are in this room?
COLTON OGDEN: Uh, yeah, one.
ANDY CHEN: Very nice.
OK.
So let's actually do
some interesting things.
So I suggest that we
not look at BPS sys av,
because as enthralling
as BPS sys av might
be, I think it might be easier to
look at some more tangible data,
some more tangible variables.
So let's look at age, because it's
easy to understand what age is.
Let's also look at gender,
or as it's saved in gender.
But what we would probably
call sex in common parlance--
and BMI.
So let's run all of those.
OK.
So none of the patients
have age missing.
Great.
Zero patients here.
And then gender, none of the--
I should say individuals,
not patients necessarily.
None of the individuals
are missing gender.
So each of the individuals
in the study have an assigned
or provided or were assigned a gender.
COLTON OGDEN: Because it's
like, a mandatory field probably
for the survey.
ANDY CHEN: Exactly.
Right.
Yeah, that makes a lot of sense.
Because I could I could see
how blood pressure might not be
the easiest thing to get from a baby.
And so that is probably
would be easy to leave
blank, which is what we
were talking about before.
Is there a reason that this is blank?
Maybe it's because it's a baby.
Maybe most babies are difficult to get
blood pressures from, in which case
that's an interesting fact of itself.
But gender and age are pretty
straightforward to get.
And the last thing we're going to look
at is BMI, which, is everyone familiar?
Should I talk about BMI do you think?
COLTON OGDEN: Does it pertain to the--
ANDY CHEN: What we're going to do.
COLTON OGDEN: If it does, then sure.
ANDY CHEN: It's body
mass index, I think.
It's just it's a measure of someone's
health in terms of if they're
obese or skinny or overweight.
It's not super accurate, but
it's been historically used.
And so that's what we're
going to be looking at.
It ranges from a scale I think,
0 to like, 60 or something.
But just think about it
as a continuous range.
That's the most important
thing to think about.
COLTON OGDEN: It's the
percentage of adipose tissue
to non-adipose tissue in the body.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, is that what it is?
COLTON OGDEN: Is it?
Body mass index.
ANDY CHEN: So I think it's actually
more accurate than what it is.
I think it's just a proportion.
You take the ratio of your
height to your weight,
and then assigns you some index value.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, you're right.
It's the ratio mass versus height.
I thought it was a ratio
of adipose to non-adipose.
ANDY CHEN: That's really specific.
COLTON OGDEN: That would be very
hard to calculate super easily.
So yeah.
I guess weight to
height makes more sense.
So that's easier to calculate.
And [INAUDIBLE] saying 38
plus 2 is that we're referring
to the people in the chat room.
No, it was a joke Andy was making about
in this physical room, there is one--
because get it?
Because zero and then one
is two in zero indexed.
ANDY CHEN: In computer
science, most languages
are zero indexed, which means
they start counting at zero.
So you wouldn't say one two people.
There's zero one persons.
Let's see, what else?
It's giving me error in unique NHAMES.
So, it's not NHAMES--
NHANES with an N. Maybe
that's your error.
But not sure.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah,
that would makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: I think that's
probably what that is.
Should we assign the data to
NHANES [INAUDIBLE] line first?
I don't know which line
they're talking about.
COLTON OGDEN: I think [INAUDIBLE]
is responding to [? Babbick. ?]
ANDY CHEN: Oh.
Ah!
COLTON OGDEN: And [INAUDIBLE]
is also responding to them.
I think [? Babbick ?] may have missed
the line where you load the data set.
Do you want to bring that back up?
Just [INAUDIBLE] that line?
ANDY CHEN: This one?
COLTON OGDEN: The very first line
where the very first data set gets
loaded using the read.delim function.
ANDY CHEN: Right here, yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: And then we're assigning
that into a variable called NHANES.
ANDY CHEN: Correct.
That's right.
COLTON OGDEN: And then Steve is
asking what R packages are you using?
ANDY CHEN: So we've
actually loaded none so far.
But we will be using ggplot2 in a
little bit to visualize some data.
That's probably the most common
data visualization package in R.
COLTON OGDEN: Are you able to check
if there are other columns that
have the same sum as BPS have?
ANDY CHEN: I can conceive we think
of writing a script that can do that.
If you are interested in that,
I might not be very efficient,
but the thing that comes off the
top of my head is to have a for loop
to run that for each of
the variables there are,
and then to store in some
kind of data structure,
and then see if there are similar.
If you do it in the
equivalent of a dictionary,
then you would just take
the ones that are the same,
and then you would take the key
and do whatever the key is in it.
What's the delim thing?
The delim thing is actually just
the syntax for loading a data set.
So if I were to actually import
data set and do this whole step
from the beginning.
It would do the same
thing here but I've just
manually done it through a command.
Great.
So the interesting thing here is some of
our pediatric individuals, 275 of them
actually don't have a BMI.
So that's interesting.
But again, we're just sort
of going to ignore that
for the purposes of this demonstration.
But in real life, you
should think about is there
a reason for why these BMIs are
empty, because that could actually
be an interesting underlying reason.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: Before we go
too much further into R,
we should have a conversation about
the kinds of variables in statistics.
So what is different between a
variable called gender and BMI in terms
of what the possible answers could be?
COLTON OGDEN: Gender,
in this model where
we're going based on biological
sex, and it's basically zero or one,
it's almost like a
Boolean, but in this case,
it's just a very limited set of options.
ANDY CHEN: That's exactly right.
COLTON OGDEN: And then whereas the BMI
would be a floating point value that
could range between 0 and
some-- basically, they
handle different ranges
of potential values.
ANDY CHEN: Of potential value.
That's exactly right.
COLTON OGDEN: In this case actually,
one is a different type of data.
One's a floating point value
versus the other one is an enum.
ANDY CHEN: Very nice.
The answer I was looking for, which is
more of the statistical approach to it,
is male versus female are the
possible answers for gender,
as it's used in this data set.
Male and female are the
only two possible answers,
which means that it, like a
Boolean, which can be true or false,
it's either this or that.
There's a name for this kind
of variable in statistics.
And it's called a dichotomous
variable or a binary variable.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: And so that's
related to something else called
a categorical variable, which is sort
of like, what color is this chair?
COLTON OGDEN: So that would be
an enum, categorical variable.
In programming.
Like red, blue, yellow, green
from a limited set of options.
ANDY CHEN: Enum--
So those are categorical variables.
These are things that don't
have numbers in them per se.
But BMI, because it is a range of any
possible value between 0 and whatever
infinity--
actually, I don't think BMIs go up
that well, but it's a range of BMIs--
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
Yeah, go get on the
treadmill or something.
I'm approaching that after Thanksgiving.
And so the contrast there is right.
These are two very distinct
kinds of variables.
One of them is number based, and
one of them is sort of categorical.
And so the way that you perform
statistical analysis on these variables
depends on what kind
of variables they are.
And so today if we have time, we'll
talk about a few different kinds
of situations where the dependent
and independent variables
are categorical or numerical.
And then we'll talk about
the different techniques
that we can use to analyze
that if we have time.
COLTON OGDEN: What's the Dlim thing?
ANDY CHEN: Theoretically
and practically,
does R handle and unlimited
amount of info in a data set?
I think it's a lot lower usage, like,
processor intensive than Excel is.
So it's probably exponentially
better at handling data than Excel.
But unlimited, no,
because you'll overflow.
--two versus a lot.
OK.
BMI of space objects.
I like it.
Very nice.
So the first thing we're going to
look at in our particular essence
is gender is a binary
or dichotomous variable.
And we want to compare that against a
continuous numerical variable like BMI.
And so the right tool to use
in this particular instance,
the resonance of a tool is probably two
separate populations, male and female,
and then suddenly medical quantity.
The first test that comes
to my mind in statistics
is probably a T test, which
is a comparison of means.
And so there are certain requirements,
sort of assumptions that using a T test
requires.
We're not going to
talk about them today,
but if you're interested
in statistics, it's
important to think about
whether to use a parametric test
or a non-parametric test,
parametric being usually stronger,
but having stronger requirements.
At the basis of the law of
statistics is the assumption
that data lies on some kind of
naturally occurring distribution.
A lot of times it's a double
or a Gaussian distribution,
like a bell curve.
Statistics is really looking at what
is the likelihood of good data I'm
seeing being true,
like, occurring, given
that the background
distribution in reality
is probably something like this.
And so-- I lost track of where we are.
Oh, T tests!
So we're going to use a T test
to compare gender and BMI.
And so the next step here
is let's check to see
if there are any non-answers in
our pediatric data set for BMI.
So we actually did check that.
So if you want check on the
opposite direction, this is--
remember that is.na is saying it
doesn't exist but exclamation point
is.na is it does exist.
So let's put these two
together, run that and run that.
So we have 275 individuals
that don't have BMI
and 1,971 individuals that do have BMI.
So if we sum those together--
25 plus 1,971.
What it returns to 2,246.
And as we saw earlier above, that is
exactly how many individuals we have.
So we're just double checking to
make sure that everything is good.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: And so the next
thing we want to do is--
let's make a table.
So R is more useful than
Excel arguably, because it's
very easy to make
visualizations, although they're
a little bit more confusing to make.
So like in Excel, let's
say you want to make
a table comparing what
is the average for males
and what's the average for females?
You can do it, but you
have to go insert plot,
and you have to choose
the data et cetera.
And in R it can be very powerful,
because it's just one line to do that.
And so the way you
would do that is Table.
And then you would pass
in as an argument the data
that you're looking at, which is, yeah--
and then we're going to look
at on the basis of gender,
exclude equals false
here is a parameter that
is saying if there are any empties,
then show that there empties that exist.
And so it turns out there are 1,087
females and 1,159 males in your data
set.
There's nothing here to the right
because there are no empties.
But if we choose BMI--
which there are empties--
and we have this
exclude equals false argument,
what it's going to show-- ooh.
That's not what you want.
Oh.
The reason this is happening is
because BMI is not a binary variable.
Table, you should probably
only use with binaries.
Anyways, h?
No, h definitely is full too.
COLTON OGDEN: Well, you're doing
it off of pediatric data though.
So you do have at least 1 to 18.
So it's visible on one line.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, that's true.
So this is actually interesting too.
So the way to interpret
this graph here is how many
entries are for an individual at least
1-year-old, 2-years-old, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
up to 18.
Because it's again, it's pediatric data.
There are 121 individuals who
are less than one year of age
and 93 who are exactly 18 years old.
And so table is a very
strong command that it
lets you do that in just one
line, whereas to do that in Excel
would be a few more steps.
COLTON OGDEN: I like how easy it is
to sort of lay the data out that way.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely.
And so I think some people were
asking earlier is this Excel or like,
what are the advantage
of this over Excel?
Is it can be very powerful.
It can be very fast.
Just one line like this, and this would
take you probably at least 10 times
as long I think, in Excel.
Maybe if you were really
good, like, a little faster.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah I'm not that great.
So it would probably take me long.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, me neither.
COLTON OGDEN: Steve [INAUDIBLE],, is
there a way to handle such data in C?
Theoretically unlimited data sets?
The way that I would imagine
would be just stream the data,
and then replace the same
memory with that data.
Because you really have
a finite amount of memory
where you can store information.
So if your goal is to
parse information--
the same sort of
information-- you're going
to want to basically have a chunk
of memory that you write to,
do some zero operation on that, and
then replenish it with new information.
And it's similar to what you see in
games with object pools and stuff
where you use the same
objects over and over again.
Because if you spawn an infinite
object, you'd run out of memory.
So that's kind of the same idea.
You would keep a limited chunk of
memory that you populate with the data
that you want.
And then you just overwrite that data
as you get new input from your stream,
basically.
We're going to do a stream next
week on C, lower C with Nick.
So maybe we can cover
something similar to that.
And Bounty Hunter Ridley, thank
you very much for following.
ANDY CHEN: So this is
the syntax for doing
the subset from the regular
NHANES into the NHANES pediatric.
All right.
So the next step is let's actually
do some interesting stuff.
So you're going to
load our first package.
And so we call library function.
And ggplots2 is the package
we want to run actually,
we have to install that first.
So install that packages ggplot2.
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
COLTON OGDEN: -with
the actual script too?
Like, you're not doing anything
necessarily in advance.
You can just call and
install the packages?
ANDY CHEN: Exactly.
COLTON OGDEN: There's probably a
way to do that in Python as well.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, I think you can.
COLTON OGDEN: --had
an occasion to do it.
And Osire, thank you for following.
You posted the chat earlier.
ANDY CHEN: So we're just installing
the ggplot2 package, which is--
COLTON OGDEN: It's a lot of stuff.
ANDY CHEN: It's a lot of stuff.
COLTON OGDEN: It's always fun.
It's always fun going
through like, if you've
ever installed a node
package or whatever, NPM,
and go through like,
all the same packages.
Because they all have like,
a million subpackages.
But to go through and see what all the
different individuals subpackages are.
Sometimes you have to do that if you
have to debug an old NPM project that
has a deprecated function or something,
you'll have to do that sometimes.
And it can be kind of a pain.
ANDY CHEN: That sounds like a lot.
COLTON OGDEN: It's fascinating going
through and sort of digging your way--
sort of following the
trail of crumbs back
like, as low as you can get in node,
which admittedly, is high level.
ANDY CHEN: No, it's cool.
It's cool, to quote David, looking under
the hood to see what's happening there.
It's still installing n.
It's a lot.
COLTON OGDEN: It would be so cool
if we deduced the cure for a disease
in the streams [INAUDIBLE].
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, Colton, you got that?
[INAUDIBLE]
COLTON OGDEN: So no.
I don't even know how we
would begin to do that.
We might have to call in
the chat for that one.
ANDY CHEN: I think that's on you guys.
COLTON OGDEN: Call in the ringers.
ANDY CHEN: And girls.
COLTON OGDEN: Hello Colton.
Welcome to the new [INAUDIBLE].
Actually our souls are synchronized
working on data set, but on C# project.
What are you doing, guys?
Just [INAUDIBLE] just genius.
Thanks, Goson, for popping in.
Welcome to the new-- welcome
to Andy, the new friend
ANDY CHEN: Hang low, hang loose.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, that's cool.
That's cool that you're doing
data stuff in C# as well.
Data is just popular in so
many environments right now.
R and Python are the environments that
you typically associate with stats,
I feel like.
At least the ones that I hear about.
But I'm sure that people do
it everyday in everything.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, like assembly.
COLTON OGDEN: That would be terrible.
ANDY CHEN: That would be disgusting.
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
COLTON OGDEN: I would not
want to mess with that.
It would be fast, but I would
not want to mess with that.
ANDY CHEN: It will be very fast.
I mean, C's probably fast.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, C is fast.
Could you talk more about
variables while we wait?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, absolutely.
So there are many, many, many
subcategories and categories
of variables.
But in my mind, I distinguish
between categorical,
which are things that
don't have numbers,
and continuous variables, which
are things that do have numbers.
Although you can
sometimes have categorical
with numbers, in which case--
a common example of that is
what's called a dummy variable,
which is like, sometimes
statistics languages aren't
super smart in that you can't just
tell it hey, compare this and this.
It needs to know, hey, you
need to compare one and two.
And so people will sometimes plug in
like male is one and female is two.
And so you make "dummy
variables" like that.
But really, the distinction
between variables
is, is this a thing that like, exists
in like, a natural number line,
or is it really categories?
And are you comparing
categories to categories?
Are you comparing numbers to numbers?
Are you comparing numbers to categories?
And depending on what
you're actually doing,
that dictates what kind of
statistical test you want to use.
And so what I was going to
say, right now what we're--
I'm a little concerned.
This doesn't usually take this long.
COLTON OGDEN: You're
downloading the entire--
ANDY CHEN: Oh God.
COLTON OGDEN: --R database.
ANDY CHEN: Uh!
Anyways, well we'll see where that goes.
In this particular instance we want to
compare gender, which is a category,
it's a binary category actually.
So it's a it's a dichotomous variable
of two populations, males and females,
and a quantitative, a
numerical variable of each.
So BMI is a number.
the average might be like, 15.
The average for males might be 15.
The average for females might be 16.
And then what you're doing in a T
test is a comparison of two means.
And what it's doing is it's sort of like
it's consulting the normal distribution
and seeing how likely is the
difference between these two numbers?
How likely is that difference
to actually exist along
that normal distribution
and so in statistics
commonly, we will use
things called alphas, which are sort
of correlated with statistical power.
But these are numbers arbitrarily chosen
that we use as cutoffs for like hey,
this is likely to happen.
So we'll say it's
statistically significant.
And this is something
that has to be done first.
You have to state your alpha
before yes, you do your test.
Let's say my alpha is 0.05--
is a very common alpha, 0.05.
What that actually means is in a normal
distribution, the area of the curve--
so it looks like this-- the area of
the curve that a value actually exists
is 5% of the total area of the curve.
In other words, that's approximately
two standard deviations from a mean.
And so we're using a T test, which is a
specific instance of a statistical test
that has the specific function--
at least the way I'm using it--
of comparing means
between two populations.
And let's say you have more than two
populations, you would use something
called an ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Is that right?
I think that's right.
So you use something
called an ANOVA, which
is analysis of variance, which is
another statistical test that compares
the averages of multiple populations.
So let's say I wasn't
comparing males and females.
I was comparing elderly,
infants, and children.
That's three categories.
What is the average for elderly.
What is the average for children?
What is the average for
infants and I'm looking
at the statistical
significance, seeing if there
is a statistical significance between
the means for each of these three
categories, these three populations.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: And so depending
on what your actual data
that you're looking at, what the
variables you're looking at are,
that dictates which
tests you should use.
COLTON OGDEN: [INAUDIBLE],, thank
you very much for following.
Elias in the chat,
thank you for joining.
He says hello.
Andy are just practices
10x future speech.
I was thinking FedEx, kappa.
ANDY CHEN: Hey, FedEx.
I like it.
COLTON OGDEN: I like the table.
Do you save it?
Especially helpful tables, do
you have it set aside somewhere?
ANDY CHEN: Which table?
COLTON OGDEN: I think just in
general, just as a principle,
do you ever save tables that you--
ANDY CHEN: Oh!
That was a question.
So I think you actually can do that.
So right here in this
environment panel--
you can't see it-- but right
here where I'm circling,
you'll select your data set.
So I'm in NHANES now.
And I think you can
actually save it and export.
So we'll save it as nhanes.text.
Save.
Ooh.
COLTON OGDEN: Required.table.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
OK.
Well I guess it saves it in R format.
But if you open a desktop, yeah, I
guess there's an R data set of n hanes.
once I don't open that here.
Save.
Let's open.
[INAUDIBLE]
In my desktop.
NHANES R.data, yes.
I don't know where that loaded.
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
COLTON OGDEN: [INAUDIBLE]
talking about like, the table
function that you called as well?
ANDY CHEN: Oh!
You can absolutely save
that as a variable.
So I apologize.
I think I misunderstood.
COLTON OGDEN: That's all right.
ANDY CHEN: Thank you.
So table, if I run it like this,
is just going to provide it here.
But let's say I want to save that later.
Table saved is a variable
name that we will run that as.
And then now it's saved as tables saved.
And if you want to see
it, you just run it again.
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
COLTON OGDEN: Shout out.
David's actually in the chat saying hey,
thanks for tuning in with Colton, Andy.
Looks like everybody beat us to it.
But shout outs the David.
Thanks for joining us, for popping in.
Did we miss other comments up there?
Beverly's asking are we going
to do confidence intervals?
ANDY CHEN: Ah, confidence intervals.
So that's actually very closely
related to some of the summary
statistics we'll talk
about a little bit.
I think for the purposes of this
stream, confidence intervals,
the way I think about it
in the context of a T test
is it's your mean plus or minus if
it's a 95% percent confidence interval.
It's the sample mean plus
or minus two of the sample
standard deviations
in your sort of curve.
And what it is, is it's a measure
of how likely the sample mean
that you got from your data is
actually your population mean.
And so one of the whole
point of statistics
is it's virtually impossible
for most scenarios
to know the actual summary statistic,
for example, a mean of a population.
And so the way that we try to
approximate that is by taking samples,
which is what NHANES is an example of.
I don't know what the average age of
all individuals in the United States is.
I think that would be
330 million surveys.
COLTON OGDEN: People to measure, yeah.
That would be tough.
I'm not sure--
ANDY CHEN: That would be very tough.
COLTON OGDEN: I mean, I think the
census may have that information.
ANDY CHEN: That's true.
The census might.
But well, let's say for all of this,
seven billion humans on the planet.
COLTON OGDEN: That would be tough.
ANDY CHEN: That would be very
difficult. And so what statisticians do
is they take a sample, which is
like, a representative sample,
which is to say that it
actually sample sufficiently
from all the different demographics
that you're trying to actually analyze.
And in probability in
statistics, we have
this idea of distributions, which is to
say that whenever we perform samples--
or this is actually true
for any events that happen--
we kind of assume that the likelihood
of seeing a particular outcome,
whether that's an average
age of 15 or 16 or 17 or 69,
you sort of assume that that
number occurs on a distribution.
And the one that we normally
think of is a normal distribution
or a Gaussian distribution.
And it's a bell curve, which
is to say that in general,
most of your real events,
your real samples are
going to occur somewhere close to
the middle where it actually is.
And so that's sort of like the
backbone of this kind of statistics.
And I think earlier we were
talking about probability,
or the 95% confidence interval.
The idea of a 95%
confidence interval is it's
trying to say what is the likelihood
that the sample you got the,
summary statistics you
got from your sample,
is actually capturing the actual
summary statistic of your population.
COLTON OGDEN: More data
probably helps in that regard.
ANDY CHEN: More data does help.
Although depending on what kind
of which statistician you ask--
COLTON OGDEN: And you have to make sure
that you're sampling correctly too.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely.
It needs to be representative.
There are many
assumptions in statistics.
And so today I was going to
talk about all the assumptions,
just how to do it in R. But most
of the tests I'm talking about
are parametric test, which means
they have a lot of requirements.
A lot of assumptions that have to be met
before you can actually use these tests
so remember, we said we assumed that
data follow some kind of distribution.
That's not always a safe assumption.
And there's something
called the central limit
theorem, which is this idea that in
general, if your sample size is like,
30 or more, it's very likely to follow.
You can assume that it
follows a normal distribution.
COLTON OGDEN: Enrique 8923,
thank you very much for joining.
Looks like I think it
did finish installing.
ANDY CHEN: I think it did, yes.
COLTON OGDEN: GGplot2?
ANDY CHEN: Ggplot2.
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
COLTON OGDEN: I think it
installed more than two.
ANDY CHEN: Ggplot3, am I right?
Am I right?
All right.
So let's see if we can actually
do some visualization stuff.
COLTON OGDEN: The ggplot2, it's meant
to make graphs, those sort of things?
ANDY CHEN: Correct.
COLTON OGDEN: Is gg short
for graphing something?
ANDY CHEN: I think one of the g's is
grammar, graphing grammar, I think,
plot?
And the two is it's the second
iteration of the package.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
Makes sense.
Sample of data should be diverse says
[? Babbick Night. ?] Big data does not
equal good data, says [INAUDIBLE].
ANDY CHEN: That's true.
It needs to be
representative, absolutely.
For instance, let's say I take a sample
that's only in the city of Pittsburgh.
I cannot say that
whatever my findings are,
are applicable to the
United States in general.
But if it were representative,
if it were diverse--
if I took 30 people from Seattle, Los
Angeles, Pittsburgh, Denver, Houston,
then you could make the argument
that it is representative,
and whatever your findings
are can be extrapolated too.
COLTON OGDEN: That
would be representative
of urban environments, but not
necessarily more rural environments.
That's like, outskirted
or remote cities or towns.
So that would be something even
more to take into consideration.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely true, yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: I have seen lots
of errors and inaccurate info
in health care files and hardships in
those patients getting these corrected,
though they should be able to.
This is an issue that comes up
as awareness among biostaticians.
I think it's unfortunate
[INAUDIBLE] might come
to conclusive results based on such.
ANDY CHEN: That's a
really good question.
I actually don't work in industry.
But from what I hear
from colleagues who do
or who have themselves
heard about it, EMR, EHR,
which are Electronic Medical
Records, Electronic Health Records,
one of the issues with them in their
implementation in the United States
health care system is that
they're relatively new.
We're in a state of transition from
written to electronic health records.
And part of the difficulties
of that transition
are getting health care providers
to actually use the system correctly
in that manner.
And that it responds to is
an issue and something that
comes amongst biostaticians?
I think that a good biostatitican
is absolutely aware of those things.
And he or she tries his or her
best to ameliorate and work
with the data as much as they can.
Or if they come up with
some kind of conclusion
that they put the caveat, given
the limited data, or like,
this data can only be extrapolated to
whatever that limited representation
happens to be.
COLTON OGDEN: Makes sense.
JL97 finally caught the stream.
Thank you for joining us today.
Very nice.
ANDY CHEN: OK.
So ggplot loaded.
So an example of a plot that
ggplot can make is a histogram.
This is actually going to
take me a while to type
out, because ggplot2 is very
powerful, but it's not my favorite.
It requires a lot of typing.
COLTON OGDEN: A verbose library?
ANDY CHEN: It's very,
very verbose, correct.
COLTON OGDEN: So I get that sense
from like, map plot lib as well.
ANDY CHEN: Map plot
lib is like that too.
Although map plot lib is
more understandable to me.
Like, for example, geom, like geometry?
But you know, it could
be so many things.
COLTON OGDEN: Geometric
something or other.
ANDY CHEN: But it could
be so many things.
And this, in a sense is telling me
what I should want, a histogram.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, that is interesting.
I'm not sure.
You would think it'd be
something like style.
ANDY CHEN: You would think, yeah.
But I don't know.
Maybe I'm just not used to it.
But--
COLTON OGDEN: [? Babbick ?] said,
"This reminded me of 6,002x."
I'm not sure what that is.
Do you know that is?
ANDY CHEN: 6,002x?
Uh-uh.
COLTON OGDEN: I'm not sure
what that is, [? Babbick. ?]
ANDY CHEN: Oh, 6002.
Is that an MIT class?
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, 6002x?
Yeah, that might be.
ANDY CHEN: The online version of it.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
ANDY CHEN: That's, course, 6 is
electrical and electrical engineering,
computer science.
I don't know 6002 though.
COLTON OGDEN: That would make sense.
We can we can use the Google machine.
6002x course, maybe?
Circuits and electronics?
Is what it is?
MIT 6 point-- yeah, it's
circuits and electronics.
ANDY CHEN: Cool.
COLTON OGDEN: Interesting.
ANDY CHEN: 2 plot.
Oh, OK.
So once you get started we
have to call the library.
COLTON OGDEN: Ah, interesting.
ANDY CHEN: There we go.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
Oh, it's like requiring it.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: Got it.
Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: Let's run it.
OK.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, nice.
ANDY CHEN: We have a graph.
COLTON OGDEN: And you have like
a dedicated browser to see--
ANDY CHEN: This little guy right here.
COLTON OGDEN: --on the right
side there, we're a little bit--
I can hide us briefly.
It's going to break
everyone's heart but--
we don't have a fancy
transition off of that either.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, are we gone?
That's OK.
The world doesn't need
to see our pretty faces.
COLTON OGDEN: What would we do
with out Google says [INAUDIBLE]??
ANDY CHEN: Yahoo?
Although, I would hate to see the world
where we have to use Yahoo, or Bing,
god forbid.
COLTON OGDEN: "The results being
significant is dependent on your alpha.
If you're setting your
own alpha wouldn't that
make it very easy to manipulate
the results into being
significant, or not significant?"
ANDY CHEN: Great question.
So, yes.
In a lot of scientific fields,
psychology, especially I think,
is pretty susceptible to this.
From what I've been told.
I'm not-- I don't have--
just from my friends
who are in that field.
Yes.
Essentially, the way
the statistics works
is it assumes that
there is an underlying
distribution for sampling events.
That like if you flip a coin 1,000 times
there is some distribution that it's
going to show up in.
Like there will be 500 heads, 500 tails.
That's a binomial distribution.
I forget, that might be
a Bernoulli distribution.
But the assumption is
that in nature there
are some kinds of distributions
that actually exist.
If you perform some kind
of event so many times
it will follow a general pattern.
The more you perform, the
smoother the pattern will be.
And so a lot of the kind of
statistics that we're doing today
is we're assuming they follow a
normal, or a Gaussian distribution.
And so, yes, you're absolutely right.
The alpha that we set is arbitrary.
So if you think about it
in that terms, let's say,
simplistically, one
journal only publishes
articles that are very just only
t-tests, like a single t-test.
If our alpha is .05, that means that
5% of the time, or 1 in every 20
of these articles, one of your
answers is going to be incorrect.
It's going to be-- you think
it's statistically significant,
but it's actually happening
1 out of every 20 times.
So yes, statistics is like that.
It's we're assuming a lot
about the natural world
that it follow certain rules,
certain distributions of events.
And we're applying statistics
to them to sort of quantify
the likelihood of something
being true, or not true.
But that's statistics.
COLTON OGDEN: [INAUDIBLE] is saying, "I
was promoting the stream to a Columbia
professor, and he said,
R was for statistics,
and Python for DNA comparison."
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, actually, I would
agree with that to some degree.
I do most of my
bioinformatics work in Python.
Although, Professor Rafael
Irizarry, who is a Bion for Mass
professor at the T.H. Chan School,
the Harvard School of Public Health.
He does a lot of his
work, I think, in R.
