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5399074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20E.%20Swift | John E. Swift | John Edward Swift (December 7, 1879 – August 19, 1967) was an American judge who served as the ninth Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus from October 24, 1945, to August 31, 1953.
Early life
Swift was born in Milford, Massachusetts, in 1879 to Irish immigrants. He received a bachelor's degree from Boston College in 1899 and a law degree from Boston University in 1902. As a lawyer, he worked for Senator David I. Walsh and then with his brother Thomas in private practice.
Career
United States federal work
Swift was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1916 and 1920 and was admitted to the Supreme Court Bar Association in 1917. On May 17, 1933, he was appointed a Superior Court judge in Massachusetts to succeed Webster Thayer.
Knights of Columbus
Swift joined the Knights of Columbus and was a member of Valencia Council 80 in Milford. He served as grand knight, district deputy, state secretary, and finally was elected State Deputy of Massachusetts on May 10, 1927. He became a Supreme Director in 1927 and then Deputy Supreme Knight in 1939. He was elected Supreme Knight in 1945 and declined renomination in 1953.
A staunch anti-communist, his denunciations of Soviet expansion led the USSR to veto Boston as the home of the United Nations.
As Supreme Knight, he began a nationwide crusade against Communism. President Harry Truman endorsed the effort and mentioned in a letter to Swift that he hoped the entire membership "will join the crusade with zeal and enthusiasm." Truman further stated, "[O]ur goal must be to drive out of our American life every movement which aims to promote within our borders any form of totalitarianism or any subversive movement." Swift also convinced Truman to treat Spain fairly, and the Iberian country awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Raymond of Peñafort in recognition.
In 1950, after a Special Audience with Pope Pius XII, Swift instituted a fund for the purchase and construction of the last playground in Rome. Primavalle, a newly populated district, was chosen for the site. This playground was named Pius XII and dedicated and blessed by Cardinal Francis Spellman, Archbishop of New York, on June 7, 1952.
Personal life
Swift was named a Massachusetts Superior Court Justice in 1947. His wife Emily died, aged 59, at their home in Milford on November 9, 1947, from a coronary thrombosis following a long illness. Swift died at his summer home in Osterville, Massachusetts, on August 19, 1967.
Awards and honors
Swift was the recipient of three honorary degrees, the 1953 Catholic Action Medal, and the 1961 Lantern Award. Pope Pius XII gave him at least three honors, including Order of Cape and Sword, which was reaffirmed by Popes John XXIII and Paul VI.
References
External links
Website of the Knights of Columbus
New York Times, Mrs. John E. Swift Obituary, November 10, 1947, page 29.
American judges
American Roman Catholics
Lawyers from Boston
Roman Catholic activists
Place of birth missing
American anti-communists
1879 births
1967 deaths
Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
Deputy Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus |
5399079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibara%20%28video%20game%29 | Ibara (video game) | is a 2005 vertically scrolling shooter developed by Japanese developer Cave and published by Taito. It was ported to the PlayStation 2 in 2006.
Gameplay
Ibara is very similar to 8ing/Raizing's Battle Garegga and Battle Bakraid games. So much so that Ibara could be considered a pseudo-sequel or, at least, a spiritual successor. The similarities are numerous - some are subtle, some are easily spotted. These include combining archaic technology such as biplanes with more advanced machinery; firing and a power-up system; and a medal collecting system which drastically increases scoring. The game features a similar method of earning bombs and a delay when launching them as well. Some of the enemies and their attack patterns are very familiar such as the large cranes in stage 1 and the minigun-wielding first boss. The enemy's explosions spiral around when destroying some of the heavier weapons/scenery and thin, while seemingly camouflaged enemy bullets are scattered around the play area in comparable patterns. More subtle references include the HUD layout which lists the name of the current stage at the top of the screen and, when starting a stage, tells users the title of the background music that is playing.
A notable feature of Ibara is the inclusion of a variable, real-time difficulty system by way of the Rank system. The player's rank increases as they acquire more items and cause more damage, increasing the difficulty of the game along with it. The number of enemies does not increase but the number of bullets fired towards the user does, often reaching a ridiculous level of bullet density. There are ways of lowering this rank system if the odds appear too much. The only known way of decreasing the player's Rank in Ibara is to die. The more lives you have, the less the rank decreases when you die. In the later version, Ibara Kuro: Black Label, Rank can be decreased by cancelling bullets with a bomb, however Rank also increases much faster in this version, potentially increasing from minimum to maximum in a matter of seconds.
Plot
In the delecate realm of Keritona, 10 ladies are built by an ancient doctor.
Development
Programmer Shinobu Yagawa previously worked on the games Recca, and Battle Garegga.
Release
The game was released in arcades on July 15, 2005, and it was released on the PlayStation 2 on February 23, 2006.
To remedy some of the concerns fans had with the original version of the game, Cave released an updated version in limited distribution called Ibara Kuro: Black Label. It was released on February 10, 2006. The update contains many additions, some of which appeared earlier in the released PlayStation 2 port in the form of Arrange Mode.
A sequel, Pink Sweets: Ibara Sorekara, was released in the arcades on April 21, 2006.
Reception
Weekly Famitsu magazine awarded the PlayStation 2 version of Ibara a score of 26/40 based on four reviews (7/7/6/6).
References
External links
Official websites for Arcade and versions
2005 video games
Arcade video games
Cave (company) games
Cooperative video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
Steampunk video games
Vertically scrolling shooters
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Shinji Hosoe |
5399083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Agricultural%20Research%20Council | Pakistan Agricultural Research Council | The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) () is based in Islamabad, Pakistan.
Mission and achievements
It works in collaboration with Ministry of National Food Security and Research which is headed by a Federal Minister, Syed Fakhar Imam who is heading the ministry since April 2020. It is an apex agricultural research organization at the national level. Its main objective is to strengthen Pakistan's agricultural research system, comprising the federal and provincial components.
In 2019, Pakistan was able to produce 20 new high-yielding, disease resistant and climate change-resilient wheat and maize (also called corn) varieties. This was achieved mainly due to the partnership between the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC). USAID, the US development agency also supported this project.
Recent events
In October 2019, World Food Day was observed at an event at the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) in Islamabad. This event was organized by the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization, Pakistan's Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) and the World Food Programme (WFP). The theme for 2019 was – 'Our actions are our future: healthy diets for a zero hunger world'.
Divisions
It has seven major research division in conducting research according to the agro-ecological needs of the regions.
National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad
Southern Zone Agricultural Research Centre (SARC), Karachi
Arid Zone Research Centre (AZRC), Quetta
National Tea Research Institute (NTRI), Mansehra
Sugar Crops Research Institute (SRI), Thatta
Himalayan Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), Kaghan
Mountain Agricultural Research Center (MARC), Juglote sai, Gilgit
See also
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
References
External links
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council/ PARC Pakistan - official website
1988 establishments in Pakistan
Science and technology in Pakistan
Pakistan federal departments and agencies |
5399090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York%20Revolution | York Revolution | The York Revolution is an American professional minor-league baseball team based in York, Pennsylvania. It is a member of the North Division of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, an independent "partner league" of Major League Baseball. The Revolution has played its home games at PeoplesBank Park, located in the Arch Street neighborhood, since 2007. The team has won the league championship three times, most recently over the Long Island Ducks on September 29, 2017.
Before the Revolution's inaugural season, baseball fans in York had waited 38 years for the return of the sport since the York White Roses folded after the 1969 season. In 2006, Yorkers chose the name "Revolution" in a team-sponsored fan ballot. The name originally referred to the city's colonial heritage, especially because the Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation in York during the Revolutionary War. At the time of the American Revolution, York was one of the first capitals of the United States. In 2012, the Revolution unveiled a new brand to emphasize York's more recent contributions to the Industrial Revolution with a secondary emphasis on patriotism. The region is home to industrial manufacturers such as Harley-Davidson, Stauffer's, and York International/Johnson Controls. Many Yorkers also see the Revolution name as a symbol of the city's renaissance efforts.
History of York baseball
York White Roses
The York White Roses, also known as the York Pirates in their last two seasons of existence, played from 1884 to 1969. The White Roses were bitter rivals of the Red Roses of the nearby city of Lancaster. Both teams were named after the two factions of England's historic Wars of the Roses.
Revolution
York tried for ten years to bring professional baseball back to the city. The process looked promising in 2003, until politics halted the project. The new baseball stadium was to be located at Small Athletic Field, on York City School District property, but the district's board voted negatively as they did not believe the ballpark would be the best use of district money and land. For three years, political and financial discussions continued to delay the project. A new site for the stadium was agreed upon in the Arch Street neighborhood, with all of the pieces falling into place. Other sites that were considered but did not come to fruition were Hoffman Field and the Ohio Blenders of PA, Inc.
In April 2006, the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball formally announced an expansion team for the city of York. One of the prominent members of the team's ownership group is Brooks Robinson, who played with the York White Roses and later with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977. A statue of Robinson was erected in the area outside the stadium entrance and called Brooks Robinson Plaza in his honor.
The Revolution's inaugural season saw the team finish third in the South Division with a record of 58–68. Their fortunes changed quickly, however, with 2008 bringing a first-place finish in the newly named Freedom Division and the franchise's first trip to the playoffs. The Revs were ousted early in the 2008 playoffs, but were back in 2010 when they won the Atlantic League championship, the first professional baseball title the city had won since the 1969 York Pirates of the Eastern League. The Revs took home the trophy again in 2011, winning back-to-back championships and becoming just the second team in league history to accomplish the feat. They returned to the playoffs for a third straight season in 2012, but lost in the opening round.
In the 2009 preseason, the Revolution joined the two other Atlantic League teams in holding their spring training at home instead of the traditional site in Lakeland, Florida. The respective ownership groups of the three teams came to this decision so as to cut costs, citing the 2008 economic recession.
On March 24, 2014, the Revolution became the first professional baseball team to accept Bitcoins as a form of payment for ticket purchases.
All-Star Games
The Revolution hosted the 2011 Atlantic League All-Star Game at PeoplesBank Park on July 14, 2011. They had seven players named to the All-Star team in addition to manager Andy Etchenbarren, who skippered the Freedom Division. In front of a sellout crowd, two of those Revolution players, Corey Thurman and Val Majewski, helped to lead the Freedom Division to a 7–0 shutout over the Liberty Division. Thurman started the game, throwing two shutout innings and Majewski hit a solo homerun over the right field wall to start the scoring. Michael Hernandez of the Somerset Patriots ended up taking home the game's MVP award with a solo blast of his own and an RBI triple in the seventh inning. Prior to the game, Val Majewski participated in the homerun derby and was a member of the winning team. The first pitch of the All-Star Game was thrown out by former Dover High School football player and then Green Bay Packer John Kuhn.
The Revolution again hosted the Atlantic League All-Star Game at PeoplesBank Park in July 2019.
Logos and uniforms
From 2007 to 2010, the York Revolution's colors were navy blue, red, white, brass, and silver. The original brand focused exclusively on symbols such as the United States flag and the bald eagle. The team re-branded for the 2011 season to the look used today.
The current team colors of the York Revolution are navy blue, yellow, white, and silver. The "Revolution" wordmark is colored white in an industrial script centered on a navy blue background. The word "York" is featured above in white with a baseball standing in for the letter "O". The entire wordmark is outlined in silver. Centered above the wordmark is a bald eagle holding a baseball bat.
The York Revolution wear caps produced by OC Sports and uniforms by New Balance. The caps are navy blue throughout with a stylized white "Y" topped with an eagle's head clutching a baseball. The entire cap logo is outlined in silver. The Revolution wordmark is centered on the back, lower edge of the cap. There is also an all yellow hat featuring the York "Y" being grasped by an eagle talon.
The home jerseys are white with navy blue and yellow paneling down the sides. They feature a navy blue cursive serif wordmark with a yellow outline that pays tribute to the Baltimore Orioles' script. The away jersey is gray with navy blue and yellow paneling down the sides. Across the chest is the cursive "York" wordmark in navy blue outlined in yellow with a traditional underscore. The team also sports a third alternate jersey, which has changed numerous times over the years.
Season-by-season records
Tradition
War of the Roses
Philanthropy
In 2013, the team started the York Revolution Community Fund through the York County Community Foundation. The team raises funds through jersey auctions, memorabilia sales, 50/50 raffles, and the sale of other items like the Revs Kitchen cookbook, which sees Revolution players, coaches, and staff sharing their favorite recipes. The money raised by the fund is then given back to the community in the form of grants to local non-profit groups who provide services directly to York County.
The Revolution benefit the Big Brothers Big Sisters youth mentoring organization annually by wearing purple jerseys that are auctioned off immediately following the Purple Jersey Night game. Additionally, the team also partnered with Columbia Gas to donate $50 to the York Red Cross for each run scored by a Revolution player.
Radio
The official broadcast home of the York Revolution is WOYK 1350 AM, with Darrell Henry as the "Voice of the Revolution". Prior to the 2010 season, games were heard on WSBA 910 AM.
Television
While Revolution games are not broadcast via a traditional television network, each game was streamed live via a "York Revs TV" YouTube Channel through 2018, and beginning in 2019 via the WOYK YouTube channel.
On-field entertainment
Mascots
The York Revolution's official mascot is an anthropomorphic, blue creature named DownTown. He wears the team's home jersey, the primary cap worn backwards, with blue and white sneakers. DownTown debuted on March 31, 2007, at the Mascot: The Musical production at the DreamWrights Theater. His full name is DownTown Yorkie, and is the result of a sponsorship deal with Downtown Inc, a partnership of community-minded companies that work to improve and celebrate downtown York. Downtown wears a jersey with the number "00". The mascot was designed by the Raymond Entertainment Group, which also produced the Phillie Phanatic's costume.
DownTown has a cousin named SmallTown, who will occasionally turn up at games. He debuted in 2009 and wears the number "". A kid wears the costume and follows DownTown for a day.
The Revolution also host a character named Cannonball Charlie, who fires a cannon after each home run or home game victory by the team. He wears the uniform of a period Continental Army soldier.
Single season records
Offensive
Hits: 172.....James Shanks, 2010
Doubles: 38.....Andres Perez, 2013
Triples: 17.....Eric Patterson, 2014
Homeruns: 34.....Chris Nowak, 2012
RBIs: 107.....Chris Nowak, 2012
Walks: 84.....Scott Grimes, 2010
Stolen bases: 55.....Wilson Valdez, 2014
Pitching
Wins: 15.....Chris Cody, 2013
Strikeouts: 139.....Chris Cody, 2013
Saves: 35.....Mike DeMark, 2016
Atlantic League All-Stars
The following players were named to the Atlantic League All-Star team in each particular season. An asterisk (*) indicates the player participated in the home run derby.
2007
Chris Cooper (LHP)
Matt Dryer (INF)
Nate Espy* (INF)
Chris Steinborn (LHP)
Luis Taveras (C)
2008
Sandy Aracena (C)
Jason Aspito (OF)
Nick McCurdy (RHP)
Jason Olson (RHP)
2009
Tom Collaro (DH)
Keoni DeRenne (INF)
Chris Hoiles (MGR)
Jason Kershner (LHP)
Corey Thurman (RHP)
2010
Ian Bladergroen* (1B)
Ramon Castro (SS)
Scott Grimes (CF)
Derell McCall (RHP)
John Pachot (C)
Jesus Sanchez (LHP)
James Shanks (LF)
2011
Matt DeSalvo (RHP)
Andy Etchenbarren (MGR)
Eric Eymann (SS)
Vince Harrison (3B)
Val Majewski* (CF)
Octavio Martinez (C)
James Shanks (LF)
Corey Thurman (RHP)
2012
Andy Etchenbarren (MGR)
Brandon Haveman (CF)
Michael Hernandez (DH)
Andrew Perez (2B)
Adam Thomas (RHP)
Corey Thurman (RHP)
2013
Chris Cody (LHP)
Salvador Paniagua (C)
Eric Patterson (SS)
Andres Perez (2B)
Michael Wuertz (RHP)
2014
Rommie Lewis (LHP)
Johan Limonta (INF/OF)
Eric Patterson (2B)
Wilson Valdez (SS)
2015
Brandon Boggs (OF)
Luis De La Cruz (C)
Stephen Penney (RHP)
Andres Perez (INF)
Bryan Pounds (INF)
Logan Williamson (LHP)
2016
Mike DeMark (P)
Ricardo Gomez (P)
Joel Guzman (DH)
Andres Perez (INF)
Travis Witherspoon (OF)
2017
Brad Allen (RHP)
Michael Burgess (INF)
Alonzo Harris (OF)
Chase Huchingson (LHP)
Isaias Tejeda (C)
Travis Witherspoon (OF)
2018
Mitch Atkins (RHP)
Robert Carson (LHP)
Welington Dotel (OF)
Jared Mitchell (OF)
Grant Sides (RHP)
2019
Mitch Atkins (RHP)
Henry Castillo (OF)
Ryan Dent (INF)
Welington Dotel (OF)
Jameson McGrane (RHP)
Telvin Nash (INF)
James Skelton (C)
Isaias Tejeda (OF)
2020
Season canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Atlantic League/national awards
Player of the Year
Scott Grimes, 2010 (co)
Manager of the Year
Andy Etchenbarren, 2011
Mark Mason, 2014
Baseball America All-Independent Team
Scott Grimes (OF), 2010
Chris Nowak (DH), 2011
Ramon Castro (2B), 2011
Chris Nowak (1B), 2012
Andres Perez (2B), 2012
Notable alumni
These are some of the notable players who made it to the majors after playing in York. The years in parentheses indicate when they were with the Revs.
