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https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Muhlenberg_College/MC%3A_Physics_121_-_General_Physics_I/03%3A_Vectors/3.02%3A_Scalars_and_Vectors_(Part_1) | $$\require{cancel}$$
# 3.2: Scalars and Vectors (Part 1)
Learning Objectives
• Describe the difference between vector and scalar quantities.
• Identify the magnitude and direction of a vector.
• Explain the effect of multiplying a vector quantity by a scalar.
• Describe how one-dimensional vector quantities are added or subtracted.
• Explain the geometric construction for the addition or subtraction of vectors in a plane.
• Distinguish between a vector equation and a scalar equation.
Many familiar physical quantities can be specified completely by giving a single number and the appropriate unit. For example, “a class period lasts 50 min” or “the gas tank in my car holds 65 L” or “the distance between two posts is 100 m.” A physical quantity that can be specified completely in this manner is called a scalar quantity. Scalar is a synonym of “number.” Time, mass, distance, length, volume, temperature, and energy are examples of scalar quantities.
Scalar quantities that have the same physical units can be added or subtracted according to the usual rules of algebra for numbers. For example, a class ending 10 min earlier than 50 min lasts 50 min − 10 min = 40 min. Similarly, a 60-cal serving of corn followed by a 200-cal serving of donuts gives 60 cal + 200 cal = 260 cal of energy. When we multiply a scalar quantity by a number, we obtain the same scalar quantity but with a larger (or smaller) value. For example, if yesterday’s breakfast had 200 cal of energy and today’s breakfast has four times as much energy as it had yesterday, then today’s breakfast has 4(200 cal) = 800 cal of energy. Two scalar quantities can also be multiplied or divided by each other to form a derived scalar quantity. For example, if a train covers a distance of 100 km in 1.0 h, its speed is 100.0 km/1.0 h = 27.8 m/s, where the speed is a derived scalar quantity obtained by dividing distance by time.
Many physical quantities, however, cannot be described completely by just a single number of physical units. For example, when the U.S. Coast Guard dispatches a ship or a helicopter for a rescue mission, the rescue team must know not only the distance to the distress signal, but also the direction from which the signal is coming so they can get to its origin as quickly as possible. Physical quantities specified completely by giving a number of units (magnitude) and a direction are called vector quantities. Examples of vector quantities include displacement, velocity, position, force, and torque. In the language of mathematics, physical vector quantities are represented by mathematical objects called vectors (Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$). We can add or subtract two vectors, and we can multiply a vector by a scalar or by another vector, but we cannot divide by a vector. The operation of division by a vector is not defined.
Let’s examine vector algebra using a graphical method to be aware of basic terms and to develop a qualitative understanding. In practice, however, when it comes to solving physics problems, we use analytical methods, which we’ll see in the next section. Analytical methods are more simple computationally and more accurate than graphical methods. From now on, to distinguish between a vector and a scalar quantity, we adopt the common convention that a letter in bold type with an arrow above it denotes a vector, and a letter without an arrow denotes a scalar. For example, a distance of 2.0 km, which is a scalar quantity, is denoted by d = 2.0 km, whereas a displacement of 2.0 km in some direction, which is a vector quantity, is denoted by $$\vec{d}$$.
Suppose you tell a friend on a camping trip that you have discovered a terrific fishing hole 6 km from your tent. It is unlikely your friend would be able to find the hole easily unless you also communicate the direction in which it can be found with respect to your campsite. You may say, for example, “Walk about 6 km northeast from my tent.” The key concept here is that you have to give not one but two pieces of information—namely, the distance or magnitude (6 km) and the direction (northeast).
Displacement is a general term used to describe a change in position, such as during a trip from the tent to the fishing hole. Displacement is an example of a vector quantity. If you walk from the tent (location A) to the hole (location B), as shown in Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$, the vector $$\vec{D}$$, representing your displacement, is drawn as the arrow that originates at point A and ends at point B. The arrowhead marks the end of the vector. The direction of the displacement vector $$\vec{D}$$ is the direction of the arrow. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude D of vector $$\vec{D}$$. Here, D = 6 km. Since the magnitude of a vector is its length, which is a positive number, the magnitude is also indicated by placing the absolute value notation around the symbol that denotes the vector; so, we can write equivalently that D ≡ |$$\vec{D}$$|. To solve a vector problem graphically, we need to draw the vector $$\vec{D}$$ to scale. For example, if we assume 1 unit of distance (1 km) is represented in the drawing by a line segment of length u = 2 cm, then the total displacement in this example is represented by a vector of length d = 6u = 6(2 cm) = 12 cm , as shown in Figure $$\PageIndex{3}$$. Notice that here, to avoid confusion, we used D = 6 km to denote the magnitude of the actual displacement and d = 12 cm to denote the length of its representation in the drawing.
Suppose your friend walks from the campsite at A to the fishing pond at B and then walks back: from the fishing pond at B to the campsite at A. The magnitude of the displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ from A to B is the same as the magnitude of the displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{BA}$$ from B to A (it equals 6 km in both cases), so we can write $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ = $$\vec{D}_{BA}$$. However, vector $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ is not equal to vector $$\vec{D}_{BA}$$ because these two vectors have different directions: $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ ≠ $$\vec{D}_{BA}$$. In Figure 2.3, vector $$\vec{D}_{BA}$$ would be represented by a vector with an origin at point B and an end at point A, indicating vector $$\vec{D}_{BA}$$ points to the southwest, which is exactly 180° opposite to the direction of vector $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$. We say that vector $$\vec{D}_{BA}$$ is antiparallel to vector $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ and write $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ = $$-\vec{D}_{BA}$$, where the minus sign indicates the antiparallel direction.
Two vectors that have identical directions are said to be parallel vectors—meaning, they are parallel to each other. Two parallel vectors $$\vec{A}$$ and $$\vec{B}$$ are equal, denoted by $$\vec{A}$$ = $$\vec{B}$$, if and only if they have equal magnitudes |$$\vec{A}$$| = |$$\vec{B}$$|. Two vectors with directions perpendicular to each other are said to be orthogonal vectors. These relations between vectors are illustrated in Figure $$\PageIndex{4}$$.
Exercise 2.1
Two motorboats named Alice and Bob are moving on a lake. Given the information about their velocity vectors in each of the following situations, indicate whether their velocity vectors are equal or otherwise.
1. Alice moves north at 6 knots and Bob moves west at 6 knots.
2. Alice moves west at 6 knots and Bob moves west at 3 knots.
3. Alice moves northeast at 6 knots and Bob moves south at 3 knots.
4. Alice moves northeast at 6 knots and Bob moves southwest at 6 knots.
5. Alice moves northeast at 2 knots and Bob moves closer to the shore northeast at 2 knots.
## Algebra of Vectors in One Dimension
Vectors can be multiplied by scalars, added to other vectors, or subtracted from other vectors. We can illustrate these vector concepts using an example of the fishing trip seen in Figure $$\PageIndex{5}$$.
Suppose your friend departs from point A (the campsite) and walks in the direction to point B (the fishing pond), but, along the way, stops to rest at some point C located three-quarters of the distance between A and B, beginning from point A (Figure $$\PageIndex{5a}$$). What is his displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{AC}$$ when he reaches point C? We know that if he walks all the way to B, his displacement vector relative to A is $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$, which has magnitude DAB = 6 km and a direction of northeast. If he walks only a 0.75 fraction of the total distance, maintaining the northeasterly direction, at point C he must be 0.75 DAB = 4.5 km away from the campsite at A. So, his displacement vector at the rest point C has magnitude DAC = 4.5 km = 0.75 DAB and is parallel to the displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$. All of this can be stated succinctly in the form of the following vector equation:
$\vec{D}_{AC} = 0.75\; \vec{D}_{AB} \ldotp \nonumber$
In a vector equation, both sides of the equation are vectors. The previous equation is an example of a vector multiplied by a positive scalar (number) $$\alpha$$ = 0.75. The result, $$\vec{D}_{AC}$$, of such a multiplication is a new vector with a direction parallel to the direction of the original vector $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$. In general, when a vector $$\vec{D}_{A}$$ is multiplied by a positive scalar $$\alpha$$, the result is a new vector $$\vec{D}_{B}$$ that is parallel to $$\vec{D}_{A}$$:
$\vec{B} = \alpha \vec{A} \label{2.1}$
The magnitude |$$\vec{B}$$| of this new vector is obtained by multiplying the magnitude |$$\vec{A}$$| of the original vector, as expressed by the scalar equation:
$B = | \alpha | A \ldotp \label{2.2}$
In a scalar equation, both sides of the equation are numbers. Equation \ref{2.2} is a scalar equation because the magnitudes of vectors are scalar quantities (and positive numbers). If the scalar $$\alpha$$ is negative in the vector equation Equation \ref{2.1}, then the magnitude |$$\vec{B}$$| of the new vector is still given by Equation \ref{2.2}, but the direction of the new vector $$\vec{B}$$ is antiparallel to the direction of $$\vec{A}$$. These principles are illustrated in Figure $$\PageIndex{6a}$$ by two examples where the length of vector $$\vec{A}$$ is 1.5 units. When $$\alpha$$ = 2, the new vector $$\vec{B}$$ = 2$$\vec{A}$$ has length B = 2A = 3.0 units (twice as long as the original vector) and is parallel to the original vector. When $$\alpha$$ = −2, the new vector $$\vec{C}$$ = −2$$\vec{A}$$ has length C = |−2| A = 3.0 units (twice as long as the original vector) and is antiparallel to the original vector.
Now suppose your fishing buddy departs from point A (the campsite), walking in the direction to point B (the fishing hole), but he realizes he lost his tackle box when he stopped to rest at point C (located three-quarters of the distance between A and B, beginning from point A). So, he turns back and retraces his steps in the direction toward the campsite and finds the box lying on the path at some point D only 1.2 km away from point C (see Figure $$\PageIndex{5b}$$). What is his displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{AD}$$ when he finds the box at point D? What is his displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{DB}$$ from point D to the hole? We have already established that at rest point C his displacement vector is $$\vec{D}_{AC}$$ = 0.75 $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$. Starting at point C, he walks southwest (toward the campsite), which means his new displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{CD}$$ from point C to point D is antiparallel to $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$. Its magnitude |$$\vec{D}_{CD}$$| is DCD = 1.2 km = 0.2 DAB, so his second displacement vector is $$\vec{D}_{CD}$$ = −0.2 $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$. His total displacement $$\vec{D}_{AD}$$ relative to the campsite is the vector sum of the two displacement vectors: vector $$\vec{D}_{AC}$$ (from the campsite to the rest point) and vector $$\vec{D}_{CD}$$ (from the rest point to the point where he finds his box):
$\vec{D}_{AD} = \vec{D}_{AC} + \vec{D}_{CD} \ldotp \label{2.3}$
The vector sum of two (or more vectors is called the resultant vector or, for short, the resultant. When the vectors on the right-hand-side of Equation \ref{2.3} are known, we can find the resultant $$\vec{D}_{AD}$$ as follows:
$\vec{D}_{AD} = \vec{D}_{AC} + \vec{D}_{CD} = 0.75\; \vec{D}_{AB} - 0.2\; \vec{D}_{AB} = (0.75 - 0.2) \vec{D}_{AB} = 0.55 \vec{D}_{AB} \ldotp \label{2.4}$
When your friend finally reaches the pond at B, his displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ from point A is the vector sum of his displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{AD}$$ from point A to point D and his displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{DB}$$ from point D to the fishing hole: $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ = $$\vec{D}_{AD}$$ + $$\vec{D}_{DB}$$ (see Figure $$\PageIndex{5c}$$). This means his displacement vector $$\vec{D}_{DB}$$ is the difference of two vectors:
$\vec{D}_{DB} = \vec{D}_{AB} − \vec{D}_{AD} = \vec{D}_{AB} + (− \vec{D}_{AD}) \ldotp \label{2.5}$
Notice that a difference of two vectors is nothing more than a vector sum of two vectors because the second term in Equation \ref{2.5} is vector $$- \vec{D}_{AD}$$ (which is antiparallel to $$\vec{D}_{AD}$$). When we substitute Equation \ref{2.4} into Equation \ref{2.5}, we obtain the second displacement vector:
$\vec{D}_{DB} = \vec{D}_{AB} − \vec{D}_{AD} = \vec{D}_{AB} − 0.55\; \vec{D}_{AB} = (1.0 − 0.55)\; \vec{D}_{AB} = 0.45\; \vec{D}_{AB} \ldotp \label{2.6}$
This result means your friend walked DDB = 0.45 DAB = 0.45(6.0 km) = 2.7 km from the point where he finds his tackle box to the fishing hole.
When vectors $$\vec{A}$$ and $$\vec{B}$$ lie along a line (that is, in one dimension), such as in the camping example, their resultant $$\vec{R}$$ = $$\vec{A}$$ + $$\vec{B}$$ and their difference $$\vec{D}$$ = $$\vec{A}$$ − $$\vec{B}$$ both lie along the same direction. We can illustrate the addition or subtraction of vectors by drawing the corresponding vectors to scale in one dimension, as shown in Figure $$\PageIndex{6}$$.
To illustrate the resultant when $$\vec{A}$$ and $$\vec{B}$$ are two parallel vectors, we draw them along one line by placing the origin of one vector at the end of the other vector in head-to-tail fashion (see Figure $$\PageIndex{6b}$$). The magnitude of this resultant is the sum of their magnitudes: R = A + B. The direction of the resultant is parallel to both vectors. When vector $$\vec{A}$$ is antiparallel to vector $$\vec{B}$$, we draw them along one line in either head-to-head fashion (Figure (\PageIndex{6c}\)) or tail-to-tail fashion. The magnitude of the vector difference, then, is the absolute value D = |A − B| of the difference of their magnitudes. The direction of the difference vector $$\vec{D}$$ is parallel to the direction of the longer vector.
In general, in one dimension—as well as in higher dimensions, such as in a plane or in space—we can add any number of vectors and we can do so in any order because the addition of vectors is commutative,
$\vec{A} + \vec{B} = \vec{B} + \vec{A} \ldotp \label{2.7}$
and associative,
$(\vec{A} + \vec{B}) + \vec{C} = \vec{A} + (\vec{B} + \vec{C}) \ldotp \label{2.8}$
Moreover, multiplication by a scalar is distributive:
$\alpha_{1} \vec{A} + \alpha_{2} \vec{A} = (\alpha_{1} + \alpha_{2}) \vec{A} \ldotp \label{2.9}$
We used the distributive property in Equation \ref{2.4} and Equation \ref{2.6}.
When adding many vectors in one dimension, it is convenient to use the concept of a unit vector. A unit vector, which is denoted by a letter symbol with a hat, such as $$\hat{u}$$, has a magnitude of one and does not have any physical unit so that |$$\hat{u}$$| ≡ u = 1. The only role of a unit vector is to specify direction. For example, instead of saying vector $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ has a magnitude of 6.0 km and a direction of northeast, we can introduce a unit vector $$\hat{u}$$ that points to the northeast and say succinctly that $$\vec{D}_{AB}$$ = (6.0 km) $$\hat{u}$$. Then the southwesterly direction is simply given by the unit vector$$- \hat{u}$$. In this way, the displacement of 6.0 km in the southwesterly direction is expressed by the vector
$\vec{D}_{BA} = (−6.0\; km)\; \hat{u} \ldotp \nonumber$
## Contributors and Attributions
• Samuel J. Ling (Truman State University), Jeff Sanny (Loyola Marymount University), and Bill Moebs with many contributing authors. This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0). | 2021-05-12T05:53:37 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8217579126358032, "perplexity": 369.31981359204116}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512035557-20210512065557-00486.warc.gz"} |
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https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-1955-eruption-first-lower-puna-1840 | # Volcano Watch — The 1955 eruption: the first in lower Puna since 1840
Release Date:
Tomorrow, February 28, marks the 45th anniversary of the start of the 1955 eruption on Kīlauea's lower east rift zone. This was the first eruption of Kīlauea in an inhabited area (lower Puna) since 1840, and the first on the east rift zone since a small eruption near Makaopuhi Crater in 1923.
Tomorrow, February 28, marks the 45th anniversary of the start of the 1955 eruption on Kīlauea's lower east rift zone. This was the first eruption of Kīlauea in an inhabited area (lower Puna) since 1840, and the first on the east rift zone since a small eruption near Makaopuhi Crater in 1923.
Kīlauea had been essentially hibernating since the collapse of Halemaumau in 1924. Only seven tiny outbreaks occurred in Halemaumau over the next ten years, and then total quiet reigned until 1952. A 136-day eruption in Halemaumau in summer 1952, and a three-day eruption there and on the adjacent caldera floor in May-June 1954, showed that Kīlauea was awakening, and the 1955 eruption was the clincher. Since then, Kīlauea has erupted in 36 of the 45 years, continuously in the last 18.
The 1955 eruption was preceded by increasing seismicity in lower Puna, as recorded by the one seismometer in the area, in Pahoa. From two earthquakes per day in November 1954, the daily number increased to 15 between February 1 and 23. Thereafter many earthquakes were felt at Nanawale Ranch, and the daily number of instrumentally recorded earthquakes jumped to 600 on February 26 and 700 on the 27th. Some of the felt earthquakes had sounds like explosions, and others shook as if a big truck was passing by.
The eruption began at about 8 a.m., when field workers of Olaa Sugar Company and residents of Opihikao village saw fume just southwest of Puu Honuaula. Over the next three days, fissures opened successively downrift from Honuaula, past Puu Kii, to just east of Halekamahina, a distance of 4.5 km (2.8 miles). The vents near Puu Kii erupted a large lava flow that nearly reached the coastline south of Kapoho Beachlots before stagnating on March 7. This flow cut both the Pahoa-Kapoho road and the coastal road south of Kapoho Crater. The Pahoa-Pohoiki road was cut in one place by a flow from the first vent.
On March 3, a new crack opened at the west edge of Kapoho village and quickly extended through the center of town. Lava erupted from it just west of Kapoho but not in the village itself. The crack was along the Kapoho fault, which played an important role in the eruption five years later that destroyed the town.
By March 7 the eruption had stopped, but HVO scientists noted a new swarm of earthquakes, increasing in intensity, coming from the east rift zone on either side of the Pahoa-Kalapana road, 7 km (4 miles) uprift from Honuaula. Police patrolled the roads, and the National Guard made regular aerial reconnaissance. Residents of Kamaili were evacuated because of the danger of lava speeding rapidly down the steep slope farther northwest. Kalapana and Opihikao were also evacuated, because all escape routes to Pahoa were already cut off (roads to Pohoiki) or threatened (road to Kalapana).
Police reported cracks opening on the Pahoa-Kalapana road on the morning of March 12, and lava began to erupt late that afternoon just southeast of Puu Kaliu. From then until March 19, eight new vents opened along the rift zone for 7 km (4 miles) uprift, nearly to Heiheiahulu. The opening was not regular, as with a zipper; instead, the appearance of new vents jumped up and down the rift zone.
A vent between Puu Kaliu and Kamaili fed the Kaueleau lava flow that entered the ocean between Kehena and Opihikao. Several vents upslope from the Pahoa-Kalapana road sent lava into a large flow with two tongues, the Kehena and Keekee flows, that entered the sea at, and just east of, Kehena. In all, 24 main vent areas were active at one time or another during the 88 days of eruption, which ended rather abruptly on May 26.
Next week's column concludes the story of the 1955 eruption with discussions of ground deformation in Puna, Kīlauea's summit deflation, and the societal impacts of an eruption in a populated area.
### Volcano Activity Update
A swarm of earthquakes on February 23 outlined an intrusion of magma into the upper east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano. The earthquakes started at 1:42 p.m., intensified in frequency and magnitude for several hours, then slowly waned through the night. Electronic tiltmeters recorded a deflation of the summit region and an inflation of the rift zone near Pauahi Crater. The intrusion had minimal effects on the eruption at Puu Oo. Lava continues to flow through a system of tubes toward the coast, but numerous breakouts from the Laeapuki tube system on Pulama pali has reduced the volume of lava reaching the coast. The flow entering the ocean at Laeapuki was weak and intermittent. The eastern flow located near Waha`ula continues to fill the low areas mauka of the shoreline and is also inflating earlier active flows. There is a major breakout on Pulama pali from the tube system of this eastern flow. The public is reminded that the ocean-entry areas are extremely hazardous, with explosions accompanying unpredictable collapses of the new land. The active lava flows are hot and have places with very thin crust. The steam clouds are highly acidic and laced with glass particles.
Residents of Kona and Hawaiian Ocean View Estates felt an earthquake at 1:14 p.m. on Wednesday, February 23. The magnitude-3.5 temblor was located 2 km (1.2 miles) east of Honaunau at a depth of 15.12 km (9.1 miles). Many of the shallow earthquakes associated with the intrusion into the upper east rift zone of Kīlauea were felt by people in the area. The largest earthquake of the swarm at 2:06 p.m. on February 23 was felt throughout the Volcano community and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The magnitude-4.0 temblor was located 7 km (4.2 miles) southeast of the summit of Kīlauea at a depth of 2.34 km (1.4 miles). | 2020-07-14T13:45:31 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21063300967216492, "perplexity": 7702.970823008112}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655880665.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714114524-20200714144524-00136.warc.gz"} |
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if (name == "squirrel")
doStuff();
else
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doSomething();
// space around assignment operator
Real foo = 5.0;
switch (stuff) // space after the control keyword "switch"
{
// Indent case statements
case 2:
junk = 4;
break;
case 3:
{ // Only use curly braces if you have a declaration in your case statement
int bar = 9;
junk = bar;
break;
}
default:
junk = 8;
}
while (--foo) // space after the control keyword "while"
std::cout << "Count down " << foo;
}
// (short) function definitions on a single line
SomeClass::SomeFunc() {}
// Constructor initialization lists can all be on the same line.
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// Four-space indent and one item per line for long (i.e. won't fit on one line) initialization list.
SomeOtherClass::SomeOtherClass()
: member_a(2),
member_b(3),
member_c(4),
member_d(5),
member_e(6),
member_f(7),
member_g(8),
member_h(9)
{ // braces on separate lines since func def is already longer than 1 line
}
} // namespace moose
# Using auto
Use auto for most new code unless it complicates readability. Make sure your variables have good names when using auto!
auto dof = elem->dof_number(0, 0, 0);
auto & obj = getSomeObject();
auto & elem_it = mesh.active_local_elements_begin();
auto & item_pair = map.find(some_item);
// Cannot use reference here
for (auto it = obj.begin(); it != obj.end(); ++it)
doSomething();
// Use reference here
for (auto & obj : container)
doSomething();
Do not use auto in any kind of function or method declaration
# Lambdas
// List captured variables (by value or reference) in the capture list explicitly where possible.
std::for_each(container.begin(), container.end(), [= local_var](Foo & foo) {
foo.item = local_var;
foo.item2 = local_var2;
});
# Other C++11 Notes
• Use the override keyword on overridden virtual methods
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• Make use of std::move() for efficiency when possible
# Variable Initialization
When creating a new variable use these patterns:
unsigned int i = 4; // Built-in types
SomeObject junk(17); // Objects
SomeObject * stuff = new SomeObject(18); // Pointers
# Trailing Whitespace and Tabs
MOOSE currently does not allow any trailing whitespace or tabs in the repository. If you are using our standard Emacs file this shouldn't be a problem. However, if you still end up with trailing whitespace that needs to be removed before a check-in. Try running the following one-liner from the appropriate directory:
find . -name '*.[Chi]' -or -name '*.py' | xargs perl -pli -e 's/\s+\$//'
# Includes
Firstly, only include things that are absolutely necessary in header files. Please use forward declarations when you can:
// Forward declarations
class Something;
All non-system includes should use quotes. There is a space between include and the filename.
#include "LocalInclude.h"
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#include <system_library>
# Documentation
• Try to document as much as possible.
• We suggest using the Doxymacs plugin to help with documenting.
• Use C-c d f before a function/class to auto generate a comment template
/**
* The Kernel class is responsible for calculating the residuals for various
* physics.
*
*/
class Kernel
{
public:
/**
* This constructor should be used most often. It initializes all internal
* references needed for residual computation.
*
* @param system The system this variable is in
* @param var_name The variable this Kernel is going to compute a residual for.
*/
Kernel(System * system, std::string var_name);
/**
* This function is used to get stuff based on junk.
*
* @param junk The index of the stuff you want to get
* @return The stuff associated with the junk you passed in
*/
int returnStuff(int junk);
protected:
/// This is the stuff this class holds on to.
std::vector<int> stuff;
};
# Python
Where possible, follow the above rules for Python. The only modifications are:
1. Four spaces are used for indenting and
2. Member variables should be names as follows:
class MyClass:
def __init__(self):
self.public_member
self._protected_member
self.__private_member
# Code Commandments
• Use references instead of pointers whenever possible
• i.e., this object lives for a shorter period of time than the object it needs to refer to does
• Methods should return pointers to objects if returned objects are stored as pointers and references if returned objects are stored as references
• When creating a new class:
• Include dependent header files in the *.C file whenever possible (i.e. the header uses only references or pointers in it's various declarations) and use forward declarations in the header file as needed
• One exception is when doing so would require end users to include multiple files to complete definitions of child objects (Errors typically show up as "incomplete class" or something similar during compilation)
• Avoid using a global variable when possible.
• Every destructor must be virtual.
• All function definitions should be in *.C files.
• The only exceptions are for inline functions for speed and templates.
• Thou shall not commit accidental insertion in a std::map by using brackets in a RHS operator unless he/she can prove it can't fail. | 2018-12-13T06:22:05 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3396860361099243, "perplexity": 10446.59121185486}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824525.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213054204-20181213075704-00630.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/350/212/ | Volume 350 - 7th Annual Conference on Large Hadron Collider Physics (LHCP2019) - Parallel QCD
Measurements of jet fragmentation and jet substructure with ALICE
M. Fasel* on behalf of the ALICE collaboration
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: September 09, 2019
Published on: December 04, 2019
Abstract
We discuss the latest results from jet fragmentation
and jet substructure measurements performed with the ALICE experiment in
proton-proton and heavy-ion collisions in a wide range of jet transverse
momentum. The jet production cross sections and cross section
ratios for different jet resolution parameters will be shown in
a wide range of $p_{\textrm{T}}$. Results will be compared to
next-to-leading order pQCD calculations.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.350.0212
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2022-05-26T10:57:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22553060948848724, "perplexity": 5885.44745837465}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662604794.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526100301-20220526130301-00436.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S067SBT | # Total Flux of Active ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrinos INSPIRE search
Total flux of active neutrinos (${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$, ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$, and ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\tau}}}$).
VALUE ($10^{6}$ cm${}^{-2}$s${}^{-1}$) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$5.25$ $\pm0.16$ ${}^{+0.11}_{-0.13}$ 1
2013
SNO All three phases combined
$5.046$ ${}^{+0.159}_{-0.152}$ ${}^{+0.107}_{-0.123}$ 2
2010
SNO From ${{\mathit \phi}_{{NC}}}$ in Phase I+II, low threshold
$5.54$ ${}^{+0.33}_{-0.31}$ ${}^{+0.36}_{-0.34}$ 3
2008
SNO $\phi _{NC}$ in Phase III
$4.94$ $\pm0.21$ ${}^{+0.38}_{-0.34}$ 4
2005 A
SNO From ${{\mathit \phi}_{{NC}}}$; ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ shape not const.
$4.81$ $\pm0.19$ ${}^{+0.28}_{-0.27}$ 4
2005 A
SNO From ${{\mathit \phi}_{{NC}}}$; ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ shape constrained
$5.09$ ${}^{+0.44}_{-0.43}$ ${}^{+0.46}_{-0.43}$ 5
2002
SNO Direct measurement from ${{\mathit \phi}}_{\mathit NC}$
$5.44$ $\pm0.99$ 6
2001
Derived from SNO+SuperKam, water Cherenkov
1 AHARMIM 2013 obtained this result from a combined analysis of the data from all three phases, SNO-I, II, and III. The measurement of the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ flux mostly comes from the NC signal, however, CC contribution is included in the fit.
2 AHARMIM 2010 reports this result from a joint analysis of SNO Phase I+II data with the "effective electron kinetic energy" threshold of 3.5 MeV. This result is obtained with the assumption of unitarity, which relates the NC, CC, and ES rates. The data were fit with the free parameters directly describing the total ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ neutrino flux and the energy-dependent ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$ survival probability.
3 AHARMIM 2008 reports the results from SNO Phase III measurement using an array of ${}^{3}\mathrm {He}$ proportional counters to measure the rate of NC interactions in heavy water, over the period between November 27, 2004 and November 28, 2006, corresponding to 385.17 live days. A simultaneous fit was made for the number of NC events detected by the proportional counters and the numbers of NC, CC, and ES events detected by the PMTs, where the spectral distributions of the ES and CC events were not constrained to the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ shape.
4 AHARMIM 2005A measurements were made with dissolved NaCl (0.195$\%$ by weight) in heavy water over the period between July 26, 2001 and August 28, 2003, corresponding to 391.4 live days, and update AHMED 2004A. The CC, ES, and NC events were statistically separated. In one method, the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ energy spectrum was not constrained. In the other method, the constraint of an undistorted ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ energy spectrum was added for comparison with AHMAD 2002 results.
5 AHMAD 2002 determined the total flux of active ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar neutrinos by directly measuring the neutral-current reaction, ${{\mathit \nu}_{{{{\mathit \ell}}}}}$ ${{\mathit d}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit n}}{{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{{{\mathit \ell}}}}}$ , which is equally sensitive to ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$, ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$, and ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\tau}}}$. The complete description of the SNO Phase I data set is given in AHARMIM 2007 .
6 AHMAD 2001 deduced the total flux of active ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ solar neutrinos by combining the SNO charged-current result (AHMAD 2001 ) and the Super-Kamiokande ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit e}}$ elastic-scattering result (FUKUDA 2001 ).
References:
AHARMIM 2013
PR C88 025501 Combined Analysis of all Three Phases of Solar Neutrino Data from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
AHARMIM 2010
PR C81 055504 Low-Energy-Threshold Analysis of the Phase I and Phase II Data Sets of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
AHARMIM 2008
PRL 101 111301 Independent Measurement of the Total Active ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrino Flux Using an Array of ${}^{3}\mathrm {He}$ Proportional Counters at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
AHARMIM 2005A
PR C72 055502 Search for Periodicities in the ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrino Flux Measured by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
PRL 87 071301 Measurement of Charged Current Interactions Produced by ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrinos at the SUDBURY Neutrino Observatory
PRL 92 181301 Measurement of the Total Active ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrino Flux at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with Enhanced Neutral Current Sensitivity
PRL 86 5651 Solar ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ and HEP Neutrino Measurements from 1258 Days of Super-Kamiokande Data
PR C75 045502 Determination of the ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$ and Total ${}^{8}\mathrm {B}$ Solar Neutrino Fluxes using the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Phase I Data Set | 2019-01-18T16:23:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7225661277770996, "perplexity": 3111.3579824220783}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660175.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118151716-20190118173716-00433.warc.gz"} |
http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cs/R-12?code=se:62_11&pointInTime=20201022 | ### R-12 - Act respecting the Civil Service Superannuation Plan
62.11. For the purposes of section 62.5, the annualization of salaries for the years of service subsequent to 2009 are obtained,
(1) when computing the average pensionable salary referred to in subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph of section 62.4, by dividing the aggregate of the adjusted pensionable salary for such a year and the lump sum attributed to that year under section 62.24 by the harmonized service for the year; and
(2) when computing the average pensionable salary referred to in subparagraph 2 of the first paragraph of section 62.4, by dividing the aggregate of the adjusted pensionable salary for such a year and the lump sum attributed to that year under section 62.24 by the harmonized service for the year. The limit imposed by the first paragraph of section 62.1 applies to the result obtained for each year.
2008, c. 25, s. 71. | 2020-11-28T23:31:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8790371417999268, "perplexity": 1802.735163625136}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195929.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128214643-20201129004643-00308.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aiosifescu.marius | # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Iosifescu, Marius
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: iosifescu.marius Published as: Iosifescu, M.; Iosifescu, Marius Homepage: http://www.acad.ro/pag_cv/cv_miosifescu.htm External Links: MGP · Math-Net.Ru · Wikidata · GND
Documents Indexed: 134 Publications since 1956, including 22 Books Reviewing Activity: 684 Reviews Biographic References: 1 Publication
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
80 single-authored 16 Theodorescu, Radu 5 Herkenrath, Ulrich 5 Kraaikamp, Cor 4 Grigorescu, Serban 4 Tautu, Petre 3 Bereanu, Bernard 3 Beznea, Lucian 3 Brînzănescu, Vasile 3 Marcus, Solomon 3 Rudolph, Andreas 3 Sebe, Gabriela Ileana 3 Timotin, Dan 2 Ciucu, George 2 Limnios, Nikolaos 2 Oprişan, Gheorghe 2 Postelnicu, Tiberiu 2 Purice, Radu 1 Calude, Cristian S. 1 Cioranescu, Doina 1 Demetrescu, M. C. 1 Deshouillers, Jean-Marc 1 Duhamel, Christian 1 Ene, Horia I. 1 Iordache, Octavian 1 Kalpazidou, Sofia 1 Mandl, Petr 1 Marinoschi, Gabriela 1 Mihaileanu, N. N. 1 Mihoc, Gheorghe 1 Onicescu, Octav 1 Popescu, Gheorghe 1 Rădulescu, Vicenţiu D. 1 Sofonea, Mircea 1 Spătaru, Aurel 1 Theordorescu, R. 1 Todor, I.
all top 5
#### Serials
19 Revue Roumaine de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 8 Comunicările Academiei Republicii Populare Române 7 Académie de la République Populaire Roumaine, Revue de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 5 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 4 Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 4 Mathematical Reports 4 Proceedings of the Romanian Academy. Series A: Mathematics, Physics, Technical Sciences, Information Science 3 Studii şi Cercetări Matematice 2 Teoriya Veroyatnosteĭ i eë Primeneniya 2 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 2 Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Seria Matematică Informatică 2 Gazeta Matematica şi Fizica. Seria A 2 Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 2 Annals of Mathematical Statistics 1 Ukraïns’kyĭ Matematychnyĭ Zhurnal 1 Theory of Probability and its Applications 1 Bulletin Mathématique de la Société des Sciences Mathématiques de la République Socialiste de Roumanie. Nouvelle Série 1 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 1 Journal of Applied Probability 1 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 1 Osaka Journal of Mathematics 1 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 1 Gazeta Matematica. Perfectionare Metodica si Metodologica in Matematica si Informatica 1 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Serie Ottava. Rendiconti. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali 1 Doklady Bolgarskoĭ Akademii Nauk 1 Gazeta Matematică 1 Revue d’Analyse Numérique et de Théorie de l’Approximation 1 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 1 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Série A 1 Bulletin Mathématique de la Société des Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques de la République Populaire Roumaine. Nouvelle Série 1 Bulletin Société Mathématique de Grèce. Nouvelle Série 1 Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 1 Academia Republicii Populare Romine, Filiala Iaşi, Studii şi Cercetări Ştiinţifice, Matematică 1 Mathematica 1 Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics 1 Collection Méthodes Stochastiques Appliquées
all top 5
#### Fields
63 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 31 Number theory (11-XX) 9 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 6 Measure and integration (28-XX) 6 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 5 History and biography (01-XX) 4 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 3 Statistics (62-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 2 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Computer science (68-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
50 Publications have been cited 459 times in 386 Documents Cited by Year
Random processes and learning. Zbl 0194.51101
Iosifescu, Marius; Theodorescu, Radu
1969
Finite Markov processes and their applications. Rev. and exp. ed. Translated from the Roumanian. Zbl 0436.60001
Iosifescu, Marius
1980
Metrical theory of continued fractions. Zbl 1122.11047
Iosifescu, Marius; Kraaikamp, Cor
2002
Dependence with complete connections and its applications. Transl. from the Romanian. Rev., updated and exp. version. Zbl 0749.60067
Iosifescu, Marius; Grigorescu, Serban
1990
Stochastic processes and applications in biology and medicine. Part II: Models. Zbl 0262.92002
Iosifescu, M.; Tautu, P.
1973
On two recent papers on ergodicity in nonhomogeneous Markov chains. Zbl 0249.60031
Iosifescu, Marius
1972
Stochastic processes and applications in biology and medicine. Part I: Theory. Zbl 0262.92001
Iosifescu, M.; Tautu, P.
1973
Dependence with complete connections and its applications. Reprint of the 1990 hardback ed. Zbl 1154.60060
Iosifescu, Marius; Grigorescu, Serban
2009
On finite tail $$\sigma$$-algebras. Zbl 0245.60031
Iosifescu, Marius
1972
An exact convergence rate in a Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy problem for some continued fraction expansion. Zbl 1366.11091
Iosifescu, Marius; Sebe, Gabriela Ileana
2006
A very simple proof of a generalization of the Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy theorem on continued fractions, and related questions. Zbl 0774.11040
Iosifescu, Marius
1992
Dependence with complete connections and its applications. Zbl 0584.60064
Grigorescu, Şerban; Iosifescu, Marius
1982
A Poisson law for $$\Psi$$-mixing sequences establishing the truth of a Doeblin’s statement. Zbl 0378.60013
Iosifescu, Marius
1977
On multiple Markovian dependence. Zbl 0279.60052
Iosifescu, Marius
1973
The law of the iterated logarithm for a class of dependent random variables. Zbl 0169.20903
Iosifescu, M.
1968
A note on invariance principles for iterated random functions. (Letter to the editor). Zbl 1042.60017
Herkenrath, Ulrich; Iosifescu, Marius; Rudolph, Andreas
2003
On the Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy theorem. III. Zbl 1013.11045
Iosifescu, Marius
1997
On denumerable chains of infinite order. Zbl 0266.60064
Iosifescu, M.; Spataru, A.
1973
Iterated function systems. A critical survey. Zbl 1212.60056
Iosifescu, Marius
2009
Sums of $$s+1$$ pseudo $$s$$th powers. Zbl 0987.11060
Deshouillers, Jean-Marc; Iosifescu, Marius
2000
The tail structure of nonhomogeneous finite state Markov chains: A survey. Zbl 0415.60061
Iosifescu, Marius
1979
Limit theorems for $$\varphi$$-mixing sequences. A survey. Zbl 0376.60025
Iosifescu, Marius
1977
On Strassen’s version of the loglog law for some classes of dependent random variables. Zbl 0232.60019
Iosifescu, Marius
1972
On Gauss problem for the Lüroth expansion. Zbl 1286.11125
Iosifescu, Marius; Sebe, Gabriela Ileana
2013
Random systems with complete connections and iterated function systems. Zbl 1047.60102
Herkenrath, Ulrich; Iosifescu, Marius; Rudolph, Andreas
2003
On Denjoy’s canonical continued fraction expansion. Zbl 1046.11052
Iosifescu, M.; Kraaikamp, C.
2003
On a 1936 paper of Arnaud Denjoy on the metrical theory of the continued fraction expansion. Zbl 1061.11502
Iosifescu, Marius
1999
A basic tool in mathematical chaos theory: Doeblin and Fortet’s ergodic theorem and Ionescu Tulcea and Marinescu’s generalization. Zbl 0801.47003
Iosifescu, Marius
1993
A coupling method in the theory of dependence with complete connections according to Doeblin. Zbl 0757.60110
Iosifescu, Marius
1992
A survey of the metric theory of continued fractions, fifty years after Doeblin’s 1940 paper. Zbl 0734.11041
Iosifescu, M.
1990
On mixing coefficients for the continued fraction expansion. Zbl 0689.10054
Iosifescu, Marius
1989
La loi du logarithme iteré pour une classe de variables aléatoires dependantes. Zbl 0159.47302
Iosifescu, M.
1968
Application des systèmes à liaisons completes à un problème de reglage. Zbl 0154.43001
Iosifescu, M.; Mandl, P.
1966
Sur la programmation linéaire. Zbl 0118.35301
Iosifescu, M.; Theordorescu, R.
1963
Spectral analysis for the Gauss problem on continued fractions. Zbl 1304.11079
Iosifescu, Marius
2014
Introduction to stochastic models. Zbl 1207.60001
Iosifescu, Marius; Limnios, Nikolaos; Oprişan, Gheorghe
2010
Metric properties of Denjoy’s canonical continued fraction expansion. Zbl 1205.37019
Iosifescu, Marius; Kraaikamp, Cor
2008
Finite Markov processes and their applications. Revised and expanded edition. Translated from the Romanian. Reprint of the 1980 ed. Zbl 1136.60300
Iosifescu, Marius
2007
A three-dimensional probability distribution in the metrical theory of continued fractions. Zbl 1138.11032
Iosifescu, M.; Kraaikamp, C.
2004
On the Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy theorem. I. Zbl 0820.11047
Iosifescu, Marius
1994
Doeblin and the metric theory of continued fractions: A functional theoretic solution to Gauss’ 1812 problem. Zbl 0788.11029
Iosifescu, Marius
1993
On $$U$$-statistics and von Mises statistics for a special class of Markov chains. Zbl 0763.60011
Iosifescu, Marius
1992
Recent advances in mixing sequences of random variables. Zbl 0435.60024
Iosifescu, Marius
1980
Recent advances in the metric theory of continued fractions. Zbl 0406.10041
Iosifescu, Marius
1978
On the application of random systems with complete connections to the theory of f-expansions. Zbl 0299.60077
Iosifescu, M.
1974
An extension of the renewal equation. Zbl 0226.60105
Iosifescu, Marius
1972
Processus aléatoires à liaisons completes purement discontinus. Zbl 0241.60039
Iosifescu, Marius
1968
Probability theory and mathematical statistics. Zbl 0166.13601
Iosifescu, Marius; Mihoc, Gheorghe; Theodorescu, Radu
1966
On some models for learning. I - IV. Zbl 0104.13502
Iosifescu, M.; Theodorescu, R.
1961
Über die differenzialen Eigenschaften der reellen Funktionen einer reellen Veränderlichen. Zbl 0103.04003
Iosifescu, Marius
1959
Spectral analysis for the Gauss problem on continued fractions. Zbl 1304.11079
Iosifescu, Marius
2014
On Gauss problem for the Lüroth expansion. Zbl 1286.11125
Iosifescu, Marius; Sebe, Gabriela Ileana
2013
Introduction to stochastic models. Zbl 1207.60001
Iosifescu, Marius; Limnios, Nikolaos; Oprişan, Gheorghe
2010
Dependence with complete connections and its applications. Reprint of the 1990 hardback ed. Zbl 1154.60060
Iosifescu, Marius; Grigorescu, Serban
2009
Iterated function systems. A critical survey. Zbl 1212.60056
Iosifescu, Marius
2009
Metric properties of Denjoy’s canonical continued fraction expansion. Zbl 1205.37019
Iosifescu, Marius; Kraaikamp, Cor
2008
Finite Markov processes and their applications. Revised and expanded edition. Translated from the Romanian. Reprint of the 1980 ed. Zbl 1136.60300
Iosifescu, Marius
2007
An exact convergence rate in a Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy problem for some continued fraction expansion. Zbl 1366.11091
Iosifescu, Marius; Sebe, Gabriela Ileana
2006
A three-dimensional probability distribution in the metrical theory of continued fractions. Zbl 1138.11032
Iosifescu, M.; Kraaikamp, C.
2004
A note on invariance principles for iterated random functions. (Letter to the editor). Zbl 1042.60017
Herkenrath, Ulrich; Iosifescu, Marius; Rudolph, Andreas
2003
Random systems with complete connections and iterated function systems. Zbl 1047.60102
Herkenrath, Ulrich; Iosifescu, Marius; Rudolph, Andreas
2003
On Denjoy’s canonical continued fraction expansion. Zbl 1046.11052
Iosifescu, M.; Kraaikamp, C.
2003
Metrical theory of continued fractions. Zbl 1122.11047
Iosifescu, Marius; Kraaikamp, Cor
2002
Sums of $$s+1$$ pseudo $$s$$th powers. Zbl 0987.11060
Deshouillers, Jean-Marc; Iosifescu, Marius
2000
On a 1936 paper of Arnaud Denjoy on the metrical theory of the continued fraction expansion. Zbl 1061.11502
Iosifescu, Marius
1999
On the Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy theorem. III. Zbl 1013.11045
Iosifescu, Marius
1997
On the Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy theorem. I. Zbl 0820.11047
Iosifescu, Marius
1994
A basic tool in mathematical chaos theory: Doeblin and Fortet’s ergodic theorem and Ionescu Tulcea and Marinescu’s generalization. Zbl 0801.47003
Iosifescu, Marius
1993
Doeblin and the metric theory of continued fractions: A functional theoretic solution to Gauss’ 1812 problem. Zbl 0788.11029
Iosifescu, Marius
1993
A very simple proof of a generalization of the Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy theorem on continued fractions, and related questions. Zbl 0774.11040
Iosifescu, Marius
1992
A coupling method in the theory of dependence with complete connections according to Doeblin. Zbl 0757.60110
Iosifescu, Marius
1992
On $$U$$-statistics and von Mises statistics for a special class of Markov chains. Zbl 0763.60011
Iosifescu, Marius
1992
Dependence with complete connections and its applications. Transl. from the Romanian. Rev., updated and exp. version. Zbl 0749.60067
Iosifescu, Marius; Grigorescu, Serban
1990
A survey of the metric theory of continued fractions, fifty years after Doeblin’s 1940 paper. Zbl 0734.11041
Iosifescu, M.
1990
On mixing coefficients for the continued fraction expansion. Zbl 0689.10054
Iosifescu, Marius
1989
Dependence with complete connections and its applications. Zbl 0584.60064
Grigorescu, Şerban; Iosifescu, Marius
1982
Finite Markov processes and their applications. Rev. and exp. ed. Translated from the Roumanian. Zbl 0436.60001
Iosifescu, Marius
1980
Recent advances in mixing sequences of random variables. Zbl 0435.60024
Iosifescu, Marius
1980
The tail structure of nonhomogeneous finite state Markov chains: A survey. Zbl 0415.60061
Iosifescu, Marius
1979
Recent advances in the metric theory of continued fractions. Zbl 0406.10041
Iosifescu, Marius
1978
A Poisson law for $$\Psi$$-mixing sequences establishing the truth of a Doeblin’s statement. Zbl 0378.60013
Iosifescu, Marius
1977
Limit theorems for $$\varphi$$-mixing sequences. A survey. Zbl 0376.60025
Iosifescu, Marius
1977
On the application of random systems with complete connections to the theory of f-expansions. Zbl 0299.60077
Iosifescu, M.
1974
Stochastic processes and applications in biology and medicine. Part II: Models. Zbl 0262.92002
Iosifescu, M.; Tautu, P.
1973
Stochastic processes and applications in biology and medicine. Part I: Theory. Zbl 0262.92001
Iosifescu, M.; Tautu, P.
1973
On multiple Markovian dependence. Zbl 0279.60052
Iosifescu, Marius
1973
On denumerable chains of infinite order. Zbl 0266.60064
Iosifescu, M.; Spataru, A.
1973
On two recent papers on ergodicity in nonhomogeneous Markov chains. Zbl 0249.60031
Iosifescu, Marius
1972
On finite tail $$\sigma$$-algebras. Zbl 0245.60031
Iosifescu, Marius
1972
On Strassen’s version of the loglog law for some classes of dependent random variables. Zbl 0232.60019
Iosifescu, Marius
1972
An extension of the renewal equation. Zbl 0226.60105
Iosifescu, Marius
1972
Random processes and learning. Zbl 0194.51101
Iosifescu, Marius; Theodorescu, Radu
1969
The law of the iterated logarithm for a class of dependent random variables. Zbl 0169.20903
Iosifescu, M.
1968
La loi du logarithme iteré pour une classe de variables aléatoires dependantes. Zbl 0159.47302
Iosifescu, M.
1968
Processus aléatoires à liaisons completes purement discontinus. Zbl 0241.60039
Iosifescu, Marius
1968
Application des systèmes à liaisons completes à un problème de reglage. Zbl 0154.43001
Iosifescu, M.; Mandl, P.
1966
Probability theory and mathematical statistics. Zbl 0166.13601
Iosifescu, Marius; Mihoc, Gheorghe; Theodorescu, Radu
1966
Sur la programmation linéaire. Zbl 0118.35301
Iosifescu, M.; Theordorescu, R.
1963
On some models for learning. I - IV. Zbl 0104.13502
Iosifescu, M.; Theodorescu, R.
1961
Über die differenzialen Eigenschaften der reellen Funktionen einer reellen Veränderlichen. Zbl 0103.04003
Iosifescu, Marius
1959
all top 5
#### Cited by 509 Authors
11 Kraaikamp, Cor 9 Kalpazidou, Sofia 9 Peligrad, Magda 8 Iosifescu, Marius 8 Sebe, Gabriela Ileana 8 Theodorescu, Radu 8 Yin, Gang George 7 Lascu, Dan 7 Vassiliou, Panagiotis C. G. 7 Wu, Jun 6 Herkenrath, Ulrich 6 Szewczak, Zbigniew Stanisław 6 Wang, Baowei 5 Dajani, Karma 5 Zhang, Qing 4 Hernández-Lerma, Onésimo 4 Horbacz, Katarzyna 4 Takashima, Keizo 3 Chen, Ting-Li 3 Chu, Jian 3 Kalpazidou, Sophia L. 3 Limnios, Nikolaos 3 Pemantle, Robin 3 Philipp, Walter 3 Pruscha, Helmut 3 Roitershtein, Alexander 3 Saloff-Coste, Laurent 3 Shimaru, Naoto 3 Sokal, Alan D. 3 Stefanov, Valeri T. 3 Su, Hongye 3 Tan, Bo 3 Wickwire, Kenneth H. 3 Wu, Zhengguang 3 Zuniga, Jessica V. 2 Aberkane, Samir 2 Ayral, Hakan 2 Badowski, Grazyna 2 Berkes, István 2 Campi, Marco Claudio 2 Cavazos-Cadena, Rolando 2 Chen, Haibo 2 Cohen, Joel E. 2 Cohn, Harry 2 Faivre, Christian 2 Fan, Ai Hua 2 Feng, Yan 2 Ganatsiou, Chrysoula 2 Georgiou, Andreas C. 2 Gerontidis, Ioannis I. 2 Girstmair, Kurt 2 Goldwurm, Massimiliano 2 He, Jun 2 Heinrich, Lothar 2 Huang, Lingling 2 Hwang, Chii-Ruey 2 Kaijser, Thomas 2 Kingman, John Frank Charles 2 Kirsebom, Maxim Sølund 2 Lakshmivarahan, Sivaramakrishnan 2 Langeveld, Niels Daniël Simon 2 Lapinskas, R. 2 Lasserre, Jean-Bernard 2 Lertchoosakul, Poj 2 Leśniak, Krzysztof 2 Mukhamedov, Farruh Maksutovich 2 Mukherjea, Arunava 2 Nair, Radhakrishnan B. 2 Najarian, Kayvan 2 Nakada, Hitoshi 2 Nicolaie, Alina 2 O’Brien, George L. 2 Park, Juhyun (Jessie) 2 Peng, Li 2 Popescu, Ileana N. 2 Pułka, Małgorzata 2 Rhodius, Adolf 2 Samur, Jorge D. 2 Sanghvi, Arun P. 2 Schratzberger, Bernhard R. 2 Seneta, Eugene 2 Smeets, Ionica 2 Trapani, Lorenzo 2 Truquet, Lionel 2 Văduva, Ion 2 Vandehey, Joseph 2 Wen, Zhixiong 2 Yao, Xin 2 Yin, Baojian 2 Yoshihara, Ken-ichi 2 Zhang, Lixian 2 Zhang, Zhenliang 1 Aaronson, Jon 1 Adke, S. R. 1 Adomian, George 1 Aguilar, Enrique Guerra 1 Aldous, David John 1 Allen, Benjamin L. 1 Allen, Beth 1 Altenberg, Lee ...and 409 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 140 Serials
25 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 22 Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 14 Journal of Number Theory 11 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 11 Statistics & Probability Letters 10 Linear Algebra and its Applications 9 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 9 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 7 Journal of Statistical Physics 7 Mathematical Biosciences 7 Automatica 7 Monatshefte für Mathematik 6 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 5 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 5 Acta Arithmetica 5 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 5 Theoretical Population Biology 5 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 5 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 5 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 4 Israel Journal of Mathematics 4 Journal of the Franklin Institute 4 Nonlinearity 4 The Annals of Probability 4 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 4 Probability Theory and Related Fields 4 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 3 Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 3 Advances in Applied Probability 3 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 3 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 3 Information Sciences 3 Journal of Applied Probability 3 Mathematische Nachrichten 3 Trabajos de Estadistica y de Investigacion Operativa 3 Systems & Control Letters 3 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 3 Journal of Theoretical Probability 3 The Annals of Applied Probability 3 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 3 European Journal of Operational Research 3 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 3 Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences (WUJNS) 2 Artificial Intelligence 2 International Journal of Systems Science 2 Journal of Mathematical Biology 2 Mathematische Semesterberichte 2 Metrika 2 Arkiv för Matematik 2 Advances in Mathematics 2 Applied Mathematics and Computation 2 Journal of Econometrics 2 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 2 Mathematische Zeitschrift 2 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 Theoretical Computer Science 2 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 2 Annals of Operations Research 2 Journal of Global Optimization 2 Games and Economic Behavior 2 Fractals 2 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2 Bernoulli 2 Science in China. Series E 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2 The Ramanujan Journal 2 RAIRO. Theoretical Informatics and Applications 2 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 2 Stochastic Models 2 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 2 Science China. Mathematics 1 International Journal of Modern Physics B 1 Biological Cybernetics 1 Discrete Applied Mathematics 1 Nuclear Physics. B 1 Physics Reports 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 1 The Annals of Statistics 1 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Compositio Mathematica 1 Computing 1 Dissertationes Mathematicae 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 International Journal of Game Theory 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Economic Theory 1 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 1 Kodai Mathematical Journal 1 Mathematika 1 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 1 RAIRO, Informatique Théorique 1 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 1 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 1 Siberian Mathematical Journal ...and 40 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 39 Fields
230 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 93 Number theory (11-XX) 56 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 33 Measure and integration (28-XX) 32 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 29 Statistics (62-XX) 23 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 22 Computer science (68-XX) 21 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 20 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 17 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 13 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 12 Operator theory (47-XX) 10 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 7 Real functions (26-XX) 6 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 6 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 5 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 5 Quantum theory (81-XX) 4 Combinatorics (05-XX) 4 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 3 History and biography (01-XX) 3 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 3 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 3 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 2 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 2 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2021-05-14T01:06:18 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3692152500152588, "perplexity": 6876.737671179729}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989616.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513234920-20210514024920-00397.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10304424-measurement-masses-widths-baryons | This content will become publicly available on September 1, 2022
Measurement of the masses and widths of the $Σc(2455)+$ and $Σc(2520)+$ baryons
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10304424
Journal Name:
Physical Review D
Volume:
104
Issue:
5
ISSN:
2470-0010 | 2022-06-26T21:12:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 17, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5688838958740234, "perplexity": 9715.345491861632}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271864.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626192142-20220626222142-00710.warc.gz"} |
http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/petsc-current/docs/manualpages/DM/DMPlexSetAdjacencyUseClosure.html | petsc-3.6.2 2015-10-02
Report Typos and Errors
Define adjacency in the mesh using the transitive closure
### Synopsis
#include "petscdmplex.h"
### Input Parameters
dm - The DM object useClosure - Flag to use the closure
### Notes
FEM: Two points p and q are adjacent if q \in closure(star(p)), useCone = PETSC_FALSE, useClosure = PETSC_TRUE
FVM: Two points p and q are adjacent if q \in support(p+cone(p)), useCone = PETSC_TRUE, useClosure = PETSC_FALSE
FVM++: Two points p and q are adjacent if q \in star(closure(p)), useCone = PETSC_TRUE, useClosure = PETSC_TRUE | 2015-12-01T06:09:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9989147186279297, "perplexity": 13474.937952603612}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464536.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00267-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ctcms.nist.gov/fipy/documentation/tutorial/index.html | # How to Read the Modules Documentation¶
Each chapter describes one of the main sub-packages of the fipy package. The sub-package fipy.package can be found in the directory fipy/package/. In a few cases, there will be packages within packages, e.g. fipy.package.subpackage located in fipy/package/subpackage/. These sub-sub-packages will not be given their own chapters; rather, their contents will be described in the chapter for their containing package.