So you can conceivably
do either in either.
COLTON OGDEN: The saying is, different
strokes for different folks Right?
ANDY CHEN: That's true.
Different strokes for different folks.
COLTON OGDEN: I just realized
that this chat is a little small.
Because I had to shrink
it down yesterday.
Let's make it a little bit bigger.
There we go.
ANDY CHEN: Cool.
Cool.
COLTON OGDEN: That looks nicer.
ANDY CHEN: It does look nice.
And so do you.
COLTON OGDEN: Thank you.
I appreciate that.
You look amazing.
Look at you.
ANDY CHEN: Ah.
OK.
So we've made a plot.
And so, the one thing that's
interesting about-- so we're assuming--
this is actually an
interesting plot because we
were talking about Gaussian plots
earlier, very normal distributed.
This is not a very normal plot.
That might be OK, depending on
what we want to do with this data.
But I want to talk about
some characteristics.
It's very piqued, in
a term in statistics
to use plots that are-- so let's
say a normal plot looks like this.
If it looks like this, like a very
large peak, we call that leptokurtic.
And if it's very flat--
if it looks like--
so let's say this is a normal curve, if
it looks like, boop, just like that--
we call that platikurtic.
And this also is--
it gets like sort of
narrow on the right side.
Let me see if you can't see my head.
Oh, dude.
What are these?
We call that right skew.
COLTON OGDEN: What I
should do is just, whoop.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, look at that.
COLTON OGDEN: And then just
gives us a little shrink.
We did this on the
first stream, actually.
ANDY CHEN: Shrinking boys.
COLTON OGDEN: Use a little shrink down.
ANDY CHEN: A little shrinking shrink.
COLTON OGDEN: I gave it
a little shrink down.
ANDY CHEN: I'm into it.
COLTON OGDEN: Something like that.
ANDY CHEN: I just got really small.
Yeah.
So this is a right
skewed curve, excuse me.
And if the tail were on the other
side, it would be a left skew.
And so these are just terms to
describe the shape of a distribution.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
Makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: Oh, a histogram.
We should definitely explain that.
I apologize.
A histogram is a certain kind of
chart, a certain kind of diagram,
that shows exactly like--
is that [? Babbick? ?]
[? Babbick ?] is saying--
COLTON OGDEN: [INAUDIBLE].
ANDY CHEN: Is it the frequency?
Yeah. [? Babbick ?] is
saying, it's showing
the frequency for a certain thing.
So it's actually-- it's
sort of uni-dimensional.
It's not like a regular plot
that has a x and y-axis,
where an x is an independent variable,
and a y is a dependent variable.
A histogram only has an x, in
the sense that, the only thing
that's like data is the x--
it's the BMI.
And then the y-axis
is showing frequency--
the number of times that
this particular value occurs.
So for instance, a BMI between 0
and, this looks like it might be 15,
occurs maybe 240 times.
Whereas a BMI between 16 and looks like
25 occurs probably like 1700 times.
So that's what a histogram is.
COLTON OGDEN: That would make sense.
[? Babbick, ?] is this
BMI histogram skewed left?
ANDY CHEN: It's skewed right.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, OK.
ANDY CHEN: I'm pretty
sure it's skewed right.
The skew, like, the tail,
the part the slimmer,
I think that's the direction you use
to describe if it's left or right.
COLTON OGDEN: Interesting.
Then it's going to be
the right skew then.
Yeah.
Because nobody over 40, there's like
very few people over like 40 to 60 BMI.
Because at that point, that's vary--
ANDY CHEN: Right.
Because that's-- yeah, that might
not be humanely possible to be there,
to have that kind of BMI.
OK.
So now that we've visualized our data,
and this is generally good stuff.
There are more visualizations that you
should do to test your assumptions.
Let's actually try to
perform this little test.
We're trying to perform a t-test, which
is comparing the means and the mean BMI
values between two
populations, males and females,
in our pediatric subset of NHANES.
And so, the way that we do that--
oh, let's overwrite some.
So we noticed that there are some
data entries that have empty BMIs.
Wait.
This is not letting me get in here.
COLTON OGDEN: [? Magnus ?] is saying,
Is there somebody that's around 50?
It looks like there is in the data set.
It's just very small.
Right?
ANDY CHEN: It might be.
Yeah.
There might be a super--
COLTON OGDEN: Because it looks like
the red line goes all the way up
to 60 something, 65, 63?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah that's
really, really high.
Yeah, I think that's an
individual, and someone who's
under 18, a pediatric individual
who has a very high BMI.
There we go.
All right, let's make some space.
Great.
So we noticed earlier, probably
20 minutes ago I guess,
in the stream, some of our
BMI individuals were missing.
And again, I'm going to reiterate
this as very potent statistics,
be sure to consider and
at least explain why you
decided it's reasonable to omit data.
And I'm just going to
hand wave over that
for the express purposes
of demonstrating
how to perform a t-test in R. You
should, you know, explain to yourself,
be able to explain to anyone, who you're
showing your results to why you've
entered this data.
So the way that I'm
going to do that is I'm
going to overwrite NHANES pediatric.
Again, called the subset
function with NHANES itself.
This time with not is.na.
Remember, is.na means, that the
thing itself is missing, is na.
But not is.na is, it is
not missing the thing.
For gender as well as for BMI.
COLTON OGDEN: Andre is
asking, "If the data were not
grouped into batches of 10 would
it not fit a Gaussian curve?"
ANDY CHEN: Oh, that's
a very good question.
So this, I set the binwidth as 10.
I can-- so right here in line 24, I
can set that to be 1 if I would like.
It's an arbitrary binwidth.
And so that shows a
much clearer resolution.
But a better way to think about this
is, a Gaussian curve is actually not
discrete.
A word which means that is like
sort of individual numbers.
It's a continuous, it's a smooth curve.
So a Gaussian distribution does
not actually have individual rows.
It just has, choo, all of the
all the things in a single curve.
And so to demonstrate that, I chose--
I had arbitrarily chosen binwidth of 10.
But we can choose 1.
We can choose 0.5.
We can choose whatever we want.
So in line 26, what we've done
is we have resubsetted our data,
and this time we've removed
any individuals that
are missing entries for gender, or BMI.
And so now that we've done that,
let's perform some actual statistics.
We're getting there.
COLTON OGDEN: Here we go.
Here we go.
ANDY CHEN: All right.
Thank you so much for bearing with us.
COLTON OGDEN: Asymptotically
approaching, as David would say.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely.
Oh, yeah.
OK.
So let's save-- so
tapply is a function that
lets us take in our
data set as a argument,
specifically looking
at the BMI variable.
And we will also compare
that to the same data set,
but this time with gender.
And then the last argument
in tapply is going
to be what actual
thing you want from it.
And the first thing we want to
do is, I want take it's minimum.
And then-- so I'm actually going to
do that a bunch but with max, mean--
oops, won't do that.
Whoops, there we go.
Mean-- mean-- standard deviations--
and then we'll just run all those.
Run.
Run.
Run.
Run.
So these are all saved.
We haven't seen them in our console
because we saved them to a variable.
But something that is
cool that I'm about to do
is, we can actually cbind all of
these things into a single table.
Which again, is a very
useful one line command in R
that might be difficult to do in Excel.
You can probably do it very
smartly in Python, though.
So we're going to make a
new summary table variable.
And we're going to data.frame
and save as a data frame.
cbind of min, max, mean, and SD,
which are the barriers we just made.
And then we're also going to do summary
table again, just to display it.
So line 33 is going to save all
those things as summary table.
And then line 34 is going
to run it and print it.
And there you go.
We have a very beautiful,
very easy to read, table.
For females, the minimum
value is 12.88 for BMI.
For males, the minimum value is 12.89.
The mean is 20.49 for females.
The means 20.05 for males.
And so we have our basic
summary statistics.
COLTON OGDEN: Interesting.
ANDY CHEN: Now, looking at
this Colton, and knowing
the sample size is approximately 1,000
individuals for males and females,
do you think there is a significant
difference between the average BMI
for males versus females
in this pediatric data set?
COLTON OGDEN: Substantial?
ANDY CHEN: Significant.
COLTON OGDEN: I don't know if I would
describe it as being significant.
Would you describe it
as being significant?
ANDY CHEN: Well, that's
exactly the answer I wanted.
You can't tell.
So these are summary statistics
which tell you a mean,
or median, as well as
a measure of center,
which is saying sort of like, what
is like, the middle kind of value.
Whereas, standard deviation is a
measure of dispersion, which tells you
how spread apart is your data.
But it doesn't actually tell
you anything about if these two
populations are similar, or dissimilar.
And so to do that we would
have to use a statistical test.
In this case, since we're
comparing a binary variable
with a continuous numerical
variable we have to use a t-test.
And so the syntax for that--
COLTON OGDEN: And also
Fatma, in the chats,
said, "Can R be added
to the [email protected].
And from what I see here, I went on
to [email protected] it is already--
we do have an R option.
Probably don't have RStudio available.
But the R command line
environment we do have.
It looks like we do have a
sandbox setup for that already.
ANDY CHEN: Great.
Nice.
So if you want to teach yourself
how to use the command line,
that's a great skill to have too.
"Are we going to regression?"
I don't think we will
hit regression today.
We are going to do a t-test.
If we have time, we'll do an ANOVA.
Actually, if we have time,
we'll do a linear regression.
But yeah, we'll see
how far we get today.
So t-test, let's see--
so again, when we look
at p values, right?
We determine if something a
significant, or insignificant.
In statistics, before we
actually do the analysis,
we have to come up with something
called h not which is a null hypothesis.
And something called h sub a
or an alternative hypothesis.
So in statistics, the default
is you assume that there
is no significant difference.
Right?
That is the default. So
the null hypothesis here
is there is no significant difference
between the mean BMI for female
versus males in this sample population.
That is the null hypothesis.
The alternative hypothesis is
there is a significant difference
between the average BMI for males
and females in this population.
And so those are sort of the underlying
statements that you're working with.
And that's what your p
value for your t-test
actually tells you to either accept,
or reject, the null hypothesis.
And so we'll get to that in one minute.
Let me actually perform the t-test.
The syntax for that is t.test BMI.
So the first thing that
goes into the function call
is the continuous variable
that you're comparing--
or the categorical variable
that you're comparing.
Sorry-- the continuous variable
that we're comparing-- the numbers,
the thing that actually
has a mean, or an average.
And we're going to compare
against the categorical.
In our case, the males versus female.
In this case, it's a
dichotomous variable,
which is an instance of a
[? categorical ?] variable.
Let me do gender.
We have to tell it that the data
we're using is our NHANES data set.
And we're going to assume that
variance is equal to true.
So we could talk about
that in a little bit,
but there are actually
a few different kinds
of t-tests where you can assume that
the variances are true, or not true.
And the reason that they're different
is the statistical power is--
the way it's implemented is
actually slightly different.
In this case, we're assuming
that for the most part,
male and female participants in
NHANES are, for the most part,
very similarly except for their sex.
I should probably put this in
my script so I don't lose it.
So let's run that.
And here's what happens.
We get this fees out--
two sample t-test.
So remember, that's another kind of--
there are different kinds of t-tests.
One of them is two
samples, which is you're
comparing two different populations.
You can also compare a
single, one sample t-tests,
in which it's something sort
of like a before and after.
Because otherwise, it's exactly the
same except for the one test condition
that you've tested.
We look at the p value here--
0.08402.
Now if we had chosen an alpha 0.05.
It is greater than our
alpha of 0.05, which
means we have to accept
the null hypothesis, which
Colton suggests that this data
is significant, or insignificant?
COLTON OGDEN: Well, repeat
the question one more time.
ANDY CHEN: The null
hypothesis is that there
is no significant difference between
the mean BMIs of males versus females.
COLTON OGDEN: And you're if
it's greater than the alpha 0.05
then that is the case?
ANDY CHEN: Well, you fail to reject.
COLTON OGDEN: Which means
then, that we have to say
that there is no big major significant.
Right?
Am I wrong?
ANDY CHEN: No.
You're correct in your intuition.
But I just want to be--
in statistics, people are very careful.
You don't really-- you fail
to reject the null hypothesis.
COLTON OGDEN: Right.
So we can't-- we're not
asserting either, or the other,
but we are rejecting
the null hypothesis--
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely.
COLTON OGDEN: --in this instance.
ANDY CHEN: Exactly.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
We're not establishing the
hypothesis as being true,
the null hypothesis as being true.
Or the opposite the null
hypothesis as being true.
ANDY CHEN: Exactly.
COLTON OGDEN: Right.
OK.
ANDY CHEN: So let's actually assume that
instead of saying 0.08, it said 0.03.
Now what would happen?
COLTON OGDEN: 0.013?
ANDY CHEN: Just less than 0.05.
COLTON OGDEN: Then we
have to say that we can--
what is the opposite of--
ANDY CHEN: You reject
the null hypothesis.
COLTON OGDEN: Reject
the null hypothesis.
ANDY CHEN: So you don't really
accept the alternative hypothesis,
but-- because you can't really say
for certain, or most at statisticians
would hesitate to say for certain,
oh, there is a significant difference.
Well, I guess that is
what you would say.
But a sort of more
careful, more conservative,
way of saying that is like,
oh, we just can't reject--
we can't-- we fail to
reject the null hypothesis.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
So we're basically avoiding
making any assertions either way.
ANDY CHEN: Pretty much.
Yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
At which point can we assert
either situation, either case?
ANDY CHEN: In scientific writing, when
people use statistical tests, if the p
value is less than your alpha
value, what you'll usually say is,
we found significant results.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
ANDY CHEN: Although a statistician might
be a little more conservative about how
they would say that.
COLTON OGDEN: OK So this has to
kind of undergo repeated testing,
and repeated samples, and repeated sort
of accepting, or rejecting of a null
hypothesis over the course of
time before we can affirmatively
say one way or the other?
ANDY CHEN: Ideally.
COLTON OGDEN: And even then,
it's probably still not 100%.
ANDY CHEN: Ideally.
Yeah, that doesn't usually
happen, but yeah, you're
absolutely on the right track in your
intuition of how the statistics works.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
That makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: But yeah.
Let's see if there's any--
COLTON OGDEN: Fatmo was saying that
they were having internal server error.
So the-- it looks like sandbox
is, at least in America,
we can see that it's up, but
it's experiencing updates
so it's off line, technically.
But the landing page is still up.
So I think we're updating it probably
for the hackathon, or whatnot.
It should be up at some
point in the near future.
Can you tell the difference between
one sample and two sample t-tests
again, [INAUDIBLE].
ANDY CHEN: Sure.
Let's actually look it up so I am not--
one sample, versus two sample t-test.
So a two sample t-test
has two populations
that are different in some sense.
So males and females are two separate
individuals in this NHANES t-set.
Whereas a one sample t-test is--
ah!
Sorry, I actually-- so I misunderstood--
I misexplained how--
I misexplained one simple
t-tests in the beginning.
A two sample t-test is comparing if two
populations, two sample populations,
have a significant difference in
their average for whatever variable
you're looking at.
A one sample t-test is comparing a
known true population mean, some value,
to the sample you're saying,
and seeing if there's
a statistical difference there.
So I'm trying to think off the
top of my head of there's a good--
let's say that we know that
the average graduation--
or let's say that we know that the
population of a city is 50o,000.
We just know this for a fact.
We would perform a one
sample t-test if we're
trying to compare if it's statistically
significant that one of our samples
gives us 455,000 instead of 5000,000.
And then in that particular instance
you would use a one sample t-test.
COLTON OGDEN: Cool.
Cool.
Makes sense?
ANDY CHEN: Yep.
Cool.
So I think, unless there are
a lot of questions on t-tests,
we can actually probably go on to ANOVA.
COLTON OGDEN: Sure.
Let's do it.
ANDY CHEN: Sure.
So we talked earlier about
different kinds of variables.
T-tests are useful for when you are
comparing the difference of means
between two populations.
But let's assume, for instance, that
you have a categorical variable that
has multiple categories--
young, old, medium aged,
young adult, et cetera.
And you still want to compare
an average of some kind
of continuous variable between them.
So what is the average height of a
child, average height of an infant,
average height of an adult, average
height of an elderly person,
and you're trying to
look to see if there's
a statistically significant
difference between those populations.
In that particular instance, you
would use a test called an ANOVA,
or an analysis of variance.
So there are actually a lot of
assumptions for each of these tests
that we're using, and I
just want to reiterate that.
There are-- you should look at your
data, see if there are outliers,
and see if they meet the parametric
assumptions of each of these tests
that you're using.
All these test we're using
here today are parametric.
If not, you can use something
called, non-parametric tests,
which are sort of similar in
what they do, but are probably
not as statistically powerful.
But everything we're
doing today is parametric.
So we're just going to
assume that we've met all
these assumptions to use these tests.
So ANOVA-- let's look at ANOVA.
Let's make a variable
called, ANOVA BMI with race.
And so the category of race
in our data set is called,
Race 1, is looking at if--
I guess the surveys have,
do the individuals identify
as white, or as black, or Mexican,
or other, or Hispanic, or et cetera.
And so, as we can tell, these are
not numbers, these are categories
and there's more than two of them.
And let's compare that to BMI again.
Just because that's
what we've been using.
So in this particular instance, the
statistics question we're asking
is, is there a statistically
significant difference
in the average BMI between these
ethnicities, or between these races?
I think is the term they
use in this data set.
And so the way that we would
do that is we would call aov,
is the syntax in R. aov of BMI,
which is your continuous variable.
And then, squiggly enyay
to race 1, which again,
is the name of our variable for race.
Oh, and the second argument
is the identify your data.
We're going to be looking at our
NHANES pediatric that we made.
And then we are going to call--
OK.
So let's actually do that.
We run this function and
it saves your ANOVA results
into a variable called ANOVA BMI race.
Now to actually access it, we do
summary of a ANOVA BMI race, right here.
And so if we run that, it prints
out our [INAUDIBLE] results.
Excuse me.
So if you are interested in
ANOVA a lot of these are--
some of this data is actually--
some of these numbers
are actually very important.
The f value, for instance,
is a very useful thing.
But we're just going to be looking at
the statistical significance for right
now.
Our p value is 0.00781 star, star,
which means its alpha is 0.005.
That value is less than 0.005.
No.
That's not true.
Well, regardless.
If we had set our alpha as 0.05,
this value is less than that.
Which means we would say, we fail
to reject the null hypothesis.
And so in this particular
instance, we would
have set the null
hypothesis before, and it
would be the null
hypothesis is that there
is no significant difference in the
mean BMIs between categories of race--
white, Mexican, other
whatever the categories had.
And so because our p
value is less than 0.05,
we would fail to reach
our null hypothesis,
which means that we would probably
say something along the lines of,
we find that there is a
significant difference in the BMI
means across these categories.
So Colton, can you see why this might
be more ambiguous than a t-test, which
only has two categories?
COLTON OGDEN: Well, I mean,
there's just so many races.
I don't know if that's
part of the issue.
ANDY CHEN: Right.
Absolutely.
If I find--
COLTON OGDEN: And also
people can subjectively
identify as multiple different
races a lot of the time.
Because people can have
parents of different races.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely true.
Yeah.
From a statistical standpoint,
I think the first note is now
that I know it's significant,
where is the significance?
Is it between white and black?
Is it between Mexican and white?
Is it between other and white?
It's ambiguous.
COLTON OGDEN: And you have to
take probably smaller samples,
separate samples, and see how
they compare against each other.
Many different sort of permutations.
ANDY CHEN: Actually, yeah, that's
absolutely right, actually.
So that actually goes a little more
low level into what I'm about to show.
But so in ANOVA, because your p
value is ambiguous, because your--
I was just reading one of the comments.
COLTON OGDEN: The last one?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: Would you have
just a general statistics
review approaching AP testing time?
So informative.
Maybe.
I don't know when AP testing time is.
ANDY CHEN: I don't know when that is.
But yeah, perhaps we
could maybe do that.
We're talking about-- oh, right.
It's ambiguous.
We don't know where the statistically
significant differences is.
We don't know between which categories,
or between all categories is.
So we do something called, post hoc,
Latin for, after the fact tests.
One of which we'll show.
There are different kinds of tests
that you use in different circumstances
but we're going to use one
called the tukey's post hoc test.
So the way we do that is, tukey HSD of
ANOVA, or of the variable we just made.
And so if we run that, we find the
printouts of p values of the categories
compared to each other.
So you were actually
saying you run subsets of--
basically what this is doing, is
it's very similar to running t-tests
within all the possible categories.
COLTON OGDEN: Right.
OK.
That makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: And so the
reason it's p adjusted,
is because when you do that
the degrees of freedom changes.
And so you actually sort
of inflate or your power.
And so the tukey's t-test
is one implementation
of this kind of sequential
sub partitioning.
And so this what this gives us
is, we look at the differences--
is the average BMI of Hispanic versus
black individuals significantly
different?
The p value here is 0.60.
It's not significant at all.
And so most of these are not.
But if we look at, other with
black, then what this is saying is,
the null hypothesis here, like the
special sub null hypothesis here,
is that is there a
significant difference
between the average BMI for
individuals who are other
compared to individuals who are black?
In this case, our p value is 0.03,
which is less than our alpha of 0.05.
In which case we would say, we
failed to reject our null hypothesis,
that there is not a
significant difference.
And so you would say, we
find a significant difference
between the mean BMI for individuals
who identify as other compared
to those who identify as black.
And so it shows you all the
possible category differences.
So it looks like there
is five categories?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Yeah, Hispanic, black,
Mexican, other, and white,
and so it's looking at all the
possible permutations between,
and looking at if those
specific two categories are
significantly different enough.
And so that's how you
would analyze a ANOVA.
COLTON OGDEN: Get a
little bit more granular.
ANDY CHEN: Getting a little bit more
low level under the hood as David
might say.
OK.
I think we actually have
time for a linear regression.
I think that will probably be the
last thing we talked about though.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
Sounds good.
Let's look at it.
ANDY CHEN: All right.
Oh, this is a lot of code to type.
OK.
So again, a very, very good
statistical habit to get into
is visualizing your data
before you make analysis, just
to understand what's going on if you
have a lot of outliers, et cetera.
And so what we're going
to do, is we're going
to visualize the NHANES pediatric
data set that we made of course.
X equals age, y equals height,
plus [? giam, ?] point.
Let's run that.
All right so what this
did, is it's printing out,
in it's lower right corner here.
All of the individuals of various
heights in our pediatric data.
So from 0 to eight-- or sorry, ages
from 0 to 18, and their heights.
And so you'll notice that it has a weird
distribution where it's very, you know,
blocked.
And the reason for that
is because we don't
think about age in terms of continuous.
I'm not 24 and 3/4 years old.
Right?
I identify as 24.
And so that's why each of
these only is the height
for one-year-old, 2-year-old,
3-year-old, four-year-old, not 2.4856
six-year-old.
And that's why it has that
distribution like that.
COLTON OGDEN: Right that's
supposed to be a continuous graph.
ANDY CHEN: Exactly.
That's exactly right.
And so now that we
see this, Colton, if I
were if I were to give this
data to you, do you see--
do you think that there
is a general trend,
the correlation between age and height?
COLTON OGDEN: It looks like a small one.
As you get older, you
tend to get taller.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
Right.
And so intuitively
that makes sense to us.
I chose this example because it
makes sense that the older you get,
the taller you taller you get.
COLTON OGDEN: And also range in
height tends to grow as well.
ANDY CHEN: That's true.
That's actually, really, yeah.
That's really interesting.
I hadn't noticed that.
I mean that makes a lot of sense.
Right?
Because like we all start about
the same size, give or take.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
People grow at different
rates, different sizes.
ANDY CHEN: Absolutely.
Oh, one thing I forgot to mention is--
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, sorry, [? Babbick, ?]
let me let me go ahead and move it.
Move it right over--
I'll make it smaller again, how's that?
Let's go up to here.
Very tiny chat so we can see the graph
just while we're talking about it.
ANDY CHEN: So linear regression
is an instance of what--
is a specific instance
when we're comparing
continuous quantitative variable
with another quantity variable.
Age is a number from 0 to 18.
In theory, you could actually
have this like-- well,
I have them as discrete numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 but you
can have it as like 1.5, 2.8, whatever.
And height is also a discrete
number, from 0 to 175 centimeters.
And so when you're trying to compare
two continuous variables, two
quantitative variables,
you use linear regression.
It's actually really similar to an ANOVA
except for the independent variable
in an ANOVA is categorical
instead of continuous.
Right.
OK.
So, so the way that we would
perform linear regression-- oh,
so I think there tends to be--
it looks like there might
be a linear regression here.
And there might be a better
model that actually describes it.
But for our purposes let's
perform a linear regression.
Because I think someone was
suggesting we do a regression.
So ggplot.
It's the same exact thing,
but we'll add some lines.
It's starting to get
really unwieldy, which
is one of the reasons I don't
like ggplot, is I have to--
look at what I'm about to write here.
Smooth method = lm.
lm is linear model.
S = true.
I don't know what that is.
Full range = false.
COLTON OGDEN: And also, [? Fatma ?]
thank you for the kind words.
ANDY CHEN: 0 +--
COLTON OGDEN: And [? Babbick ?] as well.
ANDY CHEN: 0.95.
There we go.
Run.
Cool.
So we have the graph we had before, and
we've actually fitted a model to it.
A linear regression.
A line model.
So recall that in
linear regression makes
sense, in terms of, these
are all models, statistics
is all about modeling.
If you have a categorical variable,
how can you make a line with that?
Right?
There's no axes to make lines on.
But if you have two
continuous variables,
you absolutely can make a line.
Which is why a linear
regression makes sense
if you're comparing a continuous
with another continuous variable.
So I just wanted to plot
out what it actually
looks like in this
particular-- for when you're
comparing a continuous variable exchange
variable and it's a linear regression.
But to actually perform it in
R, you perform the following.
We're going to make a variable
called, linear regression.
And the syntax is lm, which
stands for linear model.
We're going to do our--
Oh, did I do weight?
Ah, that's fine.
Our independent variable, and then
squiggly enyay thing, with our--
sorry, dependent variable.
And then our independent
variable on the right.
Data is again NHANES pediatric.
And, yeah.
So we'll run that.
And then we'll call summary,
which is a function that gives you
the summary for certain kinds of data.
Call that and look.
We get our linear regression summary.
So there are multiple p values here but
I could go into depth in a little bit
more perhaps next time, but
essentially what's happening,
is there are actually two things
that come out of a linear regression.
Remember it's y equals mx
+ b because it's a line.
There are two variables here--
or there two things that
we could potentially plot.
m, which is the intercept.
Oh, sorry! b which is the intercept.
And m, which is the slope.
So linear regressions are
very useful, because you
want to say, hey, as age goes
up by x, how much does y go up?
Or in this case, if age
increases by 4.25 years--
as age increases by 1, height
increases by 4.25 centimeters.
And that has a p value of less than--
a tiny, tiny p value of 2
times 10 to the negative 16.
So that's way below
pretty much any alpha
which tells you that there is 100--
there is almost-- it's statistically
almost impossible for there
not to be an actual significance here.
COLTON OGDEN: Right.
That makes sense.
ANDY CHEN: So there's
also the intercepts,
which is sort of like remember it's a
lie, and it doesn't make a lot of sense
in the real world, but it's
saying, if your age is 0,
your height is going
to be 1.43 centimeters.
Doesn't make a lot of sense in
terms of being an actual baby.
Right?
But that's just how
it a regression works,
so you're fitting a lie to real data.
So cool.
I think that I think
that kind of finishes
off our conversation for today.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
That was pretty cool.
Getting to see the fact that you get
all these nice graphical tools as well.
Not only just being
able to model the data
see the variables that matter to
you but also model them visually.
I like seeing things visually.
I think that's important.
[? Fatmo's ?] saying, "I think all
of CS50 is awesome, they train well.
Andy being a star among them.
ANDY CHEN: Ah, thank you so much.
COLTON OGDEN: "Colton's [INAUDIBLE]
virtual office hours is unique."
It's a fun time.
I'm glad everybody's
joining in and having fun.
This is my first exposure
to R. So thank you very
much for coming on to the show and--
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
Absolutely.
COLTON OGDEN: --educating
us on R and RStudio.
This is pretty cool.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
I needed to refresh myself.
It's been a while.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
Yeah.
I know I can imagine.
Some of the function calls
get pretty bulky there.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah I don't think I
could've done this without notes.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, yeah.
It'd be tough.
I can imagine it being tough.
Yeah, this is great.
Thank you so much.
And then everybody who wants
to follow along, or join
after the fact, R and RStudio are free.
So as we talked about earlier in the
chat, definitely-- early in the stream,
and in the chat, definitely
grab those, and mess around.
Hopefully the sandbox is up
and running with R function,
as well, in the near future.
This is back to the firewall screen.
If anybody has any last questions
before we wrap up the stream,
definitely let us know.
We'll stick around for
just a couple more minutes.
This week is the CS50 hackathon.
So tomorrow is the hackathon,
Andy and I will be there.
Going into Friday, because
it's an all nighter.
So we start at night and then it goes
until, I would say 5:00 in the morning,
or 6:00 in the morning.
ANDY CHEN: 5:00 In the morning.
COLTON OGDEN: We go to IHOP.
Yeah.
That'll be great.
Is it your first or second hackathon?
ANDY CHEN: This is my first hackathon.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
Nice.
ANDY CHEN: When I took this
class, I took it in Kenya.