Tike Redman (2007)
Scott Rice (2011)
Ian Thomas (2012)
Bubby Rossman (2021)
Retired numbers
5 – Brooks Robinson
Robinson began his professional baseball career in York, playing 95 games for the White Roses in 1955. He had a successful 23-year career in MLB, all spent with the Baltimore Orioles. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983 and is a member of the Revolution's ownership group.
8 – Andy Etchebarren
"Etch" spent 15 years in MLB, 12 of them with the Baltimore Orioles. He managed the Revolution for four seasons (2009–2012), compiling 237 wins and guiding the team to three straight playoff appearances, including back-to-back Atlantic League championships. He retired from baseball at the end of the 2012 season.
35 – Corey Thurman
Thurman spent eight seasons in the Atlantic League, all with the Revolution. He is the franchise's all-time leader in wins (66), strikeouts (667), and innings pitched () while ranking second in Atlantic League history in the same categories. He was a three-time All-Star and two-time Atlantic League champion.
42 – Jackie Robinson
Robinson was the first African-American to play in MLB when he started for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. He spent his entire 10-year career in Brooklyn and was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. His number was retired throughout professional baseball on April 15, 1997.
Current roster
References
External links
York Revolution official website
Sports in York, Pennsylvania
Professional baseball teams in Pennsylvania
Atlantic League of Professional Baseball teams
Opening Day Partners
Baseball teams established in 2006
2006 establishments in Pennsylvania |
5399107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyraustinae | Pyraustinae | Pyraustinae is a large subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. It currently includes over 1,400 species; most of them tropical but some found in temperate regions including both North America and Europe.
The Pyraustinae were originally including the Spilomelinae; the present group was at that time considered a tribe Pyraustini. It has not been fully established yet which taxa of the Pyraustinae sensu lato belong to Pyraustinae as currently understood; thus the number of species in this subfamily is set to increase (although the Spilomelinae are the larger group of the old Pyraustinae).
Taxonomists' opinions differ as to the correct placement of the Crambidae, some authorities treating them as a subfamily (Crambinae) of the family Pyralidae. If this is done, Pyraustinae is usually treated as a separate subfamily within Pyralidae.
The Pyraustinae are characterised by atrophied spinula and venulae in the tympanal organs; a narrow fornix tympani; a longitudinal groove with androconial scales on the male mesothoracic tibiae; an often spinose antrum; and a sella (a medially directed clasper on the inside of the valvae), and an editum with modified setae on the male valvae.
Many species have larvae that bore into stems and fruit of plants, and several, notably from the genus Ostrinia, are serious agricultural pests.
Life cycle
Life cycle of Saucrobotys futilalis
Pyraustinae taxonomy
Acellalis Pagenstecher, 1884
Achyra Guenée, 1849 (= Achiria Sherborn, 1932, Achyria Sherborn, 1932, Dosara Walker, 1859, Eurycreon Lederer, 1863, Tritaea Meyrick, 1884)
Acropentias Meyrick, 1890
Adoxobotys Munroe, 1978
Aeolosma Meyrick, 1938
Aglaops Warren, 1892 (= Xanthopsamma Munroe & Mutuura, 1968)
Ametrea Munroe, 1964
Anamalaia Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Anania Hübner, 1823 (= Algedonia Lederer, 1863, Mutuuraia Munroe, 1976, Nealgedonia Munroe, 1976, Ametasia M. O. Martin, 1986, Ebulea Doubleday, 1849, Ennychia Treitschke, 1828, Ennichia Duponchel, 1833, Ethiobotys Maes, 1997, Eurrhypara Hübner, 1825, Palpita Hübner, 1806, Proteurrhypara Munroe & Mutuura, 1969, Opsibotys Warren, 1890, Perinephela Hübner, 1825, Perinephele Hübner, 1826, Perinephila Hampson, 1897, Phlyctaenia Hübner, 1825, Polyctaenia Hübner, 1826, Pronomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968, Tenerobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1971, Trichovalva Amsel, 1956, Udonomeiga Mutuura, 1954)
Ancyloptila Meyrick, 1889
Aplectropus Hampson in Walsingham & Hampson, 1896
Aponia Munroe, 1964
Arenochroa Munroe, 1976
Arunamalaia Rose & Kirti, 1987
Asphadastis Meyrick, 1934
Atomoclostis Meyrick, 1934
Aulacoptera Hampson, 1896 (= Aulacophora Swinhoe, 1895; preoccupied by Aulacophora Dejean, 1835)
Aurorobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1971
Authaeretis Meyrick, 1886 (= Anthaeretis Carus, 1887)
Auxolophotis Meyrick, 1933
Betousa Walker, 1865 (= Neothyris Warren, 1899)
Burathema Walker, 1863
Calamochrous Lederer, 1863 (= Calamochrosta Lederer, 1863)
Callibotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Carminibotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1971
Catapsephis Hampson, 1899
Ceuthobotys Munroe, 1978
Cheloterma Meyrick, 1933
Chilochroma Amsel, 1956
Chilocorsia Munroe, 1964
Chilopionea Munroe, 1964
Chobera Moore, 1888
Circobotys Butler, 1879
Clatrodes Marion & Viette, 1953
Coelobathra Turner, 1908
Coptobasoides Janse, 1935
Crocidophora Lederer, 1863 (= Crocidosema Lederer, 1863, Monocrocis Warren, 1895)
Crypsiptya Meyrick, 1894 (= Coclebotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
Cryptosara E. L. Martin, 1956
Cybalobotys Maes, 2001
Cyclarcha Swinhoe, 1894
Daunabotys Maes, 2004
Decelia Snellen, 1880
Deltobotys Munroe, 1964
Demobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Drachma Bryk, 1913
Ecpyrrhorrhoe Hübner, 1825 (= Ecpyrrhorrhoa J. L. R. Agassiz, 1846, Ecpyrrhorrhoea Hübner, 1826, Harpadispar Agenjo, 1952, Pyraustegia Marion, 1963, Yezobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969)
Elosita Snellen, 1899
Emphylica Turner, 1913
Endographis Meyrick, 1894
Endotrichella Collins, 1962 (= Endotrichodes Hampson, 1919)
Ennomosia Amsel, 1956
Enyocera Snellen, 1880
Epicorsia Hübner, 1818 (= Episcorsia Hübner, 1826)
Epiecia Walker, 1866
Epiparbattia Caradja, 1925
Eretmopteryx Saalmüller, 1884
Erinothus Hampson, 1899
Euclasta Lederer, 1855 (= Ilurgia Walker, 1859, Proteuclasta Munroe, 1958)
Eumaragma Meyrick, 1933
Eumorphobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Euphyciodes Marion, 1954
Exeristis Meyrick, 1886
Fumibotys Munroe, 1976
Glaucoda Karsch, 1900
Glyphidomarptis Meyrick, 1936
Gnamptorhiza Warren, 1896
Gynenomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Gyptitia Snellen, 1883
Hahncappsia Munroe, 1976
Helvibotys Munroe, 1976
Hutuna Whalley, 1962
Hyalea Guenée, 1854
Hyalobathra Meyrick, 1885 (= Leucocraspeda Warren, 1890)
Hyalorista Warren, 1892 (= Pyraustopsis Amsel, 1956)
Hyphercyna Sauber, 1899
Idiusia Warren, 1896
Ischnoscopa Meyrick, 1894
Isocentris Meyrick, 1887
Lampridia Snellen, 1880
Lamprophaia Caradja, 1925
Lepidoplaga Warren, 1895
Leptosophista Meyrick, 1938
Leucophotis Butler, 1886
Limbobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
Lirabotys J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
Lotanga Moore, 1886
Loxoneptera Hampson, 1896
Loxostege Hübner, 1825 (= Boreophila Duponchel, 1845, Cosmocreon Warren, 1892, Leimonia Hübner, 1825, Limonia J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, Margaritia Stephens, 1827, Parasitochroa Hannemann, 1964, Maroa Barnes & McDunnough, 1914, Meridiophila Marion, 1963, Polingia Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
Lumenia de Joannis, 1929
Macrospectrodes Warren, 1896
Megatarsodes Marion, 1954
Metaprotus Hampson, 1899
Metasiodes Meyrick, 1894
Mimasarta Ragonot, 1894
Monocoptopera Hampson, 1899
Monodonta Kenrick, 1907
Munroeodes Amsel, 1957 (= Munroeia Amsel, 1954)
Nacoleiopsis Matsumura, 1925
Nascia J. Curtis, 1835
Neadeloides Klima, 1939 (= Adeloides Warren, 1892)
Neasarta Hampson, 1908
Neoepicorsia Munroe, 1964
Neohelvibotys Munroe, 1976
Nephelobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
Nephelolychnis Meyrick, 1933
Nomis Motschulsky, 1861
Nymphulosis Amsel, 1959
Oenobotys Munroe, 1976
Oligocentris Hampson, 1896
Oronomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Ostrinia Hübner, 1825 (= Eupolemarcha Meyrick, 1937, Micractis Warren, 1892, Zeaphagus Agenjo, 1952)
Pagyda Walker, 1859
Palepicorsia Maes, 1995
Paliga Moore, 1886 (= Eutectona Wang & Sung, 1980)
Paracentristis Meyrick, 1934
Paracorsia Marion, 1959
Paranomis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Paratalanta Meyrick, 1890 (= Microstega Meyrick, 1890)
Parbattia Moore, 1888
Paschiodes Hampson, 1913
Patissodes Hampson, 1919
Peribona Snellen, 1895 (= Radiorista Warren, 1896)
Perispasta Zeller, 1875
Pimelephila Tams, 1930
Pioneabathra J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
Placosaris Meyrick, 1897 (= Xanthelectris Meyrick, 1938)
Platytesis Hampson, 1919
Pleonectoides Hampson, 1891
Portentomorpha Amsel, 1956 (= Apoecetes Munroe, 1956)
Powysia Maes, 2006
Preneopogon Warren, 1896
Proconica Hampson, 1899
Prodasycnemis Warren, 1892
Prodelophanes Meyrick, 1937
Protepicorsia Munroe, 1964
Protinopalpa Strand, 1911
Prototyla Meyrick, 1933
Psammotis Hübner, 1825 (= Lemia Duponchel, 1845, Lemiodes Guenée, 1854, Psamotis Hübner, 1825)
Pseudepicorsia Munroe, 1964
Pseudopagyda Slamka, 2013
Pseudopolygrammodes Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Pseudopyrausta Amsel, 1956
Ptiladarcha Meyrick, 1933
Pyralausta Hampson, 1913
Pyrasia M. O. Martin, 1986
Pyrausta Schrank, 1802 (= Aplographe Warren, 1892, Autocosmia Warren, 1892, Botys Latreille, 1802, Botis Swainson, [1821], Ostreophena Sodoffsky, 1837, Ostreophana Sodoffsky, 1837, Botis J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847, Heliaca Hübner, 1806, Cindaphia Lederer, 1863, Haematia Hübner, 1818, Heliaca Hübner, 1822, Heliaca Hübner, 1818, Heliaca Hübner, 1808, Herbula Guenée, 1854, Hyaloscia Dognin, 1908, Mardinia Amsel, 1952, Panstegia Hübner, 1825, Perilypa Hübner, 1825, Porphyritis Hübner, 1825, Proteroeca Meyrick, 1884, Pyrausta Hübner, 1825, Anthocrypta Warren, 1892, Pyraustes Billberg, 1820, Sciorista Warren, 1890, Rattana Rose & Pajni, 1979, Syllythria Hübner, 1825, Rhodaria Guenée, 1845, Synchromia Guenée, 1854, Tholeria Hübner, 1823, Trigonuncus Amsel, 1952)
Pyraustimorpha Kocak & Seven, 1995
Rhynchetria Klunder van Gijen, 1913
Rodaba Moore, 1888
Sarabotys Munroe, 1964
Saucrobotys Munroe, 1976
Sclerocona Meyrick, 1890
Semniomima Warren, 1892
Sericoplaga Warren, 1892
Sinibotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1969
Sitochroa Hübner, 1825 (= Spilodes Guenée, 1849)
Stenochora Warren, 1892
Tabidia Snellen, 1880
Tangla Swinhoe, 1900
Tasenia Snellen, 1901
Thivolleo Maes, 2006
Thliptoceras Warren in Swinhoe, 1890 (= Mimocomma Warren, 1895, Parudea Swinhoe, 1900, Polychorista Warren, 1896)
Thysanodesma Butler, 1889
Tipuliforma Kenrick, 1907
Tirsa J. F. G. Clarke, 1971
Togabotys Yamanaka, 1978
Toxobotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Trichoceraea Sauber in Semper, 1902
Trigamozeucta Meyrick, 1937
Trithyris Lederer, 1863
Triuncidia Munroe, 1976
Uncobotyodes Kirti & Rose, 1990
Uresiphita Hübner, 1825 (= Mecyna Guenée, 1854, Uresiphoeta J. L. R. Agassiz, 1847)
Vittabotys Munroe & Mutuura, 1970
Xanthostege Munroe, 1976
Some Pyraloidea are still not unequivocally placed in a particular tribe or even family; among these, Tanaobela for example is sometimes assigned to the Pyraustinae.
Former genera
Aediodina Strand, 1919
Cavifrons Zeller, 1872
Cryptographis Lederer, 1863
Haplochytis Meyrick, 1933
Orocala Walker, 1866
Plantegumia Amsel, 1956, now in Glaphyriinae
Protinopalpella Strand, 1911
See also
List of crambid genera
External links
Moth subfamilies
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick |
5399108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20a%20Look%20Around | Take a Look Around | Take a Look Around may refer to:
"Take a Look Around" (song), a song by Limp Bizkit
Take a Look Around (album), an album by Masta Ace, or the title song
"Take a Look Around", a song by The Temptations from Solid Rock
"Take a Look Around", a song by James Gang from Yer' Album
"Take a Look Around", song by the 2 Bears from Be Strong |
5399109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahut | Dahut | Dahut, also called Ahes, is a princess in Breton legend and literature, associated with the legend of the drowned city of Ys.
Legend of Ys
Dating to the 15th century, the earliest mentions of Ys and its king, Gradlon, do not mention Gradlon's daughter Dahut, and the king himself is to blame for the destruction of the city. Dahut was first mentioned in the third edition of Albert Le Grand's Vie des Saincts de la Bretagne Armorique (1680). In this early version, the "shameless" Dahut intends to kill her father and steals the key which symbolizes his royalty. Her wickedness causes a storm which floods Ys, and she dies in the destruction.
In most retellings, the city of Ys is protected from floods by a dike, with King Gradlon possessing the keys to its gate. His daughter, Dahut, is a wicked and lustful young woman. In some versions she has many lovers, whom she murders, until the Devil himself comes to seduce her. Dahut steals the silver or gold keys, and during her carousing with her lover winds up opening the gate. The sea floods the city. A saint, either St. Gwénnolé or St. Corentin, wakes Gradlon and warns him. Gradlon attempts to flee on his horse with Dahut riding behind him, but the water almost overtakes him. He either throws Dahut off or she falls off. As soon as Dahut falls into the water, Gradlon is able to escape to safety. The ruins of Ys can still be seen and its bells can be heard underwater. In some versions, Dahut transforms into a Mari-morgan or mermaid who haunts the area and can still be heard singing.
Some renditions add the story of Dahut's mother, a sorceress or Valkyrie named Malgven who may have died in childbirth. It is debated how much of this story is traditional, with the first known mention of Malgven coming from Édouard Schuré's essay Les Grandes légendes de France in the 1890s.