Last updated on Jun 15, 2022. Created using Sphinx 5.0.1. | 2022-09-29T01:39:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3207387924194336, "perplexity": 3845.367426262802}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335303.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929003121-20220929033121-00406.warc.gz"} |
https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/why-are-there-still-bank-branches-20180820.htm | August 20, 2018
### The Branch Puzzle: Why Are there Still Bank Branches?
Elliot Anenberg, Andrew C. Chang, Serafin Grundl, Kevin B. Moore, and Richard Windle*
Over the past 25 years, advancements in information technology have allowed for many banking services to be conducted online instead of in a local bank branch. However, Figure 1 shows that the number of bank branches increased from 1990 to 2008, plateaued between 2008 and 2012, and decreased only slightly since 2013 as branch closures in some locations have been somewhat offset by openings in others. 1 The persistence of bank branches is puzzling because the presence of other types of establishments whose products or services are now available online has declined significantly, even for establishments that, unlike banks, sell physical goods.2 Even long before the Internet era, some observers predicted the death of the bank branch as electronic substitutes for branches began to emerge.3
##### Figure 1: Number of Branches of FDIC-insured Commercial Banks
We provide evidence that the persistence of the large number of local bank branches across the country--even in areas with expensive real estate and in the face of improving information technology--may be due to the fact that both depositors and small businesses continue to value local bank branches.
From the triennial Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), we show that even though the majority of depositors now use online banking, a majority of depositors that use online banking still visit bank branches, which suggests that online banking is an imperfect substitute for bank branches. We also document broad-based reliance of depositors on bank branches, although this reliance varies with age, wealth, income, and occupation.
For small business lending, using Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) disclosures, we show that among banks that are CRA reporters the share of loans made by lenders without a local branch presence remains quite low. This finding suggests that local branch presence is still important for small business lending. However, we also find that among CRA reporters the non-local share has risen substantially since 2011, suggesting that local branch presence has lost some importance in recent years, at least for some businesses.4
This recent trend towards a growing role for non-local lenders could be caused by changes in underwriting technology or by changes in the composition of small businesses themselves. Underwriting technology is changing as credit scoring gains importance in small business lending, which could allow local lenders, who have access to soft information, to face increased competition from non-local lenders. At the same time, the nature of some types of small businesses themselves is changing, as more small businesses sell their goods and services online, and purchase their inputs online.5 This shift in the nature of small businesses also potentially reduces the advantage of local lenders in screening small businesses.
1. Depositors
We use the SCF to provide three complementary pieces of evidence that households value local bank branches despite the rise of online banking services: (1) questions on the use of online banking, (2) new questions on the propensity for households to visit local branches, and (3) household subjective assessment of the importance of branch location for selecting their primary financial institution.
Who Uses Online Banking? Most people.
The 2016 SCF asked households whether they used online banking in the last 12 months, and over 70 percent of households reported using online banking. Thus, the persistence of bank branches does not appear to be simply explained by a low online banking take-up rate. In comparison, only 4 percent of households reported using online banking in 1995, suggesting that improvements in information technology have increased the availability and usage of online banking services.6
The 2016 SCF also contained new questions asking whether respondents visited a local bank branch. About 84 percent of households with a checking or savings account reported visiting the local branch of the institution of their main savings or their main checking account within the last year, and almost all households who visited their local branch did so to use banking services other than just the ATM.
Although online banking appears to substitute for services provided by local branches, the substitution is far from complete. Column 1 of Table 1 shows that among households with checking accounts, those who reported usage of online banking were only 2 percentage points less likely to report going to a local branch of the institution of their main checking account. Column 2 shows that among households with savings accounts, online banking usage is somewhat more substitutable with going to the local branch of the institution of their main savings account. For these households the difference is 12 percentage points. However, even among the households with savings accounts that reported using online banking, 70 percent of them still reported going to a local branch.
##### Table 1: Online Banking Users are Less Likely to Visit Branches
(1) (2)
Go to Checking Branch?
Go to Savings Branch?
Use Online Banking?
-0.02**
(0.01)
-0.12***
(0.02)
Constant
0.84***
(0.01)
0.82***
(0.01)
Which Households Visit Local Bank Branches? Older, Wealthier, and Self-Employed.
While the 2016 SCF showed that 84 percent of households reported visiting a local bank branch, certain types of households were more likely to visit branches than others. To further explore these differences, we regress a dummy variable, VisitBranch, for whether a respondent's household visited a local branch, on a variety of household characteristics, shown in equation (1).
\begin{align}(1) \ \ \ \ \ {VisitBranch}_i = &\ {WealthPercentile}_i+{IncomePercentile}_i+\\&\ {AgeCategory}_i+{OccupationCategory}_i+X_i+\epsilon_i \end{align}
In equation (1) WealthPercentile is four dummies for whether respondent i's household was in the 25th-49th, 50th-74th, 75th-89th, or 90th+ percentile of wealth, IncomePercentile is five dummies for whether the respondent's household was in the 20th-39th, 40th-59th, 60th-79th, 80th-89th, or 90th+ percentile of income, AgeCategory is five dummies for whether the respondent was 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, or 75+ at the time of the survey, OccupationCategory is three dummies for whether the respondent was Self-Employed, Retired/Disabled/Student/Homemaker, or otherwise out of the labor force (the omitted category is working for someone else), and X is a variety of other control variables.7 We estimate equation (1) using the 2016 SCF after applying survey weights.
Figure 2: Effects of Depositor Characteristics on Branch Use.
##### Figure 2d: Self-Employed People Use Branches More
Older households were more likely to use their local branch. Figure 2a shows that relative to respondents under the age of 35, respondents over the age of 75 were about six percentage points more likely to have visited a local bank branch in the last year. This pattern could reflect that older households have stronger preferences for visiting their local branch than younger households, but an alternative interpretation is that age is proxying for a year-of-birth effect (i.e. a cohort effect).
Higher wealth households were also more likely to visit their local branch. Figure 2b shows that on average, above-median wealth households were about 7.5 percentage points more likely to have visited their local branch. This finding could reflect higher demand for banking services among higher wealth households, as the SCF also shows that, among households with checking accounts, the number of services a household obtains from its main checking institution increases from 2.0 for the lowest wealth group to 3.6 for the top wealth group. This finding could also reflect that higher wealth households demand certain banking products that are better serviced through visiting a local branch.
While higher wealth households were more likely to use their local branch, higher income households were somewhat less likely to use their local branch, as shown in Figure 2c. Households in the top 10 percent of the income distribution were about 6 percentage points less likely to visit a branch than households in the bottom 20 percent. Visiting a branch is time consuming, and so perhaps the lower usage of local branches among higher income households reflects their higher opportunity cost of time.8
Finally, as shown in Figure 2d, we find that self-employed households were especially likely to use their local branch. They were about 6 percentage points more likely to visit a branch than households that work for someone else. This is perhaps because such households demand a set of banking products (e.g. depositing checks with large balances) that are best serviced through visiting a local branch. The 2016 SCF data show that about 35 percent of self-employed households used the same institution for their business as for their main checking account.
Do Households Place Subjective Value on Branches? Yes, and More Value With Age.
The SCF also asks respondents for the most important reason for choosing the financial institution for their main checking account, offering respondents a menu of options. This question is asked in the 2016 SCF, but also in previous survey years as well. Respondents have consistently said that the location of an institution's offices is the most important reason for choosing their financial institution. This reason accounts for over a third of responses to this question in each survey year.9
Figure 3 plots the fraction of SCF respondents that list the location of offices as the most important reason for choosing their main financial institution for their checking account, for three birth cohorts, against the median age of the cohort. Figure 3 shows that older households are much more likely to value brick and mortar locations, with an upward trend in the reported value of location of offices starting at around age 31, consistent with our findings in Figure 2a. However, the difference in responses between cohorts for a given age of the cohort, shown by the areas of Figure 3 where two cohorts overlap in age, are usually small. Thus, our results suggest that the increasing effect of age on branch importance reflects an age effect rather than a cohort effect. This interpretation implies that when currently young depositors transition into old age they will have a stronger preference for visiting their local branch, meaning that branches may remain important in the future. That said, our interpretation is based on comparisons of cohorts from decades ago, before the rapid advancements in information technology in recent years, and it is possible that the cohort effect has become more important.
To study the importance of local branches for small businesses, we merge data on small business loans below $1 million, from CRA disclosures, with data on local branches from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's (FDIC) Summary of Deposits.10 We define local markets either as a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ("urban" market) or as a county for counties not contained in an MSA ("rural" market). In our merged data, we observe lending volume by bank (but not bank branch) and year for three loan size buckets, and the local market in which the small business is located. Our sample period is 2000 to 2016.11 Figure 4: Average Share of Loans by Lenders Without Local Branch Presence Among CRA Reporters. ##### Figure 4a: All Markets,$100,000-$250,000 ##### Figure 4b: All Markets,$250,000-$1 million ##### Figure 4c: Urban Markets,$100,000-$250,000 ##### Figure 4d: Urban Markets,$250,000-$1 million ##### Figure 4e: Rural Markets,$100,000-$250,000 ##### Figure 4f: Rural Markets,$250,000-$1 million Figure 4 shows the evolution of the average share of loans made by lenders among CRA reporters without a local branch. The share is shown separately for loans between$100,000 to $250,000 and loans between$250,000 to $1 million.12 The share of lenders without a local branch increased slowly from 2000 to 2008, decreased somewhat during the financial crisis, and increased substantially after 2011. Despite the recent increase, the share of lenders without a branch presence remains below 20 percent for urban markets and below 45 percent for rural markets, which suggests that local branches still play an important role in small business lending.13 One interpretation of the recent increase in the non-local share among CRA reporters is that a local branch is becoming less important for acquiring soft information, possibly caused by changes in underwriting technology (e.g. credit scoring). Alternatively, it could be driven by changes in the nature of small businesses themselves. For example, loan officers in a local branch may have less of a comparative advantage in evaluating small businesses that sell their products online and purchase some of their inputs online. An important caveat of our analysis is that we only observe banks that are CRA reporters. Small banks that are not CRA reporters might be lending less outside the area of their branch footprint. Therefore, the share of out-of-market lenders may be smaller than the numbers shown in Figure 4 if all banks are taken into consideration.14 As CRA reporters only account for 60-75 percent of small business lending over the sample period, it is possible that lending is more local than suggested by the graphs in Figure 4. However, as the CRA share increased during the sample period, it is unlikely that the recent increase of out-of-market lending among CRA reporters is driven by a shift towards non-CRA reporters. To further explore the relationship between bank branches and small business lending, we regress a bank's lending market share against its share of branches in that market. This regression also uses year fixed effects and, therefore, we estimate the association of local branches with lending from bank-market-level differences in loan and branch shares. Our specification is: $$(2) \ \ \ \ \ {Loan Share}_{jmt} = \beta_t {Branch Share}_{jmt}+\mu_t+\epsilon_{jmt}$$ LoanSharejmt is the amount of small business loans of bank j in market m in year t as a share of total amount of small business loans in market m in year t. BranchSharejmt is the number of bank branches of bank j in market m in year t as a share of total number of bank branches in market m and year t. The coefficient $\beta_t$ is allowed to vary by year and $\mu_t$ are year fixed effects. The loan share is the loan share among banks that are CRA reporters. The branch share is renormalized such that the branch shares of all banks that are CRA reporters also sum up to one. A higher value of $\beta$ implies a closer association between branch presence and small business lending.15 The number of observations is 32,585,004 as each bank-market-time triplet results is an observation. Figure 5 plots the coefficient estimates for $\beta_t$ for loans between$100,000 and $250,000. Since the end of the financial crisis, the association between the local branch share and the loan share has decreased. From 2000 to 2010, an increase in the local branch share by 1 percentage point was associated with an increase in the local loan share of 0.67-0.71 percentage points. Between 2011 and 2016, however, this number fell to about 0.60 percentage points. This corroborates the suggestive evidence from the graphs in Figure 4 that non-local lenders are becoming more important for small business lending.16 How does the increasing role of non-local lenders affect small businesses? If the increasing role is driven by improvements in underwriting technology that make non-local lenders more competitive with local ones (e.g. by making more information available at a distance), then small businesses could potentially benefit from increased competition and variety of lenders. However, if the improvements in underwriting technology are accompanied by branch closures, then those small businesses that still rely heavily on local branches, either for borrowing or for other purposes, could be harmed. ##### Figure 5: Correlation Between Branch Share and Loan Share Conclusion Antitrust analysis of bank mergers currently defines banking markets to be geographically local, and our findings that depositors and small businesses still rely on bank branches support this market definition.17 However, our data also indicate that non-local lenders are gaining importance in small business lending. References [1] Sumit Agarwal, Robert Hauswald. Distance and private information in lending. The Review of Financial Studies, 23(7):2757—2788, 2010. [2] Dean F Amel, Kenneth P Brevoort. The perceived size of small business banking markets. Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 1(4):771—784, 2005. [3] Dean F Amel, Arthur B Kennickell, Kevin B Moore, others. Banking Market Definition: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances. Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, 2008. [4] Dean F Amel, Martha Starr-McCluer. Market definition in banking: Recent evidence. The Antitrust Bulletin, 47(1):63—89, 2002. [5] Kenneth P Brevoort, John D Wolken, John A Holmes. Distance still matters: the information revolution in small business lending and the persistent role of location, 1993-2003. , 2010. [6] Jesse Bricker, Lisa J Dettling, Alice Henriques, Joanne W Hsu, Lindsay Jacobs, Kevin B Moore, Sarah Pack, John Sabelhaus, Jeffrey Thompson, Richard A Windle. Changes in US Family Finances from 2013 to 2016: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 103:1—41, 2017. [7] Glenn B Canner, others. Evaluation of CRA data on small business lending. Business Access to Capital and Credit:8—9, 1999. [8] Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena. Distance, lending relationships, and competition. The Journal of Finance, 60(1):231—266, 2005. [9] Timothy E Dore, Traci L Mach. Recent Trends in Small Business Lending and the Community Reinvestment Act. 2018. [10] Roberto Felici, Marcello Pagnini. Distance, bank heterogeneity and entry in local banking markets. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 56(3):500—534, 2008. [11] Stephan Hollander, Arnt Verriest. Bridging the gap: the design of bank loan contracts and distance. Journal of Financial Economics, 119(2):399—419, 2016. [12] Mitchell A Petersen, Raghuram G Rajan. Does Distance Still Matter? The Information Revolution in Small Business Lending. The Journal of Finance, 57(6):2533—2570, 2002. [13] Hirofumi Uchida, Gregory F Udell, Nobuyoshi Yamori. Loan officers and relationship lending to SMEs. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 21(1):97—122, 2012. * We are grateful to Jacob Gramlich and Beth Kiser for helpful comments and to Dean Amel for making the note more entertaining. Thanks to Tim Dore for help with the CRA data. The analysis and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not indicate concurrence by other members of the staff, by the Board of Governors, or by the Federal Reserve System. Return to text 1. For example JP Morgan Chase recently announced that it plans to enter 15 to 20 regional markets around the United States by 2023, by opening new 400 branches. Similarly, Bank of America plans to open 500 new branches. Return to text 2. For example the number of book store locations declined from about 38,500 in 2004 to about 22,500 in 2018, according to Statista. In some industries that don't sell physical goods, like travel agencies, brick and mortar stores have disappeared almost entirely. Return to text 3. For example, in 1975, the Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve George Mitchell said: "I have no doubt that some banks now continuously review their branching policies in light of the development of electronic substitutes for branches but the statistical evidence of such policies is hard to find… It appears to me that the continued growth of banking offices indicates a clear misreading of the trend in the banking technology climate, a misreading that is likely to prove costly for some banking enterprises." But since 1975, the number of bank branches more than doubled from about 30,000 to around 80,000 today. Return to text 4. Our analysis on small businesses relates to the literature on the importance of physical distance and soft information for lending relationships ([12, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 1]). Return to text 5. For example Amazon claims that more than 1 million small businesses with revenues below$7.5 million sell on its site. Return to text
6. This statistic is from the 1995 SCF. Prior to 2016, the SCF asked about online banking in a different way than in 2016. Online banking was one of the options for how a household interacted with a financial institution. Using that measure, the fraction of households using online banking increased from 4 percent in 1995 to 64 percent in 2013. Return to text
7. The control variables are: a dummy for being white non-hispanic, a dummy for living in a metropolitan statistical area, dummies for whether the respondent had a checking or a savings account for non-business use at any financial institution (not necessarily at their main financial institution), and a measure of financial literacy, as defined by [6]. Return to text
8. To examine the interaction between wealth and income's effect on the probability of visiting a branch, we re-run equation (1) by replacing WealthPercentile and IncomePercentile with a full WealthPercentile and IncomePercentile interaction set. This regression shows that the probability of visiting a branch conditioned on wealth falls with income for the top three wealth bins. The probability of visiting a branch conditioned on income rises with wealth for the bottom four income bins. Return to text
9. In contrast, less than five percent of respondents cite the location of an institution's offices as the most important reason for choosing their mortgage lender. The difference in these responses is consistent with evidence that markets for mortgages and other consumer loans are more national in scope than the market for depositors. Return to text
10. The Community Reinvestment Act mandates that banks that exceed an asset threshold of about $1 billion must report small business loans to the Federal Reserve Board. The data can be downloaded at https://www.ffiec.gov/cra/craflatfiles.htm. For a description of the data see [7]. See [9] for recent trends in small business lending and background on the Community Reinvestment Act. We estimate that CRA reporters account for about 60 percent of all small business loans as measured by outstanding loan balances. Return to text 11. An important caveat is that these data contain all loans with a small principal amount, not only loans to small businesses. These data are thought to be informative about lending to small businesses because about one half of loans below$1 million are taken out by small businesses with less than $1 million in revenue ([7]). In 2005 the reporting requirements for CRA loans were relaxed. We treat banks that were CRA reporters prior to 2005, but not afterwards, as non-reporters. Return to text 12. We calculate market shares as the fraction of loans to small businesses in the market by lenders without a local branch presence. The average market share is the simple average over all banking markets. We exclude loans below$100,000 because a large fraction of these loans are likely credit card loans. Return to text
13. The higher share for rural markets partly reflects that MSAs (urban markets) are typically comprised of multiple counties whereas we assume rural markets are single counties, and so it is more likely that we classify a lenders as local in an urban market. It may also reflect that local rural lenders are less likely to be required to file CRA disclosures. Return to text
14. To assess this we calculate the share of small business lending by CRA reporters using call report data, which is available for all banks. For loans between $100,000 and$250,000 the share of the CRA reporters increased somewhat from 64.9 percent in 2000 to 72.4 percent in 2016. For loans between $250,000 to$1 million their share also increased from 69.6 percent to 74.0 percent. These shares are based on dollar amounts. Shares based on number of loans are similar.
As CRA reporters only account for 60-75 percent of small business lending over the sample period, it is possible that lending is more local than suggested by the graphs in Figure 4. However, as the CRA share increased during the sample period, it is unlikely that the recent increase of out-of-market lending among CRA reporters is driven by a shift towards non-CRA reporters. Return to text
15. To see this relationship, consider that if all small businesses exclusively borrow locally, then when all loans are of common size and when small businesses are equally likely to choose from any of the local branches, β=1. Return to text
16. We also experimented with including various fixed effects in the specification (2). Including bank or market fixed effects does not change the general pattern of βt. Using loans between $250,000 and$1 million also yields similar results. Return to text
17. The Department of Justice defines geographic markets for the purposes of antitrust analysis such that a "hypothetical monopolist… in that region would profitably impose at least a 'small but significant and nontransitory' increase in price" (see https://www.justice.gov/atr/12-geographic-market-definition). Our results have implications for the geographic market definition in banking antitrust policy, because whether such a price increase would be profitable depends crucially on how many customers rely on local bank branches ([4], [2], and [3]). Return to text | 2019-02-16T17:43:06 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.43581241369247437, "perplexity": 2731.0657937052288}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480905.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216170210-20190216192210-00416.warc.gz"} |
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Ahsu.shu-yu | # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Hsu, Shu-Yu
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Author ID: hsu.shu-yu Published as: Hsu, S.; Hsu, S. Y.; Hsu, S.-Y.; Hsu, Shu-Yu External Links: MGP · Wikidata
Documents Indexed: 43 Publications since 1990 Reviewing Activity: 86 Reviews
#### Co-Authors
34 single-authored
all top 5
#### Serials
6 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 4 Differential and Integral Equations 4 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 3 Mathematische Annalen 3 Advances in Differential Equations 2 Geometriae Dedicata 2 Manuscripta Mathematica 1 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 Journal of Mathematics of Kyoto University 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 1 Advances in Mathematical Sciences and Applications 1 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 1 Communications in Applied Analysis 1 International Mathematical Forum 1 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences
#### Fields
28 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 14 Differential geometry (53-XX) 10 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
36 Publications have been cited 208 times in 121 Documents Cited by Year
A note on compact gradient Yamabe solitons. Zbl 1242.53044
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2012
Large time behaviour of solutions of the Ricci flow equation on $${\mathbb{R}}^ 2$$. Zbl 1053.53045
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2001
Singular limit and exact decay rate of a nonlinear elliptic equation. Zbl 1244.35051
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2012
Asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the equation $$u_t=\Delta\log u$$ near the extinction time. Zbl 1028.35079
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2003
Gradient estimates for a nonlinear parabolic equation under Ricci flow. Zbl 1249.53083
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2011
Asymptotic profile of solutions of a singular diffusion equation as $$t\to\infty$$. Zbl 1019.35055
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2002
Due date assignment using artificial neural networks under different shop floor control strategies. Zbl 1094.90528
Hsu, S. Y.; Sha, D. Y.
2004
Dynamics near extinction time of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1007.35009
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2002
Some properties of the Yamabe soliton and the related nonlinear elliptic equation. Zbl 1285.35046
Hsu, S. Y.
2014
Existence and asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the very fast diffusion equation. Zbl 1270.35105
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2013
Global existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Ricci flow equation. Zbl 1011.35085
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2001
Behaviour of solutions of a singular diffusion equation near the extinction time. Zbl 1232.35085
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2004
Uniqueness of solutions of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1036.35103
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2003
Removable singularities and non-uniqueness of solutions of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1024.35053
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2003
Dynamics of solutions of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1027.35055
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2002
On the initiation and growth of kink bands in fiber composites. II: Analysis. Zbl 0967.74582
Vogler, T. J.; Hsu, S.-Y.; Kyriakides, S.
2001
Composite failure under combined compression and shear. Zbl 0973.74627
Vogler, T. J.; Hsu, S.-Y.; Kyriakides, S.
2000
Removable singularities of semilinear parabolic equations. Zbl 1196.35021
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2010
Classification of radially symmetric self-similar solutions of $$u_t=\Delta \log u$$ in higher dimensions. Zbl 1212.35150
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2005
Removable singularity of the polyharmonic equation. Zbl 1184.35008
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2010
Exact decay rate of a nonlinear elliptic equation related to the Yamabe flow. Zbl 1303.35036
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2014
Sobolev inequalities for manifolds evolving by Ricci flow. Zbl 1187.53070
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2008
Extinction profile of solutions of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1188.35103
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2005
Lypunov stable penalty methods for imposing holonomic constraints in multibody system dynamics. Zbl 0708.70013
Kurdila, A. J.; Junkins, J. L.; Hsu, S.
1990
Maximum principle and convergence of fundamental solutions for the Ricci flow. Zbl 1210.58022
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2009
A simple proof on the non-existence of shrinking breathers for the Ricci flow. Zbl 1096.58008
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2006
Large time behaviour of solutions of a singular diffusion equation in $$\mathbb R^n$$. Zbl 1082.35030
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2005
Inelastic behavior of an AS4/PEEK composite under combined transverse compression and shear. II: Modeling,. Zbl 0938.74505
Hsu, S.-Y.; Vogler, T. J.; Kyriakides, S.
1999
On the axial propagation of kink bands in fiber composites. II: Analysis. Zbl 0967.74585
Hsu, S.-Y.; Vogler, T. J.; Kyriakides, S.
1999
Global behaviour of solutions of the fast diffusion equation. Zbl 1406.35055
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2019
Minimizer of an isoperimetric ratio on a metric on $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ with finite total area. Zbl 1404.53082
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2018
Existence of solution of the logarithmic diffusion equation with bounded above Gauss curvature. Zbl 1256.53042
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2013
Generalized $$\mathcal L$$-geodesic and monotonicity of the generalized reduced volume in the Ricci flow. Zbl 1195.53092
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2009
Existence of singular solutions of a degenerate equation in $$\mathbb R^2$$. Zbl 1207.35184
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2006
Non-existence and behaviour at infinity of solutions of some elliptic equations. Zbl 1058.35014
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2004
Optimal motion estimation from multiple images by normalized epipolar constraint. Zbl 1111.68712
Ma, Y.; Vidal, R.; Hsu, S.; Sastry, S.
2001
Global behaviour of solutions of the fast diffusion equation. Zbl 1406.35055
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2019
Minimizer of an isoperimetric ratio on a metric on $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ with finite total area. Zbl 1404.53082
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2018
Some properties of the Yamabe soliton and the related nonlinear elliptic equation. Zbl 1285.35046
Hsu, S. Y.
2014
Exact decay rate of a nonlinear elliptic equation related to the Yamabe flow. Zbl 1303.35036
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2014
Existence and asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the very fast diffusion equation. Zbl 1270.35105
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2013
Existence of solution of the logarithmic diffusion equation with bounded above Gauss curvature. Zbl 1256.53042
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2013
A note on compact gradient Yamabe solitons. Zbl 1242.53044
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2012
Singular limit and exact decay rate of a nonlinear elliptic equation. Zbl 1244.35051
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2012
Gradient estimates for a nonlinear parabolic equation under Ricci flow. Zbl 1249.53083
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2011
Removable singularities of semilinear parabolic equations. Zbl 1196.35021
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2010
Removable singularity of the polyharmonic equation. Zbl 1184.35008
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2010
Maximum principle and convergence of fundamental solutions for the Ricci flow. Zbl 1210.58022
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2009
Generalized $$\mathcal L$$-geodesic and monotonicity of the generalized reduced volume in the Ricci flow. Zbl 1195.53092
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2009
Sobolev inequalities for manifolds evolving by Ricci flow. Zbl 1187.53070
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2008
A simple proof on the non-existence of shrinking breathers for the Ricci flow. Zbl 1096.58008
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2006
Existence of singular solutions of a degenerate equation in $$\mathbb R^2$$. Zbl 1207.35184
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2006
Classification of radially symmetric self-similar solutions of $$u_t=\Delta \log u$$ in higher dimensions. Zbl 1212.35150
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2005
Extinction profile of solutions of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1188.35103
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2005
Large time behaviour of solutions of a singular diffusion equation in $$\mathbb R^n$$. Zbl 1082.35030
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2005
Due date assignment using artificial neural networks under different shop floor control strategies. Zbl 1094.90528
Hsu, S. Y.; Sha, D. Y.
2004
Behaviour of solutions of a singular diffusion equation near the extinction time. Zbl 1232.35085
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2004
Non-existence and behaviour at infinity of solutions of some elliptic equations. Zbl 1058.35014
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2004
Asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the equation $$u_t=\Delta\log u$$ near the extinction time. Zbl 1028.35079
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2003
Uniqueness of solutions of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1036.35103
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2003
Removable singularities and non-uniqueness of solutions of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1024.35053
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2003
Asymptotic profile of solutions of a singular diffusion equation as $$t\to\infty$$. Zbl 1019.35055
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2002
Dynamics near extinction time of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1007.35009
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2002
Dynamics of solutions of a singular diffusion equation. Zbl 1027.35055
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2002
Large time behaviour of solutions of the Ricci flow equation on $${\mathbb{R}}^ 2$$. Zbl 1053.53045
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2001
Global existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Ricci flow equation. Zbl 1011.35085
Hsu, Shu-Yu
2001
On the initiation and growth of kink bands in fiber composites. II: Analysis. Zbl 0967.74582
Vogler, T. J.; Hsu, S.-Y.; Kyriakides, S.
2001
Optimal motion estimation from multiple images by normalized epipolar constraint. Zbl 1111.68712
Ma, Y.; Vidal, R.; Hsu, S.; Sastry, S.
2001
Composite failure under combined compression and shear. Zbl 0973.74627
Vogler, T. J.; Hsu, S.-Y.; Kyriakides, S.
2000
Inelastic behavior of an AS4/PEEK composite under combined transverse compression and shear. II: Modeling,. Zbl 0938.74505
Hsu, S.-Y.; Vogler, T. J.; Kyriakides, S.
1999
On the axial propagation of kink bands in fiber composites. II: Analysis. Zbl 0967.74585
Hsu, S.-Y.; Vogler, T. J.; Kyriakides, S.
1999
Lypunov stable penalty methods for imposing holonomic constraints in multibody system dynamics. Zbl 0708.70013
Kurdila, A. J.; Junkins, J. L.; Hsu, S.
1990
all top 5
#### Cited by 170 Authors
13 Hsu, Shu-Yu 13 Hui, Kin Ming 6 Kim, Sunghoon 5 Daskalopoulos, Panagiota 4 Ma, Bingqing 3 Ho, Pak Tung 3 Huang, Guangyue 3 Maeta, Shun 3 Sesum, Natasa 3 Taliaferro, Steven D. 2 Antontsev, Stanislav Nikolaevich 2 Bidabad, Behroz 2 Cao, Huai-Dong 2 Chang, Shu-Cheng 2 Chaubey, Sudhakar Kumar 2 Chen, Chih-Wei 2 Chen, Zhiqi 2 De, Uday Chand 2 Fang, Shouwen 2 Ghergu, Marius 2 Hunt, Giles W. 2 Li, Jing 2 Li, Yi 2 Neto, Benedito Leandro 2 Suh, Young Jin 2 Takahashi, Jin 2 Vazquez, Juan Luis 2 Wadee, M. Ahmer 2 Wu, Jiayong 2 Xu, Yinfeng 2 Yanagida, Eiji 2 Zhang, Jing 2 Zheng, Feifeng 2 Zheng, Tao 1 Adriano, Levi 1 Ahmadi, M. Yar 1 Alpay, Şerafettin 1 Ambur, Damodar R. 1 Bahadır, Oğuzhan 1 Barboza, Marcelo 1 Basu, Shiladitya 1 Benzerga, Ahmed Amine 1 Blanchet, Adrien 1 Blasi, Paolo Nevone 1 Bo, Leyang 1 Bonforte, Matteo 1 Bruno, Domenico 1 Cao, Xiaodong 1 Chang, Pei-Chann 1 Chen, Bang-Yen 1 Chen, Ju 1 Cheng, Liang 1 Choi, Beomjun 1 Choi, Jin Hyuk 1 Chowdhury, K. A. 1 Cleja-Ţigoiu, Sanda 1 Daxner, Thomas 1 Del Pino, Manuel A. 1 Deshmukh, Sharief 1 Dodwell, Timothy J. 1 Dolbeault, Jean 1 Edmunds, R. M. 1 Flatscher, Th. 1 Fleck, Norman A. 1 Fujimura, Shigeru 1 González, Carlos G. 1 Greco, Fabrizio 1 Green, Patrick R. 1 Grillo, Gabriele 1 Guo, Yongxin 1 Hammond, J. L. jun. 1 Hirata, Kentaro 1 Hong, Wei-Chiang 1 Hou, Songbo 1 Hsu, Shih-yen 1 Ioannou, George 1 Isenberg, James A. 1 Javaheri, Mohammad 1 Jensen, Henrik Myhre 1 Jin, Chunhua 1 Kaminsky, Philip M. 1 Kampfer, G. 1 Kan, Toru 1 Karch, Grzegorz 1 Kavallaris, Nikos I. 1 Kim, Byung Hak 1 Kim, Soojung 1 Kumar Yadav, Sunil 1 Kurdila, Andrew J. 1 Lee, Sang Deok 1 Lee, Zu-Hsu 1 Leroy, Yves M. 1 Li, Junfang 1 Liu, Ching-Hsien 1 Liu, Dongquan 1 Llorca, Javier 1 Lonetti, Paolo 1 Lu, Peng 1 Ma, Li 1 Ma, Weimin ...and 70 more Authors
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#### Cited in 56 Serials
15 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 6 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 6 Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 6 International Journal of Production Research 6 Differential Geometry and its Applications 5 Mathematische Annalen 5 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 5 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 4 Journal of Geometry and Physics 4 Manuscripta Mathematica 4 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 3 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 2 International Journal of Solids and Structures 2 Advances in Mathematics 2 Archiv der Mathematik 2 Journal of Functional Analysis 2 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 2 Computational Mechanics 2 Journal of Scheduling 2 International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 1 Acta Mechanica 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 1 The Annals of Statistics 1 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 1 Geometriae Dedicata 1 Journal of Differential Equations 1 Journal of Geometry 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Mathematische Zeitschrift 1 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 1 Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 1 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 1 Signal Processing 1 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 1 European Journal of Operational Research 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 1 Balkan Journal of Geometry and its Applications (BJGA) 1 Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 1 Nonlinear Dynamics 1 Mathematical Physics, Analysis and Geometry 1 Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 1 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 European Journal of Mechanics. A. Solids 1 Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 1 Advances in Geometry 1 Journal of Evolution Equations 1 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 1 Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis 1 International Journal of Fracture 1 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 1 International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 1 Communications in Mathematics 1 Journal of Function Spaces
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#### Cited in 24 Fields
57 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 45 Differential geometry (53-XX) 15 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 15 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 10 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 4 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 3 Functional analysis (46-XX) 3 Statistics (62-XX) 3 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 3 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 2 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 2 Potential theory (31-XX) 2 Computer science (68-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2021-02-25T08:30:54 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.46391722559928894, "perplexity": 4108.491225867411}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350846.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225065836-20210225095836-00214.warc.gz"} |
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/Build_make.html | # 3.2. Build LAMMPS with make
Building LAMMPS with traditional makefiles requires that you have a Makefile.<machine> file appropriate for your system in either the src/MAKE, src/MAKE/MACHINES, src/MAKE/OPTIONS, or src/MAKE/MINE directory (see below). It can include various options for customizing your LAMMPS build with a number of global compilation options and features.
## 3.2.1. Requirements
Those makefiles are written for and tested with GNU make and may not be compatible with other make programs. In most cases, if the “make” program is not GNU make, then there will be a GNU make program available under the name “gmake”. If GNU make or a compatible make is not available, you may have to first install it or switch to building with CMake. The makefiles of the traditional make based build process and the scripts they are calling expect a few additional tools to be available and functioning.
• a working C/C++ compiler toolchain supporting the C++11 standard; on Linux these are often the GNU compilers. Some older compilers require adding flags like -std=c++11 to enable the C++11 mode.
• a Bourne shell compatible “Unix” shell program (often this is bash)
• a few shell utilities: ls, mv, ln, rm, grep, sed, tr, cat, touch, diff, dirname
• python (optional, required for make lib-<pkg> in the src folder). python scripts are currently tested with python 2.7 and 3.6. The procedure for building the documentation requires python 3.5 or later.
## 3.2.2. Getting started
To include LAMMPS packages (i.e. optional commands and styles) you must enable (or “install”) them first, as discussed on the Build package page. If a packages requires (provided or external) libraries, you must configure and build those libraries before building LAMMPS itself and especially before enabling such a package with make yes-<package>. Building LAMMPS with CMake can automate much of this for many types of machines, especially workstations, desktops, and laptops, so we suggest you try it first when building LAMMPS in those cases.
The commands below perform a default LAMMPS build, producing the LAMMPS executable lmp_serial and lmp_mpi in lammps/src:
cd lammps/src # change to main LAMMPS source folder
make serial # build a serial LAMMPS executable using GNU g++
make mpi # build a parallel LAMMPS executable with MPI
make # see a variety of make options
Compilation can take a long time, since LAMMPS is a large project with many features. If your machine has multiple CPU cores (most do these days), you can speed this up by compiling sources in parallel with make -j N (with N being the maximum number of concurrently executed tasks). Also installation of the ccache (= Compiler Cache) software may speed up repeated compilation even more, e.g. during code development.
After the initial build, whenever you edit LAMMPS source files, or add or remove new files to the source directory (e.g. by installing or uninstalling packages), you must re-compile and relink the LAMMPS executable with the same make <machine> command. The makefile’s dependency tracking should insure that only the necessary subset of files are re-compiled. If you change settings in the makefile, you have to recompile everything. To delete all objects you can use make clean-<machine>.
Note
Before the actual compilation starts, LAMMPS will perform several steps to collect information from the configuration and setup that is then embedded into the executable. When you build LAMMPS for the first time, it will also compile a tool to quickly assemble a list of dependencies, that are required for the make program to correctly detect which parts need to be recompiled after changes were made to the sources.
## 3.2.3. Customized builds and alternate makefiles
The src/MAKE directory tree contains the Makefile.<machine> files included in the LAMMPS distribution. Typing make example uses Makefile.example from one of those folders, if available. Thus the make serial and make mpi lines above use src/MAKE/Makefile.serial and src/MAKE/Makefile.mpi, respectively. Other makefiles are in these directories:
OPTIONS # Makefiles which enable specific options
MACHINES # Makefiles for specific machines
MINE # customized Makefiles you create (you may need to create this folder)
Simply typing make lists all the available Makefile.<machine> files with a single line description toward the end of the output. A file with the same name can appear in multiple folders (not a good idea). The order the directories are searched is as follows: src/MAKE/MINE, src/MAKE, src/MAKE/OPTIONS, src/MAKE/MACHINES. This gives preference to a customized file you put in src/MAKE/MINE. If you create your own custom makefile under a new name, please edit the first line with the description and machine name, so you will not confuse yourself, when looking at the machine summary.
Makefiles you may wish to try include these (some require a package first be installed). Many of these include specific compiler flags for optimized performance. Please note, however, that some of these customized machine Makefile are contributed by users. Since both compilers, OS configurations, and LAMMPS itself keep changing, their settings may become outdated:
make mac # build serial LAMMPS on a Mac
make mac_mpi # build parallel LAMMPS on a Mac
make intel_cpu # build with the USER-INTEL package optimized for CPUs
make knl # build with the USER-INTEL package optimized for KNLs
make opt # build with the OPT package optimized for CPUs
make omp # build with the USER-OMP package optimized for OpenMP
make kokkos_omp # build with the KOKKOS package for OpenMP
make kokkos_cuda_mpi # build with the KOKKOS package for GPUs
make kokkos_phi # build with the KOKKOS package for KNLs | 2020-12-05T00:09:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.39722609519958496, "perplexity": 6837.600479090703}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141745780.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204223450-20201205013450-00422.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10338975-first-measurements-subjettiness-central-pb-pb-collisions-sqrt-s_-mathrm-nn-tev | First measurements of N-subjettiness in central Pb-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ = 2.76 TeV
A bstract The ALICE Collaboration reports the first fully-corrected measurements of the N -subjettiness observable for track-based jets in heavy-ion collisions. This study is performed using data recorded in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at centre-of-mass energies of $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 7 TeV and $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 2 . 76 TeV, respectively. In particular the ratio of 2-subjettiness to 1-subjettiness, τ 2 /τ 1 , which is sensitive to the rate of two-pronged jet substructure, is presented. Energy loss of jets traversing the strongly interacting medium in heavy-ion collisions is expected to change the rate of two-pronged substructure relative to vacuum. The results are presented for jets with a resolution parameter of R = 0 . 4 and charged jet transverse momentum of 40 ≤ p T , jet ≤ 60 GeV/ c , which constitute a larger jet resolution and lower jet transverse momentum interval than previous measurements in heavy-ion collisions. This has been achieved by utilising a semi-inclusive hadron-jet coincidence technique to suppress the larger jet combinatorial background in this kinematic region. No significant modification of the τ 2 /τ 1 observable for track-based jets in Pb-Pb collisions is observed relative to vacuum PYTHIA6 more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10338975
Journal Name:
Journal of High Energy Physics
Volume:
2021
Issue:
10
ISSN:
1029-8479
1. A bstract A measurement of the inclusive b-jet production cross section is presented in pp and p-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV, using data collected with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The jets were reconstructed in the central rapidity region |η| < 0 . 5 from charged particles using the anti- k T algorithm with resolution parameter R = 0 . 4. Identification of b jets exploits the long lifetime of b hadrons, using the properties of secondary vertices and impact parameter distributions. The p T -differential inclusive production cross section of b jets, as well as the corresponding inclusive b-jet fraction, are reported for pp and p-Pb collisions in the jet transverse momentum range 10 ≤ p T , ch jet ≤ 100 GeV/ c , together with the nuclear modification factor, $${R}_{\mathrm{pPb}}^{\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{jet}}$$ R pPb b − jet . The analysis thus extends the lower p T limit of b-jet measurements at the LHC. The nuclear modification factor is found to be consistent with unity, indicating that the production of b jets in p-Pb at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV is not affected bymore »
2. A bstract Jet fragmentation transverse momentum ( j T ) distributions are measured in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed with the ALICE tracking detectors and electromagnetic calorimeter using the anti- k T algorithm with resolution parameter R = 0 . 4 in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 0 . 25. The j T values are calculated for charged particles inside a fixed cone with a radius R = 0 . 4 around the reconstructed jet axis. The measured j T distributions are compared with a variety of parton-shower models. Herwig and P ythia 8 based models describe the data well for the higher j T region, while they underestimate the lower j T region. The j T distributions are further characterised by fitting them with a function composed of an inverse gamma function for higher j T values (called the “wide component”), related to the perturbative component of the fragmentation process, and with a Gaussian for lower j T values (called the “narrow component”), predominantly connected to the hadronisation process. The width of the Gaussian has only amore »
3. A bstract A measurement of inclusive, prompt, and non-prompt J/ ψ production in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV is presented. The inclusive J/ ψ mesons are reconstructed in the dielectron decay channel at midrapidity down to a transverse momentum p T = 0. The inclusive J/ ψ nuclear modification factor R pPb is calculated by comparing the new results in p-Pb collisions to a recently measured proton-proton reference at the same centre-of-mass energy. Non-prompt J/ ψ mesons, which originate from the decay of beauty hadrons, are separated from promptly produced J/ ψ on a statistical basis for p T larger than 1.0 GeV/ c . These results are based on the data sample collected by the ALICE detector during the 2016 LHC p-Pb run, corresponding to an integrated luminosity $$\mathcal{L}$$ L int = 292 ± 11 μ b − 1 , which is six times larger than the previous publications. The total uncertainty on the p T -integrated inclusive J/ ψ and non-prompt J/ ψ cross section are reduced by a factor 1.7 and 2.2, respectively. The measured cross sections and R pPb are compared withmore »
4. Abstract The measurement of the azimuthal-correlation function of prompt D mesons with charged particles in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} =5.02\ \hbox {TeV}$$ s = 5.02 TeV and p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02\ \hbox {TeV}$$ s NN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The $$\mathrm{D}^{0}$$ D 0 , $$\mathrm{D}^{+}$$ D + , and $$\mathrm{D}^{*+}$$ D ∗ + mesons, together with their charge conjugates, were reconstructed at midrapidity in the transverse momentum interval $$3< p_\mathrm{T} < 24\ \hbox {GeV}/c$$ 3 < p T < 24 GeV / c and correlated with charged particles having $$p_\mathrm{T} > 0.3\ \hbox {GeV}/c$$ p T > 0.3 GeV / c and pseudorapidity $$|\eta | < 0.8$$ | η | < 0.8 . The properties of the correlation peaks appearing in the near- and away-side regions (for $$\Delta \varphi \approx 0$$ Δ φ ≈ 0 and $$\Delta \varphi \approx \pi$$ Δ φ ≈ π , respectively) were extracted via a fit to the azimuthal correlation functions. The shape of the correlation functions and the near- and away-side peak features are found to be consistent in pp and p–Pb collisions, showing no modifications due to nuclear effects withinmore »
5. A bstract Measurements of the production cross-sections of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson ( H ) decaying into a pair of τ -leptons are presented. The measurements use data collected with the ATLAS detector from pp collisions produced at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb − 1 . Leptonic ( τ → ℓν ℓ ν τ ) and hadronic ( τ → hadrons ν τ ) decays of the τ -lepton are considered. All measurements account for the branching ratio of H → ττ and are performed with a requirement |y H | < 2 . 5, where y H is the true Higgs boson rapidity. The cross-section of the pp → H → ττ process is measured to be 2 . 94 ± $$0.21{\left(\mathrm{stat}\right)}_{-0.32}^{+0.37}$$ 0.21 stat − 0.32 + 0.37 (syst) pb, in agreement with the SM prediction of 3 . 17 ± 0 . 09 pb. Inclusive cross-sections are determined separately for the four dominant production modes: 2 . 65 ± $$0.41{\left(\mathrm{stat}\right)}_{-0.67}^{+0.91}$$ 0.41 stat − 0.67 + 0.91 (syst) pb for gluon-gluon fusion, 0 .more » | 2022-12-08T20:34:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.916260838508606, "perplexity": 2071.361649436721}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711360.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208183130-20221208213130-00459.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/187/312/ | Volume 187 - 31st International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory LATTICE 2013 (LATTICE 2013) - Standard Model Parameters and Renormalization
A determination of the average up-down, strange and charm quark masses at $N_f=2+1+1$
N. Carrasco Vela, P. Dimopoulos, R. Frezzotti, P. Lami*, V. Lubicz, D. Palao, E. Picca, L. Riggio, G. Rossi, F. Sanfilippo, S. Simula and C. Tarantino
Full text: pdf
Published on: April 28, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.187.0312
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. | 2022-09-29T10:21:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17448003590106964, "perplexity": 4659.800808583247}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335350.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929100506-20220929130506-00657.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2005.2005.624 | Article Contents
Article Contents
# Geometric approach to a singular boundary value problem with turning points
• The singularly perturbed boundary value problem $\epsilon \ddot x=f(x,t;\epsilon)\dot x$, $x(-1;\epsilon)=A$, $x(0;\epsilon)=B$ is studied as an application of the geometric singular perturbation theory for turning points. The key ingredients are: the delay of stability loss that characterizes all possible singular orbits of the boundary value problem, and the exchange lemmas for problems with turning points as the geometric tool to show the existence of solutions shadowing singular orbits.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 34E20; Secondary: 34B16.
Citation:
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license
• on this site
/ | 2022-12-06T19:45:23 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18204821646213531, "perplexity": 553.3508132128393}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711114.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206192947-20221206222947-00463.warc.gz"} |
https://www.anl.gov/article/doe-awards-argonne-415-million-for-research-in-quantum-computing-and-networking | # Argonne National Laboratory .st0{fill:none;} .st1{fill:#007934;} .st2{fill:#0082CA;} .st3{fill:#101E8E;} .st4{fill:#FFFFFF;} .st5{fill:#A22A2E;} .st6{fill:#D9272E;} .st7{fill:#82BC00;} Argonne National Laboratory
Press Release | Argonne National Laboratory
# DOE awards Argonne $4.15 million for research in quantum computing and networking Argonne joins other labs on the threshold of a new era in quantum information science and quantum computing. The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory was recently awarded a total of$4.15 million for research in quantum computing and networking as part of the 2019 Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) Quantum Computing and Quantum Network Awards. The awards will fund three multi-year projects in an effort to secure the nation’s leadership in the field of quantum information science.
The three projects aim to advance the development of quantum computing and networking, from quantum-driven algorithms, programming languages, compilers and debugging approaches to metropolitan-scale quantum networks that take advantage of existing fiber optic connections.
Scientists from Argonne’s Mathematics and Computer Science (MCS) division and Computing, Environment and Life Sciences (CELS) directorate will participate in two of the projects in ASCR’s Accelerated Research in Quantum Computing (ARQC) category. One of the projects, titled Fundamental Algorithmic Research for Quantum Computing (FAR-QC),” is a multi-disciplinary collaboration between the national laboratories, academia and industry that aims to better understand the significance of the potential impact of quantum computing.
Leveraging the power of quantum mechanics, quantum computers offer potentially game-changing advantages over classical computers. However, scientists are still developing quantum computing technology, and the magnitude of the potential advantage of quantum computing is still unknown.
We are on the threshold of a new era in quantum information science and quantum computing and networking, with potentially great promise for science and society. These projects will help ensure U.S. leadership in these important new areas of science and technology.” — Paul Dabbar, Under Secretary for Science
Using quantum systems for computing is a promising thought,” said computational mathematician Jeffrey Larson of Argonne’s MCS division, who is a leader on the project. To prove these systems can surpass the capabilities of classical computers for certain DOE-relevant problems requires researchers from diverse scientific backgrounds, including Argonne’s optimization expertise.”
The FAR-QC team of physicists, applied mathematicians, quantum information scientists and computer scientists will develop quantum, classical and hybrid algorithms to advance quantum computing capabilities in quantum simulation, optimization and machine learning. These algorithms will serve as a template for future quantum technologies. In addition, the scientists will analyze the performance of quantum simulated systems to characterize the advantages that quantum algorithms could ultimately realize.
Altogether, the five-year project will receive $19.5 million, with$1.3 million going to Argonne specifically.
Scientists from Argonne’s CELS directorate will also receive funding from the ARQC category for a project titled Advancing Integrated Development Environments for Quantum Computing through Fundamental Research (AIDE-QC).” The team, consisting of five DOE laboratories and the University of Chicago, will develop open-source computing, programming and simulation environments that support the diversity of quantum computing research at DOE.
We are entering an era of quantum computing where the available devices are noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices,” said Stefan Wild, MCS deputy division director and a scientist on the project. The devices will be able to perform tasks that classical computers can’t, but they won’t be capable of full-fledged, unhindered quantum computing. We need to develop techniques to handle this critical, transitional time of scientific exploration.”
Argonne will use the expertise of its scientists to address critical aspects of computer science research that accelerate the integration of NISQ devices, including high-level programming languages, novel error-mitigation techniques for near- and mid-term hardware devices, leading-edge platform-agnostic compilers and tools for validation, verification and debugging.
Classical information comes in the form of bits, and quantum information comes in qubits, which computers handle in significantly different ways. The increasing number of qubits on emerging computer chips presents an exciting opportunity to develop scalable quantum circuit compilation techniques and to test them on cutting-edge hardware,” said Argonne’s computer scientist Martin Suchara, a member of the AIDE-QC team who specializes in quantum computing.
AIDE-QC will receive over $18.6 million; around$2.4 million of that will go to Argonne. The laboratory’s participation in both AIDE-QC and FAR-QC is sure to enhance collaboration across the newly established projects.
Finally, scientists from Argonne’s CELS directorate will participate in a project, titled Illinois-Express Quantum Network (IEQNET),” funded by the DOE ASCR Transparent Optical Quantum Networks for Distributed Science program. The project team, led by scientists at DOE’s Fermilab, plans to develop and demonstrate a metropolitan-scale, quantum-classical hybrid network with nodes at Argonne, Fermilab, and Northwestern University and in downtown Chicago.
Scientists have previously demonstrated point-to-point quantum communication over short distances in fiber optic cables (on the order of 10 miles) and long distances using free space optics, but IEQNET’s goal is to demonstrate a multi-node fiber optic quantum network that supports multiple users and co-exists with classical networks.