COLTON OGDEN: Oh, OK.
Yeah, you could have had to vicariously
sort of be a part of the hackathon.
ANDY CHEN: I saw the--
I liked the videos.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah, no,
we have the hackathon.
So we won't be streaming this week.
We will stream next week.
So we have a stream
with Nick on Tuesday.
And then I'll probably do a stream on
Wednesday, is probably actually the day
that I'll do a stream.
We'll finish up Space Invaders.
And I think Monday, we have
another stream lined up.
I need to check my calendar
just to 100% verify
the stream schedule for next week.
But I do believe that, that
is what we have set up.
ANDY CHEN: Nice.
COLTON OGDEN: Ba,ba, ba, ba, ba.
ANDY CHEN: Ba, ba, ba, ba.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
So next week we have David and
I on Monday for the surprise.
So I'm not going to spoil that.
And then on Tuesday, Nick will be
joining us for a C basics tutorial.
And then Wednesday, I will be--
we'll finish up Space Invaders.
So yeah, that will be a great time.
[INAUDIBLE] saying,
"This is really cool.
Hope to catch more of these.
Stats can be boring,
but you make it fun."
ANDY CHEN: Ah, thank you so much.
If you call it--
here's a trick.
If you call it, data science,
people think it's really awesome.
COLTON OGDEN: Yeah.
There you go.
And they pay more right?
ANDY CHEN: They pay you way more.
But it's sort of the same thing.
COLTON OGDEN: says, "Thank you Andy,
and Colton, very interesting stream."
Yeah, thanks for tuning in.
Thanks so much.
"I was going to opt out today, but
[? Babbick Night ?] efforts to make it
made me stay tuned."
Yeah, so thanks everybody,
helping each other stay tuned in.
"Love the surprises," says
[? Azley. ?] Yeah, me too.
This will be a great stream.
So yeah, thanks again, Andy.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah, of course.
COLTON OGDEN: We'll have you again,
probably in the spring at some point,
or [? J term ?] time--
ANDY CHEN: Sure.
Yeah.
I'll be around.
COLTON OGDEN: --to follow
up stream on something,
whether it's stats related or otherwise.
Cybersecurity and data
science, let's catch followers.
Says [? Fatmo, ?] "Is
there any first steps class
you suggest, or is there
any intro class that
has a professor with good reviews?"
ANDY CHEN: At Harvard?
Or--
COLTON OGDEN: Maybe just any.
ANDY CHEN: So edX, Harvard X
has an offering called Stat100x,
[INAUDIBLE] because I worked on it.
COLTON OGDEN: There you go.
ANDY CHEN: It's pretty intense.
It's an introduction to
probability theory, which actually
isn't what we're doing today,
but it's the background for why
what we're doing to today, works.
If that's what you're interested in.
COLTON OGDEN: More rigorous?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
It's very difficult.
COLTON OGDEN: You'll
have to check that out.
What was the name of it again?
ANDY CHEN: s Stats 110x on edX.
It's probably offered
by Harvard Stat 110x.
COLTON OGDEN: OK.
ANDY CHEN: Professor
is Joe [? Blitstein. ?]
COLTON OGDEN: Check it out.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: You learn some stats.
Actually, [? dive ?] into
a little bit at some point.
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
I forget all of it.
COLTON OGDEN: Maybe some R. Some Python
data science stuff sounds pretty cool.
ANDY CHEN: Name some Rthon.
Is that a thing?
Rthon.
COLTON OGDEN: Rthon?
Maybe, I'm not sure.
Integrate RStudio with Python.
"Thanks for the stream.
I want to ask the logic
behind the p value,
but I know it's the end
of the stream so its cool
if you don't have time to explain it.
ANDY CHEN: The logic
behind the p value is
we assume that everything
that we sample, all events,
happen along a distribution.
In this instance, we assume
it's a normal distribution.
And you p value is saying,
what is the likelihood
that the actual result we get is--
so if you think about
the normal distribution.
When we think about the area under
the curve as the possible region where
conceivably, that event could happen.
The likelihood of that happening--
there is a very small area on
both sides of the tail that
are extremely unlikely
that cover 5% of that area,
and that's actually two standard
deviations from the mean.
And we're saying that we're OK,
essentially, if our sample--
if our results actually
were in that area.
It's saying like, the likelihood
of it being in this area
is so far gone, it's 5%,
that we're OK with it.
But what that also means, is
every 1 out of every 20 times
you do it you're going to get
not a great result. But yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: And tune
in for the stats course
for probably more of the background
on that, I'm guessing, right?
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
COLTON OGDEN: Someone asked,
JumpJump123, "Could you
say the course name again?"
ANDY CHEN: That would be Stat 100x.
COLTON OGDEN: And then,
[? TwitchHelloWorld, ?] aka,
Jacques or Jack, says,"What did you
say is the stream Professor Manning is
doing Monday?"
And that is a surprise.
We're not going to spoil that one.
Another surprise, you're
going to have to tune in.
Cool.
ANDY CHEN: Nice.
COLTON OGDEN: I think that was it.
We're going to adjourn now.
It's been a little over two hours.
Thanks again, Andy--
ANDY CHEN: Yeah.
Of course.
COLTON OGDEN: --for coming on today.
ANDY CHEN: Thanks for having me.
COLTON OGDEN: It was great.
It was great fun.
Great time seeing R. I've
always heard about it.
Never actually seen it
too much in practice.
ANDY CHEN: [INAUDIBLE].
COLTON OGDEN: Physically seen it.
But it was a great exposure for me.
Have a great rest of the week, all.
I think we'll probably post videos
of hackathon related activities,
and pictures, and whatnot
on the Facebook group.
And I will see all of you next Monday.
ANDY CHEN: That's right.
Have a great weekend in the meantime.
COLTON OGDEN: All right,
everybody, on that note,
let's have a great rest
of the week and weekend.
See you next time.
ANDY CHEN: Ciao.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
It's hard to imagine certain celebs together,
but A-listers, just like the rest of us, have
hidden romantic pasts.
Sometimes these relationships even pre-date
their time in the limelight... meaning that
some stars dated one another long before either
one of them became household names.
Neil Patrick Harris came out as gay in 2006,
but it was a relationship he had years earlier
with a now-famous woman that made him realize
he wasn't attracted to the ladies.
In an interview with radio shock jock Howard
Stern, Harris revealed that dating actress
Christine Taylor, who married Ben Stiller
in 2000 before they later divorced, made him
realize that he was into men.
He said:
E! News reports that Harris and Taylor dated
back in 1997, after Harris became famous from
Doogie Howser, M.D., but before he became
relevant as an adult actor.
But Taylor doesn't get all the credit for
having helped Harris realize his sexuality:
In Harris' autobiography, the How I Met Your
Mother star shared that a joking kiss from
Burt Reynolds also did the trick.
Yeah that'll do it!
January Jones dated Ashton Kutcher before
hitting it big as Betty Draper on Mad Men,
and there were rumors for years that he was
the subject of a remark she made in a 2009
GQ profile about an ex.
In the article, Jones griped that her first
boyfriend since moving to Los Angeles, quote,
"was not supportive of my acting."
She said:
Years later, Jones appeared on Watch What
Happens Live With Andy Cohen, where a caller
asked, quote, "January, have you ever talked
to Ashton Kutcher since he said you couldn't
act, and what do you think about his acting
skills?"
Jones replied:
"I don't know if that person had ever actually
seen me act."
"Got it."
"But the person who wrote the interview did
the math and thought it might be him."
Jones never confirmed that Kutcher was the
jerk in question, but she did quip:
"But I haven't talked to him, but I'm super
happy for him and his family, to be political
and all that."
"Okay.
Okay, good."
Could there possibly be a funnier couple than
Conan O'Brien and Lisa Kudrow?
The Friends star revealed that she and Coco
dated before they each hit it big in television.
She revealed to More magazine that she and
O'Brien dated briefly but were better off
as, wait for it, friends.
"Oh, okay, I see what you did there."
They were such good pals, in fact, that she
said she credits him with her sticking it
out in improv classes when she wasn't too
thrilled with them.
She recalled:
But regarding improv, she added:
Eventually O'Brien convinced her to join the
Los Angeles-based improv group the Groundlings,
and she, as we all know, later became a TV
legend playing Friends' Phoebe Buffay.
And O'Brien might be just as indebted to Kudrow
for getting his start in late night television,
which she confirmed to The Saturday Evening
Post.
She told the publication, cheekily:
Actress Megan Fox began dating her now-husband,
Beverly Hills, 90210 star and former teen
heartthrob Brian Austin Green, when she was
18 years old and he was 30, but before that,
she was in a much more age-appropriate relationship
with a fellow young actor.
Long before Fox became a household name with
the 2007 Transformers movie, she had a role
in the TV series Hope & Faith, starring Faith
Ford and Kelly Ripa, and a small part in a
2001 direct-to-DVD Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen
flick called Holiday in the Sun, among other
tiny gigs.
During this period of her career, Fox dated
7th Heaven actor David Gallagher, who played
Simon Camden on the '90s family-friendly series
following a minister and his large family.
According to E! News, Gallagher and Fox were
an item from 2003 to 2004, when she was 17
to his 18.
Juliette Lewis and Brad Pitt, who starred
together in 1993's Kalifornia, dated for a
few years.
She revealed to the Daily Mail:
The two are still friendly.
Pitt told Vanity Fair in 1995:
He added:
In 2010, Lewis told Fox News that she and
Pitt's ex-wife Jennifer Aniston were pals,
and noted that she and Pitt would, quote,
"run into each other" every so often, which
was, quote, "really nice."
Back when pop star Katy Perry was still a
fledgling Christian singer in the early 2000s,
she dated Christian pop-punk artist Matt Thiessen,
frontman of the band Relient K. Thiessen told
Songfacts:
He added that she became a star while he was
working with Owl City, noting:
Perry was such a supportive girlfriend to
Thiessen that video footage resurfaced a decade
later of her failing epically to stage-dive
at a Relient K show.
The two even wrote the song "Long Shot" together,
which was eventually recorded by Kelly Clarkson
for her All I Ever Wanted album.
Celebs Colin Hanks and Busy Philipps dated
when they were classmates at Loyola Marymount
University in the 1990s, and they're still
close friends today.
In fact, in 2017, Philipps was a guest co-host
on Live With Kelly when Hanks was a guest
on the show and gushed about their prior relationship,
saying:
"He was my college boyfriend, but we are very,
very close friends now, his wife and I are
very tight, he and my husband hang out.
We go on vacation together."
The two met when Philipps was 18 and Hanks
was 19.
After noting that they'd known each other
for 20 years, Philipps shared:
"I do have moments where I think, 'How cool..."
"Yeah."
"... that we knew each other at this formative
moment in our life?'"
Hanks added, quote, "We got our first televisions
shows within the same week.
We got our first movies within the same week."
"Like we were able to go through all of these
really special moments in young actors' lives
together."
Way before Chris Evans became Captain America,
he was pretty much relegated to being 7th
Heaven star Jessica Biel's plus-one on red
carpets.
The couple dated for roughly five years, from
2001 to 2006.
Neither of them has spoken too much publicly
about their relationship, though what they
have said has been pretty damn sweet.
Biel once gushed to Cosmopolitan in 2005:
Evans, meanwhile, revealed to Esquire in 2017
that he and Biel once went skydiving for Valentine's
Day.
When they called it quits in 2006, reports
circulated that Evans had been spotted with
brunette PR exec Joyce Sevilla.
Biel, on the other hand, moved on later that
year with Derek Jeter, before getting together
with Justin Timberlake in January 2007.
She and Timberlake ended up marrying several
years later.
Who knew Will Schuester got around?
Glee star Matthew Morrison briefly dated co-star
Lea Michele during their Broadway days back
before they ever shared screen time in the
musical dramedy series.
Michele revealed in her memoir, Brunette Ambition:
But Michele wasn't the only celeb Morrison
dated before hitting it big.
In 2010, Kristen Bell shared that Morrison
was an old college flame, telling Us Weekly:
Sounds like the Veronica Mars actress must
have some great memories of that relationship,
huh?
When Melissa Joan Hart was first rising to
fame on Sabrina the Teenage Witch in 1996,
she had then-unknown actor Ryan Reynolds smitten.
She revealed on Chelsea Lately that he tried
to win her over with a Beluga watch, telling
host Chelsea Handler:
It was just a fling for Hart, though.
She told Australia's Studio 10:
"He was sweet, he was very sweet. I had a boyfriend at the time, but we were smitten and cute, and, you know…"
"Awwww."
She added, quote, "[Reynolds] probably would
have been a great boyfriend, and I didn't
end up with the other guy, so maybe I should
have taken a chance."
Before he had Robin's tights, Chris O'Donnell
had Reese Witherspoon's digits.
He was around 22 years old when he dated the
future Legally Blonde star, who was just a
teenager in 1992, as Rolling Stone reported.
According to E! News, the two were an item
when Witherspoon first moved to Los Angeles,
but little else is known about their relationship.
O'Donnell and Witherspoon were reportedly
together for a few months, but their romance
didn't last.
The following year, the future NCIS: Los Angeles
star met a woman named Caroline Fentress,
a college pal's younger sister who would later
become his wife.
O'Donnell married Fentress in 1997, as noted
by People magazine, and, as of making this
video, the two have since welcomed five children.
Since dating O'Donnell, Witherspoon moved
on to relationships with Ryan Phillippe and
later Jim Toth.
Check out one of our newest videos right here!
Plus, even more Nicki Swift videos about your
favorite stuff are coming soon.
Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the
bell so you don't miss a single one.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Dean will now....
What is this...are they putting it in his head?
I didn't even see it.
Will they enter already?
You know how much protection is there?
It hurts him...she did something....
She did something to him?
She washed his brain. She put something there to control him, so he has to tell her everything.
The question is does he remember anything?
He'll figure that something's not right.
He doesn't remember.
The blood is flowing from his eyes...
He's done with him....for good.
He's with him.
Logical.
I thought he left to see her, but she maybe went for a walk.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Hi, everyone.
I'm Corey D'Augustine.
I want to welcome you to the third live Q&A
session.
I'll be here for the next 30 minutes, something
like that, taking questions about art history,
about perhaps some of your works in the studio,
or whatever else is on your mind.
We will be taking live questions but we've
also compiled a list of questions from previous
episodes, so let's dive right in.
First question comes from alexmeinhof.
Alex writes, "How do you respond to people
who say that abstract art requires no skill?"
Okay, so this is kind of a classic question
for modernism, and especially for abstract
painting, the Jackson Pollocks of the world.
Actually, a quick story.
I remember once when I was working the National
Gallery I was dusting frames early in the
morning and a dad came in with his daughter
on his shoulders, and they're looking at a
Joan Michell painting.
You could imagine what that might look like.
And the daughter said, "Oh, Daddy it's dirty.
I want to clean it."
He was like, "Okay, well, dirty is one word
for it," but language I think is key here.
Pablo Picasso, who, by the way, never painted
an abstract painting himself, was asked about
cubism and how he responded to the fact that
many people didn't understand cubism, and
kind of ridiculed it as crazy, avant-garde.
And Picasso said, "Well, you know modern art
movements are very much like foreign languages.
And if someone French came in the room right
now and started speaking French and you didn't
know the language you wouldn't blink.
You wouldn't understand anything."
And for Picasso it was really the same thing,
so his opinion was that if someone had never
spent time with cubism, never studied that
abstract language, semi-abstract language,
that it would come as no surprise that they
didn't really understand what it was about.
Now could anyone paint a cubist painting?
Could anyone paint an abstract painting?
Well, in a way, of course.
But if we can run with this analogy a little
bit longer, you know, if you start to study
Chinese.
Your first class in Chinese language class
you're actually just making noises.
You're making not words but just sounds that
are vaguely Chinese.
But they don't mean anything, right?
So you can imitate that, but if a Chinese
person walks in the room and starts to try
to understand what you're saying, of course
you're not getting anywhere, right?
So without a background in some of these movements
it's really difficult to understand what the
intentions are, what the painting is trying
to do or say, and this is potentially a problem.
And, you know, for Alex and perhaps many viewers
out there, there is something difficult about
a lot of modern art.
Perhaps elitist, unfortunately, about some
modern art that if you come into it cold you're
having a difficult time to get a foothold
and really understand what the movement is
about.
Whereas, you know, old master paintings, like
it or not, if you go look at a Titian or a
Vermeer, now you might like it.
You might love it.
You might not, but you understand what the
criteria is of a good painting.
Is it realistic?
Is it not?
Whereas in modernism they threw that out the
window, as they did so many things.
So this is a huge topic, and we could talk
about this for the next half an hour.
But I hope anyway that's an introduction to
this idea that, yeah, it's fair to say that
some of these movements are really difficult.
They do require a little bit of homework.
And if you don't want to, no problem.
In my opinion, if you do follow through with
some of that homework you're opening some
really interesting doors to an appreciation
of a lot of art that, by the way, try it yourself.
You can't do if you speak the language and
you're sensitive to it.
Or you can maybe after a lot of practice.
All right, first live question here comes
from Rachel Birkner.
"Corey, you have a remarkable ability to recreate
the style of the abstract expressionist.
What drew you to these artists and this time
period specifically?
And PS, does Drake mind that you stole his
DNA?"
I didn't do that, I promise.
But the real question here, what drew me personally
to the New York school, living in New York
is a big one.
Being an American, by the way, since the so-called
Abstract Expressionists were probably, fair
to say, the most critically important historical
avant-garde in this country now.
And you could go back to Alfred Stieglitz
and there's many other interesting modern
artists before them, but that's really the
one that got the ball rolling here in New
York City.
You know, I have a background studying jazz
and a lot of the same ideas meshed with improvisation
with a lot of, you know, the bebop players
and the Jackson Pollocks of the world.
So when I was in grad school that was really
where I focused.
And, you know, in my own studio work certainly
wasn't an abstract expressionist style painter
but I spent a lot of time thinking about them.
So yeah, thank you for the compliment and
keep going.
Next question.
This comes from the September live Q&A.
That was our last one.
"At the risk of sounding like a kiss-ass,
this is definitely one light bulb you've turned
on in terms of learning to appreciate the
Abstract Expressionist movement, and I've
been to art school.
Having said that, what are some avenues one
could explore in furthering a beginner's education
the art form, books, films, podcast, etc?"
Okay, great question.
First of all, podcasts, I'm not aware of any
but there probably are some good ones out
there, so please post down below and share
this with me and everyone else watching.
Films, one really good one, a documentary
film made by Emile de Antonio.
And maybe we'll post this down in the comments
later, "Painters Painting" is the name of
that documentary from 1971 or '72, something
like that.
De Antonio was a New York school artist himself
and he interviewed a whole lot of great artists,
ranging from Barnett Newman, and Willem de
Kooning, to Andy Warhol.
And if you want to hear it, you know, from
the source, an artist documenting the work
of other artists in their studios, etc, in
my opinion that's really as good as it gets.
And books, wow, there's about a million of
them out there.
I think my favorite entry-level-ish book on
the New York School is written by Irving Sandler.
Sandler was a really young aspiring art historian,
probably not even an art historian yet, at
the
Artists Club.
He knew de Kooning, and Pollock, and all those
guys and gals.
And his memoirs, or actually one chapter of
his memoirs is called, "A Sweeper-Up After
Artists."
Kind of a strange title, but those are his
personal recollections, and he's kind of weaving
great stories back and forth with the history
of the movement.
It's really entertaining.
It's also quite interesting and elucidating.
Katharina Huemer, also from the September
live Q&A.
"Thanks so much.
As we all know, practice is the key.
Can you recommend something to practice on,
as buying canvas all the time is quite expensive?
But the specific surface is still quite important,
at least to me.
Again, thank you very much."
Thank you.
Okay, so to practice on, first of all, paper
is really cheap, brown paper, etc.
And certainly you can practice brushwork,
etc, but Katharina is right here, the texture
is different, the
absorbance is different, etc.
One thing you can do to make it act a little
bit more like canvas is to prime paper.
That seals the paper and reduces its absorption,
so the paint starts to feel a little bit more
like applying to canvas.
Also you can do what Picasso did and many
other artists, paint on the back of a canvas.
When you're done with one, unstretch it, flip
it over, prime the other side, and paint it
again.
Or what Picasso also did it early on the Blue
Period when he wasn't really selling works
is to paint directly on top of another painting.
Now for all of us Picasso lovers it's kind
of a bummer that there are all of these so-called
lost or hidden Picasso's, which by the way,
conservators like myself are using imaging
techniques of increased specificity to really
pick out some of those under paintings, if
you will.
So maybe if you make a masterpiece don't paint
it out, please.
But as you're just growing as a painter, I
think it's completely fine to realize that
your painting is kind of exercise.
They're kind of platforms, or kind of steps
forward.
And when you've finished one, by all means
take a picture of it, remember it.
But if money's tight I think it's completely
fine to paint over that.
And really, again, as I mentioned in the previous
one, I think one of the most important things
for a young painter is not to fall in love
with anything you've done.
Always risk what you've done to try to make
it better.
Don't rest on your laurels in other words.
And I think making yourself paint over works
is a really, really good way to ensure that
that's the case.
And by the way, it's the cheap way, too.
Emily Tarleton writes, "I feel like I learned
more in the first 10 minutes of this video
than I did in 3 years' worth of art classes
in high school."
Well, that's kind of a good news, bad news
one.
I'm glad to hear that, in a way.
Not so glad to hear that about your high school
art class, but thanks for those kind words.
Iveta Wiedermann writes, "Is it necessary
to be capable of realistic drawing or painting
for abstract for an abstract painter?
Were mentioned artists like Newman, de Kooning,
and others also great in realistic drawings
and paintings?"
Interesting.
Is it necessary?
This is a case-by-case situation.
It really depends on what kind of abstract
painting you're making.
Willem de Kooning, as you probably know since
you're here, really exerts a kind of battle
between painting and drawing in his painted
canvases, drawing with a loaded brush, drawing
back on top of a painting, painting back on
top of a drawing, etc.
And by the way, de Kooning was one of the
greatest draftsman, in terms of drawing, of
the 20th century.
So if you're going to draw like...sorry, if
you're going to paint like de Kooning I think
the answer this question is yes.
You really gotta hone your draftsmanship skills.
Newman is a great counter example, though.
If you look at early representational work
by Newman.
Ugh, good luck.
He destroyed it all because he didn't want
you to see it.
Something tells me there was a reason for
that.
Ego's certainly a part of it, but in Newman's
graphic work later on, his zips, his prints,
etc, the artist hand, in terms of realistic
drawing, is completely irrelevant.
And whereas some kind of Philistine argument
will say, "Well, you can't be an abstract
painter unless you pay your dues first," I
really don't think that's the case.
It really depends on what kind of an abstract
artist that you want to be.
Same thing with jazz, by the way.
Ornette Coleman, great avant-garde innovator
on the alto saxophone and other instruments,
was not a great bebop player.
But he just improvised a completely new relationship
to the music without paying his dues, and
that was very difficult for many people.
In fact, when he first came to New York City
in 1959 he was labeled anti-jazz.
Well, now when you listen to Ornette you're
going to be tapping your foot.
I'm pretty sure you're going to think it's
jazz.
So sometimes as movements make their way into
history we really start to understand that
it's more about the idea rather than the checklist
of things that gets you to that idea.
Cecelia Beck asks, "How did de Kooning's paintings
fare over time with the mixture?"
Cecelia referring to some really interesting
materials that de Kooning added to his paint,
including some non-drying oils, like safflower,
cooking oil, in other words.
How did they fare?
Kind of a mixed bag.
I think it's fair to say that de Kooning's
paintings have a lot more cracks than certain
other artists who are more academic or conventional
in their approach to the canvas.
de Kooning knew how to paint according to
the academic standards for sure, but he just
willingly deviated from those recipes in the
interest of creative ideas.
In other words, fat over lean, that rule of
thumb of oil painting or really any kind of
painting.
How to make a painting that lasts.
He didn't do that.
So in many cases actually we see drying cracks
in his painting.
Now what a drying crack is is not a crack
that happened because, you know, someone crashed
into it or kicked a soccer ball against it,
or that the temperature of the humidity varied
wildly in your living room.
Instead it's those cracks forming as the paint
dries.
So those cracks, they're actually not a damage.
It's not a condition problem for the painting.
It's something that the material did naturally
as it dried in the studio.
At the very least de Kooning accepted these
kind of drying cracks.
And having looked at a lot de Kooning paintings,
I'm pretty confident that actually he invited
these drying cracks at times.
de Kooning getting really wrinkly textures
sometimes, adding way too much medium, and
other times working super dry and underbound,
and having cracking, kind of dry paint surfaces.
de Kooning really made paint do everything
that it
possibly could do, including not dry, as we
talked about in a previous video, where some
of his paintings still have drips that are
literally still wet today, 50 years down the
road.
And they're probably not drying anytime soon.
Pamela writes, "Question for you, Corey.
When you painted during Parts I & II in de
Kooning style can you please talk about the
fat over lean principle and whether de Kooning
adhered to this principle?"
Actually we just kind of addressed this.
The answer really here is rarely.
In these kind of paintings when de Kooning
did follow fat over lean, I think it was almost
just by chance.
It's really not something that he was worried
about, and it is why some of these really
interesting paint textures happened on his
paintings.
And, you know, let's be frank.
Some of his paintings do have condition problems.
Some of them do have flaking paint when the
paint is cracking, and lifting off the surface,
and falling on the floor, etc.
And painters of this generation, Franz Kline
also, you know, there's a certain risk, a
certain cost littered to the condition, the
aging properties of your painting when you
do deviate from those academic techniques.
But I don't think de Kooning is really an
extreme example of that.
We can find other painters who were making
much more unorthodox and much more fragile
paint films, like Yves Klein from France,
or Ad Reinhardt here from New York City.
ArnoM73 writes, "A big thanks from Germany
for everything.
Big fan of your videos.
Which binder is best to use with acrylics
to get more fluidity?
Any thoughts about mixing oils and acrylics?
I would love to hear more about Pierre Soulages."
Actually I just finished working on a Pierre
Soulages painting, a great abstract painter
who's still kicking, by the way, still working
in Paris.
Okay, so the question here about getting more
fluidity with acrylics.
Okay, one way to do that is to add solvent,
which in this case is water, which cuts the
fluidity of your paint.
But if you're trying to increase also the
translucence of your paint there's a really
wide range of additives for acrylics.
Now the truth here is that, you know, within
all of these different lines, and I'm talking
about commercial brands of acrylic paints,
a lot of these additives, they're really,
really similar to each other.
They have the same binder or really closely
related binders.
They might have rheological modifiers.
That sounds complicated, but just something
to change the flow ability, the brush ability
of your paint.
And each one of these companies has their
own names and their own brands of different
approaches to cutting the viscosity of your
paint.
Another way to do it is actually just to add
a surfactant, like a little bit of alcohol,
ethanol, which you can buy at the drug store.
Just a little bit is going to cut the surface
tension of your paint, and really that's a
whole lot of what I think this question is
about.
So sorry there's not a super specific answer,
but, you know, if you're working with Golden
paints, or Liquitex, or what have you, explore
some of these different additives.
And I really encourage you to, you know, get
a piece of masonite or a
canvas and do some paint outs, do some tests.
So take a little bit of cadmium red and add
equal part of one additive, and then do the
same thing in another one, and another one,
another one, and then make the same brush
stroke down and start to get a feel for, ah,
the fluidity is much higher in this one but
is much more translucent.
Or this one is more opaque.
Or this one has a body to it, is more kind
of a waxy kind of thickness to it.
These days it's a nice time to be a painter
in the acrylic realm since there is a really
wide range of materials available to us.
Live question from Cheryl Herndon here on
YouTube.
"Can you get similar effects of matte and
glossy surfaces with H2 oils?"
Okay, yeah.
So H2 oils, this is just a brand name, but
these are the so-called water soluble, or
water miscible oil paints.
First thing, it's a bit of a misnomer.
Oils are not soluble in water.
They're not really miscible either.
These are emulsion paints, and before you
start getting freaked out, don't worry.
Most acrylic paints are also emulsion paints.
The so called water-soluble oils, it's just
a different binder in there.
For me they still really feel plasticky.
They are plastics, by the way.
They have plastic components in them.
So yeah, they look more like oil than acrylic,
emulsion paints do.
But for me, the handling properties, I'm not
really convinced.
Moreover they're relatively young.
Someone can tell me exactly how long they've
been around but I want to guess, I don't know,
15 years, something like that.
And conservators studied these a bit, but
really the best way to understand the material
and its aging process is to, well, stick around
for 100 years.
By the way, a lot of the early acrylic paintings
from the 60s, conservators like myself are
encountering some very strange problems that
some of them are having over time that we're
just learning about these days because they're
a ticking clock in a way.
And certain things happen at certain times,
and we're learning that on-the-fly.
So matte and glossy surfaces with water-soluble
oils.
The medium there is quite glossy, so if you
want to reduce the gloss you want to reduce
the binder content, or increase the pigment-to-binder
ratio.
One way to do that is that you can do what
the Impressionists did and squeeze out your
oil paint on to newspaper or onto cardboard.
It'll soak up some of the medium, and what
you're left with is a thicker, drier paint,
which will also dry with a much more matte
appearance.
Also if you add more water to it you will
increase the viscosity, and as your paint
is applied to an absorbent support like canvas,
more of that medium is going to follow the
water and get soaked into your priming, or
your canvas, or what have you.