Other Legends
In one legend, King Mark of Cornwall was hunting and shot an arrow at a white doe. The doe transformed into the beautiful Ahès, daughter of Gradlon, who gave Mark the ears and the mane of his horse Morvarc'h as punishment. This variant seems to have originated with a story collected by Yann ar Floc'h in 1905 which combined the stories of Mark and Ys. Other versions of the Mark legend do not include Dahut.
"Ahez" appears in the Breton folktale Kristof, a variant of the fairytale "The Lazy Boy" (Aarne-Thompson type 675) recorded in 1870. Kristof, the lazy son of a fisherman, catches a talking fish which allows him to wish for whatever he wants. Kristof travels to the city of Ys and uses his powers to uproot and ride an oak tree. When Princess Ahez mocks him, Kristof wishes that she would become pregnant; his wish comes true and she bears a son. With help from a druid, King Gradlon identifies Kristof as the baby's father. He puts Kristof, Ahez and the child into a wooden chest and sets them out to sea, but Kristof uses the fish's power to create an island and mansion far more wealthy than Gradlon's. Impressed, Gradlon offers to let the three of them return to Ys, but Kristof refuses and predicts that the city of Ys will be destroyed by the next high tide, due to the loss of the oak tree. Matthieu Boyd notes the general scholarly consensus that this tale is a literary creation, and interprets Kristof as a Christian figure who ends the pre-Christian society of Ys.
Ahès is sometimes attributed with building roads in Brittany and her name is connected to Carhaix, "Ker Ahès" (city of Ahès). However, some scholars argue that her name instead derived from the town. In a medieval tradition, Ahès is the name of an ancient woman who builds roads.
References in the arts
Breton mythology and folklore
Fictional characters who use magic
Mythological princesses
French singer Nolwenn Leroy recorded a song titled "Ahès" on her 2012 album Ô Filles de l'Eau.
Modern authors and artists such as Patrig ar Goarnig have sometimes interpreted Dahut as a heroic pagan figure.
See also
Cantre'r Gwaelod
Lí Ban
Morgan le Fay
Peruonto
References
Mermaids |
5399111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradlon | Gradlon | Gradlon the Great (Gradlon Meur) was a semi-legendary 5th century "king" of Cornouaille who became the hero of many Breton folk stories. The most famous of these legends is the story of the sunken city of Ys. He is supposed to have been the son of Conan Meriadoc.
Legend
Gradlon and Malgven
According to some 19th-century legends, he was in love with a magician called Malgven. Gradlon had many ships that he used to wage war against the faraway countries of the North. An outstanding strategist, he won most of the battles, pillaged the vanquished and amassed great wealth.
One day, his sailors tired of fighting and refused to continue to lay siege to a castle. The sailors returned home, and he remained alone in the North. When he was alone, he saw a red-haired woman: Malgven, Queen of the North, was standing in front of him. She told him, "I know you. You are courageous and skillful in fighting. My husband is old; his sword has rusted. You and I are going to kill him, then go to your country of Cornouaille." They killed the king of the North and went on Morvarc'h ("sea horse" in Breton), Malgven's magical horse. It was black, spit fire from its nostrils and could gallop on the sea. They caught up with Gradlon's vessels, but the approach of Morvarc'h caused the fleet to flee.
Return trip and Dahut's birth
Gradlon and Malgven remained long at sea and so Malgven gave birth to a daughter, Dahut. According to some versions of the story, giving birth killed the queen. According to other versions, she did not die but sometime after the birth of Dahut asked Gradlon what he thought about Dahut. He responded, "I already cherish her as I cherish you." Malgven announced that Dahut's face would keep the appearance of hers so that she would not be forgotten by him since it was time for her to return to her world. She added that they would see an island shortly afterward and that Gradlon should let her go there; otherwise, they could never see the earth again. Soon, they saw an island and Malgven was left alone there.
Shortly after, Gradlon arrived in Cornouaille with Dahut but without Malgven.
Ys
Later, Dahut had a key role in the story of Ys, a city built below sea level and protected by a gate that kept the sea out. Dahut turned the city into a place of sin and debauchery. One night, she stole the key to the gate from her sleeping father and drunkenly opened the gate. Gradlon awoke and rescued his daughter from the drowning city on his magical horse, but her sins kept dragging them into the sea before he could reach land. In the end, Saint Winwaloe told him to drop his daughter. She was swallowed by the sea, became a form of siren or morgen, and lured men to destruction.
Gradlon re-established his rule in Quimper and later retired as a hermit.
Descendants
At Gradlon's death, his son Salomon I succeeded him, followed by his grandson, Aldrien.
Dahut appears again in the Arthurian legend of King Mark.
Historicity
According to the sources, several historical Gradlons existed: Gradlon Meur is cited in a cartulary of Landévennec, but there is also a Gradlon Flam and Gradlon Plueneuor (Plonéour). They are generally classified as consul, which can be understood as the count , as the Latin texts translate the Breton title of mac'htiern by "tyrant". They would have most likely lived between the 5th and the 9th centuries.
In the Gallo-Roman era, the capital of Osismes, the predecessors of Cornouailles, Trégorrois and Léonards, was Carhaix. If there was a city on the Odet, it was not Quimper but a little downstream in the current Locmaria quarter.
See also
Argol Parish close
Culture of France
History of France
Religion in France
Roman Catholicism in France
References
Breton mythology and folklore
Kings of Brittany
Year of birth missing
Year of death unknown
5th-century Breton people |
5399116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Matthews%20%28actor%29 | Francis Matthews (actor) | Francis Matthews (2 September 1927 – 14 June 2014) was an English actor, best known for playing Paul Temple in the BBC television series of the same name and for voicing Captain Scarlet in Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons.
Early life
Matthews was born in York on 2 September 1927, to Henry and Kathleen Matthews. His father was a shop steward at the Rowntree's chocolate factory near York. His parents took him often to the theatre, where he gained a love of acting. He attended St George's RC Primary School, then St Michael's Jesuit College in Leeds.
He found work as a stagehand at the Theatre Royal in Leeds, and made his theatrical debut in 1945 in the play The Corn Is Green before performing his national service in the Royal Navy. After leaving the military he returned to the stage, appearing in a 1954 touring production of the play No Escape, which starred Flora Robson. He made his West End debut in 1956.
Career
In the 1950s and 1960s, Matthews's film roles for Hammer Studios included the Baron's assistant in The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958) and the heroes of Dracula: Prince of Darkness and Rasputin the Mad Monk (both 1966). On television, from 1969 to 1971, he played Francis Durbridge's amateur private detective Paul Temple in the BBC series of the same name.
Matthews starred opposite Morecambe and Wise in the films The Intelligence Men (1965) and That Riviera Touch (1966), which led to a close friendship with Eric Morecambe. He also appeared throughout the 1960s and 1970s in a variety of television comedy roles, including Eric & Ernie's Christmas Show, 1977. He appeared alongside George Cole in Charles Woods' sitcom Don't Forget To Write! (1977) as a successful writer.
In 1967, Matthews provided the character voice of Captain Scarlet, in imitation of Cary Grant, for Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's Supermarionation television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. (He divided his time, during the recording sessions, between his work there and his stage appearances in Noël Coward's play Private Lives.)
In the late 1970s, he served as narrator and host for Follow Me!, a BBC educational programme that offered a "crash course" in the English language to foreign viewers.
In 1986, Matthews and his wife, Angela Browne, appeared together in the BBC adaptation of the Josephine Tey novel Brat Farrar. In 2000, they starred in two Ray Cooney plays on the cruise ship MS Marco Polo, while she was sailing to the Antarctic: Run For Your Wife and Funny Money.
Personal life
Matthews was married to actress Angela Browne from 1963 until her death in 2001; the couple had three sons. Two, Damien Matthews and Paul Rattigan, are actors; the other, Dominic, is an artist and musician. Matthews' younger brother, Paul Shelley, is also an actor; they had a sister, Maura.
Death
Matthews died at the age of 86 on 14 June 2014, following a short illness. He was survived by his three sons, seven grandchildren, and his two siblings.
Filmography
At Your Service, Ltd. (1951) - Roger Buckett
BBC Sunday-Night Theatre (1954–1957, TV Series) - Ken Wilson, Ensign Trefusis
Truant in Park Lane (1955) - Robert
St. Ives (1957, TV Series) - Ronald Glichrist
My Friend Charles (1956) - Ken Palmer
Bhowani Junction (1956) - Ranjit Kasel
The Talking Cat (1956) - Lancelot
ITV Television Playhouse (1956, TV Series) - Richard Hinton, Paul
Esmé Divided (1957) - Esmé Vignoles
The New Adventures of Charlie Chan (1957) - Derek Robinson
Small Hotel (1957) - Alan Pryor
O.S.S. (1957, TV Series) - Peter Fox
The Mark of the Hawk (1957) - Overholt
The Killing Stones (1958) - Desai
The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series) (1957–1958, TV Series) - Roland, Ali ben Azra
The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958) - Doctor Hans Kleve
A Woman Possessed (1958) - John
I Only Arsked! (1958) - Mahmoud
Corridors of Blood (1958) - Jonathan Bolton
The Vise (1958–1959, TV Series) - Miles, Rex Varney, Jayo
Theatre Night (1959, TV Series) - Guy Stevens
Interpol Calling (1960) - Fawley
Man from Interpol (1960) - Richard Martin, Maharajah Of Den
Biggles (1960, TV Series)
Sentenced for Life (1960) - Jim Richards
The Cheaters (1961, TV Series) - Jack
The Hellfire Club (1961) - Sir Hugh Manning
The Treasure of Monte Cristo (1961) - Louis Auclair
The Pursuers (1961) - David
Triton (1961, TV series) - Lieutenant Lamb
The Lamp in Assassin Mews (1962) - Jack
Nine Hours to Rama (1963) - Rampure
Hancock (1963, TV series) - Elmo Dent
A Stitch in Time (1963) - Benson
A Little Big Business (1964–1965, TV Series) - Simon Lieberman
The Beauty Jungle (1964) - Taylor
Murder Ahoy (1964) - Lieutenant Compton
The Intelligence Men (1965) - Thomas
Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966) - Charles Kent
Rasputin the Mad Monk (1966) - Ivan
That Riviera Touch (1966) - Hotel manager
Just Like a Woman (1967) - Lewis McKenzie
Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967–1968, TV Series) - Captain Scarlet (voice)
Crossplot (1969) - Ruddock
Paul Temple (1969–1971, TV Series) - Paul Temple
Taste of Excitement (1970) - Mr. Breese
Five Women for the Killer (1974) - Giorgio Pisani
Brat Farrar (1986) - Alec Loding
Bunch of Five (1992) - Mr. Strathclyde
Taggart (1993) - Dr. Gerald Napier
The Detectives (1995, TV Series) - Duke of Connemara
Jonathan Creek (1998, TV Series) - Jerry Bellinitus
Do Not Disturb (1999) - Manager
Heartbeat (2002–2003, TV Series) - Dr. James Alway
The Royal (2003) - Dr. James Alway
Cary Comes Home (2004) - Cary Grant
All About George (2005) - Ted
Beautiful People (2009, TV Series) - Mr. Bunions
Run For Your Wife (2012) - (final film role)
References
External links
1927 births
2014 deaths
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from Leeds
Male actors from York
20th-century Royal Navy personnel
People educated at Mount St Mary's Catholic High School, Leeds |
5399132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chelsea%20Handler%20Show | The Chelsea Handler Show | The Chelsea Handler Show is an American sketch comedy series that aired on the E! television network. The series starred Chelsea Handler and featured skits that mocked the entertainment industry, spoofed celebrities, television, the elderly, and herself. The show aired Friday nights at 10:30 EST.
Synopsis
The mini-series was green lighted by E! in early 2006 and premiered on April 21, 2006. The cable channel ordered eight episodes of the half-hour project that features Handler, a Tonight Show correspondent and star of Oxygen's Girls Behaving Badly, in taped spoofs, film shorts and field remote pieces, all framed by stand-up segments of her performing before a studio audience.
Episodes
The show originally ordered eight episodes which aired from April 21 to June 9 and was given an additional four episodes starting August 11 to create a 12-episode season. The show finished its run on September 8, 2006.
Successors and spin-offs
Chelsea Handler began hosting the late-night comedy show, Chelsea Lately on July 16, 2007, also on E!.
External links
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American satirical television series
2000s American sketch comedy television series
E! original programming
English-language television shows
Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment |
5399134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk%20turtle | Musk turtle | Musk turtle is the common name given to three genera of aquatic turtles, all in the New World family Kinosternidae:
Sternotherus, the musk turtles proper
Staurotypus, variously called Mexican, three-keeled, or giant musk turtles
Claudius, the narrow-bridged musk turtle
Animal common name disambiguation pages |
5399158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibara%20%28disambiguation%29 | Ibara (disambiguation) | Ibara is a city in Okayama, Japan.
Ibara may also refer to:
People
Franchel Ibara (born 1989) Congolese soccer player
Lucien Fils Ibara (born 1973) Congolese soccer player
Prince Ibara (born 1996) Congolese soccer player
Ibara Ryutaro, a competition record holder in deaf swimming; see List of World Deaf Swimming Championships records
Ibara Saikaku (1642–1693) Japanese poet
Fictional characters
Ibara, a fictional government minister from Dr. Stone; see List of Dr. Stone characters
Ibara, a fictional character from Shikizakura
Ibara-hime (Princess Ibara), a fictional character from Otogi-Jūshi Akazukin
Ibara Junko, a fictional character from Megatokyo
Ibara Mayaka, a fictional character from Hyouka: Forbidden Secrets
Ibara Naruse, a fictional character from Coppelion
Ibara Obami, a fictional character from Kakegurui; see List of Kakegurui – Compulsive Gambler characters
Ibara Rinne, a fictional character from Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live; see List of Pretty Rhythm: Rainbow Live characters
Ibara Shiozaki, a fictional character from My Hero Academia
Places
Ibara, Okrika, Rivers, Nigeria; a village, see List of villages in Rivers State
Ibara, Sashiki, Nanjō, Okinawa, Japan; a neighbourhood
Ibara Line, Japanese rail line
Ibara Station, Ibara, Okayama, Japan; a train station
Fictional locations
Ibara, an island outpost on the planet Veelox; a fictional location found in Pendragon: Journal of an Adventure through Time and Space
Other uses
Ibara (arcade game), a 2005 arcade game title
Ibara Railway, a Japanese railway company
See also
H. ibara, a species of butterfly
Japanese unisex given names
Japanese-language surnames |
5399165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%20purple%20and%20Han%20blue | Han purple and Han blue | Han purple and Han blue (also called Chinese purple and Chinese blue) are synthetic barium copper silicate pigments developed in China and used in ancient and imperial China from the Western Zhou period (1045–771 BC) until the end of the Han dynasty (circa 220 AD).
Color
Azurite was the only natural blue pigment used in early China. Early China seems not to have used a natural purple pigment and was the first to develop a synthetic one.
Han blue in its pure form is, as the name suggests, blue.
Han purple in its pure form is actually a dark blue, that is close to indigo. It is a purple in the way the term is used in colloquial English, i.e., it is a color between red and blue. It is not, however, a purple in the way the term is used in color theory, i.e. a nonspectral color between red and violet on the 'line of purples' on the CIE chromaticity diagram. Perhaps the most accurate designation for the color would be to call it 'Han indigo', although it could also be regarded as a bright shade of ultramarine (classifying ultramarine as a color and not a pigment).
The purple color seen in samples of Han purple is created by the presence of red copper (I) oxide (Cu2O) which is formed when Han purple decomposes (the red and blue making purple). The decomposition of Han purple to form copper (I) oxide is
3 BaCuSi2O6 → BaCuSi4O10 + 2 BaSiO3 + 2 CuO
Above 1050 °C, the CuO copper (II) oxide breaks down to copper (I) oxide:
4 CuO → 2 Cu2O + O2
Chemistry
Both Han purple and Han blue are barium copper silicates (containing barium, copper, silicon, and oxygen). However, they differ in their formula, structure, and chemical properties.
Chemical formula and molecular structure
Han purple
Han purple has the chemical formula BaCuSi2O6.
Han purple has a layered structure with isolated 4-ring silicates, and contains a copper-copper bond which makes the compound more unstable than Han blue (metal-metal bonds are rare).
Han blue
Han blue has the chemical formula BaCuSi4O10. In 1993, it was discovered to occur naturally as the rare mineral effenbergerite.
Han blue, like Han purple, has a layered structure with silicate forming the structural framework. However, Han blue is more stable because of structural features such as
It is more silica-rich.
Each four-ring silicate is linked to four others in the adjacent level, in a zig-zag pattern.
The copper ions are very strongly contained within the stable silicate structure.