We want to utilize existing links because we have significant infrastructure that has already been laid for classical communication,” said Rajkumar Kettimuthu, an Argonne scientist on the study. The challenge will be to achieve classical and quantum coexistence in the same fibers.”
The program funds five projects — involving national laboratories, universities and industry — that will develop complementary technology over the next four years. The total grant is for $3.2 million, and Argonne will receive$400,000. The applications of large-scale quantum networks include better detection of earthquakes and gravitational waves, as well as better synchronization of atomic clocks and arrays of research devices for many scientific fields.
We are on the threshold of a new era in quantum information science and quantum computing and networking, with potentially great promise for science and society,” said Under Secretary for Science Paul Dabbar in a news release announcing the funding awards. These projects will help ensure U.S. leadership in these important new areas of science and technology.”
Argonne National Laboratory seeks solutions to pressing national problems in science and technology. The nation’s first national laboratory, Argonne conducts leading-edge basic and applied scientific research in virtually every scientific discipline. Argonne researchers work closely with researchers from hundreds of companies, universities, and federal, state and municipal agencies to help them solve their specific problems, advance America’s scientific leadership and prepare the nation for a better future. With employees from more than 60 nations, Argonne is managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit https://energy.gov/science. | 2019-10-15T16:13:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3078472316265106, "perplexity": 2841.6200798284945}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660067.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015155056-20191015182556-00026.warc.gz"} |
http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/197135?q&versionId=209572 | # 2006, English, Article edition: The price of approximate stability for scheduling tasks on two links Angel, Eric; Bampis, Evripidis; Pascual, Fanny
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• 2006
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• English
### Edition details
Title
• The price of approximate stability for scheduling tasks on two links
Author
• Angel, Eric
• Bampis, Evripidis
• Pascual, Fanny
Published
• HAL - CCSD
• 2006
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• text
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• We consider a \em scheduling game, where a set of selfish agents (traffic loads) want to be routed in exactly one of the two parallel links of a system. Every agent aims to minimize \em her own completion time, while the social objective is the \em makespan, i.e. the time at which the last agent finishes her execution. We study the problem of optimizing the makespan under the constraint that the obtained schedule is a (pure) Nash equilibrium, i.e. a schedule in which no agent has incentive to unilaterally change her strategy (link). We consider a relaxation of the notion of \em equilibrium by considering $\alpha$-approximate Nash equilibria, in which agents do not have \em sufficient incentive to unilaterally change their strategies: in an $\alpha$-approximate Nash equilibrium, no agent can decrease its cost by more than $\alpha$ multiplicative factor. Our main contribution is the study of the \em tradeoff between the \em approximation ratio for the makespan and the stability of the schedule (the value of $\alpha$). We first give an algorithm which provides a solution with an approximation ratio of $\frac87$ for the makespan and which is a 3-approximate Nash equilibrium, provided that the local policy of each link is \em Longest Processing Time (LPT). Furthermore, we show that a slight modification of the classical \em Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme (PTAS) of Graham allows to obtain a schedule whose makespan is arbitrarily close to the optimum while keeping a constant value for $\alpha$. Finally, we give bounds establishing relations between the value of $\alpha$ and the best possible value of the approximation ratio, provided that the local policies of the links are LPT. We also briefly examine the case where the local policies are SPT.
• HAL:hal-00341356, version 1
• HAL:http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00341356/en/
• DOI:10.1007/11823285
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Be the first to add a tag for this edition | 2016-10-26T11:37:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7301488518714905, "perplexity": 2054.9323598878386}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00391-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10230251-electron-ptychography-achieves-atomic-resolution-limits-set-lattice-vibrations | Electron ptychography achieves atomic-resolution limits set by lattice vibrations
Transmission electron microscopes use electrons with wavelengths of a few picometers, potentially capable of imaging individual atoms in solids at a resolution ultimately set by the intrinsic size of an atom. However, owing to lens aberrations and multiple scattering of electrons in the sample, the image resolution is reduced by a factor of 3 to 10. By inversely solving the multiple scattering problem and overcoming the electron-probe aberrations using electron ptychography, we demonstrate an instrumental blurring of less than 20 picometers and a linear phase response in thick samples. The measured widths of atomic columns are limited by thermal fluctuations of the atoms. Our method is also capable of locating embedded atomic dopant atoms in all three dimensions with subnanometer precision from only a single projection measurement.
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10230251
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Science
Volume:
372
Issue:
6544
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p. 826-831
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0036-8075
Publisher:
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
5. Abstract The Electron Loss and Fields Investigation with a Spatio-Temporal Ambiguity-Resolving option (ELFIN-STAR, or heretoforth simply: ELFIN) mission comprises two identical 3-Unit (3U) CubeSats on a polar (∼93 ∘ inclination), nearly circular, low-Earth (∼450 km altitude) orbit. Launched on September 15, 2018, ELFIN is expected to have a >2.5 year lifetime. Its primary science objective is to resolve the mechanism of storm-time relativistic electron precipitation, for which electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are a prime candidate. From its ionospheric vantage point, ELFIN uses its unique pitch-angle-resolving capability to determine whether measured relativistic electron pitch-angle and energy spectra within the loss cone bear the characteristic signatures of scattering by EMIC waves or whether such scattering may be due to other processes. Pairing identical ELFIN satellites with slowly-variable along-track separation allows disambiguation of spatial and temporal evolution of the precipitation over minutes-to-tens-of-minutes timescales, faster than the orbit period of a single low-altitude satellite (T orbit ∼ 90 min). Each satellite carries an energetic particle detector for electrons (EPDE) that measures 50 keV to 5 MeV electrons with $\Delta$ Δ E/E < 40% and a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) on a ∼72 cm boom that measures magnetic field waves (e.g., EMIC waves) in the range from DC tomore » | 2023-02-03T14:49:51 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4523056447505951, "perplexity": 5309.035183681955}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500056.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203122526-20230203152526-00226.warc.gz"} |
https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/python-in-hpc/0/steps/65121 | # Using static typing
In this article we describe how giving away dynamic typing of variables can increase the performance of the program.
© CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 by CSC - IT Center for Science Ltd.
Python is both a strongly typed and a dynamically typed language.
Strong typing means that variables do have a type and that the type matters when performing operations on a variable. Dynamic typing means that the type of the variable is determined only during runtime.
Due to strong typing, types need to be compatible with respect to the operand when performing operations. For example Python allows one to add an integer and a floating point number, but adding an integer to a string produces error.
Due to dynamic typing, in Python the same variable can have a different type at different times during the execution. Dynamic typing allows for flexibility in programming, but with a price in performance.
## Everything is an object
One of the key features of Python is that everything is an object, and the type is just one attribute of an object. As an illustration, we can assign a single integer to a variable, and use the Python built-in function dir for
finding out the attributes of the object. If you execute the following two
lines in an interactive interpreter, it should become clear that a Python
integer is much more complex than just a number. Please feel free to
experiment also with other types!
n = 5
dir(n)
The fact that everything is an object means that there is a lot of “unboxing”
and “boxing” involved when Python performs operations with variables. For
example, when just adding two integers
a = 7
b = 6
c = a + b
there are several steps Python needs to do:
1. Check the types of both operands
2. Check whether they both support the + operation
3. Extract the function that performs the + operation (due to operator
4. Extract the actual values of the objects
5. Perform the + operation
6. Construct a new integer object for the result
Due to the fact that Python is dynamically typed, the interpreter cannot know
beforehand what type of objects one is dealing with, and everytime two
variables are added one needs to perform all the above steps.
What if one knows that e.g. in a certain function the variables have always
the same type? That’s where Cython steps in: Cython allows one to add static
typing information so that boxing and unboxing are not needed, and one can
operate directly with the actual values.
When Cythonizing a Python code, static type information can be added either:
• In function signatures by prefixing the formal arguments by their type
• By declaring variables with the cdef Cython keyword, followed by the
the type
For example, a simple Python function adding two objects could be Cythonized
as follows:
def add (int x, int y):
cdef int result
result = x + y
return result
The function works now only with integers but with less boxing/unboxing
The types provided in Cython code are C types, and the variables with type
information are pure C variables and not Python objects. When calling a
Cythonized function from Python, there is an automatic conversion from the
Python object of actual arguments to the C value of formal argument, and when
returning a C variable it is converted to corresponding Python object.
Automatic conversions are carried out also in most cases within the Cython
code where both Python objects and C variables are involved.
The table below lists the most common C types and their corresponding Python
Cython documentation.
From Python types To C types
int int, long
int, float float, double
str/bytes char *
From C types To Python types
int, long int
float, double float
char * str/bytes
## Static typing in Mandelbrot kernel
In week 1 we did a performance analysis of Mandelbrot fractal in Step 1.11. The analysis revealed
that the kernel function in module mandelbrot.py was the most time critical one. Thus, let’s make mandelbrot.py into Cython module mandelbrot.pyx and introducing static typing to the
function kernel.
Pure Python version was:
def kernel(zr, zi, cr, ci, lim, cutoff):
''' Computes the number of iterations n such that
|z_n| > lim, where z_n = z_{n-1}**2 + c.
'''
count = 0
while ((zr*zr + zi*zi) < (lim*lim)) and count < cutoff:
zr, zi = zr * zr - zi * zi + cr, 2 * zr * zi + ci
count += 1
return count
We can add type information both to the function signature and to the function
body:
def kernel(double zr, double zi, double cr, double ci, double lim, int cutoff):
''' Computes the number of iterations n such that
|z_n| > lim, where z_n = z_{n-1}**2 + c.
'''
cdef int count = 0
while ((zr*zr + zi*zi) < (lim*lim)) and count < cutoff:
zr, zi = zr * zr - zi * zi + cr, 2 * zr * zi + ci
count += 1
return count
When comparing the performance of pure Python and Cythonized versions, we obtain the following results:
• Pure Python: 0.57 s
• Static type declarations in the kernel: 14 ms
Thus, we obtained a speed up of ~40 !
© CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 by CSC - IT Center for Science Ltd. | 2022-05-24T21:07:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18671482801437378, "perplexity": 3499.4702767689155}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577259.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524203438-20220524233438-00361.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/395/457/ | Volume 395 - 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2021) - CRI - Cosmic Ray Indirect
Simulations of Cosmic Ray Ensembles originated nearby the Sun
D. Alvarez-Castillo*, O. Sushchov, P. Homola, D. Beznosko, N. Budnev, D. Gora, A. Gupta, B. Hnatyk, M. Kasztelan, P. Kovacs, B. Lozowski, M. Medvedev, J. Miszczyk, A. Mozgova, V. Nazari, M. Niedzwiecki, M. Pawlik, M. Rosas, K. Rzecki, K. Smelcerz, K. Smolek, J. Stasielak, S. Stuglik, M. Svanidze, A. Tursunov, Y. Verbetsky, T. Wibig, J. Zamora-Saa, B. Poncyljusz, J. Medrala, G. Opila, L. Bibrzyck and M. Piekarczyk.et al. (click to show)
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: July 08, 2021
Published on:
Abstract
Cosmic Ray Ensembles (CRE) are yet not observed groups of cosmic rays with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. One of the processes capable of initiating identifiable CRE is an interaction of an ultra-high energy (UHE) photon with the solar magnetic field which results in an electron pair production and the subsequent synchrotron radiation. The resultant electromagnetic cascade forms a very characteristic line-like front of a very small width ($\sim$ meters), stretching from tens of thousands to even many millions of kilometers. In this contribution we present the results of applying a toy model to simulate detections of such CRE at the ground level with an array of ideal detectors of different dimensions. The adopted approach allows us to assess the CRE detection feasibility for a specific configuration of a detector array. The process of initiation and propagation of an electromagnetic cascade originated from an UHE photon passing near the Sun, as well as the resultant particle distribution on ground, were simulated using the CORSIKA program with the PRESHOWER option, both modified accordingly. The studied scenario results in photons forming a cascade that extends even over tens of millions of kilometers when it arrives at the top of the Earth's atmosphere, and the photon energies span practically the whole cosmic ray energy spectrum. The topology of the signal consists of very extended CRE shapes, and the characteristic, very much elongated disk-shape of the particle distribution on ground illustrates the potential for identification of CRE of this type.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.395.0457
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
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Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2021-07-25T21:16:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.262824147939682, "perplexity": 1838.907594128483}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151866.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725205752-20210725235752-00000.warc.gz"} |
https://gallery.usgs.gov/centers/casc-sc/science/predicting-future-forage-conditions-elk-and-mule-deer-montana-and-wyoming | # Predicting Future Forage Conditions for Elk and Mule Deer in Montana and Wyoming
## Science Center Objects
Improving the quality of habitat for western big-game species, such as elk and mule deer, was identified as a priority by the Department of the Interior in 2018. Maintaining healthy herds not only supports the ecosystems where these species are found, but also the hunting and wildlife watching communities. For example, in Wyoming, big game hunting contributed over $300 million to the state’s ec... Improving the quality of habitat for western big-game species, such as elk and mule deer, was identified as a priority by the Department of the Interior in 2018. Maintaining healthy herds not only supports the ecosystems where these species are found, but also the hunting and wildlife watching communities. For example, in Wyoming, big game hunting contributed over$300 million to the state’s economy in 2015. Yet as climate conditions change, the quantity, quality, and timing of vegetation available to mule deer, elk, and other ungulates, known as forage, could shift. It’s possible that these changes could have cascading impacts on the behavior and population sizes of many species.
A key strategy used by managers to improve forage availability and adapt to change is the implementation of habitat treatments. These treatments include prescribed fire, forest thinning, and removal of invasive weeds, and are currently being planned to counteract the expected decline in mule deer habitat in the Kemmerer-Cokeville Area of southwestern Wyoming. To ensure that these activities are effective in meeting their goals, it is important for managers to have information on how forage conditions are already changing due to climate variability, and what any potential tradeoffs associated with these techniques may be.
Focusing on Montana and Wyoming, this project aims to meet this need by achieving three objectives. First, researchers will prepare summaries of past and future changes in forage by watershed, herd, and hunting area for both states. These summaries will help managers prioritize areas for management by providing baseline information about the direction, degree, and certainty of change in the quality and timing of forage. Second, researchers will assess changes in forage conditions in aspen, sagebrush, and mixed mountain shrub habitat in southwest Wyoming. They will develop maps of future forage based on scenarios that reflect probabilities of important weather patterns (such as drought), the current distribution of invasive cheatgrass (which decreases forage quality), and expected effects of planned habitat treatments, such as prescribed fire. Lastly, researchers will use these maps to evaluate the effects of treatment options on mule deer migration, fawning, and summer habitat, and on elk calving, migration, and habitat use.
The results of this project will be useful to a broad range of managers, including those with the states of Wyoming and Montana, and with federal agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. Successful management of elk and mule deer habitat will support healthy populations and ecosystems, as well as recreational opportunities that feed valuable revenue into local and state economies. | 2021-04-12T15:56:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2190096080303192, "perplexity": 7288.300302529158}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067870.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412144351-20210412174351-00032.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10320816-fractionalized-conductivity-emergent-self-duality-near-topological-phase-transitions | Fractionalized conductivity and emergent self-duality near topological phase transitions
Abstract The experimental discovery of the fractional Hall conductivity in two-dimensional electron gases revealed new types of quantum particles, called anyons, which are beyond bosons and fermions as they possess fractionalized exchange statistics. These anyons are usually studied deep inside an insulating topological phase. It is natural to ask whether such fractionalization can be detected more broadly, say near a phase transition from a conventional to a topological phase. To answer this question, we study a strongly correlated quantum phase transition between a topological state, called a $${{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ Z 2 quantum spin liquid, and a conventional superfluid using large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show that the universal conductivity at the quantum critical point becomes a simple fraction of its value at the conventional insulator-to-superfluid transition. Moreover, a dynamically self-dual optical conductivity emerges at low temperatures above the transition point, indicating the presence of the elusive vison particles. Our study opens the door for the experimental detection of anyons in a broader regime, and has ramifications in the study of quantum materials, programmable quantum simulators, and ultra-cold atomic gases. In the latter case, we discuss the feasibility of measurements in optical lattices using current techniques.
Authors:
; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10320816
Journal Name:
Nature Communications
Volume:
12
Issue:
1
ISSN:
2041-1723 | 2022-12-07T15:58:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6372236609458923, "perplexity": 1063.0501770841024}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711200.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207153419-20221207183419-00134.warc.gz"} |
http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cr/T-0.1,%20r.%202?code=se:350_51_1r3&pointInTime=20201120 | ### T-0.1, r. 2 - Regulation respecting the Québec sales tax
350.51.1R3. Where the person referred to in the first paragraph of section 350.51.1 of the Act is a registrant and makes a supply in connection with a group event pursuant to a written agreement relating to the supply, the prescribed information is the following:
(1) the information required under subparagraphs 4, 5, 7 and 8 of the first paragraph of section 350.51R7.2;
(2) a unique reference number entered on the written agreement by the person;
(3) the estimated value of the consideration payable in respect of the supply;
(4) the date or dates of the group event;
(5) the estimated maximum number of persons attending the event;
(6) a row of 42 equal signs (=) immediately preceding the information required under subparagraphs 7 to 12;
(7) mention that the event is a group event;
(8) the information required under subparagraphs 13 and 14 of the first paragraph of section 350.51R5;
(9) the information required under subparagraphs 9 and 10 of the first paragraph of section 350.51.1R2;
(10) the information required under paragraphs 1 and 2 of section 350.51.1R1;
(11) the information required under subparagraph 12 of the first paragraph of section 350.51.1R2; and
(12) a row of 42 equal signs (=) immediately following the information required under subparagraphs 6 to 11.
The information required under subparagraphs 6 to 12 of the first paragraph are generated in that order by the device referred to in section 350.52.1 of the Act.
O.C. 586-2015, s. 7. | 2021-01-24T07:18:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.934938371181488, "perplexity": 2790.4475175932894}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547333.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124044618-20210124074618-00104.warc.gz"} |
https://popflock.com/learn?s=Orders_of_magnitude_(time) | Orders of Magnitude (time)
Get Orders of Magnitude Time essential facts below. View Videos or join the Orders of Magnitude Time discussion. Add Orders of Magnitude Time to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Orders of Magnitude Time
An order of magnitude of time is usually a decimal prefix or decimal order-of-magnitude quantity together with a base unit of time, like a microsecond or a million years. In some cases, the order of magnitude may be implied (usually 1), like a "second" or "year". In other cases, the quantity name implies the base unit, like "century". In most cases, the base unit is seconds or years.
Prefixes are not usually used with a base unit of years. Therefore, it is said "a million years" instead of "a mega year". Clock time and calendar time have duodecimal or sexagesimal orders of magnitude rather than decimal, e.g., a year is 12 months, and a minute is 60 seconds.
The smallest meaningful increment of time is the Planck time-the time light takes to traverse the Planck distance, many decimal orders of magnitude smaller than a second.
The largest realized amount of time, based on known scientific data, is the age of the universe, about 13.8 billion years--the time since the Big Bang as measured in the cosmic microwave background rest frame. Those amounts of time together span 60 decimal orders of magnitude. Metric prefixes are defined spanning 10-24 to 1024, 48 decimal orders of magnitude which may be used in conjunction with the metric base unit of second.
Metric units of time larger than the second are most commonly seen only in a few scientific contexts such as observational astronomy and materials science, although this depends on the author. For everyday use and most other scientific contexts, the common units of minutes, hours (3,600 s or 3.6 ks), days (86,400 s), weeks, months, and years (of which there are a number of variations) are commonly used. Weeks, months, and years are significantly variable units whose length depend on the choice of calendar and are often not regular even with a calendar, e.g. leap years versus regular years in the Gregorian calendar. This makes them problematic for use against a linear and regular time scale such as that defined by the SI, since it is not clear which version is being used.
Because of this, the table below does not include weeks, months, and years. Instead, the table uses the annum or astronomical Julian year (365.25 days of 86,400 seconds), denoted with the symbol a. Its definition is based on the average length of a year according to the Julian calendar, which has one leap year every four years. According to the geological science convention, this is used to form larger units of time by the application of SI prefixes to it; at least up to giga-annum or Ga, equal to 1,000,000,000 a (short scale: one billion years, long scale: one milliard years).
## Less than one second
Units of measure less than a second
Multiple
of a
second
Unit Symbol Definition Comparative examples & common units
10-44 1 Planck time tP Presumed to be the shortest theoretically measurable time interval
(but not necessarily the shortest increment of time--see quantum gravity)
: One Planck time tP = ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\hbar G/c^{5}}}}$ ? [1] is the briefest physically meaningful span of time. It is the unit of time in the natural units system known as Planck units.
10-24 1 yoctosecond ys[2] Yoctosecond, (yocto- + second), is one septillionth of a second 0.3 ys: mean lifetime of W and Z bosons
23 ys: Half life of isotope 7 of hydrogen (Hydrogen-7)
156 ys: mean lifetime of a Higgs Boson
10-21 1 zeptosecond zs Zeptosecond, (zepto- + second), is one sextillionth of one second 2 zs: representative cycle time of gamma ray radiation released in the decay of a radioactive atomic nucleus (here as 2 MeV per emitted photon)
4 zs: cycle time of the zitterbewegung of an electron (${\displaystyle \omega =2m_{e}c^{2}/\hbar }$)
247 zs: an experimentally-measured travel time of a photon across a hydrogen molecule, "for the average bond length of molecular hydrogen"[3]
10-18 1 attosecond as One quintillionth of one second 12 as: best timing control of laser pulses.[4]
43 as: shortest laser pulse[5]
10-15 1 femtosecond fs One quadrillionth of one second 1 fs: Cycle time for 300-nanometre light; ultraviolet light; light travels 0.3 micrometres (µm).
140 fs: Electrons have localized onto individual bromine atoms 6Å apart after laser dissociation of Br2.[6]
290 fs: Lifetime of a tauon
10-12 1 picosecond ps One trillionth of one second 1 ps: mean lifetime of a bottom quark; light travels 0.3 millimeters (mm)
1 ps: typical lifetime of a transition state
4 ps: Time to execute one machine cycle by an IBM silicon-germanium transistor
109 ps: Period of the photon corresponding to the hyperfine transition of the ground state of cesium-133, and one 9,192,631,770th of one second by definition
114.6 ps: Time for the fastest overclocked processor As of 2014 to execute one machine cycle.[7]
10-9 1 nanosecond ns One billionth of one second 1 ns: Time to execute one machine cycle by a 1 GHz microprocessor
1 ns: Light travels 30 cm (12 in)
10-6 1 microsecond µs One millionth of one second 1 µs: Time to execute one machine cycle by an Intel 80186 microprocessor
2.2 µs: Lifetime of a muon
4-16 µs: Time to execute one machine cycle by a 1960s minicomputer
10-3 1 millisecond ms One thousandth of one second 1 ms: time for a neuron in human brain to fire one impulse and return to rest[8]
4-8 ms: typical seek time for a computer hard disk
10-2 1 centisecond cs One hundredth of one second 1-2 cs (=0.01-0.02 s): Human reflex response to visual stimuli
1.6667 cs period of a frame at a frame rate of 60 Hz.
2 cs: cycle time for European 50 Hz AC electricity
10-1 1 decisecond ds One tenth of a second 1-4 ds (=0.1-0.4 s): Blink of an eye[9]
## One second and longer
In this table, large intervals of time surpassing one second are catalogued in order of the SI multiples of the second as well as their equivalent in common time units of minutes, hours, days, and Julian years.
Units of measure greater than one second
Multiple of a second Unit Symbol Common units Comparative examples & common units
101 1 decasecond das single seconds
(1 das = 10 s)
6 das: one minute (min), the time it takes a second hand to cycle around a clock face
102 1 hectosecond hs minutes
(1 hs = 1 min 40 s = 100 s)
2 hs (3 min 20 s): average length of the most popular YouTube videos as of January 2017[10]
5.55 hs (9 min 12 s): longest videos in above study
7.1 hs (11 m 50 s): time for a human walking at average speed of 1.4 m/s to walk 1 kilometre
103 1 kilosecond ks minutes, hours, days
(1 ks = 16 min 40 s = 1,000 s)
1 ks: record confinement time for antimatter, specifically antihydrogen, in electrically neutral state as of 2011[11]
1.8 ks: time slot for the typical situation comedy on television with advertisements included
3.6 ks: one hour (h), time for the minute hand of a clock to cycle once around the face, approximately 1/24 of one mean solar day
7.2 ks (2 h): typical length of feature films
86.399 ks (23 h 59 min 59 s): one day with a removed leap second on UTC time scale. Such has not yet occurred.
86.4 ks (24 h): one day of Earth by standard. More exactly, the mean solar day is 86.400 002 ks due to tidal braking, and increasing at the rate of approximately 2 ms/century; to correct for this time standards like UTC use leap seconds with the interval described as "a day" on them being most often 86.4 ks exactly by definition but occasionally one second more or less so that every day contains a whole number of seconds while preserving alignment with astronomical time. The hour hand of an analogue clock will typically cycle twice around the dial in this period as most analogue clocks are 12-hour, less common are analogue 24-hour clocks in which it cycles around once.
86.401 ks (24 h 0 min 1 s): one day with an added leap second on UTC time scale. While this is strictly 24 hours and 1 second in conventional units, a digital clock of suitable capability level will most often display the leap second as 23:59:60 and not 24:00:00 before rolling over to 00:00:00 the next day, as though the last "minute" of the day were crammed with 61 seconds and not 60, and similarly the last "hour" 3601 s instead of 3600.
88.775 ks (24 h 39 min 35 s): one sol of Mars
604.8 ks (7 d): one week of the Gregorian calendar
106 1 megasecond Ms weeks to years
(1 Ms = 11 d 13 h 46 min 40 s = 1,000,000 s)
1.641 6 Ms (19 d): length of a "month" of the Baha'i calendar
2.36 Ms (27.32 d): length of the true month, the orbital period of the Moon
2.419 2 Ms (28 d): length of February, the shortest month of the Gregorian calendar
2.592 Ms (30 d): 30 days, a common interval used in legal agreements and contracts as a proxy for a month
2.678 4 Ms (31 d): length of the longest months of the Gregorian calendar
23 Ms (270 d): approximate length of typical human gestational period
31.557 6 Ms (365.25 d): length of the Julian year, also called the annum, symbol a.
31.558 15 Ms (365 d 6 h 9 min 10 s): length of the true year, the orbital period of the Earth
126.232 6 Ms (1461 d 0 h 34 min 40 s): the elected term of the President of the United States or one Olympiad
109 1 gigasecond Gs decades, centuries, millennia
(1 Gs = over 31 years and 287 days = 1,000,000,000 s)
1.5 Gs: UNIX time as of Jul 14 02:40:00 UTC 2017. UNIX time being the number of seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z ignoring leap seconds.
2.5 Gs: (79 a): typical human life expectancy in the developed world
3.16 Gs: (100 a): one century
31.6 Gs: (1000 a, 1 ka): one millennium, also called a kilo-annum (ka)
63.8 Gs: approximate time since the beginning of the Anno Domini era as of 2019 - 2,019 years, and traditionally the time since the birth of Jesus Christ
194.67 Gs: Approximate lifespan of time capsule Crypt of Civilization, 28 May 1940 - 28 May 8113
363 Gs: (11.5 ka): time since the beginning of the Holocene epoch
814 Gs: (25.8 ka): approximate time for the cycle of precession of the Earth's axis
1012 1 terasecond Ts millennia to geological epochs
(1 Ts = over 31,600 years = 1,000,000,000,000 s)
3.1 Ts (100 ka): approximate length of a glacial period of the current Quaternary glaciation epoch
31.6 Ts (1000 ka, 1 Ma): one mega-annum (Ma), or one million years
79 Ts (2.5 Ma): approximate time since earliest hominids of genus Australopithecus
130 Ts (4 Ma): the typical lifetime of a biological species on Earth
137 Ts (4.32 Ma): the length of the mythic unit of mahayuga, the Great Age, in Hindu mythology.
1015 1 petasecond Ps geological eras, history of Earth and the Universe 2 Ps: approximate time since the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, believed to be caused by the impact of a large asteroid into Chicxulub in modern-day Mexico. This extinction was one of the largest in Earth's history and marked the demise of most dinosaurs, with the only known exception being the ancestors of today's birds.
7.9 Ps (250 Ma): approximate time since the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the actually largest known mass extinction in Earth history which wiped out 95% of all extant species and believed to have been caused by the consequences of massive long-term volcanic eruptions in the area of the Siberian Traps. Also, the approximate time to the supercontinent of Pangaea. Also, the length of one galactic year or cosmic year, the time required for the Sun to complete one orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy.
16 Ps (510 Ma): approximate time since the Cambrian explosion, a massive evolutionary diversification of life which led to the appearance of most existing multicellular organisms and the replacement of the previous Ediacaran biota.
22 Ps (704 Ma): approximate half-life of the uranium isotope 235U.
31.6 Ps (1000 Ma, 1 Ga): one giga-annum (Ga), one billion years, the largest fixed time unit used in the standard geological time scale, approximately the order of magnitude of an eon, the largest division of geological time.
+1 Ga: The estimated remaining habitable lifetime of Earth, according to some models. At this point in time the stellar evolution of the Sun will have increased its luminosity to the point that enough energy will be reaching the Earth to cause the evaporation of the oceans and their loss into space (due to the uv flux from the Sun at the top of the atmosphere dissociating the molecules), making it impossible for any life to continue.
136 Ps (4.32 Ga): The length of the legendary unit kalpa in Hindu mythology, or one day (but not including the following night) of the life of Brahma.
143 Ps (4.5 Ga): The age of the Earth by our best estimates. Also the approximate half-life of the uranium isotope 238U.
315 Ps (10 Ga): approximate lifetime of a main-sequence star similar to our Sun.
435 Ps (13.8 Ga): The approximate age of the Universe
1018 1 exasecond Es future cosmological time All times of this length and beyond are currently theoretical as they surpass the elapsed lifetime of the known universe.
1.08 Es (+34 Ga): time to the Big Rip according to some models, but this is not favored by existing data. This is one possible scenario for the ultimate fate of the Universe. Under this scenario, dark energy increases in strength and power in a feedback loop that eventually results in the tearing apart of all matter down to subatomic scale due to the rapidly increasing negative pressure thereupon
300 - 600 Es (10 000 - 20 000 Ga): The estimate lifetime of low-mass stars (red dwarfs)
1021 1 zettasecond Zs 3 Zs (+100 000 Ga): The remaining time until the end of Stelliferous Era of the universe under the heat death scenario for the ultimate fate of the Universe which is the most commonly-accepted model in the current scientific community. This is marked by the cooling-off of the last low-mass dwarf star to a black dwarf. After this time has elapsed, the Degenerate Era begins.
9.85 Zs (311 000 Ga): The entire lifetime of Brahma in Hindu mythology.
1024 and onward 1 yottasecond and beyond Ys and on 600 Ys : The radioactive half-life of bismuth-209 by alpha decay, one of the slowest-observed radioactive decay processes.
: The time period equivalent to the value of 13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.0.0.0.0 in the Mesoamerican Long Count, a date discovered on a stela at the Coba Maya site, believed by archaeologist Linda Schele to be the absolute value for the length of one cycle of the universe[12][13]
: the smallest possible value for proton half-life consistent with experiment[14]
: the largest possible value for the proton half-life, assuming that the Big Bang was inflationary and that the same process that made baryons predominate over antibaryons in the early Universe also makes protons decay[15]
: approximate lifespan of a black hole with the mass of the Sun[16]
: approximate lifespan of a supermassive black hole with a mass of 20 trillion solar masses[16]
${\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{76.66}}}}$ Ys: scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing an isolated black hole of stellar mass[17] This time assumes a statistical model subject to Poincaré recurrence. A much simplified way of thinking about this time is that in a model in which history repeats itself arbitrarily many times due to properties of statistical mechanics, this is the time scale when it will first be somewhat similar (for a reasonable choice of "similar") to its current state again.
${\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{120}}}}$ Ys: scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the mass of the observable Universe.[17]
${\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{10^{13}}}}}$ Ys: scale of an estimated Poincaré recurrence time for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the estimated mass of the entire Universe, observable or not, assuming Linde's chaotic inflationary model with an inflaton whose mass is 10-6 Planck masses.[17]
Other
Multiples Unit Symbol
6×101 seconds 1 minute m
6×101 minutes 1 hour h (hr)
2.4×101 hours 1 day d
## References
1. ^ "CODATA Value: Planck time". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 2011.
2. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. Available at: http://www.bartleby.com/61/21/Y0022100.html Archived 10 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 19 December 2007. note: abbr. ys or ysec
3. ^ Grundmann, Sven; Trabert, Daniel; et al. (16 October 2020). "Zeptosecond birth time delay in molecular photoionization". Science. 370 (6514): 339-341. arXiv:2010.08298. doi:10.1126/science.abb9318. PMID 33060359. Retrieved 2020.
4. ^
5. ^
6. ^ Li, Wen; et al. (23 November 2010). "Visualizing electron rearrangement in space and time during the transition from a molecule to atoms". PNAS. 107 (47): 20219-20222. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720219L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014723107. PMC 2996685. PMID 21059945. Retrieved 2015.
7. ^ Chiappetta, Marco (23 September 2011). "AMD Breaks 8 GHz Overclock with Upcoming FX Processor, Sets World Record. The record has been surpassed with 8794 MHz of overclocking with AMD FX 8350". HotHardware. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 2012.
8. ^ "Notebook". www.noteaccess.com.
9. ^ Eric H. Chudler. "Brain Facts and Figures: Sensory Apparatus: Vision". Retrieved 2011.
10. ^ "YouTube Statistics and Your Best Video Length for Different Videos". Video Production Washington DC - MiniMatters. 11 March 2014.
11. ^ Alpha Collaboration; Andresen, G. B.; Ashkezari, M. D.; Baquero-Ruiz, M.; Bertsche, W.; Bowe, P. D.; Butler, E.; Cesar, C. L.; Charlton, M.; Deller, A.; Eriksson, S.; Fajans, J.; Friesen, T.; Fujiwara, M. C.; Gill, D. R.; Gutierrez, A.; Hangst, J. S.; Hardy, W. N.; Hayano, R. S.; Hayden, M. E.; Humphries, A. J.; Hydomako, R.; Jonsell, S.; Kemp, S. L.; Kurchaninov, L.; Madsen, N.; Menary, S.; Nolan, P.; Olchanski, K.; et al. (5 June 2011). "Confinement of antihydrogen for 1,000 seconds". Nature Physics. 7 (7): 558-564. arXiv:1104.4982. Bibcode:2011NatPh...7..558A. doi:10.1038/nphys2025.
12. ^ Falk, Dan (2013). In search of time the science of a curious dimension. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1429987868.
13. ^ G. Jeffrey MacDonald "Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse?" USA Today 27 March 2007.
14. ^ Nishino, H. et al. (Super-K Collaboration) (2009). "Search for Proton Decay via
p+
e+
π0
and
p+
μ+
π0
in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector". Physical Review Letters. 102 (14): 141801. arXiv:0903.0676. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102n1801N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801. PMID 19392425.
15. ^ Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1 April 1997). "A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolutionof astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics. American Physical Society (APS). 69 (2): 337-372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. Bibcode:1997RvMP...69..337A. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.69.337. ISSN 0034-6861.
16. ^ a b Page, Don N. (15 January 1976). "Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole". Physical Review D. American Physical Society (APS). 13 (2): 198-206. doi:10.1103/physrevd.13.198. ISSN 0556-2821. See in particular equation (27).
17. ^ a b c Page, Don N. (1995). "Information Loss in Black Holes and/or Conscious Beings?". In Fulling, S.A. (ed.). Heat Kernel Techniques and Quantum Gravity. Discourses in Mathematics and its Applications. Texas A&M University. p. 461. arXiv:hep-th/9411193. Bibcode:1994hep.th...11193P. ISBN 978-0-9630728-3-2.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. | 2021-07-25T18:56:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 5, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5976019501686096, "perplexity": 4420.39929172173}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151760.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725174608-20210725204608-00594.warc.gz"} |
https://dlmf.nist.gov/LaTeXML/manual/math/details/representation.html | # § 5.1.1 Internal Math Representation
(November 17, 2020)
The XMath element is the container for the internal representation
The following attributes can appear on all XM* elements:
role
the grammatical role that this element plays
open, close
parenthese or delimiters that were used to wrap the expression represented by this element.
argopen, argclose, separators
delimiters on an function or operator (the first element of an XMApp) that were used to delimit the arguments of the function. The separators is a string of the punctuation characters used to separate arguments.
xml:id
a unique identifier to allow reference (XMRef) to this element.
## Math Tags
The following tags are used for the intermediate math representation:
XMTok
represents a math token. It may contain text for presentation. Additional attributes are:
name
the name that represents the meaning of the token; this overrides the content for identifying the token.
omcd
the OpenMath content dictionary that the name belongs to.
font
the font to be used for presenting the content.
style
?
size
?
stackscripts
whether scripts should be stacked above/below the item, instead of the usual script position.
XMApp
represents the generalized application of some function or operator to arguments. The first child element is the operator, the remainig elements are the arguments. Additional attributes:
name
the name that represents the meaning of the construct as a whole.
stackscripts
?
XMDual
combines representations of the content (the first child) and presentation (the second child), useful when the two structures are not easily related.
XMHint
represents spacing or other apparent purely presentation material.
name
names the effect that the hint was intended to achieve.
style
?
XMWrap
serves to assert the expected type or role of a subexpression that may otherwise be difficult to interpret — the parser is more forgiving about these.
name
?
style
?
XMArg
serves to wrap individual arguments or subexpressions, created by structured markup, such as \frac. These subexpressions can be parsed individually.
rule
the grammar rule that this subexpression should match.
XMRef
refers to another subexpression,. This is used to avoid duplicating arguments when constructing an XMDual to represent a function application, for example. The arguments will be placed in the content branch (wrapped in an XMArg) while XMRef’s will be placed in the presentation branch.
idref
the identifier of the referenced math subexpression. | 2021-07-29T02:09:59 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5609822869300842, "perplexity": 3211.3584893667953}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153814.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729011903-20210729041903-00237.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/news/national-news-release/hot-water-climate-change-affecting-north-american-fish | In Hot Water: Climate Change is Affecting North American Fish
June 29, 2016
Climate change is already affecting inland fish across North America -- including some fish that are popular with anglers. Scientists are seeing a variety of changes in how inland fish reproduce, grow and where they can live.
Climate change is already affecting inland fish across North America -- including some fish that are popular with anglers. Scientists are seeing a variety of changes in how inland fish reproduce, grow and where they can live, according to four new studies published today in a special issue of Fisheries magazine.
Fish that have the most documented risk include those living in arid environments and coldwater species such as sockeye salmon, lake trout, walleye, and prey fish that larger species depend on for food. Climate change can cause suboptimal habitat for some fish; warmer water, for example, can stress coldwater fish. When stressed, fish tend to eat less and grow less. For other fish, climate change is creating more suitable habitat; smallmouth bass populations, for example, are expanding.
These changes will have direct implications – some good, some bad – for recreational fishers, who, in the United States alone, contributed nearly $700 million in revenue to state agencies through license, tag, stamp, and permit purchases in 2015. Annually, anglers spend about$25 billion on trips, gear, and equipment related to recreational fishing in U.S. freshwaters.
“The U.S. Geological Survey and partners are working to provide a fuller and more comprehensive picture of climate change impacts on North American fish for managers, scientists, and the public alike,” said Abigail Lynch, a lead author and fisheries biologist with the USGS National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center.
The authors reviewed 31 studies across North America and Canada (see map) that document fish responses to climate change. The manuscripts describe the impacts of climate change to individual fish, populations, recreational fishers, and fisheries managers. One of the takeaway messages is that climate change effects on fish are rarely straightforward, and they affect warmwater and coldwater fish differently.
“Thanks to this synthesis, we can see the effects of climate change on inland fish are no longer just future speculation, but today’s facts, with real economic, social, and ecological impacts,” said Doug Austen, Executive Director of the American Fisheries Society and publisher of Fisheries magazine. “Now that trends are being revealed, we can start to tease apart the various stressors on inland fish and invest in conservation and research where these programs will really make a difference in both the short and long term.”
The authors emphasize that resource managers can take many actions to help sustain resilient fish communities and fisheries. “Even though climate change can seem overwhelming, fisheries managers have the tools to develop adaptation strategies to conserve and maintain fish populations,” said Craig Paukert, a lead author and fisheries scientist at the USGS Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Missouri.
Smallmouth bass (see photo) provide one example of how climate change presents fisheries managers with both challenges and opportunities. Smallmouth bass, a popular recreational species, are expanding their range northward with climate change. This expansion can disrupt existing food webs but it also creates new prospects for recreational fishing. Because many recreational fishers want to catch smallmouth bass, managers may need new management techniques to accommodate the increased fishing demand while still maintaining the native coldwater fish communities. Consequently, said Paukert, the management process may likely be an exercise in managing expectations of the stakeholders for fisheries changing with climate change.
Other major findings:
• Climate change may be altering abundance and growth of some North American inland fishes, particularly coldwater fish such as sockeye salmon, a species experiencing well-documented shifts in range, abundance, migration, growth, and reproduction.
• Climate change may be causing earlier migration timing and allowing species that never occurred together previously to hybridize. For example, native westslope cutthroat trout in the Rocky Mountains are now hybridizing with rainbow trout, a non-native species.
• Shifts in species’ ranges are already changing the kinds of fish in a specific water body, resulting in new species interactions and altered predator-prey dynamics. For example, in Canada, smallmouth bass have expanded their range, altering existing food chains because the species compete against other top predators for habitat and prey fish.
• Droughts are forecasted to increase in frequency and severity in many parts of North America, especially in arid rivers. Such droughts exacerbate the impacts of water flow regulation in ways that affect people, fish, and aquatic systems.
“The current state of the science shows that climate change is impacting fish in lakes, rivers, and streams, but knowing that is just the first step in effectively addressing the changes to these important natural resources and the communities which depend upon them,” Lynch said.
The following papers are available in Fisheries magazine, published by the American Fisheries Society:
• Physiological basis of climate change impacts on North American inland fishes, authored by James E. Whitney (Pittsburg State University), Robert Al-Chokhachy (USGS), Bo Bunnell (USGS) and others.
• Climate change effects on North American inland fish populations and assemblages, authored by Abigail J. Lynch (USGS), Bonnie J. E. Myers (USGS), Cindy Chu (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry; OMNRF) and others.
• Identifying alternate pathways for climate change to impact inland recreational fishers, authored by Len M. Hunt (OMNRF), Eli P. Fenichel (Yale University), David C. Fulton (USGS) and others.
• Adapting inland fisheries management to a changing climate, authored by Craig P. Paukert (USGS), Bob A. Glazer (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission), Gretchen J. A. Hansen (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources) and others.
This research was supported by the USGS NCCWSC, which collaborates with universities, resource management organizations, tribes and other partners to provide unbiased scientific data and tools that contribute to an understanding of the widespread impacts of climate change on fish, wildlife, ecosystems, and people. Their science directly addresses on-the-ground, real-time needs of natural and cultural resource managers and human communities, enhancing their capacity for adaptive management in a changing climate.
The eight Climate Science Centers, managed by NCCWSC, form a national network and are regionally distributed to best address the local needs of resource managers and decision makers. CSC research projects cover a wide array of climate change-related impacts, including sea-level rise, extreme storms, increased wildfire patterns, invasive species, glacier loss, and drought. | 2022-01-17T01:40:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.27598604559898376, "perplexity": 11559.227008142492}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300253.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117000754-20220117030754-00019.warc.gz"} |
http://algebra2014.wikidot.com/permutation | Permutation
Return to Glossary.
Formal Definition
A permutation of a set $A$ is a function $\phi : A\rightarrow A$ that is both one to one and onto.
Informal Definition
A permutation of $A$ is a one-to-one function from $A$ onto $A$.
Example(s)
Replace this text with examples
Non-example(s)
Replace this text with non-examples
Additional Comments
Add any other comments you have about the term here
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License | 2021-01-25T08:23:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2526649534702301, "perplexity": 1074.9705757736021}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703565376.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125061144-20210125091144-00301.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-peles-cooking-more-vog-precious-jewels-also-stewing-her-cauldron | # Volcano Watch — Pele's Cooking More Than Vog -- "Precious" Jewels Also Stewing in Her Cauldron
Release Date:
After the series of explosions at Halemaumau Crater, the overlook area appeared to be a stark, boulder-strewn field completely devoid of life.
Both opague and glassy crystals are native, or pure, sulfur. The glassy crystal is about 2 mm (0.08 inches) long. Photo by M. Sako
(Public domain.)
To the casual observer, little beauty could be seen in this otherworldly landscape. But on closer inspection, the field of rocks that covers Halemaumau reveals an array of colors - rocks blood-red and ochre, canary yellow, pinks of every hue, and a broad range of whites. These colors can appear as non-glossy lacquer, or as a brilliant glass, reflecting light. Photos don't do justice to the astonishing beauty of these rocks. But under the microscope their radiance is clearly revealed.
Some of the minerals have familiar names, like sulfur and gypsum. Others are, perhaps, more foreign, like alunite and jarosite. Individual colors usually cannot be assigned to specific minerals, because many mineral share the same, or similar, colors. Because of this, a geologist in the field uses a combination of color, shape (also known as crystal habit), and other physical characteristics to identify a mineral.
At Halemaumau, however, the number of minerals present is relatively small, and some generalizations based on color can be made. For example, the canary-yellow rocks are almost always composed of native sulfur. Perhaps you've seen the conspicuous yellow patches of ground in Halemaumau or at Sulfur Banks. Native sulfur is a very common mineral at volcanic fumaroles around the world.
The ochre, blood-red, or yellowish-red rocks are usually iron-oxide minerals, like hematite or goethite. These minerals are also very common in volcanic terrains.
The white minerals at Halemaumau are among the most difficult to identify, because so many different minerals may take on this color. However, most of the white-colored rocks you see there are actually the white crusts formed by a family of related minerals known as sulfate salts. Gypsum is one of these salts.
As beautiful as these Halemaumau minerals can be, they are of little economic value. But as the saying goes, one person's lead is another's gold. Indeed, for a geologist seeking to understand how the volcano works, these minerals are priceless jewels.
By studying volcanic systems like Kīlauea, geologists have come to understand that each mineral is formed from a recipe that specifies temperature, pressure, and chemical elements as ingredients. Changes in the recipe usually form specific minerals or families of minerals in a predictable fashion.
The rocks that were ejected from Halemaumau during the first explosion of March 19 contained a collection of minerals that resulted from a high-temperature recipe with relatively low amounts of sulfur and water. These observations suggest that the explosion was not caused by volcanic vapor interacting with lower-temperature ground water. Thus, we believe that the mechanism which caused the March 19th explosion differed from the ground-water-driven explosions at Halemaumau in 1924.
More recent rocks ejected from Halemaumau contain minerals that suggest a similar recipe to that of the March 19th explosion, but with an interesting twist; the family of sulfate salts (of which gypsum is a member) had subtlety changed. New members have shown up; sulfate-salt minerals, such as alunite and jarosite, have been seen in the mix. Although in the same family, these minerals differ from gypsum because they require a highly acidic broth of sulfur and water. Thus, their presence indicates that, deep within the cauldron of Halemaumau, the stew is becoming more acidic and sulfur-rich through time.
In the history of observations at Kīlauea Volcano, this eruption marks the first time that these sorts of relationships have been recorded, along with other detailed observations, such as gas chemistry and temperature measurements. As such, our understanding of these processes is rapidly evolving. So as Halemaumau continues to brew, we walk out on that ostensibly stark landscape in search of more of these "jewels."
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
### Volcano Activity Update
Kīlauea Volcano continued to be active at two locations: a vent in Halemaumau Crater is erupting elevated amounts of sulfur dioxide gas and very small amounts of ash. The resulting high concentrations of sulfur dioxide in downwind air have closed the south part of Kīlauea caldera and produced occasional air quality alerts in more distant areas, such as Pahala, during trade wind cycles and communities adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park during kona wind periods. Puu Oo continued to produce sulfur dioxide at even higher rates than the vent in Halemaumau Crater. Trade winds tend to pool these emissions along the West Hawaii coast. Kona winds blow these emissions into communities to the north, such as Mountain View, Volcano, and Hilo.
Lava from the 2007 Thanksgiving Eve Breakout (TEB) flow, erupting from fissure D of the July 21 eruption, continues to flow through what remains of the Royal Gardens subdivision and across the coastal plain to the ocean within well-established lava tubes. Over the past week, the Waikupanaha ocean entry has produced vigorous small explosions, with ejecta fallout limited to the new delta.
The public should be aware that lava deltas could collapse at any time, potentially generating large explosions in the process. This may be especially true during times of rapidly changing lava supply conditions, as have been seen lately. Do not venture onto the lava deltas. Even the intervening beaches are susceptible to large waves that are suddenly generated during delta collapse; these beaches should be avoided. In addition, the steam plumes rising from the ocean entries are highly acidic and laced with glass particles. Check the County of Hawaii Civil Defense website or call 961-8903 for information on public access to the coastal plain and ocean entry.
Mauna Loa is not erupting. One earthquake was located beneath the summit. Extension between locations spanning the summit, indicating inflation, has resumed following a period of stagnation.
No earthquakes beneath Hawaii Island were reported felt within the past week.
Visit our Web site for daily Kīlauea eruption updates and nearly real-time Hawaii earthquake information. Kīlauea daily update summaries are also available by phone at (808) 967-8862. Questions can be emailed to [email protected]. skip past bottom navigational bar | 2020-10-31T22:12:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.33927980065345764, "perplexity": 3370.429725219424}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922463.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031211812-20201101001812-00585.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10367304-cosmic-ray-staircase-outcome-cosmic-ray-acoustic-instability | The cosmic-ray staircase: the outcome of the cosmic-ray acoustic instability
ABSTRACT
Recently, cosmic rays (CRs) have emerged as a leading candidate for driving galactic winds. Small-scale processes can dramatically affect global wind properties. We run two-moment simulations of CR streaming to study how sound waves are driven unstable by phase-shifted CR forces and CR heating. We verify linear theory growth rates. As the sound waves grow non-linear, they steepen into a quasi-periodic series of propagating shocks; the density jumps at shocks create CR bottlenecks. The depth of a propagating bottleneck depends on both the density jump and its velocity; ΔPc is smaller for rapidly moving bottlenecks. A series of bottlenecks creates a CR staircase structure, which can be understood from a convex hull construction. The system reaches a steady state between growth of new perturbations, and stair mergers. CRs are decoupled at plateaus, but exert intense forces and heating at stair jumps. The absence of CR heating at plateaus leads to cooling, strong gas pressure gradients and further shocks. If bottlenecks are stationary, they can drastically modify global flows; if their propagation times are comparable to dynamical times, their effects on global momentum and energy transfer are modest. The CR acoustic instability is likely relevant in thermal interfaces between cold more »
Authors:
; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10367304
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
513
Issue:
3
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
p. 4464-4493
ISSN:
0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. ABSTRACT
We use analytical calculations and time-dependent spherically symmetric simulations to study the properties of isothermal galactic winds driven by cosmic rays (CRs) streaming at the Alfvén velocity. The simulations produce time-dependent flows permeated by strong shocks; we identify a new linear instability of sound waves that sources these shocks. The shocks substantially modify the wind dynamics, invalidating previous steady state models: the CR pressure pc has a staircase-like structure with dpc/dr ≃ 0 in most of the volume, and the time-averaged CR energetics are in many cases better approximated by pc ∝ ρ1/2, rather than the canonical pc ∝ ρ2/3. Accounting for this change in CR energetics, we analytically derive new expressions for the mass-loss rate, momentum flux, wind speed, and wind kinetic power in galactic winds driven by CR streaming. We show that streaming CRs are ineffective at directly driving cold gas out of galaxies, though CR-driven winds in hotter ISM phases may entrain cool gas. For the same physical conditions, diffusive CR transport (Paper I) yields mass-loss rates that are a few-100 times larger than streaming transport, and asymptotic wind powers that are a factor of ≃4 larger. We discuss the implications of our results for galactic wind theory and observations; strongmore »
2. ABSTRACT Heating of virialized gas by streaming cosmic rays (CRs) may be energetically important in galaxy haloes, groups, and clusters. We present a linear thermal stability analysis of plasmas heated by streaming CRs. We separately treat equilibria with and without background gradients, and with and without gravity. We include both CR streaming and diffusion along the magnetic-field direction. Thermal stability depends strongly on the ratio of CR pressure to gas pressure, which determines whether modes are isobaric or isochoric. Modes with $\boldsymbol {k \cdot B }\ne 0$ are strongly affected by CR diffusion. When the streaming time is shorter than the CR diffusion time, thermally unstable modes (with $\boldsymbol {k \cdot B }\ne 0$) are waves propagating at a speed ∝ the Alfvén speed. Halo gas in photoionization equilibrium is thermally stable independent of CR pressure, while gas in collisional ionization equilibrium is unstable for physically realistic parameters. In gravitationally stratified plasmas, the oscillation frequency of thermally overstable modes can be higher in the presence of CR streaming than the buoyancy/free-fall frequency. This may modify the critical tcool/tff at which multiphase gas is present. The criterion for convective instability of a stratified, CR-heated medium can be written in the familiar Schwarzschild formmore »
3. Abstract The structure of shocks and turbulence are strongly modified during the acceleration of cosmic rays (CRs) at a shock wave. The pressure and the collisionless viscous stress decelerate the incoming thermal gas and thus modify the shock structure. A CR streaming instability ahead of the shock generates the turbulence on which CRs scatter. The turbulent magnetic field in turn determines the CR diffusion coefficient and further affects the CR energy spectrum and pressure distribution. The dissipation of turbulence contributes to heating the thermal gas. Within a multicomponent fluid framework, CRs and thermal gas are treated as fluids and are closely coupled to the turbulence. The system equations comprise the gas dynamic equations, the CR pressure evolution equation, and the turbulence transport equations, and we adopt typical parameters for the hot ionized interstellar medium. It is shown that the shock has no discontinuity but possesses a narrow but smooth transition. The self-generated turbulent magnetic field is much stronger than both the large-scale magnetic field and the preexisting turbulent magnetic field. The resulting CR diffusion coefficient is substantially suppressed and is more than three orders smaller near the shock than it is far upstream. The results are qualitatively consistent with certainmore »
4. ABSTRACT
Large-scale galactic winds driven by stellar feedback are one phenomenon that influences the dynamical and chemical evolution of a galaxy, redistributing material throughout the circumgalatic medium. Non-thermal feedback from galactic cosmic rays (CRs) – high-energy charged particles accelerated in supernovae and young stars – can impact the efficiency of wind driving. The streaming instability limits the speed at which they can escape. However, in the presence of turbulence, the streaming instability is subject to suppression that depends on the magnetization of turbulence given by its Alfvén Mach number. While previous simulations that relied on a simplified model of CR transport have shown that super-Alfvénic streaming of CRs enhances galactic winds, in this paper we take into account a realistic model of streaming suppression. We perform three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a section of a galactic disc and find that turbulent damping dependent on local magnetization of turbulent interstellar medium (ISM) leads to more spatially extended gas and CR distributions compared to the earlier streaming calculations, and that scale heights of these distributions increase for stronger turbulence. Our results indicate that the star formation rate increases with the level of turbulence in the ISM. We also find that the instantaneous windmore »
5. ABSTRACT
Cosmic rays (CRs) are an important component in the interstellar medium, but their effect on the dynamics of the disc–halo interface (<10 kpc from the disc) is still unclear. We study the influence of CRs on the gas above the disc with high-resolution FIRE-2 cosmological simulations of late-type L⋆ galaxies at redshift z ∼ 0. We compare runs with and without CR feedback (with constant anisotropic diffusion κ∥ ∼ 3 × 1029 cm2 s−1 and streaming). Our simulations capture the relevant disc–halo interactions, including outflows, inflows, and galactic fountains. Extra-planar gas in all of the runs satisfies dynamical balance, where total pressure balances the weight of the overlying gas. While the kinetic pressure from non-uniform motion (≳1 kpc scale) dominates in the mid-plane, thermal and bulk pressures (or CR pressure if included) take over at large heights. We find that with CR feedback, (1) the warm (∼104 K) gas is slowly accelerated by CRs; (2) the hot (>5 × 105 K) gas scale height is suppressed; (3) the warm-hot (2 × 104–5 × 105 K) medium becomes the most volume-filling phase in the disc–halo interface. We develop a novel conceptual model of the near-disc gas dynamics in low-redshift L⋆ galaxies: with CRs, the disc–halo interface is filled with CR-driven warm winds and hotmore » | 2023-01-27T12:24:31 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6489489674568176, "perplexity": 2510.863599077692}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494976.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127101040-20230127131040-00585.warc.gz"} |
http://scienceshareddata.blogspot.dk/2013/08/ | ## Friday, August 23, 2013
### Be careful when you extrapolate to the complete basis set limit!
In our soon-to-be-finised manuscript on shielding constants obtained through the QM/MM with the MM-region described by a high-quality polarizable embedding potential (PE), I've done a thing I should have done a while ago. But, as it is always the case with these things, you end up doing it in the wrong order.