And again, the same kind of thing, pigment-to-binder
ratio goes up and you have a more matte appearance.
Anamaria Arango writes, "Thank you.
Love your videos.
I'm teaching visual art in a bilingual school
in Colombia, South America and we watch many
of your videos.
Keep it up."
Super cool.
I just love the idea that this is a kind of
language tool, as well as a cultural tool,
as well as an artistic teaching device in
Colombia.
Sign me up.
I'm ready to go to Colombia.
What next?
Justin Worrell writes, "Have conservators
studied or reached any conclusions regarding
the integrity of water-soluble oil paints?"
I'm going to pass on this one since actually
we just took a live question about this.
"Assuming I follow all the traditional rules,
fat over lean, proper ground, how many generations
of my family will get to enjoy my awesomely
mediocre paintings?"
We don't know is really the answer to that
one.
If you're really concerned about the longevity
of your works, your awesomely mediocre paintings,
stick with oils, or stick with egg, or stick
with distemper.
Stick with something that's been around for
hundreds of years, and we know the answer
to these questions.
Acrylics might be fine.
Water miscible oils might be fine, but I wouldn't
bet the farm on it.
More likely when paintings of historic, and
frankly monetary value, get made in these
new media, conservators will get good and
the market will drive this pressure and make
sure that we keep them around in a way.
But specifically what are the problems and
how bad are they going to be?
I think we're going to have to wait around
a little bit to really be sure.
From the September live Q&A, Lynda Lehmann
writes, "Long question here.
For months and months I've been bemoaning
the loss of my independent study painting
group and life changes propelled me to move
across the country.
Listening to you speak with so much knowledge
and authority about painting grounds and anchors
me to the dimension of creativity that I was
once able to express in my tiny art community.
Already inspired learning things I've missed.
Looking forward to plunge into the grand universe
of inner space impacting pigments."
Hey, you guys know how to write.
I love this stuff.
"Thanks MoMA and thanks me."
You're very welcome.
Really nothing makes me happier in this series
than I get comments like this that people
are either beginning to explore painting for
the first time or kind of reinvigorating their
painting process.
Actually I got a note recently, a kind of
thank you note that someone said I was like
gasoline on a smoldering fire.
I think that was meant as a compliment but
it took me a little while to figure it out.
Jack Ready writes in the live Q&A trailer
for this session, "Hi, Corey.
Many of the artists I've been interested in
recently, including Basquiat and de Kooning,
seem to take direct inspiration from their
peers and predecessors' work and make it their
own.
Is there a fine line between imitation and
originality?"
Wow, a lot of artists have been pondering
these same ideas, perhaps none more so than
Marcel Duchamp, who basically made an entire
career out of this idea of questioning authenticity,
originality concepts therein.
But back to painting, yeah, many artists paint
their way through the master to the extent
available options to them.
There's nothing wrong with that.
In fact, I think it's a really productive
way to work.
As an artist if you're trying you know to
do something historically important to be
a serious artist, etc, if you're copying you
better understand the ramifications of that.
The so-called Pictures Generation, largely
focus here in New York City in the 1980s and
'90s, Louise Lawler, Richard Prince, Jeff
Koons, and other artists really went back
to Duchamp and started thinking about, well,
what happens when you take a photograph of
a photograph?
Or if you make a painting that looks just
like another painting, except this one's done
by a woman and it's done in the 1990s.
What's the meaning of this contextual shift
here?
And the answer is actually there's a lot of
interesting things that happen here, you know?
The old fable about, you know, someone who
likes Don Quixote so much that they wrote
it themselves to experience what Cervantes
would have experienced in writing the original
Quixote, Pedro Menard.
But, you know, these kind of ideas have been
around for quite some time now in the 20th
century now into the 21st.
So all I'm recommending here is that if, you
know, you're painting through other artists'
work as a way to find your own voice, excellent,
a really productive way to do that.
If you're copying other artists' work as your
own art, hit the books and understand some
of the rationale of other artists who have
done this kind of a thing, and figure out
where your ideas lie in there.
And by the way, I'm sure this is not the the
last that we've heard of these kind of approaches.
SpecialDoc: TryYourMedincine writes, "Why
not paint like yourself?"
Okay, related question here.
There's no reason not to paint like yourself.
In fact, even if you do try to rewrite Don
Quixote yourself you're not going to do it.
It's going to be your own in certain ways.
The experience of it will be quite subjective
and quite personal.
I think that the flip side to this question
is, "Why paint like other artists?"
And we've touched on this as a way to understand
really the experience of a work, to understand
the process, to understand why things look
the way they do in, say, a Picasso painting.
I hope some of you have tried your hand at
working in a Cubist style, and suddenly you'll
realize really, really quickly how cubism
progressed very methodically and very rationally
from one step to another.
Because it's all about how the image relates
between what you're looking at in still life
and on a canvas, or then perhaps you skip
the still life altogether and further flattened
the pictorial space of that painting.
One answer here is to learn art history, to
learn the history of painting by using your
hands and really sharpening the relationships
between what your eye tells you where you're
comfortable perhaps looking at paintings and
thinking about paintings with what your hand
tells you, which maybe you haven't done so
much of.
And suddenly you'll have an understanding
why certain de Kooning's brush strokes look
the way they do, or start the way they do,
or stop with a crackle in the way they do.
Because the quality of paint, because of the
kind of physical gesture that was responsible
for getting that paint there.
So, you know, multiple answers here.
One is to learn art history, two, to learn
how to paint, and I think many of us here
in this series of In the Studio works, I hope
you're doing both of those hand-in-hand.
At least that's certainly my intentions.
Alberto Arredondo on Twitter writes, "I'm
working in tempera grassa.
First of all, tempera grassa is egg plus oil.
This was a technique invented really in Italy
where there's a history of egg tempera painting.
And then as oil painting moved in from the
north in the hands of Albrecht Durer and other
artists like that, artists like Raphael started
to mix the two as a kind of crutch to get
them towards true oil painting technique.
So Alberto is working this technique on canvas
primed with gesso, lean to fat, reducing the
amount of water and increasing the oil each
layer until I have half oil, two volumes water.
Thoughts on stability?"
Okay, so first thought on stability.
Seems like an okay approach.
I worry a little bit working with this medium,
tempera grassa, on a flexible support like
canvas.
Oil is quite flexible, although it does get
more brittle with age.
Acrylics are quite flexible and they also
get brittle with age.
Egg tempera is quite brittle from the get-go,
and this is why when you go the Uffizi and
the great museums of the Italian old masters
you see them working on wood principally as
they're painting in egg, because that medium
is brittle.
And on a flexible support like canvas, which
waves around as you're carrying it across
the room, or shrinking and expanding with
variations in relative humidity, etc, you're
going to run into some cracks and some flaking.
Now tempera grassa, because there's some oil
mixed into the egg it does make it stronger.
It does make it more flexible.
If you're really concerned about the longevity
of these paints, I might consider working
on wood on panel rather than on canvas.
That being said, I think your approach here,
working fat over lean, layer by layer by layer,
is a very thoughtful and very strong way to
encourage the stability of those works.
From Instagram, fabulouschels writes, "Hi.
I truly enjoyed the Coursera course and look
forward to more in-studio videos.
Question is this, I've seen videos of a few
young professional artists mixing a large
amount of water with their acrylic paints.
They pour water onto a stretched canvas laying
on the floor and mix a small amount of acrylic
paint into it, making a wash or watercolor-like
effect.
Would a product like Golden's Absorbent Ground
prevent under binding when using this technique?
Or are their paintings doomed to flake off
in the future?"
So another question here about unorthodox
painting techniques and the physical ramifications
of them.
Okay, so what happens here is that when you're
working in a stain with a lot of solvent,
and this is true of oil paints, Magna paints,
the first acrylics, or Liquitex acrylic emulsion
type paints.
When you're working in a stain you have that
fixed pigment-to-binder ratio.
Comes out of the tube, what have you.
But when you work with a lot of extra solvent
you're encouraging some of that medium to
migrate out of your paint as it dries and
into the ground, and or into the support.
So the more absorbent the material that you're
painting on, the more of that binder is actually
going to make its way out of your paint.
Now what this is going to do is it's going
to make a very matte surface.
It's going to increase the opacity of your
paint.
Maybe these are good things for you.
Helen Frankenthaler, by the way, really explored
these ideas.
I think we might do that in a future video.
That being said, if too much of that happens
you may have drying cracks, the kind of thing
that we were talking about a little bit ago
in some of the works of Willem de Kooning
and many other artists.
So if that is the case then yes, I'm afraid
if you're working with a truly under bound
paint surface it's going to be really fragile.
It may flake off, etc.
Working with a ground or a size adhesive to
seal that canvas is going to prevent a lot
of that soaking, or that seeping into the
canvas the same kind of way when you knock
over a glass of wine on a tablecloth.
If you have kind of a plasticy tablecloth,
it's a shiny one that has adhesive into it,
you know that wine is just going to kind of
bubble up and sit there until you clean it
up.
If you have an old cotton tablecloth, or something
like silk, something like that wicking in,
right?
Same kind of idea is true of canvas.
So again, the rule of thumb here, or really
your focus in answering these kind of questions
is the pigment-to-binder ratio.
If it's really high, if it's excessive, your
paint is going to be quite weak, especially
if you're not locking it in with a fatter
layer on top, fat over lean approach to an
academic painting.
Igor Sado, cool name, writes from the September
live Q&A.
"Currently following your course on Coursera."
Excellent.
"That's how I found out about you and your
videos.
I love them so much.
I love Abstract Expressionism and I love MoMA,
which we currently have here in Paris near
my house.
I'm not a painter per se.
I'm a fashion designer and illustrator and
yet I find your tips very useful to my work."
Super glad to hear it, and I really like this
idea that some of the ideas that we explore
together in the Coursera course and some of
the In the Studio videos go in other directions,
they inspire.
One of my students mentioned that he's a composer
and some of the electronic music that he's
making really came out of a thing about Barnett
Newman and others, which I really loved.
I just went to an event the other day and
a chef stopped me and said, "Oh, I know you."
And, you know, "Some of these these ideas,
I wonder if some of the painterly effects
could be explored in food, etc."
Sign me up.
From today's live chat, Golnaz Farazi, another
cool name, writes, "Thanks for the awesome
online classes.
Any suggestion on how to find a qualified
person to critique my artworks?"
Interesting.
I don't know where you live, Golnaz, but artists
are everywhere.
And doing studio visits, excuse me, studio
visits with other artists is a really good
way to get a critique of your own work, and
also for you to present your own work.
It's one thing to make a painting and to look
at it.
It's another thing to make a painting and
present it to your girlfriend, or wife, or
husband, or what have you.
It's another thing to introduce it to another
artist, or to a stranger, or to an art critic,
or something like that.
And suddenly you're making a sales pitch.
And if this sounds kind of slimy, well, potentially
it is.
But really the good side of this is that you're
focusing on your work.
You're thinking about explaining what you're
trying to do, how to talk about it, how to
frame your work for someone who's coming in
cold so that they can really understand what
you're doing.
How to find these people?
Well, probably I think the Coursera course
is a great way to start.
We have students from all over the world so
I'd encourage you to post there about where
you live and see if there's someone else in
the course who is local or semi-local.
And certainly in the Coursera course there
is a lot of kind of inter-student critique
going on.
Of course, this is dealing with JPEGs and
TIFFs, which as we found out in the course
are quite useful but not as good as the real
thing, paint in the flesh.
But I think it's a really good way to get
started in this kind of process.
Wish you all the best.
Starsandink on Instagram writes, "Will oil,
protein, and water-based paints," protein-based
paint we're talking about egg, by the way,
egg tempera.
"Will oil, protein, and water-based paints
apply to an acrylic-based ground, stand up
to time, or will they eventually delaminate?
Is it true that early oil painters used calcium
carbonate in their paints to make them more
paste-like?"
Okay, two kind of unrelated questions here.
First one, can you work on an acrylic-based
ground for all these different kind of paints?
And thankfully, for us sometimes it's easy.
The answer is yes.
You can paint acrylic over an acrylic ground.
You can paint oil over an acrylic ground.
You can paint egg over an acrylic ground.
They're all going to work.
In fact, these days I really strongly recommend
working with an acrylic ground, regardless
of what kind of paint you're going to work
with over it.
Because not only does it provide a nice seal
to the canvas, it also provides a flexible
kind of ground so that, again, if that canvas
waves around over time it's not prone to cracking
like a glue ground would be that's a hide
glue, an animal glue ground.
Or an oil-based ground also could be over
time.
So all of these things work but I think the
idea of working with an acrylic ground is
a really good one.
Again, it's nice to be a painter these days.
"Is it true that early oil painters used calcium
carbonate in their paints," a kind of chalk,
"To make them more paste-like?"
Indeed, sometimes.
Indeed, that's a white pigment.
So some white oil paints principally use that
paint, and it also does make it more pastose,
or thick, more toothpaste-like.
And certainly some artists deliberately did
that.
By the way, you can do the same thing with
lead white, as Rembrandt and others did.
So it's not that that's the only white pigment
out there that could do it, but it's a cheap
one, and another.
There's really no reason not to.
"No rubber gloves."
Frowning face.
Okay, so let's talk about safety here.
Oh, by the way, this comes from the video
on turpentine burns that Mark Rothko and others
did, taking a rag wet with solvent and scrubbing
back into the canvas.
And this webberon, Ron maybe, is suggesting
between the lines here that you should wear
rubber gloves.
Now if you're doing this every day I strongly
agree with you.
If you're working with turpentine, turpentine
is a relatively strong solvent and it will
really, you know, dry out your hands, and
you'll crack your hands.
And if you're working with toxic pigments,
not a great idea anyway, you run the risk
of quite serious things.
First of all, I was working with just mineral
spirit, super low toxicity.
And I don't do that every day.
So is it a good idea to wear rubber gloves?
Yes, certainly.
For many of you out there I think you'll find
though that working with rubber gloves feels
a little weird and uncreative, etc.
I've gotten used to it as a conservator.
We wear gloves all the time.
But the first time you have a small brush
in your hand with a rubber glove it's going
to feel a little bizarre.
So safety is really important, of course.
Wearing rubber gloves if you're painting every
day.
If you're smearing paint all over your hands
every day, definitely a really good idea.
If you're working with just a little mineral
spirits on a rag, you know, every once in
a while, I think I'm doing okay.
But to each his own.
Always safety is a good idea.
PedestrianRage, whoa.
It sounds like someone who doesn't like bikers
here in New York City.
Writes, "Absolutely love this new series.
It has turned me into a fan of abstract art.
I used to lambaste it.
Can you explore watercolor as a medium in
modern abstract art?"
Yeah, that is a good idea.
There's a lot of really interesting modern
watercolor artists.
Cezanne made some wonderful watercolors.
Marin here in New York City made some great
ones in the beginning of the 20th century.
My own background, I work with watercolors
a lot as a conservator for in-painting techniques.
It's very reversible on a lot of kind of paintings.
In my own work I haven't really worked with
watercolor that much but I'd be happy to explore
it and demonstrate a couple of the key ideas.
Maybe we can find someone better than I am
in watercolor to do that kind of thing.
I think it's a good idea.
From the YouTube video on how to paint like
Picasso and Georges Braque, that's the cubist
video, Pam writes, "This is such an interesting
video.
Would the style work with watercolor?"
A similar kind of question.
Absolutely.
Picasso and Braque, to my understanding anyway,
they did work in in water-based paints but
more in studies, more in sketches, more in
preparatory kind of works.
By the way, for 1907's Demoiselles d'Avignon,
the great early cubist Picasso masterwork
which is in the collection here at the Modern,
there are some really interesting preparatory
sketches, Google them, you'll find them, for
that great painting.
And we can see how Picasso was thinking about
that composition and how he changed it quite
radically, in fact, as he approached that
really watershed moment in the early 20th
century.
Absolutely.
There's no reason why you couldn't paint a
Cubist work in watercolor.
The big difference here is that your paints
are going to be quite translucent.
And as I hope I convinced you in the video,
a whole lot of cubism is about compressing
pictorial space, or flattening that illusionistic
volume of old master painting.
And a lot of that is done in very opaque paints.
In fact, almost all the paints I applied to
that that Picasso type painting were quite
opaque.
So if you work in watercolor everything is
going to be translucent.
It's going to be more challenging for you
to really get the same kind of density and
opacity in your composition, but maybe you'll
find some really interesting avenues forward.
Personally I wonder if that's one of the reasons
that Picasso and Braque didn't work so much
in watercolor for finished works, but I'm
just speculating here.
Also from the Picasso video, "Cool, though
the blue dots seem a bit sloppy."
You know, it's funny.
This is modestroker1, nice name.
Personally I live with this painting now,
it's on the wall in my house.
And I go back and forth on this.
Sometimes I really like that and other times
I kind of agree with the writer here that
they do seem a little sloppy.
Sometimes the sloppiness of a cubist painting
is really interesting, though.
In tension with all those lines and all the
grammar of geometry, etc, to have the kind
of manual imprecision in there is quite nice.
I think, you know, this is something that
Picasso would agree with.
If you look at Picasso's neoclassical works
or his Blue Period works, or his academic
works early on in this life, man, that guy
could paint.
But then you look at some of his paintings
in the teens and the 20s and they're aggressively
clumsy, and aggressively ugly.
And even some of the really gorgeous, to my
eye, Cubist paintings, he's working with this
really lumpy, stiff, staccato kind of brushstroke,
which is a little bit, you know, lumpy, and
bumpy, and gross looking.
It's deliberate, in other words, and it's
further announcing the kind of lumpiness,
the flatness, the two dimensionality of the
painting.
Okay, it's three-dimensional, they're lumps.
But really reducing that illusionism behind
the picture plane.
Long way to say it's crossed my mind to clean
them up a couple times but I'm not quite sure.
Again, oil painting is quite forgiving, so
if I did decide sometime that I agree with
the writer here, simply working with a small
brush, a little bit of, I believe, white background
there, an opaque white, like a titanium-white,
or something like that, can just kind of clean
up the edges of them to refine them into more
clean polka dots, that's certainly something
that could be done anytime.
Question from Madeline today here on the live
chat.
"Do you have any information on the preservation
and maintenance of wax and caustic paintings?
Are encaustic paintings able to be preserved
for many years, or will they crack and melt
over time?"
Okay, so encaustic.
I don't think we talked about this much in
the course.
The most famous 20th century artist who is
sometimes said to work in encaustic is Jasper
Johns, working here in New York City.
Johns actually did not work in encaustic.
He mixed oil into wax, which is really not
encaustic, excuse me, painting.
Encaustic is just pigment in wax.
The Egyptians painted in encaustic an incredibly
long time ago.
Encaustic is a stable medium if handled correctly.
It does require a non-flexible support, like
a wall, or a piece of wood, a panel, something
like that.
And in that kind of situation they shouldn't
crack overtime.
However, will they melt over time?
You better believe it.
If it gets really warm they certainly will
liquify a little bit on the surface and get
shiny.
Or if it got really hot it could be dripping
down as well.
It is wax.
There are different kinds of wax, beeswax
microcrystalline wax, which tends to be a
little softer, lower melting point, and more
prone to melting.
But yes, certainly if you're working on a
Jasper Johns, or if you have a Jasper Johns,
or a Brice Marden with wax in your apartment,
first of all, lucky you.
But yeah, be careful about the temperature
in the summer time, please.
Robert Baker, III writes, "Why do artists
stretch their own canvas?
Is there something less valuable about a painting
on a factory-stretched canvas?
When purchasing a pre-stretched canvas, what
should you look for?
Sorry about the three-part question."
Not at all.
Why do artists stretch their own canvas?
A few different reasons.
One possible reason, my own reason is that
I don't like to buy something ready-made at
the store and then put something on it.
It feels rather decorative and feels rather
impersonal to me.
Totally subjective personal answer here.
I like building something myself and starting
to get a relationship with that object from
the get-go.
Now you can say, "Oh, but, you know, if you
really feel that way you should cut the tree
down and saw the stretcher bars, etc."
By the way, some artists do that.
I don't go that far.
So that's one possible reason.
Another one is that, for me personally, I
want to know what is on there.
I want to trust those materials.
And whereas you might think, "Well, what's
the big deal?"
Sometimes it is a big deal.
I'm not going to mention specific names, but
there's a certain line of canvases, which
were used by some important artists by the
way, that paint just didn't stick to after
10 years.
And the reason why is that this commercial
canvas maker applied some kind of a sealant
on top of the primer so it looks shiny, and
glossy, and clean, and made you want to buy
it off the shelf, except paint started to
delaminate on it over time.
You can imagine if you're an artist who made
a entire body of work on that canvas that
you bought from the store you're pretty upset
about that, and certainly there are artists
out there who are.
If you do work on a commercially-primed canvas,
my own suggestion here, just to make sure
that is not going to happen to you, take some
sandpaper and sand through whatever the surface
coating that may be on there and make sure
that it's really truly absorbent and your
paint is going to get some tooth into the
ground there.
"When purchasing a pre-stretched canvas, what
should you look for?"
Now it's really up to you.
If it's a reputable vendor, and certainly
there are plenty out there, you want to think
about the thread count of the canvas.
Should it be rough?
Should it be smooth?
Single prime, double prime, triple primed.
How thick?
And, you know, if you're sanding a triple-primed
canvas you can make it super smooth, whereas
a single prime canvas you're going to be still
picking up some of the warps and the wefts,
the textile surface of the threads there.
So this is really now about the appearance
of your work over time.
Happy painting, Robert.
Argendiego writes, "Hi, Corey.
I stretched my canvas and primed it.
The tension was excellent, but after painting
on it with oils and using a spatula, or pallette
knife, the canvas lost its tension.
The surface moves like jelly, yikes.
Could you give me some tips?
Thanks."
Okay, so this often happens if you're putting
a lot of pressure on the canvas during your
painting process.
Pallet knives will often do this, or if you're
really violent with your work and, you know,
hacking and slashing de Kooning style perhaps
you might do this as well.
A couple answers here.
If you've already done that, hopefully you're
working on a stretcher and not a strainer.
Watch the videos in the Coursera course for
the difference there.
But a stretcher you can key out the corners,
and the cross bar, etc, to
supply an increased tension in certain regions
of the canvas where you might have a little
beer belly, or what Argendiego writes as a
jelly kind of loss of tautness, or loss of
tension in the canvas.
So that's the entire idea behind those keyable,
expandable stretchers is that you can get
some of that tension back if that happens.
Or, by the way, if you have a fireplace, and
you're in a cold day like today, New York.
You burned a couple logs.
The humidity went way down, and then your
canvas had a little bit of a lack of tension
again.
So that's one idea.
Another idea if you're going to be working
with pallet knives, etc, is that maybe you
don't want to stretch it first.
Maybe, in fact, you want to take that canvas
and staple it directly onto a wall that you're
going to paint on.
And this way, here's the wall, when you're
scraping on it you're not actually flexing
the canvas because there's a wall behind it,
and you're getting a nice firm resistance.
When the painting is done and when it's dry
then you can stretch that canvas over stretcher
bars.
In the late
work by Philip Guston, he worked that way.
By the way, de Kooning worked that way a lot
of times, too.
And that approach has another potential benefit
that you can kind of decide the dimensions
of the canvas after you paint it.
You can crop out an area.
Gustin, if you look at his work from the '70s,
often had a pencil line of a big rectangle
where he thought the canvas would be, but
then sometimes actually it grew as he worked
with a composition.
Or sometimes it actually shrunk and he, you
know, ended up folding over part of the canvas,
the pencil line is actually on the back of
the painting now.
At any rate, a lot of really good artists
have used that approach.
You might give it a shot.
Nina Shukaylo writes, "I really love fantastic
International Klein Blue, IKB."
This is kind of blue paint that the French
painter Yves Klein developed and actually
patented in France.
"Do you know if it's possible to purchase
the pigment or how to substitute it if not?"
Actually you're asking the right person because
when I used to work here in the conservation
department at MoMA I did a lot of research
on Yves Klein and a really important painting
of his and the collection here.
The pigment that he worked with is synthetic,
or French ultramarine.
That's widely available all over the world.
And, in fact, for a long time it was thought
that there was just one blue and only one
store in Montparnasse in Paris that sold just
the right pigment.
But actually I found out that the pigment
that is sold there today isn't exactly the
same one as what he was working with anyway.
So it's less about the pigments than it is
about the paint.
IKB, International Klein Blue, is a combination
of a polyvinyl acetate.
That's a kind of synthetic resin, a little
bit like acrylic.
And the solvents are really important, working
with ethanol, that's alcohol, and ethyl acetate,
some acetone.
And depending on the formulation of the paint,
something that's either brushable, or rollerable,
rollable or sprayable, etc.
By the way Klein died in his 30s and he wasn't
particularly worried about some of the health
risks of these materials.
I hope you are, please.
At any rate, the short answer here is IKB,
it's less about the pigment, get some synthetic
ultramarine and you'll be happy, than it is
about the paint itself.
And maybe we can tackle this in an In the
Studio sometime.
Get some Europeans in the mix.
That could be quite interesting.
Miss Telly today on YouTube writes, "Please
be this generation's Bob Ross."
I'd be happy to.
I think a lot of you know Bob Ross and his
happy little clouds.
You can find them on YouTube also.
Bob Ross is just a hero of mine, and many,
many painters out there.
His paintings, maybe they're not the most
sophisticated and beautiful works, but, man,
it's just nice to listen to that guy talk.
So if you have the same relationship to some
of my videos, I'm flattered.
Believe it or not, years ago, 20 years ago
for Halloween I went to a party as Bob Ross
once, so maybe it's fate.
From the Agnes Martin video, Bruno Galvan
writes, "You're the cool sequel of Bob Ross."
Hey, Bob Ross was pretty cool, so I take offense.
Soul Izanami writes, "Dude looks like Drake's
uncle."
Dude, I'm not old enough to be his uncle.
Please.
C.S.
Imming - "Hey, Corey.
Still use your info from the abstract expressionism
class.
Think of you often tell others about the classes.
Still have my painting of you when I gave
you de Kooning teeth."
I remember that one, too.
"Watching the videos again and hope you do
more."
I'm not going to post that.
I can only imagine what kind of comment it
would get.
Jen Egelnick writes, "I have the nerdiest
fangirl crush on this guy."
Jen, first drink's on me.
Okay, and let's move onto some requests.
A lot of requests for artists to cover in
the course.
Sorry, not the course but in the In the Studio
series on which we're continuing this spring,
most likely with two episodes.
Do stay tuned for those.
Jay Colvin a couple weeks ago writes, "How
to paint like Basquiat?"
In fact, if you spend a little bit of time
in the comments sections of many of these
videos I think Basquiat is winning this competition
for most requested.
I would love to.
I think Basquiat is a really interesting artist,
has a really interesting set of materials
that he kinda went back to, although he was
quite diverse.
My opinion is not the only one.
It's quite complicated to make these videos,
and there's more than a couple other voices
that need to weigh in here.
But trust me, Basquiat remains on the table
and I hope we can do that sometime.
Helen Frankenthaler, another one I think we
might tackle.
Frankenthaler, a New York School painter inspired
by Jackson Pollock, and so many of those artists
were, who stained the canvas on the floor
rather than dripping on it.
We might check out some of her work soon.
Mary Thompson writes, "I'd love to see episodes
on Frida Kahlo, Mary Cassatt, Georgia O'Keeffe."
Yeah, Impressionism, post-Impressionism we
could definitely do a video on.
Frida Kahlo, interesting.
Frida was very interested in and influenced
by le tableau painting.
That's indigenous Mexican kind of folk painting
techniques, often in, but not exclusively,
in the Catholic tradition in recent centuries.
But Kahlo really used that vernacular in a
modern sensibility, and I think that could
be quite interesting.
Georgia O'Keeffe had a really delicate hand.
She was a really subtle and really beautiful
painter.
She didn't use materials or techniques that
were all that idiosyncratic but she just refined
them to an extreme degree.
Would be definitely worth our time.
"You should do a video exploring Gerhard Richter's
abstract painting style."
I'd be happy to.
By the way, there's a great documentary recently
on Gerhard Richter where you can watch Richter
doing Richter paintings, which obviously would
be much better than mine.
But he doesn't really talk you through them
as I might, so another good idea.
Philip Guston, Richard Diebenkorn, Joan Mitchell,
Italian Futurism, a whole lot of great ideas
here.
We definitely do pay attention to these, so
please keep them coming.
In a way we're, you know, keeping score a
little bit about interests.
But it's also great to say, "Oh yeah, Italian
Futurism video.
That could be really interesting building
on the cubism video."
So some some great ideas here.
Thanks for those.
A couple more live requests, Jasper Johns,
van Gogh, Richter, Richard Pousette-Dart who
was a French painter living here in New York
City in the 1950s.
These are all good ideas from the today's
live stream.
And by the way, super cool, among other places,
people in the audience today from here in
New York City, but from Germany, Algeria,
India, Bahrain, Columbia, Bulgaria, Brazil.
I think that's pretty cool.
I don't think you need me to tell you that.
At any rate I want to thank everyone for great
questions and comments today.
Do want to let you know that we'll have a
couple of these episodes coming up, another
Q&A probably coming up this spring or early
summer.
Also for those of you who are New York-based,
or Jersey-based, or what have you, I want
to let you know that I'm teaching a painting
studio class here at the Museum, which starts
in just a few weeks.
There are a couple slots open for that.