Chemical and physical properties
Han purple and blue are similar in many of their physical properties, which allow them to be mixed, but they differ in their chemical properties.
Exotic properties and applications to superconductivity and quantum computing research
In 2006 scientists at Stanford, Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Institute for Solid State Physics (University of Tokyo), showed that Han purple "loses a dimension" under suitable conditions when it enters a new state, as a Bose-Einstein Condensate. The researchers noted that
"We have shown, for the first time, that the collective behavior in a bulk three-dimensional material can actually occur in just two dimensions. Low dimensionality is a key ingredient in many exotic theories that purport to account for various poorly understood phenomena, including high-temperature superconductivity, but until now there were no clear examples of 'dimensional reduction' in real materials," said Ian Fisher
Other research team members alluded to potential applications to quantum computing. In conventional computers, electron charges transport information, but electron spin might in the future play a similar role in "spintronic" devices:
"Spin currents are capable of carrying far more information than a conventional charge current—which makes them the ideal vehicle for information transport in future applications such as quantum computing," stated first author Suchitra Sebastian. Noted Fisher: "Our research group focuses on new materials with unconventional magnetic and electronic properties. Han Purple was first synthesized over 2,500 years ago, but we have only recently discovered how exotic its magnetic behavior is. It makes you wonder what other materials are out there that we haven't yet even begun to explore."
Han purple
Han purple is chemically and thermally less stable than Han blue. It fades and decomposes in dilute acid. Han purple starts to decompose at temperatures more than 1050–1100 °C and forms a green-black glass at around 1200°C. It becomes more purplish when ground.
Han blue
Han blue is more chemically and thermally stable. It does not break down in dilute acids, and becomes more bluish when ground.
Manufacture
Manufacturing depends on the raw materials, their ratios, fluxes, temperature, atmosphere, and reaction time.
Production seems to have been focused in northern China, around north of the city of Xi'an. This is the area with large deposits of raw materials. No written records have been found about the production of Han purple or Han blue, so information about manufacture has been achieved through experimentation.
Raw materials
The raw materials needed are a barium mineral, quartz, a copper mineral, and a lead salt. It is unknown whether minerals were used in their natural form or were treated, though no evidence exists as yet of treatment.
The barium source was either witherite (BaCO3) or baryte (BaSO4). The rarity of witherite may favor baryte as the most likely source. Baryte has a slower decomposition rate and so favors Han blue production. Witherite conversely favors Han purple. In the use of baryte, lead salts (lead carbonate or lead oxide) would have been needed to increase yield. Lead has been detected in association with Han purple and Han blue.
Lead acts as a catalyst in the decomposition of barium minerals and as a flux. The amount of lead is important. Too much lead (more than 5%) causes partial melting and glass formation above 1000°C.
The role of lead is
BaSO4 + PbO PbSO4 + BaO
The manufacturing process
The preparation of Han blue using malachite, silica and witherite as raw minerals also releases carbon dioxide and water vapor as by-products according to the following reaction:
Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 + 8 SiO2 + 2 BaCO3 → 2 BaCuSi4O10 + 3 CO2 + H2O
The solid-state reaction to produce barium copper silicates starts at roughly 900 °C. Han purple is formed fastest. Han blue forms when an excess of silica is present and a longer reaction time is allowed. Early Chinese manufacture generally produced a mixture of Han blue and Han purple particles in various ratios, but pure colors were sometimes manufactured. Han blue could have been brought to a melt, but Han purple does not form a homogeneous melt, so it would have had to use a sintering process.
Prolonged firing causes Han purple to break down and form Han blue:
3 BaCuSi2O6 → BaCuSi4O10 + 2 BaSiO3 + 2 CuO
The temperature needed to be high (around 900–1000 °C) and kept at that temperature for long periods. Han purple is thermally sensitive, so temperature control for producing Han purple needed to be fairly constant . Han blue is thermally less sensitive.
Under the right conditions, the manufacture of Han purple would have taken around 10–24 hours, while Han blue would have taken twice as long.
Temperature would have been controlled by testing of firing materials, the size, shape, and material of the kiln, and the control of the environment. Technology for achieving and maintaining high temperatures would have been known from metal and ceramic production e.g. the potential use of twin bellows as used in metal production.
Comparison
History
Hypothesis on origin
Han blue and Egyptian blue have the same basic structure and have very similar properties. The main difference is that Egyptian blue (CaCuSi4O10) has calcium in the position of Han blue's barium (BaCuSi4O10). The similarity lead some to suggest that Han blue was based on Egyptian blue knowledge, which had traveled east along the Silk Road. Independent innovation in China would still have been needed to replace calcium with barium (the Han pigments start to form at 100 – 200°C higher than the Egyptian blue).
The two hypotheses underlying the speculations about the exact chronology of the invention of these blue pigments can be summarized as follows:
That earlier alkali metal glazing techniques were based on knowledge from Egypt, but that the copper silicate pigments (Egyptian blue and Han blue) developed from these glazes in two independent areas: Egypt and China.
Alternatively, that examples of Han blue predate the official Silk Road and therefore that development was completely independent.
Chinese invention
The case against links with Egyptian blue includes the absence of lead in Egyptian blue and the lack of examples of Egyptian blue in China.
The use of quartz, barium, and lead components in ancient Chinese glass and Han purple and Han blue has been used to suggest a connection between glassmaking and the manufacture of pigments, and to argue for independent Chinese invention. Taoist alchemists may have developed Han purple from their knowledge of glassmaking.
The lead is used by pigment maker to lower the melting point of the barium in Han Purple.
The increase and decrease of barium glasses, and Han purple and Han blue, follow similar patterns. Both peaked in the Han dynasty, declining afterwards. Pre-Han to Tang dynasties see a shift from lead-barium-silicate type glass to lead-soda-lime glass. The reason for decline is debatable. Liu et al. attribute the decline to the decline of Taoism when Confucianism was introduced, since they link pigment manufacture to the ideology of Taoism. Berke (2007) believes that political changes stopped the distribution of the pigments as the Chinese Empire was split at the end of the Han period.
Uses in cultural contexts
Han blue seems to have been favored in earlier (Zhou) periods, and Han purple in later periods (circa 400 BC).
The Han pigments consist of varying combinations of blue, purple and colorless components. The grinding together of Han purple and Han blue would have allowed a variety of blue-purple shades.
The pigments were used for:
Beads (from late Western Zhou period (1201–771 BC) )
Octagonal sticks (from Warring States period)
The Terracotta Army (Qin dynasty)
Painted figurines (Han dynasty)
Ceramic vessels (Han dynasty)
Metal objects (Han dynasty)
Wall paintings (Han dynasty)
Beads
Some of the earliest examples of the use of the Han pigments are beads which date back to the Western Zhou period. The pigments are either present as compact bodies or in glazed layers.
Octagonal sticks
These are compact bodies (solid sticks/rods) with shades ranging from light blue to dark purple. The range of colors is due to varying proportions of Han blue, Han purple, and colorless material. They are thought to be pigment sticks which were traded then ground to be used as pigment bases in paints. They may have been of importance themselves, as ceremonial or bureaucratic items of importance.
Terracotta army
Han purple and Han blue were first used in paints in the Qin dynasty. Han purple was used for the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang—the expense of producing Han purple and other pigments in such large quantities would have emphasized luxury and status. Han purple seems to have mostly been used on the trousers (pants) of the warriors. The pigment was bound to the terracotta surface with lacquer.
The warriors were fired at the same temperature as that needed for the manufacture of Han purple (), so the same kilns may have been used for both processes.
No evidence indicates Han blue being used for the warriors (azurite was used for the blue).
Painted pottery figurines
Smaller painted pottery figurines have been found e.g. the Western Han dynasty Chu Tombs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province and in the Han dynasty Yangling tombs of Emperor Liuqi and his Empress (156–141 BC).
Ceramic vessels
Han blue and Han purple were used to decorate Han dynasty Hu dark grey pottery vessels.
Metal objects
Bronze vessels in the Han dynasty, e.g. a bowl and top of a steamer, were decorated with Han purple.
Wall paintings
A lintel and pediment from a Han dynasty tomb near Luoyang were painted with a light blue pigment consisting of blue, purple, and colorless components.
An Eastern Han-period tomb mural painting in the Xi'an area is one of the last examples of the use of synthetic barium copper silicate pigments (Han purple).
Preservation
Due to the instability of Han purple, it shows significant signs of weathering on archaeologically excavated artifacts. The copper(I) oxide formed in the decomposition of Han purple (see section on color) remains stable, but Han purple continues to deteriorate, and its purple color increases with time.
Han purple fades in acid, so colorless particles found in pigments containing Han blue and Han purple may be particles which were originally purple, but which faded in acidic conditions in burial.
In addition, Han blue has fungicidal properties, so preserves better. Han purple reacts with oxalic acid to form BaCu(C2O4)2. The light blue color of this coordination polymer may explain the light blue color of some of the Terracotta Warriors' trousers – the color resulting from the presence of oxalate-excreting lichens.
Notes
Two other synthetic blue barium copper silicate compounds have been found in trace amounts, but are as yet unnamed. They are
BaCu2Si2O7 (blue color)
Ba2CuSi2O7 (light blue color)
See also
Blue pigments
References
External links
Raiders of the Lost Dimension (Magnet Lab, FSU) May 21, 2006
Microscopic image of Han Purple (credit: Marcelo Jaime of MST-NHMFL)
Shades of blue
Shades of violet
Pigments
Inorganic pigments
Barium compounds
Copper(II) compounds
Oxides
Silicates
Ancient China |
5399172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Agricultural%20Plantation%20and%20Allied%20Workers%20Union | South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union | The South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union (SAAPAWU) was a trade union representing agricultural and plantation workers in South Africa.
The union was founded in February 1995, on the initiative of the Congress of South African Trade Unions, which wanted one single union to represent all farm workers. Its initial membership was mostly drawn from the Food and Allied Workers Union (FAWU), the Paper, Wood and Allied Workers' Union, the Southern African Clothing and Textile Workers Union, and the National Farm and Allied Workers Union.
The union initially had 35,000 members, but it failed to grow, and in 2004, it merged into FAWU.
References
External links
SAAPAWU at the COSATU.
Trade unions established in 1995
Trade unions disestablished in 2004
Defunct trade unions in South Africa
Agriculture and forestry trade unions
Organisations based in Johannesburg
Agricultural organisations based in South Africa |
5399174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Agricultural%20Research%20Centre | National Agricultural Research Centre | National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) () is a research institution of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) based in Islamabad, Pakistan. It works in collaboration with Ministry of National Food Security and Research which is headed by a Federal Minister, Khusro Bakhtiar. He is heading the ministry since 19 November 2019.
Recent events
In 2015, Chief Justice of Pakistan intervened and took notice on a land issue that involved converting land owned by National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) into a residential housing society scheme.
In October 2019, World Food Day was observed at an event at the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) in Islamabad. This event was organized by the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization, Pakistan's Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) and the World Food Programme (WFP). The theme for 2019 was – 'Our actions are our future: healthy diets for a zero hunger world'.
References
External links
NARC-PARC official website
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Science and technology in Pakistan
Constituent institutions of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |
5399178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%20blue | Egyptian blue | Egyptian blue, also known as calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi4O10 or CaOCuO(SiO2)4 (calcium copper tetrasilicate)) or cuprorivaite, is a pigment that was used in ancient Egypt for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. It was known to the Romans by the name caeruleum. After the Roman era, Egyptian blue fell from use and, thereafter, the manner of its creation was forgotten. In modern times, scientists have been able to analyze its chemistry and reconstruct how to make it.
The ancient Egyptian word wꜣḏ signifies blue, blue-green, and green.
The first recorded use of "Egyptian blue" as a color name in English was in 1809.
Definition
Egyptian blue is a synthetic blue pigment produced from a mixture of silica, lime, copper, and an alkali. Its color is due to a calcium-copper tetrasilicate CaCuSi4O10 of the same composition as the naturally occurring mineral cuprorivaite. It was first synthesized in Egypt during the Fourth Dynasty and used extensively until the end of the Roman period in Europe, after which its use declined significantly.
The term for it in the Egyptian language is ḫsbḏ-ỉrjt, which means artificial lapis lazuli (ḫsbḏ). It was used in antiquity as a blue pigment to color a variety of different media such as stone, wood, plaster, papyrus, and canvas, and in the production of numerous objects, including cylinder seals, beads, scarabs, inlays, pots, and statuettes. Sometimes, it is referred to in Egyptological literature as blue frit. Some have argued that this is an erroneous term that should be reserved for use to describe the initial phase of glass or glaze production, while others argue that Egyptian blue is a frit in both the fine and coarse form since it is a product of solid state reaction. Its characteristic blue color, resulting from one of its main components—copper—ranges from a light to a dark hue, depending on differential processing and composition.
Apart from Egypt, it has also been found in the Near East, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the limits of the Roman Empire. It is unclear whether the pigment's existence elsewhere was a result of parallel invention or evidence of the technology's spread from Egypt to those areas.
History and background
The ancient Egyptians held the color blue in very high regard and were eager to present it on many media and in a variety of forms. They also desired to imitate the semiprecious stones turquoise and lapis lazuli, which were valued for their rarity and stark blue color. Use of naturally occurring minerals such as azurite to acquire this blue was impractical, as these minerals were rare and difficult to work. Therefore, to have access to the large quantities of blue color to meet demand, the Egyptians needed to manufacture the pigment themselves.
The earliest evidence for the use of Egyptian blue, identified by Egyptologist Lorelei H. Corcoran of The University of Memphis, is on an alabaster bowl dated to the late pre-dynastic period or Naqada III (circa 3250 BC), excavated at Hierakonpolis, and now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. In the Middle Kingdom (2050–1652 BC) it continued to be used as a pigment in the decoration of tombs, wall paintings, furnishings, and statues, and by the New Kingdom (1570–1070 BC) began to be more widely used in the production of numerous objects. Its use continued throughout the Late period and Greco-Roman period, only dying out in the fourth century AD, when the secret to its manufacture was lost.
No written information exists in ancient Egyptian texts about the manufacture of Egyptian blue in antiquity, and it was first mentioned only in Roman literature by Vitruvius during the first century BC. He refers to it as caeruleum and describes in his work De architectura how it was produced by grinding sand, copper, and natron, and heating the mixture, shaped into small balls, in a furnace. Lime is necessary for the production as well, but probably lime-rich sand was used. Theophrastus gives it the Greek term κύανος (kyanos, blue), which originally probably referred to lapis lazuli. Finally, only at the beginning of the nineteenth century was interest renewed in learning more about its manufacture when it was investigated by Humphry Davy in 1815, and others such as W. T. Russell and F. Fouqué.
Composition and manufacture
Several experiments have been carried out by scientists and archaeologists interested in analyzing the composition of Egyptian blue and the techniques used to manufacture it. It is now generally regarded as a multiphase material that was produced by heating together quartz sand, a copper compound, calcium carbonate, and a small amount of an alkali (ash from salt-tolerant, halophyte plants or natron) at temperatures ranging between (depending on the amount of alkali used) for several hours. The result is cuprorivaite or Egyptian blue, carbon dioxide, and water vapor:
In its final state, Egyptian blue consists of rectangular blue crystals together with unreacted quartz and some glass. From the analysis of a number of samples from Egypt and elsewhere, the weight percentage of the materials used to obtain Egyptian blue in antiquity was determined usually to range within these amounts:
60–70% silica (SiO2)
7–15% calcium oxide (CaO)
10–20% copper(II) oxide (CuO)
To obtain theoretical cuprorivaite, where only blue crystals occur, with no excess of unreacted quartz or formation of glass, these percentages would need to be used:
64% silica
15% calcium oxide
21% copper oxide
However, none of the analyzed samples from antiquity was made of this definitive composition, as all had excesses of silica, together with an excess of either CuO or CaO. This may have been intentional; an increase in the alkali content results in the pigment containing more unreacted quartz embedded in a glass matrix, which in turn results in a harder texture. Lowering the alkali content (less than 1%), though, does not allow glass to form and the resultant Egyptian blue is softer, with a hardness of 1–2 Mohs.
In addition to the way the different compositions influenced texture, the way Egyptian blue was processed also had an effect on its texture, in terms of coarseness and fineness. Following a number of experiments, Tite et al. concluded that for fine-textured Egyptian blue, two stages were necessary to obtain uniformly interspersed crystals. First, the ingredients are heated, and the result is a coarse-textured product. This is then ground to a fine powder and water is added. The paste is then reshaped and fired again at temperatures ranging between 850 and 950 °C for one hour. These two stages possibly were needed to produce a paste that was fine enough for the production of small objects. Coarse-textured Egyptian blue, though, would not have gone through the second stage. Since it usually is found in the form of slabs (in the dynastic periods) and balls (in the Greco-Roman period), these either could have been awaiting to be processed through a second stage, where they would be ground and finely textured, or they would have been ground for use as a blue pigment.