I read the blogpost on basis set extrapolation by +Jan Jensen and thought I should try. Here is what I got by calculating the shielding constants for oxygen-17 in acrolein using KT3/pcS-n//B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ solvated by a 12 Å sphere of explicit water molecules described by the PE potential.
pcS-0 pcS-1 pcS-2 pcS-3
-309.2 -216.9 -191.6 -188.2
How do you continue from these values to an estimate of the basis set limit at infinity? According to Jans blog post, you should fit your data according to
$$Y(l_{max}) = Y_{CBS} + a \cdot e^{b \cdot l_{max}}$$
to get the most accurate result. I have done so in using WolframAlpha and I have obtained the following plot (blue dashed line) with $Y_{CBS}=-176.5$ ppm.
"That is a terrible fit!", I can hear you say. And indeed it is. What is going on? It turns out (and please give me some references if you know them!) that the pcS-0 results are actually too bad to be taken seriously. The single zeta basis set is not enough to even get a qualitatively correct description of that wave function, i.e. what you get is just wrong. If you remove that point you get the solid blue curve which is a really good fit with $Y_{CBS}=-187.7$ ppm.
If you want to use the alternative extrapolation scheme that Jan provides, i.e.
$$Y(l_{max}) = Y_{CBS} + b\cdot l_{max}^{-3}$$
one obtains the red solid curve with $Y{CBS}=-182.9$ ppm which 5 ppm off from the exponential fit.
As Frank (and Grant) are commenting below, one should not trust numbers from SZ basis sets and +Anders Steen Christensen noted that even the DZ results could/should be disregarded. The only problem is that the size of my calculations are increasing, and a 5Z calculation is pretty much out of reach beyond the TZ basis set. Jans post does mention that one should use a DZ quality basis set, shame on me I guess for even trying with pcS-0.
Just be careful out there and remember to extrapolate!
edit1: fixed the last formula
edit2: Frank Jensen has given a lengthy comment on the matter which gives a lot of insigth. Read it below. I've added some clarifying text here and there based on his comments and will likely follow up on it in a later blog post.
## Saturday, August 3, 2013
### What is it with this linear scaling stuff anyway?
Enormous amounts of research time has gone into researching computational methods that are linear scaling with respect to the system size. That is, double the size of your system and you only double the computation time. If just all methods were as such, the queue on your local super computer cluster would be easier to guess when computers were available instead of seeing a wall of 200+ hours of jobs just sitting there because people don't give a crap.
Inspired by +Jan Jensen and a recent blog post of his (which I was reminded of when I wrote another blog post on the subject of many-body expansions), I set out to actually do the calculations on timings myself albeit with a different goal in mind.
2-body calculations
Even if you use the many-body expansion of the energy, I showed that the accumulated number of calculations one would need increases dramatically for large N-body. If we only focus on doing one- and two-body calculations, the effect is barely visible in the previous plot, but calculating the computational time from Jan's linear model (only do nearest neighbors) together with one where we do all pairs, we see that even at the two-body level, there is no linear scaling unless you do some approximations.
Here, I have assumed a computational scaling of $\alpha=2.8$ and uniform monomer sizes. I've assumed that a monomer calculation takes 1s and there is no overhead nor interaction at the monomer level.
Admittedly, the linear model is crude, but it shows the best scaling you could hope for by including the minimum amount of two-body calculations. In a more realistic case, you would end up somewhere between the red and the black line, but that is the subject for a future post.
This is why we need linear scaling!
3-body calculations
Just for the fun of it, here is the 3-body scaling
and I dare not think of what the time would be for the calculation without approximations for higher n-body calculations.
I think that we can all agree on that approximations must be made or else we are doomed.
We need linear scaling!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. | 2018-01-22T19:45:50 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.604613184928894, "perplexity": 813.8832643475641}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891539.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122193259-20180122213259-00770.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10349423-peak-estimation-uncertain-switched-systems | skip to main content
This content will become publicly available on December 14, 2022
Peak Estimation for Uncertain and Switched Systems
Peak estimation bounds extreme values of a function of state along trajectories of a dynamical system. This paper focuses on extending peak estimation to continuous and discrete settings with time-independent and time-dependent uncertainty. Techniques from optimal control are used to incorporate uncertainty into an existing occupation measure-based peak estimation framework, which includes special consideration for handling switching-type (polytopic) uncertainties. The resulting infinite-dimensional linear programs can be solved approximately with Linear Matrix Inequalities arising from the moment-SOS hierarchy.
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10349423
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60th IEEE Conf. Decision and Control
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3222 to 3228
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National Science Foundation
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aglynn.peter-w | ## Glynn, Peter W.
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: glynn.peter-w Published as: Glynn, Peter W.; Glynn, Peter; Glynn, P. W.; Glynn, P. more...less Further Spellings: Glynn, Peter Winston Gunnar Homepage: https://web.stanford.edu/~glynn/ External Links: MGP · Wikidata · Google Scholar · dblp · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 188 Publications since 1982, including 2 Books 3 Contributions as Editor · 1 Further Contribution Co-Authors: 108 Co-Authors with 172 Joint Publications 2,461 Co-Co-Authors
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### Co-Authors
20 single-authored 18 Whitt, Ward 15 Iglehart, Donald Lee 14 Blanchet, Jose H. 8 Heidelberger, Philip 7 Asmussen, Søren 6 L’Ecuyer, Pierre 5 Bambos, Nicholas 5 Fox, Bennett Louis 5 Henderson, Shane G. 5 Zeevi, Assaf J. 4 Araman, Victor F. 4 Calvin, James M. 4 Haas, Peter J. 4 Thorisson, Hermann 4 Wang, Rob J. 4 Zhou, Zhengyuan 3 Andradóttir, Sigrún 3 Awad, Hernan P. 3 Glynn, John E. 3 Olvera-Cravioto, Mariana 3 Pihlsgård, Mats 3 Rubinstein, Reuven Y. 3 Sigman, Karl 3 Ward, Amy R. 3 Zheng, Zeyu 2 Andersen, Lars Nørvang 2 Chia, Yen Lin 2 Duffie, James Darrell 2 Ensor, Katherine Bennett 2 Fu, Michael C. 2 Giroux, Nataly 2 Goyal, Ambuj 2 Infanger, Gerd 2 Juneja, Sandeep 2 Leder, Kevin 2 Mandjes, Michel Robertus Hendrikus 2 Mertikopoulos, Panayotis 2 Meyn, Sean P. 2 Muñoz, David Fernando 2 Nakayama, Marvin K. 2 Ormoneit, Dirk 2 Peng, Yijie 2 Rhee, Chang-Han 2 Torres, Marcelo 2 Tuffin, Bruno 2 Wong, Eugene W. 2 Xia, Cathy Honghui 2 Zhang, Xiaowei 1 Albin, Susan L. 1 Altiok, Tayfur 1 Ata, Baris 1 Aurzada, Frank 1 Basawa, Ishwar V. 1 Bhat, U. Narayan 1 Boyd, Stephen Poythress 1 Bradley, James R. 1 Broemeling, Lyle David 1 Chan, Joshua C. C. 1 Chaudhry, Mohan L. 1 Chen, Xinyun 1 Crovelli, Robert A. 1 Damerdji, Halim 1 Dantzig, George Bernard 1 DiCiccio, Thomas J. 1 Dolgin, Andrey 1 Duchi, John C. 1 Eaves, B. Curtis 1 Elsayed, Elsayed A. 1 Fan, Lin 1 Foley, Robert D. 1 Gani, Joseph Mark 1 Gaver, Donald Paul jun. 1 Gelenbe, Sami Erol 1 Ghosh, Soumyadip 1 Giesecke, Kay 1 Glasserman, Paul 1 Glickman, Theodore S. 1 Goldsmith, Andrea J. 1 Grassmann, Winfried K. 1 Gray, Henry L. 1 Green, Linda V. 1 Gupta, Syamantak Datta 1 Harris, Carl M. 1 Hashemi, Fatemeh S. 1 Heimann, D. I. 1 Heyman, Daniel P. 1 Holliday, Tim 1 Honnappa, Harsha 1 Hsieh, Ming-hua 1 Infanger, Alex 1 Jain, Joti Lal 1 Jaiswal, N. K. 1 Jo, Kyung Y. 1 Keilson, Julian 1 Kelton, Christina M. L. 1 Kelton, W. David 1 Kijima, Masaaki 1 Kolesar, Peter J. 1 Kroese, Dirk P. 1 Lam, Henry ...and 59 more Co-Authors
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### Serials
19 Queueing Systems 17 Operations Research 16 ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 12 Management Science 11 Journal of Applied Probability 11 The Annals of Applied Probability 9 Mathematics of Operations Research 9 Operations Research Letters 8 Advances in Applied Probability 8 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 8 Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 3 Communications in Statistics. Stochastic Models 3 Stochastic Models 2 Statistics & Probability Letters 2 Annals of Operations Research 2 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 2 SIAM Journal on Optimization 2 Stochastic Systems 1 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 1 The Annals of Probability 1 Econometrica 1 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 1 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 1 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 1 Naval Research Logistics 1 SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing 1 Probability and Mathematical Statistics 1 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 1 Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics 1 ORSA Journal on Computing 1 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 1 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 1 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 1 Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory 1 INFORMS Journal on Computing 1 Statistical Methods in Medical Research 1 Computational Management Science 1 Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1 Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability 1 Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics 1 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Proceedings and Surveys 1 Annals of Operations Research
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### Fields
141 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 59 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 55 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 54 Statistics (62-XX) 19 Computer science (68-XX) 11 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 11 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 2 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 1 Mathematics education (97-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
160 Publications have been cited 2,031 times in 1,512 Documents Cited by Year
Stochastic simulation: Algorithms and analysis. Zbl 1126.65001
Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter W.
2007
A Liapounov bound for solutions of the Poisson equation. Zbl 0863.60063
Glynn, Peter W.; Meyn, Sean P.
1996
A diffusion approximation for a Markovian queue with reneging. Zbl 1054.60100
Ward, Amy R.; Glynn, Peter W.
2003
Logarithmic asymptotics for steady-state tail probabilities in a single- server queue. Zbl 0805.60093
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1994
Importance sampling for stochastic simulations. Zbl 0691.65107
Glynn, Peter W.; Iglehart, Donald L.
1989
Queues with negative arrivals. Zbl 0744.60110
Gelenbe, Erol; Glynn, Peter; Sigman, Karl
1991
Departures from many queues in series. Zbl 0749.60090
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1991
Unbiased estimation with square root convergence for SDE models. Zbl 1347.65016
Rhee, Chang-Han; Glynn, Peter W.
2015
Efficient Monte Carlo simulation of security prices. Zbl 0877.65099
Duffie, Darrell; Glynn, Peter
1995
The asymptotic efficiency of simulation estimators. Zbl 0760.62009
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1992
A diffusion approximation for a GI/GI/1 queue with balking or reneging. Zbl 1094.60064
Ward, Amy R.; Glynn, Peter W.
2005
Parallel processors for planning under uncertainty. Zbl 0714.90074
Dantzig, George B.; Glynn, Peter W.
1990
Properties of the reflected Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Zbl 1026.60106
Ward, Amy R.; Glynn, Peter W.
2003
Discretization error in simulation of one-dimensional reflecting Brownian motion. Zbl 0853.65147
Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter; Pitman, Jim
1995
Hoeffding’s inequality for uniformly ergodic Markov chains. Zbl 0999.60019
Glynn, Peter W.; Ormoneit, Dirk
2002
Efficient rare-event simulation for the maximum of heavy-tailed random walks. Zbl 1147.60315
Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter
2008
Estimation of continuous-time Markov processes sampled at random time intervals. Zbl 1142.62390
Duffie, Darrell; Glynn, Peter
2004
Stationarity detection in the initial transient problem. Zbl 0842.68106
Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter W.; Thorisson, Hermann
1992
Likelihood robust optimization for data-driven problems. Zbl 1397.90225
Wang, Zizhuo; Glynn, Peter W.; Ye, Yinyu
2016
Simulation output analysis using standardized time series. Zbl 0704.65110
Glynn, Peter W.; Iglehart, Donald L.
1990
Large deviations behavior of counting processes and their inverses. Zbl 0805.60023
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1994
A new view of the heavy-traffic limit theorem for infinite-server queues. Zbl 0716.60105
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1991
A central-limit-theorem version of $$L=\lambda W$$. Zbl 0676.60088
Glynn, P. W.; Whitt, W.
1986
A nonparametric approach to multiproduct pricing. Zbl 1167.90494
Rusmevichientong, Paat; Van Roy, Benjamin; Glynn, Peter W.
2006
Limit theorems for cumulative processes. Zbl 0779.60021
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1993
Exact estimation for Markov chain equilibrium expectations. Zbl 1312.65003
Glynn, Peter W.; Rhee, Chang-Han
2014
Sufficient conditions for functional-limit-theorem versions of $$L=\lambda W$$. Zbl 0681.60097
Glynn, P. W.; Whitt, W.
1987
The asymptotic validity of sequential stopping rules for stochastic simulations. Zbl 0792.68200
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1992
Consistency of multidimensional convex regression. Zbl 1342.62064
Lim, Eunji; Glynn, Peter W.
2012
On the maximum workload of a queue fed by fractional Brownian motion. Zbl 1073.60089
Zeevi, Assaf J.; Glynn, Peter W.
2000
Indirect estimation via $$L=\lambda W$$. Zbl 0719.62098
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1989
A complementarity framework for forward contracting under uncertainty. Zbl 1235.91074
Shanbhag, Uday V.; Infanger, Gerd; Glynn, Peter W.
2011
Some new perspectives on the method of control variates. Zbl 1002.65016
Glynn, Peter W.; Szechtman, Roberto
2002
Some topics in regenerative steady-state simulation. Zbl 0799.60084
Glynn, Peter W.
1994
Simulation methods of queues: An overview. Zbl 0665.60101
Glynn, Peter W.; Iglehart, Donald L.
1988
Stochastic optimization by simulation: Numerical experiments with the $$M/M/1$$ queue in steady-state. Zbl 0822.90066
L’Ecuyer, Pierre; Giroux, Nataly; Glynn, Peter W.
1994
Fluid heuristics, Lyapunov bounds and efficient importance sampling for a heavy-tailed $$G/G/1$$ queue. Zbl 1145.90350
Blanchet, J.; Glynn, P.; Liu, J. C.
2007
Simulating the maximum of a random walk. Zbl 0974.60030
Ensor, Katherine Bennett; Glynn, Peter W.
2000
An LIL version of $$L=\lambda W$$. Zbl 0665.90033
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1988
Necessary conditions in limit theorems for cumulative processes. Zbl 1059.60025
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
2002
Ordinary CLT and WLLN versions of $$L=\lambda W$$. Zbl 0685.90043
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1988
Managing capacity and inventory jointly in manufacturing systems. Zbl 1232.90026
Bradley, James R.; Glynn, Peter W.
2002
Likelihood ratio gradient estimation for stochastic recursions. Zbl 0835.62071
Glynn, Peter W.; L’Ecuyer, Pierre
1995
Poisson’s equation for the recurrent $$M/G/1$$ queue. Zbl 0820.60073
Glynn, Peter W.
1994
A new proof of convergence of MCMC via the ergodic theorem. Zbl 1232.65015
Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter W.
2011
Complete corrected diffusion approximations for the maximum of a random walk. Zbl 1132.60038
Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter
2006
Uniform renewal theory with applications to expansions of random geometric sums. Zbl 1132.60060
Blanchet, J.; Glynn, P.
2007
On sampling rates in simulation-based recursions. Zbl 1380.93168
Pasupathy, Raghu; Glynn, Peter; Ghosh, Soumyadip; Hashemi, Fatemeh S.
2018
Bounding stationary expectations of Markov processes. Zbl 1170.68389
Glynn, Peter W.; Zeevi, Assaf
2008
Upper bounds on Poisson tail probabilities. Zbl 0616.60020
Glynn, Peter W.
1987
Estimating the asymptotic variance with batch means. Zbl 0744.62113
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1991
Tail asymptotics for the maximum of perturbed random walk. Zbl 1118.60073
Araman, Victor F.; Glynn, Peter W.
2006
On the transition from heavy traffic to heavy tails for the $$M/G/1$$ queue: the regularly varying case. Zbl 1216.41033
Olvera-Cravioto, Mariana; Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter
2011
Stochastic optimization by simulation: Convergence proofs for the $$GI/G/1$$ queue in steady-state. Zbl 0823.90046
L’Ecuyer, Pierre; Glynn, Peter W.
1994
Large deviations for the infinite server queue in heavy traffic. Zbl 0823.60021
Glynn, Peter W.
1995
Analysis of parallel replicated simulations under a completion time constraint. Zbl 0842.65099
Glynn, Peter W.; Heidelberger, Philip
1991
Trading securities using trailing stops. Zbl 0859.90025
Glynn, Peter W.; Iglehart, Donald L.
1995
Affine point processes: approximation and efficient simulation. Zbl 1331.60084
Zhang, Xiaowei; Blanchet, Jose; Giesecke, Kay; Glynn, Peter W.
2015
Efficient simulation of light-tailed sums: An old-folk song sung to a faster new tune…. Zbl 1191.65002
Blanchet, Jose H.; Leder, Kevin; Glynn, Peter W.
2009
Extensions of the queueing relations $$L=\lambda W$$ and $$H=\lambda G$$. Zbl 0677.90032
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1989
Recurrence properties of autoregressive processes with super - heavy - tailed innovations. Zbl 1115.62092
Zeevi, Assaf; Glynn, Peter W.
2004
Discrete-time conversion for simulating finite-horizon Markov processes. Zbl 0825.60043
Fox, Bennett L.; Glynn, Peter W.
1990
On functional central limit theorems for semi-Markov and related processes. Zbl 1114.60320
Glynn, Peter W.; Haas, Peter J.
2004
Simulation-based confidence bounds for two-stage stochastic programs. Zbl 1286.90101
Glynn, Peter W.; Infanger, Gerd
2013
On Lyapunov inequalities and subsolutions for efficient importance sampling. Zbl 06859988
Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter; Leder, Kevin
2012
Simulation-based computation of the workload correlation function in a Lévy-driven queue. Zbl 1213.60147
Glynn, Peter W.; Mandjes, Michel
2011
Diffusion approximations. Zbl 0703.60072
Glynn, Peter W.
1990
Heavy-traffic extreme-value limits for queues. Zbl 0854.60094
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
1995
Computing densities for Markov chains via simulation. Zbl 1082.62071
Henderson, Shane G.; Glynn, Peter W.
2001
Discrete-time conversion for simulating semi-Markov processes. Zbl 0612.60081
Fox, Bennett L.; Glynn, Peter W.
1986
Capacity of finite state channels based on Lyapunov exponents of random matrices. Zbl 1309.94062
Holliday, Tim; Goldsmith, Andrea J.; Glynn, Peter W.
2006
Analysis of a stochastic approximation algorithm for computing quasi-stationary distributions. Zbl 1352.60106
Blanchet, J.; Glynn, P.; Zheng, S.
2016
Regenerative structure of Markov chains simulated via common random numbers. Zbl 0576.60082
Glynn, Peter W.
1985
Some asymptotic formulas for Markov chains with applications to simulation. Zbl 0585.60072
Glynn, Peter W.
1984
A batch means methodology for estimation of a nonlinear function of a steady-state mean. Zbl 0908.62088
Muñoz, David F.; Glynn, Peter W.
1997
Computing the distribution function of a conditional expectation via Monte Carlo: discrete conditioning spaces. Zbl 1390.65005
Lee, Shing-Hoi; Glynn, Peter W.
2003
Fractional Brownian motion with $$H < \frac{1}{2}$$ as a limit of scheduled traffic. Zbl 1255.60062
Araman, Victor F.; Glynn, Peter W.
2012
Asymptotic robustness of estimators in rare-event simulation. Zbl 1386.65066
L’Ecuyer, Pierre; Blanchet, Jose H.; Tuffin, Bruno; Glynn, Peter W.
2010
Kernel-based reinforcement learning in average-cost problems. Zbl 1364.90349
Ormoneit, Dirk; Glynn, Peter
2002
On the asymptotic optimality of the SPT rule for the flow shop average completion time problem. Zbl 1106.90333
Xia, Cathy H.; Shanthikumar, J. George; Glynn, Peter W.
2000
Approximating martingales for variance reduction in Markov process simulation. Zbl 1082.60516
Henderson, Shane G.; Glynn, Peter W.
2002
Lévy processes with two-sided reflection. Zbl 1338.60126
Andersen, Lars Nørvang; Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter W.; Pihlsgård, Mats
2015
Simulation output analysis for general state space Markov chains. Zbl 0642.65097
Glynn, Peter W.; Iglehart, Donald L.
1982
Uniform Cesaro limit theorems for synchronous processes with applications to queues. Zbl 0743.60023
Glynn, Peter; Sigman, Karl
1992
Two-sided taboo limits for Markov processes and associated perfect simulation. Zbl 1047.60066
Glynn, Peter W.; Thorisson, Hermann
2001
A comparison of cross-entropy and variance minimization strategies. Zbl 1241.65021
Chan, Joshua C. C.; Glynn, Peter W.; Kroese, Dirk P.
2011
Large deviations for the empirical mean of an M/M/$$1$$ queue. Zbl 1282.60090
Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter; Meyn, Sean
2013
On the marginal standard error rule and the testing of initial transient deletion methods. Zbl 1371.65012
Wang, Rob J.; Glynn, Peter W.
2016
On the Markov property of the GI/G/infinity Gaussian limit. Zbl 0482.60092
Glynn, Peter W.
1982
Estimating customer and time averages. Zbl 0771.60077
Glynn, Peter W.; Melamed, Benjamin; Whitt, Ward
1993
Notes: Conditions for the applicability of the regenerative method. Zbl 0796.62072
Glynn, Peter W.; Iglehart, Donald L.
1993
A CLT for infinitely stratified estimators, with applications to debiased MLMC. Zbl 1384.60039
Zheng, Zeyu; Glynn, Peter W.
2017
Estimating tail decay for stationary sequences via extreme values. Zbl 1044.62053
Zeevi, Assaf; Glynn, Peter W.
2004
On convergence to stationarity of fractional Brownian storage. Zbl 1187.60029
Mandjes, Michel; Norros, Ilkka; Glynn, Peter
2009
Conditional limit theorems for regulated fractional Brownian motion. Zbl 1204.60084
Awad, Hernan; Glynn, Peter
2009
Simulating discounted costs. Zbl 0707.60082
Fox, Bennett L.; Glynn, Peter W.
1989
Estimating tail probabilities in queues via extremal statistics. Zbl 0980.60067
Glynn, P. W.; Zeevi, A. J.
2000
Estimation of steady-state central moments by the regenerative method of simulation. Zbl 0631.62095
Glynn, Peter W.; Iglehart, Donald L.
1986
On the range of a regenerative sequence. Zbl 0573.60083
Glynn, Peter W.
1985
A diffusion approximation for a network of reservoirs with power law release rule. Zbl 0873.76069
Glynn, J. E.; Glynn, P. W.
1996
Statistics of robust optimization: a generalized empirical likelihood approach. Zbl 1473.62292
Duchi, John C.; Glynn, Peter W.; Namkoong, Hongseok
2021
Efficient steady-state simulation of high-dimensional stochastic networks. Zbl 07547871
Blanchet, Jose; Chen, Xinyun; Si, Nian; Glynn, Peter W.
2021
On the convergence of mirror descent beyond stochastic convex programming. Zbl 1461.90085
Zhou, Zhengyuan; Mertikopoulos, Panayotis; Bambos, Nicholas; Boyd, Stephen P.; Glynn, Peter W.
2020
Technical note – central limit theorems for estimated functions at estimated points. Zbl 1454.60034
Glynn, Peter W.; Fan, Lin; Fu, Michael C.; Hu, Jian-Qiang; Peng, Yijie
2020
Likelihood ratio gradient estimation for steady-state parameters. Zbl 1435.60051
Glynn, Peter W.; Olvera-Cravioto, Mariana
2019
On sampling rates in simulation-based recursions. Zbl 1380.93168
Pasupathy, Raghu; Glynn, Peter; Ghosh, Soumyadip; Hashemi, Fatemeh S.
2018
Rates of convergence and CLTs for subcanonical debiased MLMC. Zbl 1405.60034
Zheng, Zeyu; Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter W.
2018
On the rate of convergence to equilibrium for reflected Brownian motion. Zbl 1408.60019
Glynn, Peter W.; Wang, Rob J.
2018
Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods, MCQMC 2016. Proceedings of the 12th international conference on ‘Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods in scientific computing’, Stanford, CA, August 14–19, 2016. Zbl 1400.65006
2018
Deterministic and stochastic wireless network games: equilibrium, dynamics, and price of anarchy. Zbl 1455.91060
Zhou, Zhengyuan; Bambos, Nicholas; Glynn, Peter
2018
A CLT for infinitely stratified estimators, with applications to debiased MLMC. Zbl 1384.60039
Zheng, Zeyu; Glynn, Peter W.
2017
An equilibrium analysis of a discrete-time Markovian queue with endogenous abandonments. Zbl 1370.60159
Ata, Baris; Glynn, Peter W.; Peng, Xiaoshan
2017
Recurrence classification for a family of non-linear storage models. Zbl 1393.60076
Glynn, Peter W.; Glynn, John E.; Rai, Sanatan
2017
Likelihood robust optimization for data-driven problems. Zbl 1397.90225
Wang, Zizhuo; Glynn, Peter W.; Ye, Yinyu
2016
Analysis of a stochastic approximation algorithm for computing quasi-stationary distributions. Zbl 1352.60106
Blanchet, J.; Glynn, P.; Zheng, S.
2016
On the marginal standard error rule and the testing of initial transient deletion methods. Zbl 1371.65012
Wang, Rob J.; Glynn, Peter W.
2016
Dynamics on linear influence network games under stochastic environments. Zbl 1453.91036
Zhou, Zhengyuan; Bambos, Nicholas; Glynn, Peter
2016
Computing Bayesian means using simulation. Zbl 1369.65016
Andradóttir, Sigrún; Glynn, Peter W.
2016
Unbiased estimation with square root convergence for SDE models. Zbl 1347.65016
Rhee, Chang-Han; Glynn, Peter W.
2015
Affine point processes: approximation and efficient simulation. Zbl 1331.60084
Zhang, Xiaowei; Blanchet, Jose; Giesecke, Kay; Glynn, Peter W.
2015
Lévy processes with two-sided reflection. Zbl 1338.60126
Andersen, Lars Nørvang; Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter W.; Pihlsgård, Mats
2015
Lévy matters V. Functionals of Lévy processes. Zbl 1337.60007
Andersen, Lars Nørvang; Asmussen, Søren; Aurzada, Frank; Glynn, Peter W.; Maejima, Makoto; Pihlsgård, Mats; Simon, Thomas
2015
Central limit theorems and large deviations for additive functionals of reflecting diffusion processes. Zbl 1368.60083
Glynn, Peter W.; Wang, Rob J.
2015
Exact estimation for Markov chain equilibrium expectations. Zbl 1312.65003
Glynn, Peter W.; Rhee, Chang-Han
2014
Simulation-based confidence bounds for two-stage stochastic programs. Zbl 1286.90101
Glynn, Peter W.; Infanger, Gerd
2013
Large deviations for the empirical mean of an M/M/$$1$$ queue. Zbl 1282.60090
Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter; Meyn, Sean
2013
On the dynamics of semimartingales with two reflecting barriers. Zbl 1282.60047
Pihlsgård, Mats; Glynn, Peter W.
2013
Asymptotic simulation efficiency based on large deviations. Zbl 1386.65049
Glynn, Peter W.; Juneja, Sandeep
2013
Consistency of multidimensional convex regression. Zbl 1342.62064
Lim, Eunji; Glynn, Peter W.
2012
On Lyapunov inequalities and subsolutions for efficient importance sampling. Zbl 06859988
Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter; Leder, Kevin
2012
Fractional Brownian motion with $$H < \frac{1}{2}$$ as a limit of scheduled traffic. Zbl 1255.60062
Araman, Victor F.; Glynn, Peter W.
2012
A complementarity framework for forward contracting under uncertainty. Zbl 1235.91074
Shanbhag, Uday V.; Infanger, Gerd; Glynn, Peter W.
2011
A new proof of convergence of MCMC via the ergodic theorem. Zbl 1232.65015
Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter W.
2011
On the transition from heavy traffic to heavy tails for the $$M/G/1$$ queue: the regularly varying case. Zbl 1216.41033
Olvera-Cravioto, Mariana; Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter
2011
Simulation-based computation of the workload correlation function in a Lévy-driven queue. Zbl 1213.60147
Glynn, Peter W.; Mandjes, Michel
2011
A comparison of cross-entropy and variance minimization strategies. Zbl 1241.65021
Chan, Joshua C. C.; Glynn, Peter W.; Kroese, Dirk P.
2011
On the dynamics of a finite buffer queue conditioned on the amount of loss. Zbl 1210.60104
Zhang, Xiaowei; Glynn, Peter W.
2011
Uniform approximations for the $$M/G/1$$ queue with subexponential processing times. Zbl 1242.60095
Olvera-Cravioto, Mariana; Glynn, Peter W.
2011
On exponential limit laws for hitting times of rare sets for Harris chains and processes. Zbl 1233.60013
Glynn, Peter W.
2011
Asymptotic robustness of estimators in rare-event simulation. Zbl 1386.65066
L’Ecuyer, Pierre; Blanchet, Jose H.; Tuffin, Bruno; Glynn, Peter W.
2010
Efficient simulation of light-tailed sums: An old-folk song sung to a faster new tune…. Zbl 1191.65002
Blanchet, Jose H.; Leder, Kevin; Glynn, Peter W.
2009
On convergence to stationarity of fractional Brownian storage. Zbl 1187.60029
Mandjes, Michel; Norros, Ilkka; Glynn, Peter
2009
Conditional limit theorems for regulated fractional Brownian motion. Zbl 1204.60084
Awad, Hernan; Glynn, Peter
2009
How to deal with the curse of dimensionality of likelihood ratios in Monte Carlo simulation. Zbl 1181.60076
Rubinstein, Reuven Y.; Glynn, Peter W.
2009
Rare event simulation for a slotted time M/G/s model. Zbl 1209.90105
Blanchet, J.; Glynn, P.; Lam, H.
2009
Robustness properties and confidence interval reliability issues. Zbl 1165.62026
Glynn, Peter W.; Rubino, Gerardo; Tuffin, Bruno
2009
Efficient rare-event simulation for the maximum of heavy-tailed random walks. Zbl 1147.60315
Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter
2008
Bounding stationary expectations of Markov processes. Zbl 1170.68389
Glynn, Peter W.; Zeevi, Assaf
2008
Stochastic simulation: Algorithms and analysis. Zbl 1126.65001
Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter W.
2007
Fluid heuristics, Lyapunov bounds and efficient importance sampling for a heavy-tailed $$G/G/1$$ queue. Zbl 1145.90350
Blanchet, J.; Glynn, P.; Liu, J. C.
2007
Uniform renewal theory with applications to expansions of random geometric sums. Zbl 1132.60060
Blanchet, J.; Glynn, P.
2007
On the theoretical comparison of low-bias steady-state estimators. Zbl 1281.62187
Awad, Hernan P.; Glynn, Peter W.
2007
A nonparametric approach to multiproduct pricing. Zbl 1167.90494
Rusmevichientong, Paat; Van Roy, Benjamin; Glynn, Peter W.
2006
Complete corrected diffusion approximations for the maximum of a random walk. Zbl 1132.60038
Blanchet, Jose; Glynn, Peter
2006
Tail asymptotics for the maximum of perturbed random walk. Zbl 1118.60073
Araman, Victor F.; Glynn, Peter W.
2006
Capacity of finite state channels based on Lyapunov exponents of random matrices. Zbl 1309.94062
Holliday, Tim; Goldsmith, Andrea J.; Glynn, Peter W.
2006
Laws of large numbers and functional central limit theorems for generalized semi-Markov processes. Zbl 1094.60020
Glynn, Peter W.; Haas, Peter J.
2006
The semi-regenerative method of simulation output analysis. Zbl 1478.62233
Calvin, James M.; Glynn, Peter W.; Nakayama, Marvin K.
2006
A diffusion approximation for a GI/GI/1 queue with balking or reneging. Zbl 1094.60064
Ward, Amy R.; Glynn, Peter W.
2005
Diffusion approximations for the maximum of a perturbed random walk. Zbl 1086.60020
Araman, Victor F.; Glynn, Peter W.
2005
Estimation of continuous-time Markov processes sampled at random time intervals. Zbl 1142.62390
Duffie, Darrell; Glynn, Peter
2004
Recurrence properties of autoregressive processes with super - heavy - tailed innovations. Zbl 1115.62092
Zeevi, Assaf; Glynn, Peter W.
2004
On functional central limit theorems for semi-Markov and related processes. Zbl 1114.60320
Glynn, Peter W.; Haas, Peter J.
2004
Estimating tail decay for stationary sequences via extreme values. Zbl 1044.62053
Zeevi, Assaf; Glynn, Peter W.
2004
Simulation-based parameter estimation for complex models: a breast cancer natural history modelling illustration. Zbl 1121.62585
Chia, Yen Lin; Salzman, Peter; Plevritis, Sylvia K.; Glynn, Peter W.
2004
Limit theory for taboo-regenerative processes. Zbl 1061.90031
Glynn, Peter W.; Thorisson, Hermann
2004
A diffusion approximation for a Markovian queue with reneging. Zbl 1054.60100
Ward, Amy R.; Glynn, Peter W.
2003
Properties of the reflected Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Zbl 1026.60106
Ward, Amy R.; Glynn, Peter W.
2003
Computing the distribution function of a conditional expectation via Monte Carlo: discrete conditioning spaces. Zbl 1390.65005
Lee, Shing-Hoi; Glynn, Peter W.
2003
Nonexistence of a class of variate generation schemes. Zbl 1034.65002
Henderson, Shane G.; Glynn, Peter W.
2003
Hoeffding’s inequality for uniformly ergodic Markov chains. Zbl 0999.60019
Glynn, Peter W.; Ormoneit, Dirk
2002
Some new perspectives on the method of control variates. Zbl 1002.65016
Glynn, Peter W.; Szechtman, Roberto
2002
Necessary conditions in limit theorems for cumulative processes. Zbl 1059.60025
Glynn, Peter W.; Whitt, Ward
2002
Managing capacity and inventory jointly in manufacturing systems. Zbl 1232.90026
Bradley, James R.; Glynn, Peter W.
2002
Kernel-based reinforcement learning in average-cost problems. Zbl 1364.90349
Ormoneit, Dirk; Glynn, Peter
2002
Approximating martingales for variance reduction in Markov process simulation. Zbl 1082.60516
Henderson, Shane G.; Glynn, Peter W.
2002
Optimal control of parallel queues with batch service. Zbl 1019.90016
Xia, Cathy H.; Michailidis, George; Bambos, Nicholas; Glynn, Peter W.
2002
Structural characterization of taboo-stationarity for general processes in two-sided time. Zbl 1075.60517
Glynn, Peter W.; Thorisson, Hermann
2002
Computing densities for Markov chains via simulation. Zbl 1082.62071
Henderson, Shane G.; Glynn, Peter W.
2001
Two-sided taboo limits for Markov processes and associated perfect simulation. Zbl 1047.60066
Glynn, Peter W.; Thorisson, Hermann
2001
Regenerative steady-state simulation of discrete-event systems. Zbl 06886311
Henderson, Shane G.; Glynn, Peter W.
2001
Multivariate standardized time series for steady-state simulation output analysis. Zbl 1163.62344
Muñoz, David F.; Glynn, Peter W.
2001
On the maximum workload of a queue fed by fractional Brownian motion. Zbl 1073.60089
Zeevi, Assaf J.; Glynn, Peter W.
2000
Simulating the maximum of a random walk. Zbl 0974.60030
Ensor, Katherine Bennett; Glynn, Peter W.
2000
On the asymptotic optimality of the SPT rule for the flow shop average completion time problem. Zbl 1106.90333
Xia, Cathy H.; Shanthikumar, J. George; Glynn, Peter W.
2000
Estimating tail probabilities in queues via extremal statistics. Zbl 0980.60067
Glynn, P. W.; Zeevi, A. J.
2000
Diversity and popularity in organizations and communities. Zbl 0917.90220
Nasrallah, Walid; Glynn, Peter; Levitt, Raymond
1999
Strong approximations in queueing theory. Zbl 0937.60021
Glynn, Peter W.
1998
Limit theory for performance modeling of future event set algorithms. Zbl 0988.90515
Damerdji, Halim; Glynn, Peter W.
1998
Independent sampling of a stochastic process. Zbl 0932.60040
Glynn, Peter; Sigman, Karl
1998
A batch means methodology for estimation of a nonlinear function of a steady-state mean. Zbl 0908.62088
Muñoz, David F.; Glynn, Peter W.
1997
Parametric estimation of tail probabilities for the single-server queue. Zbl 0869.62057
Glynn, Peter W.; Torres, Marcelo
1997
Stochastic optimization via grid search. Zbl 0894.60022
Ensor, Katherine Bennett; Glynn, Peter W.
1997
Average case behavior of random search for the maximum. Zbl 0891.60080
Calvin, James M.; Glynn, Peter W.
1997
A Liapounov bound for solutions of the Poisson equation. Zbl 0863.60063
Glynn, Peter W.; Meyn, Sean P.
1996
A diffusion approximation for a network of reservoirs with power law release rule. Zbl 0873.76069
Glynn, J. E.; Glynn, P. W.
1996
Nonparametric estimation of tail probabilities for the single-server queue. Zbl 0856.62036
Glynn, Peter W.; Torres, Marcelo
1996
Efficient simulation via coupling. Zbl 1094.65504
Glynn, Peter W.; Wong, Eugene W.
1996
Efficient Monte Carlo simulation of security prices. Zbl 0877.65099
Duffie, Darrell; Glynn, Peter
1995
Discretization error in simulation of one-dimensional reflecting Brownian motion. Zbl 0853.65147
Asmussen, Søren; Glynn, Peter; Pitman, Jim
1995
...and 60 more Documents
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### Cited by 2,163 Authors
60 Glynn, Peter W. 40 Mandjes, Michel Robertus Hendrikus 36 Blanchet, Jose H. 33 Whitt, Ward 21 Zwart, Bert P. 20 Asmussen, Søren 17 Jasra, Ajay 17 Meyn, Sean P. 14 Roberts, Gareth O. 11 Lam, Henry 11 Sigman, Karl 11 van Leeuwaarden, Johan S. H. 10 Lee, Chihoon 9 Bo, Lijun 9 Dębicki, Krzysztof 9 Dupuis, Paul G. 9 Giles, Michael B. 9 Heidergott, Bernd F. 9 Liu, Jingchen 8 Fu, Michael C. 8 Goldsman, David M. 8 Guo, Yongjiang 8 L’Ecuyer, Pierre 8 Nakayama, Marvin K. 8 Shanbhag, Uday V. 8 Spiliopoulos, Konstantinos V. 8 Tempone, Raúl F. 8 Wang, Yongjin 7 Budhiraja, Amarjit S. 7 Glasserman, Paul 7 Hobert, James P. 7 Janssen, Augustus Josephus Elizabeth Maria 7 Miyazawa, Masakiyo 7 Rubinstein, Reuven Y. 7 Zhu, Lingjiong 6 Beskos, Alexandros 6 Flegal, James M. 6 Gobet, Emmanuel 6 Hernández-Lerma, Onésimo 6 Infanger, Gerd 6 Jones, Galin L. 6 Juneja, Sandeep 6 Khare, Kshitij 6 Law, Kody J. H. 6 Minkevičius, Saulius 6 Nelson, Barry L. 6 Thorisson, Hermann 6 Tuffin, Bruno 6 Yang, Xuewei 5 Boxma, Onno Johan 5 Chen, Anyue 5 Chen, Xinyun 5 Del Moral, Pierre 5 Dieker, A. B. 5 Doucet, Arnaud 5 Duffy, Ken R. 5 Haas, Peter J. 5 Hashorva, Enkelejd 5 Henderson, Shane G. 5 Hu, Yaozhong 5 Ivanovs, Jevgeņijs 5 Jasso-Fuentes, Héctor 5 Labbé, Martine V. 5 Latuszynski, Krzysztof 5 Li, Junping 5 Liu, Yunan 5 Macci, Claudio 5 Mandelbaum, Avi 5 Mehrotra, Sanjay 5 Morton, David P. 5 Moulines, Eric 5 Nobile, Amelia G. 5 O’Connell, Neil 5 Olvera-Cravioto, Mariana 5 Palmowski, Zbigniew 5 Pender, Jamol 5 Prabhakar, Balaji 5 Rhee, Chang-Han 5 Ridder, Ad 5 Sen, Suvrajeet 5 Seppäläinen, Timo 5 Taimre, Thomas 5 Vihola, Matti 5 Weerasinghe, Ananda P. N. 4 Albrecher, Hansjörg 4 Andrieu, Christophe 4 Araman, Victor F. 4 Ata, Baris 4 Barth, Andrea 4 Bayraksan, Güzin 4 Bertrand, J. Will M. 4 Bertsimas, Dimitris John 4 Botev, Zdravko I. 4 Bréhier, Charles-Edouard 4 Calvin, James M. 4 Chan, Joshua C. C. 4 Chen, Shih-Pin 4 Dassios, Angelos 4 Gao, Xuefeng 4 Gatto, Riccardo ...and 2,063 more Authors
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### Cited in 244 Serials
115 Queueing Systems 71 The Annals of Applied Probability 63 European Journal of Operational Research 58 Journal of Applied Probability 56 Annals of Operations Research 55 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 43 Advances in Applied Probability 43 Operations Research Letters 32 Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 31 Statistics & Probability Letters 28 Operations Research 26 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 23 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 20 Bernoulli 20 INFORMS Journal on Computing 20 Statistics and Computing 18 SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification 17 Discrete Event Dynamic Systems 16 Journal of Statistical Physics 16 Mathematics of Operations Research 16 Stochastic Systems 15 The Annals of Probability 15 The Annals of Statistics 15 Journal of Econometrics 15 Electronic Journal of Statistics 13 ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 13 Quantitative Finance 13 Stochastic Models 12 Insurance Mathematics & Economics 12 Computers & Operations Research 12 SIAM Journal on Optimization 11 Automatica 11 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 11 Monte Carlo Methods and Applications 10 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 9 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 9 Applied Mathematical Modelling 9 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 8 Journal of Computational Physics 8 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 8 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 8 Probability Theory and Related Fields 8 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 8 Finance and Stochastics 7 Journal of Theoretical Probability 7 Automation and Remote Control 7 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 7 Electronic Journal of Probability 7 Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 6 Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6 Applied Mathematics and Computation 6 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 6 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 6 Journal of Complexity 6 Statistical Science 6 Communications in Statistics. Simulation and Computation 6 Cybernetics and Systems Analysis 5 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 5 Journal of the American Statistical Association 5 Naval Research Logistics 5 Optimization 5 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 5 SIAM Review 5 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Probabilités et Statistiques 5 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Probability and Statistics 5 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 5 Statistical Inference for Stochastic Processes 5 Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 5 Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR) 5 Frontiers of Mathematics in China 5 SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics 5 Science China. Mathematics 4 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 4 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 4 Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 4 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 4 Theoretical Computer Science 4 Probability and Mathematical Statistics 4 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 4 Statistics 4 Algorithmica 4 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 4 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 4 Computational Optimization and Applications 4 Top 4 Extremes 4 RAIRO. Operations Research 4 Sādhanā 4 North American Actuarial Journal 4 Computational Management Science 4 Stochastics 3 Journal of Mathematical Physics 3 Theory of Probability and its Applications 3 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 3 Theoretical Population Biology 3 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 3 Sequential Analysis 3 Econometric Reviews 3 Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 3 Random Structures & Algorithms ...and 144 more Serials
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http://openborders.info/ | # The Use of Race As An Argumentative Tactic
Post by Michelangelo Landgrave (occasional blogger for the site, joined February 2014). See:
Advocates of immigration reform occasionally feel tempted to use accusation of racism as an argumentative tactic. Most recently Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, Attorney General Eric Holder, and other high ranking Democrats have suggested that the reason their Republican counterparts oppose immigration reform is due to the race of most migrants.
There is certainly a subset of open border opponents that could be classified as racists and oppose open grounds either due to a belief that migrants taint their superior race or that racial homogeneity is itself desirable and migrants pose a danger to this. Even if this is the case calling out our opponents as racists is counterproductive.
Accusing opponents of racism is a poor argumentative strategy because it antagonizes them. More importantly this strategy antagonizes those who were previously sympathetic but who identify with open border opponents. In the current immigration debate in the United States it causes pro-reform Republicans to defend their peers out of political tribalism. Open border advocates in the US are reminded that several leading Republicans support immigration reform including: the Bush family, Senator John McCain, Senator Lindsey Graham, Governor Rick Perry, and many others. Using race as an argumentative tactic could very well cost us these allies.
In an earlier post Vipul Naik discusses similar points to these and elaborates on why accusations of racism make for poor argumentation. I agree with Naik that accusing open border opponents of racism directly is poor strategy, but leading your opponent to reveal themselves as racists might be good strategy if done properly.
In argumentation one is considered to have conceded a point to their opponent if they do not attempt to refute claims made. As such, while I do not favor directly calling our opponents racist, I do not believe we should implicitly concede to them that migrants and natives are significantly different from one another culturally. A better tactic would be to emphasize that migrants aren’t significantly different from the native population and that it is the burden of our opponents to prove otherwise.
For example I personally advocate that the largest current migrant group to the United States, Hispanics, are ‘westerners’ and that the perceived differences between Hispanics and natives are smaller than they first appear. I use the term ‘westerner’ here to refer to a set of cultural pillars that are associated with Western Europe and those nations that have been influenced by the region through colonialism or other forms of prolonged cultural exchange. This includes the Americas, Australia, and certain regions of Africa and Asia such as South Africa and Japan respectively.
The United States views itself primarily as a ‘western’ nation, but what is considered ‘western’ and who is considered ‘western’ varies throughout time. There was a time when the Irish, Germans, and other Europeans weren’t seen as westerners and only Christian Anglo-Saxons from the United Kingdom and their American descendants fit the bill. Jews weren’t considered westerners even if their ancestry was firmly entrenched in the US or the United Kingdom, but today they too are considered westerners.
The definition of ‘westerner’ has since changed and will continue to change but today the major prerequisites are:
As I often remind friends who are skeptical about open borders, Hispanics are primarily Christian and speak a European language (Spanish, Portuguese, or English) as a native tongue. Hispanics all come from countries where republicanism is the norm. Mexico and Brazil both experimented with monarchies in their early histories, but have long since been staunch republics. The only extant monarchies in the Americas are Canada and the Anglo Caribbean. A Queen of Jamaica exists, but no Hispanic country recognizes a monarch over them.
United States popular culture prevails throughout Latin America. Fidel Castro once remarked that Mexican children knew Disney characters better than their own history. The comment offended Mexican officials but it was made with merit. No one in my extended family, most of whom were born and raised in Mexico, know that Mexico was ruled by Emperor Maximilian during the early 19th century. They can easily list Disney characters and keep up with the latest American fads though. In my family’s defense the 2010 Civics Report Card released by the US Department of Education showed that US residents weren’t that well versed in civics. Arguably this shared disdain for civics with their northern cousins is another example of how Hispanics are a western people.
Hispanics are westerners as far as religion, politics, linguistics, and popular culture are concern. I further argue that the third largest current migrant groups in the United States, Indians, are also westerners.
The Indian subcontinent was invaded and colonized extensively by European powers beginning in the 16th century. British Raj reached its peak during the 19th and 20th centuries. The Indian subcontinent was ruled by European powers for nearly half a millennium and only recently did it gain independence in the form of various polities, the largest being the Union of India. By no means should this post be taken to mean that European colonization of the Indian continent was morally right. However it cannot be denied that it changed the subcontinent and left it western character.
Politically India is the world’s largest democracy, a title that it has openly embraced. The last vestiges of India’s attachment to monarchy were severed in 1950 when a republic was proclaimed.
India today has twenty two official languages and several more with varying degrees of recognition. The working language of the Indian Union however is English with 350 million speakers, most of whom speak it as a second language. Hindi, the official language of the Union, has a larger amount of speakers at 422 million. Despite this English enjoys a preferential status as it is a neutral language that doesn’t favor any linguistic group and facilitates trade abroad.
Knowledge and use of English among Indian migrants in the US is greater still. According to the US Census’ 2012 American Community Survey approximately 80% of Indians in the US speak English ‘very well’. This is superior to the Mexican community’s 68% or Argentine’s 74%. These results shouldn’t be surprising as migrants self-select and those most likely to migrate and settle in the United States long term are those most likely to already have a deposition to become western.
The only measure by which Indians fail to qualify as westerners is in terms of religion. Arguably this is the least important qualifier as Judeo-Christianity is being challenged by secularism for dominance in the west. Linguistically English still enjoys a favorable position in India proper and among Indian migrants in the US. It is extremely doubtful that India will be trading its democracy for a new Mughal Empire anytime soon. As a matter of fact India is currently engaging in an five-week national election consisting of 814 million voters.
None of this should be misunderstood to mean that there are not differences among the world’s cultures. My point here is that we should emphasize similarities instead of differences when discussing immigration policy. As an argumentative tactic we should force our opponents to elaborate on what they mean by cultural differences and fight them for every inch. If they claim that Hispanics are different because they speak Spanish instead of English let us ask if they have similar views in regards to Germans. Germans are the United States’ largest ancestry group in no small part due to massive migration and various German languages still persist to this day, including Pennsylvania Dutch among the Amish people. If our opponents claim their concern is that Hispanics are primarily Catholics, ask them if they have similar views towards the Irish or ask them to elaborate on which sect of Christianity they believe the United States should adopt. Mormon?
It is well possible that our opponents will retort that they would have opposed both German and Irish migration. This is okay. If our opponents do this they will isolate those of German and Irish descent who might otherwise have been inclined to listen to them. Ultimately the goal of public debate is not to convince an opponent but to persuade the minds of those yet undecided or who are on the fence.
Asking an opponent to elaborate on how migrants and natives are different culturally is a good tactic when an immigration debate moves away from economics and towards culture as it causes opponents to attempt to get specific without offending natives who fail to meet the prerequisites for being considered western. In comparison calling our opponents racist ends the conversation or isolates those who might otherwise be sympathetic to open borders.