We're going to be tackling pop art, Andy Warhol,
Lichtenstein, artists like that.
The class is pretty cool, you know?
We spend a lot of time up in the galleries
here at MoMA when the museum is closed, so
I hope you learn a lot from me but you'll
definitely get your money's worth just seeing
paintings in the flesh with me without any
other distractions around you, etc.
So you can find out more about that on moma.org.
Please check it out.
If we didn't get your questions in the video
today we'll try to answer them in text in
the comments section afterwards, and of course
in our next Q&A.
Stay tuned for that.
So yeah, keep sending questions, subscribe
down below so you don't miss our next release.
And thanks again for watching In the Studio.
Look forward to seeing you next time.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
When it comes to choosing your BMSc
module, it can be so confusing. I'm Neal
and I will be your guide in exploring
your options. Here are five reasons why
microbiology and immunology might be the
right fit for you. Microbiology and
Immunology is a dynamic area of study that
opens up the world to study
living organisms too small to be seen
with the naked eye, like microbes
bacteria, viruses, parasites and even
fungi. In Microbiology, you will explore
how microorganisms affect human health.
And in Immunology, you will study the
immune system and how it protects us
from infectious diseases by eliminating
disease-causing microbes. As you study
Microbiology and Immunology, you will
realize just how many clinical and
commercial applications there are for
the field. For example, in Microbiology
you will also be exposed to the
beneficial role of microbes in the
environment in a plethora of industries
like food and beverage, water treatment,
pollution control and agriculture. And
in Immunology, you will learn about new
immune therapies and vaccines that
control and protect us from diseases. The
Microbiology and Immunology Students
Association fosters a supportive and
social community for all students like
yourself. Social and academic events are
planned throughout the year and they are
a great way to meet people, learn more
and just hang out with your friends.
In your fourth year, you will complete a
full-year independent research project
with a faculty member and receive
advanced laboratory training. Select
students may also participate in a
summer research project in Africa, as
well as other summer research
experiences on campus.
With your Microbiology and Immunology
degree, you'll be set up to pursue
graduate training, to apply for
professional school or for careers in
industry, government, public health policy
and even health and safety.
If Microbiology and Immunology seems
like it's the right fit for you, learn
more on the website or contact the
program office.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
[Movie camera Flicker]
♪ Sci-fi Music ♪
From the darkness depths of deep space...
Mystery is on a collision course with danger!
The world will never be the same!
Brace for impact.
[Explosion]
♪ Alluring music ♪
| YoutubeSubtitles |
So the eyes are a very useful ways to sometimes
to determine truthfulness, and there’s a
lot of things so the first thing, let’s
talk about eye contact.
There’s not one shred of academic research
that shows breaking eye contact is an indication
of lying.
However, everybody believes that.
Everybody believes that If you break eye contact
you’re lying, there’s not one shred of
research that shows that, okay.
However, there is some research that shows
that people tend to make an overbearing amount
of contact when they lie, because they think
that you, you think that if they break eye
contact that you are going to perceive them
as lying.
So one of the things you’ll see people do
is, I swear to God, I swear to God, I didn’t
do that, and then they make an unusual amount
of eye contact, which is a deviation from
how they make could be an indication of lying.
Also blink rates, it’s really a strong way
of determining, it’s not a strong way, but
it’s one of the ways you could maybe use
to determine whether someone is lying.
So there’s two responses with blink rate.
Our blink rate tends to increase when we get
really emotional about something, all right.
So blink rate is coordinated with emotion
all right, so you’ll see an increase in
blink rate right there.
But blink rate also decreases when we experience
something called cognitive overload.
And what cognitive overload is, it’s basically
when our brain, lying requires more cognition
then telling the truth.
So lying requires more cognitive facilities
than when you are telling something honest.
So what tends to happen behaviors tend to
stop when you are lying.
So one of the cool things you’ll tend to
see is, some research points to, when you
see someone is telling a lie, you’ll see
a decrease in cognitive overload, and when
they get away with it, you’ll see an increase
in blink rate, because they just got away
with it.
So it’s kind of cool, but it’s not highly
accurate and it’s hard to look for, but
it’s something you can be mindful of.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
And, you know, I
went to Mongolia
and we brought together this
team, we started packing up.
There's Fred Hiebert,
my partner in this.
We got to this point
where we pass this gate.
There was a gate
that was guarded
by these
Mongolian soldiers, right.
That essentially have been
stationed there for 800 years.
I'm serious. The descendants of
the Darkhads, you know...
this tribe that had been put in
place by Genghis Khan himself
to defend this region,
the Ikh Khorig.
This zone that you know
he closed off to anybody outside
of the Imperial family.
Marco Polo wrote about
this place, right.
The history of the
Mongols was written by
historians like Rashid Al-Din,
from the 17th century.
He wrote about this place.
They wanted to go here
but they couldn't.
And for the first time,
I am entering into this zone.
I am on that journey.
We take that data, we
had the GPS points now
where the crowd had converged.
We could
mathematically calculate
where everybody had
converged and clustered.
And we started
looking and you can
see where people
had converged.
These little clusters
of tags would result in
you know, us finding things
like this huge Khirigsur, which
had been here for 3,000 years!
We started scanning this region.
This is a magnetometer
and you walk
back and forth in these lines.
And you add up all this data.
And of course the
sheep come after you
every once in a while.
And the result is you
create these maps of
what's under the
sub-surface, right.
There is some metal underneath
this rectangular mound.
We don't really know what
it was but it wasn't--
we don't believe
it was, you know
what we were really
looking for.
So we push north,
we push deeper
into this region of
this Ikh Khorig
towards this mountain, right.
This place that legend has
it Genghis Khan went to
every time he went
to war, right.
He'd go there and
pray to Tengri and say
well, you know,
"Am I okay here".
Then he would go
out and wage war.
We would head out
every single day
up into the upper reaches
of this mountain range
to hit all of the
different peaks
to try to see what
people were tagging.
We'd fly these drones
across this whole region
with cameras on them
to look and see
if we could see things that...
you know, were little
higher resolution
than what we were
seeing from space.
We're moving down off the
side of this mountain and
literally this storm just starts
descending all around us.
You can see this big
rain cloud coming at us.
Among it was lightning,
and thunder, and wind
and it started blowing all
around us at this rate
which was, I mean,
really terrifying.
Cause there's no trees
around you to duck into.
We had to move almost a
mile down off this ridge
down to those trees, just to try
to get down below the tree line
get down into the undercut
but we're so exposed, and
we had these big magnetometers
hanging off of our back.
We ran, we ran and the
wind started blowing.
You know, I mean, it started
gushing around us and
I mean, we couldn't
even hear each other.
And as we were running down
off the side of this mountain
down the south-east
flank of that mountain
what would be the sunny
side of that mountain
what the secret history the
Mongols had described as being
where Genghis Khan
should be buried
all these trees started
falling down around us.
( crashing sounds )
And, you know, it was really...
it was almost like...
the mountain was showing us
its underbelly, it was
showing us a window
into the sub-surface,
you know.
And it would be in the roots
of one of those trees
that my life would
really change.
My geologist turns to me
and shows me this thing
and I'm looking at it, just
in the roots of this tree.
And it's this lion face.
We made a plan, as we
were walking around
we're like literally
walking around across
across this grass and the earth
is crunching underneath me.
I could feel, I could feel like
I was stepping on something.
I could hear it
crunching underneath me
like
( crunching sounds )
And we agreed that it was okay
to just look under the grass
like it was a rug, you know
we'd just stare barely
underneath this.
You know, this thing, we'd
look underneath the grass.
And, we were standing on a roof.
And as you look at these pieces
that are in this sub-surface
it's this part of this temple.
We started finding horse
bones, tons of horse bones.
We sent this data out to
get Radiocarbon dated
and it comes back...
at exactly our
sweet spot, right.
Somewhere between 500
and 800 years old.
Genghis Khan died in 1227,
about 800 years ago.
So, Fred and I, we
started making a plan.
And we started mapping
out this region
with whatever tools
we could find.
We used cameras on our drones
and we created this
3-D photogrammetry mapper
of the surface.
And we started using things
like ground penetrating radar.
This is an 18--
actually an eight-antenna
array radar system.
We're doing a virtual dig.
We're trying to recreate the
unknown, in virtual reality
because we can't
actually go there
and pull up the earth, right.
But, I feel like...
I didn't really even have
to look for this artifact.
I just had to look at what
was happening around me
and realize that the
people around me were
they were telling me that
the history was still alive
the artifact was
in the experience.
Did we find the tomb or
did each individual in us
each individual in this group
find something in themselves?
| YoutubeSubtitles |
Malay (macrolanguage):
Hai
Ini adalah Atmuman
Hari ini..saya akan membuat ..
Pelanggan: Sila buat Billie untuk video seterusnya
Baiklah Mari buat Billie Eilish bersama
Saya akan menggunakan tanah liat kertas ini lagi
Mengapa saya selalu menggunakan tanah liat ini?
cuz Saya membeli Kotak dari tanah liat ini secara tidak sengaja (Terdapat lebih dari 30ea)
Tanah liat baru harus diuli agar menjadi tanah liat yang lembut
Buat alas berbentuk telur seperti biasa
Belum memikirkan modelnya. Cantikkan saja
Balut benang sehingga tanah liat tidak akan digoncang
pada penyepit kayu
Pada langkah ini, anda perlu memilih ukuran patung ini
Sekiranya anda ingin menjadikan kerja anda lebih besar, anda boleh membuat bentuk telur yang lebih besar
Anda belum perlu membuatnya kelihatan seperti wajah model
Sekiranya anda berusaha terlalu keras pada peringkat ini, anda mungkin akan mudah berhenti pada separuh masa
German:
Hallo
Das ist Atmuman
Heute ... werde ich machen ...
Abonnenten: Bitte machen Sie Billie für das nächste Video
Okay, lass uns Billie Eilish zusammen machen
Ich werde diesen Papierlehm wieder verwenden
Warum benutze ich diesen Ton immer?
Weil ich versehentlich eine Schachtel mit diesem Ton gekauft habe (es gibt mehr als 30ea)
Der neue Ton muss geknetet werden, um ein weicher Ton zu werden
Machen Sie wie gewohnt eine eiförmige Basis
Denken Sie noch nicht an das Modell. Mach es einfach schön
Wickeln Sie den Faden so ein, dass der Ton nicht geschüttelt wird
auf den hölzernen Stäbchen
In diesem Schritt müssen Sie die Größe dieser Skulptur auswählen
Wenn Sie Ihre Arbeit größer machen möchten, können Sie eine größere Eiform machen
Sie müssen noch nicht versuchen, es wie das Gesicht eines Models aussehen zu lassen
Wenn Sie sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt zu sehr anstrengen, können Sie leicht auf halbem Weg aufgeben
Arabic:
مرحبا
هذا Atmuman
اليوم .. سأصنع ..
المشتركون: الرجاء جعل بيلي للفيديو التالي
حسنا دعنا نجعل بيلي ايليش معا
سأستخدم الطين الورقي هذا مرة أخرى
لماذا أستخدم هذا الصلصال دائمًا؟
لأنني اشتريت صندوقًا من هذا الصلصال عن طريق الصدفة (هناك أكثر من 30 لكل وحدة)
يجب عجن الطين الجديد ليصبح طينًا ناعمًا
اصنع قاعدة على شكل بيضة كالمعتاد
لا تفكر في النموذج بعد. فقط اجعلها لطيفة
لف الخيط بحيث لا يهتز الطين
على عيدان خشبية
في هذه الخطوة ، تحتاج إلى اختيار حجم هذا النحت
إذا كنت ترغب في جعل عملك أكبر ، يمكنك جعل شكل بيضة أكبر
لست مضطرًا لمحاولة جعلها تبدو كوجه نموذج بعد
إذا حاولت بشدة في هذه المرحلة ، فقد تستسلم بسهولة في منتصف الطريق
Indonesian:
Hai
Ini Atmuman
Hari ini..Aku akan membuat ..
Pelanggan: Silakan buat Billie untuk video berikutnya
Oke, mari kita buat Billie Eilish bersama
Saya akan menggunakan kertas tanah liat ini lagi
Kenapa saya selalu menggunakan tanah liat ini?
karena saya membeli sekotak tanah liat ini secara tidak sengaja (Ada lebih dari 30ea)
Tanah liat baru harus diuleni agar menjadi tanah liat lunak
Buat alas berbentuk telur seperti biasa
Jangan pikirkan modelnya. Buat itu menyenangkan
Bungkus benang agar tanah liat tidak terguncang
pada sumpit kayu
Pada langkah ini, Anda harus memilih ukuran patung ini
Jika Anda ingin membuat pekerjaan Anda lebih besar, Anda bisa membuat bentuk telur yang lebih besar
Anda tidak perlu mencoba membuatnya terlihat seperti model
Jika Anda berusaha terlalu keras pada tahap ini, Anda mungkin dengan mudah menyerah di tengah jalan
Spanish:
Hola
Este es atmuman
Hoy ... voy a hacer ...
Suscriptores: por favor hagan Billie para el próximo video
Bien, hagamos que Billie Eilish juntos
Voy a usar esta arcilla de papel otra vez
¿Por qué siempre uso esta arcilla?
porque compré una caja de esta arcilla por accidente (hay más de 30ea)
La nueva arcilla tiene que ser amasada para convertirse en una arcilla blanda.
Haga una base en forma de huevo como de costumbre
No pienses en el modelo todavía. Solo hazlo bien
Envuelva el hilo para que la arcilla no se agite
en los palillos de madera
En este paso, debes elegir el tamaño de esta escultura
Si quieres hacer tu trabajo más grande, puedes hacer una forma de huevo más grande
Todavía no tienes que intentar que parezca la cara de una modelo
Si te esfuerzas demasiado en esta etapa, podrías rendirte fácilmente a la mitad
English:
Hi
This is Atmuman
Today..I'm gonna make..
Subscribers : Please make Billie for the next video
Okay Let's make Billie Eilish together
I'm gonna use this paper clay again
Why do I always use this clay?
cuz I bought a Box of this clay by accident (There is more than 30ea)
The new clay has to be kneaded in order to become a soft clay
Make an egg-shaped base as usual
Don't think about the model yet. Just make it nice
Wrap the thread so that the clay won't be shaken
on the wooden chopsticks
In this step, you need to choose the size of this sculpture
If you want to make your work bigger, you can make a bigger egg shape
You don't have to try to make it look like a model's face yet
If you try too hard at this stage, you might easily give up halfway
Italian:
Ciao
Questo è Atmuman
Oggi ... farò ..
Iscritti: crea Billie per il prossimo video
Ok, facciamo Billie Eilish insieme
Userò di nuovo questa argilla di carta
Perché uso sempre questa argilla?
perché ho comprato una scatola di questa argilla per caso (ce ne sono più di 30)
La nuova argilla deve essere impastata per diventare un'argilla morbida
Crea una base a forma di uovo come al solito
Non pensare ancora al modello. Fallo e basta
Avvolgi il filo in modo che l'argilla non venga agitata
sulle bacchette di legno
In questo passaggio, devi scegliere la dimensione di questa scultura
Se vuoi rendere il tuo lavoro più grande, puoi creare una forma di uovo più grande
Non devi ancora provare a farlo sembrare la faccia di una modella
Se ci provi troppo in questa fase, potresti facilmente rinunciare a metà
Turkish:
Selam
Bu Atmuman
Bugün .. Yapacağım ..
Aboneler: Lütfen sonraki video için Billie yapın
Tamam birlikte Billie Eilish yapalım
Bu kağıt kili tekrar kullanacağım
Neden her zaman bu kili kullanıyorum?
çünkü bu kilden bir kutu kazara aldım (30'dan fazla var)
Yumuşak kil olabilmek için yeni kil yoğrulur.
Her zamanki gibi yumurta şekilli bir taban yapın
Henüz modeli düşünmeyin. Sadece güzelleştir
Kil sarılmayacak şekilde ipliği sarın
ahşap çubuk üzerinde
Bu adımda, bu heykelin boyutunu seçmeniz gerekiyor
İşinizi büyütmek istiyorsanız, daha büyük bir yumurta şekli yapabilirsiniz
Henüz bir modelin yüzü gibi görünmeye çalışmanıza gerek yok
Bu aşamada çok fazla uğraşırsanız, kolayca yarı yolda vazgeçebilirsiniz
Thai:
สวัสดี
นี่คืออัตมาน
วันนี้ .. ฉันจะทำ ..
สมาชิก: โปรดสร้าง Billie สำหรับวิดีโอถัดไป
โอเคมาทำให้ Billie Eilish มารวมกัน
ฉันจะใช้ดินกระดาษนี้อีกครั้ง
ทำไมฉันถึงใช้ดินนี้อยู่เสมอ?
เพราะฉันซื้อกล่องดินนี้โดยไม่ตั้งใจ (มีมากกว่า 30ea)
ดินใหม่จะต้องนวดเพื่อให้เป็นดินอ่อน
ทำฐานรูปไข่ตามปกติ
ยังไม่ได้คิดเกี่ยวกับแบบจำลอง แค่ทำให้ดี
พันด้ายเพื่อไม่ให้ดินเหนียวสั่น
บนตะเกียบไม้
ในขั้นตอนนี้คุณต้องเลือกขนาดของรูปปั้นนี้
หากคุณต้องการทำให้งานของคุณใหญ่ขึ้นคุณสามารถสร้างไข่ให้ใหญ่ขึ้นได้
คุณไม่ต้องพยายามทำให้มันดูเป็นแบบอย่าง
หากคุณพยายามอย่างหนักในขั้นตอนนี้คุณอาจเลิกกลางคันได้อย่างง่ายดาย
Russian:
Привет
Это Атмуман
Сегодня .. Я собираюсь сделать ..
Подписчики: Пожалуйста, сделайте Билли для следующего видео
Хорошо, давайте сделаем Билли Эйлиш вместе
Я снова буду использовать эту бумажную глину
Почему я всегда использую эту глину?
Потому что я купил коробку из этой глины случайно (есть более 30ea)
Новая глина должна быть замешена, чтобы стать мягкой глиной
Сделайте яйцевидную основу как обычно
Пока не думай о модели. Просто сделай это красиво
Оберните нить так, чтобы глина не встряхивалась
на деревянных палочках
На этом этапе вам нужно выбрать размер этой скульптуры
Если вы хотите сделать свою работу больше, вы можете сделать яйцо больше
Вы не должны пытаться сделать его похожим на лицо модели.
Если вы слишком сильно постараетесь на этом этапе, вы можете легко сдаться на полпути
Japanese:
こんにちは
これはアトマンです
今日..作るつもり..
チャンネル登録者：次の動画でビリーを作ってください
では、一緒にビリー・アイリッシュを作ろう
またこの紙粘土を使います
なぜ私はいつもこの粘土を使うのですか？
偶然この粘土の箱を購入しました（30ea以上あります）
新しい粘土は、柔らかい粘土になるために混練する必要があります
いつものように卵型のベースを作ります
モデルについてはまだ考えないでください。素敵にして
粘土が揺れないように糸を包みます
木の箸に
このステップでは、この彫刻のサイズを選択する必要があります
作品を大きくしたい場合は、卵の形を大きくすることができます
まだモデルの顔のように見せようとする必要はありません
この段階で頑張ると、途中で簡単に諦めてしまうかもしれません
Portuguese:
Oi
Este é Atmuman
Hoje .. eu vou fazer ..
Inscritos: faça Billie para o próximo vídeo
Ok, vamos fazer Billie Eilish juntos
Vou usar essa argila de papel de novo
Por que eu sempre uso esse barro?
porque eu comprei uma caixa deste barro por acidente (há mais de 30ea)
A nova argila deve ser amassada para se tornar uma argila macia
Faça uma base em forma de ovo, como de costume
Não pense no modelo ainda. Apenas faça bem
Enrole o fio para que o barro não seja abalado
nos pauzinhos de madeira
Nesta etapa, você precisa escolher o tamanho dessa escultura
Se você quiser aumentar o seu trabalho, pode criar uma forma maior de ovo
Você não precisa tentar fazer com que pareça o rosto de uma modelo ainda
Se você se esforçar demais nesse estágio, pode desistir facilmente até a metade
French:
salut
C'est Atmuman
Aujourd'hui .. je vais faire ..
Abonnés: veuillez faire Billie pour la prochaine vidéo
D'accord, faisons ensemble Billie Eilish
Je vais utiliser à nouveau cette pâte à papier
Pourquoi est-ce que j'utilise toujours cette argile?
parce que j'ai acheté une boîte de cette argile par accident (il y en a plus de 30ea)
La nouvelle argile doit être pétrie pour devenir une argile molle
Faire une base en forme d'oeuf comme d'habitude
Ne pensez pas encore au modèle. Rends-le juste sympa
Enveloppez le fil pour que l'argile ne soit pas secouée
sur les baguettes en bois
Dans cette étape, vous devez choisir la taille de cette sculpture
Si vous voulez agrandir votre travail, vous pouvez faire une plus grande forme d'oeuf
Vous n'avez pas encore besoin de faire ressembler le visage d'un mannequin
Si vous essayez trop fort à ce stade, vous pourriez facilement abandonner à mi-chemin
Vietnamese:
Chào
Đây là Atmuman
Hôm nay..tôi sẽ làm ..
Người đăng ký: Vui lòng tạo Billie cho video tiếp theo
Được rồi, hãy cùng Billie Eilish
Tôi sẽ sử dụng đất sét giấy này một lần nữa
Tại sao tôi luôn sử dụng đất sét này?
Vì tôi đã mua một hộp đất sét này một cách tình cờ (Có hơn 30ea)
Đất sét mới phải được nhào để trở thành đất sét mềm
Tạo một cơ sở hình quả trứng như bình thường
Đừng nghĩ về mô hình nào. Chỉ cần làm cho nó tốt đẹp
Quấn sợi chỉ để đất sét không bị rung
trên đũa gỗ
Trong bước này, bạn cần chọn kích thước của tác phẩm điêu khắc này
Nếu bạn muốn làm cho công việc của bạn lớn hơn, bạn có thể làm cho hình dạng quả trứng lớn hơn
Bạn không cần phải cố gắng để làm cho nó trông giống như khuôn mặt của một người mẫu nào
Nếu bạn cố gắng quá sức ở giai đoạn này, bạn có thể dễ dàng bỏ cuộc giữa chừng
French:
Tu sais, parfois dans la vie,
Essayer d'être trop bon et de le gâcher
Rendons ces loisirs plus faciles
Grossièrement,
juste,
faire une sculpture
ajouter des oreilles
Fais-moi aussi un front.
En fait, j'aime la sensation de l'appliquer en douceur
J'utilise de l'argile comme ça, donc tu n'as pas à faire comme moi
Pensez aux caractéristiques de la tête d'un occidental
Désormais, retrouvez les caractéristiques du modèle et réalisez-le.
Quand il est trop mou, il n'est pas facile de réaliser des pièces délicates
J'ai donc essayé de le durcir et de le sculpter.
Il est confortable de creuser et de faire une narine avant de faire un nez.
Turkish:
Bilirsiniz, bazen hayatta,
Çok iyi olmaya çalışıyorum ve berbat et
Bu hobileri daha kolaylaştıralım
Kabaca,
sadece,
heykel yapmak
kulak ekle
Bana da aln ver.
Aslında, düzgün bir şekilde uygulama hissini seviyorum
Kili bu şekilde kullanıyorum, bu yüzden benim gibi yapmak zorunda değilsin
Bir Batılı şefin özelliklerini düşünün
Şu andan itibaren, lütfen modelin özelliklerini bulun ve yapın.
Çok yumuşak olduğunda hassas parçalar yapmak kolay değildir
Bu yüzden onu sertleştirmeye ve oymaya çalıştım.
Bir burun yapmadan önce bir burun deliği kazmak ve yapmak rahattır.
Arabic:
كما تعلم ، أحيانًا في الحياة ،
تحاول أن تكون جيدًا جدًا وتفسد الأمر
دعونا نجعل هذه الهوايات أسهل
بقسوة،
مجرد،
جعل النحت
إضافة آذان
اجعلني جبينًا أيضًا.
في الواقع ، أنا أحب الشعور بتطبيقه بسلاسة
أستخدم الطين مثل هذا ، لذلك لا يجب عليك أن تفعل مثلي
فكر في خصائص رأس الغربي
من الآن فصاعدًا ، يرجى العثور على خصائص النموذج وجعله.
عندما تكون ناعمة للغاية ، ليس من السهل عمل أجزاء دقيقة
لذلك حاولت أن أقويها ونحتها.
من المريح أن تحفر فتحات الأنف وتصنعها قبل صنع الأنف.
Thai:
คุณรู้บางครั้งในชีวิต
การพยายามทำตัวให้ดีเกินไป
มาทำให้งานอดิเรกนี้ง่ายขึ้น
ประมาณ
แค่,
ทำรูปปั้น
เพิ่มหู
ทำให้หน้าผากฉันเหมือนกัน
ที่จริงแล้วฉันชอบความรู้สึกของการใช้มันอย่างราบรื่น
ฉันใช้ดินแบบนี้ดังนั้นคุณไม่ต้องทำเช่นฉัน
คิดเกี่ยวกับลักษณะของหัวหน้าชาวตะวันตก
จากนี้ไปโปรดค้นหาลักษณะของแบบจำลองและสร้างมันขึ้นมา
เมื่อมันอ่อนเกินไปมันไม่ง่ายที่จะสร้างชิ้นส่วนที่บอบบาง
ดังนั้นฉันจึงพยายามทำให้แข็งและแกะสลัก
มันสะดวกสบายในการขุดและสร้างรูจมูกก่อนทำจมูก
Russian:
Знаешь, иногда в жизни,
Пытаться быть слишком хорошим и облажаться
Давайте сделаем это хобби проще
Грубо говоря,
просто,
сделать скульптуру
добавить уши
Сделай мне лоб тоже.
На самом деле, мне нравится ощущение его плавного применения
Я использую глину, как это, поэтому вы не должны делать, как я
Подумайте о характеристиках головы западного человека
Отныне, пожалуйста, найдите характеристики модели и сделайте это.
Когда он слишком мягкий, не легко сделать деликатные детали.
Поэтому я попытался укрепить его и вырезать.
Перед носом удобно копать и делать ноздрю.
Italian:
Sai, a volte nella vita,
Cercare di essere troppo bravo e rovinare tutto
Rendiamo questi hobby più facili
approssimativamente,
appena,
fare una scultura
aggiungi orecchie
Fammi anche una fronte.
In realtà, mi piace la sensazione di applicarlo senza problemi
Uso l'argilla in questo modo, quindi non devi fare come me
Pensa alle caratteristiche del capo di un occidentale
D'ora in poi, trova le caratteristiche del modello e crealo.
Quando è troppo morbido non è facile realizzare parti delicate
Quindi ho cercato di indurirlo e scolpirlo.
È comodo scavare e fare una narice prima di fare un naso.
English:
You know, sometimes in life,
Trying to be too good and screw it up
Let's make this hobbies easier
Roughly,
just,
make a sculpture
add ears
Make me a forehead, too.
Actually, I like the feeling of applying it smoothly
I use clay like this, so you don't have to do like me
Think about the characteristics of the head of a Westerner
From now on, please find the characteristics of the model and make it.
When it is too soft it is not easy to make delicate parts
So I tried to harden it and carved it.
It is comfortable to dig and make a nostril before making a nose.
Vietnamese:
Bạn biết đấy, đôi khi trong cuộc sống,
Cố gắng là quá tốt và làm hỏng nó lên
Hãy làm cho sở thích này dễ dàng hơn
Thô
chỉ,
làm một tác phẩm điêu khắc
thêm tai
Làm cho tôi một cái trán, quá.
Thật ra, tôi thích cảm giác áp dụng nó một cách trơn tru
Tôi sử dụng đất sét như thế này, vì vậy bạn không cần phải làm như tôi
Nghĩ về đặc điểm của người đứng đầu phương Tây
Từ bây giờ, xin vui lòng tìm các đặc điểm của mô hình và làm cho nó.
Khi nó quá mềm không dễ để tạo ra những bộ phận mỏng manh
Vì vậy, tôi đã cố gắng để làm cứng nó và khắc nó.
Thật thoải mái khi đào và làm một lỗ mũi trước khi làm mũi.
Spanish:
Ya sabes, a veces en la vida,
Tratando de ser demasiado bueno y arruinarlo
Hagamos que estos pasatiempos sean más fáciles
Aproximadamente,
sólo,
hacer una escultura
agregar orejas
Hazme una frente también.
En realidad, me gusta la sensación de aplicarlo suavemente
Yo uso arcilla así, así que no tienes que hacer como yo
Piensa en las características de la cabeza de un occidental
De ahora en adelante, encuentre las características del modelo y hágalo.
Cuando es demasiado suave, no es fácil hacer partes delicadas
Así que traté de endurecerlo y lo tallé.
Es cómodo cavar y hacer una nariz antes de hacer una nariz.
German:
Weißt du, manchmal im Leben,
Ich versuche zu gut zu sein und es zu vermasseln
Lassen Sie uns diese Hobbys einfacher machen
Grob,
gerade,
mache eine Skulptur
Ohren hinzufügen
Mach mir auch eine Stirn.
Eigentlich mag ich das Gefühl, es reibungslos anzuwenden
Ich benutze Ton wie diesen, also musst du mich nicht mögen
Denken Sie an die Eigenschaften des Kopfes eines Westlers
Finden Sie von nun an die Eigenschaften des Modells und machen Sie es.