The shade of blue reached was also related to the coarseness and fineness of Egyptian blue as it was determined by the degree of aggregation of the Egyptian blue crystals. Coarse Egyptian blue was relatively thick in form, due to the large clusters of crystals which adhere to the unreacted quartz. This clustering results in a dark blue color that is the appearance of coarse Egyptian blue. Alternatively, fine-textured Egyptian blue consists of smaller clusters that are uniformly interspersed between the unreacted quartz grains and tends to be light blue in color. Diluted light blue, though, is used to describe the color of fine-textured Egyptian blue that has a large amount of glass formed in its composition, which masks the blue color, and gives it a diluted appearance. It depends on the level of alkali added to the mixture, so with more alkali, more glass formed, and the more diluted the appearance. This type of Egyptian blue is especially evident during the eighteenth dynasty and later, and probably is associated with the surge in glass technology at this time.
If certain conditions were not met, the Egyptian blue would not be satisfactorily produced. For example, if the temperatures were above 1050 °C, it would become unstable. If too much lime was added, wollastonite (CaSiO3) forms and gives the pigment a green color. Too much of the copper ingredients results in excesses of copper oxides cuprite and tenorite.
Sources
The main component of Egyptian blue was the silica, and quartz sand found adjacent to the sites where Egyptian blue was being manufactured may have been its source, although no concrete evidence supports this hypothesis. The only evidence cited is by Jakcsh et al., who found crystals of titanomagnetite, a mineral found in desert sand, in samples collected from the tomb of Sabni (sixth dynasty). Its presence in Egyptian blue indicates that quartz sand, rather than flint or chert, was used as the silica source. This contrasts with the source of silica used for glass-making at Qantir (New Kingdom Ramesside site), which is quartz pebbles and not sand.
It is believed that calcium oxide was not added intentionally on its own during the manufacture of Egyptian blue, but introduced as an impurity in the quartz sand and alkali. As to whether the craftsmen involved in the manufacture realized the importance of adding lime to the Egyptian blue mixture is not clear from this.
The source of copper could have been either a copper ore (such as malachite), filings from copper ingots, or bronze scrap and other alloys. Before the New Kingdom, evidence is scarce as to which copper source was being used, but it is believed to have been copper ores. During the New Kingdom, evidence has been found for the use of copper alloys, such as bronze, due to the presence of varying amounts of tin, arsenic, or lead found in the Egyptian blue material. The presence of tin oxide could have come from copper ores that contained tin oxide and not from the use of bronze. However, no copper ores have been found with these amounts of tin oxide. Why a switch from the use of copper ores in earlier periods, to the use of bronze scrap during the Late Bronze Age is unclear as yet.
The total alkali content in analyzed samples of Egyptian blue is greater than 1%, suggesting the alkali was introduced deliberately into the mixture and not as an impurity from other components. Sources of alkali either could have been natron from areas such as Wadi Natroun and El-Kab, or plant ash. By measuring the amounts of potash and magnesia in the samples of Egyptian blue, it is generally possible to identify which source of alkali had been used, since the plant ash contains higher amounts of potash and magnesia than the natron. However, due to the low concentration of alkali in Egyptian blue, which is a mere 4% or less, compared to glass, for example, which is at 10–20%, identifying the source is not always easy. The alkali source likely was natron, although the reasons for this assumption are unclear. However, analysis by Jaksch et al. of various samples of Egyptian blue identified variable amounts of phosphorus (up to 2 wt %), suggesting the alkali source used was in actuality plant ash and not natron. Since the glass industry during the Late Bronze Age used plant ash as its source of alkali, a link in terms of the alkali used for Egyptian blue before and after the introduction of the glass industry might have been possible.
Archaeological evidence
Amarna
In the excavations at Amarna, Lisht, and Malkata at the beginning of the twentieth century, Petrie uncovered two types of vessels that he suggested were used in antiquity to make Egyptian blue: bowl-shaped pans and cylindrical vessels or saggers. In recent excavations at Amarna by Barry Kemp (1989), very small numbers of these "fritting" pans were uncovered, although various remaining pieces of Egyptian blue 'cake' were found, which allowed the identification of five different categories of Egyptian blue forms and the vessels associated with them: large round flat cakes, large flat rectangular cakes, bowl-shaped cakes, small sack-shaped pieces, and spherical shapes. No tin was found in the samples analyzed, which the authors suggest is an indication that use of scrap copper was possible instead of bronze.
Qantir
In the 1930s, Mahmud Hamza excavated a number of objects related to the production of Egyptian blue at Qantir, such as Egyptian blue cakes and fragments in various stages of production, providing evidence that Egyptian blue was actually produced at the site. Recent excavations at the same site uncovered a large copper-based industry, with several associated crafts, namely bronze-casting, red-glass making, faience production, and Egyptian blue. Ceramic crucibles with adhering remains of Egyptian blue were found in the excavations, suggesting again it had been manufactured on site. These Egyptian blue 'cakes' possibly were later exported to other areas around the country to be worked, as a scarcity of finished Egyptian blue products existed on site. For example, Egyptian blue cakes were found at Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, a Ramesside fort near the Libyan coast, indicating in fact that the cakes were traded, and worked at and reshaped away from their primary production site.
Connections with other vitreous material and with metals
Egyptian blue is closely related to the other vitreous materials produced by the ancient Egyptians, namely glass and Egyptian faience, and it is possible that the Egyptians did not employ separate terms to distinguish the three products from one another. Although it is easier to distinguish between faience and Egyptian blue, due to the distinct core of faience objects and their separate glaze layers, it sometimes is difficult to differentiate glass from Egyptian blue due to the very fine texture that Egyptian blue occasionally could have. This is especially true during the New Kingdom, as Egyptian blue became more refined and glassy and continued as such into the Greco-Roman period.
Since Egyptian blue, like faience, is a much older technology than glass, which only begins during the reign of Thutmose III (1479–1425 BC), changes in the manufacture of Egyptian blue undoubtedly were associated with the introduction of the glass industry.
Analysis of the source of copper used in the manufacture of Egyptian blue indicates a relationship with the contemporaneous metal industry. Whereas in the earlier periods, it is most probable that copper ores were used, during the reign of Tutmosis III, the copper ore is replaced by the use of bronze filings. This has been established by the detection of a specific amount of tin oxide in Egyptian blue, which only could have resulted from the use of tin bronze scraps as the source of copper, which coincides with the time when bronze became widely available in ancient Egypt.
Occurrences outside of Egypt
Egyptian blue was found in Western Asia during the middle of third millennium BC in the form of small artifacts and inlays, but not as a pigment. It was found in the Mediterranean area at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, and traces of tin were found in its composition suggesting the use of bronze scrap instead of copper ore as the source of copper. During the Roman period, use of Egyptian blue was extensive, as a pot containing the unused pigment, found in 1814 in Pompeii, illustrates. It was also found as unused pigment in the tombs of a number of painters. Etruscans also used it in their wall paintings. The related Chinese blue has been suggested as having Egyptian roots.
Later, Raphael used Egyptian blue in his Triumph of Galatea.
Roman production of Egyptian blue
Around the turn of the eras, Roman sources report that a certain Vestorius transferred the production technology from Alexandria to Pozzuoli near Naples (Campania, Southern Italy). In fact, archaeological evidences confirm production sites in the northern Phlegraean Fields and seem to indicate a monopoly in the manufacture and trade of pigment spheres. Due to its almost exclusive use, Egyptian blue is the blue pigment par excellence of Roman antiquity; its art technological traces vanish in the course of the Middle Ages.
In 2021, Early Medieval Egyptian blue (fifth/sixth century A.D.) was identified on a monochrome blue mural fragment from the church of St. Peter above Gratsch (South Tyrol, Northern Italy). By a new analytical approach based on Raman microspectroscopy, 28 different minerals with contents from the percent range down to 0.1 permille were identified. Inclusion of knowledge from neighbouring disciplines made possible to read out the information about the type and provenance of the raw materials, synthesis and application of the pigment and ageing of the paint layer preserved in the previously not accessible trace components, and thus to reconstruct the individual "biography" of the Egyptian blue from St. Peter. This paradigm shift in the research history of Egyptian blue provided natural scientific evidences for the production in the northern Phlegraean fields (agreement with trace minerals found in the beach sands at the Gulf of Gaeta), the use of a sulphidic copper ore (instead of often-mentioned metallic copper or bronze), and plant ash as flux in the raw material mixture. Furthermore, indications for a synthesis predominated by solid state reactions were found, while the melting of the raw materials into glass most likely played a negligible role.
Modern applications
Egyptian blue's extremely powerful and long-lived infrared luminescence under visible light has enabled its presence to be detected on objects which appear unpainted to the human eye. This property has also been used to identify traces of the pigment on paintings produced as late as the sixteenth century, long after its use was presumed to have died out. The luminescence in the near-infrared, where neither fat nor hemoglobin show high absorption coefficients, in conjunction with the capacity of Egyptian blue to delaminate by splitting into nanosheets after immersion in water, also indicates it may have several high-technology applications, such as in biomedicine (e.g. bioimaging), telecommunications, laser technology, and security inks.
Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory discovered that Egyptian blue pigment absorbs visible light, and emits light in the near-infrared range. This suggests that Egyptian blue pigment could be used in construction materials designed to cool rooftops and walls in sunny climates, and for tinting glass to improve photovoltaic cell performance.
See also
Blue pigments
References
Further reading
Dayton, J. 1978, Minerals, Metals, Glazing & Man, or, Who Was Sesostris I? London: Harrap. .
Lucas, A. & Harris. J.R. [1948] 1999, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. Dover books on Egypt. Mineola, N.Y. : Dover. .
Noll, W. 1981, Mineralogy and technology of the painted ceramics of ancient Egypt. In: M.J. Huges (ed.) Scientific studies in ancient ceramics. Occasional paper 19. London : British Museum, .
Rehren, Th. & Pusch, E.B. & Herold, A. 1998, Glass coloring works within a copper-centered industrial complex in Late Bronze Age Egypt. In: McCray, P (ed), The prehistory and history of glassmaking technology. Ceramics and Civilization 8. Westerville, OH: American Ceramic Society.
Riederer, J. 1997, Egyptian Blue. In: E.W. Fitzhugh, (ed.), Artists’ pigments 3: 23–45. Oxford university Press.
Tite, M.S. 1985, Egyptian blue, faience and related materials: technological investigations. In: R.E. Jones & H.W. Catling (eds.) Science in Archaeology: Proceedings of a Meeting Held at the British School at Athens, January 1985. London : Leopard's Head. .
Warner, T.E. 2011, Artificial Cuprorivaite CaCuSi4O10 (Egyptian Blue) by a Salt-Flux Method. In: Terence E. Warner, Synthesis, Properties and Mineralogy of Important Inorganic Materials, 26–49. Chichester: Wiley. .
Wiedemann, H.G., Bayer, G. & Reller, A. 1998, Egyptian blue and Chinese blue. Production technologies and applications of two historically important blue pigments. In: S. Colinart & M. Menu (eds.), La couleur dans la peinture et lémaillage de l’Egypte Ancienne. Scienze e materiali del patrimonio culturale 4. Bari: Edipuglia. .
External links
Egyptian blue, ColourLex
Egyptian Blue, Pigments through the ages
4th-millennium BC establishments
Inorganic pigments
Silicates
Calcium compounds
Copper(II) compounds
Shades of blue
Ancient Egypt
Naqada III |
5399191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Mozambique | Languages of Mozambique | Mozambique is a multilingual country. A number of Bantu languages are indigenous to Mozambique. Portuguese, inherited from the colonial period (see: Portuguese Mozambique), is the official language, and Mozambique is a full member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Ethnologue lists 43 languages spoken in the country.
According to INE, the National Institute of Statistics of Mozambique, Portuguese is the most widely spoken language in Mozambique: according to the 2007 national population and housing census, 50.4% of the national population aged 5 and older (80.8% of people living in urban areas and 36.3% in rural areas) are fluent in the language. The 2017 national population and housing census found out that Portuguese is spoken by 47.3% of all Mozambicans aged 5 and older, with native speakers making up 16.6% of the population (38.3% in the cities and 5.1% in rural areas, respectively) Mozambique has 22 Bantu origin languages which are: Swahili, Makhuwa, Sena, Ndau, Tswa-Ronga (Tsonga), Lomwe, Ekoti, Nahara, Makonde, Chopi, Chuwabu, Ronga, Kimwani, Nhungwe, Chimanika, Shona, Chiyao, Chichewa, Bitonga, Ngoni, Tswa and Chitewe. The language of the deaf community is Mozambican Sign Language.
Small communities of Arabs, Chinese, and Indians (primarily the Gujarati language) speak their own languages (Indians from Portuguese India speak any of the Portuguese Creoles of their origin) aside from Portuguese as their second language.
Article 9 of Mozambique's constitution provides for the recognition of national languages and that such languages be considered of "cultural and educational heritage" and that the state "shall promote their development and increasing use as languages that convey our identity". Portuguese is deemed the country's official language by article 10.
Sociolinguistics
Multilingualism
Most Mozambicans speak more than one language.. According to the 2007 census about 50.4% of all people aged 5 and older speak Portuguese, and 10.7%, including people of Portuguese ancestry and mestiços, speak it as their first language. Use of the Portuguese language remains strongly concentrated to the urban population of Mozambique along the coast.
Linguistic geography
The map shows the dominant language by region.
Influence among languages
Many indigenous languages of Mozambique have loan words of Portuguese origin.
Largest language groups
References
External links
Ethnologue Listing of Mozambican Languages
Línguas de Moçambique – A Portuguese-language collection of publications in Mozambican languages. (A Google Translate Gadget is available) |
5399192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeoplesBank%20Park | PeoplesBank Park | PeoplesBank Park is a 7,500-seat baseball park in York, Pennsylvania. It is the home of the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. The park hosted its first regular season baseball game on June 16, 2007, as the Revolution defeated the Newark Bears, 9–6.
Located on Codorus Creek, the facility had been in the planning stages since 2003, but local politics and funding temporarily halted the plans. The city of York demolished 20 buildings in the Arch Street neighborhood in June 2006, with construction beginning in September 2006. Due to inclement weather, PeoplesBank Park opened one month later than originally planned. The naming rights were purchased by Sovereign Bank, a banking institution based in nearby Reading, for $2.7 million over ten years. The name was changed to "Santander Stadium" in October 2013 following the 2009 takeover of Sovereign Bank by Santander Bank. In December 2015, it was announced the park would be known as "PeoplesBank Park" under a new naming rights deal with locally owned PeoplesBank.
PeoplesBank Park was honored as the "Ballpark of the Year" by the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball following the end of its 2008 regular season. The award recognizes the efforts of the Revolution staff and groundskeepers, judging such criteria as field conditions, stadium operations, cleanliness, and atmosphere.
History
The city of York had been trying to pursue the construction of a baseball stadium for ten years. It seemed to be coming together in 2003, until politics and financial pressure prevented the ballpark from being built. Many Yorkers hoped to see a team fielded in the same inaugural season as the neighboring Lancaster Barnstormers, but that opportunity slipped away. The ballpark was originally slated to be located at Small Athletic Field, on York City School District property. The district board vetoed the stadium as they believed that their money could be better used for a more practical renovation plan for Small Athletic Field. Over the span of three years, ballpark planning weathered many inclines and declines until a hard-fought agreement was made to build in the Arch Street neighborhood. Other locations that were considered but never came to fruition were Hoffman Field, the home of the former York White Roses, and the Ohio Blender site.
PeoplesBank Park hosts the New Year's Revolution, the city's New Year's Eve celebration in which a large White Rose is dropped to count down to the New Year. The event's name alludes to a New Year's resolution and the Revolution baseball team. The former venue for the White Rose drop was the city square.
The stadium hosted the 2011 Atlantic League All-Star Game on July 14, 2011. The first pitch of the All-Star Game was thrown out by former Dover High School football player and then Green Bay Packer John Kuhn. The Revolution again hosted the Atlantic League All-Star Game at PeoplesBank Park in July 2019.
PeoplesBank Park hosted the 2020 United Wiffleball National Championship.