When using this tactic one should attempt to make it clear that they don’t necessarily support basing migration policy on whether a group is western or not. Co-blogger Chris Hendrix has addressed this issue previously. The purpose of this tactic is to get your opponent to expend energy on detailing on what grounds migrants are different from natives culturally and to hopefully have him isolate himself.
Finally, when using this argumentative tactic one should not forget to make the economic case for open borders. Immigration debates tend to start off discussing the economics of immigration. If the open borders advocate makes a strong economic case then the debate will move onto more abstract reasons for opposing open borders, including the above concerns of cultural differences between migrants and natives. If the debate takes this turn then using the above tactic can be useful. However if the open border advocate fails to make a compelling economic case then he should not move onto other areas. This tactic should be used to supplement, not substitute, the economic case for open borders.
# The virtues of borders
Post by Paul Crider (regular blogger for the site, joined June 2013 as an occasional blogger, promoted to regular blogger July 2013). See:
Much of the philosophical discussion of open borders focuses on the rights of the parties involved. Is there a presumptive right to freedom of movement? Does the state have a presumptive right to restrict, via freedom of association or some other avenue? Rights, in either direction, probably attract the most attention because each side would like to head the other off at the pass and avoid the murkiness of empirical facts and conflicting values. If some right is established, it will foreclose a lot of argumentation.
But perhaps it’s useful to remember there’s still a discussion to be had whichever way the rights question is decided. And just because one might believe a nation has a right to restrict entrance, it hardly follows that exercising that right is the best option, either ethically or economically. Christopher Heath Wellman, author of one of the most well-regarded essays defending the right of a nation to restrict immigration, himself actually favored more liberal immigration rules.
[I] doubt that any one-size-fits-all immigration policy exists, and I, qua philosopher, have no special qualification to comment on the empirical information that would be relevant to fashioning the best policy for any given state. However, if anything, I am personally inclined toward more open borders. My parents were born and raised in different countries, so I would not even be here to write this article if people were not free to cross political borders. What is more, my family and I have profited enormously from having lived and worked in several different countries, so it should come as no surprise that I believe that, just as few individuals flourish in personal isolation, open borders are typically (and within limits) best for political communities and their constituents. Still, just as one might defend the right to divorce without believing that many couples should in fact separate, I defend a legitimate state’s right to control its borders without suggesting that strict limits on immigration would necessarily maximize the interests of either the state’s constituents or humanity as a whole.
With this post I’d like to suggest we ponder what a virtuous approach to migration policy would be, setting aside the important question of rights. This approach risks immediately running aground. Does it even make sense to talk about “virtuous policy”? Can virtue only be discussed in terms of individual behavior? Maybe. But I suspect questions of virtue come up in policy considerations whether it’s appropriate or not. Consider Adam Gurri’s recent thoughts on courage and security.
Everyone, as either a driver or a pedestrian, or both, has had a moment where things could have gone a little differently and ended in severe injury or death. It does not take a great deal of experience with the roads of most metropolitan areas to have such moments. Yet we do not hide in our homes, we do not give up on driving. After feeling the risks acutely, we go on with our lives as before.
We certainly do not demand that the state step in and enact a set of intrusive, byzantine measures to make us feel safer. We simply find the courage in ourselves and continue with our lives.
Whether it’s airport security or mass surveillance, we have sacrificed a great deal of not only liberty, but dignity, for uncertain and unquantifiable gain. The citizens of this country need to find the courage to take that liberty and that dignity back. This does not seem too much to ask of a people who find such courage every single day, when they step into a car.
Ben Franklin famously wrote, “Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety.” The motivation for this pronouncement of desert is that such a people want for courage. Can we make similar observations about borders?
The empirical cases for and against open borders often implicitly rely on prudential reasoning, as does much economic argumentation. Prudence is here conceived as no-nonsense self-interest. So advocates of open borders point to the massive economic gains to be had by liberalizing migration while restrictionists point to those who might lose out, whether they are unskilled natives in the host country or those rural poor left behind in the sending country.
Solidarity (an instance of faith or loyalty) matters here. The restrictionist may be unimpressed with the prudential calculations of the mobilitarian who downplays the importance of communal solidarity. The unskilled poor natives of the host country may not be as poor as those in the Global South, but they are our poor, and it’s our obligation to look after them. The restrictionist concerned about the poorest of the poor, left behind in remote villages, likewise condemns the relatively well-off emigrants who fail to uphold their obligations of solidarity to their poorer fellow nationals. (I’m leaving to the side for now any discussion of the empirical reality of these concerns.)
The mobilitarian might respond that solidarity is well and good but it is grossly disproportionate to the scale of justice at issue. It is unjust that the citizens of rich countries are privileged by right of birth to enjoy successful institutions that they played no part in creating. Injustice is visited upon the poor of the world when they are forcefully imprisoned in their countries for no other reason than that they were born there.
As to the question of whether emigrants fail in some solidaritous duty to their poorer fellow nationals, one might respond that the individual should have some choice in choosing her identities, where her duties of solidarity lie, and further that this is a matter better left to the emigrant and her co-nationals, rather than outsiders. Certainly chaining an individual to her country of birth for any reason seems to diminish her autonomy, and thus disrespects her dignity.
Speaking of successful institutions, the restrictionist has another appeal to prudence: the institutions of the rich world must be protected, and exposing these institutions to foreigners with very different cultures is simply too risky. This is the familiar Goose that Lays the Golden Eggs critique, which I have considered previously. Like Gurri’s approach to terrorism, the mobilitarian can counter this fear of institutional degradation with an appeal to courage. Are the institutions of the rich world really so fragile that they will fall apart if we open them to the world’s huddled masses, yearning, as they do, to breathe free? One can’t know for certain, but ours is a world of uncertainty, and it’s against precisely this reality of uncertain danger that we gird ourselves with courage.
One can sense between the lines an exhortation to courage in the great Frederick Douglass’s criticism of anti-Chinese sentiment among his compatriots (my emphasis):
The apprehension that we shall be swamped or swallowed up by Mongolian civilization; that the Caucasian race may not be able to hold their own against that vast incoming population, does not seem entitled to much respect. Though they come as the waves come, we shall be stronger if we receive them as friends and give them a reason for loving our country and our institutions. They will find here a deeply rooted, indigenous, growing civilization, augmented by an ever increasing stream of immigration from Europe; and possession is nine points of the law in this case, as well as in others. They will come as strangers, we are at home. They will come to us, not we to them. They will come in their weakness, we shall meet them in our strength. They will come as individuals, we will meet them in multitudes, and with all the advantages of organization. Chinese children are in American schools in San Francisco, none of our children are in Chinese schools, and probably never will be, though in some things they might well teach us valuable lessons.
The question of whether borders should be closed or open would likely not inspire such controversy if it weren’t for the desperate conditions of much of the world. Those favoring open borders often do so out of compassion and, indeed, love for humanity. Such a bleeding heart appeal might risk a kind of macho scoffing retort from those adhering to a politics of toughness. But surely love and compassion play some role in our policy making, lest social welfare programs could never get off the ground. It’s helpful to remember, as always, that opening borders does not impose charitable obligations on anyone, but instead removes barriers standing in the way of migrants bettering their own lots.
Virtues must be balanced against one another. So courage without prudence and temperance is just machismo or foolhardiness. Compassion without prudence is a recipe for exploitation. And justice without temperance and love might give us a Tarantino revenge fantasy. From a virtue perspective, closed borders is all solidarity and jealous prudence, unbalanced by any sense of universal justice or compassion for the stranger; it lacks courage, and maybe even faith in supposedly hallowed institutions. The open borders position is better balanced atop multiple virtues, exhibiting justice and compassion in spades, plus a little faith and courage for good measure, and–if the economists are to be believed–ample prudence in the form of trillion dollar bills waiting to be picked up off the sidewalk. Regardless of whether it is obligated to do so or not, a nation that opens its borders does the virtuous thing, the right thing. And the citizens of such a nation would have reason to take pride in that.
End note: While I found no excuse to reference it in the post, I have only begun to think seriously about virtue ethics since I started reading the Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce, by Deirdre McCloskey. I have drawn from it here.
# Weekly OBAG roundup 08 2014
This is part of a series of weekly posts with the most interesting content from the Open Borders Action Group on Facebook. Do join the group to weigh in on existing discussions or start your own (you might want to read this post before joining).
# A critique of the “assimilation” concept
Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See:
The idea that immigrants fail to assimilate is a major critique of immigration offered by restrictionists, and one that is widely popular. Unfortunately, the concept of assimilation has suffered from a form of mission creep as people cram more and more into the idea.
There are four broad kinds of things that people mean by assimilation. I will argue that only the first two categories genuinely deserves the “assimilation” label — and the second category only applies to citizenship, not to guest worker/student status or even to long term residency. The use of the term “assimilation” for the other two categories obfuscates more than it illuminates.
#### #1: Assimilation to the culture-specific, value-agnostic norms of the host country
There are some conventions that differ from country to country, but people living in the same geographic area benefit by following the same convention. Language is an obvious example. What side of the road to drive on is another. In this context, assimilation by immigrants to the host country’s conventions and norms makes life easier for everybody. Thus, I take linguistic assimilation seriously. An immigrant from the US to France should learn French in order to better communicate and interact with natives, even though a tourist might be able to get away with English and a few broken French phrases.
For similar reasons, an immigrant from the UK to the US had better assimilate quickly to the idea that automobiles drive on the right side of the road. All the more important if he/she plans to drive a vehicle, but probably useful if he/she plans to use the roads as a pedestrian, biker, or transit user.
The point here is that no claim is being made about the superiority or inferiority of the languages or conventions regarding the side of the road to drive on. Claims are being made about the coordination costs of deviation from the norms of the community, making a strong case for assimilation. So far, so good.
Note that for this category of assimilation, a significant fraction of the gains from assimilating go to the migrant himself or herself, although there are social spillovers. People with poor language skills are locked out of many jobs. Potential employers also lose out, but the bulk of the loss is experienced by the migrant. People who drive on the wrong side of the road endanger themselves as well as others (in particular, they endanger themselves more than they endanger any single other person). The positive externality of conforming to culture-specific, value-agnostic norms does suggest that there is a case for government or philanthropic help to people to assimilate into the norms.
However, there is no fundamental conflict of interest between the migrant’s goals and those of the rest of society. Further, there will be some people for whom learning the language just isn’t worth the benefit, even when externalities to society are considered. So, beyond making sure people understand the very basics, restricting migration based on these is not appropriate. However, the host society is not obligated to go out of the way to make accommodations for migrants’ linguistic differences:
• private employers should be free to restrict access to jobs to migrants (as well as natives!) based on language skills, and to the extent that laws against private discrimination get in the way, they should be reconsidered.
• Government institutions providing public services do not have an obligation to serve migrants in their own languages, although it may still be beneficial or appropriate for them to do so under certain circumstances (depending on how the costs and benefits compare).
The point is simply that individuals and institutions in the host society can decide how far they will personally accommodate different languages, and then leave it to migrants to decide whether they should work hard to learn the native language or can get by without.
#### #2: Emotional assimilation
Emotional assimilation and attachment to one’s adopted homeland is also something a lot of people have in mind when they talk of assimilation. The emotional assimilation and patriotism complaint has been made against immigration by many of the leading lights in the restrictionist movement, including Mark Krikorian, Steve Sailer, Peter Brimelow, and many others.
I’m not much of a fan of patriotism, but I think that a case could be made that immigrants who want to settle permanently in a land should at the very least not hate that land, and should have at least moderately fond feelings for it. At any rate, such feelings help to a modest degree. Again, this is a claim that can be made both for Mexican immigrants to Chile and for Chilean immigrants to Mexico. It makes sense for most immigrants to most lands.
#### #3: All the “good stuff”
A lot of people use “assimilation” in the looser sense of being statistically similar to the natives of the host country along various normative dimensions such as income, education levels, crime (scored negatively), and other indicators. Obviously, these are important things to look at when assessing the effects of immigration. But I question the use of the word “assimilation” to describe such comparisons.
My chief objection is that “assimilation” incorrectly sets the native standard on these matters as the aspirational norm. It ignores the fact that many immigrants are already better than natives on these normative indicators. On many of these indicators, their children move away from the better immigrant average and assimilate downward to the native norm. In the US context, crime is an example: immigrants (both in total and across ethnicities — including illegal immigrants) have lower crime rates than natives, but their children “assimilate” to the higher native crime rates.
There are also some ethnic groups of immigrants that, even after several generations, maintain higher normative averages than natives. Eyeballing the data suggests that Japanese, Chinese, and Indian immigrants to the US may be in this category.
There are obviously many categories where immigrants start off worse than natives and assimilate “upward” — Mexican immigrants to the US are one example. In many categories such as income and education level, descendants of immigrants assimilate upward from their parents to the native norms.
I’m quite okay with measurement of these, but question the “assimilation” jargon for its focus on natives as a normative ideal to strive toward.
#### #4: Immigrants do or think stuff I don’t like
A lot of the complaints about immigrants’ “failure to assimilate” are centered around the religious and political beliefs of immigrants, their tastes in food and music, the fact that they know foreign languages, and a variety of other things. Frankly, I find these complaints bizarre. If the person making this complaint wants to make an argument that certain religious or political beliefs are normatively better than the others, then the person should make that case — and be prepared to call out the large numbers of natives who hold the opposing view. This would reduce the objections to the second category. But the people making these arguments often don’t want to actually make this broader case. They simply define certain sets of views as the “norm” and then say that immigrants need to strive toward attaining that mix of views.
#### Some other random thoughts
• See point #7 (first in the post) in Joseph Carens on the ethics of immigration: part 2.
• In Europe, the term “assimilation” has given way to the term “integration”. There are also some conceptual differences, at least on paper: assimilation means that migrants merge into an existing native culture (perhaps adding some contributions of their own, but the focus is on migrants joining the native culture), whereas integration focuses on peaceful coexistence of different cultures with some shared values and understanding. You can get lots of information on the alleged differences between the models by Googling assimilation versus integration.
• The United States model of assimilation has been called the “melting pot” — see my co-blogger Nathan Smith’s blog post on the subject.
• A number of people I respect have suggested that a classical liberal minimalist state is conducive to integration and peaceful coexistence without any necessity for heavy-handed government policy to promote either assimilation or integration. There are cases where groups stay aloof from mainstream culture while coexisting peacefully. Examples in the US include the Amish, Mormons, Hutterites, Mennonites, and Jehovah’s Witnesses (I owe this point to co-blogger Hansjoerg Walther). In her blog post reflecting on her experience as a migrant to Sweden, Ladan Weheliye noted that she favored the liberal model as described by Chandran Kukathas.
# Weekly OBAG roundup 07 2014
This is part of a series of weekly posts with the most interesting content from the Open Borders Action Group on Facebook. Do join the group to weigh in on existing discussions or start your own (you might want to read this post before joining).
# What will the rapid economic growth under open borders look like?
Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See:
Open borders will lead to rapid economic growth in some countries, particularly the countries that receive migrants. This will be true even if the per capita income of natives doesn’t rise much (or even if it falls). The total size of the economy will grow. The situation with countries sending migrants is more complicated: the decline in population means that the size of the economy could shrink, even if per capita income rises. On the other hand, very high remittances or reverse migration and joint multinational businesses could offset the huge population loss. This blog post explores the sorts of things that could happen under open borders.
A few historical and current examples worth considering:
• The United States in the second half of the 19th century: The example fits well in the following ways: immigrants were quite poor, the economy as a whole was backward but improving fast, and the immigrants were from many different cultures and spoke many different languages. The example fits badly in the following ways: the US was at the technological frontier, the place premium wasn’t huge (both sending and receiving countries were poor), and the whole event occurred in a time when many other aspects of global culture and technology were different. In particular, due to greater costs of transport and communication, and many other reasons, the total foreign-born proportion of the population was not too high: it peaked at 15% in 1910, compared to about 13% now under fairly closed borders in the US (more here).
• China from after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 (we expect to write more about China later; for now, check out our blog posts tagged China): The very rapid “catch-up” economic growth in China is comparable to the sort of growth we’d expect to see in migrant-receiving countries under open borders. The scale of rural-urban migration over the preceding and coming decades is in the hundreds of millions, comparable to the levels we’d expect with a decade or more of open borders. The proliferation of cities in China in recent years provides a model for what might happen under open borders. On the flip side, migration in China is happening across a far more homogenous linguistic and cultural milieu than what we’d expect under open borders. Moreover, China has a single government that can (and to some extent does) coercively restrict and coordinate migration in ways that wouldn’t work for global open borders unless there is world government or some supranational body that exerts heavy control over the coordination of international migration. China is also unrepresentative of global open borders because the place premium isn’t that huge.
• India since its economic liberalization beginning in the late 1980s and with the main big step around 1991 (more on India here; see also all blog posts tagged India): India offers an example that’s both better and worse than China in terms of predicting what will happen under open borders. On the “better” side, there’s the fact that India is linguistically more diverse, so that many of the global challenges faced by migrants are experienced on a smaller scale in India. Although India is also religiously diverse, the religious diversity isn’t too strongly linked to location (the major religions are dispersed over many locations). India also offers a better model of a situation where the government does not plan either to stop migration or to prepare to accommodate it, unlike China, where both national and local governments have taken a more proactive approach to regulating flows. As of 2001, India measured 191 million internal long-distance migrants, about 20% of the population then. This number is comparable with the sort of migration magnitude we’d see under open borders, though it’s somewhat less than the amount of rural-urban migration in China. As with China, the place premium isn’t big enough to test some of the concerns associated with open borders. On the “worse” side, India is an even poorer country than China, so the parts of India that receive immigrants serve as bad models of how the destination countries under open borders would look.
• The European Union today (see this related post by Hansjoerg and all our posts tagged the EU): This example is better suited in the respect that the target countries of migration are wealthy First World countries, which we expect will see a lot of immigration under open borders. But none of the source countries is too poor: the poorest countries in the EU are Romania and Bulgaria, which are middle-income countries (things will become more interesting once Albania joins). Quantitatively, migration between EU states on the whole is much lower than intranational migration in India and China, and much lower than what we’d predict under global open borders. About 3.2% of EU residents were born in another EU country, compared to 6.3% who were born outside the EU (see here and here).
The following table provides a comparative summary of the four cases considered above in terms of how good they are in their similarity to how we expect open borders to unfold (so “good” here means “good as a model for figuring out how things will be under open borders”, not “normatively good” or “desirable”):
Attribute 19th century US China India EU
Scale of migration Moderate Good Good Bad
Absolute poverty in source countries Good Good Good Bad
Absolute wealth in target countries Moderate Moderate Bad Good
Place premium Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
Cultural heterogeneity Moderate Bad Moderate Moderate
A few other examples that aren’t quite as good because the scale involved is too small, but are still interesting in some respects:
• Open borders between Puerto Rico and the United States (see this blog post by Bryan Caplan): The place premium was moderate, the cultures were different (English versus Spanish). The scale of migration, over the long term, was huge relative to the sending country, but small relative to the receiving country. This example isn’t so helpful for our purpose because the US is too huge relative to the Puerto Rico for the migration to have had huge effect; however, some parts of the US (such as New York and Florida) have been influenced by Puerto Rican migration.
• Israel has had open borders of sorts for Jews from around the world. A large number of East European and Russian Jews have migrated to Israel. Joel Newman crunched the numbers in this blog post. Although this is open borders of sorts, the small absolute size of the experiment makes it uninteresting in terms of figuring out how migration works at scale and can lead to rapid economic growth.
• South Africa’s end of internal apartheid (discussed by Grieve Chelwa here) is also interesting, but again the scale of migration is insufficient to provide a clear sense of how things will proceed under open borders. The South Africa example is more interesting in that it involves a significant policy change in the open borders direction, but the focus of this blog post is more on the economic growth facilitated by mass migration than on the suddenness of the change.
#### The mix of labor and capital
Economic growth has been classified as intensive growth and extensive growth. Intensive growth involves changes in the mix of inputs and/or changes in the production technologies, i.e., the introduction of new ideas or new methods to produce more from the same inputs. Extensive growth involves an increase in inputs.
Now, to some extent, the change under open borders is extensive: a lot more labor is being added to the world economy. But in another respect, the change is intensive: the ratio of labor to capital shifts drastically worlwide, and even more so in countries that are migrant destinations. For more on this point, see Nathan Smith’s blog post on John Kennan’s paper on open borders. I quote a part of Kennan’s original paper that Nathan quoted; Nathan’s elaboration is worth reading at the link:
These gains are associated with a relatively small reduction in the real wage in developed countries, and even this effect disappears as the capital-labor ratio adjusts over time; indeed if immigration restrictions are relaxed gradually, allowing time for investment in physical capital to keep pace, there is no implied reduction in real wages.
I see two sorts of trajectories that could unfold:
• The planned trajectory is one where borders are opened gradually and labor regulations are modified to better use the new labor mix. In this case, people have more time to accumulate more capital stock. I would expect that in this case, industry will play a big role in migrant-receiving countries: entrepreneurs and industrialists will set up large factories in anticipation of the huge migrant workforce they can have access to. They will undertake huge construction projects or expand agribusinesses.
• The unplanned trajectory, where migration barriers are removed quickly with little coordination and planning, would probably see more of a shift to the services sector, which is less capital-intensive and where new people can join quickly.
Indeed, of the examples of China and India, the more planned and controlled case (China) has had more reliance on industry whereas the more chaotic case (India) has had more reliance on services (see more here). Note that in the longer run, I’d expect everything to move in the direction of services, when industry becomes so efficient that adding more people isn’t worthwhile at all (even at zero wages). But we’re far from there yet.
What about growth due to technological progress at the frontier? It’s possible that the progress of the frontier will not be affected much by open borders, but I personally expect that frontier progress will happen somewhat faster under open borders than under the counterfactual. This is the basis of the innovation case and the one world vision of open borders. I do expect that sending countries are likely to experience intensive growth and technological progress due to the circulation of people and ideas, though whether their economies as a whole grow or shrink would depend on how the magnitude of this effect compares with the decline in population. For arguments that open borders impede the progress of the technological frontier, see our page on killing the goose that lays the golden eggs.
#### The creation of new cities
There’s evidence to suggest that migrants who travel long distances tend to move to cities, for a variety of reasons. While living in one’s own village or small town may be preferable for many, living in a small town that one does not have connections with is hard. Cities are more conducive to strangers from faraway lands. They offer a wider range of job opportunities as well as amenities. The existence of a larger population allows for restaurants and supermarket products offering ethnic cuisine that wouldn’t be economically feasible in a smaller town.
It’s likely that there will be a lot of migration to the existing top cities of the world, but these cities have sky-high rents and are unaffordable to many poor migrants who don’t have enough skills to find jobs that could pay those rents. What I expect to see is many new cities crop up. Most likely, these cities will grow from existing small towns, potentially disrupting the lifestyles of residents of those towns. Natives are likely to have a mixed reaction: those who wanted city life but didn’t have the money for the big cities can benefit from the greater urbanization of their small town, and those who didn’t like city life may experience a decline in their quality of life (some of them may migrate to other places in their own country to get away from the overcrowding). Recall also Nathan Smith’s land value windfall argument: the price of new housing of a given quality can remain the same or even decline, even as the price of existing housing can keep rising due to an increase in the demand for living in established cities and towns.
It’s also possible that entire new cities can be created from scratch. One can imagine, for instance, a few companies setting up large factories in an area, and a huge amount of cheap housing for the people working in those factories. Another possible is that new cities will emerge in wasteland that is at the periphery of existing cities, or from suburban or exurban regions of existing cities.
A useful historical model is China, which is undergoing the world’s most rapid and large-scale urbanization. For more, see Wikipedia, the McKinsey Global Institute report, and this presentation for a Stanford University course. In 1976, about 18% of China’s population was urban, and now about 52% is. It is estimated that by 2025, China will add over 350 million more people to its urban population, of which 240 million will be migrants. That 240 million is more than the number of people who indicate the US as their first-choice migration destination. The following are some key features of growth in China:
• The rate of migration itself has been accelerating and may be plateauing now, though it will eventually start decreasing once rural areas have depopulated. While part of the mechanism here is diaspora dynamics, the more likely explanation is simply the increasing rate at which the economy is restructuring to increase demand for labor in urban areas and decrease it in rural areas.
• The creation of new cities is concentrated in the middle phase (city creation was most intense around 1990-2005) rather than very early (when migration is still just beginning, existing cities have enough room for the initial migrants, and it’s not clear where more people will want to settle) or very late (when the patterns of migration are already set).
• New cities are generally created close to existing cities.
#### Increase in international trade and foreign direct investment
Immigration and trade can be both complements and substitutes, but I expect that, unless tariffs are raised havily, more migration will facilitate more trade. Multinational small businesses run by family members around the world will become more common. Larger businesses will find it easier to set up shop in a greater range of countries. Diaspora will be eager to invest or get their associates in their new countries to invest in ventures in their source countries, so there will be more foreign direct investment. As people become better connected, there will be a reduction in the anti-foreign bias that motivates restrictions on trade and FDI. Another relevant point is that the move towards open borders is likely to be accompanied by a move towards free trade and FDI, because both proceed through the gradual expansion of free trade and free migration zones (such as the European Union).
#### A somewhat different vision
I’ll quote below Nathan’s detailed questionnaire answer (this is answer #4 in this very long blog post):
Some of the major problems of developed countries today would be solved by open borders. Government debt becomes less burdensome when population and total GDP rise, even if per capita GDP falls. As mentioned above, long-term demographic problems of shrinking and greying populations would be mitigated or eliminated by open borders (this does depend on the composition of immigrants, but given the relative youthfulness of the world population as a whole and the greater propensity of the young to move, the prediction that open borders would help can be made fairly confidently). Almost all homeowners and owners of real estate would enjoy a windfall benefit from rising population as demand and prices rise. This effect would not be offset by losses to renters, or to people unwilling to sell, from higher rents and property taxes. As cities expanded, renters could still live in comparably dense, interesting places, and homeowners who stayed put would get the windfall not in cash but in being through the midst of more economic activity (i.e., more shops, restaurants, entertainment, interesting streets, jobs and business opportunities, etc.– all the amenities of urban living for which people pay high urban rents).
Savers and owners of capital would tend to benefit as well, from an abundance of investment opportunities, but there would be downward pressure on wages. Crudely speaking, “unskilled” workers would see their wages fall, while some “skilled” workers would probably see their wages rise. But then, some of the basic skills Americans take for granted, like speaking native English, cultural fluency, and driving cars, would become “skills” for which premia could be earned. Immigrants would help poorer natives as customers, by creating a mass market for low-price goods, and giving companies a stronger incentive to pursue “frugal innovation.” There might be more business opportunities for entrepreneurially inclined natives even without a lot of education. Overall, it is extremely likely that natives as a whole would benefit, but without deliberate efforts to prevent it via fiscal policy, a substantial minority of natives would be likely to see their living standards fall due to open borders.
I would both advocate and anticipate that policy would do much to protect the least fortunate natives against a fall in living standards due to open borders. Moreover, this would be fiscally feasible, because open borders would greatly expand the tax base. Some natives might find jobs scarce and/or wages very low, yet receive transfer payments from the government which would enable them to live a “middle class,” house-and-car-in-the-suburbs, lifestyle. Others would see their wages fall but find themselves more than compensated by a rise in the price of their home and the value of their stockmarket portfolio– while also, perhaps, enjoying new transfers and/or tax cuts from a government flush with revenues from immigrant taxes. The hardest part of adjustment would be the moral impact of labor falling in value. One tenet of what I call “the macroeconomic social contract”– that anyone who is willing to work should be able to find a job that enables them to earn a decent living standard– would be further undermined.
Also discombobulating for natives would be the emergence of vibrant shantytowns and ethnic districts on an enormous scale. Pre-assimilation would mitigate the problem of absorbing immigrants into mainstream society, though on the other hand the number of immigrants would be larger than in the 19th century both in absolute numbers and as a share of the population. But Americans would hear more languages spoken on the streets, see more holidays celebrated, see a wider variety of religious buildings and of clothing. There would be neighborhoods where native-born US citizens would have the experience, charming to some but frightening to others, of being on American soil yet feeling like they were abroad. European countries, I expect, would face a different problem, namely, that some immigrants would prefer to assimilate to an “Anglobalized” international bourgeoisie, rather than to Dutchness or Norwegianness or Italianness. They would have to cope with large populations of foreigners who seemed content to reside permanently in their countries, getting by with English. Sweden or the Netherlands might see their living standards rise under open borders, even as Swedish and Dutch faced displacement by English as the nation’s first language. (That might happen anyway, but open borders would accelerate it.)
While the native-born citizens of the rich world need not see their living standards fall and most to all would probably see them rise, likely by a lot, under open borders, there would be far more poor people in the rich world. Germans and Danes and Italians and Washingtonians and Californians would have to get used to seeing a lot more deep poverty on the streets, and content themselves with knowing that there was much less poverty in the world because there was a little more at home. The moral underpinnings of the national socialist models of society that prevailed in the 20th century would have to be abandoned. Territorialism as a meta-ethical prejudice would have to be refuted at the level of reason and then wrung out of people’s intuitions.
# Selection effects for migrants: some a priori possibilities
Post by Vipul Naik (regular blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See:
This post combines many different threads I’ve explored in earlier posts. Back in July 2013, I wrote a post arguing that it’s important to get a handle on both the quantity and the selectivity of migration. Recently, I wrote a series of blog posts laying out a detailed conceptual framework for the empirical analysis of migration (introductory post here, describes and links to other posts). While laying out this conceptual framework, I noted that, under any policy regime other than complete closed borders, there is likely to be both a selection effect and a treatment effect for migrants. Specifically, in part 3, I considered a situation where we assume for simplicity that the people who do not migrate are not affected by the act of migration. In that case, we can concentrate on selection and treatment effects for migrants and ignore the treatment effects on non-migrants. Our goal was to discuss the rank-ordering and quantitative comparison of the following four values (where X is the indicator of interest):
1. Performance of natives of target country B on indicator X.
2. Performance of natives of source country A (who would not move under either policy) on indicator X.
3. Performance of potential migrants on indicator X if they were allowed to migrate (i.e., in the migration scenario).
4. Performance of potential migrants on indicator X if they were not allowed to migrate (i.e., in the no-migration scenario).
5. Ability to plan and execute a move.
Note that:
• The difference between (2) and (4) measures the selectivity of migration relative to the source country.
• The difference between (1) and (3) measures the selectivity of migrants relative to the target country, or equivalently, to their failure of assimilation (the assimilation may be “upward” or “downward” depending on how the migrants compare with the target country natives).
• The difference between (3) and (4) refers to the treatment effect of migration on migrants.
The goal of this blog post is to come up with a priori arguments on how migrants might be selected on various parameters. We’re not concentrating on the treatment effect directly, except insofar as beliefs about the treatment effect affect the selection of migrants. In some cases, we cite empirical evidence to support the claim. But the goal is not to make concrete empirical predictions, but to lay out general considerations that would help make concrete predictions for specific migration policy regimes.
Because of the vagueness of our analysis, we don’t distinguish heavily between selectivity of migrants relative to source countries and selectivity relative to target countries. However, our arguments, as stated here, apply a priori far more to selection relative to source countries than to selection relative to target countries. This follows from the nature of the analysis: we’re trying to figure out who, from a given bunch of people in the same environment, would end up moving. Therefore, these are best thought of as arguments about emigrant selectivity (comparing (2) and (4)) than about immigrant selectivity (comparing (1) and (3)). At the end of the blog post, we’ll discuss what we can infer about immigrant selectivity from the information.
Also, for the most part, I restrict attention here to considerations that would be relevant even under open borders. There are some forms of selectivity that arise from fiat: migration policy dictates that migrants must satisfy a set of conditions in order to be allowed in. We discuss these only in passing here, and will return to explicit policy selection in a separate post (more remarks on this at the end of this post). Note that I ignore explicit policies in the post but I certainly consider them quite important. I am not an economic determinist.
#### Costs of moving
Migrants are moving to a new place. Even under an open borders regime, moving requires nontrivial fixed costs in terms of time, money, and emotional energy. The magnitude of the costs depends on the geographic distance moved, the cost differential (moving to a place with a higher cost of living means one’s savings are less use for covering the initial costs of setup, even if one expects to eventually recoup those costs through higher earnings), as well as the cultural and linguistic distance between the source and destination. Note that all these apply even under open borders. In a regime with migration restrictions, there are additional costs of time, money, and uncertainty in applying for permission to move. Depending on the feasibility of return migration, one may also need to dispose off assets before making the move. Those crossing borders illegally need to incur coyote fees and undertake time-consuming and dangerous journeys to reach their destination.
What attributes does the high cost of moving select for? It’s hard to say, but here are some guesses:
• Money: People who have more money can afford the costs of moving more easily.
• Strong future orientation (i.e., lower discount rate): People who think of life a few years ahead are more likely to be willing to migrate than people who engage in hyperbolic discounting.
• Willingness to break ties: People who are heavily attached to their family and home culture would find the move more difficult, whereas people who define themselves less by their present relationships can move more easily.
• Adventurousness, openness to experience, and willingness to take risks
#### Opportunity costs of migration
When people migrate, they leave behind their home, family connections, and a culture that they are more familiar with and may be attached to. What sort of people are willing to leave that behind? Here are some guesses:
• People who have little to lose by leaving are most likely to do so. This could be because they are at high risk of being victimized by violence, are heavily discriminated against by people where they live, are cultural misfits, or cannot find any use of their job skills where they currently live.
• People who have skills or assets that cannot be transported easily and can be leveraged most in the homeland are least likely to leave. For instance, people who are good-looking by the standards of their culture may have the best prospects in their homeland (however, if a huge diaspora from the country already exists, they might be able to marry a member of the diaspora settled elsewhere through a family connection or other introduction). People who inherit a big family business that they can continue running, but aren’t particularly entrepreneurial, may just prefer to stay where they are to keep running the business. People with skills in politics have the best shot at politics in their home country, given that voters everywhere are likely to discriminate in favor of people who were born in the country and fit in culturally and linguistically. People who have completed expensive location-specific qualifications (such as in law) may prefer to stay in the home country because they’d need to re-qualify to practice law in a new country.
Note that there’s a contradiction of sorts between the little to lose criterion (which suggests that poor people may be more keen to migrate) and the observation that wealthier people can more easily afford to migrate. We’ll talk more about this later.
#### Benefits of migration
Migration generates huge benefits for some people, and scant benefits for others. The main benefit of migration from lower-productivity regions to higher-productivity regions is the place premium: one can earn more with the same skills simply by migrating to a new country.
The following attributes predict the benefits of migration:
• Larger absolute wage gains predict migration. Highly skilled individuals, who command high incomes in general, are likely to have large absolute wage gains.
• Larger proportional wage gains predict migration. Increasing one’s income from $1000/year to$10,000/year looks a lot more attractive than increasing one’s income from $30,000/year to$40,000/year.
• Greater knowledge of, affinity for, or ability to learn, the language, customs, and culture of the new place predicts more migration.
• Greater ideological or political affinity with the place they’re moving to (see Ilya Somin’s blog post on the subject).
• Presence of diasporas from the source country in the target country can make migration more attractive. This is part of the diaspora dynamics model developed by Paul Collier.
• Other geographical and health-related considerations could play a role. For instance, I’ve been told that in the 19th/20th century US there was a wave of migrants with lung diseases to the southwest to benefit from the dry air there. This was intranational migration, but presumably there could be international migration for similar reasons under open borders. The selection effects here are unclear, for instance, it may be that emigration of the unhealthy makes it such that the people who stay on in inhospitable climates are unusually healthy and fit.
#### Migration for one’s children
In my blog post on whether there might be too much or too little migration, I talked about how the costs of migration are borne by the migrant, but the benefits are shared by the descendants. I had noted at the time that, because migrants may not fully take into account the benefits to their descendants (even though they care somewhat about their descendants) this might lead to too little migration.
I want to bring up the same point, but with a focus on selectivity rather than raw quantity. People who strongly care for the future of their children and later descendants (including unborn descendants) are more likely to be willing to migrate. This probably selects for two things:
• Strong future orientation (we already talked about this in the context of overcoming the costs of migration, but it takes on added importance if one is thinking of one’s children or grandchildren, particularly the unborn ones).
• Greater love or concern for one’s future family. Note that this is in some tension with the fact that migrants are generally more willing to break ties with their existing families in order to migrate.
I’m planning to do a post on how migration can be considered a sacrifice for future generations, where I’ll explore this in more detail.
#### Selectivity of migration on income and wealth
The a priori considerations provided above paint a mixed picture of the role that income and wealth play. The following emerge:
• Higher wealth allows people to fund their move more easily.
• On the other hand, less wealth means people have less to lose and are more desperate to migrate.
• Huge wage gains attract more migration. But huge wage gains in absolute terms are linked to higher incomes, whereas huge wage gains in proportional terms are linked to lower incomes.
• Higher wealth may be correlated with other traits that predict greater or lesser ability to migrate. This is particularly the case for self-acquired wealth, but might also apply for inherited wealth to the extent that parental wealth correlates with parental attributes and via that with the person’s attributes.
As noted above, the nature of the income and wealth pattern may matter more than the amount. People whose income and wealth is heavily tied to their current location are likely to stay, whereas those whose income and wealth are tied to transportable skills or assets are more likely to move to places where their skills and assets can be best used to earn more.
One example of a “wealthy with little to lose” combination is (relatively) wealthy members of minority groups that are forcefully evicted as path of ethnic cleansing, or anticipate that this will happen. This was the case with Indians in Uganda, businessmen who found themselves on the wrong side of the border in the runup to the Partition of India, Tamils in Sri Lanka, and many others. Market-dominant minorities may in general fear hostile political environments and may be eager to leave when populist political parties or opinions are ascendant.