Wenn es zu weich ist, ist es nicht einfach, empfindliche Teile herzustellen
Also habe ich versucht, es zu härten und zu schnitzen.
Es ist bequem zu graben und ein Nasenloch zu machen, bevor man eine Nase macht.
Japanese:
ご存知のように、時には人生の中で、
良くなりすぎてそれを台無しにしよう
この趣味を簡単にしましょう
だいたい
ただ、
彫刻を作る
耳を追加
私もおでこにします。
実は、スムーズに塗る感覚が好き
私はこのように粘土を使うので、私のようにする必要はありません
西洋人の頭の特徴を考える
これからモデルの特徴を見つけて作ってください。
柔らかすぎると繊細なパーツを作るのが難しい
だから固めてみました。
鼻を作る前に鼻孔を掘って作るのは快適です。
Portuguese:
Você sabe, às vezes na vida,
Tentando ser bom demais e estragar tudo
Vamos facilitar esses hobbies
Aproximadamente,
somente,
faça uma escultura
adicione ouvidos
Faça-me uma testa também.
Na verdade, eu gosto da sensação de aplicá-lo sem problemas
Eu uso argila assim, então você não precisa fazer como eu
Pense nas características da cabeça de um ocidental
A partir de agora, encontre as características do modelo e faça-o.
Quando é muito macio, não é fácil fazer peças delicadas
Então eu tentei endurecê-lo e esculpir.
É confortável cavar e fazer uma narina antes de fazer o nariz.
Malay (macrolanguage):
Anda tahu, kadang-kadang dalam hidup,
Berusaha terlalu baik dan kacau
Mari buat hobi ini lebih mudah
Secara kasar,
hanya,
membuat patung
tambah telinga
Jadikan saya dahi juga.
Sebenarnya, saya suka perasaan menerapkannya dengan lancar
Saya menggunakan tanah liat seperti ini, jadi anda tidak perlu melakukan seperti saya
Fikirkan tentang ciri-ciri ketua orang Barat
Mulai sekarang, cari ciri-ciri model dan membuatnya.
Apabila terlalu lembut tidak mudah membuat bahagian yang halus
Oleh itu, saya berusaha mengerasnya dan mengukirnya.
Adalah selesa untuk menggali dan membuat lubang hidung sebelum membuat hidung.
Indonesian:
Anda tahu, terkadang dalam hidup,
Berusaha menjadi terlalu baik dan mengacaukannya
Ayo buat hobi ini lebih mudah
Kurang lebih,
hanya,
membuat patung
tambahkan telinga
Buatkan aku dahi juga.
Sebenarnya, saya suka perasaan menerapkannya dengan lancar
Saya menggunakan tanah liat seperti ini, jadi Anda tidak harus seperti saya
Pikirkan tentang karakteristik kepala orang Barat
Mulai sekarang, silakan temukan karakteristik model dan buatlah.
Ketika terlalu lunak itu tidak mudah untuk membuat bagian-bagian yang halus
Jadi saya mencoba mengeraskannya dan mengukirnya.
Sangat nyaman untuk menggali dan membuat lubang hidung sebelum membuat hidung.
Turkish:
Pürüzlü yüzeyleri temizlemek ve bir iskelet oluşturmak için zımpara kağıdı kullanın.
ow, modelin genel yüzünü yapmak için gözler, burun ve ağız odaklanmak.
Bazı aboneler bazen soru soruyor.
(Ama neden başaramayacağımızı bilmesine rağmen neden nasıl yapılacağını açıklıyor?)
Tabii ki, benim gibi yapmak biraz zor olabilir,
Beni takip etmeye devam edersen, kendini tatmin edebilirsin.
Sert kile su uygularsanız tekrar yumuşar.
Bu yüzden yüzeyi düzeltmek için fırçaya su uyguladım.
Sert bir göz, burun ve ağız pozisyonunuz varsa, bunu açıklığa kavuşturmanın zamanı geldi.
Bu aşamada, modeli gözlemlemeye odaklanmanız gerekir.
Dudaklara biraz daha hacim ekledim.
Bu işi yapmak iki hafta sürdü.
English:
Use sandpaper to clean up rough surfaces and form a skeleton.
ow, focus on the eyes, nose, and mouth to make the overall face of the model.
Some of the subscribers ask questions sometimes.
(But why does he explain how to make it even though he knows we can't make it?)
Of course, it may be a little hard to make like me,
If you keep following me, you'll be able to make yourself satisfied.
If you apply water to the hard clay, it becomes soft again.
So I applied water to the brush to smooth the surface.
If you've got a rough eye, nose and mouth position, it's time to make it clear.
At this stage, you need to focus on observing the model.
I added a little more volume to the lips.
It took two weeks to make this work.
German:
Verwenden Sie Sandpapier, um raue Oberflächen zu reinigen und ein Skelett zu bilden.
Konzentrieren Sie sich nun auf Augen, Nase und Mund, um das gesamte Gesicht des Modells zu erhalten.
Einige Abonnenten stellen manchmal Fragen.
(Aber warum erklärt er, wie man es macht, obwohl er weiß, dass wir es nicht schaffen können?)
Natürlich kann es ein bisschen schwierig sein, wie ich zu machen,
Wenn Sie mir weiterhin folgen, können Sie sich zufrieden stellen.
Wenn Sie Wasser auf den harten Ton auftragen, wird er wieder weich.
Also habe ich Wasser auf den Pinsel aufgetragen, um die Oberfläche zu glätten.
Wenn Sie eine raue Augen-, Nasen- und Mundposition haben, ist es Zeit, dies klar zu machen.
In dieser Phase müssen Sie sich auf die Beobachtung des Modells konzentrieren.
Ich fügte den Lippen etwas mehr Volumen hinzu.
Es dauerte zwei Wochen, um diese Arbeit zu machen.
Italian:
Usa la carta vetrata per pulire le superfici ruvide e formare uno scheletro.
ow, concentrati su occhi, naso e bocca per creare il volto complessivo del modello.
Alcuni abbonati fanno domande a volte.
(Ma perché spiega come farlo anche se sa che non possiamo farcela?)
Certo, potrebbe essere un po 'difficile fare come me,
Se continui a seguirmi, sarai in grado di renderti soddisfatto.
Se applichi acqua all'argilla dura, questa diventa di nuovo morbida.
Quindi ho applicato dell'acqua sul pennello per levigare la superficie.
Se hai una posizione approssimativa di occhi, naso e bocca, è tempo di chiarire.
In questa fase, è necessario concentrarsi sull'osservazione del modello.
Ho aggiunto un po 'più di volume alle labbra.
Ci sono volute due settimane per farlo funzionare.
Japanese:
サンドペーパーを使用して、粗い表面をきれいにし、スケルトンを形成します。
それでは、モデルの顔全体を作るために、目、鼻、口に焦点を当てます。
一部の加入者は時々質問をします。
（しかし、私たちが作成できないことを知っているにもかかわらず、なぜ彼はそれを作成する方法を説明するのですか？
もちろん、私のように作るのは少し難しいかもしれませんが、
私をフォローし続けると、自分を満足させることができます。
固い粘土に水をかけると、やわらかくなります。
そこで、ブラシに水を塗って表面を滑らかにしました。
目、鼻、口の位置が粗い場合は、それを明確にする時です。
この段階では、モデルの観察に集中する必要があります。
唇にもう少しボリュームを加えました。
この作業に2週間かかりました。
Thai:
ใช้กระดาษทรายเพื่อทำความสะอาดพื้นผิวที่ขรุขระและสร้างโครงกระดูก
โอ๊ยให้ความสำคัญกับดวงตาจมูกและปากเพื่อทำให้ใบหน้าโดยรวมของโมเดล
สมาชิกบางคนถามคำถามบางครั้ง
(แต่ทำไมเขาอธิบายถึงวิธีการทำแม้ว่าเขาจะรู้ว่าเราไม่สามารถทำได้)
แน่นอนว่ามันอาจจะยากนิดหน่อยที่จะทำให้เหมือนฉัน
หากคุณติดตามฉันต่อไปคุณจะสามารถทำให้ตัวเองพอใจ
หากคุณใช้น้ำกับดินเหนียวมันจะนุ่มอีกครั้ง
ดังนั้นฉันจึงใช้น้ำกับแปรงเพื่อทำให้ผิวเรียบ
หากคุณมีตาที่หยาบกร้านจมูกและปากก็ถึงเวลาที่ต้องทำให้ชัดเจน
ในขั้นตอนนี้คุณจะต้องมุ่งเน้นไปที่การสังเกตแบบจำลอง
ฉันเพิ่มปริมาณเล็กน้อยบนริมฝีปาก
ใช้เวลาสองสัปดาห์ในการทำงานนี้
Malay (macrolanguage):
Gunakan kertas pasir untuk membersihkan permukaan kasar dan membentuk kerangka.
hai, fokus pada mata, hidung, dan mulut untuk menjadikan wajah keseluruhan model.
Sebilangan pelanggan kadang-kadang bertanya.
(Tetapi mengapa dia menjelaskan bagaimana membuatnya walaupun dia tahu kita tidak dapat membuatnya?)
Sudah tentu, agak sukar untuk dibuat seperti saya,
Sekiranya anda terus mengikuti saya, anda akan dapat membuat diri anda berpuas hati.
Sekiranya anda menggunakan air ke tanah liat keras, ia menjadi lembut kembali.
Oleh itu, saya menggunakan air ke berus untuk melicinkan permukaannya.
Sekiranya anda mempunyai kedudukan mata, hidung dan mulut yang kasar, inilah masanya untuk membuatnya jelas.
Pada peringkat ini, anda perlu fokus memerhatikan model tersebut.
Saya menambah sedikit kelantangan ke bibir.
Perlu dua minggu untuk membuat kerja ini.
Vietnamese:
Sử dụng giấy nhám để làm sạch các bề mặt gồ ghề và tạo thành bộ xương.
ow, tập trung vào mắt, mũi và miệng để làm cho khuôn mặt tổng thể của người mẫu.
Một số người đăng ký đôi khi đặt câu hỏi.
(Nhưng tại sao anh ta giải thích cách tạo ra nó mặc dù anh ta biết chúng ta không thể làm được?)
Tất nhiên, có thể hơi khó để làm như tôi,
Nếu bạn tiếp tục theo dõi tôi, bạn sẽ có thể khiến mình hài lòng.
Nếu bạn áp dụng nước vào đất sét cứng, nó sẽ trở nên mềm trở lại.
Vì vậy, tôi áp dụng nước vào bàn chải để làm mịn bề mặt.
Nếu bạn có một vị trí mắt, mũi và miệng thô ráp, đã đến lúc làm cho nó rõ ràng.
Ở giai đoạn này, bạn cần tập trung vào việc quan sát mô hình.
Tôi thêm một chút âm lượng cho đôi môi.
Phải mất hai tuần để thực hiện công việc này.
Spanish:
Use papel de lija para limpiar superficies rugosas y formar un esqueleto.
Ahora, concéntrese en los ojos, la nariz y la boca para hacer la cara general de la modelo.
Algunos de los suscriptores hacen preguntas a veces.
(¿Pero por qué explica cómo hacerlo aunque sepa que no podemos hacerlo?)
Por supuesto, puede ser un poco difícil de hacer como yo,
Si sigues siguiéndome, podrás satisfacerte.
Si aplica agua a la arcilla dura, se vuelve suave nuevamente.
Así que apliqué agua al pincel para alisar la superficie.
Si tiene una posición áspera en los ojos, la nariz y la boca, es hora de aclararlo.
En esta etapa, debe concentrarse en observar el modelo.
Agregué un poco más de volumen a los labios.
Me llevó dos semanas hacer que esto funcionara.
Arabic:
استخدم ورق الصنفرة لتنظيف الأسطح الخشنة وتشكيل هيكل عظمي.
التركيز على العين والأنف والفم لجعل الوجه العام للنموذج.
يسأل بعض المشتركين في بعض الأحيان أسئلة.
(لكن لماذا يشرح كيف يصنعها على الرغم من أنه يعلم أننا لا نستطيع فعلها؟)
بالطبع ، قد يكون من الصعب قليلاً صنع مثلي ،
إذا واصلت متابعتي ، فستكون قادرًا على إرضاء نفسك.
إذا قمت بتطبيق الماء على الطين الصلب ، فإنه يصبح طريًا مرة أخرى.
لذلك قمت بتطبيق الماء على الفرشاة لتنعيم السطح.
إذا كان لديك عين خشنة وأنف وفم ، فقد حان الوقت لتوضيح الأمر.
في هذه المرحلة ، تحتاج إلى التركيز على مراقبة النموذج.
أضفت المزيد من الحجم إلى الشفاه.
استغرق الأمر أسبوعين لجعل هذا العمل.
Portuguese:
Use uma lixa para limpar superfícies ásperas e formar um esqueleto.
Agora, foque nos olhos, nariz e boca para criar a face geral do modelo.
Alguns dos assinantes fazem perguntas às vezes.
(Mas por que ele explica como fazer isso, mesmo sabendo que não podemos fazê-lo?)
Claro, pode ser um pouco difícil de fazer como eu,
Se você continuar me seguindo, poderá ficar satisfeito.
Se você aplicar água à argila dura, ela ficará macia novamente.
Então eu apliquei água no pincel para suavizar a superfície.
Se você tem uma posição áspera nos olhos, nariz e boca, é hora de deixar isso claro.
Nesta fase, você precisa se concentrar em observar o modelo.
Eu adicionei um pouco mais de volume aos lábios.
Demorou duas semanas para fazer isso funcionar.
French:
Utilisez du papier de verre pour nettoyer les surfaces rugueuses et former un squelette.
ow, concentrez-vous sur les yeux, le nez et la bouche pour faire le visage global du modèle.
Certains abonnés posent parfois des questions.
(Mais pourquoi explique-t-il comment le faire même s'il sait que nous ne pouvons pas le faire?)
Bien sûr, ça peut être un peu difficile de faire comme moi,
Si vous continuez à me suivre, vous pourrez vous satisfaire.
Si vous appliquez de l'eau sur l'argile dure, elle redevient douce.
J'ai donc appliqué de l'eau sur le pinceau pour lisser la surface.
Si vous avez les yeux, le nez et la bouche rugueux, il est temps de le préciser.
À ce stade, vous devez vous concentrer sur l'observation du modèle.
J'ai ajouté un peu plus de volume aux lèvres.
Il a fallu deux semaines pour que cela fonctionne.
Indonesian:
Gunakan amplas untuk membersihkan permukaan kasar dan membentuk kerangka.
ow, fokus pada mata, hidung, dan mulut untuk membuat wajah keseluruhan model.
Beberapa pelanggan terkadang mengajukan pertanyaan.
(Tapi mengapa dia menjelaskan bagaimana membuatnya meskipun dia tahu kita tidak bisa membuatnya?)
Tentu saja, mungkin agak sulit untuk membuat seperti saya,
Jika Anda terus mengikuti saya, Anda akan dapat membuat diri Anda puas.
Jika Anda menerapkan air ke tanah liat yang keras, itu menjadi lunak lagi.
Jadi saya mengoleskan air ke sikat untuk menghaluskan permukaan.
Jika Anda memiliki posisi mata, hidung, dan mulut yang kasar, inilah saatnya untuk membuatnya jelas.
Pada tahap ini, Anda perlu fokus mengamati model.
Saya menambahkan sedikit volume ke bibir.
Butuh dua minggu untuk membuat ini bekerja.
Russian:
Используйте наждачную бумагу для очистки шероховатой поверхности и формирования каркаса.
Теперь сфокусируйтесь на глазах, носу и рте, чтобы создать общее лицо модели.
Некоторые из подписчиков иногда задают вопросы.
(Но почему он объясняет, как это сделать, хотя знает, что мы не можем это сделать?)
Конечно, это может быть немного трудно сделать, как я,
Если вы будете продолжать следовать за мной, вы сможете быть довольны собой.
Если вы нанесете воду на твердую глину, она снова станет мягкой.
Поэтому я применил воду к кисти, чтобы сгладить поверхность.
Если у вас плохое положение глаз, носа и рта, пришло время прояснить это.
На этом этапе вам необходимо сосредоточиться на наблюдении за моделью.
Я добавил немного больше объема к губам.
Потребовалось две недели, чтобы сделать эту работу.
Italian:
Penso che mi ci sia voluto più di una settimana per risolverlo in questa fase.
Nella descrizione dettagliata, la qualità degli occhi, del naso e della bocca è notevolmente aumentata per sembrare più realistica
Se organizzi i bordi o le linee,
È un aspetto molto più completo
Applicare argilla e spazzolare immediatamente per mantenere una superficie liscia
La superficie deve essere liscia per creare la forma esatta
Quando la forma delle labbra è completa, crea delle rughe sulle labbra
Ho anche chiarito le palpebre
Turkish:
Sanırım bu aşamada düzeltmem bir haftadan fazla sürdü.
Ayrıntılı açıklamada, daha gerçekçi görünmek için gözlerin, burnun ve ağzın kalitesi büyük ölçüde artırıldı
Kenarları veya çizgileri düzenlerseniz,
Çok daha eksiksiz bir görünüm
Pürüzsüz yüzeyi korumak için derhal kil ve fırça uygulayın
Kesin şekli oluşturmak için yüzeyin pürüzsüz olması gerekir
Dudakların şekli tamamlandığında, dudaklarda kırışıklıklar yapın
Ben de göz kapaklarını temizledim
Malay (macrolanguage):
Saya fikir saya memerlukan lebih dari seminggu untuk memperbaikinya pada tahap ini.
Dalam keterangan terperinci, kualiti mata, hidung, dan mulut sangat meningkat untuk kelihatan lebih realistik
Sekiranya anda mengatur bahagian tepi atau garis,
Ia adalah penampilan yang lebih lengkap
Sapukan tanah liat dan sikat segera untuk mengekalkan permukaan licin
Permukaannya perlu licin untuk membuat bentuk yang tepat
Apabila bentuk bibir lengkap, buat kerutan di bibir
Saya juga menjadikan kelopak mata jelas
Japanese:
この段階で修正するのに1週間以上かかったと思います。
詳細な説明では、目、鼻、口の質が大幅に向上し、よりリアルに見えます
エッジやラインを整理すると
それははるかに完全な外観です
粘土を塗ってすぐにブラシをかけ、滑らかな表面を維持します
正確な形状を作成するには、表面を滑らかにする必要があります
唇の形が完成したら、唇にしわを寄せます
まぶたも綺麗にしました
Vietnamese:
Tôi nghĩ rằng tôi đã mất hơn một tuần để sửa nó ở giai đoạn này.
Trong phần mô tả chi tiết, độ tinh xảo của mắt, mũi và miệng được tăng lên rất nhiều để trông thật hơn
Nếu bạn tổ chức các cạnh hoặc các dòng,
Đó là một cái nhìn đầy đủ hơn nhiều
Áp dụng đất sét và bàn chải ngay lập tức để duy trì bề mặt mịn
Bề mặt cần phải nhẵn để tạo hình chính xác
Khi hình dạng của đôi môi hoàn chỉnh, tạo nếp nhăn trên môi
Tôi cũng làm cho mí mắt rõ ràng
Thai:
ฉันคิดว่าใช้เวลานานกว่าหนึ่งสัปดาห์ในการแก้ไขในขั้นตอนนี้
ในรายละเอียดคำอธิบายคุณภาพของดวงตาจมูกและปากนั้นเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมากเพื่อให้ดูสมจริงยิ่งขึ้น
หากคุณจัดระเบียบขอบหรือเส้น
มันดูสมบูรณ์มากขึ้น
ใช้ดินและแปรงทันทีเพื่อรักษาพื้นผิวเรียบ
พื้นผิวจะต้องเรียบเพื่อสร้างรูปร่างที่แน่นอน
เมื่อริมฝีปากมีรูปร่างที่สมบูรณ์แล้วทำให้เกิดริ้วรอยบนริมฝีปาก
ฉันยังทำให้เปลือกตาชัดเจน
Spanish:
Creo que me llevó más de una semana arreglarlo en esta etapa.
En la descripción detallada, la calidad de los ojos, la nariz y la boca aumenta considerablemente para parecer más realista.
Si organiza los bordes o las líneas,
Es un aspecto mucho más completo.
Aplique arcilla y cepille inmediatamente para mantener la superficie lisa.
La superficie debe ser lisa para crear la forma exacta.
Cuando la forma de los labios esté completa, haga arrugas en los labios.
También dejé los párpados claros
Indonesian:
Saya pikir butuh lebih dari seminggu untuk memperbaikinya pada tahap ini.
Dalam uraian terperinci, kualitas pelayanan mata, hidung, dan mulut sangat meningkat agar terlihat lebih realistis
Jika Anda mengatur tepi atau garis,
Tampilannya jauh lebih lengkap
Oleskan tanah liat dan sikat segera untuk menjaga permukaan halus
Permukaan harus halus untuk membuat bentuk yang tepat
Saat bentuk bibir sudah selesai, buat keriput di bibir
Saya juga membuat kelopak mata jelas
Russian:
Я думаю, что мне потребовалось больше недели, чтобы исправить это на этом этапе.
В подробном описании качество глаз, носа и рта значительно увеличено, чтобы выглядеть более реалистично
Если вы организуете края или линии,
Это гораздо более полный вид
Нанесите глину и кисть немедленно, чтобы сохранить гладкую поверхность
Поверхность должна быть гладкой, чтобы создать точную форму
Когда форма губ будет завершена, сделайте морщины на губах
Я также прояснил веки
French:
Je pense qu'il m'a fallu plus d'une semaine pour le réparer à ce stade.
Dans la description détaillée, la qualité des yeux, du nez et de la bouche est considérablement augmentée pour paraître plus réaliste
Si vous organisez les bords ou les lignes,
C'est un look beaucoup plus complet
Appliquer l'argile et brosser immédiatement pour maintenir une surface lisse
La surface doit être lisse pour créer la forme exacte
Lorsque la forme des lèvres est terminée, faites des rides sur les lèvres
J'ai aussi clarifié les paupières
Arabic:
أعتقد أن الأمر استغرق مني أكثر من أسبوع لإصلاحه في هذه المرحلة.
في الوصف التفصيلي ، يتم زيادة كوليتي العيون والأنف والفم بشكل كبير لتبدو أكثر واقعية
إذا قمت بتنظيم الحواف أو الخطوط ،
إنها نظرة أكثر اكتمالاً
ضعي الطين والفرشاة على الفور للحفاظ على سطح أملس
يجب أن يكون السطح سلسًا لإنشاء الشكل الدقيق
عندما يكتمل شكل الشفاه ، قم بعمل تجاعيد على الشفاه
أنا أيضا جعلت الجفون واضحة
German:
Ich glaube, ich habe mehr als eine Woche gebraucht, um das Problem zu beheben.
In der detaillierten Beschreibung wird die Qualität von Augen, Nase und Mund stark erhöht, um realistischer auszusehen
Wenn Sie die Kanten oder Linien organisieren,
Es sieht viel vollständiger aus
Tragen Sie Ton auf und bürsten Sie sofort, um eine glatte Oberfläche zu erhalten
Die Oberfläche muss glatt sein, um die genaue Form zu erhalten
Wenn die Form der Lippen vollständig ist, machen Sie Falten auf den Lippen
Ich habe auch die Augenlider klar gemacht
Portuguese:
Eu acho que demorei mais de uma semana para consertar isso nesta fase.
Na descrição detalhada, a qualidade dos olhos, nariz e boca aumenta bastante para parecer mais realista
Se você organizar as arestas ou as linhas,
É uma aparência muito mais completa
Aplique argila e pincele imediatamente para manter a superfície lisa
A superfície precisa ser lisa para criar a forma exata
Quando o formato dos lábios estiver completo, faça rugas nos lábios
Eu também deixei as pálpebras claras
English:
I think it took me more than a week to fix it at this stage.
In the detailed description, the qulity of the eyes, nose, and mouth is greatly increased to look more realistic
If you organize the edges or the lines,
It's a much more complete look
Apply clay and brush immediately to maintain smooth surface
The surface needs to be smooth to create the exact shape
When the shape of the lips is complete, make wrinkles on the lips
I also made the eyelids clear
Italian:
È naturale quando fai ogni sopracciglio
La direzione in cui crescono le sopracciglia può anche influenzare l'immagine del modello
È un po 'tardi, ma proverò a fare orecchie.
L'orecchio sembra facile, ma in realtà è difficile da realizzare
Non avere fretta e fallo lentamente
I principianti possono fare un solo orecchio per tutta la settimana.
Ora vado a farmi i capelli
È facile fare schizzi prima di applicare l'argilla
Questa volta, farò acconciatura legata
Nelle prime fasi, è necessario concentrarsi su grandi fronzoli
Ora vado a fare il collo e una spalla.
Pensa alla postura del modello quando fai parte del collo
Thai:
มันเป็นเรื่องธรรมชาติเมื่อคุณทำคิ้วแต่ละข้าง
ทิศทางที่ขนคิ้วโตขึ้นสามารถส่งผลกระทบต่อภาพลักษณ์ของนางแบบได้เช่นกัน
มันสายไปหน่อย แต่ฉันจะพยายามทำหู
หูดูง่าย แต่จริงๆแล้วมันยากที่จะทำ
อย่ารีบร้อนและทำให้ช้าลง
ผู้เริ่มต้นสามารถทำหูเดียวตลอดทั้งสัปดาห์
ตอนนี้ฉันจะทำให้ผมของมัน
ง่ายต่อการร่างก่อนที่จะใช้ดินเหนียว
คราวนี้ฉันจะทำทรงผมผูก
ในระยะแรกคุณต้องมุ่งเน้นไปที่ความใหญ่โต
ตอนนี้ฉันจะทำคอและไหล่
คิดถึงท่าทางของนางแบบเมื่อคุณทำส่วนคอ
Indonesian:
Wajar jika Anda membuat setiap alis
Arah pertumbuhan alis juga dapat memengaruhi citra model
Ini sedikit terlambat, tetapi saya akan mencoba membuat telinga.
Telinga terlihat mudah, tetapi sebenarnya sulit dibuat
Jangan terburu-buru dan lakukan perlahan
Pemula dapat membuat satu telinga sepanjang minggu.
Sekarang saya akan membuat rambutnya
Sangat mudah untuk membuat sketsa sebelum menerapkan tanah liat
Kali ini, saya akan membuat gaya rambut yang diikat
Pada tahap awal, Anda harus fokus pada embel-embel besar
Sekarang saya akan membuat leher dan bahu.
Pikirkan tentang postur model ketika Anda membuat bagian leher
Spanish:
Es natural cuando haces cada ceja
La dirección en la que crecen las cejas también puede afectar la imagen del modelo.
Es un poco tarde, pero intentaré hacer orejas.
El oído se ve fácil, pero en realidad es difícil de hacer
No tengas prisa y hazlo lentamente
Los principiantes pueden hacer una sola oreja durante toda la semana.
Ahora me voy a hacer el pelo
Es fácil dibujar antes de aplicar arcilla
Esta vez, voy a hacer un peinado atado
En las primeras etapas, debes concentrarte en los grandes volantes
Ahora voy a hacer un cuello y un hombro.
Piensa en la postura de la modelo cuando hagas parte del cuello
Malay (macrolanguage):
Adalah wajar apabila anda membuat setiap alis
Arah di mana alis tumbuh juga dapat mempengaruhi imej model
Ia agak lewat, tetapi saya akan cuba membuat telinga.
Telinga kelihatan mudah, tetapi sebenarnya sukar dibuat
Jangan terburu-buru dan buat perlahan-lahan
Pemula boleh membuat telinga tunggal sepanjang minggu.
Sekarang saya akan membuat rambutnya
Sangat mudah untuk membuat lakaran sebelum menggunakan tanah liat
Kali ini, saya akan membuat gaya rambut yang diikat
Pada peringkat awal, anda perlu menumpukan perhatian pada perbelanjaan besar
Sekarang saya akan membuat leher dan bahu.
Fikirkan tentang postur model ketika anda membuat bahagian leher
Portuguese:
É natural quando você faz cada sobrancelha
A direção na qual as sobrancelhas crescem também pode afetar a imagem do modelo
É um pouco tarde, mas vou tentar fazer ouvidos.
O ouvido parece fácil, mas é realmente difícil de fazer
Não tenha pressa e vá devagar
Iniciantes podem fazer uma única orelha durante toda a semana.
Agora eu vou fazer o cabelo
É fácil esboçar antes de aplicar argila
Desta vez, eu vou fazer penteado amarrado
Nos estágios iniciais, você precisa se concentrar nos grandes babados
Agora eu vou fazer pescoço e ombro.
Pense na postura do modelo ao fazer parte do pescoço
Russian:
Это естественно, когда вы делаете каждую бровь
Направление, в котором растут брови, также может влиять на изображение модели.
Уже немного поздно, но я постараюсь сделать уши.
Ухо выглядит легко, но на самом деле это трудно сделать
Не спешите и делайте это медленно
Начинающие могут делать одно ухо всю неделю.
Теперь я собираюсь сделать свою прическу
Это легко сделать эскиз перед применением глины
На этот раз я собираюсь сделать прическу
На ранних этапах вам нужно сосредоточиться на больших изысках
Теперь я собираюсь сделать шею и плечо.