Ballpark attractions
Brooks Robinson Plaza
PeoplesBank Park features the Brooks Robinson Plaza at the homeplate entrance of the ballpark. The plaza features a statue of Brooks Robinson, along with information related to his 23-year career in professional baseball. In 1955, Robinson played with York's previous team, the White Roses, and at the end of the season was signed by in the Baltimore Orioles. The ballpark itself resembles Oriole Park at Camden Yards, in tribute to Brooks Robinson and the Baltimore Orioles, the local Major League favorite. The dimensions are the same as those of the former Memorial Stadium, the Orioles' previous home.
In addition to the Brooks Robinson Plaza, the official postal address of PeoplesBank Park was changed to 5 Brooks Robinson Way in the fall of 2007. The change was made to honor Robinson's baseball career, which started in the city of York.
The Arch Nemesis
At , the left field wall of PeoplesBank Park is taller than any other fence in professional baseball, including the famous Green Monster at Fenway Park, home to the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball. The Green Monster measures at high, but the Arch Nemesis in York stands taller. The first home run over and the first base hit off the wall came in York's second game at the stadium on June 16, 2007.
The height of the left field wall was increased to help compensate for a small stadium site. Architects were challenged to fit a ballpark between Arch Street and a parallel railway line less than away and to provide a minimal amount of onsite parking (200 spaces) in the same plan. The best overall layout for the site placed the left field foul pole close to Arch Street and about from home plate, a condition that is known as a "Short Porch" and represents an easy home run opportunity for professional baseball players. Since moving the foul pole any further from home plate would require expanding the site by disrupting Arch Street (which was not an option), the planners increased the height of the left field fence to make home runs more challenging, given the short foul line. The name alludes to Arch Street and to the wall's ability to act as a primary formidable opponent (or arch nemesis) against home-run attempts.
Four scoreboards
In addition to a modern, animated, full-color electronic scoreboard in right field, PeoplesBank Park features an old-fashioned, manually operated scoreboard at the base of the "Arch Nemesis" in left field. A manual scoreboard is another characteristic shared between York's tall outfield wall and its counterpart in Boston, Massachusetts. Two additional monochromatic, non-animated electronic scoreboards on the façade of the skybox level, one along the first base line and another along the third base line, display game status.
Other ballpark attractions
Additional attractions include the Mezzogiorno Picnic Pavilion, with a capacity for 600 fans, that features a menu with traditional ballpark fare as well as regional favorites. Children at PeoplesBank Park can enjoy the Stauffer's DownTown Playground, an amusement section that features a carousel, a jungle web, playground equipment, and various inflatables. The playground is hosted by the Revolution's mascot, DownTown. The First Capital Credit Union Team Store, the York Revolution's official souvenir and apparel vendor, remains open throughout the year at the home plate entrance of PeoplesBank Park.
PeoplesBank Park has multiple seating options. A lawn seating area provides room for 1,600 fans. Executives can reserve one of five function rooms that overlook the field, with a total capacity of 300. These rooms include the Keystone Room, the Pennsylvania State Room, the Tri-State Room, the Piedmont Room, and White Rose Hall. The name of each room refers to York's geography: Keystone for Pennsylvania's official nickname, "the Keystone State"; the tri-state area including Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware; the Piedmont plateau region; and York's official nickname, "the White Rose City." The conventional seating at the ballpark includes 5,200 green, chairback seats divided into two levels by an open, 360° concourse.
PeoplesBank Park features a miniature, fully functional cannon that is fired when one of the Revolution batters hits a home run or when the team scores a home victory. The cannon is operated by a mascot named Cannonball Charlie, who wears a costume resembling a period Continental Army uniform.
Concerts
The first major concert at PeoplesBank Park featured the blues-rock band, Blues Traveler, on June 14, 2008. A couple of months later, the Christian rock band, Sevenglory, played a post-game concert for the Revolution's Faith & Family Day, a celebration of York's Christian community.
References
External links
Ballpark Reviews – PeoplesBank Park
Rochester Area Ballparks – PeoplesBank Park
Sports venues in Pennsylvania
Baseball venues in Pennsylvania
Minor league baseball venues
Buildings and structures in York, Pennsylvania
York Revolution
Atlantic League of Professional Baseball ballparks
Tourist attractions in York County, Pennsylvania
Sports in York, Pennsylvania
Sports venues completed in 2007
2007 establishments in Pennsylvania |
5399194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20card | Gold card | Gold card may refer to:
Banking
American Express Gold Card
A type of credit card
Science and Technology
A CPU upgrade card made by Miracle Systems in the 1980s and 90s
An SD memory card for Android (operating system) based smartphones
Other
An annual travel card for the British railway network
A type of card in the game Myths and legends
Gold pass, a privilege for Australia politicians, cancelled by Malcolm Turnbull; see Prime Minister of Australia
A type of Nol Card on the Dubai Metro
See also
Black card (disambiguation)
Carte Blanche (credit card)
Palladium Card (now JPMorgan Reserve and Sapphire Reserve) and Sapphire Preferred credit cards from JPMorgan Chase
Platinum Card, an elite credit card |
5399204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Sedgwick | Joseph Sedgwick | Joseph Sedgwick, (24 November 1898 – 27 December 1981) was a Canadian lawyer.
He was born in Leeds, England and became a lawyer in 1923 following studies at the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall. Sedgwick contributed to changes in the Criminal Code through a Royal Commission in the early 1950s. He was counsel to George and Viola R. MacMillan in the 1964 Royal Commission to probe the activity of Windfall Oil and Mines Ltd. Politically, he was Progressive Conservative. He also served as Treasurer for the Law Society of Upper Canada from 1962 to 1963.
His honours include Queen's Counsel (awarded in 1933, then known as King's Counsel) and the Order of Canada (awarded rank of Companion in 1974).
Sedgwick died in Toronto aged 83, predeceased by his wife Emma Irene McLaughlin. The couple had two children.
References
1898 births
1981 deaths
Lawyers in Ontario
Companions of the Order of Canada
Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada
Canadian Queen's Counsel
External links |
5399217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20Trouble%20State%20Park | Double Trouble State Park | Double Trouble State Park is located in Lacey and Berkeley Townships in Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The park was once the Double Trouble company's company town. The park's wilderness is part of the Pine Barrens ecosystem. The park is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.
Double Trouble Historic Village
The Double Trouble Historic Village was originally a cranberry farm and packing plant. The Double Trouble Company was formed by Edward Crabbe in 1909 to sell timber, millwork products, and cranberries. Many sawmills have been in the town since the mid-18th century. The village consists of cranberry bogs and fourteen restored historic structures dating from the late 19th century through the early 20th century including a general store, a schoolhouse and houses. The sawmill was restored in 1995, and the cranberry sorting and packing house were completed in 1996.
The town was named for the fact that muskrats breached a local dam twice in one week.
Double Trouble Historic District
The Double Trouble Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1978 for its significance in agriculture and industry.
Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek's headwaters start from the Greenwood Forest Management Area to its mouth at Barnegat Bay. Cedar Creek provides the water needed for cranberry culture and provides a source of water for wildlife.
Trail
The Double Trouble State Park Nature Trail is a loop trail. (This trail is not rated by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection). The trail is part of the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Route.
See also
List of New Jersey state parks
References
External links
State parks of New Jersey
Parks in Ocean County, New Jersey
Protected areas of the Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
Company towns in New Jersey
Ghost towns in New Jersey
Museums in Ocean County, New Jersey
Open-air museums in New Jersey
Berkeley Township, New Jersey
Lacey Township, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Ocean County, New Jersey
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places |
5399219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters%20Township%20School%20District | Peters Township School District | Peters Township School District is a large, suburban, public school district located in Peters Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania and encompasses an area of . Peters Township School District had a population of 17,566, according to the 2000 federal census. By 2010, the district's population increased to 21,219 people. The educational attainment levels for the School District population (25 years old and over) were 95.9% high school graduates and 56.1% college graduates. The district is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania.
According to the Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 3.2% of the district's pupils lived at 185% or below the Federal Poverty Level as shown by their eligibility for the federal free or reduced price school meal programs in 2012. In 2009, the per capita income was $36,159, while the median family income was $86,661. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. In Washington County, the median household income was $53,693. By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100. In 2014, the median household income in the USA was $53,700.
Peters Township School District operates five schools:
Bower Hill Elementary School Kindergarten through Grade 3
Pleasant Valley Elementary School Kindergarten through Grade 3
McMurray Elementary School Grades 4 – 5
Peters Township Middle School Grades 6 - 8
Peters Township High School Grades 9 - 12
High school students may choose to attend the Western Area Career Technology Center (WACTC) for training in the construction and mechanical trades. The Intermediate Unit IU1 provides the district with a wide variety of services like specialized education for disabled students and hearing, background checks for employees, state mandated recognizing and reporting child abuse training, speech and visual disability services and criminal background screenings and professional development for staff and faculty.
The Peters Township School District borders 4 other school districts - Upper St. Clair S.D. and Bethel Park S.D. (both in Allegheny County) to the north, Canon-McMillan S.D. to the south and west, and Ringgold S.D. to the south and east.
Extracurriculars
The district offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and over 16 sports.
Athletics
All boys athletic teams have the "Indians" nickname, while most girls teams go by the nickname "Lady Indians". The Indians are members of both the Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League (WPIAL) and of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA).
High school
The school district funds 13 boys and 13 girls varsity athletic teams at the high school, most of which, due to the school's high enrollment, compete at the highest classification level. These include:
Middle school
The school district funds 6 boys and 7 girls athletic teams. These include:
References
External links
School districts in Washington County, Pennsylvania
Education in Pittsburgh area |
5399222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing%20Arts%20Workers%27%20Equity | Performing Arts Workers' Equity | The Performing Arts Workers' Equity (PAWE) was a small trade union in South Africa. It had a membership of only 365, but was affiliated to the Congress of South African Trade Unions. It merged with the Musicians Union of South Africa (MUSA) to form the Creative Workers Union of South Africa (CWUSA).
References
External links
PAWE at the COSATU.
Information on PAWE at UNESCO
Defunct trade unions in South Africa
Entertainment industry unions
Organisations based in Johannesburg |
5399229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20H.%20Carmody | Martin H. Carmody | Martin Henry Carmody (January 26, 1872 – December 9, 1950) was the seventh Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, serving from September 1, 1927, to August 31, 1939.
Career
Knights of Columbus
In 1902, Carmody joined the Knights of Columbus and later became the Grand Knight of the Grand Rapids Council as well as the District Deputy, State Deputy, and Deputy Supreme Knight of the international order for 18 years. In 1927 Carmody was elected the seventh Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus and was in that position until August 31, 1939. Carmody was a Chamberlain to Pope Pius XI.
For his war work during World War I he was made a chevalier of the French Legion of Honor. The rank of commander of the Order of the Star of Morocco was conferred on him by Marshal Lyautey, the French president general of Morocco. Carmody held two ranks in the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, awarded to him by Popes Benedict XV and Pius XI.
When President Herbert Hoover established the President's Organization for Unemployment Relief in 1931, Carmody wrote to Hoover pledging the services of the Order. Carmody had already encouraged the 2,600 councils to have "strong and active employment committees." By the end of July 1931, a total of 43,128 unemployed people had been placed into jobs, in addition to those placements made by local councils who were working under the auspices of other organizations. In less than two years, the Order would provide more than 100,000 jobs. In October of that year, Hoover appointed Carmody to the Organization.
Personal life
Carmody was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan to Martin and Anastasia Carmody. He attended Valparaiso Normal College and graduated in 1899 from the University of Michigan Law School. While attending law school, he played football as a guard on the 1899 Michigan Wolverines football team.
Carmody married Frances Brady in Grand Rapids in 1911. On December 9, 1950, Martin Carmody died at his home, aged 78, following a long illness. He was survived by his wife, daughter and three grandchildren.
References
Bibliography
External links
Supreme Knight Martin H. Carmody
1872 births
1950 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
People from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Roman Catholic activists
Papal chamberlains
Valparaiso University alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Michigan Wolverines football players
Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
Deputy Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
Catholics from Michigan |
5399239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Colorado | Economy of Colorado | In 2021 economy of the State of Colorado was 16th largest in the United States with a gross state product of $421 billion.Colorado's per capita personal income in 2019 was $61,157, putting Colorado 12th in the nation.
Wheat, corn, sorghum, and proso millet were the largest agricultural products by acres farmed. Hay ($1 billion), corn ($850 million), and wheat ($460 million) were the largest farmed products by value sold. Colorado is also a significant beef producer with 659,000 cows in 2021. Colorado was the fourth largest marijuana producer in 2021 by sales at $460 million.
In the second half of the 20th century, the industrial and service sectors have expanded greatly. The state's economy is diversified and is notable for its concentration of scientific research and high-technology industries. Other industries include food processing, transportation equipment, machinery, chemical products, minerals such as gold and molybdenum, and tourism. Denver is an important financial center.
Federal
As of August 2013, Colorado had 53,800 nonmilitary federal employees, which made of 2.3 percent of the state's total nonfarm employment, slightly above the national average of 2.0 percent. In addition, there were 37,285 active military in Colorado.
Before Colorado was a state, it was a federal prison territory. Today, the Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Federal Correctional Complex, in Fremont County, which consists of several separate Federal prisons, including ADX Florence, the only supermax facility in the federal system, home to many convicted terrorists and other notorious criminals.
The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Air Force Academy are based in Colorado Springs; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder; United States Geological Survey and other government agencies at the Denver Federal Center in Lakewood; the Denver Mint and United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver.
There is also a significant amount of federal lands in the state, including 11 National Forests and four National Parks. There are also numerous private companies that have operations in Colorado that deal with the governmental agencies in states.
State taxes
Tax is collected by the Colorado Department of Revenue.
The Colorado income tax rate is a flat 4.55 percent of federal taxable income regardless of income level. Colorado's state sales tax is 2.9 percent on retail sales. Full-year Colorado residents can claim an excess sales tax refund on their individual state income tax return. Many counties and cities charge their own rates in addition to the base state rate. There are also certain county and special district taxes that may apply. The most common special district taxes are:
Regional Transportation District (RTD), which affects the counties of Denver, Boulder, Jefferson and portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield and Douglas
Cultural Facilities District (CD)
Football Stadium District (FD or FTBL), approved by the voters to pay for and help build the Denver Broncos’ stadium
Local Improvement District (LID) within designated areas of southeast Jefferson and Boulder counties
Regional Transportation District (RTA) taxes at varying rates in Basalt, Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, Gunnison County
Real estate and personal business property are taxable in Colorado. Real property is assessed by a professional assessor to determine its actual value. The state legislature sets the assessment rate of 29% for commercial property, 7.15% for residential. The actual value is multiplied by the assessment rate get the assessed value. Then counties set their mill rate which is multiplied by the assessed value to get the tax liability. A $430,000 residence in Denver with the Mill rate of 0.072116 yields the following example. " $430,000 x 0.0715 x 0.072116 = $2,217.21".
Colorado first instituted a state income tax in 1937, as a progressive tax, with income below $2,000 taxed at 1% and over $10,000 at 6%. This would remain so for 50 years, until the state adopted a flat tax rate of 5% for 1987 tax year. In 1992, the voters approved Taxpayer Bill of Rights at a referendum, requiring increases in overall tax revenue to be tied to inflation and population increases, otherwise tax increases would have to be approved by voters by referendum. For tax year 1999, the income tax was reduced further to 4.75% and for tax year 2000 to 4.63%, where it would remain for 20 years, until voters approved by referendum a further reduction to 4.55%. In 2018, voters rejected in a referendum a return to progressive tax.
Denver's economy
Denver's economy (Denver is the Rocky Mountain region's most populous city), is based largely on its geographic position. The Denver metropolitan area is the largest in the area (the nearest metro area of comparable size is the Kansas City Metropolitan Area about 600 miles east). Denver is the location of federal, high-tech, educational, commercial, financial, cultural, tourist, storage, and distribution services to the Rocky Mountain States. The city is also home to several large corporations in the central United States.
Geography and trade
Many federal agencies are based or have offices in the Denver area. In addition to federal agencies, there are many companies based on federal defense and space projects such as Lockheed-Martin. Denver is the capital of Colorado and hosts many state government jobs.
Denver's position as the largest city in a mineral-rich and fossil fuel-rich area leads mining and energy companies to maintain offices in the metro area. In the early days of the city, gold and silver booms and busts played a large role in the economic success of the city. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the energy crisis in America created an energy boom in Denver captured in the soap opera Dynasty. Downtown Denver was built up considerably during this time; many new downtown skyscrapers were built. Eventually the oil prices dropped from $34 a barrel in 1981 to $9 a barrel in 1986, and the Denver economy dropped with it, leaving almost 15,000 oil industry workers in the area unemployed (including mayor John Hickenlooper, a former geologist), and the highest office vacancy rate in the nation (30%). Energy and mining are still important in Denver's economy today, with companies such as Newmont Mining, Patina Oil and Gas, and Antero Resources.