What does empirical evidence suggest about the relation between income/wealth and emigration? This blog post by Michael Clemens reviews the evidence and concludes that for countries below something like $6,000–8,000 GDP per capita (at US prices), countries that get richer have more emigration. The plot of emigration flow in terms of GDP per capita peaks at this income range, as does the plot of emigrant stock in terms of GDP per capita. Clemens writes: Social scientists have six theories for this “mobility transition”. I review these theories and the evidence for them in the paper. Briefly: 1) Development is usually accompanied by a demographic transition that favors a corresponding mobility transition, 2) development means that more people can afford to emigrate, 3) development means that more people can access the information they need to emigrate, 4) development tends to disrupt economic structures that keep people immobile, 5) development shapes domestic inequality in ways that foster migration, and 6) development in country A means that people in country B are more likely to give visas to migrants from A. The Zelinksy model of mobility transition is also relevant. #### Selectivity of migration on criminality The following are some considerations: 1. The strong future orientation needed to migrate suggests that migrants will be less criminal, because crime generally involves short-term benefits and long-term costs, and criminals generally discount the future heavily. In addition to future orientation, the ability to execute the move might also filter for other relevant positive traits that predict lower criminality. 2. The fact that migrants are likely to have more money (in order to fund their moves) and the fact that richer people commit fewer violent and property crimes, argues in favor of migrants being less criminal. 3. The fact that migrants often need to cheat and lie in their visa applications in order to be able to migrate, or that they cross borders illegally, might lead to migrants being selected for higher levels of criminality. In a later post series on crime and open borders, we’ll weigh these considerations against one another. The general bottom line will be that emigrants have substantially lower crime rates than natives of their source countires, and this is attributable in large part to selection. #### Selectivity of migration on enterprisingness People who move have strong future orientation, adventurousness, openness to experience, and willingness to take risks. This suggests that they are more likely to be enterprising in the general sense. In some cases, this translates to being more entrepreneurial (see here for more on existing research). The following are some other considerations: • To the extent that regulations on migrants make it easier for them to stay in standard, steady jobs, they are less likely to engage in entrepreneurship. This is a major issue for migration to the US: it’s much easier for high-skilled migrants to get a work visa working at a big company than to start a company. Note that this effect could operate at both a selection and a treatment level: entrepreneurial people may shy away from migrating to a place where it’s not that easy to start a business, and people who’ve already migrated may prefer to continue in an existing company than start a business. • To the extent that regulations (or societal discrimination) inhibit work in the formal sector, migrants are more likely to start their own small businesses. For instance, it may be easier for families to start a restaurant and have family members work at it so that younger members can contribute and they can circumvent labor laws. Note that this type of entrepreneurship isn’t the “create a billion-dollar business” type, and has lower value per entrepreneur, but it is still important to society. At the same time, artificial restrictions on formal sector employment may lead to too many family businesses and a more inefficient economy overall because family businesses cannot avail of the economies of scale. • The amount of wealth that migrants have affects whether they can afford to experiment with entrepreneurial ventures. As we saw, the relationship between migration and wealth is unclear. #### Selectivity of migration on political attitudes While there are many migrants who leave because of political persecution, this political persecution often has more to do with ethnic identity and religious beliefs than with specific political beliefs. (There is some relation between religious beliefs and political beliefs, but it’s very tenuous). The following are some general remarks: • The very fact that migrants left their home country suggests that they are not overly attached to the institutional or policy framework of that country. This doesn’t mean they actively dislike it. This creates a prior against migrants replicating the policies of their home countries. Empirically, there is little evidence of home country policy replication: people from communist countries aren’t noticeably in favor of communism and don’t seem to want to impose communism on other countries. At any rate, they haven’t been successful doing so. On a related note, see Ilya Somin’s blog post on immigration and political freedom. • People who have a strong aptitude or interest in politics (in the sense that they want to become political activists or politicians) are likely to stay in their home countries, because it’s easier to make headway in politics as a native. #### Remarks about the distinction between selectivity with respect to source and target countries The arguments above concentrate on what we expect regarding selectivity relative to the migrants’ source countries, because we’re trying to answer the question: of a given set of people in a given environment, who’d be most willing and able to leave? But people in the receiving countries are more interested in comparing immigrants to natives, in order to figure out how immigration affects the overall societal composition. To what extent can the above arguments make predictions about how immigrants compare with natives? We need to know both how much the countries differ (the (1) versus (2) gap) and how large the treatment effect of migration is (the (3) versus (4) gap). For instance, let’s say we have a low-productivity poor country A and a high-productivity rich country B. By our general arguments, we think that the people who migrate from A to B are likely to be more enterprising, more future-oriented, and more adventurous than those who stay behind in country A. How do they compare with country B? The conclusion we draw depends on what we think of the relative levels of these traits in the two countries. One school of thought is that the distribution of traits in the populations of both countries is similar, so that the (conjectured) fact that emigrants do better on these traits than natives also implies that immigrants will do better on these traits. For instance, one might argue that there isn’t any difference between the levels of future orientation in China and Taiwan. Therefore, immigrants from (low-income) China to (high-income) Taiwan, who are selected relative to their source country with respect to future orientation, are probably also selected relative to their target country. Another school of thought is that the reason country B is richer and has higher productivity is that the people there are more enterprising, more future-oriented, more adventurous, etc. For instance, one might argue that the United States is more entrepeneurial than the United Kingdom, and this accounts for the difference in their per capita levels of income and wealth. In this case, even though emigrants from country A score higher on these traits than natives of country A, it’s unclear how they compare with natives of country B. There are two separate issues to consider to figure this out: • How strong is the selection effect of migrants relative to their source countries, in comparison with the difference between source and target countries? Even if the US is more entrepreneurial than the UK, that difference on average might be much smaller than the selection effect for migrating. • How much of a treatment effect is there on migrants? The strength of the treatment effect arguably depends on the age of migration. Those who migrate as young children, and do not grow up in an isolated culture, are likely to be exposed to similar cultural influences as the natives of the target country, though they still experience a different home culture and prenatal environments, and are genetically close to country A. Note that though treatment effects are stronger for young people, selection effects may be weaker, because young people are often dragged along by their parents rather than being active participants in the decision to move. #### Remarks on differences in selectivity of different migration policy regimes The extent of selectivity depends heavily on the nature of the migration policy regime. Thus, the level of selection under open borders is likely to be quite different (and in general, much weaker) than the level of selectivity under the status quo. The majority of the considerations outlined in this post apply to migration even under open borders. The main difference is that rigid legal constraints on whether one can migrate, and the amount of bureaucratic red tape one has to go through to migrate, both reduce under open borders. If we are trying to quantitatively ballpark the level of selectivity, we need to keep in mind its sensitivity to the policy regime. In a future post, I’ll explore ways that governments can (and do) affect the selectivity of migration through explicit migration policy. # A conceptual framework for empirical analysis of migration (part 4: models for migrant performance) Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See: This post is part 4 of a series outlining a conceptual framework for the empirical analysis of migration. Read the introductory post to the series here, part 1 here, part 2 here, and part 3 here. #### Migrant performance as a combination of source and target country performance? A simple model against which we could compare reality is that migrant performance is a function of the native performance in their source and target countries. In other words, if we knew the performance of source country natives and we knew the performance of target country natives, we would be able to predict how migrants perform. Qualitatively, here are some possibilities: 1. Migrant performance falls somewhere in between the performance of their source and target countries. For instance, perhaps the performance of migrants falls midway between the source and target countries. Note in particular that if the source and target countries have identical values for natives, then migrants are also identical to them, suggesting that there is no effect coming from being a migrant per se. 2. Migrant performance is nearly identical to that of natives in the target country, and is independent of the source country. 3. Migrant performance is nearly identical to that of natives in the source country, and is independent of the target country. 4. Migrant performance is determined by performance in the target country, but is not equal to it. For instance, perhaps migrants have incarceration rates that are 0.7 times the incarceration rates of natives in the target country, regardless of their source and target countries. 5. Migrant performance is determined by performance in the source country, but is not equal to it. For instance, perhaps migrants have fertility rates that are 1.2 times those of their source countries, regardless of where they come from and where they go. Mathematical digression: a linear combination model As in part 1, denote by $x_{ij}$ the performance of migrants from country $i$ to country $j$ on indicator X, and denote by $x_{ii}$ and $x_{jj}$ respectively the performance of natives of the countries who stay put. We claim that, to a reasonable approximation, there is a (nice enough) function $F$, independent of $i$ and $j$, such that: $x_{ij} = F(x_{ii},x_{ij})$ The simplest possible example of such a function is a linear combination. In this model, we have the following, where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are nonnegative reals: $x_{ij} = \alpha x_{ii} + \beta x_{jj}$ We now revisit the five cases above in terms of the linear combination model: 1. $\alpha + \beta = 1$, i.e., the performance of migrants is a convex combination of that of natives from the source and target countries, and therefore in particular lies somewhere in between those two values. In that case, we can write $x_{ij} = \alpha x_{ii} + (1 - \alpha) x_{jj}$. The special case $\alpha = 0.5$ is the one where migrant performance is midway between the natives of the source and target countries. 2. $\alpha$ is close to 0 and $\beta$ is close to 1. 3. $\alpha$ is close to 1 and $\beta$ is close to 0. 4. $\alpha$ is close to 0 and $\beta$ is positive but not close to 1. 5. $\alpha$ is positive but not close to 1, and $\beta$ is close to 0. Linear models are not the only ones possible: one can imagine more complicated functional relationships, including power relationships (which would be linear once you take the logarithm). Linear models are the ones people generally look for when predicting performance, and that’s what linear regressions are generally used for. Anyway, the best type of model to use depends on the type of indicator we have and what we understand about how it’s determined, i.e., we need a phenomenological story first (more on this later in the post). End mathematical digression #### Separating selection and treatment: potential migrant performance and actual migrant performance in terms of source and target country performance The above discusses the performance of people who actually migrate in terms of their source and target countries. But, building on the discussion in part 2 and (more directly relevant) part 3, we’re also interested in how potential migrants would perform if they weren’t allowed to migrate. This allows us to separate out the selection and treatment effects. Unlike the case of people who do migrate, it’s not a priori clear why the indicator value in the target country should be a predictor for people who don’t migrate. One argument that it should: the very fact that they are considering migration to the target country, or that a potential migration policy is considering them, suggests potential affinity with the target country. It may happen in some cases that the function doesn’t depend on $x_{jj}$ at all. Mathematical digression: two linear combinations To stay similar to the earlier notation (from parts 2 and 3 of the series), we denote the “how migrants would do if they were’t allowed to migrate” quantity as $x_{ij}^{n,o}$. We are thus interested in understanding the function $G$ such that: $x_{ij}^{n,o} = G(x_{ii},x_{jj})$ The simple case is a linear function, i.e., we have: $x_{ij}^{n,o} = \alpha^{n,o}x_{ii} + \beta^{n,o}x_{jj}$ We can now make cases based on the values of these numbers. We list some possibilities: • Suppose $\alpha/\beta < \alpha^{n,o}/\beta^{n,o}$. This means that for people who do migrate, their performance is predicted more by the target country than if they were not allowed to migrate. • $\beta^{n,o} = 0$ suggests that the performance of potential migrants, if they stay in their source country, is determined completely by their source country. In the case $\alpha^{n,o} = 1$, the potential migrants are indistinguishable on the indicator from others in their source country. In other cases, migrants differ from others in their source country, but by a constant factor. • $\alpha = 0$ suggests that the performance of people who actually migrate is determined completely by their target country. In the case $\beta = 1$, the migrants become indistinguishable from natives of the target country. In other cases, they differ by a constant factor. • If $\alpha < \alpha^{n,o}$ and $\beta < \beta^{n,o}$, that implies that migrants score lower on the indicator if they’re allowed to migrate than if they’re not, regardless of how the source and target country compare on the indicator. The opposite conclusion holds if $\alpha > \alpha^{n,o}$ and $\beta > \beta^{n,o}$. End mathematical digression #### Phenomenological stories The above were purely mathematical models of migrant performance, and didn’t provide a story as to why a particular functional expression works, of why particular parameter values are right. But what’s going on? Why might we expect a functional relationship, linear or otherwise, between migrant performance and the performance of natives in the source and target countries? Some possible stories: 1. Migration policy explicitly selects for people based on how they fare relative to the native population of the recipient country, so that the similarity across countries between the relative performance between natives and migrants is largely because most countries’ migration policies revolve around similar explicit objectives in terms of how the migrants should compare with the natives. 2. Immigrants self-select for countries where their performance will be at a particular level relative to natives. 3. People self-select to emigrate if their performance relative to their source country is at a particular level relative to the natives of that source country. 4. People’s intrinsic characteristics (that they transport with themselves when they migrate) only determine their performance relative to where they live, rather than in absolute terms. For instance, a person’s inclination to criminality may determine how much crime the person commits relative to natives of the region. Similarly, a person’s skill level may determine how much money the person can earn relative to natives of whatever country he or she is in, rather than in absolute terms. Mathematical digression: translating the phenomenology to the linear combination model (1) and (2) explain the parameters $\beta^{n,o}$ and $\beta^n$. (3) explains the parameters $\alpha^{n,o}$ and $\alpha^n$. In the extreme case that (4) holds completely, $\alpha^{n,o} = \beta^n$ and $\beta^{n,o} = \alpha^n = 0$. End mathematical digression # A conceptual framework for empirical analysis of migration (part 3: simplified model assuming no changes to non-migrants) Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See: This post is part 3 of a series outlining a conceptual framework for the empirical analysis of migration. Read the introductory post to the series here, part 1 here, and part 2 here. The model in part 2 for comparative statics was extremely complicated. The problem was that there were too many moving parts: there was a selection effect arising from differences in grouping, and there was a treatment effect arising from changes in migration patterns affecting both the marginal migrants and others. This part of the series considers a simpler model. Our first pass at exposition will lay out a very simple toy case, and we’ll then discuss variants and possible ways of ramping up the complexity. We’ll keep focus on two countries: country A (a source country for migrants) and country B (a target country for migrants). We’ll assume there are no reverse migration flows, and no other countries to compete as sources and targets for migrants. We are considering a migration policy that would allow a subpopulation of country A to migrate. We have three relevant subpopulations: • A subpopulation of the population of country A that comprises the would-be migrants under the migration policy of interest. We’ll call these people the potential migrants. • The remaining population of country A, that would not migrate with or without the migration policy of interest. • The resident population of country B. We are thus comparing the no-migration scenario with the scenario where an identified subpopulation of country A is allowed to migrate to country B, and takes advantage of the opportunity. We are interested in providing a rank-ordering and quantitative comparison for the following four quantities: 1. Performance of natives of target country B on indicator X. 2. Performance of natives of source country A (who would not move under either policy) on indicator X. 3. Performance of potential migrants on indicator X if they were allowed to migrate (i.e., in the migration scenario). 4. Performance of potential migrants on indicator X if they were not allowed to migrate (i.e., in the no-migration scenario). Note that: • The difference between (2) and (4) measures the selectivity of migration relative to the source country. In other words, it measures emigrant selectivity. • The difference between (1) and (3) measures the selectivity of migrants relative to the target country, or equivalently, to their failure of assimilation (the assimilation may be “upward” or “downward” depending on how the migrants compare with the target country natives). In other words, it measures immigrant selectivity. • The difference between (3) and (4) refers to the treatment effect of migration on migrants. In other words, it measures the premium of migrating. #### Aspects of the rank ordering that matter from various normative perspectives The following hold prima facie (here, weighted averages refer to averages weighted by population size): • The individualist universalist cares mainly about the comparison between (3) and (4), because that’s the main source of change to individuals. • The universalistically inclined analytical nationalist, who cares about how national averages change rather than how individuals do, cares about how (1) compares with the weighted average of (1) and (3) and how the weighted average of (2) and (4) compares with (2). Due to compositional effects, this is not always in agreement with the individualist universalist perspective. In particular, compositional effect paradoxes arise under rank orderings (1) > (3) > (4) > (2) and the reverse ordering (2) > (4) > (3) > (1). In words, (1) > (3) > (4) > (2) means that the migrant subpopulation is better at the indicator than the source country, that migration improves it further, but that even after that improvement, they still fall short of the natives of the target country. • A person driven by local inequality aversion cares about how the gap between (1) and (3) compares with the gap between (2) and (4) (and also the magnitude of migration relative to source and target country populations). • Assuming that the performance of people on indicator X affects the well-being of others in the territory (this is true for indicators such as crime), the citizenists and territorialists for country B care about how (3) compares with (1). • Assuming that the performance of people on indicator X affects the well-being of others in the territory (this is true for indicators such as crime), the citizenists and territorialists for country A care about how (4) compares with (2). Recall that there are some rare indicators (such as resource use) where we care about the total rather than the average. For instance, in a country where water is scarce, we may care about total water use rather than per capita water use. In this case, we also need to know the relevant population sizes, and some of the prima facie claims above do not apply. Mathematical digression: matrix description Suppose country 1 is country A and country 2 is country B. Following the notation for part 2, our matrix for indicator X under the no-migration scenario, which we call the old scenario, is: $\begin{pmatrix} x_{11}^o & \text{undefined} \\ \text{undefined} & x_{22}^o \\\end{pmatrix}$ Our matrix for indicator X under the migration scenario, which we call the new scenario, is: $\begin{pmatrix} x_{11}^n & x_{12}^n \\ \text{undefined} & x_{22}^n \\\end{pmatrix}$ Note that we do have $x_{22}^n = x_{22}^o$, because the set of people is the same in both cases and the individual indicator values are the same for each of them. On the other hand, we do not necessarily have $x_{11}^n = x_{11}^o$. This is because even though all the individuals who stay put in country A under both scenarios fare the same under both scenarios, the no-migration scenario also sees the potential migrants stay put, thereby affecting the average value of the indicator (the compositional selection effect). What we’re really interested in is the matrix: $\begin{pmatrix} x_{11}^{n,o} & x_{12}^{n,o} \\ \text{undefined} & x_{22}^{n,o} \\\end{pmatrix}$ This uses the groupings from the migration scenario (i.e., it separates the source country population into those who stay put and those who migrate in the migration scenario) but using indicator values from the no-migration scenario. We want to compare this with the migration scenario matrix: $\begin{pmatrix} x_{11}^n & x_{12}^n \\ \text{undefined} & x_{22}^n \\\end{pmatrix}$ Our conditions now tell us that $x_{11}^{n,o} = x_{11}^n$ and $x_{22}^{n,o} = x_{22}^n = x_{22}^o$. Therefore, the two matrices above coincide except in the top right entry. In other words, we’re looking at these two matrices: $\begin{pmatrix} x_{11}^n & x_{12}^{n,o} \\ \text{undefined} & x_{22}^n \\\end{pmatrix}, \qquad \begin{pmatrix} x_{11}^n & x_{12}^n \\ \text{undefined} & x_{22}^n \\\end{pmatrix}$ We can now see the four numbers that we were attempting to rank-order and compare quantitatively: $x_{11}^n$ (this is (2) in the list), $x_{12}^{n,o}$ (this is (4) in the list), $x_{12}^n$ (this is (3) in the list), and $x_{22}^n$ (this is (1) in the list). #### Adaptation to migration liberalization and marginal migration For simplicity, the above analysis considers the no-migration scenario as one extreme. It can be adapted to a comparison of liberalizing an existing migration policy towards a subpopulation. We would then be interested in the question of marginal migrants: the additional people who can migrate under liberalization. However, there are complications introduced by the distinction between marginal and average: the average performance for the existing set of migrants who migrate under the less liberalized policy may differ from that of the performance for set of migrants who migrate under the more liberalized policy. The difference could be a difference in composition (selection effect) or a difference in treatment. #### The place premium: an example The place premium measures the gap (in proportional terms) between (3) and (4), i.e., the treatment effect of migration on migrants. It is one of the few such measures that people have attempted to compute for a wide range of source and target countries; see for instance this working paper by Clemens, Montenegro, and Pritchett that has computed place premium tables on Page 11. # What open borders advocates and scholars of migration and development can teach each other Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See: I’ve recently been reading the scholarly literature on migration and development. In this blog post, I attempt to summarize my understanding of important ways in which researchers in the area are similar to and important ways that they differ from open borders advocates. Then, I’ll discuss what I think both sides can learn from each other. For examples of the sort of things I’ve been reading, consider this 2007 report for the Department for International Development in the UK, this article on labor migration in India, the World Bank People Move blog, and the websites of KNOMAD and Migrating out of Poverty. #### Who are the migration and development scholars who’ve explicitly endorsed radically freer migration? Some scholars of migration and development are quite sympathetic to the logic of open borders, want the world to move as far as possible in that direction, and explicitly say so. One example is Michael Clemens. While he has expressed some terminological disagreement with “open borders” as a term, he accepts the basic moral logic, he’s all for the main aspects of open borders, and he supports moving as far in that direction as is feasible. Clemens is a co-creator of the place premium and income per natural concepts. He has raised the status in the economic development community of the idea that development is about people, not places. And he wrote the paper that prompted Bryan Caplan to come up with the double world GDP slogan. Note that Clemens isn’t famous solely as a migration researcher; he has also been at the forefront of critiquing some aspects of the Millennium Villages Project. Another migration scholar who’s expressed considerable sympathy for the open borders position is Lant Pritchett. Pritchett co-authored the place premium paper with Clemens, and has also written a book advocating for freer migration. Pritchett is a renowned development economist who has done considerable work on many areas unrelated to migration, including the return to schooling worldwide and the relation between desired and actual fertility and the importance of contraception to fertility reduction. #### How has the community of development scholars changed its views on migration? I haven’t been able to get a very clear picture, but it seems to me that the international development community as a whole used to be more hostile to migration as a poverty reduction strategy, but they are now more open to it. The following are some general observations: • Brain drain was considered a major argument against migration among development scholars, but the balance of the evidence in recent years has moved scholars to the view that the problem is not severe, with many scholars believing that brain circulation and idea flows can be beneficial on net. • Historically, the dominant view in the international development community has been similar to the view of many mainstream moderate pro-immigration people that John Lee described here, namely, that migration is not natural, that barriers to it are natural, and that removing migration barriers creates an artificial subsidy encouraging people to move. They’ve also taken the view that suggesting migration as a solution to poverty is essentially a cop-out that accepts defeat in tackling the harder problem of how to get countries to develop. These views again seem to be declining somewhat. It’s more common now for development scholars to consider migration a legitimate part of a strategy that can facilitate improvements in the living conditions of people who migrate and people who stay behind. • Dilip Ratha’s work on remittances (see also this New York Times article) got people more interested in the idea that migration can benefit the people who are left behind. Robert Guest’s book on the importance of diasporas encapsulates the growing recognition among migration scholars of how migration can benefit people everywhere, not just those who migrate. Some other people weighed in on the topic on the comments on this post on the Open Borders Action Group on Facebook. #### How do the mainstream migration and development scholars differ from open borders advocates in their views and in their rhetorical emphasis? In general, mainstream scholars of migration and development are quite similar to the mainstream moderate pro-immigration people John Lee described. In some respects, however, the scholars of migration and development come closer to the open borders position. In particular, compared to mainstream pro-immigration people, and perhaps even compared to some open borders advocates, they differ in these respects: • They have a clearer understanding of what poverty and wealth mean, and how rich and poor people are in different parts of the world. And they confront these facts on a regular basis in their work, so it’s harder for them to simply brush these under the carpet. Even somebody like Paul Collier, who wrote the book Exodus that took a lukewarm stance to migration, showed clear understanding and concern about just how big the differences in living standards are. • Even if they don’t use the term, they understand the concept of the place premium — the idea that an individual can improve his or her earnings just by crossing borders, with no change in skills, and that much of this improvement is attributable to differences in the value of what the person produces rather than a result of labor legislation or government redistribution. • They understand that governments often pander to nativist, citizenist, and territorialist sentiments to an extent that goes beyond what they think is morally appropriate, and also that the sentiments they are pandering to often rely on misguided economic logic. They themselves personally lean more universalist, sometimes in the additive utilitarian sense, sometimes in the egalitarian sense. • Even if they’re not themselves libertarians, the libertarian argument in favor of the right to migrate is something that stands out to them more than it does to moderate pro-immigration folks who haven’t thought much about international development. To them, it’s not just an armchair hypothetical. They are also aware of arguments based on human capabilities, even if they haven’t encountered the explicit framework. On the other hand, they still differ from us “tear down the borders” folks: • Their more laser-like focus on poverty alleviation can make them seem somewhat lacking in moral qualms as they discuss issues of optimal migration policy, even when they favor freer migration. • Even when they do favor dismantling border controls or other regulations, they’ll frame it in language that suggests more government management of migration. For instance, a concrete recommendation like “get rid of Know Your Customer regulations that forbid migrants from opening bank accounts” would be framed as “facilitate migrant access to banking through reform in Know Your Customer regulations.” • Many of their recommendations are focused on strengthening existing patterns of migration that already exist, rather than on loosening border controls that could facilitate new patterns of migration. This may be partly because they’re too anchored to the status quo to consider radical changes. More defensibly, diaspora dynamics suggests that it’s easier to facilitate the expansion of existing migration patterns than create new ones. • Related to the preceding, migration and development scholars are a lot more focused on intranational migration as well as international migration among low-income countries and between low-income and middle-income countries. • For policy questions, migration and development scholars concentrate their energies on thinking about how to tweak existing systems rather than coming up with new systems from scratch (such as DRITI). • Migration and development scholars are very focused on other aspects of the welfare of migrants that are not directly related to open borders. These include migrant childrens’ access to schools, migrants’ access to government-provided and private sector services, and facilitation of communication between migrants and their relatives back home. #### What can open borders advocates learn from migration scholars? Here are some things I believe open borders advocates should learn from migration scholars: • More attention to the actual experiences of poor people who migrate: Open borders isn’t purely about poor people, and in particular I believe that there will be a strong imperative for open borders even in a world without poverty. But certainly, freer migration should be an important part of the toolkit to end poverty, and the current state of world poverty considerably raises the importance of the issue. To the extent that open borders advocates are interested in the issue not just theoretically but at a practical level, a closer empirical look at how poor people fare under migration is warranted. Migration and development scholars spend a large part of their life thinking about poverty, and we can be inspired to spend at least a few hours on it. • More focus on intranational migration, migration between low-income countries, and migration from low-income to middle-income countries: Open borders advocacy can sometimes seem like too much speculation about something that doesn’t exist at all. And to an extent, that’s right: open borders across a huge place premium (of 5X or more) hasn’t happened. But it might be worth looking at the huge amount of migration that already exists and understanding its implications. While still arguing morally for open borders worldwide, we can focus more on understanding what already exists and making changes to it. Often, there is little reliable data and little interest among readers in such matters (such as Nepal and India, or North Korean refugees), simply because blog readers are highly likely to be in First World countries and are more aware of First World issues. But I think that pushing more in the direction of better understanding migration as it’s actually happening is worthwhile, even if it doesn’t make us popular. We can be inspired here by migration scholars, who have worked very hard to compile data and collect anecdotes to further the world’s understanding of migration. #### What can migration scholars learn from open borders advocates? I think migration scholars can also take a few lessons from open borders advocates: • The moral case for free migration matters. It’s the foundation of everything else. Make the case boldly wherever possible. • It helps to consider the radical proposal that is open borders, and ask just how far one can get there. Bold policy changes can be useful to consider, even if they aren’t possible to directly implement. It’s not good to stay anchored to the present all the time. • When advocating for reductions in government restrictions on migration, it may make sense to not obfuscate this with the “more government management of migration” language. Further, in cases where the optimal policy comes very close to complete deregulation, consider advocating complete principled deregulation instead of trying to target the specific optimal policy. Complete principled deregulation, even if not optimal on paper, leaves less room for governments to re-institute the counterproductive controls seen in current policy. # A conceptual framework for empirical analysis of migration (part 2: comparative statics, multiple matrices) Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See: This post is part 2 of a series outlining a conceptual framework for the empirical analysis of migration. Read the introductory post to the series here and part 1 here. The questions discussed in this post are often difficult or impossible to resolve empirically, because one or more of the scenarios being compared is counterfactual. Techniques used include comparison of different time periods or different regimes. Regression analysis may be used to isolate the relevant factors. Conclusions drawn here are suspect even if the data collected is impeccable, because the theoretical model used for analysis may be invalid. The simplest form of comparison is to consider the indicator values for various (source country, target country) pairs under the different possible migration policy regimes, and compare corresponding indicator values between the two regimes. For instance, how do French natives who stay in France under the pre-EU migration policy regime compare with French natives who stay in France under the EU migration policy regime? Mathematical digression: multiple matrices The earlier static framework considered a single matrix that encapsulated information on the performance of migrants as well as people who stay put for various source and target countries. Now, we’re trying to compare different scenarios. Now, each scenario has its own matrix. Our goal then is to compare the entry in one matrix with the corresponding entry in another matrix. In some cases, what we’re interested in is not a single entry, but a weighted average, or ratio, or difference, of entries. We then compute and compare that expression for the different countries. For instance, consider the three-country scenario with France, Germany and the UK again (from part 1). Now, consider two policy regimes: the pre-EU regime and the EU regime. These are qualitatively different regimes: in the former, migration between the countries is not completely free, so there are stronger selection effects for migrants. Therefore, the matrices for the two regimes are probably different. Suppose the matrix with the pre-EU regime is as follows (the superscript ${}^o$ is not an exponent, but indicates that the matrix refers to indicator values under the old policy regime): $\begin{pmatrix} x^o_{11} & x^o_{12} & x^o_{13} \\ x^o_{21} & x^o_{22} & x^o_{23} \\ x^o_{31} & x^o_{32} & x^o_{33} \\\end{pmatrix}$ and the matrix with the EU regime is as follows (the superscript ${}^n$ is not an exponent, but indicates that the matrix refers to indicator values under the new policy regime): $\begin{pmatrix} x^n_{11} & x^n_{12} & x^n_{13} \\ x^n_{21} & x^n_{22} & x^n_{23} \\ x^n_{31} & x^n_{32} & x^n_{33} \\\end{pmatrix}$ We can then compare the entries. For instance: • The comparison of $x^o_{11}$ and $x^n_{11}$ reveals how the French who stay in France under the pre-EU regime compare with the French who stay in France under the EU regime. • The comparison of $x^o_{12}$ and $x^n_{12}$ reveals how the people from France and in Germany under the pre-EU regime compare with the people from France and in Germany under the EU regime. • The comparison of $x^o_{13}$ and $x^n_{13}$ reveals how the people from France and in the UK under the pre-EU regime compare with the people from France and and in Germany under the EU regime. End mathematical digression Note that any such comparison between different policy regimes has two components: • Selection effect: The set of people in each of the categories is different under the two regimes. In particular, people who might not have been able to migrate under the pre-EU regime can migrate under the EU regime. Thus, even if the indicator value is the same between the two regimes for every individual (i.e., the changes to migration patterns don’t actually affect how any individual performs on the indicator), the difference in the labels means a different matrix for the two regimes. • Treatment effect: The marginal migrants under the new policy experience changes relative to what they would have if they had stayed put, and they may also influence the indicator values for the people who stay put, or the others who would have migrated under the old regime as well. Separating the selection and treatment effects requires us to consider separate matrices of indicator values using groupings from one regime, but measurements from the other regime. For instance, we ask: how do the people who would have stayed in France under the EU migration policy regime fare under the non-EU migration policy regime? We then compare these matrices to the matrices where the grouping and performance are measured for the same regime. Mathematical digression: the matrices that use grouping and indicator values from different regimes We continue with our three-country representation: country 1 (France), country 2 (Germany) and country 3 (the UK). Recall that the superscript ${}^o$ was used for the old policy regime (the pre-EU regime) and the superscript ${}^n$ was used for the new policy regime. We now consider some new matrices that can be constructed in principle but are hard to measure because they require a mix of information about two policy regimes. Consider the matrix that uses grouping from the EU regime but indicator values from the pre-EU regime, denoted with superscript ${}^{n,o}$. $\begin{pmatrix} x^{n,o}_{11} & x^{n,o}_{12} & x^{n,o}_{13} \\ x^{n,o}_{21} & x^{n,o}_{22} & x^{n,o}_{23} \\ x^{n,o}_{31} & x^{n,o}_{32} & x^{n,o}_{33} \\\end{pmatrix}$ The matrix is interpreted as follows: it represents the average values of the indicators under the pre-EU regime but using the groupings under the EU regime. For instance, the entry $x^{n,o}_{12}$ measures how the people who would migrate from France to Germany under the EU regime fare under the pre-EU regime. We can similarly consider another matrix with entries denoted $x^{o,n}$ that uses the groupings from the pre-EU regime but the indicator values from the EU regime. Entry comparisons between the four matrices reveal different types of information. The various combinations are discussed below: • A direct comparison of $x^o$ and $x^n$ is comparing different regimes, using the grouping for each regime when considering it. This incorporates both a compositional selection effect arising from the difference in grouping and the treatment effect arising from a different set of people being able to migrate, affecting themselves and others. • The comparison of $x^n$ and $x^{n,o}$ isolates for the treatment effect using the grouping of the new regime. • The comparison of $x^n$ and $x^{o,n}$ isolates for the selection effect using the grouping of the new regime. • The comparison of $x^o$ and $x^{o,n}$ isolates for the treatment effect using the grouping of the old regime. • The comparison of $x^o$ and $x^{n,o}$ isolates for the selection effect using the grouping of the old regime. End mathematical digression #### Changes in weights The number of migrants, as well as the number of non-migrants, differs under the various policy regimes. Therefore, the weights needed to take a weighted average (when computing average indicators — “per natural” for people born in a country or “per resident” for people living in a country) differ between the policy regimes. Mathematical digression The choice of weights depends on the grouping, so $x^n$ and $x^{n,o}$ use the same weights as each other, whereas $x^o$ and $x^{o,n}$ use the same weights as each other, but different from the other two. End mathematical digression #### Same set of people in the two regimes? One of the points we’ve elided somewhat in our framing above is that we’re assuming that the set of people is the same in both regimes, and in fact, that the set of naturals for each country (i.e., the set of people with that source country) is the same in both regimes. What differs between the regimes is what country they land up in (the compositional selection effect) and how this affects the value of the indicator for them (the treatment effect). But the assumption that the set of people itself is the same doesn’t actually hold water. People have children, and their decision of whether or not to migrate affects the identity and affiliation of the children. It might also affect how many children they have. Similarly, people may die, and migration policies may affect how long people live. We’re abstracting away from these issues for now, but will return to them in parts 5 and 6, before we start applying the framework in earnest to real-world migration questions. #### Different normative perspectives The individualist utilitarian universalist perspective is concerned with the weighted average of the indicator over the whole matrix for the two different policy regimes. Once we leave the utilitarian universalist perspective, however, we have a bewildering array of normative choices. There are three big dimensions to the normative choices: 1. The dimension of what particular indicator or weighted combination of indicators we care about. One may care about: • A particular (source country, target country) combination. • All naturals of a country (all people with that source country, including those who stay and those who leave). • All residents of a country (all people with that target country, including natives and immigrants). • All immigrants to a country. • All emigrants from a country. 2. The method used for grouping: • We could use, for each regime, the grouping of that regime. For instance, we could compare the performance on indicator X of the French who stay in France under the EU regime, with the performance on indicator X of the French who stay in France under the pre-EU regime. This is problematic because selection effects can lead to the compositional effects paradoxes where all individuals are better off but some indicators still get worse due to the change in grouping. Territorialism has this flavor in practice, though it could in principle be of the other type below. • We could privilege a particular regime to determine the grouping. For instance, we could say “I’m interested in maximizing the welfare of the set of people who would be French natives staying in France under the pre-EU regime, regardless of where they go under the EU regime.” Citizenism, though it isn’t exactly in this framework (since it favors citizenship and not necessarily birthplace) has this flavor: citizenists explicitly reject changing the idea of “who are we” in the face of new migration policy when deciding ex ante what policy regime is favorable. 3. Whether one looks at only a single instance, or at all. For instance, we could imagine somebody who cares about French natives only, or German natives only, versus somebody who cares about “natives” as a reference class, or “whoever gets to be resident in a country” as what we’re trying to improve, for each country. This could well be universalist (if the set of things we care about encompass everybody) and yet be different from individualistic utilitarian universalism, because we care about averages for particular groupings rather than about individuals qua individuals. While these different forms of universalism often agree, they don’t always do, thanks to compositional effects paradoxes. #### First-order and second-order effects The most direct treatment effect of migration is on migrants: they move to a new place, and experience a new environment. Assuming that migrants are a relatively small share relative to both their source and target countries, this effect will dominate at a per capita level, though possibly not at the aggregate (total) level. An indirect, second-order, treatment effect is on the natives of the sending countries and receiving countries. Migrants leave the sending countries, thereby changing the nature of the society in these countries. They enter the receiving countries. and similarly change the societies there. Effects here are likely to be small on a per capita basis, but comparable in the aggregate to the effects on migrants themselves. Note also that individual migrants affect other migrants, because a lot of migrants interact with fellow migrants to a greater extent than would be predicted by their proportion in the population. There is some terminological ambiguity on whether to consider this a first-order or a second-order effect. On the one hand, it’s an effect directly experienced by “migrants” as a class. On the other hand, it is an effect that people’s migration has on other migrants. This idea is closely related to diaspora dynamics, and we’ll get to it somewhere in parts 5 and 6. #### Crossed dependencies: how the migration policy regime of one country affects migration between other pairs of countries When we talk of a particular policy regime or scenario, we’re talking of a particular combination of immigration and emigration policy regimes for all countries. For any given country, its own migration policy is the most relevant when considering migration flows to and from that country. But the migration policies of other countries matter too: • The immigration policies of countries that may receive migrants from the country, and the emigration policies of the countries that may send migrants to the country, matter. • The immigration policies of countries that may “compete” with the given country for migrants also matter. Similarly, the emigration policies of countries that may compete with the country for sending migrants to a third country also matter. To complicate matters even further, migration policies of countries are often linked with each other based on reciprocity and multilateral agreements (the EU is one example; temporary visa programs around the world are another). #### Policies not directly related to migration affect migration In a sense, all policies are relevant to migration, because they affect the economic, social, and cultural indicators of the country, and these in turn affect how attractive a destination it is for potential migrants. Some policies more directly affect migrants. For instance, high minimum wage laws might deter migration from places where workers are unlikely to have sufficient skills to get jobs that command the high minimum wage. # A conceptual framework for empirical analysis of migration (part 1: direct empirical measurement) Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See: This post is part 1 of a series outlining a conceptual framework for the empirical analysis of migration. Read the introductory post to the series here. This post focuses on a particular form of comparison that can be carried out through direct empirical measurement. The questions directly answered this way aren’t the ones we are usually most interested in. But at least these are questions for which we can obtain precise answers in principle. That’s a start. Questions about how different groups of people compare for a given regime at a given point in time (or over an interval of time) can be answered by direct empirical measurement, at least for existing regimes. They cannot be directly answered for hypothetical regimes. But the fact that they can be answered at all differentiates them from other, more speculative, questions. #### (Source country, target country) pairs as the basis of aggregation The conceptual model we use identifies two attributes of a person: the person’s source country (also known as the sending country, and defined as the country that person was born in) and the person’s target country (also known as the receiving country or recipient country, and defined as the country the person now lives in). For non-migrants, the source and target country coincide. For migrants, the source and target country differ. For every individual, therefore, we can write down a (source country, target country) pair. For instance, somebody born in Mexico who stays in Mexico gets the pair (Mexico,Mexico). Somebody born in Nepal who moves to India gets the pair (Nepal,India). (This is obviously a very crude simplified model, because some people migrate temporarily, some migrate to one country and then to another, etc. But it’s good enough to get us started). We’re interested in the performance on indicator X both for people who stay put in their countries, and for people with particular (source country, target country) combinations. For instance, we may be interested in asking: how does the (Nepal, India) combination fare on indicator X? Explicitly, that’s asking: how do people who are from Nepal and living in India perform on indicator X? Mathematical digression: using a matrix representation to store the information We can use a matrix representation where the rows correspond to source countries and the columns correspond to target countries (both rows and columns should be the same list of countries in the same order for the observations below to hold). The entry in a given cell provides information on indicator X about the collection of people whose source country is the row country and whose target country is the column country. Let’s explicitly consider the case of three countries. Let’s say country 1 is France, country 2 is Germany, and country 3 is the United Kingdom. The indicator X values for these source and target countries can be codified via a matrix: $\begin{pmatrix} x_{11} & x_{12} & x_{13} \\ x_{21} & x_{22} & x_{23} \\ x_{31} & x_{32} & x_{33} \\\end{pmatrix}$ The nine entries are interpreted as follows: • $x_{11}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people in country 1 (France) who stay in France. • $x_{12}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people who migrate from country 1 (France) to country 2 (Germany). • $x_{13}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people who migrate from country 1 (France) to country 3 (the UK). • $x_{21}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people who migrate from country 2 (Germany) to country 1 (France). • $x_{22}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people in country 2 (Germany) who stay in Germany. • $x_{23}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people who migrate from country 2 (Germany) to country 3 (the UK). • $x_{31}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people who migrate from country 3 (the UK) to country 1 (France). • $x_{32}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people who migrate from country 3 (the UK) to country 2 (Germany). • $x_{33}$ is the performance on indicator $X$ of the people in country 3 (the UK) who stay in the UK. Note that the entries on the main diagonal (the one from top left to bottom left), namely $x_{11}$, $x_{22}$, and $x_{33}$, correspond to the non-migrants, i.e., the people who stay put in their country. The off-diagonal entries, i.e., the entries $x_{ij}, i \ne j$, correspond to migrants. In this case, there are six such entries: $x_{12}, x_{13}, x_{21}, x_{23}, x_{31}, x_{32}$. The three countries in the example above weren’t ordered in any particular way, so there is no significance of an entry being above or below the diagonal. If the countries had been ordered based on some criterion (such as GDP (PPP) per capita), then the entries above and below the diagonal would reflect different types of migration based on whether the sending or receiving country had higher GDP (PPP) per capita. The simplified example here considers migration between three countries. However, if we want to study migration worldwide, we’d need to include all countries. If there are 200 countries, then we’d have a $200 \times 200$ matrix, with a total of 40,000 entries. In general, if there are $n$ countries, the matrix is a $n \times n$ matrix with a total of $n^2$ entries, of which there are $n$ diagonal entries (corresponding to the people who stay put in their respective countries) and $n^2 - n = n(n-1)$ off-diagonal entries (corresponding to people who migrate from one country to another). Half of them ($n(n - 1)/2$) are above the diagonal. and the other half are below the diagonal, but the above/below distinction is of importance only if the countries are ordered according to some criterion. Now, there may be cases where migration between two countries is so quantitatively small, or even actually zero, that it’s not meaningful to compute that particular matrix entry. For instance, I think there is zero migration from North Korea to Somalia. So, some entries of the matrix are not defined. This means that we need to be careful if we intend to subject the matrix to techniques of linear algebra. However, we’re using the matrix only to store information, and we don’t perform matrix operations. End mathematical digression #### Totals versus averages In some cases, we care about the per capita level of an indicator. This is usually the case for indicators such as GDP per capita, crime, or unemployment. In cases where fixed resources are being used up, however, we may care more about the total use. An example may be water use in a country that has a fairly limited water supply. If we’re concerned about total use, then in addition to knowing the per capita value on indicator X for (source country, target country) pairs, we also need to know the size of the population. The relative size of different populations may matter even if we are concerned only about averages, because we need relative sizes to compute weighted averages. #### Weighted averages for residents, naturals, immigrants, and emigrants In some cases, we are interested not in a particular (source country, target country) combination, but in combining information for all people in a particular source or target country. The following are four typical weighted averages we are interested in. If we are looking at a total of $n$ countries, then there are $n$ weighted averages of each type (one for each country) and therefore a total of $4n$ weighted averages to consider. • The weighted average for all residents of a country, including natives of the country who stay put and migrants from other countries to that country. • The weighted average for all naturals of a country, including natives of that country who stay put and people from that country who migrate to other countries. • The weighted average for all immigrants to a country, i.e., people who have that as their target country but are from other source countries. • The weighted average for all emigrants from a country, i.e., people who have that as their source country but now live in other countries. #### Typical forms of comparison After figuring out how various (source country, target country) combinations, or weighted averages thereof, fare, we can then ask how they compare with one another. Here are some typical questions that can be asked. We’ll use the letter A to denote a hypothetical source country and the letter B to denote a hypothetical target country, but you can replace these with concrete instances (such as France and the United Kingdom): 1. How do migrants from country A to country B compare with natives of country B (the target country) on indicator X? 2. How do migrants from country A to country B compare with natives of country A (the source country) on indicator X? 3. How do migrants to country B compare with resident natives of that country on X? 4. How do migrants from country A compare with resident natives of that country on X? 5. How do migrants from country A compare with the natives of the countries they go to on X (combined analysis for all countries they go to)? 6. How do migrants to country B compare with the natives of their source countries on X (combined analysis for all source countries)? 7. How do migrants in general compare with non-migrants in general on X? 8. How do natives of a country receiving migrants compare with natives of a country sending migrants on X? One advantage of this question is that it can be asked without collecting separate statistics on migrants, and can also be asked prior to implementation of migration policies, although the answer might change after implementation of the migration policies. Mathematical digression: interpretation of the questions in matrix terms Here is how each of the questions would look like in terms of the matrix representation. For illustrative purposes, we will continue to draw on the three-country setup above with country 1 as France, country 2 as Germany, and country 3 as the United Kingdom. 1. Compare a matrix entry with the diagonal entry in its column. If we’re interested in studying migration from the UK to France, we compare the entry $x_{31}$ (migrants from the UK to France) with the entries $x_{11}$ (French natives who stay put). 2. Compare a matrix entry with the diagonal entry in its row. If we’re interested in studying migration from the UK to France, we compare the entry $x_{31}$ (migrants from the UK to France) with the entries $x_{33}$ (UK natives who stay put). 3. Compare the (weighted) average of the off-diagonal entries in a column with the diagonal entry of that column. If we are interested in understanding migration to Germany, we need to compare the entries $x_{12}$ and $x_{32}$ (migrants from France and the UK to Germany) with $x_{22}$ (Germans who stay put). We would usually compute the average of $x_{12}$ and $x_{32}$ weighted by the respective population sizes. 4. Compare the (weighted) average of the off-diagonal entries in a row with the diagonal entry of that row. If we are interested in understanding migration from France, we need to compare the entries $x_{12}$ and $x_{13}$ (migrants from France to Germany and to the UK) with the entry $x_{11}$ (French who stay put). 5. A bunch of pairwise comparisons of the type seen in Question 1 (with pairs in the same column). If we’re interested in figuring out how migrants from France compare with the natives wherever they go. Then, we will compare $x_{12}$ with $x_{22}$ (comparing French migrants to Germany with Germans who stay put), and separately compare $x_{13}$ with $x_{33}$ (comparing French migrants to the UK with UK natives who stay put). 6. A bunch of pairwise comparisons of the type seen in Question 2 (with pairs in the same row). If we’re interested in figuring out how migrants to the UK fare relative to the natives of their source country. Then, we will compare $x_{13}$ with $x_{11}$ (French who move to the UK versus French who stay put), and separately compare $x_{23}$ with $x_{22}$ (Germans who move to the UK versus Germans who stay put). 7. The off-diagonal entries represent migrants, and the diagonal entries represents people who do not migrate. This question therefore involves a comparison of the off-diagonal entries and the diagonal entries. 8. This compares two diagonal entries. If we’re interested in comparing Germany and the UK, we’ll compare $x_{22}$ and $x_{33}$. End mathematical digression #### Remarks on selection and treatment effects We’ll return to this in more depth in part 2, but here are a few preliminary remarks. The significance of the migration policy regime and other aspects of the scenario (economic policies, economic performance, linguistic differences, etc.) on the indicator matrix is two-fold: • A compositional selection effect (for short, we’ll call this a selection effect or a compositional effect) for the groupings, i.e., the choice of the migration policy scenario determines who migrates and who doesn’t, and therefore affects what set of people get included in various (source country, target country) pairs. • A treatment effect for the groupings, i.e., some people being able to migrate affects their own performance on indicator X, and also affect the performance on the indicator of others who stay behind in their own countries. In Part 2, we will look more closely at how to isolate selection and treatment effects when comparing different policy regimes. #### Remarks on measurability For existing policy regimes, the performance on particular indicators of particular (source country, target country) pairs can be computed in principle. Some methods involve complete measurement: for instance, census data that asks people to identify their country of origin, or computerized records of all residents along with their source country. Other methods involve the use of partial data along with sampling techniques to extrapolate to the general population. Some challenges: • In some cases, there is ambiguity, both conceptual and empirical, on the source country of individuals, or on what it means to be a resident (for instance, do we count crimes by tourists?) • In some cases, people deliberately conceal or misrepresent information about themselves where the stakes are high. For instance, a foreign-born person may claim to be a native-born when arrested for a misdemeanor, in order to avoid deportation. On the other hand, those who prefer deportation to another country to spending time in prison may misrepresent themselves as foreign-born. People may lie to get access to welfare benefits. False identity documentation may be produced in order to be eligible to work. • In some cases, the population involved is so small that the indicator cannot be measured from small samples of the overall population. For instance, there are about 100 people in the US who were born in North Korea. A random sample would probably not pick any of them. Even if it did, statistical averages for the population would not be robust. • There are challenges when considering the comparability of indicators across different target countries (and in some cases even within a particular country), because different countries (and different jurisdictions within a country) use different protocols for measurement and have different sources of bias. For instance, the rate of crime reporting may differ considerably between countries, particularly for rape and minor theft. Similarly, when comparing income values, purchasing power parity estimates are not necessarily reliable. #### Normative significance of comparisons The measurements and comparisons here offer only a starting point for investigating the effects of migration: we’d need comparative statics between different regimes in order to tease out the effects of migration. We’ll talk about this more in part 2 and in part 3. But in many cases, our only reliable empirical measurements are the direct ones discussed here, and people often draw conclusions based on this evidence. The following are three typical styles of crude conclusion people draw. • Immigrants to country B do better (respectively, worse) on the indicator than natives of country B who stay in their country $\implies$ immigration “good” (respectively, “bad”) for country B. • Emigrants from country A do better (respectively, worse) on the indicator than natives of country A $\implies$ emigration “bad” (cf. brain drain) (respectively, “good”) for country A. • Natives of country A worse on the indicator than natives of country B $\implies$ Migration from country A to country B good for country A and bad for country B. Of course, put so bluntly, the claims seem obviously ill-substantiated, and they often break down in practice. But apart from the need to do more sophisticated counterfactual analysis to actually talk about the effects of migration, there’s another important point: the overall levels of an indicator might matter more than how different groups compare on it. The relative crime rates of natives and migrants are not as important as knowing whether either group has a high crime rate. The relative fertility rates are similarly less important than the overall fertility level. Too much focus on the question of “are immigrants better than natives?” can lead us to ignore other questions of greater moral and practical relevance. # Open borders within India (part 1) Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See: What are some examples of large multilingual zones with internal open borders? The EU (particularly the Schengen area) comes to mind, but it’s relatively recent, and most parts of the EU are quite well-developed. A perhaps more interesting example, particularly for those concerned about the Third World, is internal open borders and intranational migration within India. I intend to cover India in a series of two blog posts, of which this is the first one. This post (part 1) discusses the size and diversity of India, whether India truly has open borders, relations with nearby countries, secesssionist movements, and overall migration statistics. In part 2, I’ll look more closely at local attitudes to migration, the economic data on migrant performance, as well as episodes with unusually high levels of immigration and emigration for specific regions, usually in the wake of natural or man-made disasters. #### Size and diversity of India, compared with Europe and Africa The population of India is a little over 1.2 billion. Compare this with the population of Europe (about 800 million), Africa (about 1.1 billion), and the European Union (about 500 million). India is linguistically diverse. Hindi is the most widely used native language in India, and it is the main language of North India, though it comes in many dialects, many of which differ considerably from the version taught in schools. There are an estimated 180 million native speakers of Hindi, or about 15% of India’s total population, though probably a larger percentage of the population (perhaps up to 50%) has a working knowledge of Hindi sufficient for rudimentary oral communication (such as in shops or restaurants). Due to linguistic diversity, English is widely used as a language of official communication within the country, and English fluency is considered a marker of high status, opening access to a wide range of jobs. Wikipedia lists 22 major regional languages in India, each with its own well-developed script and grammar. Some of these languages, including Hindi, have well-developed literatures of their own, and some have movie industries (the biggest of these, Bollywood, is the world’s second largest movie industry after Hollywood, and might well overtake Hollywood on some metrics in the near future). The linguistic diversity of India is in the same ballpark as that of the European Union, which lists 24 official languages and 3 semi-official languages. India and the EU are also similar in that English plays an important role as a language for official communication. While English knowledge of the EU residents as a whole is greater than that of Indians, the most educated Indians probably have comparable English knowledge to the corresponding top slice of EU residents (outside the United Kingdom), because the bulk of higher education in India is in English. Intranational disparities in income, wealth, and other indicators in India are comparable to those between EU countries, with the most extreme gaps being in the 2-3X range, except for a few very small and highly prosperous states (Sikkim in the case of India, Luxembourg in the case of the European Union). Compare the list of Indian states by GDP and list of European countries by GDP (PPP) per capita. (This post by my co-blogger Hansjoerg Walther might also be of interest). In the European Union, the most prosperous countries are in the northwest (UK, France, Germany) and the Nordic area (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark). In India, Punjab in the north is relatively prosperous due to agriculture, and the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and the southern states are prosperous due to a mix of proximity to sea ports and a relatively more educated and modern population. The poorest states are the north-eastern states, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and others in the central part of India. I’m not aware of research that attempts to compute place premia within India, but my guess is that they’d be somewhat but not much narrower than the gaps in GDP per capita. In other words, I do think that skill differences account for part of the wage difference, but the huge scale of internal migration (discussed later in this post) suggests that people do see wage gains upon migrating. #### It’s more truly open borders than China The Chinese government has heavily restricted migration in a fairly systematic way for quite some time via the Hukou system, although they seem to be relaxing these controls. In India, the freedom of movement within the country is enshrined in the Constitution of India (see Fundamental Right #2 in the list of fundamental rights), and there are, to the best of my knowledge, no generic de jure or de facto legal barriers to migration. There do exist barriers to effective access to welfare state privileges associated with residency, and access to some government services and privately provided services is hindered due to a lack of knowledge of the regional language (particularly so for people who lack fluency in English and even more so for people who don’t know Hindi either) — more on this later in the post. But as far as the physical act of movement and relocation goes, “open borders” is certainly the right term. It’s not different in any meaningful way from freedom of movement between the member states of the United States. #### Border relations with nearby countries India has open borders with two of its land neighbors, Nepal (more here) and Bhutan. Relations with other neighbors are somewhat more hostile: Pakistan and India have tense relations largely due to disputes over Kashmir. India also shares a border with China, Bangladesh, and Burma (Myanmar) but does not have open borders with any of them. Tibet, which is close to India, has also sent many refugees to India. India is physically close to Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is a short distance over water from the southern tip of India. Relations with Sri Lanka have been tense and have fluctuated over the years (long story). Anyway, with the exception of Nepal and Bangladesh, none of the other countries have sent significant numbers of migrants to India, either in absolute terms or as a fraction of their populations, nor have Indians emigrated to these countries in great numbers. So for the most part, India is a closed system with internal open borders but little human interchange with the nearby world. There is emigration to faraway places (skilled emigration to the First World, plus some emigration to the Gulf States and other parts of the world) but a discussion of that gets us too far afield. #### Secession movements in India How has India managed to survive as a single country for so long? That’s a puzzle with perhaps no satisfactory answer. There have been a number of separatist movements. See this Wikipedia page for more information. None of the movements have continued for a very long time, and the grievances expressed in the movements have usually been either suppressed or accommodated through “keyhole solutions” (such as carving out a separate smaller state for the aggrieved parties, allowing for official recognition of their language, etc.). Some of the nationhood demands may well have been ambit claims, though I don’t have enough subject matter knowledge to be definitive. The main exception is Kashmir, where a non-negligible fraction of the population has been interested in seceding from India for a considerable length of time, some of them desiring independence and others wanting Kashmir to join Pakistan. Pakistan too has had a vested interest in Kashmir. Kashmir’s accession to India was accomplished via the decisions of an unelected ruler and a popular political leader back in 1947, but the decision may not have had strong support on the ground, and Pakistan’s government has had a vested interest in helping foment dissatisfaction against the Indian government. With the exception of Kashmir and smaller movements in the North-East, secession movements have not been active in India of late. I expect that if India’s economic growth continues apace, popular support for secession will continue to fall, as people prefer access to a wider economy over forming a nation better suited to their ethnic self-concept. #### A single state with open borders versus the benefits of many different competing states I’m somewhat sympathetic to the ideas of federalism and subsidiarity — rather than having a single government catering to a large population, it’s better to have many smaller governments catering to smaller populations. This allows for more experimentation (e.g., Tiebout competition). But, in the world as it stands today, the fragmentation into smaller governments comes at a huge cost: the states inevitably put migration restrictions and trade tariffs, leading to economic inefficiency. Whether the benefits of “letting a thousand nations bloom” outweigh the costs of restricted trade and migration is a difficult question. In the case of India, my guess is that: • India’s overall prosperity would be lower (perhaps comparable with Pakistan or Bangladesh, though probably a bit better) if it had split up into multiple nation-states that had peaceful relations but imposed restrictions on trade and migration with each other. • There would be more variation between the economic regions of India. I expect that the most prosperous states of India would probably do about as well as the most prosperous states of India do today, but the least prosperous would do considerably worse. It’s possible, though, that politics would have moved somewhat differently, and some states would have done better as independent states. There is more uncertainty at the level of individual states. • There would be a higher probability of a few impressive success stories, i.e., countries with income levels similar to Mexico or Malaysia, under a split. But I don’t think any particular region of India could predict with high probability that that particular region would take off as a success story, so in expectation, I still think most regions would be better off staying as part of India. Of course, in principle, there is no conflict between having separate nation-states and having open borders and free trade, and my intuition is that this might well be optimal, but the option is currently not really on the table. One possible move in that direction, without sacrificing national unity, would be to move towards shifting more responsibilities to the states rather than the central (federal) government. This is unlikely to happen because the manner of separation of duties is specified in the Constitution, and currently heavily favors the central government, even giving it precedence on items that are in a joint list (the Concurrent List). #### Migration within India There is a fair amount of internal migration in India, though the data isn’t of sufficiently high quality to judge how well it fits with economic models. The Migration Policy Institute article titled Internal Labor Migration in India Raises Integration Challenges for Migrants by Rameez Abbas and Divya Varma offers an excellent overview of what’s known, and includes references to other online and offline material on the subject. The following are some highlights: • A huge amount of intranational migration is rural-to-urban migration. Unsurprisingly, the states with the most rural populations (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) are the states that send the most migrants to other states. • In general, migration flows seem to go from states with lower per capita income to states with higher per capita income, and the same phenomenon is observed for intra-state migration. But this is closely related to the phenomenon of migration being rural-to-urban. • The 2001 census recorded 191 million people who had migrated to a faraway district or different state. This was 20% of the population at the time. About 70% of internal migrants were women, and their main motive for migration was marriage. Males who migrated were largely motivated by economic reasons (looking for jobs). The total proportion of migrants is close to 30% but this also includes people who migrate short distances to nearby places. (This UNICEF report from 2012 also gives the 30% figure). • A large fraction of labor migration is short-term migration. The migrants are generally not highly skilled, but it’s unclear how their skill level compares with the population as a whole, given that the Indian population in general is not highly skilled. Most labor migrants are employed in a few key subsectors, including construction, domestic work, textile and brick manufacturing, transportation, mining and quarrying, and agriculture. The article identifies the following challenges for migrants: • Documentation and identity: Migrants often lack appropriate documents to establish their identity and establish residency and therefore have trouble accessing both government-provided and privately provided services. • Housing: Migrants typically live in slums in conditions that are often more crowded than where they came from. The informal nature of their housing adds to the challenge of establishing residency necessary for accessing various services. • Limited access to formal financial services: We’ll discuss this more in part 2. • Political exclusion: We’ll discuss this more in part 2. • Rampant exploitation: We’ll discuss this more in part 2. Stay tuned for part 2, where I’ll look more closely at local attitudes to migration, the economic data on migrant performance, as well as episodes with unusually high levels of immigration and emigration for specific regions, usually in the wake of natural or man-made disasters. # Open Borders Allow People, Not Their Place of Birth, To Control Their Lives Post by Joel Newman (occasional blogger for the site, joined January 2013). See: Fabio Rojas has written that to convince the public to support open borders, advocates “need a simple and concise idea that undermines the belief that people from other countries must be forcibly separated from each other. This idea must subtly, but powerfully, undermine the distinctions that make people believe that only citizens have the right to travel and work without impair.” He suggests that this idea must appeal to “basic moral intuition” and that “lengthier academic arguments,” while persuasive, are ineffective. I propose the following intuitive, simple message to help convince people to favor open borders: Open borders allow people, not their place of birth, to control their lives. The content of this message is not original, although the wording may be. The content is borrowed in part from John Lee, who has implored, “… let’s not use birth as a reason to deny those less fortunate than us some of the same opportunities you and I had.” Similarly, R. George Wright of Indiana University has written, in “Federal Immigration Law and the Case for Open Entry,” how those with the “undeserved good fortune to have been born in the United States resist… accommodation of the undeservedly less fortunate.” There are several reasons why this message may resonate with the public. First, it refers to “people,” not “immigrants.” Using Fabio’s language, this “undermines the distinctions” between those in immigrant receiving countries and would-be immigrants by emphasizing the common humanity between both groups. Second, at least for the American public, its emphasis on “control” taps into commonly held values of individualism and self reliance. Third, again at least in an American context, the idea that birthplace should not be permitted to negatively impact opportunity connects with the widely accepted notion that people should not be discriminated against based on congenital traits such as gender and skin color. To humanize the message, examples of people constrained by conditions in their birth country must be provided. An powerful example would be the Dalits, or “untouchables,” of India. A report by two Dutch organizations explains the plight of this group: “The caste system divides people on the basis of birth into unequal and hierarchical social groups. Dominant castes enjoy most rights and least duties, while those at the bottom – the Dalits–in practice have few or no rights. They are considered ‘lesser human beings’, ‘impure’ and ‘polluting’ to other caste groups. Untouchables are often forcibly assigned the most dirty, menial and hazardous jobs, such as cleaning human waste. Caste discrimination is outlawed in India, but implementation of legislation is lacking. It is estimated that in India there are around 200 million Dalits.” (page 9) A Mother Jones article on abusive conditions for girls who work in garment factories in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu describes the situation in a village where some of girls come from: “Most of the tea workers are from the lower castes and make about$3 per day; it costs a month’s salary just to outfit a child with books and a uniform for school.”
Another example of conditions ruling lives is provided by Luis Alberto Urrea in The Devil’s Highway, which chronicles the suffering of a group of Mexicans who crossed into the U.S. through the Arizona desert in 2001. Mr. Urrea notes the economic conditions at the time in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, where several of the individuals in the group came from: “The people were killing themselves working the ranchos on the outskirts. The fishermen couldn’t catch enough protein in the sea. The cane cutters couldn’t cut enough cane. The small peasant farmers couldn’t get good enough prices to cover the costs of planting and harvesting their coffee… Prices kept rising, and all families… were able to afford less and less. Food was harder to come by: forget about telephones, clothes, cars, furniture. Even chicken feed… was expensive. Pampers, milk, baby formula, shoes, tuition, tools, medicine… Between Americanized prices for their frijoles, and the unpredictable spikes in the price of tortillas, the Veracruzanos sometimes didn’t even know how they would feed their families.” (pp. 44-45)
Beyond poor economic conditions, there are also numerous situations to be cited in which people’s lives are controlled by unsafe conditions in their home countries, such as the civil wars in Syria and Central African Republic. Even without mass conflict, in many countries the average person has little protection from the violent whims of others. In a recent column entitled “The Republic of Fear,” David Brooks notes that in many countries, especially in the developing word, unless a person is part of a wealthy, powerful elite, he cannot “take a basic level of order for granted.” Mr. Brooks writes that “People in many parts of the world simply live beyond the apparatus of law and order.” As I have written previously, women especially have little protection from family members or strangers in many parts of the world.
Lack of control over one’s life is especially apparent in parts of the world where people cannot practice their religion, cannot choose what they wear, cannot marry whom they want, or cannot be openly gay. In western countries that value such freedoms, emphasizing the opportunity open borders would provide individuals to acquire these freedoms should particularly resonate with the public.
The message emphasizing control also must be accompanied by evidence that open borders would not negatively impact the lives of most people in immigrant receiving countries and that there would be mechanisms instituted to compensate those who might experience economic losses from open borders. (Vipul has summarized these mechanisms.) The Immigration Policy Center site provides more such evidence, as does this site (Here, here, here, and here).
It is true that no one has total control over their lives. Even in advanced countries, the family environment in which we were raised, our natural abilities, and our health often determine our options. The idea in the message Open borders allow people, not their place of birth, to control their lives is to remove place of birth as a limiting factor.
Hopefully advocates will reach a consensus on a simple, powerful message supporting open borders that will resonate with the public. The message promoted here can be a starting point.
# Weekly OBAG roundup 06 2014
This is part of a series of weekly posts with the most interesting content from the Open Borders Action Group on Facebook. Do join the group to weigh in on existing discussions or start your own (you might want to read this post before joining).
# A conceptual framework for empirical analysis of migration (introduction)
Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See:
Is migration good or bad for indicator X (here, X could be wages, employment levels, self-reported happiness, crime, welfare state use, moral virtue, etc.)? The question, as posed, is ill-defined. The ambiguity could arise from different meanings or interpretations of indicator X. But there’s also considerable ambiguity in the “Is migration good or bad” part of the question. Good or bad for whom? Compared to what?
I was moved to write this post series after an aborted attempt at trying to synthesize what different people had said about the effects of migration. Often, the people were talking past each other, measuring slightly different things. There’s a question of what we should measure, i.e., what measurement is the most appropriate one. But a first step is knowing that it’s possible to be measuring many different things. This post series attempts to clarify the range of things one could be measuring and how they relate to one another.
The series is structured as follows:
1. Part 1: direct empirical measurement focuses on something that can be computed through direct empirical measurement: the performance of people who stay put in their countries, and the performance of people who migrate from one country to another.
2. Part 2: comparative statics, multiple matrices discusses how to compare different policy regimes or scenarios for migration. Such comparisons typically involve counterfactuals and cannot be settled completely by empirical data: we need a model, and there’s considerable model uncertainty even if the data is excellent.
3. Part 3: simplified model assuming no changes to non-migrants considers a simplified situation where we assume that migration at the margin primarily affects migrants and not the natives of either sending or receiving countries. The question is then about how migrants fare relative to the counterfactual where they are not allowed to, or were unable to, migrate. We’ll consider rank-ordering and quantitative comparison of natives of the source country, natives of the target country, potential migrants if they can migrate, and potential migrants if they cannot migrate.
4. Part 4: Models for migrant performance considers different models for how migrant performance might be predictable in terms of the performance of the source and target countries.
5. Part 5 discusses the descendants of migrants, and in particular the interaction with diaspora dynamics.
6. Part 6 wraps up by considering some subtleties that were omitted in the preceding discussion.
The series also includes a number of minor mathematical digressions. If you have a reasonable background in mathematics (up to basic calculus and linear algebra, to the level generally needed for social scientists) you should be able to follow these. But you can otherwise skip the mathematical digressions without loss of continuity.
#### Choice of analytical focus
Despite the bewildering array of possibilities we’ll consider, there’s a high chance that the model used in the series will remain wanting. We’ll defer a detailed (but still partial!) discussion of the shortcomings to part 6, but a few preliminary remarks might be helpful.
A broad remark worth making is that the analysis in the coming parts will focus heavily on the migrant’s country of origin/birth (the “source country”) as well as the migrant’s country of current residence (the “target country”). We’ll also consider the distinction between migrants and non-migrants. This suggests that there are only three important components to the person’s identity that carry importance in statistical aggregation: the source country, the target country, and whether the person is a migrant. While other attributes can vary, we’re not interested in using them as the basis for grouping, since we’re aggregating over them.
But the reality is more complicated. Religious and ethnic identities can be subnational or supranational. Lebanese Muslims and Lebanese Christians may be best viewed as separate groups (though there are some cultural similarities and they’re probably genetically close to identical). In the United States, the Native Americans (American Indians) may be better viewed as a separate subgroup. On the other hand, sometimes it may be better to consider ethnic or ideological groupings that cut across national lines, such as Scandinavian, Western European, Anglo-American, Arab Muslim, Sunni Mulim, Shia Muslim, sub-Saharan African, Hindu, or ethnically Chinese.
The reason for our singular focus on nationality is simply that immigration law as it currently stands gives extreme importance to national boundaries and national membership. It may be ironic that, on a website devoted to critiquing the existing global regime of borders and migration controls, and the rigidity of national identity enforced by laws, a series of blog posts so meekly follows the status quo. My only excuse is that one needs to start somewhere. But you should feel free to fill in your own variations of the ideas based on forms of identity that do not coincide with one’s place of birth and one’s current residence, rather than wait to get to part 6.
#### Where’s the data?
As I go over different aspects of the model, you might be tempted to ask: can one actually construct the data that’s needed to do the quantitative comparisons and answer the various questions I pose? Data does exist for some things but not for others. The data for the model discussed in part 1 is relatively good. For the model in part 2, there is considerable model uncertainty, so rather than standardized data, we generally have to rely on individual pieces of research that attack specific instances. Often, the absence of data will illustrate the underlying point, namely, that obtaining clear answers to some questions is hard. It’s best to view this conceptual framework more as a tool to encourage clear thinking than as something in which we can plug in numerical values and answer questions.