Подумайте о позе модели, когда вы делаете шею частью
French:
C'est naturel quand on fait chaque sourcil
La direction dans laquelle les sourcils grandissent peut également affecter l'image du modèle
Il est un peu tard, mais je vais essayer de faire des oreilles.
L'oreille a l'air facile, mais c'est en fait difficile à faire
Ne soyez pas pressé et faites-le lentement
Les débutants peuvent faire une seule oreille toute la semaine.
Maintenant je vais faire ses cheveux
Il est facile de dessiner avant d'appliquer de l'argile
Cette fois, je vais faire un style de cheveux attachés
Dans les premiers stades, vous devez vous concentrer sur les gros fioritures
Maintenant, je vais faire un cou et une épaule.
Pensez à la posture du modèle lorsque vous faites une partie du cou
Turkish:
Her kaş yaptığınızda doğal
Kaşların büyüdüğü yön modelin görüntüsünü de etkileyebilir
Biraz geç oldu, ama kulak yapmaya çalışacağım.
Kulak kolay görünüyor, ama aslında zor
Acele etme ve yavaşça yapma
Yeni başlayanlar hafta boyunca tek bir kulak yapabilir.
Şimdi saçını yapacağım
Kil uygulamadan önce eskiz yapmak kolaydır
Bu sefer, bağlı saç stili yapacağım
Erken aşamalarda, büyük fırfırlara odaklanmanız gerekir
Şimdi boyun ve omuz yapacağım.
Boyun kısmı yaptığınızda modelin duruşunu düşünün
Vietnamese:
Thật tự nhiên khi bạn thực hiện mỗi lông mày
Hướng mà lông mày mọc cũng có thể ảnh hưởng đến hình ảnh của người mẫu
Hơi muộn một chút, nhưng tôi sẽ thử làm tai.
Tai có vẻ dễ dàng, nhưng thực sự rất khó để thực hiện
Đừng vội vàng và làm cho nó chậm
Người mới bắt đầu có thể làm một tai duy nhất trong cả tuần.
Bây giờ tôi sẽ làm tóc của nó
Thật dễ dàng để phác thảo trước khi áp dụng đất sét
Lần này, tôi sẽ tạo kiểu tóc buộc
Trong giai đoạn đầu, bạn cần tập trung vào các diềm lớn
Bây giờ tôi sẽ làm cổ và vai.
Hãy suy nghĩ về tư thế của người mẫu khi bạn làm phần cổ
German:
Es ist natürlich, wenn Sie jede Augenbraue machen
Die Richtung, in die die Augenbrauen wachsen, kann auch das Bild des Modells beeinflussen
Es ist etwas spät, aber ich werde versuchen, Ohren zu machen.
Das Ohr sieht einfach aus, ist aber eigentlich schwer zu machen
Beeilen Sie sich nicht und machen Sie es langsam
Anfänger können die ganze Woche über ein Ohr machen.
Jetzt werde ich seine Haare machen
Es ist einfach zu skizzieren, bevor Ton aufgetragen wird
Dieses Mal werde ich gebundene Frisur machen
In der Anfangsphase müssen Sie sich auf die großen Schnickschnack konzentrieren
Jetzt mache ich Hals und Schulter.
Denken Sie an die Haltung des Modells, wenn Sie das Nackenteil herstellen
Arabic:
من الطبيعي عند رسم كل حاجب
يمكن أن يؤثر الاتجاه الذي ينمو فيه الحاجبين أيضًا على صورة النموذج
لقد تأخر الوقت قليلاً ، لكنني سأحاول جعل الأذنين.
تبدو الأذن سهلة ، ولكن يصعب صنعها في الواقع
لا تتعجل واجعله ببطء
يمكن للمبتدئين صنع أذن واحدة طوال الأسبوع.
الآن سأقوم بعمل شعرها
من السهل أن ترسم قبل تطبيق الطين
هذه المرة ، سأقوم بعمل أسلوب شعر مقيد
في المراحل المبكرة ، تحتاج إلى التركيز على الرتوش الكبيرة
الآن سأقوم بعمل الرقبة والكتف.
فكر في وضع النموذج عند عمل جزء من الرقبة
English:
It's natural when you make each eyebrow
The direction in which the eyebrows grow can also affect the image of the model
It's a little late, but I'll try making ears.
The ear looks easy, but it's actually hard to make
Don't be in a hurry and make it slowly
Beginners can make a single ear all week long.
Now I'm going to make its hair
It's easy to sketch before applying clay
This time, I'm going to make tied hair style
In the early stages, you need to focus on the big frills
Now I'm going to make neck and a shoulder.
Think about the posture of the model when you make neck part
Japanese:
眉毛ひとつひとつ作るのは当たり前
眉が伸びる方向もモデルのイメージに影響を与える可能性があります
少し遅いですが、耳を作ってみます。
耳は簡単に見えますが、実際には作るのは難しいです
急がずにゆっくりと作ってください
初心者は一週間中片耳を作ることができます。
これから髪を作ります
粘土を塗る前にスケッチするのは簡単です
今回は結んだ髪型にします
初期段階では、大きなフリルに集中する必要があります
これから首と肩を作ります。
首部分を作るときのモデルの姿勢を考える
Turkish:
Aynı şekilde, yüzeyi temizlemek için zımpara kağıdı kullanılır
Saç stilini değiştirdim çünkü bağlı bir saçı ifade etmek zordu
Kulaklarım gitti
(Kesinlikle kulaklarımı yaptım ...)
Şimdi, lütfen her saç yapmak
Saç kalıcılık ve sabırla yapılacaktır.
Lütfen bir fırça ile bitirin.
Şimdi bir heykel inşa etmek için bir sütun yapacağım
Elektrikli matkap olmadan yeterli yapabilir
Matkaplar daha kolay ve daha hızlı hale getirir
Yumuşak kil ile şekil verin
Sertleştiğinde, zımpara kağıdı ile hassas bir eğri yapın
Son olarak, su uygulayın ve pürüzsüz bir şekilde bitirin
O kadar zor değil, değil mi?
Indonesian:
Demikian juga, amplas digunakan untuk membersihkan permukaan
Saya mengubah gaya rambut karena sulit untuk mengekspresikan rambut yang diikat
Telingaku hilang
(Aku pasti membuat telingaku ...)
Sekarang, tolong buat setiap rambut
Rambut akan dilakukan dengan membuatnya dengan ketekunan dan kesabaran
Silakan selesaikan dengan kuas.
Sekarang saya akan membuat pilar untuk membangun patung
Itu bisa menghasilkan cukup tanpa bor listrik
Latihan membuatnya lebih mudah dan lebih cepat
Buat bentuk dengan tanah liat lunak
Saat mengeras, buat kurva halus dengan amplas
Terakhir, oleskan air dan selesaikan dengan lancar
Tidak sesulit itu, kan?
English:
Likewise, sandpaper is used to clean up the surface
I changed the hairstyle because it was hard to express a tied hair
My ears are gone
(I definitely made my ears...)
Now, please make the each hair
Hair will be done by making it with persistence and patience
Please finish with a brush.
Now I'm going to make a pillar to build a sculpture
It can make enough without an electric drill
Drills make it easier and faster
Make a shape with soft clay
When it hardened, make a delicate curve with sandpaper
Lastly, apply water and finish smoothly
It's not that hard, is it?
Portuguese:
Da mesma forma, a lixa é usada para limpar a superfície
Eu mudei o penteado porque era difícil expressar um cabelo amarrado
Meus ouvidos se foram
(Eu definitivamente fiz meus ouvidos ...)
Agora, por favor, faça cada cabelo
O cabelo será feito com persistência e paciência
Por favor termine com um pincel.
Agora eu vou fazer um pilar para construir uma escultura
Pode fazer o suficiente sem uma furadeira elétrica
As brocas tornam mais fácil e rápido
Faça uma forma com argila macia
Quando endurecer, faça uma curva delicada com lixa
Por fim, aplique água e finalize suavemente
Não é tão difícil, é?
Vietnamese:
Tương tự như vậy, giấy nhám được sử dụng để làm sạch bề mặt
Tôi đã thay đổi kiểu tóc vì rất khó để thể hiện một mái tóc buộc
Tai tôi đã biến mất
(Tôi chắc chắn đã làm cho tai của tôi ...)
Bây giờ, hãy làm cho từng sợi tóc
Tóc sẽ được thực hiện bằng cách làm cho nó với sự kiên trì và kiên nhẫn
Hãy hoàn thành với một bàn chải.
Bây giờ tôi sẽ làm một trụ cột để xây dựng một tác phẩm điêu khắc
Nó có thể làm đủ mà không cần khoan điện
Mũi khoan làm cho nó dễ dàng hơn và nhanh hơn
Tạo hình bằng đất sét mềm
Khi nó cứng lại, tạo một đường cong tinh tế bằng giấy nhám
Cuối cùng, áp dụng nước và kết thúc thuận lợi
Nó không khó lắm phải không?
Japanese:
同様に、紙やすりは表面をきれいにするのに使用されています
結んだ髪が表現しづらかったので髪型を変えました
耳がなくなった
（私は間違いなく耳を作りました...）
さあ、それぞれの髪を作ってください
髪は粘り強さと忍耐力で作ることによって行われます
ブラシで仕上げてください。
今から柱を作って彫刻を作ります
電気ドリルがなくても十分に作れます
ドリルで簡単かつ高速に
やわらかい粘土で形を作る
固まったらサンドペーパーで微妙なカーブを描く
最後に水を塗ってスムーズに仕上げます
それほど難しいことではありませんか？
Spanish:
Asimismo, se usa papel de lija para limpiar la superficie.
Cambié el peinado porque era difícil expresar un cabello atado
Mis orejas se han ido
(Definitivamente hice mis oídos ...)
Ahora, por favor haz que cada cabello
El cabello se hará al hacerlo con persistencia y paciencia.
Por favor termina con un pincel.
Ahora voy a hacer un pilar para construir una escultura.
Puede hacer lo suficiente sin un taladro eléctrico
Los taladros lo hacen más fácil y rápido
Haz una forma con arcilla blanda
Cuando se endurezca, haga una curva delicada con papel de lija
Por último, aplique agua y termine suavemente
No es tan difícil, ¿verdad?
Malay (macrolanguage):
Begitu juga, kertas pasir digunakan untuk membersihkan permukaan
Saya mengubah gaya rambut kerana sukar untuk mengekspresikan rambut yang diikat
Telinga saya hilang
(Saya pasti membuat telinga ...)
Sekarang, sila buat setiap rambut
Rambut akan dilakukan dengan membuatnya dengan gigih dan sabar
Sila selesaikan dengan berus.
Sekarang saya akan membuat tiang untuk membina patung
Ia dapat membuat cukup tanpa gerudi elektrik
Latihan menjadikannya lebih mudah dan pantas
Buat bentuk dengan tanah liat lembut
Apabila mengeras, buat lekukan halus dengan kertas pasir
Akhir sekali, sapukan air dan selesaikan dengan lancar
Ia tidak begitu sukar, bukan?
Italian:
Allo stesso modo, la carta vetrata viene utilizzata per pulire la superficie
Ho cambiato l'acconciatura perché era difficile esprimere un capello legato
Le mie orecchie sono sparite
(Ho sicuramente fatto le mie orecchie ...)
Ora, per favore, prepara i capelli
I capelli saranno fatti rendendoli con persistenza e pazienza
Per favore, finisci con un pennello.
Ora farò un pilastro per costruire una scultura
Può fare abbastanza senza un trapano elettrico
I trapani lo rendono più facile e veloce
Crea una forma con argilla morbida
Quando indurito, fai una curva delicata con carta vetrata
Infine, applicare acqua e finire senza problemi
Non è così difficile, vero?
Thai:
ในทำนองเดียวกันกระดาษทรายจะใช้ในการทำความสะอาดพื้นผิว
ฉันเปลี่ยนทรงผมเพราะมันยากที่จะแสดงให้เห็นถึงการผูกผม
หูของฉันหายไปแล้ว
(ฉันทำหูของฉันแน่นอน ... )
ตอนนี้โปรดทำให้ผมแต่ละคน
ผมจะทำโดยการทำมันด้วยความเพียรและความอดทน
กรุณาจบด้วยแปรง
ตอนนี้ฉันจะสร้างเสาเพื่อสร้างประติมากรรม
มันสามารถทำให้เพียงพอโดยไม่ต้องใช้สว่านไฟฟ้า
การฝึกซ้อมทำให้ง่ายขึ้นและเร็วขึ้น
ทำรูปร่างด้วยดินเหนียวอ่อน
เมื่อแข็งแล้วให้ทำเส้นโค้งที่ละเอียดอ่อนด้วยกระดาษทราย
สุดท้ายใช้น้ำและเสร็จอย่างราบรื่น
มันไม่ยากใช่ไหม?
French:
De même, du papier de verre est utilisé pour nettoyer la surface
J'ai changé de coiffure car il était difficile d'exprimer un cheveu attaché
Mes oreilles sont parties
(J'ai définitivement fait mes oreilles ...)
Maintenant, veuillez faire les cheveux
Les cheveux seront faits en les faisant avec persévérance et patience
Veuillez terminer avec un pinceau.
Maintenant, je vais faire un pilier pour construire une sculpture
Il peut en faire assez sans perceuse électrique
Les exercices facilitent et accélèrent
Faites une forme avec de l'argile molle
Quand il a durci, faites une courbe délicate avec du papier de verre
Enfin, appliquez de l'eau et finissez en douceur
Ce n'est pas si difficile, non?
German:
Ebenso wird Sandpapier verwendet, um die Oberfläche zu reinigen
Ich habe die Frisur geändert, weil es schwierig war, ein gebundenes Haar auszudrücken
Meine Ohren sind weg
(Ich habe definitiv meine Ohren gemacht ...)
Nun machen Sie bitte jedes Haar
Das Haar wird mit Ausdauer und Geduld gemacht
Bitte beenden Sie mit einem Pinsel.
Jetzt werde ich eine Säule bauen, um eine Skulptur zu bauen
Ohne Bohrmaschine kann es genug machen
Bohrer machen es einfacher und schneller
Machen Sie eine Form mit weichem Ton
Wenn es ausgehärtet ist, machen Sie mit Sandpapier eine zarte Kurve
Zuletzt Wasser auftragen und glatt abschließen
Es ist nicht so schwer, oder?
Arabic:
وبالمثل ، يتم استخدام ورق الصنفرة لتنظيف السطح
لقد غيرت تصفيفة الشعر لأنه كان من الصعب التعبير عن شعر مربوط
ذهبت أذني
(لقد جعلت أذني بالتأكيد ...)
الآن ، يرجى جعل كل شعرة
سوف يتم الشعر بجعله بإصرار وصبر
يرجى الانتهاء بفرشاة.
الآن سأقوم بعمل عمود لبناء النحت
يمكنها صنع ما يكفي بدون مثقاب كهربائي
التدريبات تجعلها أسهل وأسرع
اصنع شكل مع الطين الطري
عندما تصلب ، قم بعمل منحنى دقيق باستخدام ورق الصنفرة
أخيرًا ، ضع الماء وانتهي بسلاسة
ليس الأمر صعبًا ، أليس كذلك؟
Russian:
Кроме того, наждачная бумага используется для очистки поверхности
Я изменил прическу, потому что было трудно выразить прическу
Мои уши исчезли
(Я определенно сделал мои уши ...)
Теперь, пожалуйста, сделайте каждый волос
Волосы будут сделаны, делая это с настойчивостью и терпением
Пожалуйста, закончите с кистью.
Теперь я собираюсь сделать столб для создания скульптуры
Это может сделать достаточно без электрической дрели
Тренировки делают это проще и быстрее
Сделай форму с мягкой глиной
Когда она затвердеет, сделайте тонкий изгиб наждачной бумагой
Наконец, примените воду и закончите гладко
Это не так сложно, не так ли?
Arabic:
الآن ستقوم بتوصيل العمود بالرأس
املأ الحفرة بالطين
جعل الباقي في الطين
يرجى تنعيم السطح بورق الصنفرة
تم الانتهاء من النحت أخيرا
سأقوم بتلوينها الآن
يرجى إعداد الطلاء قبل التلوين
الآن سأقوم بتلوينها بألوان أساسية
إذا كنت نموذجًا يقوم عادة بعمل مكياج ، فإنه يحتاج إلى طلاء لون المكياج
Indonesian:
Sekarang akan menghubungkan pilar ke kepala
Isi lubang dengan tanah liat
Buat sisanya menjadi tanah liat
Silakan menghaluskan permukaan dengan amplas
Patung itu akhirnya selesai
Saya akan mewarnai sekarang
Silakan siapkan cat sebelum mewarnai
Sekarang saya akan mewarnainya dalam warna dasar
Jika Anda seorang model yang biasanya melakukan riasan, perlu melukis warna riasan
Italian:
Ora collegherà il pilastro alla testa
Riempi il buco con l'argilla
Trasforma il resto in argilla
Si prega di lisciare la superficie con carta vetrata
La scultura è finalmente completata
Adesso lo colorerò
Si prega di preparare la vernice prima di colorare
Ora lo colorerò con colori di base
Se sei una modella che di solito fa il trucco, deve dipingere il colore del trucco
Japanese:
次に、柱を頭に接続します
穴を粘土で埋めます
残りを粘土にします
サンドペーパーで表面を滑らかにしてください
いよいよ彫刻が完成
今から色付けします
着色する前に塗料を準備してください
ベーシックカラーで塗ります
普段メイクをしているモデルならメイク色を塗る
French:
Maintenant, il va connecter le pilier à la tête
Remplissez le trou avec de l'argile
Transformez le reste en argile
Veuillez lisser la surface avec du papier de verre
La sculpture est enfin terminée
Je vais le colorier maintenant
Veuillez préparer la peinture avant la coloration
Maintenant, je vais le colorier dans des couleurs de base
Si vous êtes un mannequin qui maquille habituellement, il doit peindre la couleur du maquillage
Turkish:
Şimdi direği kafasına bağlayacak
Deliği kil ile doldurun
Geri kalanını kil haline getirin
Lütfen yüzeyi zımpara kağıdı ile düzeltin
Heykel sonunda tamamlandı
Şimdi renklendireceğim
Lütfen boyamadan önce boyayı hazırlayın
Şimdi onu temel renklerde boyayacağım
Genellikle makyaj yapan bir modelseniz, makyaj rengini boyaması gerekir
Thai:
ตอนนี้มันจะเชื่อมต่อเสากับหัว
เติมหลุมด้วยดิน
ทำให้ส่วนที่เหลือของมันเป็นดินเหนียว
กรุณาทำให้พื้นผิวเรียบด้วยกระดาษทราย
ประติมากรรมเสร็จสมบูรณ์ในที่สุด
ตอนนี้ฉันจะลงสีแล้ว
โปรดเตรียมสีก่อนทาสี
ตอนนี้ฉันจะระบายสีด้วยสีพื้นฐาน
หากคุณเป็นนางแบบที่มักแต่งหน้าก็ต้องใช้สีในการแต่งหน้า
Spanish:
Ahora va a conectar el pilar a la cabeza.
Llenar el hoyo con la arcilla
Convertir el resto en arcilla
Por favor, alise la superficie con papel de lija
La escultura finalmente se completa.
Voy a colorearlo ahora
Por favor prepare la pintura antes de colorear
Ahora voy a colorearlo en colores básicos.
Si eres una modelo que generalmente se maquilla, necesita pintar el color del maquillaje
English:
Now it's going to connect the pillar to the head
Fill the hole with the clay
Make the rest of it into clay
Please smooth the surface with sandpaper
The sculpture is finally completed
I'm going to color it right now
Please prepare the paint before coloring
Now I'm going to color it in basic colors
If you are a model who usually does makeup, it needs to paint makeup color
German:
Jetzt wird es die Säule mit dem Kopf verbinden
Füllen Sie das Loch mit dem Ton
Machen Sie den Rest daraus zu Ton
Bitte glätten Sie die Oberfläche mit Sandpapier
Die Skulptur ist endlich fertig
Ich werde es jetzt färben
Bitte bereiten Sie die Farbe vor dem Färben vor
Jetzt werde ich es in Grundfarben färben
Wenn Sie ein Model sind, das normalerweise Make-up macht, muss es Make-up-Farbe malen
Malay (macrolanguage):
Sekarang ia akan menghubungkan tiang ke kepala
Isi lubang dengan tanah liat
Jadikan selebihnya menjadi tanah liat
Sila ratakan permukaan dengan kertas pasir
Arca akhirnya siap
Saya akan mewarnainya sekarang
Sila sediakan cat sebelum mewarnakan
Sekarang saya akan mewarnainya dengan warna asas
Sekiranya anda seorang model yang biasanya melakukan solek, ia perlu melukis warna solek
Russian:
Теперь он собирается соединить столб с головой
Заполните отверстие глиной
Превратить остальное в глину
Пожалуйста, сгладьте поверхность наждачной бумагой
Скульптура наконец завершена
Я собираюсь покрасить это прямо сейчас
Пожалуйста, подготовьте краску перед окраской
Теперь я собираюсь раскрасить его в основные цвета
Если вы модель, которая обычно делает макияж, она должна раскрасить цвет макияжа
Vietnamese:
Bây giờ nó sẽ kết nối trụ với đầu
Đổ đất vào lỗ
Biến phần còn lại của nó thành đất sét
Hãy làm phẳng bề mặt bằng giấy nhám
Tác phẩm điêu khắc cuối cùng đã hoàn thành
Tôi sẽ tô màu nó ngay bây giờ
Vui lòng chuẩn bị sơn trước khi tô màu
Bây giờ tôi sẽ tô màu nó bằng các màu cơ bản
Nếu bạn là người mẫu thường trang điểm thì cần tô màu trang điểm.
Portuguese:
Agora vai conectar o pilar na cabeça
Encha o buraco com a argila
Transforme o restante em argila
Por favor, alise a superfície com uma lixa
A escultura está finalmente concluída
Eu vou colorir agora
Por favor, prepare a tinta antes de colorir
Agora vou colorir em cores básicas
Se você é um modelo que geralmente faz maquiagem, ele precisa pintar a cor da maquiagem
Vietnamese:
Tôi sơn chân tóc màu đen nhẹ để trông tự nhiên
Airbrushes giúp dễ dàng hơn để sơn ánh sáng và bóng râm
Tôi sẽ vẽ mái tóc màu xanh lá cây đặc trưng của Billie
Tôi vẽ phần đen thêm một lần nữa
Đó là một màu sơn đỏ trong suốt thể hiện màu đỏ
Nó có màu nâu nhạt để tạo hiệu ứng ba chiều
Vẽ mắt bằng sơn trắng
Portuguese:
Pintei as raízes do meu cabelo levemente de preto para torná-lo natural
Os aerógrafos facilitam a pintura da luz e da sombra
Eu vou pintar o cabelo verde da Billie
Eu pintei a parte preta mais uma vez
É uma tinta vermelha transparente que expressa a vermelhidão
É marrom claro para dar um efeito tridimensional
Pinte os olhos com tinta branca
Spanish:
Pinté las raíces de mi cabello ligeramente negro para que se vea natural
Los aerógrafos facilitan la pintura de luces y sombras
Pintaré el característico cabello verde de Billie
Pinté la parte negra una vez más
Es una pintura roja transparente que expresa el enrojecimiento.
Es de color marrón claro para darle un efecto tridimensional.
Pintar los ojos con pintura blanca.
German:
Ich habe die Haarwurzeln leicht schwarz gestrichen, damit sie natürlich aussehen
Airbrushes erleichtern das Malen von Licht und Schatten
Ich werde Billies charakteristisches grünes Haar malen
Ich habe noch einmal einen schwarzen Teil gemalt
Es ist eine transparente rote Farbe, die die Rötung ausdrückt
Es ist hellbraun, um einen dreidimensionalen Effekt zu erzielen
Malen Sie die Augen mit weißer Farbe
Malay (macrolanguage):
Saya mengecat akar rambut saya dengan warna hitam sehingga kelihatan semula jadi
Berus udara menjadikannya lebih mudah untuk melukis cahaya dan bayangan
Saya akan cat rambut hijau khas Billie
Saya melukis bahagian hitam sekali lagi
Ini cat merah lutsinar yang menyatakan kemerahan
Ia berwarna coklat muda untuk memberikan kesan tiga dimensi
Warnakan mata dengan cat putih
English:
I painted the roots of my hair lightly black to make it look natural
Airbrushes make it easier to paint light and shade
I'll paint Billie's signature green hair
I painted black part one more time
It's a transparent red paint that expresses the redness
It's light brown to give it a three-dimensional effect
Paint the eyes with white paint
French:
J'ai peint les racines de mes cheveux légèrement noirs pour les rendre naturels
Les aérographes facilitent la peinture de la lumière et de l'ombre
Je peindrai les cheveux verts de Billie
J'ai peint la partie noire une fois de plus
C'est une peinture rouge transparente qui exprime la rougeur
Il est marron clair pour lui donner un effet tridimensionnel
Peignez les yeux avec de la peinture blanche
Italian:
Ho dipinto le radici dei miei capelli leggermente nere per renderle naturali
Gli aerografi facilitano la verniciatura di luci e ombre
Dipingerò i capelli verdi distintivi di Billie
Ho dipinto la parte nera ancora una volta
È una vernice rossa trasparente che esprime il rossore
È marrone chiaro per dargli un effetto tridimensionale
Dipingi gli occhi con vernice bianca
Arabic:
لقد رسمت جذور شعري باللون الأسود الفاتح لجعله يبدو طبيعيًا
البخاخات تجعل من السهل طلاء الضوء والظل
سوف أرسم شعر بيلي الأخضر المميز
رسمت جزء أسود مرة أخرى
إنه طلاء أحمر شفاف يعبر عن الاحمرار
لونها بني فاتح لإعطائها تأثير ثلاثي الأبعاد
ترسم العينين بطلاء أبيض
Russian:
Я слегка покрасил корни моих волос, чтобы они выглядели естественно
Аэрографы облегчают рисование света и тени
Я нарисую фирменные зеленые волосы Билли
Я нарисовал черную часть еще раз
Это прозрачная красная краска, которая выражает покраснение
Это светло-коричневый, чтобы придать ему трехмерный эффект
Покрась глаза белой краской
Japanese:
髪の毛の根元を軽く黒く塗って、自然に見えるようにしました
エアブラシを使用すると、明暗を簡単にペイントできます
ビリーの署名の緑の髪を塗る
黒い部分をもう一度塗った
赤みを表現した透明な赤いペンキです
ライトブラウンで立体感を出す
目を白いペンキで塗ります
Turkish:
Doğal görünmesi için saçlarımın köklerini hafifçe siyah boyadım
Airbrushlar ışık ve gölge boyamayı kolaylaştırır
Bilardo imzalı yeşil saçları boyayacağım
Siyah kısmı bir kez daha boyadım
Kızarıklığı ifade eden şeffaf kırmızı bir boyadır.