Denver's west-central geographic location in the Mountain Time Zone (UTC −7) also benefits the telecommunications industry by allowing communication with both North American coasts, South America, Europe, and Asia in the same business day. Denver's location on the 105th meridian west at over 1 mile in elevation also enables it to be the largest city in the U.S. to offer a 'one-bounce' real-time satellite uplink to six continents in the same business day. Qwest Communications, EchoStar, Starz-Encore, and Comcast are just a few of the telecommunications companies with operations in the Denver area. These and other high-tech companies had a boom in Denver in the mid to late 1990s, but the technology bust in the new millennium caused Denver to lose many of those technology jobs. Recently the Denver area has started making a comeback, with the October 2005 unemployment at 4.7% the lowest since September 2001. Denver government and industry leaders are attempting to diversify the Denver economy so that it is less susceptible to boom and bust cycles.
Agriculture
Colorado's agriculture supports a $47 billion dollar economy with more than 426,000 employees and $1.7 billion in exports. Farming and ranching takes 32 million acres of Colorado land. Colorado's agriculture consumes 88% of the state's water or 4.7 million acre feet. The northeast of the state has the most agricultural business.
Drought has been one of the main risks to the agricultural industry. From 2012-2013 drought fueled a political push for the federal government to subsidize crop insurance. This led to $196 million in subsidy to Colorado farmers in 2014. Colorado farmers paid over $71.3 million for crop insurance in 2020.
Colorado's agricultural industry has been fueled by agricultural technology especially through research with Colorado State University which began as an agricultural school in 1870.
Aerospace
Colorado is one of the top locations for the aerospace industry in the world. Colorado has offices for most of the major Aerospace companies such as Ball, Lockheed-Martin, Raytheon Technologies, Boeing, L3Harris Technologies, ULA, Northrop Grumman, Sierra Space, and Maxar Technologies. This industry employs over 240,000 Coloradans in 280 companies. The industry continued to experience strong growth of 7.2% in 2019 to contribute over $15 billion to the state economy.
The aerospace industry thrives in Colorado owing to its geographical centrality, being away from possible foreign threats, support from Fort Carson, and a highly educated population. Research is also conducted at government-funded labs such as NIST, LASP, NOAA, and UCAR. The University of Colorado Boulder also has one of the nations top aerospace programs, receiving more NASA research funds than any other school.
See also
Colorado Companies
List of companies with Denver area operations
List of power stations in Colorado
References
External links
The State of Colorado
The City and County of Denver
Economy of the Southwestern United States |
5399245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Dock | Clarence Dock | Clarence Dock may refer to:
Clarence Dock (Leeds), Leeds, Historic Site and retail, tourist and leisure destination
Clarence Dock (Liverpool), Liverpool, Historic Site |
5399249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Flaherty | James A. Flaherty | James A. Flaherty (July 3, 1853 – January 2, 1937) was the sixth Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, serving from September 1, 1909 to August 31, 1927.
Early life
Flaherty was born on July 3, 1853 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Irish immigrants. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in the 1870s. Flaherty practiced law for sixty-two years in Philadelphia as a lawyer specializing in settlement cases in the Orphan Court.
Knights of Columbus
In 1909 Flaherty was elected Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus and served in the position until he retired on August 31, 1927. During his term in office, the Knights of Columbus engaged in significant work helping U.S. servicemen during World War I and civilians in the aftermath of the war. He received many honors for his work and that of the Knights, including the Croix de Guerre from the government of France. He was also awarded a medal from Secretary of War Newton D. Baker.
Death
Flaherty died from pneumonia at his home on the evening of January 2, 1937. He left three children. A son, Joseph A. Flaherty O.S.A., was president of Villanova University from 1965 to 1967.
Gallery
References
External links
Lawyers from Philadelphia
American Roman Catholics
American people of Irish descent
1853 births
1937 deaths
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Pennsylvania lawyers
Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
Deputy Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus |
5399256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONCE%20%28cycling%20team%29 | ONCE (cycling team) | ONCE cycling team, () also known as Liberty Seguros, Liberty Seguros–Würth and in succession in its final year, Astana–Würth and Astana was a Spanish cycling team. It competed in the UCI ProTour circuit.
On 25 May 2006, Liberty Mutual ("seguros" means "insurance" in Spanish) pulled out of primary sponsorship due to a doping scandal involving the directeur sportif, Manolo Saiz. On 2 June 2006, the team acquired a primary sponsor named Astana, after the capital of Kazakhstan. Würth was co-sponsor until 3 July 2006, withdrawing at the end of the 2006 Tour de France, in which didn't compete . At the end of the season, Astana also withdrew due to the non-participation in the Tour. On 16 December 2006, the UCI withdrew the ProTour licence of Saiz's company, Active Bay .
Some riders and staff formed the Kazakhstan-based Astana Team.
History
ONCE
The team traces its lineage to the Spanish team, ONCE, sponsored by a lottery for the blind. Manolo Saiz, one of few managers who was not a former rider, introduced more professional management, closer supervision in coaching, equipment and training. In the 2003 Vuelta he was banned from the race after insulting a motorcycle-mounted TV cameraman, his comments broadcast live.
ONCE team was known for its association with Laurent Jalabert and Alex Zülle in the 1990s, dominating spring races such as Paris–Nice, La Flèche Wallonne and the Tour de Romandie. The team won the Vuelta a España in 1995, 1996 and 1997. It dominated the 1995 Vuelta with Jalabert winning overall, the points competition and the mountains. It was also best team, with Johan Bruyneel third. ONCE team in the Tour de France had stage wins from Jalabert and domination in the team time trial.
Zülle won the Vuelta in 1996 and 1997 but left the team in 1998. The team signed the 1998 winner and individual time trial specialist, Abraham Olano, who challenged in the 1999 Vuelta but never won a second Grand Tour. Joseba Beloki became leader and challenged Armstrong in the 2002 and 2003 Tours.
Isidro Nozal led the 2003 Vuelta until Roberto Heras took the lead on the penultimate day. ONCE's sponsorship was so successful that brand penetration was 100% in Spain, meaning every Spaniard surveyed knew ONCE. At the end of 2003 ONCE stopped sponsorship. Saiz obtained a new sponsor, Liberty Mutual. Most of the riders stayed, including Isidro Nozal and Igor González de Galdeano. Saiz signed Heras; he did not perform well at the 2004 Tour de France but won the 2004 Vuelta after a battle with Santiago Pérez.
Liberty Seguros
In the 2005 the team started with wins in the Tour Down Under through Alberto Contador and Luis León Sánchez. In the 2005 Tour the team won the stage to Mende courtesy of Marcos Antonio Serrano, reminiscent of Laurent Jalabert's win in 1995.
Alexander Vinokourov joined in 2006 for three seasons to challenge for top finish in the Tour de France. Fellow Kazakhstan riders Andrei Kashechkin, formerly of Crédit Agricole, and Sergei Yakovlev also joined.
On 25 November, Roberto Heras was fired after a urine sample from the 2005 Vuelta a España, which he had won, tested positive for the blood-boosting drug EPO. Heras was stripped of what would have been a record-breaking fourth win and banned for two years.
Sponsorship Changes and 2006 Season
On 23 May 2006, Saiz was arrested in relation to the Operación Puerto blood doping scandal. Liberty Mutual retracted sponsorship on 25 May 2006, promising only to finance current obligations. On 2 June 2006, the team acquired a new primary sponsor - named Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan - for three years, with an option to extend to six. It was headed by a consortium of five Kazakh companies. Long before Saiz was ensnared in Operación Puerto, the team had been notorious for doping dating back to its days as ONCE, and was considered one of the dirtiest teams in the European peloton.
On June 30, 2006, Astana-Würth was excluded from the 2006 Tour de France after five riders were implicated in a doping scandal, leaving Vinokourov with three remaining teammates, below the minimum six for the Tour. Würth stopped its commitment on 3 of July.
On 26 July 2006, the five riders excluded from the Tour were cleared by Spanish officials, and the team returned to competition at the Tour of Germany in August, Assan Bazayev winning the first stage. One rider, Joseba Beloki, would never ride a professional race again.
At the end of 2006, Saiz listed Astana as his team's backer. Astana also claimed to have withdrawn support due to non-participation in the Tour. On 16 December 2006, the UCI withdrew the ProTour license of Saiz's Active Bay company.
Victories in the later years of the team's existence
2002 results
2003 results
2004 results
2005 results
2006 results
Notable riders
References
External links
Defunct cycling teams based in Spain
Cycling teams established in 1989
Cycling teams disestablished in 2006
Former UCI WorldTeams |
5399264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunsong | Sunsong | Sunsong is an anthology series of secondary school textbooks published by Longman Caribbean, from 1987. The last book in the series, Sunsong: Tide Rising has been discontinued, but the Books 1-3 remain in use in Caribbean schools. The books consist of a vast selection of poems from some of the literary genre's most famous writers, from the Caribbean and abroad.
The books' editors were Pamela Mordecai and Grace Walker Gordon.
Books in the series
Sunsong 1 ()
Sunsong 2 ()
Sunsong 3 ()
Sunsong: Tide Rising ()
External links
Official site at Pearson Education
Publications established in 1987
Poetry anthologies
Caribbean literature |
5399266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimino | Mimino | Mimino (, , ) is a 1977 comedy film by Soviet director Georgiy Daneliya produced by Mosfilm and Gruziya-film, starring Vakhtang Kikabidze and Frunzik Mkrtchyan. Anatoliy Petritskiy served as the film's Director of Photography. The Soviet era comedy won the 1977 Golden Prize at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival.
Plot
Georgian bush pilot Valiko Mizandari a.k.a. Mimino (Vakhtang Kikabidze) works at small local airline, flying helicopters between small villages. But he starts to dreams of piloting large international airliners, when he meets his former flight academy classmate accompanied by pretty stewardess Larisa, whom he wishes to impress, assured that bush pilot doesnt have a single chance. So he decides to go to Moscow to follow his dream. There in a hotel he meets Armenian truck driver Ruben Khachikyan (Frunzik Mkrtchyan) who is given a place in that hotel by mistake instead of another Khachikyan (Professor), and they have many adventures in Moscow together.
Always amicable and open to people, Mimino does not feel at home in the Big World. Nevertheless, he becomes a pilot of a supersonic jet liner, the Tupolev Tu-144, flying all over the world, including San Francisco, USA. Feeling homesick, he finally comes back to his native town of Telavi in Georgia, to his family and friends.
Mimino's real name in the film is Valiko Mizandari—his nickname "Mimino" () is the Georgian word for sparrow hawk, although it is stated on the back cover of the DVD that "Mimino" means falcon.
Cast
Vakhtang Kikabidze as Mimino (as Valiko Mizandari)
Frunzik Mkrtchyan as Rubik (Ruben Khachikyan)
Elena Proklova as Larisa Ivanovna Komarova
Yevgeny Leonov as Volokhov
Kote Daushvili as Grandfather (as Konstantin Daushvili)
Ruslan Miqaberidze as Givi Ivanovich
Zakro Sakhvadze as Varlaam
Leonid Kuravlyov as Professor Khachikyan
Marina Dyuzheva as Advocate (as Mariya Dyuzheva)
Rusiko Morchiladze as Lali
Archil Gomiashvili as Papashvili
as Prosecutor (as A. Alekseyev)
Vladimir Basov as Sinitsyn (as V. Basov)
Valentina Titova as Sinitsyn's Wife (as V. Titova)
Lyudmila Gavrilova as symposium organizer
Nikolay Grabbe as aviation officer, Volokhov's war friend
DVD Extras
The film's cinematographer, Anatoliy Petritskiy, is interviewed about the film. He reminisces about his experiences working with Daneliya and the actors. He had known Daneliya for some time and had seen several of his films. He was very happy to receive the offer to work with him. Initially the two were working on a different film in 1977, and discussed the doubts they had about the script, after which they decided to work on Mimino as an alternative. Petritskiy was surprised that Goskino had already approved the film and that funding had been secured, and the project moved forward. Petritskiy discusses the locations of the various shots in the film, to include various villages in Georgia, the Tbilisi airport, Moscow, and what was then West Germany. According to Petritskiy, casting the film was not a problem, as Daneliya was familiar with all of the actors in the film. More strange to the cinematographer, was Daneliya's wish to shoot scenes in the mountainous region Tushetia, because it was a very remote area that could only be reached by helicopter, rather than roads. Petritskiy described the conditions as "medieval". He noted that the lack of electricity had "put its stamp of the character of the population of Omalo", which basically lived without light. He described the society as "patriarchic". He describes this as the conflict in the film—the conflict between the simple way of life and the way of life in the big city—this is the meaning of the film as he sees it. It is because of this that he filmed the movie in a very simple style, "a restrained style". He points out that even the portions of the film shot in Moscow are static shots or simple panoramas. He considers the landscapes of Georgia in the film to be "extremely beautiful". Petritskiy then discusses the various shots at airports, which were done as a montage—the helicopter in Tbilisi, and the magnificent TU plane shot in Moscow. Initially the latter part of the film was to be shot in America, but because of "purely budgetary reasons" according to Petritskiy, the cast and crew could not film there, so opted to shoot in West Berlin. Thus, the script was revised. Petritskiy notes that the Soviets were in power during 1977, so it was arranged that the group would stay in East Berlin—again "for economic reasons", and every day had to cross the border to the American zone to film at the Tegel Airport. As for the scenes with the cow (hanging from the helicopter), it was shot in two stages—a papier-mache dummy of a cow was used with the helicopter for the far off shots, and a live cow was lifted by a crane was used for the close-ups. He notes that the cow was only hung at a low height, but high enough to use the blue sky as a backdrop, and the cow was not hurt. Petritskiy did not consider the scene to be difficult, pointing out that the winter scenes were much harder. He details the harsh living conditions in the village of Darklo where they stayed. He describes how few locals stay during the winter, and how the living quarters were not guarded or locked, but housed a few shepherds who had stayed back for the winter. He explains how there were "sleep-benches" within the houses, and how they lived on canned preserves during their stay, sharing their "feast" with the hungry shepherds there. In conclusion, Petritskiy notes how he "got a very pleasant impression from the work on that film," noting that it was shown at the Moscow International Film Festival and won the top prize there.
Awards
1977 – Golden Prize at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival
1978 – "Golden Lacheno" Award at the 19th IFF in Avellino (Italy)
1978 – Best Comedy Film Award at the 11th All-Union Film Festival in Yerevan
1978 – USSR State Prize (Director G. Daneliya, Actors V. Kikabidze, F. Mkrtchyan)
References
External links
Mimino full-length on YouTube (includes English subtitles)
Monument to “Mimino” Heroes to Be Erected in Moscow
1977 films
1977 comedy films
1977 multilingual films
Mosfilm films
Comedy films from Georgia (country)
1970s Russian-language films
Georgian-language films
Films directed by Georgiy Daneliya
Russian aviation films
Soviet-era films from Georgia (country)
Georgian words and phrases
Soviet multilingual films
Soviet comedy films
Films set in Berlin
Films set in Georgia (country)
Films set in Moscow
Films set in the Soviet Union
Films shot in Georgia (country)
Films shot in Berlin
Films shot in Moscow
Russian comedy films
Films about aviators
Courtroom films
Multilingual films from Georgia (country) |
5399268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Undertow%20Orchestra | The Undertow Orchestra | The Undertow Orchestra was an indie rock "supergroup" organized by Bob Andrews of Undertow Music Collective. The band existed only as a touring ensemble and consisted of "four of today’s most under the radar, yet prolific singer-songwriters," David Bazan (of Pedro the Lion and Headphones), Mark Eitzel (of American Music Club), Will Johnson (of Centro-Matic), and Vic Chesnutt. Each band member took turns on stage playing his own songs, as the other members acted as his backing band. The group performed a live radio show,
References
American indie rock groups
Supergroups (music)
Musical quartets
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups disestablished in 2006 |
5399272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20L.%20Hearn | Edward L. Hearn | Count Edward Leo Hearn (August 2, 1865 – July 12, 1945) was the fifth Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus from April 1, 1899, to August 31, 1909.
Early life and career
Hearn was born in the Fort Hill neighborhood of Roxbury in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1865 to Irish immigrants. His father was a tailor, and he had two brothers and a sister. One brother, Edward, became a Jesuit priest. The family moved to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, and he graduated from Hopkinton High School.