If you’re interested in learning about existing data sets on migration, take a look at the migration information web resources page on this website.
# Open borders between hostile nations
Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See:
This blog post is an expanded version of a comment I posted on the Open Borders Action Group. It’s about whether hostile nations can or should have open borders, and how close a world would be to open borders if countries had open borders for all countries except those where they had nation-to-nation hostility.
In principle, one might say that having open borders with all countries except the few that the nation is officially hostile to is almost as good as having complete open borders. In most cases, a given nation is hostile to only one or two other nations, so curtailing the freedom to move to those specific nations is not that big an imposition. After all, if two nations with populations of a hundred million each closed their borders only to each other, that still leaves the residents of each nation access to the remaining ~7 billion of the world’s population and over 90% of the world economy. Isn’t that close enough to open borders?
In practice, though, countries with hostile relations aren’t random pairings — often the hostile relations are linked with shared cultural elements, a common language, family ties across the border, and interest in specific geographic locations. This is partly because hostilities arise from war, secession, or controversial historical reconfigurations of boundaries that failed to account for realities on the ground, often because it’s intrinsically impossible (see here, here, and here for more on how borders have been drawn historically around the world). Thus, cutting off people’s access to the hostile nation is a disproportionately large imposition relative to what the population sizes alone would suggest.
Now, it could still be argued that in some cases, the existential threat of free movement is so severe that, unfortunate as it is, free migration between the hostile nations cannot be permitted. But, as with many arguments to close borders, such arguments should be examined critically and appropriate keyhole solutions worked out wherever possible.
An additional point: looking at the most challenging situations for open borders can help us test the limits of the strength of the case for open borders. It can help explain just how far we believe the right to migrate stretches, and just where people who claim to be open borders advocates draw the line. I carried out a similar exercise earlier when considering denial of migration for people based on their criminal records.
#### Special benefits
High levels of cultural exchange, family ties, and commercial interaction give people in both countries vested interests in the preservation and safety of members of the other country. Free migration and free trade can facilitate these and make the world safer and more prosperous.
It’s not clear whether government leaders want these benefits. Those who derive their power from aggressive hawkish stances may find their authority undermined by friendly ties with hostile neighbors. But not all politicians fit this category. Further, politicians can sometimes combine hawkish rhetoric with the promotion of cultural interchange, getting the best of both worlds: the economic and cultural benefits and the support of people who care about national pride.
#### Temporary diplomatic standoffs
In cases where nations have temporary diplomatic standoffs over the actions of national leaders that don’t necessarily have popular support in either country, it doesn’t make sense to curtail migration — it’s highly unlikely that individuals in the country bear each other much ill-will. Ending free movement might turn a temporary standoff into long-term rivalry. Examples of such temporary standoffs arise when a government in one country clandestinely (often without the knowledge or support of its own citizens) supports a rebel faction, or an incumbent who eventually gets deposed, during infighting in the other country. The focus in this post is not on such instances but rather on cases where there seem to be enduring feuds based on long-term grievances. This article on how the West should respond to Putin’s aggression in Ukraine makes a similar point.
#### Some examples
The following are some examples of hostile nations that may be considered tough cases for the open borders paradigm:
• North Korea and South Korea: This example is perhaps too unusual, because the main constraint here is not immigration restrictions but emigration restrictions put in place by North Korea. For more on North Korea, see here.
• India and Pakistan: The countries were created as a result of the 1947 Partition of India, with a lot of bloodshed accompanying the creation. There is considerable mutual hostility over the disputed territory of Kashmir. More on India and Pakistan in a separate blog post. You can also get a good historical primer on the countries here.
• Israel and Palestine: This is a highly asymmetric situation in many ways. Israel is internationally recognized and has considerably greater military might. Palestine is not internationally recognized and does not have a strong government, but there have been many suicide terrorists from the area attacking locations in Israel. We hope to write more, but for now, you might want to check out this post.
• Russia and its neighbors (Ukraine, Georgia): There are land disputes between Russia and some of its neighbors, due to inherently contested boundaries. You might want to check out co-blogger Nathan Smith’s post, and we hope to write more about these issues later. This article (also linked from the temporary diplomatic standoffs section of the post) has an interesting relevant quote:
Georgian policy towards Putin is a good example, I think. The Georgian government abolished visas for Russian tourists in spite of the tough relations between the two countries. Lots of Russians had an opportunity to see with their own eyes what was really happening in Georgia and how the market-oriented anti-corruption reforms affected the society.
• Armenia and Azerbaijan: There may be more about these countries on our blog later. Some good articles to read are here, here, and here.
• China and Taiwan: We’ll have more about this pair of countries on our blog later. Some good initial articles to read are here, here, here, here, and here.
There are many other examples of countries that have disputes over specific territories. There are also some examples of intranational borders to keep competing factions within a country from attacking or getting into conflicts with each other. Examples include the peace line in Northern Ireland and the green line in Lebanon.
We hope to explore these situations in greater depth in future blog posts. Any other examples of hostile nations worth discussing? Any historical examples? Any general considerations I missed in my opening remarks above?
# Thoughts on State-Based Immigration Reform
Post by Michelangelo Landgrave (occasional blogger for the site, joined February 2014). See:
Yesterday the Cato Institute ran an event discussing a state-based approach reform with panelists Brandon Fuller (NYU Stern Urbanization Project), Reihan Salam (National Review Institute), Shikha Dalmia and moderated by Alex Nowrasteh (Cato Institute). The archived video can be found here. Regional based migration reform has been discussed previously on this blog including a discussion of Canada’s federal approach to immigration.
I must admit that I was disappointed in how the discussion developed. The panelists focused on concerns by Salam that a state-based migration system would essentially turn migrants into serfs tied to their employers. I would have preferred it if the discussion focused actions already taken by US states as it would show that Salam’s fears are unfounded.
Take for example the situation in California. Anti-migrant hysteria reached its peak in the early 90s when Proposition 187 passed and attempted to limit public services available to illegal aliens and increase domestic enforcement. Oddly enough public backlash due to the proposition lead to migrant communities, legal and illegal, to become more politically active and turn California into a sanctuary state for migrants. Last year the TRUST Act, which limits the local police forces from cooperating with federal immigration authorities unless the migrant is a violent offender or otherwise commits a major crime, was passed and signed into law by Governor Brown. Driving licenses were also approved by the state legislature and will become available for illegal aliens in the golden state in early 2015. The California Dream Act grants state funding for those illegal aliens brought to the state as minors. At one point the state legislature even considered a bill that would grant work permits to illegal aliens working in certain sectors such as the restaurant service industry. At no point is anyone being tied to their employer.
It is true that some states have used their discretion to pass anti-migrant legislation but they’ve failed horribly. In Alabama anti-migrant state laws lead to an embarrassing incident where a Mercedes-Benz executive was locked up in jail for a minor traffic accident. Arizona is struggling to change its public perception to appear pro-migrant after the fiasco of the Arizona Senate Bill 1070 lead to the exodus of migrants from the state and painted the copper state as bad for foreign investment. Even under the strictest state immigration policies no one is being forced into serfdom though, migrants always have the option to return home or migrate to a third country with more favorable policies. In order for Salam’s fears of serfdom to materialize migrants must be prohibited from leaving.
Some states, like Utah, have taken a middle ground by passing anti-migrant legislation similar to the Arizona bill but also passing a guest worker visa (HB 116) that would invite further migrants to the state and provide work permits for the illegal aliens already present. The Utah bill asks that work permit holders attempt to learn English to the best of their ability, to acquire a driving license if they intend to drive in Utah, and to have health insurance unless they can prove they are not at risk of becoming a public charge. The worker permit is fully portable and can be used to work within the entire state – it even allows for permit holders to do some contract work for the state.
Salam did have a point when he brought up that some provinces in Canada were generous when it came to sponsoring migrants but failed to retain them. This is not however an argument against state based migration as it only shows that favorable immigration policies are an insufficient condition for economic prosperity if a region does not also adopt conditions favorable to growth. Easing migration policies might help cities like Detroit, but would need to be accompanied by real reforms to how they are run. In this sense pro-migrant state policies act partially as a signal that a region is serious about reforming itself.
What I truly wish the discussion would have covered is the situation in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNM). The Northern Mariana Islands are a collection of islands in the Pacific that have been held by the Spanish, Germans, and Japanese before ultimately falling in American hands following the conclusion of WW2. Instead of seeking independence the Northern Mariana islands entered into political union with the United States as a commonwealth, similar to Puerto Rico’s status. Natives of the Northern Mariana Islands possess US Citizenship and have a non-voting delegate in the House of Representatives. When the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands joined the US they retained some powers, including the ability to settle its own migration policy independent of federal authorities. The Northern Mariana Islands used this to create a worker program to allow migrants from neighboring regions to come and provide much needed labor for the tourism and light industry sectors. The Northern Mariana Islands proved an attractive place for business as it had access to US markets, but labor costs were cheap.
In 2008 however federal authorities decided to revoke the Northern Mariana Islands’ regional migration policy with the passage of the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008, which ‘federalized’ the commonwealth’s immigration system. Federal authorities and proponents of the federal take over of the commonwealth’s immigration system argued that labor conditions for migrants were poor since the CNM was exempt from the federal minimum wage. What proponents failed to realize was that migrants to the Northern Mariana Islands, which are overwhelming low skilled, were better off under such conditions than their alternatives. It is doubtful that the low-skilled workers who arrived in the CNM would have been able to migrate at all under the US’ federal immigration system.
The federal take over of the CNM’s migration system lead to a legal nightmare where many migrant workers found themselves in a limbo where they had fallen out of status through no fault of their own. At the same time economic conditions deteriorated as the islands felt the impact of the US recession. The harm that federalization of the CNM’s migration system can be seen in its population alone. At its height the islands had a population of 70,000 but has slumped down to 50,000 (a reduction of 28.6%) after many of its workers left due to the reverse in migration policy and an economic recession worsened by the decrease in labor.
The Northern Mariana Islands are trying to do their best to handle the situation, but unfortunately are unable to do so without federal changes to the migration system. Some pro-migrant groups are calling for a day of action on March 27 to urge temporary protected status (a status that allows migrants, regardless of current status, to remain and work in the US) to be extended to the estimated 200,000 pacific islanders residing in the United States, including those in the Northern Mariana Islands, who find themselves in this legal limbo.
The Northern Mariana Islands provide a prime example that a regional migration system can work if not hindered by federal policies but has thus far been largely ignored. With any luck further thought is put onto the issue of state-based immigration reform.
# The Constitution of a City of Refuge
One way to approach open borders is to liberalize migration rules in existing policies. Another is to found new polities with open borders, along the lines of what French philosopher Jacques Derrida called “cities of refuge,” or what economist Paul Romer has advocated under the name “charter cities” (only with open borders). This post proposes a constitution for an imaginary City of Refuge.
It may seem silly to write a constitution for an imaginary city, yet there is a long tradition of doing so, going back to Plato’s Republic. This post, however, does not outline an ideal state starting from first principles. I don’t believe in an ideal state. The state is, at best, a sad necessity for fallen man, and a good constitution can never substitute for a virtuous citizenry. Most constitutions fail. In a sense, all constitutions fail, for even the US Constitution, perhaps the most successful in the world, has been largely eviscerated by the judiciary, giving rise to a regime quite inconsistent with what the US Constitution really authorized. Yet constitutions matter, too.
The below constitution, then, is a kind of draft of what the Constitution of a City of Refuge might look like. It is meant as a spur to the imagination and the critical faculties. It should be read with the following fictional yet plausible background in mind. Imagine that the continuing development of worldwide moral consciousness gives rise to a belief that the right to emigrate is a fundamental human right, which the international community has an obligation to guarantee. But countries still don’t want to do by opening their own borders. Instead, they resolve to create an archipelago of Cities of Refuge around the world. The international community will negotiate with particular countries to carve out small pieces of land from their territories and develop them as Cities of Refuge, perhaps in return for various benefits, including military guarantees of territory, fiscal aid and debt forgiveness, rights to migrate for their own citizens, representation on important international bodies, perhaps merely because they hope the City of Refuge will be a hub of development with positive spillovers, as Hong Kong was for China. Initially, Cities of Refuge would be founded in relatively undeveloped, unpopulated land. The international community would build infrastructure, and they would be populated by migrants. The below constitution would serve as a kind of template, which would be adapted to local conditions and then adopted as the Constitution of a new City of Refuge.
_________________________________________________________________
City of Refuge, Constitution
Section I. Framework and Basic Law
Governmental Stakeholders
Governance in the City of Refuge will be based on power-sharing between:
(1) a Coalition of External Agencies;
(2) a Republic, from the Latin res publica, meaning “public affairs,” whose role is to make the city self-governing;
(3) a Host Country government.
The Coalition of External Agencies would include stakeholders like the World Bank, the IMF, the UN, representatives of donor countries, and might include private corporations, universities, churches, and other religious or secular non-governmental organizations. Its composition is expected to vary over time and to be a subject of continuing negotiations between donor governments and the representative bodies of the Republic. The Coalition of External Agencies, whatever its membership, is to be regarded as the representative of the international community, entrusted with developing the city of Refuge, in order to realize the global right to emigrate by ensuring that everyone has somewhere that they can emigrate to.
The Republic, a semi-democratic polity entrusted with giving the City of Refuge a self-governing character, is described in Section III. It will not be considered a “sovereign” polity, but it will have primary responsibility for setting public policy and providing public goods. All taxes collected on the territory of the City of Refuge will go to the Republic.
The Host Country will be held to enjoy formal sovereignty over the territory of the City of Refuge, but to have relinquished most of its rights temporarily to the Coalition of External Agencies and to the Republic. After the pre-agreed Term, the territory of the City of Refuge will revert to the full sovereignty of the Host Country, as Hong Kong reverted to China. The Host Country will also have the right and duty to monitor the treatment of its own nationals on the territory of the City of Refuge, so as to ensure that their natural rights are respected. It shall not, however, use this right and duty as a pretext for seeking special privileges for its own nationals, but rather, shall seek to ensure that its own nationals enjoy all the natural rights that the Republic and the Coalition of External Agencies respect in all persons present in the City of Refuge. Any concession made to the rights of Host Country nationals shall be deemed to be enjoyed equally by non-nationals of the Host Country.
Currency
The US dollar will be legal tender for all debts in the City of Refuge. Other currencies may be used for transactions by mutual consent of the transactors.
Languages
English, and the principal language of the Host Country, will be the chief languages of public business, education, and culture.
One of the premises of the City of Refuge is that natural law exists, and that its content has been elucidated by international human rights law, the English common law tradition, and to some extent other traditions, but is also evident to mere enlightened common sense. Natural law will be regarded as more fundamental than, and not overridable by, positive laws promulgated by any Governmental Stakeholders.
Both on the basis of natural law, and as the fundamental premise of its Constitution, the City of Refuge will be bound to respect the right of all persons to freedom of movement. The person and “property in possession” of every human being is to be held sacrosanct, where “property in possession” includes objects physically on someone’s person or kept in a person’s abode and used frequently. It does not include ownership of land or financial assets.
Constitutionally specified details of implementation of the principle of freedom of movement are as follows. The Republic may declare up to 20% of the physical territory of the City of Refuge “gated,” and exclude Sojourners and/or Residents from it. In addition, up to 60% may be privately owned, but physically accessible via public land/easements, and requiring only the permission of the private owner to enter it. And at least 20% must be strictly public, in the sense of no physical exclusion.
The Coalition of External Agencies will initially be tasked with enforcing natural law, i.e., preventing physical violence against persons and theft of property in possession. Later, the Republic may choose to supplement this service with their own administration of justice. This Constitution hereby instructs Sojourners, Residents, and Citizens to disobey the positive laws established by the City of Refuge whenever they violate natural law, and on the other hand, to adhere to natural law even when it is not reinforced by positive law. Individuals’ first allegiance must be to the right, and not to the law. Inasmuch as the Coalition of External Authorities and the Republic fail to secure persons against physical violence or theft, self-defense measures by individuals or groups shall be considered authorized by this Constitution.
The status of Citizen within the Republic is limited to persons who show an understanding of the basic principles of the Republic, and have sworn an oath to uphold them. In particular, Citizens shall not advocate restriction of immigration, on pain of forfeiture of Citizen status.
Military
A military force will be developed under the tutelage of the United States military and other donor countries, with which it is anticipated that it will be allied. Its function is not only the defense of the City of Refuge, but to serve as a rapid-response force for UN peacekeeping and other military tasks of general benefit to mankind and international peace, in the hope that its heroic exploits should redound to the glory of the City of Refuge. The military shall be primarily composed of Citizens of the City of Refuge, but shall have the right to recruit internationally as well in order to maximize professionalism and combat effectiveness.
Section II. Legal Status of Persons
Persons in the City of Refuge will be classified under three legal statuses, Sojourner, Resident, and Citizen, as described below.
Sojourner. Any person present in the City of Refuge who is not a Resident or a Citizen is a Sojourner.
Resident. In principle, any person whose life is centered in the City of Refuge, in the sense that the matrix of their human flourishing is located in it, should be considered a Resident. The Republic should maintain registries of Residents and establish processes for people to acquire Resident status, e.g., one year of physical presence in the City of Refuge, a declaration that the City of Refuge is their abode, evidence of familial and/or friendly connections, livelihood, etc. But it may sometimes be ascertainable that a person possessed Resident status who had not gone through the registry process, if a person was objectively resident in the City of Refuge at a given time. It is not to be regarded as at the discretion of the Republic or the Coalition of External Agencies to grant or withhold Resident status.
Citizen. Citizenship depends on informed, explicit consent to a social contract, which includes both duties and privileges, and consists in participation in the self-governing system of the Republic. The title of Citizen may be conferred in honorary fashion on children of Citizens up to a certain age, but the full rights of Citizens depend on a moderate proficiency in English and the Host Country language, knowledge relevant to civic participation as ascertained by examination, and obedience to natural and positive law. Furthermore, men, but not women, are required to serve in the armed forces of the City of Refuge in order to become full Citizens.
It is hoped that Citizen status will come to be regarded as normative for long-term Residents of the City of Refuge, and as a peculiar honor, but, on the other hand, that Citizen status will not be so economically advantageous that it will be sought primarily for mere economic gain. The Republic has the right to define how people will be admitted to Citizenship, but the criteria for Citizenship should not include race or kinship, religion, or place of birth.
Rights:
Of Sojourners. Sojourners have a right to integrity of their physical person; to rent housing; to work for wages, though they may be subject to special taxes; to buy goods that are deemed to contribute to their objective flourishing; to the retention of property they carry on their person or keep in rented housing and use frequently; to freedom of speech and religion; and to such minimal freedom of contract as the authorities may deem to arise directly from natural law.
Of Residents. Residents have a right to own land and financial assets, including bank accounts with deposit insurance, backed by the Republic and/or the Coalition of External Agencies. They will enjoy a greater right to freedom of contract than Sojourners do, in that they may use forms of business organization established by statutory law. The general welfare of all Residents is to be regarded as a major governance objective for the authorities of the City of Refuge. In particular, the Republic and the Coalition of External Agencies should seek to secure low unemployment, universal primary education, and significant economic opportunity for Residents. Furthermore, the City of Refuge should provide passports to Residents and seek to secure for its passport-holders, through diplomacy, generous immigration access to other nations. The Coalition of External Agencies, in particular, is tasked with seeking to secure international mobility for City of Refuge passport holders.
Of Citizens. Citizens will have guaranteed access to the gated areas of the City of Refuge, and will have the rights of voting and full civic participation in the Republic. Other rights, such as tax exemptions, tax dividends, free education, etc., may be granted to Citizens by the Republic.
Section III. The Republic’s Legislative Bodies
In addition to natural law, a considerable body of positive law is deemed necessary, for the provision of public goods, the regulation of externalities, and the securing of the general welfare. Moreover, to discern the requirements of natural law, and to implement them administratively, is a demanding task. For this purpose a legislature is instituted.
The legislature of the Republic will consist of two bodies: the Assembly and the Senate.
THE ASSEMBLY. The Assembly will consist of 1% of the Citizens at any time, or 1,000 persons, whichever is less, chosen randomly and not by election. As with jury duty in the United States, participation in the Assembly is mandatory for Citizens, should the random selection fall on them. Certain excuses may be allowed for, but an unreasonable refusal to serve in the Assembly is grounds for revocation of Citizen status. Assembly members will be paid the median wage, and may appeal for up to five times this amount if they can show they would have earned more. Assembly duty will last for a minimum of one year. Assembly members who wish to do so may stay on for another year can stay on as non-voting but paid members, who will help to instruct the next Assembly in their duties and influence its deliberations.
The Assembly’s job is to consider petitions originated by Citizens or Residents and approve them, by a supermajority of two-thirds, or reject them. It may also amend them in a fashion consistent with the original intent of the petition, so as to facilitate their implementation. To be considered by the Assembly, petitions need the signatures of at least 1% of the Resident population, or 1% of the Citizen population, and should not violate the natural law or the Constitution. Assembly members may not initiate petitions for consideration during their own terms, but may register petitions for consideration by the next Assembly. The normative procedure for considering petitions is majority vote by all Assembly members. If there are too many petitions for Assembly members to read, the normative procedure for prioritizing them will be by number of signatures, but the Assembly can adopt another procedure if it so chooses.
THE SENATE. The Senate will consist of at least one hundred persons. If one hundred persons meeting the criterion of Senator as described here, enough persons to fill the number will be provided by the Host Country and the Coalition of External Agencies. Thus, for example, if only twenty active Senators derived from the Citizenry of the City of Refuge exist, forty will be appointed by the Coalition of External Agencies, and forty by the Host Country.
The Senatorial Qualifying Exam will be held annually, open to anyone who is interested, Citizen, Resident, or Sojourner. It will be a test of generally but civically-relevant knowledge, resembling the Foreign Service Exam used by the US government to recruit diplomats, but adapted to the particular needs of the City of Refuge. The Coalition of External Agencies, the Republic, and the Host Country will have joint responsibility for its preparation. Its contents are not to be regarded as arbitrary, but rather as objectively representing the best thought and knowledge attained by mankind on civic matters. A high score on this exam will be one of the criteria for attaining the senatorial office.
Citizens who excel on the Senatorial Qualifying Exam, and who have previously served in the Assembly, may be nominated for candidacy to the Senate, either by citizen petitions, by the Assembly, or by the Coalition of External Agencies. Citizens will not solicit nomination to the Senate unless the Senate has fewer than one hundred active members, but may be still be nominated to the Senate by the genuinely independent initiative of others. There shall be no limit on the number of active Senators who may serve at any given time.
Having been nominated, candidates for senatorial office will then be presented to the Citizenry in annual elections, along with a statement of their philosophy of government, prepared by the candidates. Senatorial elections are the only occasion when Citizens will vote. The vote will be conducted on majoritarian lines, with this modification: votes will be weighted so that men, collectively, and women, collectively, have equal weight. Senatorial elections will not be adversarial. Rather, voters may approve or reject each senatorial candidate separately.
Persons elected as Senators of the City of Refuge shall retain that rank permanently as an honorary title. However, the voting privileges and salary of Senator shall be conditional on continuous residence in the Republic and regular attendance at Senate meetings, as well as other conditions of conduct that may be stipulated by the Assembly as fitting for the dignity of a senator. A total senatorial salary will be split equally among all active senators.
Rules about senatorial conduct cannot be retroactive. They are to be regarded as under the arbitrary discretion of the Assembly, and not as arising from natural law. For example, the Assembly might rule that senators must not work in the financial sector, deal in lewd art, divorce their spouses, or possess more than $1 million in net worth. However, rules of conduct for senators must not violate freedom of religion, e.g., it should be regarded as unconstitutional to require a senator to trample on the Cross. Moreover, senators whose lifestyles are inconsistent with newly promulgated rules can ask for a three-year reprieve as that adapt to new expectations. Also, if rules of conduct require senators to spend money, e.g., to maintain a lifestyle of peculiar dignity and decorum, they may document their expenses and require compensation from the Republic. In addition to approving petitions, senators can award up to 10% of the Republic’s tax revenue, at their own discretion, as public monuments and beautification of the City, as well as awards for inventions, achievements in poetry and the arts, military heroism, and other great services to the City. Section IV. Public Finance Basic government functions in the City of Refuge will be guaranteed by the Coalition of External Agencies, as a last resort, but deemed primarily the responsibility of the Republic. The Republic will not be authorized to borrow, but must pay for spending out of current revenues or by selling accumulated assets. Spending. The Republic will dedicate funds to agencies or classes of persons, while funds permit. If funds are available, in the form of tax revenues or saleable assets, funding commitments will be met in full. If funds are insufficient, they will be met proportionally. Prioritizations may be set in place, such that some dedicated funding will be paid in full before other categories of dedicated funding begin to be paid. Taxes. Residents and Sojourners shall be subject only to indirect taxes, which may include wage taxes, rent taxes, car taxes, tariffs on international trade, financial transactions taxes, taxes on bank accounts, user fees for government services, land taxes, excise taxes and luxury taxes, corporate taxes, and sales taxes. Income and wealth taxes on Residents and Sojourners will be deemed impermissible, as an excessive invasion of their privacy. By contrast, Citizens will be required to report their incomes and net worth annually to the Republic and pay income and wealth taxes. In return, they may be exempted from indirect taxes and made eligible for social insurance, subsidized education, and other benefits. Budget process. Budget proposals may originate through petition or be proposed by the Assembly or the Coalition of External Agencies, but their passage is ultimately the responsibility of the Senate, to be exercised in a fashion consistent with the framework of law established through the petitionary process. The Senate shall not have an obligation to pass budgets annually. Rather, as long as revenues are sufficient to cover expenses, taxes will be collected and dedicated funds paid out by whatever rules are in place. The Senate may, however, change the taxing and spending rules at any time, if such changes command the assent of two-thirds of active Senators. If revenues fall short of expenses, the Senate shall be obligated to revise the taxing and spending rules so that dedicated funding obligations can be met. In this case, a simple majority suffices to make changes to the budget. Laws and mandates passed through the Assembly and the petition process which involve changes in budgetary rules will be incorporated into the taxing and spending rules which comprise the budget. However, the Senate can defund such laws and mandates if it deems such changes desirable from a budgetary perspective. In that case, after a reasonable lapse of time, they shall be considered null and void. Excess revenue. If revenue exceeds spending, the surplus will be used to purchase US Treasury bonds, or whatever asset the Senate shall deem suitable, up to a threshold, initially set to$5 million. Excess revenue above this amount will be divided equally and paid out to Citizens. The threshold may be raised or lowered with the consent of the Senate and the Assembly.
Section V. Education and Public Discourse
Freedom of conscience, speech, and religion will be recognized as fundamental principles of the City of Refuge.
The primary role of government in education will consist in scheduling regular public examinations, equally available in English and in the Host Country language. Such exams will be part of the basis for determining eligibility for Citizen status, and for senatorial candidacy, but they should also be developed and administered in such a fashion that they are regarded by private sector employers as valuable indicators of human capital.
Compulsory education in publicly-provided schools will be regarded as a violation of the right to be educated in a manner consistent with one’s beliefs. If the City of Refuge chooses to educate children at the public expense, it must do so through a voucher system, so that the ideological content of education may be determined in the marketplace of ideas and not by government fiat. However, the City may disqualify schools from the receipt of voucher funding on grounds of underachievement on public examinations of objective knowledge.
The Constitution of the City of Refuge will make no commitment to neutrality among opinions, religions, worldviews, etc. On the contrary, it will leave Governmental Stakeholders free to give law and policy an educative function, and to seek to shape public opinion, e.g., through publicly financed and administered news media. The City has a positive right to express its own views and opinions, but not a negative right to suppress the views or opinions of others. There shall be no censorship of opinions and views.
While freedom of conscience, speech, and religion are recognized as fundamental rights, Citizenship is not a right, but a privilege, and may be made conditional on expressed opinions. The right of the Republic to regulate the speech of its members, arising from the principle of freedom of association, will be used in only two respects:
1. Citizens shall not advocate the violation of the human rights of others, in particular the freedom of migration which is the City’s raison d’etre.
2. Citizens shall not assert a right of the City of Refuge to secede permanently from the Host Country.
Any Citizen who is found to have expressed these forbidden opinions may be stripped of Citizenship. The Coalition of External Agencies shall be primarily responsible for the disqualification of Citizens who advocate restrictions of migration or violation of human rights. The Host Country shall be primarily responsible for the disqualification of Citizens who advocate secession.
Section VI. Dissolution
At the end of the pre-agreed period, the City of Refuge will revert to the sovereignty of the Host Country, which may choose to what extent it will maintain the institutions that have evolved in the meantime, or assimilate them to its own internal institutions. However, the Host Country agrees to permit all Citizens and Residents of the City of Refuge to become citizens of the Host Country at this time, on equal terms with existing citizens.
If, at the time when reversion to full Host Country sovereignty is scheduled, the Coalition of External Agencies deems that the Host Country has refused to guarantee the continued right of residence of inhabitants of the City of Refuge, it may postpone the reversion of the City of Refuge to Host Country, until such time as the Host Country has provided such guarantees.
________________________________________________________________
It is fascinating to think about what kind of society would emerge in the framework of a Constitution like this. I don’t know of course, but I have a few guesses.
Imagine Singapore juxtaposed on a UNHCR-administered refugee camp. I think Cities of Refuge would tend to be a little like that. Smart policy, foreign aid, and entrepreneurial migrants would generate a lot of economic growth, but masses of desperate people would be difficult to absorb comfortably. You might see skyscrapers next to shantytowns.
There would be an eccentric element in the population, misfits and outputs from all over the world, dangerous or innocuous. It would be a mecca for market-dominant minorities, as well as for NGOs and international humanitarian types– another interesting juxtaposition.
A romantic element in the population would be international couples who had trouble getting visas to one another’s countries.
Universities would love it, because they could attract students from all over the world, without needing to worry about processing visas. In general, there’d be a lot of learning and self-improvement. MOOCs would do brisk business.
Culturally, the mixture of people of so many backgrounds would be discombobulating, as well as stimulating. However, a cultural center of gravity might be created through a fusion of (a) an international Americanized bourgeoisie with (b) a large influx of Host Country nationals. Others could assimilate to this culture, but there would be large pockets of unassimilated immigrants from particular regions. All in all, the cultural landscape would be rather clannish and segregated. Nonetheless, I don’t think it would be too difficult to secure civil peace and make the interaction of races and cultures fruitful rather than hostile.
The Cities of Refuge would attract religious communities persecuted in their homelands, and would become centers of Christian missions as well.
There would be enormous economic inequality in the City, but not so much among Citizens. Some very rich tax refugees would settle in the Cities of Refuge, but might prefer not to become Citizens because they would then be subject to income and wealth taxes, as well as Assembly and (for men) military service obligations.
Much depends on whether Citizens would really come to feel pride in their City, and in the attainment of various offices and honors within it. But I think they would. Human beings thirst for recognition, and I think many a downtrodden refugee would be greatly moved and inspired by a chance to be called Citizen of a famous City, and to have a real role in its self-governing constitution– much more of a role, indeed, than the typical citizen of a Western democracy enjoys.
head contests of Republican against Democrat, or Labor against Conservative. The frequent need for supermajorities would make mere partisan victories rather hollow. Note that the rules for joining the Senate tend to impede political ambition, since one can’t be elected Senator without serving in the Assembly, and that depends on random chance. The Constitution is designed to encourage government by a consensus among ordinary Citizens, as opposed to competition among elites. In my view, the combination of ethnic fractionalization with democracy tends to be disastrous precisely because democracy is divisive, and while fomenting divisions can be usefully stimulating when there is sufficient pre-existing homogeneity, it is dangerous when the population is already fragmented. So my Constitution is designed to foment not division, but consensus.
The Citizens themselves may amount to a kind of elite. They are likely to be a minority of the resident population, more rooted and better educated. That they receive direct transfers out of excess tax revenues will give them a strong incentive to run the City of Refuge in a way that fosters wealth creation and keeps government small. Participation in the military and the Assembly will strengthen their attachment to the Republic, and their knowledge of its procedures.
All these guesses may be far off the mark, but one thing I can say with confidence. A passport-free Charter City would be a fascinating place.
# Factors constraining migration in the short run following significant migration liberalization
Post by Vipul Naik (occasional blogger and site founder, launched site and started blogging March 2012). See:
A while back, I posted on Open Borders Action Group the following question:
What do you think would be the critical factor constraining migration rates in the short run if migration policy were significantly liberalized?
and offered a list of possibilities to begin with. Commenters rated the possibilities and added a few more. I have tried to combine the wisdom offered by different commentators and will list the possibilities in decreasing order of importance as per the combined wisdom. The numbering is not the same as in the original OBAG post, but I parenthetically include the original numbers for comparison.
Note that this post isn’t based on a direct analysis of empirical data. That would take too much time and space. I’m planning to have more posts with detailed discussions of particular cases, such as the Mariel boatlift and German reunification. Note that neither of these fits the template too well, because these involve emigration push factors more than liberalization pull factors. If you have other suggestions or historical instances of sudden influxes of migrants based on migration liberalization or for other reasons, do share them in the comments.
A little more context: there are many different views regarding how many would move under migration liberalization. One view is that receiving countries will be swamped. Another extreme is that migration policy has little effect on migration rates (this is a crude simplication of some economic determinist views). Both views present problems for advocates of open borders: the former suggests that it would overwhelm the world, while the latter suggests that there wouldn’t be sufficient migration to realize the huge potential economic gains from migrating.
Bryan Caplan recently pointed out that Paul Collier’s diaspora dynamics model helps resolve the contradiction in a manner that doesn’t look too bad for open borders: migration rates are slow initially, and pick up gradually. This post considers more closely what factors affect the initial migration flow after significant liberalization.
#### #1: Jobs (was #4 in the original list)
Economic opportunity is a primary reason for people migrating. That doesn’t necessarily mean they will go to the place with the highest-paying jobs, but they’re highly unlikely to move if they (or their family members) don’t expect to find a job that’s at least somewhat better than what they currently have. One reason why migration has such huge promised benefits is that people can move to jobs where they produce more and earn more, thanks to a place premium.
However, it takes time for new jobs to be created. For instance, factory jobs require the factory to be constructed first. Even for job types with low capital costs (such as janitorial services), natives or existing migrants need to set up the services first before others can confidently expect to find employment.
In addition to the fixed costs and time lag of creating jobs (in anticipation of the larger number of migrants who would fill those jobs), there are also regulatory barriers that prevent people from taking up certain kinds of jobs immediately upon moving. If these barriers were relaxed, people might be able to move more quickly. Else, they may need to first arrange for appropriate training or licensing programs to pass the licensing restrictions needed to practice the trade.
#### #2: Presence of friends and connections in the target country (diaspora dynamics) (was #8 in the original list)
People rarely want to move if they don’t know anybody where they are going. Paul Collier’s analysis of diaspora dynamics notes that migration between two regions starts as a trickle, and, if initial migrants report positive experiences, then it starts building up. In addition to the informational value, people also have better legal, social, and cultural support structures once a diaspora from their homeland has already settled in the new country.
#### #3: Bureaucracy (was #7 in the original list)
Even after a government announces significantly more liberal migration, the implementation of the policy on the ground would probably take time. New embassies or consulates would be needed to process the larger numbers of visa applications. Other government departments that screen migrants for criminal or terrorist risk would need to be expanded. The legislative changes would take time to be translated into new administrative procedures. This would add delays ranging from several months to several years, depending on how big the changes are.
#### #4: Housing (was #1 in the original list)
New migrants need a place to stay. Construction of housing has a significant lag time, ranging from at least a few months to a few years, depending on the location. This relates to the bureaucracy point: much of the delay in housing construction can be attributed to delays with getting permits, though the time cost of physically constructing new houses is also nontrivial.
Housing may not be a big issue if migrants can squeeze into existing housing more. I expect that many potential migrants would be willing to live (at least in the short run, while new housing is still being constructed) in crowded housing conditions in order to benefit from the greater earning power in the new country. However, existing laws against overcrowding might again get in the way. Since these regulations tend to be local, however, it’s possible to imagine that, under more liberal migration policies, some cities that are particularly keen to attract migrants will loosen their regulations to encourage such migration, even if others continue to maintain regulation that forbids overcrowding.
#### #5: Arranging money for the moves, and closing shop in the home country (was #5 in the original list)
The significance of this factor depends to quite an extent on the population segment for which migration is liberalized. Poor potential migrants would probably need some time to arrange for their moves, because they are cash-constrained. They may need to borrow money from existing lenders. Or, new lending arrangements specifically tied to the liberalized migration policy might emerge. This could take several months. High-skilled migrants may not be cash-constrained, but they may have a harder time closing shop in their home country. Those pursuing educational degrees may wait till their degree is completed. Those in a job may need to give a few months’ notice to their employers. People may need to figure out whether and how to dispose of their current real estate and other assets.
#### #6: Roads and transit infrastructure (was #6 in the original list)
Transportation infrastructure is a major determinant of where people choose to live now, and it will be a determinant of migration flows. The density of roads as well as other transportation infrastructure (such as railway lines) puts limits on the densities sustainable in a region.
This may not be a big factor if migrants can easily move to relatively underpopulated rural areas. But mass migration is likely to be spurred by large numbers of factory or service jobs in dense urban regions, and these do depend on development of transportation infrastructure. Moreover, existing diasporas from their homeland (such as Chinatowns or Little Italies) are most likely to be found in dense urban regions.
#### #7: Housing utilities infrastructure: electricity, water, and cooking gas (was #2 in the original list)
If native use levels of housing utilities remained unchanged, and migrants were expected to use them at the same rate as natives, then the infrastructure would need considerable expansion before people could migrate. However, I expect that, at least initially, migrants would use considerably less of the infrastructure than natives do. Further, short-run price increases in infrastructure can discourage use at the margin — there’s considerable scope to cut back on the use of electricity and water that people don’t bother implementing because the cost is too little. Resources such as water and electricity are also used heavily by agriculture and industry, and they can cut back on the use of these with rising prices. Moreover, the costs of electricity are determined by the costs of fuels (petroleum, natural gas, coal). Enough of these are traded in a global market that people moving from one region to another will not increase the relevant demand too much in the short run (though demand would increase over the longer run as these people become more prosperous and assimilate into First World levels of fuel use). Finally, some of the housing utility costs scale with the number of households rather than the number of individuals, so if migrants live in more crowded housing, and/or the higher housing prices encourage natives as well to switch to more crowded housing, the overall increase in the use of utilities is even lower.
#### #8: Physical transportation of migrants to their new lands (was #3 in the original list)
This is arguably the least important, because the fraction of travel currently devoted to long-term migration is fairly small (1-10%) of international travel. Much international travel involves business trips, people visiting friends and relatives, and vacation trips. If a lot more people seek to permanently migrate, that would raise international travel costs somewhat, and dissuade some people from going on vacation trips or visiting friends and relatives. Some people may teleconference instead of making an international business trip. We don’t need an expansion in the number of flights in the short term, though that will probably happen over the longer term. The time taken for people to get visas and to arrange money for their moves is probably more than the lag time involved with flight booking.
Flights may be too expensive for some potential migrants. It’s also possible that ship-based transportation will be able to take care of some of these migrants. Currently, ships are not used for people traveling long distances, but this is largely because most such people value their time a lot higher than the extra cost of traveling by air. If air travel gets too expensive, or if the people traveling care more about cost than time, then cheap, ship-based travel will emerge. It’ll probably be intermediate in quality (and cost) between the ships used to transport people in the 19th century to Ellis Island and the luxury cruise liners of today.
The Use of Race As An Argumentative Tactic is licensed by Michelangelo Landgrave under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. | 2014-04-19T17:03:33 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 145, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.206059992313385, "perplexity": 2717.8420941969434}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537308.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00503-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://prime-numbers.fandom.com/wiki/Prime_Number_Theorem?diff=17944&oldid=14942 | ## FANDOM
856 Pages
The Prime Number Theorem (or the PNT) is a theorem that concerns the distribution of primes and, subsequently, the gaps between primes. Its first proof date is not known.
## Statement of TheoremEdit
The theorem, formally stated, says that:
$\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{\pi(x)}{x/\ln(x)}=1$
where $\pi(x)$ is the number of primes up to and including $x$. This means that for a number $x$, the number of primes up to and including $x$ approaches $x$ divided by the the log to base e (or the natural log) of $x$ and ${x/\ln(x)}$ becomes a better approximation of $\pi(x)$ as $x$ grows larger. This also means that:
$P_x \approx x\ln(x)$, where $P_x$ is the $x$th prime number.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | 2020-03-30T11:19:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9278122782707214, "perplexity": 244.64086831017673}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00099.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/33.1 | # §33.1 Special Notation
(For other notation see Notation for the Special Functions.)
$k,\ell$ nonnegative integers. real variables. nonnegative real variable. real parameters. logarithmic derivative of $\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$; see §5.2(i). Dirac delta; see §1.17. derivatives with respect to the variable.
The main functions treated in this chapter are first the Coulomb radial functions $\mathop{F_{\ell}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\eta,\rho\right)$, $\mathop{G_{\ell}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\eta,\rho\right)$, $\mathop{{H^{\pm}_{\ell}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\eta,\rho\right)$ (Sommerfeld (1928)), which are used in the case of repulsive Coulomb interactions, and secondly the functions $\mathop{f\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r\right)$, $\mathop{h\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r\right)$, $\mathop{s\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r\right)$, $\mathop{c\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r\right)$ (Seaton (1982, 2002a)), which are used in the case of attractive Coulomb interactions.
## Alternative Notations
1. Curtis (1964a):
$P_{\ell}(\epsilon,r)=(2\ell+1)!\mathop{f\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r% \right)/2^{\ell+1}$, $Q_{\ell}(\epsilon,r)=-(2\ell+1)!\mathop{h\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r% \right)/(2^{\ell+1}A(\epsilon,\ell))$.
2. Greene et al. (1979):
$f^{(0)}(\epsilon,\ell;r)=\mathop{f\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r\right)$, $f(\epsilon,\ell;r)=\mathop{s\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r\right)$, $g(\epsilon,\ell;r)=\mathop{c\/}\nolimits\!\left(\epsilon,\ell;r\right)$. | 2016-02-12T18:13:26 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 19, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9802911877632141, "perplexity": 2514.6897001193292}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165070.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00307-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GDR1/Data_processing/chap_cu3tyc/sec_cu3tyc_intro.html | # 4.1 Introduction
Author(s): David Hobbs
This chapter is unique with respect to the other chapters, in that, it supplements the previous astrometry Chapter 3 and will only appear in Gaia DR1. In this chapter we document only those extra steps needed to implement the TGAS solution as opposed to a Gaia only solution which will form the basis of all later data releases. All the astrometric models and processing steps are the same as outlined in Chapter 3. An evaluation of the TGAS data are also to be found in Section 3.5 which represents a basic quality assessment and validation of the scientific results which will also be published in detail in Lindegren et al. (2016). A more independent catalogue consolidation and validation of the science results for Gaia DR1 was also performed and are documented in Chapter 7 and will be published in Arenou et al. (2017).
## 4.1.1 Overview
Author(s): Lennart Lindgren
The Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) is specific to Gaia DR1 and will not be used in future releases. It was implemented in AGIS as a way to obtain an internally consistent five-parameter astrometric solution early in the mission. The problem with any early solution is that a limited time coverage (e.g. one year) is not sufficient to reliably disentangle the five astrometric parameters of a given source. In particular, strong correlations between the parallax and proper motion components very much weaken the solution. One way to avoid this partial degeneracy is to solve only some of the astrometric parameters, for example only the two position parameters $\alpha$ and $\delta$. But this will not produce a solution that is internally consistent at sub-mas level, because the proper motion and parallax effects over a year are larger than a mas for most stars.
Conceptually, TGAS developed as a logical extension of the Hundred Thousand Proper Motion (HTPM) project originally proposed by F. Mignard (2009, unpublished technical note) and further developed and studied by Michalik et al. (2014). The basic principle of TGAS (and HTPM) is very simple: include the positions of stars around the epoch 1991.25, as given in the Hipparcos and Tycho catalogues, as additional ‘observations’ in an astrometric solution of the Gaia data for these stars. The $\sim$25 year time difference between the earlier catalogues and Gaia ensures that the proper motions can be determined with reasonable precision, which greatly facilitates the disentangling of the other parameters and in particular the determination of parallax from the Gaia data. Because the full five-parameter model can be used, the solution should ideally be internally consistent with small residuals. TGAS therefore gave the opportunity to investigate the behaviour of Gaia in a much more stringent manner than would otherwise be possible with such a limited stretch of data. Since TGAS was also found to deliver astrophysically very interesting data it was decide to incorporate TGAS results in Gaia DR1.
The principle of TGAS is described in Michalik et al. (2015), which also provides a practical recipe for its implementation in AGIS and the results of simulated solutions. In Michalik and Lindegren (2016) it was shown how quasars can also be incorporated in TGAS, using the circumstance that their proper motions can be assumed to be negligible. Both TGAS and the auxiliary quasar solution were used in the production of Gaia DR1 as described elsewhere in this document and in Lindegren et al. (2016). | 2020-09-21T06:35:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 3, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6524108648300171, "perplexity": 1079.5069405717913}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198942.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921050331-20200921080331-00288.warc.gz"} |
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_wall_ees.html | # fix wall/region/ees command
## Syntax
fix ID group-ID style args
• ID, group-ID are documented in fix command
• style = wall/ees or wall/region/ees
args for style wall/ees: one or more face parameters groups may be appended
face = xlo or xhi or ylo or yhi or zlo or zhi
parameters = coord epsilon sigma cutoff
coord = position of wall = EDGE or constant or variable
EDGE = current lo or hi edge of simulation box
constant = number like 0.0 or -30.0 (distance units)
variable = equal-style variable like v_x or v_wiggle
epsilon = strength factor for wall-particle interaction (energy or energy/distance^2 units)
epsilon can be a variable (see below)
sigma = size factor for wall-particle interaction (distance units)
sigma can be a variable (see below)
cutoff = distance from wall at which wall-particle interaction is cut off (distance units)
args for style wall/region/ees: region-ID epsilon sigma cutoff
region-ID = region whose boundary will act as wall
epsilon = strength factor for wall-particle interaction (energy or energy/distance^2 units)
sigma = size factor for wall-particle interaction (distance units)
cutoff = distance from wall at which wall-particle interaction is cut off (distance units)
## Examples
fix wallhi all wall/ees xlo -1.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 units box
fix wallhi all wall/ees xhi EDGE 1.0 1.0 2.5
fix wallhi all wall/ees v_wiggle 23.2 1.0 1.0 2.5
fix zwalls all wall/ees zlo 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.858 zhi 40.0 1.0 1.0 0.858
fix ees_cube all wall/region/ees myCube 1.0 1.0 2.5
## Description
Fix wall/ees bounds the simulation domain on one or more of its faces with a flat wall that interacts with the ellipsoidal atoms in the group by generating a force on the atom in a direction perpendicular to the wall and a torque parallel with the wall. The energy of wall-particle interactions E is given by:
Introduced by Babadi and Ejtehadi in (Babadi). Here, r is the distance from the particle to the wall at position coord, and Rc is the cutoff distance at which the particle and wall no longer interact. Also, sigma_n is the distance between center of ellipsoid and the nearest point of its surface to the wall. The energy of the wall is:
Details of using this command and specifications are the same as fix/wall command. You can also find an example in USER/ees/ under examples/ directory.
The prefactor epsilon can be thought of as an effective Hamaker constant with energy units for the strength of the ellipsoid-wall interaction. More specifically, the epsilon pre-factor = 8 * pi^2 * rho_wall * rho_ellipsoid * epsilon * sigma_a * sigma_b * sigma_c, where epsilon is the LJ parameters for the constituent LJ particles and sigma_a, sigma_b, and sigma_c are radii of ellipsoidal particles. Rho_wall and rho_ellipsoid are the number density of the constituent particles, in the wall and ellipsoid respectively, in units of 1/volume.
Note
You must insure that r is always bigger than sigma_n for all particles in the group, or LAMMPS will generate an error. This means you cannot start your simulation with particles touching the wall position coord (r = sigma_n) or with particles penetrating the wall (0 =< r < sigma_n) or with particles on the wrong side of the wall (r < 0).
Fix wall/region/ees treats the surface of the geometric region defined by the region-ID as a bounding wall which interacts with nearby ellipsoidal particles according to the EES potential introduced above.
Other details of this command are the same as for the fix wall/region command. One may also find an example of using this fix in the examples/USER/misc/ees/ directory.
## Restrictions
This fix is part of the USER-MISC package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Build package doc page for more info.
This fix requires that atoms be ellipsoids as defined by the atom_style ellipsoid command.
none | 2019-03-23T22:54:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5854929685592651, "perplexity": 5198.420560490671}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203093.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323221914-20190324003914-00205.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S046STV | # ${{\widetilde{\boldsymbol t}}}$ (Stop) mass limit
Limits depend on the decay mode. In ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions they also depend on the mixing angle of the mass eigenstate ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}_{{1}}}$ = ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}_{{L}}}$cos $\theta _{\mathit t}$ $+$ ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}_{{R}}}$sin$\theta _{\mathit t}$. The coupling to the ${{\mathit Z}}$ vanishes when $\theta _{\mathit t}$ = $0.98$. In the Listings below, we use $\Delta \mathit m$ ${}\equiv$ ${\mathit m}_{{{\widetilde{\mathit t}}_{{1}}}}–{\mathit m}_{{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{0}}}$ or $\Delta \mathit m$ ${}\equiv$ ${\mathit m}_{{{\widetilde{\mathit t}}_{{1}}}}–{\mathit m}_{{{\widetilde{\mathit \nu}}}}$, depending on relevant decay mode. See also bounds in ${{\widetilde{\mathit q}}}~$(Squark) MASS LIMIT.''
Some earlier papers are now obsolete and have been omitted. They were last listed in our PDG 2014 edition: K. Olive, $\mathit et~al.$ (Particle Data Group), Chinese Physics C38 070001 (2014) (http://pdg.lbl.gov).
# R-parity violating ${{\widetilde{\boldsymbol t}}}$ (Stop) mass limit INSPIRE search
VALUE (GeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$> 1150$ 95 1
2019 BI
ATLS ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ , long-lived, Tstop2RPV, c$\tau$ = 0.1 cm
$\bf{> 1100}$ 95 2
2019 BJ
CMS ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit e}}$ , Tstop2RPV, prompt
$\text{none 100 - 410}$ 95 3
2018 BB
ATLS 4 jets, Tstop1RPV with ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit d}}{{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{312}}^{''}}$ coupling
$\text{none 100 - 470, 480 - 610}$ 95 4
2018 BB
ATLS 4 jets, Tstop1RPV, ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{323}}^{''}}$ coupling
${}\geq{}\text{ 600 - 1500}$ 95 5
2018 P
ATLS 2${{\mathit \ell}}$ + ${{\mathit b}}$-jets, Tstop2RPV, depending on ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{i33}}^{\,'}}$ coupling (${{\mathit i}}$ = 1, 2, 3)
$\bf{> 1130}$ 95 6
CMS ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ , long-lived, c$\tau$ = $70 - 100$ mm
$> 550$ 95 6
CMS ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ , long-lived, c$\tau$ = $1 - 1000$ mm
$> 1400$ 95 7
2018 DV
CMS long-lived ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$, RPV, ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\overline{\mathit d}}}{{\overline{\mathit d}}}$ , 0.6 mm $<$ c${{\mathit \tau}}<$ 80 mm
$\text{none 80 - 520}$ 95 8
2018 DY
CMS 2, 4 jets, Tstop3RPV, ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{312}}^{''}}$ coupling
$\text{none 80 - 270, 285 - 340, 400 - 525}$ 95 8
2018 DY
CMS 2 , 4 jets, Tstop1RPV, ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{323}}^{''}}$ coupling
$>1200$ 95 9
2017 AI
ATLS ${}\geq{}1{{\mathit \ell}}$+ ${}\geq{}$8 jets, Tstop1 with ${{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit b}}{{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{323}}^{''}}$ coupling, ${\mathit m}_{{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{0}}}$=500 GeV
$\text{none, 100 - 315}$ 95 10
2016 AM
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$>890$ 95 11
2016 AC
CMS ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ + ${}\geq{}$5 jets; ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{\pm}}$ ; ${{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{\pm}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{ijk}}^{\,'}}$
$> 1000$ 95 11
2016 AC
CMS ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ + ${}\geq{}$5 jets; ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{\pm}}$ ; ${{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{\pm}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{ijk}}^{\,'}}$
$> 950$ 95 12
2016 BX
CMS ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit t}}{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{0}}$ , ${{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{121}}}$ or ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{122}}}{}\not=$0
$>790$ 95 13
2015 E
CMS ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}_{{1}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ , c$\tau$ = 2 cm
1 SIRUNYAN 2019BI searched in 35.9 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV in final states with two muons and two jets, or with one muon, two jets, and missing transverse momentum. Limits are set in a model of pair-produced, prompt or long-lived top squarks with R-parity violating decays to a ${{\mathit b}}$-quark and a lepton (Tstop2RPV), branching fraction of ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ equal to 1/3 and c$\tau$ between 0.1 cm and 10 cm in the case of long-lived top squarks. See their Fig. 10.
2 SIRUNYAN 2019BJ searched in 35.9 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV in final states with two electrons and two jets, or with one electron, two jets, and missing transverse momentum. Limits are set in a model of pair-produced, prompt top squarks with R-parity violating decays to a ${{\mathit b}}$-quark and a lepton (Tstop2RPV), assuming branching fraction of ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit e}}$ equal to 1/3 and c$\tau$ = 0 cm. See their Fig.10.