Üç boyutlu bir etki vermek için açık kahverengi
Gözleri beyaz boya ile boya
Indonesian:
Saya mengecat akar rambut saya dengan warna hitam muda agar terlihat alami
Airbrush memudahkan untuk mengecat cahaya dan bayangan
Saya akan melukis rambut hijau khas Billie
Saya melukis bagian hitam sekali lagi
Ini adalah cat merah transparan yang mengekspresikan warna merah
Warnanya cokelat muda untuk memberikan efek tiga dimensi
Warnai mata dengan cat putih
Thai:
ฉันทาสีรากผมของฉันเป็นสีดำเบา ๆ เพื่อให้ดูเป็นธรรมชาติ
พู่กันทำให้การวาดแสงและเงาง่ายขึ้น
ฉันจะวาดผมสีเขียวของ Billie
ฉันทาสีส่วนสีดำอีกครั้ง
มันเป็นสีแดงโปร่งใสที่แสดงออกถึงรอยแดง
มันเป็นสีน้ำตาลอ่อนเพื่อให้เอฟเฟกต์สามมิติ
วาดดวงตาด้วยสีขาว
Turkish:
Lütfen dudaklarınızı da boyayın
Bu sefer gerçek kozmetiklerle renklendirdim
Daha önce hiç denemedim. İyiydi
Parçacıklar toplandı ve hassas çalışmalar mümkün oldu
Ayrıca gözlerinin mukoza zarını boyadım
Bu benim gerçek saçım
Bunu pamuklu çubukla sararım ve kıvrılırım
Yaylı bir kıvrılma
Lütfen uygun boyutlarda kesin ve hazırlayın
Her birini tek tek koymak için anında yapıştırıcı kullandım
Çok ince kirpikler çizmek için fırça kullandım
Italian:
Per favore, dipingi anche le labbra
Questa volta l'ho colorato con veri cosmetici
Non l'ho mai provato prima. È stato bello
Sono state raccolte particelle ed è stato possibile un lavoro delicato
Ho anche dipinto la mucosa dei suoi occhi
Questi sono i miei veri capelli
Lo avvolgo attorno a un batuffolo di cotone e faccio un ricciolo
È un ricciolo elastico
Si prega di tagliarlo in dimensioni appropriate e prepararlo
Ho usato la colla istantanea per mettere ciascuno per uno
Ho usato un pennello per disegnare ciglia troppo sottili
German:
Bitte malen Sie auch die Lippen
Diesmal habe ich es mit echter Kosmetik gefärbt
Ich habe es noch nie versucht. Es war gut
Partikel wurden gesammelt und heikle Arbeiten waren möglich
Ich habe auch die Schleimhaut seiner Augen gemalt
Das ist mein echtes Haar
Ich werde dies um ein Wattestäbchen wickeln und eine Locke machen
Es ist eine federnde Locke
Bitte schneiden Sie es in geeignete Größen und bereiten Sie es vor
Ich habe Sofortkleber verwendet, um jeden nach dem anderen zu setzen
Ich habe mit einem Pinsel zu dünne Wimpern gezeichnet
Russian:
Пожалуйста, покрасьте губы тоже
На этот раз я покрасил его настоящей косметикой
Я никогда не пробовал это раньше. Это было хорошо
Частицы были собраны и возможна деликатная работа
Я также нарисовал слизистую оболочку глаз
Это мои настоящие волосы
Я оберну это вокруг ватного тампона и сделаю завиток
Это упругий локон
Пожалуйста, нарежьте его на соответствующие размеры и подготовьте
Я использовал мгновенный клей, чтобы положить каждый по одному
Я использовал кисть, чтобы нарисовать слишком тонкие ресницы
English:
Please paint lips, too
I colored it with real cosmetics this time
I've never tried it before. It was good
Particles were collected and delicate work was possible
I also painted the mucous membrane of its eyes
This is my real hair
I'll wrap this around a cotton swab and make a curl
It's a springy curl
Please cut it into appropriate sizes and prepare it
I used instant glue to put each one by one
I used a brush to draw too thin eyelashes
French:
Veuillez aussi peindre les lèvres
Je l'ai colorée avec de vrais cosmétiques cette fois
Je ne l'ai jamais essayé auparavant. C'était bon
Des particules ont été collectées et un travail délicat a été possible
J'ai aussi peint la muqueuse de ses yeux
Ce sont mes vrais cheveux
Je vais l'enrouler autour d'un coton-tige et faire une boucle
C'est une boucle élastique
Veuillez le couper dans les tailles appropriées et le préparer
J'ai utilisé de la colle instantanée pour les mettre un par un
J'ai utilisé une brosse pour dessiner des cils trop fins
Portuguese:
Por favor, pinte os lábios também
Eu pintei com cosméticos reais desta vez
Eu nunca tentei isso antes. Foi bom
Foram coletadas partículas e foi possível um trabalho delicado
Eu também pintei a mucosa dos olhos
Este é o meu cabelo de verdade
Vou enrolá-lo em um cotonete e fazer um cacho
É um cacho elástico
Por favor, corte-o em tamanhos adequados e prepare-o
Eu usei cola instantânea para colocar cada um por um
Usei um pincel para desenhar cílios muito finos
Japanese:
唇も塗ってください
今回は本物の化粧品で着色しました
これまでに試したことはありません。良かったです
粒子を集めて繊細な作業が可能でした
目の粘膜も塗ってみました
これは私の本当の髪です
これを綿棒で包んでカールさせます
弾力のあるカールです
適当な大きさに切ってご用意ください
瞬間接着剤を使用して、1つずつ貼り付けました
ブラシを使って、まつ毛が薄すぎた
Malay (macrolanguage):
Tolong cat juga bibir
Saya mewarnainya dengan kosmetik sebenar kali ini
Saya tidak pernah mencubanya sebelum ini. Ia adalah baik
Zarah-zarah dikumpulkan dan kerja-kerja halus mungkin
Saya juga melukis membran mukus matanya
Ini rambut saya yang sebenar
Saya akan membalut kain kapas dan membuat ikal
Ia adalah curl springy
Sila potong dengan saiz yang sesuai dan sediakannya
Saya menggunakan gam segera untuk meletakkan setiap satu demi satu
Saya menggunakan berus untuk menarik bulu mata yang terlalu nipis
Arabic:
يرجى طلاء الشفاه أيضا
لقد قمت بتلوينها بمستحضرات التجميل الحقيقية هذه المرة
لم أجربه من قبل. كانت جيدة
تم جمع الجسيمات وكان من الممكن عمل دقيق
رسمت أيضًا الغشاء المخاطي لعينيه
هذا شعري الحقيقي
سألف هذا حول قطعة قطن وأقوم بتجعيد الشعر
إنه تجعيد نابض
يرجى تقطيعه إلى أحجام مناسبة وإعداده
استخدمت الغراء الفوري لوضع كل واحد على حدة
استخدمت فرشاة لرسم رموش رفيعة جدًا
Vietnamese:
Hãy vẽ môi nữa
Tôi đã tô màu nó bằng mỹ phẩm thực sự lần này
Tôi chưa bao giờ thử nó trước đây. Nó đã tốt
Các hạt đã được thu thập và công việc tinh tế là có thể
Tôi cũng vẽ màng nhầy của mắt nó
Đây là tóc thật của tôi
Tôi sẽ quấn cái này quanh một miếng bông gòn và uốn xoăn
Đó là một cuộn tròn mùa xuân
Vui lòng cắt nó thành các kích cỡ phù hợp và chuẩn bị nó
Tôi đã sử dụng keo ngay lập tức để đặt từng cái một
Tôi đã sử dụng một bàn chải để vẽ lông mi quá mỏng
Thai:
กรุณาทาสีริมฝีปากด้วย
ตอนนี้ฉันวาดภาพด้วยเครื่องสำอางจริง
ฉันไม่เคยลองมาก่อน มันดีนะ
มีการรวบรวมอนุภาคและทำงานได้ละเอียดอ่อน
ฉันยังทาสีเยื่อเมือกของดวงตา
นี่คือผมที่แท้จริงของฉัน
ฉันจะพันคันสำลีก้อนนี้แล้วม้วนงอ
มันเป็นขดสปริง
กรุณาตัดเป็นขนาดที่เหมาะสมและเตรียมมัน
ฉันใช้กาวทันทีเพื่อใส่ทีละตัว
ฉันใช้แปรงวาดขนตาบางเกินไป
Spanish:
Por favor pinta los labios también
Esta vez lo coloreé con cosméticos reales
Nunca lo he probado antes. Estuvo bien
Se recogieron partículas y fue posible realizar trabajos delicados.
También pinté la membrana mucosa de sus ojos.
Este es mi cabello real
Lo envolveré con un hisopo de algodón y haré un rizo
Es un rizo elástico
Córtalo en tamaños apropiados y prepáralo
Usé pegamento instantáneo para poner cada uno por uno
Usé un pincel para dibujar pestañas muy finas
Indonesian:
Tolong cat juga
Saya mewarnainya dengan kosmetik asli saat ini
Saya belum pernah mencobanya sebelumnya. Itu bagus
Partikel dikumpulkan dan pekerjaan yang sulit dimungkinkan
Saya juga mengecat selaput lendir matanya
Ini rambut asli saya
Saya akan membungkus ini dengan kapas dan membuat keriting
Ini ikal yang kenyal
Harap potong menjadi ukuran yang sesuai dan persiapkan
Saya menggunakan lem instan untuk meletakkan masing-masing satu per satu
Saya menggunakan kuas untuk menggambar bulu mata terlalu tipis
German:
Bitte zeichnen Sie die Augen als letzten Schliff
Ich zeichnete die Pupillen auf eine himmelblaue Basis
Die Skulptur von Billie Eilish ist also vollständig
Ich denke, die Eigenschaften des Modells kommen in dieser Arbeit gut zum Ausdruck
Ich mag die Farbe, weil sie so natürlich ist
Besonders mag ich flexible Wimpern
So läuft der gesamte Produktionsprozess ab
Wenn Sie im nächsten Video etwas sehen möchten,
Bitte empfehlen Sie es in den Kommentaren
Wir sehen uns im nächsten Video
Tschüss
Russian:
Пожалуйста, нарисуйте глаза как последний штрих
Я нарисовал учеников на небесно-голубом основании
Итак, скульптура Билли Эйлиша завершена
Я думаю, что характеристики модели хорошо выражены в этой работе
Мне нравится цвет, потому что это так естественно
Особенно мне нравятся эластичные ресницы
Так делается весь производственный процесс
Если есть что-то, что вы хотели бы увидеть в следующем видео,
Пожалуйста, порекомендуйте его в комментариях
Увидимся в следующем видео
пока-пока
Vietnamese:
Hãy vẽ đôi mắt như một sự hoàn thiện
Tôi vẽ những con ngươi trên nền trời xanh
Vậy là, điêu khắc Billie Eilish đã hoàn thành
Tôi nghĩ rằng các đặc điểm của mô hình được thể hiện tốt trong công việc này
Tôi thích màu sắc vì nó rất tự nhiên
Đặc biệt tôi thích lông mi linh hoạt
Đây là cách toàn bộ quá trình sản xuất được thực hiện
Nếu có bất cứ điều gì bạn muốn xem trong video tiếp theo,
Xin vui lòng giới thiệu nó trong các ý kiến
Hẹn gặp lại trong video tiếp theo
tạm biệt
Japanese:
仕上げとして目を描いてください
水色のベースに生徒を描いた
これで、ビリー・アイリッシュの彫刻が完成しました
この作品はモデルの特徴がよく表現されていると思います
自然な色なので好きです
特にまつ毛が好き
これは、全体の生産プロセスが行われる方法です
次の動画で見たいものがあれば、
コメントでそれをお勧めしてください
次のビデオでお会いしましょう
バイバイ
Indonesian:
Tolong gambar mata sebagai sentuhan akhir
Saya menggambar murid di dasar langit biru
Jadi, patung Billie Eilish lengkap
Saya pikir karakteristik model ini diekspresikan dengan baik dalam karya ini
Saya suka warnanya karena sangat alami
Terutama saya suka bulu mata yang fleksibel
Ini adalah bagaimana seluruh proses produksi dilakukan
Jika ada sesuatu yang ingin Anda lihat di video berikutnya,
Mohon rekomendasikan dalam komentar
Sampai jumpa di video berikutnya
sampai jumpa
English:
Please draw the eyes as a finishing touch
I drew the pupils on a sky blue base
So, Billie Eilish sculpture is complete
I think the characteristics of the model are well expressed in this work
I like the color because it's so natural
Especially I like flexible eyelashes
This is how the whole production process is done
If there's anything you'd like to see in the next video,
Please recommend it in the comments
See you in the next video
byebye
French:
Veuillez dessiner les yeux comme touche finale
J'ai dessiné les pupilles sur une base bleu ciel
Donc, la sculpture de Billie Eilish est terminée
Je pense que les caractéristiques du modèle sont bien exprimées dans ce travail
J'aime la couleur car c'est tellement naturel
Surtout j'aime les cils souples
Voici comment se déroule l'ensemble du processus de production
S'il y a quelque chose que vous aimeriez voir dans la vidéo suivante,
Veuillez le recommander dans les commentaires
Rendez-vous dans la prochaine vidéo
Bye Bye
Italian:
Per favore, disegna gli occhi come un tocco finale
Ho disegnato le pupille su una base blu cielo
Quindi, la scultura di Billie Eilish è completa
Penso che le caratteristiche del modello siano ben espresse in questo lavoro
Mi piace il colore perché è così naturale
Soprattutto mi piacciono le ciglia flessibili
Ecco come viene eseguito l'intero processo di produzione
Se c'è qualcosa che vorresti vedere nel prossimo video,
Si prega di raccomandarlo nei commenti
Ci vediamo nel prossimo video
Ciao ciao
Thai:
กรุณาวาดตาเป็นสัมผัสการตกแต่ง
ฉันวาดรูม่านตาบนฐานสีน้ำเงิน
ดังนั้นรูปปั้น Billie Eilish เสร็จสมบูรณ์
ฉันคิดว่าคุณสมบัติของแบบจำลองนั้นแสดงออกมาได้ดีในงานนี้
ฉันชอบสีเพราะมันเป็นธรรมชาติมาก
โดยเฉพาะฉันชอบขนตาที่ยืดหยุ่น
นี่คือวิธีการทำกระบวนการผลิตทั้งหมด
หากมีสิ่งใดที่คุณต้องการเห็นในวิดีโอถัดไป
กรุณาแนะนำมันในความคิดเห็น
พบกันในวิดีโอหน้า
ลาก่อน
Malay (macrolanguage):
Tolong tarik mata sebagai sentuhan penamat
Saya menarik murid-murid di dasar biru langit
Jadi, patung Billie Eilish sudah lengkap
Saya fikir ciri-ciri model dinyatakan dengan baik dalam karya ini
Saya suka warnanya kerana ia sangat semula jadi
Terutama saya suka bulu mata yang fleksibel
Ini adalah bagaimana keseluruhan proses pengeluaran dilakukan
Sekiranya ada yang ingin anda lihat dalam video seterusnya,
Sila sarankan dalam komen
Jumpa di video seterusnya
selamat tinggal
Portuguese:
Por favor, desenhe os olhos como um toque final
Eu desenhei as pupilas em uma base azul celeste
Então, a escultura de Billie Eilish está completa
Eu acho que as características do modelo estão bem expressas neste trabalho
Eu gosto da cor porque é tão natural
Gosto especialmente de cílios flexíveis
É assim que todo o processo de produção é realizado
Se houver algo que você gostaria de ver no próximo vídeo,
Por favor, recomende nos comentários
Vejo você no próximo vídeo
tchau tchau
Spanish:
Por favor dibuja los ojos como un toque final
Dibujé las pupilas sobre una base azul cielo
Entonces, la escultura de Billie Eilish está completa
Creo que las características del modelo están bien expresadas en este trabajo.
Me gusta el color porque es muy natural.
Especialmente me gustan las pestañas flexibles
Así es como se hace todo el proceso de producción.
Si hay algo que le gustaría ver en el próximo video,
Recomiéndalo en los comentarios
Nos vemos en el próximo video
adiós
Turkish:
Lütfen gözleri son dokunuş olarak çizin
Öğrencileri gök mavisi temeline çizdim
Yani, Billie Eilish heykeli tamamlandı
Bu çalışmada modelin özelliklerinin iyi ifade edildiğini düşünüyorum
Rengi seviyorum çünkü çok doğal
Özellikle esnek kirpikleri severim
Tüm üretim süreci bu şekilde yapılır
Bir sonraki videoda görmek istediğiniz bir şey varsa,
Lütfen yorumlarda önerin
Bir sonraki videoda görüşmek üzere
güle güle
Arabic:
يرجى رسم العينين بلمسة نهائية
وجهت التلاميذ على قاعدة السماء الزرقاء
لذلك ، اكتمل نحت بيلي إيليش
أعتقد أن خصائص النموذج تم التعبير عنها جيدًا في هذا العمل
يعجبني اللون لأنه طبيعي جدًا
خاصة أنني أحب الرموش المرنة
هذه هي الطريقة التي تتم بها عملية الإنتاج بأكملها
إذا كان هناك أي شيء تريد رؤيته في الفيديو التالي ،
يرجى التوصية به في التعليقات
أراك في الفيديو التالي
مع السلامة
| YoutubeSubtitles |
In section 2.4 we'll talk about using statistical
graphs to organize and present data.
We can see how data is divided among different
categories, or we can see how data changes
over time.
The statistical graph you're probably most
familiar with is a pie chart.
It gives a good visual image of what portion
of the population falls into each category.
This is the 12,500 people surveyed and asked
what's the greatest source of your happiness,
and here again we see that family and partner
was the answer given by 65% of those surveyed.
Over half of those surveyed, and the smallest
slice of that pie was sports.
Only 3% of people said that sports gave them
more happiness than anything else.
Now in the homework you have to ask some questions
to interpret a pie chart.
They're similar to these.
First of the 12,500 people surveyed, how many
people gave sports or leisure as their greatest
source of happiness?
Well 3 people said that sports was their greatest
source of happiness, and it looks like 8%
of people said leisure was their greatest
source of happiness, so that's 11% total said
either sports or leisure was their greatest
source of happiness, but we weren't asked
what percent.
We were asked how many people gave sports
or leisure as their greatest source of happiness.
So we need to find 11% of 12,500, and remember
to find that we just multiply .11 times 12,500.
.11 times 12,500 is 1,375.
Now it just happens to turn out in this problem
that ends up being a whole number, but certainly
if I had multiplied something else times 12,500
we are very likely to have not gotten a whole
number there.
It only makes sense that, that answer needs
to be a whole number.
The question is how many people, and it doesn't
make sense to say 25.7 people so in the case
that we would've ended up with a decimal we
would've rounded to the nearest whole person.
In the B part, if this sample is representative
of the adult population of the U.S. in 2013
(approximately 250,000,000), how many could
be expected to cite friends as their greatest
source of happiness?
Well if we were asked how many of the sample
cited friends as their greatest source of
happiness then we'd be finding this 11% of
12,500.
We're not trying to find the number of people
in the sample.
We're trying to find the number of people
in the population.
So I need to multiply that 11% or .11 times
250,000,000.
.11 times 250,000,000 is 275...
Hmmm...That answer doesn't make sense.
I think the calculator took my decimal on
the .11.
Actually I think my calculator battery is
about to die.
Uhm...
.11 times 250,000,000 gives me 27,500.
That's a much more reasonable answer.
27,500.
No I'm sorry I'm not reading that correct
27,500,000.
27,500,000.
That makes sense because 10% of 250,000,000
would
be 25,000,000.
This is just a little over 25,000,000.
| YoutubeSubtitles |
- Is it straight?
- Oh, now, yeah!
- Do you need to fix the part?
- Okay, got it.
- Okay right.
- What's up?
I'm Jesse from KARATEbyJesse.com,
aka The Karate Nerd,
and today I am joined by the one and only
Sensei Bill "Superfoot" Wallace.
Thank you so much Sensei for
joining us today.
- Thank you sir, my pleasure.
- So, what many people
might not know is that you
were actually the commentator
of the very first UFC fightl.
- Yes
Could you take us there,
bring us behind the scenes
and tell us what actually went
on in the early beginnings
of the UFC.
- What happened is Rorion
Gracie, the father, calls me up
and he says, "Bill, we would
like you to commentate at
"our first, you know,
fighting championships."
- Yeah.
- And I went, "Whoa, well, yeah
I could do that, no problem.
"I don't think it's gonna go well,
"because the martial artists are not in,
"they like the kickboxing part of it,
"but they didn't like
the grappling part of it,
"and so sure, I'll do that,
"'cause you're paying me a lot of money."
- Okay, yeah.
- So, I go and I show
up, I'm with Jim Brown,
the American Football
player, and Kathy Long,
who was also a lady kickboxer.
- Yeah.
- So, we're sittin' there,
we're going over it,
now, there's no pre runs
or anything, we're just,
I get there on Friday and the
thing happens on Saturday.
So they have the meeting
and there are no rules,
the two rules were: you
can't stick your fingers
in a guys' eye and you
can't kick him in the groin.
- Right.
- That's the two rules.
I went, okay.
- Interesting.
- Yup yup.
And, the participants
could not wear hand wraps.
- No.
- Could not wear leg wraps,
and just like it was.
They had to wear a mouthpiece 'cause--
- Okay.
- It protects the teeth.
- Groin cup?
- Yeah.
- Okay.
- And when the fights happened,
I'd have a guy sitting
beside me, from the Gracie
Jiu-jitsu, telling me what to say
about the Gracie's.
- Oh right.
- So it's to push the Gracie's.
So basically I'm thinking oh,
something doesn't sound right here.
Seems to me like it's a
two hour advertisement
for Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, which
is what it turned out to be.
I mean, Royce did a fantastic
job, don't get me wrong,
He didn't punch anybody,
- No.
- He didn't kick anybody,
- No.
- He just got 'em down,
took 'em down with a double
every time was a double leg
takedown, and he choked 'em out.
- No one barged, choked all of 'em out.
And the first time I said, "Okay," and
I think it was Royce's second
match against Ken Shamrock.
- Yeah.
- They're fighting and
Ken Shamrock jumped in
for a double leg takedown.
- Yeah.
- And Royce reaches under his
belt and grabs his own belt.
- Right.
- And chokes Ken Shamrock out.
- Okay.
- Ken Shamrock chokes.
- Yeah, yeah.
- Taps out.
They get up, "You can't do
that, you can't do that!"
and finding out was Ken
Shamrock accused him,
which is rightfully so,
- Yeah.
- That you can't reach
under, grab the belt,
- Okay.
- And choke me out with your
own belt.
- Yeah.
- Well yes you can because, as we know
in martial arts training,
- Yeah.
- Our uniform is also a weapon.
- Right, so that was allowed
according to the rules?
- Yeah, Ken Shamrock wasn't
for it, he was upset.
- Right.
- But he lost.
- Right.
- And then, you know, then
Royce just went through
their belts, choking everybody out.
- Right.
- Behind him, choke out.
- Yeah.
- But just, you know, choking out.
- Exactly.
So are you saying they kind
of organized this thing?
I don't want to say it's
a conspiracy theory but--
- No it wasn't, it just--
- Was it like a marketing stunt, almost?
- I guess you could say that.
- For the Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu system?
- Oh sure.
- Yeah.
- 'Cause they pick the fighters.
- Oh really?
- Rorion Gracie picked the fighters.
- So they probably picked
fighters that would look good
against Brazilian.
- Of course they would.
- Because you've got the
stand-up, the hands are here.
- Right.
- How easy now is it
for you to drop down into your
double leg takedown?
- Double, yeah.
- 'Cause they've never seen it before.
- They had never seen
that takedown before.
- They're stand-up fighters.
- Exactly.
- So they have no idea
how to even react to it.
The boxer didn't even throw a punch.
(Jesse laughs)
The boxer never threw a punch.
- They're just shooting
for the double leg.
- (mumbles) Took him down and that was it.
And what I don't understand too is that
they had a big sumo wrestler.
- Oh yeah, right.
- Excuse me.
(Jesse laughs)
What's the job of a sumo wrestler?
To push you out of a
circle about this size.
- Right.
- I push you out, I win.
He doesn't know how to strike.
- No.
- He doesn't know how to kick.
- No.
- He doesn't know how to choke
or arm bar, he just
pushed you out of a ring.
It's a closed ring, you
can't get out of there.
- Right.
- So what are you gonna do,
push him against a wall until
he suffocates or something?
(Jesse laughs)
And I'm sure that's what he
wanted to do, get him down,
lay on top of him.
- Yeah, yeah.
- So what happens is this
kid from the Netherlands.
- Yeah.
- Just nails him.
He comes in (mumbles) the
guy drops down to his knees.
- Yeah.
- And the guy from
the Netherlands, I can't
remember his name, just nails him
right in the face with a roundhouse kick.
- Right.
- And a tooth goes
flying over my head.
- Oh!
- I went (mumbles) then he steps down
and the kid's still sitting there.
Punches him right in the mouth.
Now, the kid from the
Netherlands broke his foot,
- Really?
- And then broke his hand
on the kid's face.
- Oh!
- But they stopped the match.
- Yeah.
- Now, I don't know why
because he wasn't hurt,
bleeding a little bit, but he wasn't hurt.
The guy was 350 or should
be 400 and something pounds.
Hell, this guy is like a log!
(Jesse chuckles)
So he wasn't hurt, he said,
"Why are you stopping the fight?
"Why are you stopping?"
Only because he knocked a tooth out.
But he was okay.
- Yeah.
- So there's another conspiracy.
- Right.
- Because now you're saying,
just a minute.
- Right.
- If this guy can hit this
guy with his best shot,
two best shots, and nothing
happened, what happened?
How's Royce gonna take him down?
- Oh!
- Royce is gonna get dropped
down for the double leg.
- Yeah.
- Or he just fans out on his back.
(choking noises)
Now he, Royce is on his
stomach flattened out,
this guy is going.
- Yeah.
(choking noises)
- So they wanted him out?
- Sure.
- Yeah.
- And then one of the guys
who was a really good boxer,
really good puncher, asked
him not to use the smoke
because he had asthma.
- Okay.
- So they used the smoke anyway.
We're coming out there, 'bout
halfway through the match
(heaving noises)
- Oh, so like smoke machines?
- Sure.
They go, now hold on just a minute.
(Jesse laughs)
What the hell's going on here?
(stutters)
So there's eight guys, which
means there's seven fights.
- Yeah.
- Right.
Four, two, then one right?
- Right.
- And you go, okay what
the heck's going on here?
But I never thought it would
be as popular as it was.
- No?
- No, I never did.
- How come?
- Because the first time
I saw it I didn't like it.
- No?
- The first time I saw it
I said, "What, that's bull!"
Because, number one,
Royce never threw a kick.
He threw one kick to keep
the guy away from him.
Never threw a punch, just
standing there like this.
Drops down, and Gracie was
the only one, the only one
that was allowed to wear a uniform.
The other guys couldn't
even wrap their hands,
but he was allowed to go in the uniform.
- So when they couldn't wrap
their hands, they can barely
punch full contact?
- Exactly.
And you got guys that, because you're,
"Oh I want to wrap my knees."
"No you can't wrap your knees."
But Royce is allowed to
wear all that stuff, yes.
So, you go, hold on, what,
I don't understand this.
And I think the reason
I wasn't invited back,
one of the reasons because
there are several--
- Oh, so you were not invited back?
- No.
I asked too many questions.
(Jesse laughs)
I said: "Why don't you have
a regular wrestler there?"
A wrestler that knows
how to defend against--
- Oh, there was no wrestler?
- Nope.
There was six strikers, strikers,
Royce and the sumo wrestler.
- So it sounds to me like
it was basically set up
for a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner.
- Yeah, I mean don't get me wrong,
they all had their chance to win.
- Sure.
- But Royce knows how to defend that.
But this is 1993.
- And they didn't know how to defend that.
- They didn't know how to
defend against a takedown.
Even though you say, "Well I've
practiced," no you haven't.
Not against a guy that knows
how to do the takedown.
- Yeah, exactly.
- So, Royce was the reason,
the first one he won,
the second one he won,
the third one where they
changed the rules a little
bit because the time,
it was taking too long.
- Ah, I see.
- And on the third one he
had the Grand Championship
Master between Ken Shamrock and
Royce, rematch it might say.
Shamrock shot him with a
punch right here, split him
wide open, but it didn't do anything,
all it did was cut him and so
they finally called it a draw
because it was ...
- But that's how Brazilian
Jiu-Jitsu became so famous!
Because it looked so effective.
- Well, they keep saying most
fights end up on the ground.
- Yeah, I hear that all the time.
- Well all fights start standing up.
- That's true.
- All fights start standing,
so if I stand up and I'm from
me to her, she's gotta
come close to me before
she can do anything,
before she can punch me,
before she can kick me, before
she can do a takedown, right?
- Exactly.
- That gives me the chance to counter.
Well, they're not used to that because
if I'm standing right here
and I do this, you've got to
put your hands up and I drop
ready for the double leg.
That's what they do and the
stand-up fighters, naive,
that they are, they
say, "Well when he stops
"then I'll just punch him in the mouth."
No you won't, because I'll do this first.
You put your hands up
and then I'll drop down.
- Yeah, exactly.
Well it worked very well
because now Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
is one of the world's largest,
most popular martial arts.
- But what did they have to do?
They had to learn to strike.
Because remember, we learned
how to defend against it.
- Exactly.
- So they had to learn how
to strike to get in there.
- Especially against a wrestler who knows
the double leg takedown,
who knows the defense.
- In wrestling the double leg is
the first takedown you're taught.
It's also the first takedown
you learn to defend.
- Imagine if a wrestler had
been invited to the first UFC.
- Imagine that, imagine.
- And if that wrestler knew
a little bit of striking
so he could do ground
and pound, for example.
- Imagine that.
- Maybe the whole martial arts
world would look different.
- Imagine that.
(Jesse laughs)
- Wow.
- They're in the process now of even
trying to get rid of
wrestling in the Olympics.
- Oh is that so?
- Yeah.
It was the very first one, it was in
the very first Olympics
back in somebody AD.
So think about this.
If they want to get rid of
wrestling, then how many people
will not be using wrestling techniques
but the Gracie's still will.
- Exactly.
So you could say they have
something of an unfair advantage.
- Well, no, they know what they're doing.
They know how to work the
chokes, they know how to work
the arm bars, they know how
to work, most of them now
have learnt the striking aspect of it.
- Yeah, exactly.
- The speed aspect of it.
- And they manage to combine that.
- And they don't mind you
taking them down because now
even though you're on top
I'm in the on guard position
to where I've got my legs wrapped
around you and pretty soon
you get frustrated, you
reach, I get the arm.
You reach, I get the neck.
(background shouting)
(Jesse chuckles)
So what happens is UFC now.
- Exactly.
So what do you think,
looking at the first UFC
to all the way, looking
at the evolution of it,
comparing that to today.
- Oh it's 100% different.
- It is?
- Sure.
Because the rules have changed.
Now there are rules, before
there were none, remember?
Now, it's a funny thing,
that if I'm on the ground
I can kick you in the face
but you can't kick me at all.
- Exactly.
(chuckles)
- You can't punch me in
the back of the head.
Why?
- One might argue that those rules favor
a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner.
- Shame on you Jesse!
(Jesse laughs)
You shouldn't talk like
that, but again it's the,
and I hate to use the term
sport of it, you know.
I mean, it's like two
gladiators out there fighting.
Except this time, hopefully,
the loser doesn't die.
- Exactly, yeah.
- I don't like to watch it because
I hate that term ground and pound.
Think about it, ground and
pound, what does that say to you?
You get a guy on the ground, you beat him
until he says: "I quit."
Well, that doesn't even
happen out on the street.
There's gonna be somebody
who's gonna pull you off.
I don't know, just me,
I like to kick people.
(laughter)
- All right, thank you so much Sensei.
- Thank you.
- For sharing that amazing...
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