Hearn had private tutors who prepared him for college, but upon graduation instead went to work at a shoe factory. He then became a traveling salesman and opened a shoe store in Laconia, New Hampshire. He eventually became president of the insurance firm the Casualty Company of America. For a time he lived in South Framingham, Massachusetts.
He was friends with Joseph Pelletier and Condé Benoist Pallen.
Knights of Columbus
Massachusetts
Hearn was the founding grand knight of the Coeur de Leon Council of the Knights of Columbus in Framingham, Massachusetts. He served three terms as grand knight from 1894 to 1896, and from 1895 to 1899 was a supreme director of the order. In 1897 he was elected the second State Deputy of the Massachusetts Knights of Columbus from February 2, 1897, to September 1, 1899. As state deputy, he increased the number of councils to over 100, and to over 10,000 members.
Supreme Knight
At the 1899 convention, Hearn was in his hotel room when Congressman William S. McNary knocked on his door on the evening following the first session. McNary and several others entered his room and informed him that after a night of caucusing that he was their choice for Supreme Knight. Hearn initially declined, citing the demands of his job as a traveling salesman. He eventually agreed to allow his name to be put forth, and the next morning he was elected the fifth Supreme Knight in 1899 by a vote of 30-26. He would hold that office for ten years.
Following his election, Hearn moved to New Haven, Connecticut. During those years the number of councils grew from around 300 to over 1,300, membership climbed from 40,000 to nearly 230,000, and 40 new jurisdictions were established. The Order also spread further across the country in 31 states and the around globe in Mexico, Cuba, Panama, and the Philippines.
During a visit to Mexico City in September 1905 to oversee the establishment of Guadalupe Council number 1050, the first council south of the Rio Grande, he was greeted by Mexican President Porfirio Díaz at the home of John B. Frisbie. During his second visit the following February to confer the third degree, a banquet was held in his honor and he met with Archbishop Próspero Alarcón.
As Supreme Knight, he was instrumental in raising funds to endow a chair of American history at The Catholic University of America. Hearn, who viewed the Order as a sort of Catholic anti-defamation league, said at the presentation of the check that "non-Catholic historians ... find no room in their histories to laud the magnificent work done in the early days of the nation by the Catholic missionaries and Catholic pioneers, ...These are the evils we seek to remedy by founding this Chair of American History." He also raised funds to establish a scholarship fund for graduate students to attend the national university.
As Supreme Knight, Hearn also oversaw the institution of the Fourth Degree of the order and was involved in Catholic anti-deformation efforts.
European work
Hearn declined another term as Supreme Knight, but retired from the insurance industry in 1910 so that he could work full-time with the Knights of Columbus. During and after the Knights' efforts in World War I, Hearn became the Knights' Overseas Commissioner, overseeing the order's support of the troops and post-war rehabilitation work.
He was also called upon by the Vatican to oversee several charitable works, including the Knights' project to build playgrounds for children in Rome. This request came at the personal request of Pope Benedict XV, who was worried about Protestant churches who were moving into Rome, dedicating churches on the "Anniversary of the Downfall of Papal Power," and setting up athletic facilities with the intent of converting the young people of Rome. Benedict's successor, Pope Pius XI, insisted that the facilities be open to all regardless of religion, a prospect which pleased Hearn, and donated a parcel of land for the project, that he could see from his apartment in the Vatican.
As Hearn was preparing to shut down the Order's work in Europe in the early 1920s, he reported back that Pope Benedict's request came as a surprise to him. Following the request, he proposed that the Knights should establish a headquarters in Rome where English speaking tourists could be received and at least two athletic fields with showering facilities to be overseen by Italians. The Board approved Hearn's requests and awarded him an initial salary of $6,000 a year, which was later increased to $10,000 a year.
Several years later, amid tensions between the Italian government and the Vatican, comments attributed to Hearn in a Paris newspaper caused the Vatican to ask the Knights to recall Hearn back to the United States. Hearn, who had already announced his intention to retire following the completion of a project in Rome, returned to the United States in the early 1930s. Upon his return, the Board authorized a temporary salary of $5,000 a year for Hearn to work as a consultant to the Order.
Personal life and later years
Hearn was honored with the Order of St. Sylvester, Order of St. Gregory the Great, Order of Malta, and the Order of St. Pius IX. He was created a Papal count by Pope Pius XI in 1926. France awarded him the Legion of Honor and Belgium decorated him with the Order of Leopold II. He was also a Privy Chamberlain of the Order of the Sword and the Cape.
With his wife, Mary ( Healey), Hearn had one son and one daughter. After stepping down as Supreme Knight, he moved to Mamaroneck, New York. Hearn died July 12, 1945, in Mamaroneck. He was buried at St. Peter's Cemetery in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. The gravesite was restored and a plaque was added in 1990.
Notes
References
Works cited
1866 births
1945 deaths
Papal counts
People from Boston
People from Roxbury, Boston
People from Framingham, Massachusetts
People from Hopkinton, Massachusetts
People from Laconia, New Hampshire
People from Mamaroneck, New York
New Haven, Connecticut
Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
Catholics from Massachusetts
Papal chamberlains
Knights of the Order of St. Sylvester
Knights of St. Gregory the Great
Knights of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Knights of Malta
Recipients of the Order of Leopold II |
5399281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venusian%20Lullaby | Venusian Lullaby | Venusian Lullaby is an original novel written by Paul Leonard and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the First Doctor, Ian and Barbara.
Synopsis
When the Doctor, Ian and Barbara arrive on Venus, they find an ancient civilization on the edge of extinction. Conflict brews between those who accept oblivion and those desperate for salvation. Then a space-traveling race arrives, offering to rescue the Venusians by transporting them to Earth, three billion years before man is due to evolve. But are the visitors' motivations that simple, and can the Doctor allow the sacrifice of humanity's future to save another species?
Trivia
The title refers to a favourite tune of the Third Doctor's, the "Venusian" words of which were first heard in The Dæmons, where the first line is said to mean "Close your eyes, my darling, (well, three of them at least)". The rough transliteration of the song follows ("h" in "haroon" is silent):
Klokleda partha menin klatch,
haroon haroon haroon,
Klokleda sheenah tierra natch,
haroon haroon haroon,
Haroon haroon haroon...
The words were put to music and sung by Jon Pertwee in both The Curse of Peladon and The Monster of Peladon, in actuality the tune of the Christmas carol "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen".
Sequel
By the Time I Get to Venus, or Recuerda by Blair Bidmead, a novella featuring the pulp character Señor 105 visiting the ancient Venus of Venusian Lullaby, was published in e-book form by Manleigh Books in 2012. The e-book's use of the novel's continuity was licensed by Paul Leonard.
References
External links
The Cloister Library - Venusian Lullaby
1994 British novels
1994 science fiction novels
Virgin Missing Adventures
First Doctor novels
British science fiction novels
Novels set on Venus
Novels by Paul Leonard |
5399286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAuley%20Schenker%20Group | McAuley Schenker Group | McAuley Schenker Group were an American rock band based in Los Angeles featuring core members Robin McAuley (vocals) and Michael Schenker (guitar), a successor (and eventual predecessor) to Schenker's earlier band Michael Schenker Group. McAuley was initially contacted to replace singer Gary Barden in MSG. However, the strong partnership immediately formed between McAuley and Schenker led to the change of the name from Michael Schenker Group to McAuley Schenker Group, retaining the same initials of the previous band MSG.
The band consisted of German, Irish, American, and British members and could be considered a supergroup as all members had solid musical careers; for example, guitarist Steve Mann has performed on albums by Tytan, Sweet, Saxon and alongside bassist Rocky Newton in Lionheart. Newton had previously fronted the short-lived late-1970s group The Next Band, which also featured one-time Def Leppard drummer Frank Noon. Guitarist Mitch Perry had replaced Yngwie Malmsteen in Steeler, played with Billy Sheehan in Talas and recorded an album with Australian hard rockers Heaven. Drummer Bodo Schopf had credits with among others Eloy and later joined Steve Mann in Sweet. They relocated to Los Angeles, trying to exploit the increasing popularity of hard rock and glam metal in the US. They released three studio albums, one EP and an acoustic live album before disbanding.
Their first album Perfect Timing was released in 1987, and included their first hit "Gimme Your Love". Two years later, Save Yourself was released, giving this incarnation of MSG its biggest hit with the power ballad "Anytime". M.S.G. followed in 1992 and "Unplugged" Live came out in 1993.
After the 1992 tour with a strictly acoustic set and the release of the unplugged live, in 1993 McAuley and Schenker went their separate ways, the first getting married and retiring from the music scene for a few years, the latter working on his first solo album and eventually reforming the Michael Schenker Group in 1996.
After a stint fronting Survivor, McAuley started cooperating with Schenker again, playing 26 shows across the US in February and March 2012.
Discography
Studio albums
Perfect Timing (1987)
Save Yourself (1989)
M.S.G. (1991)
Live albums
"Unplugged" Live (1992)
Extended plays
Nightmare: The Acoustic M.S.G. (1992)
References
External links
McAuley Schenker Group at Discogs
British glam metal musical groups
British hard rock musical groups
British heavy metal musical groups
German glam metal musical groups
German hard rock musical groups
German heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups disestablished in 1993 |
5399290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita%20Tate | Juanita Tate | Juanita Tate (1938 – July 5, 2004) was an American community activist who organized to address issues related to environmentalism, housing, and economic access for all residents in South Central Los Angeles. She is responsible for leading efforts to address housing and food disparities in South Central after the '92 riots. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and relocated to the city of Los Angeles in the early 1980s. After the 1992 Los Angeles riots, she and Robin Cannon helped to found Concerned Citizens of South Central LA.
Tate was a member of the City of Los Angeles's Environmental Action Commission from 2002 until her death from complications of a stroke.
There are plans for a school to be built named Juanita Tate Elementary School on land seized by the Los Angeles Unified School District from the Concerned Citizens of South Central LA.
There is a retail shopping center named for Juanita Tate, The Juanita Tate Marketplace. Opened in April 2014 in Southern Los Angeles, the retail shopping center built on a brownfield that was formerly a scrap yard and recycling center, commemorates her contribution to the community while she was a CCSCLA member. In April 2015 the marketplace was sold to private investors.
Honors
NAACP Legacy Award
Western Center for Law and Poverty Community Service Award
California Community Foundation Unsung Hero Award
California State Legislature Woman of the Year Award
See also
South Central Farm
Concerned Citizens of South Central LA
References
"Juanita Tate, Civil Rights Hero (1938-2004)", Center for Law in the Public Interest newsletter, 2004.
"Los Angeles Says Goodbye to Juanita Tate", An Environmental Affair, Volume 15, Issue 8, August 2004.
American environmentalists
American women environmentalists
American community activists
People from Los Angeles
Activists from Philadelphia
1938 births
2004 deaths
Activists from California
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
21st-century American women |
5399308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20J.%20Cone | John J. Cone | John J. Cone (born 1858 – January 1937) was the fourth Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus from 1898 to 1899 and Fire Commissioner of Jersey City, New Jersey.
Cone was a founding member of Jersey City Council #137 of the Knights of Columbus on November 3, 1895. In less than three years he was elected Supreme Knight after Supreme Knight Hayes died suddenly from complications from peritonitis.
Knights of Columbus
During Cone's time in charge, the Knights subscribed to war bonds in order to support the Spanish–American War. He also directed that soldiers and sailors were not to be disqualified from being insurance members. By the end of his time as Supreme Knight the order had reached as far west as the state of Minnesota.
Death
Cone died at his home in January 1937. He was 79 years old.
References
Catholics from New Jersey
Deputy Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus |
5399318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Medical%20Association | South African Medical Association | The South African Medical Association (SAMA) is a non-statutory, professional association for public- and private-sector medical practitioners in South Africa. Registered as a non-profit organisation it acts as a trade union for its public-sector members. It is affiliated with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).
Membership is voluntary, with some 70% of doctors in South Africa currently registered as members. The head office is situated in Pretoria, South Africa.
History
On 21 May 1998, the association was established from a merger between the Medical Association of South Africa, founded in 1927, and the Progressive Doctors' Group.
In 1999, it became affiliated with the National Medical Alliance, along with the South African Medical and Dental Practitioners, Society of Dispensing Family Practitioners, Family Practitioners Association, Dispensing Family Practitioners Association, and the Eastern Cape Medical Guild.
In 2022 its chairwoman, Dr Angelique Coetzee, stated in a radio interview that admission processes at medical schools are highly politicized, and that medical faculties implement race quotas. After she apologized for her statements and resigned as chairwoman, Dirk Hermann of Solidarity reiterated that race-based admission processes were explicitly included in admission policies, and stated that these were detrimental to white students and health care.
Business focus
Activities focus on the professional and business aspects of medical practice.
Mission
SAMA's mission statement is: "Empowering doctors to bring health to the nation."
Values:
Learning and adapting.
Building trust relationships.
Valuing diversity.
References
External links
SAMA – Official website
Congress of South African Trade Unions
Healthcare trade unions in South Africa
Trade unions in South Africa |
5399345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landulf%20VII%20of%20Capua | Landulf VII of Capua | Landulf VII (died 1007), also numbered Landulf IV or V (if Landulf I and II, who were not princes, are not counted), called Landolfo di Sant'Agata, was the prince of Capua from 1000 to his death. He was the second son of Landulf III of Benevento, who was only a co-ruler. Thus, he was easily removed from the succession on his father's death. His brother Pandulf eventually succeeded in becoming Prince of Benevento.
In 1000, the reigning prince of Capua, Adhemar, was overthrown. The brother of the reigning prince of Benevento was called in. Before he was elevated to princely status, he had been compensated with the county of Sant'Agata de' Goti, the site of a great fortress. Landulf ruled for seven years. He was succeeded by his young son Pandulf II and by his brother, who ruled Capua as regent and prince as Pandulf III.
Sources
Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: LXIII, Labroca–Laterza. Rome: 2004.
11th-century Lombard people
1007 deaths
Landulf 7
11th-century rulers in Europe
Year of birth unknown |
5399354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20Tornado | House Tornado | House Tornado is an album by the alternative rock band Throwing Muses. Produced by Gary Smith and engineered by Paul Q. Kolderie, it was recorded at Fort Apache Studios in Cambridge, MA. The album was released in 1988 internationally on the 4AD label, except in the United States, where it was released by Sire Records. Sire used a different album cover for its release, as the label was putting a strong promotional push behind the band, and label executives favored a picture of the band over the collage featured on the 4AD release.
The 4AD CD release also features six of the seven tracks from the band's 1987 EP The Fat Skier. (The seventh track was not deemed essential for CD release, as it was a re-issue of "Soul Soldier" from the band's debut album, followed by an ambient field recording of the band talking in a park.) The Sire release did not feature these six songs, and therefore these songs have never been released on CD in the US.
Track listing
All songs written by Kristin Hersh except "The River" and "Giant" written by Tanya Donelly
"Colder" – 3:19
"Mexican Women" – 2:46
"The River" – 3:57
"Juno" – 2:03
"Marriage Tree" – 3:00
"Run Letter" – 5:02
"Saving Grace" – 2:38
"Drive" – 3:25
"Downtown" – 4:03
"Giant" – 3:53
"Walking in the Dark" – 4:39
Additional songs on the 4AD release. All songs written by Kristin Hersh except "Pools in Eyes" written by Tanya Donelly
<li> "Garoux des larmes" – 2:37
<li> "Pools in Eyes" – 3:20
<li> "A Feeling" – 3:09
<li> "Soap and Water" – 2:26
<li> "And a She-Wolf After the War" – 3:31
<li> "You Cage" – 1:41
Personnel
Throwing Muses
Kristin Hersh - guitars, vocals, piano
Tanya Donelly - guitars, vocals, percussion
Leslie Langston - bass, backing vocals, percussion
David Narcizo - drums, backing vocals, percussion
References
1988 albums
Throwing Muses albums
Albums produced by Gary Smith (record producer)
Sire Records albums
4AD albums |
5399356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Bucephalus | The Crystal Bucephalus | The Crystal Bucephalus is an original novel written by Craig Hinton and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Fifth Doctor, Tegan, Turlough and Kamelion.
Plot
The Crystal Bucephalus is a future restaurant patronised by the highest of society, projected back in time to sample the food and drink of long gone eras. However, when a notorious kingpin is slain in the Bucephalus, the Doctor, Tegan and Turlough are immediately suspected and arrested. In order to prove their innocence, they must find the real perpetrators, and in the process uncover a conspiracy 5000 years in the making.
External links
The Cloister Library - The Crystal Bucephalus
1994 British novels
1994 science fiction novels
Virgin Missing Adventures
Fifth Doctor novels
Novels by Craig Hinton |