3 AABOUD 2018BB searched in 36.7 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV for massive colored resonances which are pair-produced and decay into two jets. No significant deviation from the background prediction is observed. Results are interpreted in a SUSY simplified model as Tstop1RPV with ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit d}}{{\mathit s}}$ . Top squarks with masses in the range $100 - 410$ GeV are excluded, see their Figure 9(a). The ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{312}}^{''}}$ coupling is assumed to be sufficiently large for the decays to be prompt, but small enough to neglect the single-top-squark resonant production through RPV couplings.
4 AABOUD 2018BB searched in 36.7 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV for massive coloured resonances which are pair-produced and decay into two jets. No significant deviation from the background prediction is observed. Results are interpreted in Tstop1RPV. Top squarks with masses in the range $100 - 470$ GeV or $480 - 610$ GeV are excluded, see their Figure 9(b). The ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{323}}^{''}}$ coupling is assumed to be sufficiently large for the decays to be prompt, but small enough to neglect the single-top-squark resonant production through RPV couplings.
5 AABOUD 2018P searched in 36.1 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV for pair-produced top squarks that decay through RPV ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{i33}}^{\,'}}$ (${{\mathit i}}$ = 1, 2, 3) couplings to a final state with two leptons and two jets, at least one of which is identified as a ${{\mathit b}}$-jet. No significant excess is observed over the SM background. In the Tstop2RPV model, lower limits on the top squark masses between 600 and 1500 GeV are set depending on the branching fraction to ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit e}}$ , ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ , and ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ final states. See their Figs 6 and 7.
6 SIRUNYAN 2018AD searched in 2.6 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV for long-lived particles by exploiting the multiplicity of displaced jets to search for the presence of signal decays occurring at distances between 1 and 1000 mm. Limits are set in a model of pair-produced, long-lived top squarks with R-parity violating decays to a ${{\mathit b}}$-quark and a lepton, see their Figure 3.
7 SIRUNYAN 2018DV searched in 38.5 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV for long-lived particles in events with multiple jets and two displaced vertices composed of many tracks. No events with two well-separated high-track-multiplicity vertices were observed. Limits are set on the stop and the gluino mass in RPV models of supersymmetry where the stop (gluino) is decaying solely into dijet (multijet) final states, see their Figures 6 and 7.
8 SIRUNYAN 2018DY searched in 35.9 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV for the pair production of resonances, each decaying to two quarks. The search is conducted separately in a boosted (two-jet) and resolved (four-jet) jet topology. The mass spectra are found to be consistent with the Standard Model expectations. Limits are set on the stop mass in the Tstop3RPV and Tstop1RPV simplified models, see their Figure 11.
9 AABOUD 2017AI searched in 36.1 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV for events with one or more isolated lepton, at least eight jets, either zero or many ${{\mathit b}}$-jets, for evidence of R-parity violating decays of the top squark. No significant excess above the Standard Model expectations is observed. Limits up to 1.25 (1.10) TeV are set on the top squark mass in R-parity-violating supersymmetry models where ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}_{{1}}}$ decays for a bino LSP as: ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit t}}{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{0}}$ and for a higgsino LSP as ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit t}}{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1,2}}^{0}}$ / ${{\mathit b}}{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{+}}$ . These is followed by the decays through the non-zero ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{323}}^{''}}$ coupling ${{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1,2}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit t}}{{\mathit b}}{{\mathit s}}$ , ${{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{\pm}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit b}}{{\mathit s}}$ . See their Figure 10 and text for details on model assumptions.
10 AAD 2016AM searched in 17.4 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV for events containing two large-radius hadronic jets. No deviation from the background prediction is observed. Top squarks with masses between 100 and 315 GeV are excluded at 95$\%$ C.L. in the hypothesis that they both decay via ${{\mathit R}}$ -parity violating coupling ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{323}}^{"}}$ to ${{\mathit b}}$- and ${{\mathit s}}$-quarks. See their Fig. 10.
11 KHACHATRYAN 2016AC searched in 19.7 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV for events with low missing transverse momentum, two oppositely charged electrons or muons, and at least five jets, at least one of which is a ${{\mathit b}}$-jet, for evidence of R-parity violating, charging-mediated decays of the top squark. No significant excess above the Standard Model expectations is observed. Limits are set on the stop mass in R-parity-violating supersymmetry models where ${{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{\pm}}$ with ${{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{\pm}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}^{\pm}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{ijk}}^{\,'}}$ ${}\not=$ 0 (${{\mathit i}},{{\mathit j}}$, ${{\mathit k}}{}\leq{}$ 2), and with ${\mathit m}_{{{\widetilde{\mathit t}}}}$ $−$ ${\mathit m}_{{{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{\pm}}}$ = 100 GeV, see Fig. 3.
12 KHACHATRYAN 2016BX searched in 19.5 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV for events containing 4 leptons coming from R-parity-violating decays of ${{\widetilde{\mathit \chi}}_{{1}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ with ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{121}}}{}\not=$ 0 or ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{122}}}{}\not=$ 0. No excess over the expected background is observed. Limits are derived on the gluino, squark and stop masses, see Fig. 23.
13 KHACHATRYAN 2015E searched for long-lived particles decaying to leptons in 19.7 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV. Events were selected with an electron and muon with opposite charges and each with transverse impact parameter values between 0.02 and 2 cm. Limits are set on SUSY benchmark models with pair production of top squarks decaying into an ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ final state via RPV interactions. See their Fig. 2
References:
SIRUNYAN 2019BJ
PR D99 052002 Search for pair production of first-generation scalar leptoquarks at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV
SIRUNYAN 2019BI
PR D99 032014 Search for pair production of second-generation leptoquarks at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV
AABOUD 2018BB
EPJ C78 250 A search for pair-produced resonances in four-jet final states at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
AABOUD 2018P
PR D97 032003 Search for B-L R -parity-violating top squarks in $\sqrt s$ =13??TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS experiment
PL B780 432 Search for new long-lived particles at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV
SIRUNYAN 2018DV
PR D98 092011 Search for long-lived particles with displaced vertices in multijet events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$13 TeV
SIRUNYAN 2018DY
PR D98 112014 Search for pair-produced resonances decaying to quark pairs in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV
AABOUD 2017AI
JHEP 1709 088 Search for New Phenomena in a Lepton Plus High Jet Multiplicity Final State with the ATLAS Experiment using $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV Proton-Proton Collision Data
JHEP 1606 067 A Search for Top squarks with R-parity-violating Decays to All-hadronic Final States with the ATLAS Detector in $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV Proton-Proton Collisions
PL B760 178 Search for ${{\mathit R}}$ -Parity Violating Decays of a top squark in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV
PR D94 112009 Searches for $\mathit R$-Parity-Violating Supersymmetry in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV in Final States with $0 - 4$ Leptons | 2021-01-16T17:12:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9420496821403503, "perplexity": 2713.639110181899}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506832.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116165621-20210116195621-00065.warc.gz"} |
https://rforhr.com/ | # Preface
This book is free to read and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The contents of this book may not be used for commercial purposes. This is Version 0.1.2 of this book, which means that it is in a nearly complete form and will undergo further editing and expansion.
## 0.1 Growth of HR Analytics
The term human resource analytics can mean different things to different people and to different organizations. Further, human resource analytics sometimes goes by other names like people analytics, talent analytics, workforce analytics, and human capital analytics. While some may argue for distinctions between these different names, for this book, I will treat them as interchangeable labels. Moreover, for the purposes of this book, human resource (HR) analytics is defined as the “process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting people-related data for the purpose of improving decision making, achieving strategic objectives, and sustaining a competitive advantage” .
The foundation of HR analytics formed over a century ago with the emergence of disciplines like industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology. In recent decades, advances in information technology and systems have reduced the time HR professionals spend on transactional and administrative activities, thereby creating more time and opportunity for transformational activities supporting the realization of strategic organizational objectives. HR analytics has the potential to play an integral role in such transformational activities, as it can inform HR system design (e.g., choosing selection tools, validating selection tools) and high-stakes decision making involving people-related data from the organization.
## 0.2 Skills Gap
Although many organizations regard HR analytics as strategically important for organizational success, today many of those same organizations face an HR analytics talent shortage. To some extent, the talent shortage can be attributed to data literacy – or the lack thereof. Historically, academic and professional HR training and development opportunities did not emphasize data-literacy skills, and this omission has left organizations today scrambling to hire external talent or to close the skills gap of existing HR professionals.
To address the HR analytics talent shortage and skills gap, organizations have, broadly speaking, two options. First, for some organizations, closing the skills gap may be as straightforward as hiring a “quant” (e.g., data scientist, statistician), provided the individual works closely with HR professionals when working with data associated with HR systems, policies, and procedures, and identifying HR-specific legal and ethical issues. Second, I would argue that for most organizations perhaps a better alternative is to close the skills gap among current HR professionals, as their HR-specific knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) offer tremendous value when deriving insights from HR data as well as a solid domain-specific foundation for subsequently layering on data-literacy KSAOs. Importantly, those with existing HR domain expertise presumably have working knowledge of prevailing employment and labor laws and experience with anticipating and uncovering ethical issues, both of which are necessary when acquiring, managing, analyzing, visualizing, and reporting HR data.
## 0.3 Project Life Cycle Perspective
When building efficacy in HR analytics, I have found that it’s helpful to envision where and how contributions can be made at the project level and which specific KSAOs are required at each phase. To that end, I developed the HR Analytics Project Life Cycle (HRAPLC) as a way to conceptualize the prototypical phases of a generic project life cycle. These phases include: Question Formulation, Data Acquisition, Data Management, Data Analysis, Data Interpretation and Storytelling, and Deployment and Implementation. I dedicate Part 1 of this book to providing a conceptual overview of the HRPLC in Chapters 1-7.
## 0.4 Overview of HRIS & HR Analytics
If you are just looking for a basic overview of HR information systems (HRIS) and HR analytics, consider checking out the following introductory video.
And if you are looking for an introduction to human resource management with supplementary Excel-based tutorials and data exercises, I recommend checking out one of the following textbooks I co-authored:
## 0.5 My Philosophy for This Book
Working with data does not need to be scary or intimidating; yet, over the years, I have interacted with students and professionals who carry with them what I refer to as a numerical phobia or quantitative trauma. Unfortunately, at some point in their lives, some people begin to believe that they are not suited for mathematics, statistics, and/or generally working with data. Given these psychological barriers, a primary objective of this book is to make data analytics – and HR analytics specifically – relevant, accessible, and maybe even a little fun. In early chapters, my intention is to ease the reader into foundational concepts, applications, and tools in order to build self-efficacy in HR analytics incrementally. The tutorials in each chapter are grounded in common and (hopefully) meaningful HR contexts (e.g., validating employee selection tools). As the book progresses, I introduce more challenging statistical concepts and data-analytic techniques. Reading this book and following along with the in-chapter tutorials will not lead to expert-level knowledge and skill; however, my hope is that working through this book will do the following:
1. Build excitement for working with data to inform decision making.
2. Instill a sense of intellectual curiosity about data and a hunger to expand boundaries of expertise.
3. Inspire further in-depth training, education, and learning in areas and topics introduced in this book.
4. Enhance data literacy, including knowledge and skills related to (a) critical thinking and logic, (b) mathematics, statistics, and data analysis, and (c) data visualization and storytelling with data.
### 0.5.1 Rationale for Using R
Today, we have the potential to access and use a remarkable number of statistical and data-analytic tools. Examples of such tools include (in no particular order) R, Python, SPSS, SAS, Stata, MatLab, Mplus, Alteryx, Tableau, PowerBI, and Microsoft Excel. Notably, some of these programs can be quite expensive when it comes to user licensing or subscription costs, which can be a barrier to access for many.
Programming languages like R and Python have several desirable qualities when it comes to managing, analyzing, and visualizing data. Namely, both are free to use, and both have an ever-growing number of free (add-on) packages with domain- or area-specific functions (e.g., data visualizations). It is beyond the scope of this Preface to provide an exhaustive comparison of the relative merits of R versus Python; however, when it comes to the statistical analysis of data, specifically, I argue that R provides a more user-friendly entry point for beginners as well as more advanced capabilities desired by expert users, especially for ad-hoc analyses. Moreover, the integrated development environment program called RStudio (which “sits on top of” base R) offers useful workflow tools and generally makes for an inviting environment.
That said, Python has been catching up in these regards, and I wouldn’t be surprised if Python closes these gaps relative to R in the next few years. I would be remiss if I didn’t mention that the Python language is powerful and has capabilities that extend far beyond the management, analysis, and visualization of data. Fortunately, learning R makes learning Python easier (and vice versa), which means that this book can serve as a springboard for learning Python or other programming languages; in fact, RStudio allows users to create and run Python code. Finally, I believe it to be unlikely that one tool (e.g., program, language) will emerge that is ideal for every task, and thus, I encourage you to build familiarity with multiple tools so that you develop a “toolbox” of sorts, thereby allowing you to choose the best (or at least better) tool for each task.
### 0.5.2 Audience
I have written this book with current or soon-to-be HR professionals in mind, particularly those who have an interest in upskilling their data-analytic knowledge and skills.This book can provide a meaningful context for learning key data-analytic concepts, applications, and tools that are applicable beyond the HR context. Relatedly, this book may serve as a user-friendly gateway and introduction to the programming language called R for those who are interested in other non-HR domains.
David Caughlin is an Assistant Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Orfalea College of Business at Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University) in San Luis Obispo, where he teaches and researches topics related to organizational behavior, human resource management, and data analytics. David received his B.S. in psychology and B.A. in Spanish from Indiana University, M.S. in industrial and organizational psychology from Indiana University - Purdue University at Indianapolis, and Ph.D. in industrial and organizational psychology from Portland State University with concentrations in quantitative methodology and occupational health psychology. His research interests are generally focused on supervisor support, work motivation, and occupational safety and health. David has co-authored research published in peer-reviewed outlets such as Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Management, Human Resource Management, Journal of Business and Psychology, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, and Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law. In addition, he has co-authored the textbooks Human Resource Management: People, Data, and Analytics and Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. David teaches undergraduate and graduate courses on topics related to organizational behavior, human resource management, information systems, and data analytics. In his HR analytics courses, David teaches students how to apply the statistical programming language R to manage, analyze, and visualize HR data to improve strategic decision making; in the process, students build data-literacy, critical-thinking, and logical-reasoning skills. He previously received the following teaching awards from Portland State University’s School of Business: Teaching Innovation Award (2018), “Extra Mile” Teaching Excellence Award (2019), Teaching Innovation Award (2020), and the Brenda Eichelberger “Extra Mile” Teaching Excellence Award (2022). In his free time, David enjoys outdoor activities like running, cycling, hiking, paddle boarding, and skiing.
## 0.8 Contacting the Author
I created this free resource as a side project and outside of my day job. Thus, if you reach out to me, I may not have time to respond in a timely manner – or at all. That being said, if you would like to attempt to reach me, please email: [email protected].
## 0.9 Acknowledgements
My inspiration for writing and compiling the contents of this book stems from interactions with countless colleagues, professional acquaintances, and undergraduate and graduate students. A broad “thank you” is in order for anyone with whom I have taught or had a conversation about data analytics and data science. Further, I want to thank Liz Harman for lending her copy-editing skills to this book, and to thank David Gerbing for the many conversations we have shared about teaching R using his lessR package and his introductory R data analysis textbook. Finally, I created this book using the following programs and packages: R , RStudio , rmarkdown , knitr , and bookdown .
### References
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———. 2020. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management: People, Data, and Analytics. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Deloitte. 2018. “Global Human Capital Trends Report 2018.” Westlake, Texas: Deloitte University Press.
Gerbing, David, The School of Business, and Portland State University. 2021. lessR: Less Code, More Results. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lessR.
R Core Team. 2022. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
RStudio Team. 2020. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, PBC. http://www.rstudio.com/.
Xie, Yihui. 2014. “Knitr: A Comprehensive Tool for Reproducible Research in R.” In Implementing Reproducible Computational Research, edited by Victoria Stodden, Friedrich Leisch, and Roger D. Peng. Chapman; Hall/CRC. http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466561595.
———. 2015a. Dynamic Documents with R and Knitr. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://yihui.org/knitr/.
———. 2016. Bookdown: Authoring Books and Technical Documents with R Markdown. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://bookdown.org/yihui/bookdown.
———. 2022a. Bookdown: Authoring Books and Technical Documents with r Markdown. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bookdown.
———. 2022b. Knitr: A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report Generation in r. https://yihui.org/knitr/.
Xie, Yihui, J. J. Allaire, and Garrett Grolemund. 2018. R Markdown: The Definitive Guide. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown. | 2022-08-14T02:57:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2478300929069519, "perplexity": 4242.434796418397}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00747.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/332/018/ | Volume 332 - XIV International Conference on Heavy Quarks and Leptons (HQL2018) - Rare Decays
Study of Radiative and Electroweak Penguin Decays at Belle
N. Taniguchi
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: December 05, 2018
Published on: December 11, 2018
Abstract
The recent studies on radiative and electroweak penguin decays by the Belle experiment are reported.
These new measurements are based on the Belle full data set of 772 $\times 10^6 B\bar{B}$.
All the measurements of $B\to K^{*}\gamma$ are most precise to date and
the first evidence of isospin violation in $b\to s\gamma$ decay with a significance of 3.1 $\sigma$.
Lepton flavor dependent angular analysis of $B\to K^{*}\ell^+\ell^-$ decays, where $\ell$ is either $e$ or $\mu$,
and results of search for lepton flavor violating process of $B^0 \to K^{*0}\mu e$ and the rare decays of $B\to h^{(*)}\nu\bar{\nu}$,
are presented.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.332.0018
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2022-06-27T08:30:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47949761152267456, "perplexity": 3206.373548423596}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103329963.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627073417-20220627103417-00780.warc.gz"} |
https://math.wikia.org/wiki/Proof:_Pythagorean_Identity | 1,183 Pages
## Proof
### Prerequisites
• The antiderivative of 0 is a constant
• Series definition of sine and cosine (in particular and )
• Differential of is , differential of is
• Linearity of the derivative, the Chain rule
### Proof
(linearity of the derivative)
(chain rule)
(evaluating the differentials)
As the derivative of the expression is zero, this implies for some constant k. Evaluating at , which means , implying
## Geometric "proof"
It is possible to use geometry to prove the statement, however it only holds for
### Proof
Given an arbitrary right triangle, the following are true:
Here,
And therefore,
Via the Pythagorean Theorem, the legs (here: opposite and adjacent) are "a," and "b" where hypotenuse is "c".
So,
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | 2020-11-26T12:20:23 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9467616677284241, "perplexity": 2963.8211324396884}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188146.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126113736-20201126143736-00409.warc.gz"} |
http://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_print.html | # fix print command
## Syntax
fix ID group-ID print N string keyword value ...
• ID, group-ID are documented in fix command
• print = style name of this fix command
• N = print every N steps
• string = text string to print with optional variable names
• zero or more keyword/value pairs may be appended
• keyword = file or append or screen or title
file value = filename
append value = filename
screen value = yes or no
title value = string
string = text to print as 1st line of output file
## Examples
fix extra all print 100 "Coords of marker atom = $x$y $z" fix extra all print 100 "Coords of marker atom =$x $y$z" file coord.txt
## Description
Print a text string every N steps during a simulation run. This can be used for diagnostic purposes or as a debugging tool to monitor some quantity during a run. The text string must be a single argument, so it should be enclosed in double quotes if it is more than one word. If it contains variables it must be enclosed in double quotes to insure they are not evaluated when the input script line is read, but will instead be evaluated each time the string is printed.
The specified group-ID is ignored by this fix.
See the variable command for a description of equal style variables which are the most useful ones to use with the fix print command, since they are evaluated afresh each timestep that the fix print line is output. Equal-style variables calculate formulas involving mathematical operations, atom properties, group properties, thermodynamic properties, global values calculated by a compute or fix, or references to other variables.
If the file or append keyword is used, a filename is specified to which the output generated by this fix will be written. If file is used, then the filename is overwritten if it already exists. If append is used, then the filename is appended to if it already exists, or created if it does not exist.
If the screen keyword is used, output by this fix to the screen and logfile can be turned on or off as desired.
The title keyword allow specification of the string that will be printed as the first line of the output file, assuming the file keyword was used. By default, the title line is as follows:
# Fix print output for fix ID
where ID is replaced with the fix-ID.
Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:
No information about this fix is written to binary restart files. None of the fix_modify options are relevant to this fix. No global or per-atom quantities are stored by this fix for access by various output commands. No parameter of this fix can be used with the start/stop keywords of the run command. This fix is not invoked during energy minimization.
none
## Default
The option defaults are no file output, screen = yes, and title string as described above. | 2018-02-21T03:39:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2743697464466095, "perplexity": 3201.8104171523496}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221024420-20180221044420-00155.warc.gz"} |
http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cs/I-4?code=se:5_2&pointInTime=20201120 | ### I-4 - Act respecting the application of the Taxation Act
5.2. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the mention in a particular provision of this Act, of the Taxation Act (chapter I-3), of an Act that amends either of those Acts or of a regulation made under either of those Acts, or of a regulation that amends such a regulation, of a word, group of words, expression or reference to a provision of an Act, that in accordance with the particular Act referred to in the third paragraph, has replaced another word, group of words, expression or reference that appeared in a provision of this Act or of the Taxation Act, is deemed, where that particular provision applies before 20 March 1997, to be a mention of the replaced word, group of words, expression or reference, as the case may be.
Similarly, unless the context indicates otherwise or the mention has otherwise been modified accordingly, the mention in a particular provision of this Act, of the Taxation Act, of an Act that amends or of a regulation made under either of those Acts, or of a regulation that amends such a regulation, of a word, group of words, expression or reference to a provision of an Act, that is identical to a word, group of words, expression or reference that appeared in a provision of this Act or of the Taxation Act and that has been replaced, in accordance with the particular Act referred to in the third paragraph, by another word, group of words, expression or reference, is deemed, where that particular provision applies after 19 March 1997, to be a mention of the replaced word, group of words, expression or reference, as the case may be.
The particular Act mentioned in the first and second paragraphs is the Act to harmonize certain legislative provisions of a fiscal nature with the Civil Code of Québec (1997, chapter 3).
1997, c. 3, s. 73. | 2021-01-16T21:26:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8329344987869263, "perplexity": 2043.2191079306854}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507045.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116195918-20210116225918-00529.warc.gz"} |
https://www.detailedpedia.com/wiki-Tuberculosis | # Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Other namesPhthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption, great white plague
Chest X-ray of a person with advanced tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrow-heads, and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows.
SpecialtyInfectious disease, pulmonology
SymptomsChronic cough, fever, cough with bloody mucus, weight loss
CausesMycobacterium tuberculosis
Diagnostic methodCXR, culture, tuberculin skin test, QuantiFERON
Differential diagnosisPneumonia, histoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, coccidioidomycosis
PreventionScreening those at high risk, treatment of those infected, vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
TreatmentAntibiotics
Frequency25% of people (latent TB)
Deaths1.5 million (2020)
Depiction of a man with tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. It was historically referred to as consumption due to the weight loss associated with the disease. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with Latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke. Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of Latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests.
Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
In 2018, one quarter of the world's population was thought to have a latent infection of TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2020, an estimated 10 million people developed active TB, resulting in 1.5 million deaths, making it the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease after COVID-19. As of 2018, most TB cases occurred in the regions of South-East Asia (44%), Africa (24%), and the Western Pacific (18%), with more than 50% of cases being diagnosed in seven countries: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), the Philippines (6%), Pakistan (6%), Nigeria (4%), and Bangladesh (4%). By 2021 the number of new cases each year was decreasing by around 2% annually. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population test positive via the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.
Video summary (script)
## Signs and symptoms
The main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis are given, with many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more (but not entirely) specific for certain variants. Multiple variants may be present simultaneously.
Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis). Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB.
General signs and symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue. Significant nail clubbing may also occur.
### Pulmonary
If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain asymptomatic). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due to either better air flow, or poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs.
### Extrapulmonary
In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in people with a weakened immune system and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", it is also known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliary TB currently makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.
## Causes
### Mycobacteria
Scanning electron micrograph of M. tuberculosis
The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly "Gram-positive" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory.
Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called sputum), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Auramine-rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used.
The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated.
Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include M. leprae, M. avium, and M. kansasii. The latter two species are classified as "nontuberculous mycobacteria" (NTM) or atypical mycobacteria. NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy, but they do cause lung diseases that resemble TB.
Public health campaigns in the 1920s tried to halt the spread of TB.
### Transmission
When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 µm in diameter. A single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets. Each one of these droplets may transmit the disease, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small (the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection).
#### Risk of transmission
People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain, the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others. The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active ("overt") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.
### Risk factors
A number of factors make individuals more susceptible to TB infection and/or disease.
#### Active disease risk
The most important risk factor globally for developing active TB is concurrent HIV infection; 13% of those with TB are also infected with HIV. This is a particular problem in sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV infection rates are high. Of those without HIV infection who are infected with tuberculosis, about 5–10% develop active disease during their lifetimes; in contrast, 30% of those co-infected with HIV develop the active disease.
Use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and infliximab (an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody), is another important risk factor, especially in the developed world.
Other risk factors include: alcoholism, diabetes mellitus (3-fold increased risk), silicosis (30-fold increased risk), tobacco smoking (2-fold increased risk), indoor air pollution, malnutrition, young age, recently acquired TB infection, recreational drug use, severe kidney disease, low body weight, organ transplant, head and neck cancer, and genetic susceptibility (the overall importance of genetic risk factors remains undefined).
#### Infection susceptibility
Tobacco smoking increases the risk of infections (in addition to increasing the risk of active disease and death). Additional factors increasing infection susceptibility include young age.
## Pathogenesis
Robert Carswell's illustration of tubercle
About 90% of those infected with M. tuberculosis have asymptomatic, latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI), with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease. In those with HIV, the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year. If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%.
Microscopy of tuberculous epididymitis. H&E stain
TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the alveolar air sacs of the lungs, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium. However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.
The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the Ghon focus, is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid.
Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, epithelioid cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and is termed caseous necrosis.
If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of damaged tissue, they can spread throughout the body and set up many foci of infection, all appearing as tiny, white tubercles in the tissues. This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called miliary tuberculosis. People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment (about 30%).
In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages (bronchi) and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria and thus can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.
## Diagnosis
M. tuberculosis (stained red) in sputum
### Active tuberculosis
Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who have a weakened immune system. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation. Interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in most of the developing world. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) have similar limitations in those with HIV.
A definitive diagnosis of TB is made by identifying M. tuberculosis in a clinical sample (e.g., sputum, pus, or a tissue biopsy). However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture. Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed.
Nucleic acid amplification tests and adenosine deaminase testing may allow rapid diagnosis of TB. Blood tests to detect antibodies are not specific or sensitive, so they are not recommended.
### Latent tuberculosis
The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assays, on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria, so they generate fewer false-positive results. However, they are affected by M. szulgai, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening people who are at high risk for latent tuberculosis with either tuberculin skin tests or interferon-gamma release assays. While some have recommend testing health care workers, evidence of benefit for this is poor as of 2019. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stopped recommending yearly testing of health care workers without known exposure in 2019.
## Prevention
Tuberculosis public health campaign in Ireland, c. 1905
Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers. Some countries have legislation to involuntarily detain or examine those suspected to have tuberculosis, or involuntarily treat them if infected.
### Vaccines
The only available vaccine as of 2021 is bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%.
It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, Western Europe, and the United States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk. Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's usefulness as a screening tool. Several vaccines are being developed.
Intradermal MVA85A vaccine in addition to BCG injection is not effective in preventing tuberculosis.
### Public health
Public health campaigns which have focused on overcrowding, public spitting and regular sanitation (including hand washing) during the 1800s helped to either interrupt or slow spread which when combined with contact tracing, isolation and treatment helped to dramatically curb the transmission of both tuberculosis and other airborne diseases which led to the elimination of tuberculosis as a major public health issue in most developed economies. Other risk factors which worsened TB spread such as malnutrition were also ameliorated, but since the emergence of HIV a new population of immunocompromised individuals was available for TB to infect.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aimed to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they set were not achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs. In 2015, it launched the End TB Strategy to reduce deaths by 95% and incidence by 90% before 2035. The goal of tuberculosis elimination is hampered by the lack of rapid testing, of short and effective treatment courses, and of completely effective vaccines.
The benefits and risks of giving anti-tubercular drugs in those exposed to MDR-TB is unclear. Making HAART therapy available to HIV-positive individuals significantly reduces the risk of progression to an active TB infection by up to 90% and can mitigate the spread through this population.
## Treatment
Tuberculosis phototherapy treatment on 3 March 1934, in Kuopio, Finland
Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective.
Active TB is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. The routine use of rifabutin instead of rifampicin in HIV-positive people with tuberculosis is of unclear benefit as of 2007.
### Latent TB
Latent TB is treated with either isoniazid or rifampin alone, or a combination of isoniazid with either rifampicin or rifapentine.
The treatment takes three to nine months depending on the medications used. People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life.
Education or counselling may improve the latent tuberculosis treatment completion rates.
### New onset
The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, as of 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months. Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative. Treatment with anti-TB drugs for at least 6 months results in higher success rates when compared with treatment less than 6 months, even though the difference is small. Shorter treatment regimen may be recommended for those with compliance issues. There is also no evidence to support shorter anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens when compared to a 6-month treatment regimen. However recently, results from an international, randomized, controlled clinical trial indicate that a four-month daily treatment regimen containing high-dose, or "optimized," rifapentine with moxifloxacin (2PHZM/2PHM) is as safe and effective as the existing standard six-month daily regimen at curing drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) disease.
### Recurrent disease
If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to is important before determining treatment. If multiple drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is detected, treatment with at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is recommended.
Directly observed therapy, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is of poor quality. There is no strong evidence indicating that directly observed therapy improves the number of people who were cured or the number of people who complete their medicine. Moderate quality evidence suggests that there is also no difference if people are observed at home versus at a clinic, or by a family member versus a health care worker. Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment and appointments may result in a small but important improvement. There is also not enough evidence to support intermittent rifampicin-containing therapy given two to three times a week has equal effectiveness as daily dose regimen on improving cure rates and reducing relapsing rates. There is also not enough evidence on effectiveness of giving intermittent twice or thrice weekly short course regimen compared to daily dosing regimen in treating children with tuberculosis.
### Medication resistance
Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. There is some efficacy for linezolid to treat those with XDR-TB but side effects and discontinuation of medications were common. Bedaquiline is tentatively supported for use in multiple drug-resistant TB.
XDR-TB is a term sometimes used to define extensively resistant TB, and constitutes one in ten cases of MDR-TB. Cases of XDR TB have been identified in more than 90% of countries.
For those with known rifampicin or MDR-TB, molecular tests such as the Genotype® MTBDRsl Assay (performed on culture isolates or smear positive specimens) may be useful to detect second-line anti-tubercular drug resistance.
## Prognosis
Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years caused by tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
Progression from TB infection to overt TB disease occurs when the bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply. In primary TB disease (some 1–5% of cases), this occurs soon after the initial infection. However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs with no obvious symptoms. These dormant bacilli produce active tuberculosis in 5–10% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.
The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.
In people with smear-positive pulmonary TB (without HIV co-infection), after 5 years without treatment, 50-60% die while 20-25% achieve spontaneous resolution (cure). TB is almost always fatal in those with untreated HIV co-infection and death rates are increased even with antiretroviral treatment of HIV.
## Epidemiology
Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred (most of these occurring in developing countries). Of these, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV. In 2018, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent. The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002.
Tuberculosis incidence is seasonal, with peaks occurring every spring and summer. The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to vitamin D deficiency during the winter. There are also studies linking tuberculosis to different weather conditions like low temperature, low humidity and low rainfall. It has been suggested that tuberculosis incidence rates may be connected to climate change.
### At-risk groups
Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty. Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g., prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities, children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care providers serving these patients.
The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and immunocompromised (risk factors are listed above). Worldwide, 22 "high-burden" states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths.
In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the aboriginal peoples, especially in remote areas. Factors contributing to this include higher prevalence of predisposing health conditions and behaviours, and overcrowding and poverty. In some Canadian aboriginal groups, genetic susceptibility may play a role.
Socioeconomic status (SES) strongly affects TB risk. People of low SES are both more likely to contract TB and to be more severely affected by the disease. Those with low SES are more likely to be affected by risk factors for developing TB (e.g. malnutrition, indoor air pollution, HIV co-infection, etc.), and are additionally more likely to be exposed to crowded and poorly ventilated spaces. Inadequate healthcare also means that people with active disease who facilitate spread are not diagnosed and treated promptly; sick people thus remain in the infectious state and (continue to) spread the infection.
### Geographical epidemiology
The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many African, Caribbean, South Asian, and eastern European countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the U.S. population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of many factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.
In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. In Europe, deaths from TB fell from 500 out of 100,000 in 1850 to 50 out of 100,000 by 1950. Improvements in public health were reducing tuberculosis even before the arrival of antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health, such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913 its initial focus was tuberculosis research.
In 2010, rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139.
#### Russia
Russia has achieved particularly dramatic progress with a decline in its TB mortality rate—from 61.9 per 100,000 in 1965 to 2.7 per 100,000 in 1993; however, mortality rate increased to 24 per 100,000 in 2005 and then recoiled to 11 per 100,000 by 2015.
#### China
China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004 and 2014.
#### Africa
In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Eswatini, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. In 2017, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate as a % of the population was Lesotho, with 665 cases per 100,000 people.
#### India
As of 2017, India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2,740,000 cases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2000–2015, India's estimated mortality rate dropped from 55 to 36 per 100,000 population per year with estimated 480 thousand people died of TB in 2015. In India a major proportion of tuberculosis patients are being treated by private partners and private hospitals. Evidence indicates that the tuberculosis national survey does not represent the number of cases that are diagnosed and recorded by private clinics and hospitals in India.
#### North America
In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB, and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases.
In the United States, the overall tuberculosis case rate was 3 per 100,000 persons in 2017. In Canada, tuberculosis is still endemic in some rural areas.
#### Western Europe
In 2017, in the United Kingdom, the national average was 9 per 100,000 and the highest incidence rates in Western Europe were 20 per 100,000 in Portugal.
## History
Egyptian mummy in the British Museum – tubercular decay has been found in the spine.
Tuberculosis has existed since antiquity. The oldest unambiguously detected M. tuberculosis gives evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then transferred to humans, or whether both bovine and human tuberculosis diverged from a common ancestor, remains unclear. A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as researchers previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the Neolithic Revolution. Skeletal remains show some prehistoric humans (4000 BC) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay in the spines of Egyptian mummies dating from 3000 to 2400 BC. Genetic studies suggest the presence of TB in the Americas from about AD 100.
Before the Industrial Revolution, folklore often associated tuberculosis with vampires. When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly. People believed this was caused by the original person with TB draining the life from the other family members.
Although Richard Morton established the pulmonary form associated with tubercles as a pathology in 1689, due to the variety of its symptoms, TB was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s. Benjamin Marten conjectured in 1720 that consumptions were caused by microbes which were spread by people living in close proximity to each other. In 1819 René Laennec claimed that tubercles were the cause of pulmonary tuberculosis. J. L. Schönlein first published the name "tuberculosis" (German: Tuberkulose) in 1832. Between 1838 and 1845, John Croghan, the owner of Mammoth Cave in Kentucky from 1839 onwards, brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air; each died within a year. Hermann Brehmer opened the first TB sanatorium in 1859 in Görbersdorf (now Sokołowsko) in Silesia. In 1865 Jean Antoine Villemin demonstrated that tuberculosis could be transmitted, via inoculation, from humans to animals and among animals. (Villemin's findings were confirmed in 1867 and 1868 by John Burdon-Sanderson.)
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus.
Robert Koch identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, on 24 March 1882. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the cattle and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. During the first half of the 1900s the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced after the application of the pasteurization process. Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin". Although it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. World Tuberculosis Day is marked on 24 March each year, the anniversary of Koch's original scientific announcement.
Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. It was called bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG). The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but achieved widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II.
Tuberculosis caused widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as the disease became common among the urban poor. In 1815 one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France.[citation needed] After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable-disease list in Britain; campaigns started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention). Whatever the benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (c. 1916). When the Medical Research Council formed in Britain in 1913, it initially focused on tuberculosis research.
In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. In the 18th and 19th century, tuberculosis had become epidemic in Europe, showing a seasonal pattern. By the 1950s mortality in Europe had decreased about 90%. Improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and other public-health measures began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat. In 1946 the development of the antibiotic streptomycin made effective treatment and cure of TB a reality. Prior to the introduction of this medication, the only treatment was surgical intervention, including the "pneumothorax technique", which involved collapsing an infected lung to "rest" it and to allow tuberculous lesions to heal.
Because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), surgery has been re-introduced for certain cases of TB infections. It involves the removal of infected chest cavities ("bullae") in the lungs to reduce the number of bacteria and to increase exposure of the remaining bacteria to antibiotics in the bloodstream. Hopes of eliminating TB ended with the rise of drug-resistant strains in the 1980s. The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993.
## Society and culture
### Names
Tuberculosis has been known by many names from the technical to the familiar. Phthisis (Φθισις) is a Greek word for consumption, an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis; around 460 BCE, Hippocrates described phthisis as a disease of dry seasons. The abbreviation TB is short for tubercle bacillus. Consumption was the most common nineteenth century English word for the disease. The Latin root con meaning 'completely' is linked to sumere meaning 'to take up from under'. In The Life and Death of Mr Badman by John Bunyan, the author calls consumption "the captain of all these men of death." "Great white plague" has also been used.
### Art and literature
Painting The Sick Child by Edvard Munch, 1885–86, depicts the illness of his sister Sophie, who died of tuberculosis when Edvard was 14; his mother too died of the disease.
Tuberculosis was for centuries associated with poetic and artistic qualities among those infected, and was also known as "the romantic disease". Major artistic figures such as the poets John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Edgar Allan Poe, the composer Frédéric Chopin, the playwright Anton Chekhov, the novelists Franz Kafka, Katherine Mansfield, Charlotte Brontë, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Thomas Mann, W. Somerset Maugham, George Orwell, and Robert Louis Stevenson, and the artists Alice Neel, Jean-Antoine Watteau, Elizabeth Siddal, Marie Bashkirtseff, Edvard Munch, Aubrey Beardsley and Amedeo Modigliani either had the disease or were surrounded by people who did. A widespread belief was that tuberculosis assisted artistic talent. Physical mechanisms proposed for this effect included the slight fever and toxaemia that it caused, allegedly helping them to see life more clearly and to act decisively.
Tuberculosis formed an often-reused theme in literature, as in Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, set in a sanatorium; in music, as in Van Morrison's song "T.B. Sheets"; in opera, as in Puccini's La bohème and Verdi's La Traviata; in art, as in Monet's painting of his first wife Camille on her deathbed; and in film, such as the 1945 The Bells of St. Mary's starring Ingrid Bergman as a nun with tuberculosis.
### Public health efforts
In 2014 the WHO adopted the "End TB" strategy which aims to reduce TB incidence by 80% and TB deaths by 90% by 2030. The strategy contains a milestone to reduce TB incidence by 20% and TB deaths by 35% by 2020. However, by 2020 only a 9% reduction in incidence per population was achieved globally, with the European region achieving 19% and the African region achieving 16% reductions. Similarly, the number of deaths only fell by 14%, missing the 2020 milestone of a 35% reduction, with some regions making better progress (31% reduction in Europe and 19% in Africa). Correspondingly, also treatment, prevention and funding milestones were missed in 2020, for example only 6.3 million people were started on TB prevention short of the target of 30 million.
The World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the U.S. government are subsidizing a fast-acting diagnostic tuberculosis test for use in low- and middle-income countries as of 2012. In addition to being fast-acting, the test can determine if there is resistance to the antibiotic rifampicin which may indicate multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and is accurate in those who are also infected with HIV. Many resource-poor places as of 2011 have access to only sputum microscopy.
India had the highest total number of TB cases worldwide in 2010, in part due to poor disease management within the private and public health care sector. Programs such as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program are working to reduce TB levels among people receiving public health care.
A 2014 EIU-healthcare report finds there is a need to address apathy and urges for increased funding. The report cites among others Lucica Ditui "[TB] is like an orphan. It has been neglected even in countries with a high burden and often forgotten by donors and those investing in health interventions."
Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by the executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government as of 2014, although adherence is often variable. Commercial treatment providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. The government of Brazil provides universal TB care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates but may be tied to an increased level of education, income, and health of the population. Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed US$150 billion per year in "high burden" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up – as among the 250 million rural migrants in China. There is insufficient data to show that active contact tracing helps to improve case detection rates for tuberculosis. Interventions such as house-to-house visits, educational leaflets, mass media strategies, educational sessions may increase tuberculosis detection rates in short-term. There is no study that compares new methods of contact tracing such as social network analysis with existing contact tracing methods. ### Stigma Slow progress in preventing the disease may in part be due to stigma associated with TB. Stigma may be due to the fear of transmission from affected individuals. This stigma may additionally arise due to links between TB and poverty, and in Africa, AIDS. Such stigmatization may be both real and perceived; for example, in Ghana, individuals with TB are banned from attending public gatherings. Stigma towards TB may result in delays in seeking treatment, lower treatment compliance, and family members keeping cause of death secret – allowing the disease to spread further. In contrast, in Russia stigma was associated with increased treatment compliance. TB stigma also affects socially marginalized individuals to a greater degree and varies between regions. One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studies on the relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010, and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective. Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease, and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma, as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable. A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction. ## Research The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. MVA85A, an example of a subunit vaccine, is in trials in South Africa as of 2006, is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus. Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease. To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than$280 million (US) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.
A number of medications are being studied as of 2012 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, including bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are uncertain as of 2012, because they are based on the results of relatively small studies. However, existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug, which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians' support for its use.
Steroids add-on therapy has not shown any benefits for active pulmonary tuberculosis infection.
## Other animals
Mycobacteria infect many different animals, including birds, fish, rodents, and reptiles. The subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though, is rarely present in wild animals. An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis from the cattle and deer herds of New Zealand has been relatively successful. Efforts in Great Britain have been less successful.
As of 2015, tuberculosis appears to be widespread among captive elephants in the US. It is believed that the animals originally acquired the disease from humans, a process called reverse zoonosis. Because the disease can spread through the air to infect both humans and other animals, it is a public health concern affecting circuses and zoos.
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https://control.com/textbook/introduction-to-industrial-instrumentation/example-wastewater-disinfection/ | Wastewater Disinfection Example
Chapter 8 - Introduction to Industrial Instrumentation
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful microorganisms (e.g. viruses, bacteria) in it. This is called disinfection, and chlorine gas is a very effective disinfecting agent. However, just as it is not good to mix too little chlorine in the outgoing water (effluent) because we might not disinfect the water thoroughly enough, there is also danger of injecting too much chlorine in the effluent because then we might begin poisoning animals and beneficial microorganisms in the natural environment.
To ensure the right amount of chlorine injection, we must use a dissolved chlorine analyzer to measure the chlorine concentration in the effluent, and use a controller to automatically adjust the chlorine control valve to inject the right amount of chlorine at all times. The following P&ID (Process and Instrument Diagram) shows how such a control system might look:
Chlorine gas coming through the control valve mixes with the incoming water (influent), then has time to disinfect in the contact chamber before exiting out to the environment.
The transmitter is labeled “AT” (Analytical Transmitter) because its function is to analyze the concentration of chlorine dissolved in the water and transmit this information to the control system. The “Cl$$_{2}$$” (chemical notation for a chlorine molecule) written near the transmitter bubble declares this to be a chlorine analyzer. The dashed line coming out of the transmitter tells us the signal is electric in nature, not pneumatic as was the case in the previous (boiler control system) example. The most common and likely standard for electronic signaling in industry is 4 to 20 milliamps DC, which represents chlorine concentration in much the same way as the 3 to 15 PSI pneumatic signal standard represented steam drum water level in the boiler:
Transmitter signal current Chlorine concentration
4 mA 0\% (no chlorine)
8 mA 25\%
12 mA 50\%
16 mA 75\%
20 mA 100\% (Full concentration)
The controller is labeled “AIC” because it is an Analytical Indicating Controller. Controllers are always designated by the process variable they are charged with controlling, in this case the chlorine analysis of the effluent. “Indicating” means there is some form of display that a human operator or technician can read showing the chlorine concentration. “SP” refers to the setpoint value entered by the operator, which the controller tries to maintain by adjusting the position of the chlorine injection valve.
A dashed line going from the controller to the valve indicates another electronic signal: a 4 to 20 mA direct current signal again. Just as with the 3 to 15 PSI pneumatic signal standard in the pneumatic boiler control system, the amount of electric current in this signal path directly relates to a certain valve position:
Controller output signal current Control valve position
4 mA 0\% open (Fully shut)
8 mA 25\% open
12 mA 50\% open
16 mA 75\% open
20 mA 100\% (Fully open)
Note: it is possible, and in some cases even preferable, to have either a transmitter or a control valve that responds in reverse fashion to an instrument signal such as 3 to 15 PSI or 4 to 20 milliamps. For example, this valve could have been set up to be wide open at 4 mA and fully shut at 20 mA. The main point to recognize here is that both the process variable sensed by the transmitter and the position of the control valve are proportionately represented by analog signals.
Just as with the 3 to 15 PSI pneumatic signals used to represent water level and control valve position in the boiler seen previously, the two 4 to 20 milliamp current signals in this system represent two different variables in the system and therefore will not be equal to each other except by coincidence. A common misconception for people first learning about analog instrumentation signals is to assume the transmitter’s signal (“Process Variable”) must be identical in value to the control valve’s signal (“Manipulated Variable” or “Output”), but this is not true.
The letter “M” inside the control valve bubble tells us this is a motor-actuated valve. Instead of using compressed air pushing against a spring-loaded diaphragm as was the case in the boiler control system, this valve is actuated by an electric motor turning a gear-reduction mechanism. The gear reduction mechanism allows slow motion of the control valve stem even though the motor spins at a fast rate. A special electronic control circuit inside the valve actuator modulates electric power to the electric motor in order to ensure the valve position accurately matches the signal sent by the controller. In effect, this is another control system in itself, controlling valve position according to a “setpoint” signal sent by another device (in this case, the AIT controller which is telling the valve what position to go to).
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https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Akapustin.anton | # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Kapustin, Anton
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: kapustin.anton Published as: Kapustin, Anton; Kapustin, A. External Links: Wikidata · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 62 Publications since 1996, including 2 Books
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
8 single-authored 5 Cherkis, Sergey A. 5 Gaiotto, Davide 5 Saulina, Natalia 5 Willett, Brian 4 Orlov, Dmitri O. 4 Thorngren, Ryan 4 Yaakov, Itamar 3 Rozansky, Lev 2 Bashkirov, Denis 2 Berkooz, Micha 2 Gremm, Martin 2 Seiberg, Nathan 2 Sopenko, Nikita 2 Turzillo, Alex 1 Aspinwall, S. 1 Bezrukavnikov, Roman 1 Bhardwaj, Lakshya 1 Bridgeland, Tom 1 Chen, Yuan 1 Craw, Alastair 1 Douglas, Michael R. 1 Fidkowski, Lukasz M. 1 Gross, Mark 1 Gukov, Sergei 1 Hitchin, Nigel James 1 Katzarkov, Ludmil 1 Kim, Hyungchul 1 Komargodski, Zohar 1 Kreuzer, Maximilian 1 Kuznetsov, Aleksandr Gennad’evich 1 Moore, Gregory Winthrop 1 Nahm, Werner 1 Park, Jaemo 1 Radičević, Đorđe 1 Schlesinger, Karl-Georg 1 Segal, Graeme B. 1 Sethi, Savdeep 1 Skorik, Sergei 1 Strassler, Matthew J. 1 Szendrői, Balázs 1 Tomasiello, Alessandro 1 Wang, Zitao 1 Wilson, Pelham Mark Hedley 1 Witten, Edward 1 Yang, Bowen 1 Yotov, Mirroslav
all top 5
#### Serials
19 Journal of High Energy Physics 8 Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 7 Communications in Mathematical Physics 7 Nuclear Physics. B 3 Journal of Mathematical Physics 2 Communications in Number Theory and Physics 1 International Journal of Modern Physics A 1 Journal of Geometry and Physics 1 Annals of Physics 1 Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 1 Central European Journal of Mathematics 1 International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 1 Oberwolfach Reports 1 Lecture Notes in Physics 1 Clay Mathematics Monographs 1 Arnold Mathematical Journal
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#### Fields
57 Quantum theory (81-XX) 14 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 13 Differential geometry (53-XX) 12 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 12 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 7 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 3 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 2 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
58 Publications have been cited 1,939 times in 1,309 Documents Cited by Year
Exact results for Wilson loops in superconformal Chern-Simons theories with matter. Zbl 1271.81110
Kapustin, Anton; Willett, Brian; Yaakov, Itamar
2010
Electric-magnetic duality and the geometric Langlands program. Zbl 1128.22013
Kapustin, Anton; Witten, Edward
2007
Generalized global symmetries. Zbl 1388.83656
Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton; Seiberg, Nathan; Willett, Brian
2015
Nonperturbative tests of three-dimensional dualities. Zbl 1291.81324
Kapustin, Anton; Willett, Brian; Yaakov, Itamar
2010
On mirror symmetry in three-dimensional abelian gauge theories. Zbl 0953.81097
Kapustin, Anton; Strassler, Matthew J.
1999
Topological correlators in Landau-Ginzburg models with boundaries. Zbl 1058.81061
Kapustin, Anton; Li, Yi
2003
Theta, time reversal and temperature. Zbl 1380.83255
Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton; Komargodski, Zohar; Seiberg, Nathan
2017
Noncommutative instantons and twistor transform. Zbl 0989.81127
Kapustin, Anton; Kuznetsov, Alexander; Orlov, Dmitri
2001
Fermionic SPT phases in higher dimensions and bosonization. Zbl 1383.83180
Kapustin, Anton; Thorngren, Ryan
2017
Dirichlet branes and mirror symmetry. Zbl 1188.14026
Aspinwall, S.; Bridgeland, Tom; Craw, Alastair; Douglas, Michael R.; Gross, Mark; Kapustin, Anton; Moore, Gregory W.; Segal, Graeme; Szendrői, Balázs; Wilson, P. M. H.
2009
D-branes in a topologically nontrivial $$B$$-field. Zbl 0992.81059
Kapustin, Anton
2000
Supersymmetry enhancement by monopole operators. Zbl 1296.81053
Bashkirov, Denis; Kapustin, Anton
2011
Fermionic symmetry protected topological phases and cobordisms. Zbl 1388.81845
Kapustin, Anton; Thorngren, Ryan; Turzillo, Alex; Wang, Zitao
2015
Remarks on A-branes, mirror symmetry, and the Fukaya category. Zbl 1029.81058
Kapustin, Anton; Orlov, Dmitri
2003
Higher symmetry and gapped phases of gauge theories. Zbl 1385.81034
Kapustin, Anton; Thorngren, Ryan
2017
Topological strings on noncommutative manifolds. Zbl 1065.81108
Kapustin, Anton
2004
Vertex algebras, mirror symmetry, and D-branes: the case of complex tori. Zbl 1051.17017
Kapustin, Anton; Orlov, Dmitri
2003
Topological sigma-models with $$H$$-flux and twisted generalized complex manifolds. Zbl 1192.81310
Kapustin, Anton; Li, Yi
2007
Dualities for 3d theories with tensor matter. Zbl 1306.81117
Kapustin, Anton; Kim, Hyungchul; Park, Jaemo
2011
The Higgs branch of impurity theories. Zbl 0967.81050
Kapustin, Anton; Sethi, Savdeep
1998
On the relation between open and closed topological strings. Zbl 1102.81064
Kapustin, Anton; Rozansky, Lev
2004
State sum constructions of spin-TFTs and string net constructions of fermionic phases of matter. Zbl 1378.81128
Bhardwaj, Lakshya; Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton
2017
Topological boundary conditions in abelian Chern-Simons theory. Zbl 1207.81060
Kapustin, Anton; Saulina, Natalia
2011
Singular monopoles and gravitational instantons. Zbl 0960.83007
Cherkis, Sergey A.; Kapustin, Anton
1999
Exact results for supersymmetric abelian vortex loops in $$2 + 1$$ dimensions. Zbl 1396.81199
Kapustin, Anton; Willett, Brian; Yaakov, Itamar
2013
Spin TQFTs and fermionic phases of matter. Zbl 1351.81084
Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton
2016
Dualities between $$\mathcal{N} = 8$$ superconformal field theories in three dimensions. Zbl 1296.81114
Bashkirov, Denis; Kapustin, Anton
2011
Surface operators in $$3d$$ topological field theory and $$2d$$ rational conformal field theory. Zbl 1248.81206
Kapustin, Anton; Saulina, Natalia
2011
Topological field theory, higher categories, and their applications. Zbl 1233.57018
Kapustin, Anton
2011
Singular monopoles and supersymmetric gauge theories in three dimensions. Zbl 1031.81643
Cherkis, Sergey A.; Kapustin, Anton
1998
Homological mirror symmetry for manifolds of general type. Zbl 1200.53079
Kapustin, Anton; Katzarkov, Ludmil; Orlov, Dmitri; Yotov, Mirroslav
2009
Topological field theory on a lattice, discrete theta-angles and confinement. Zbl 1308.81156
Kapustin, Anton; Thorngren, Ryan
2014
$$D_n$$ quivers from branes. Zbl 0949.81038
Kapustin, Anton
1998
$$D_k$$ gravitational instantons and Nahm equations. Zbl 0945.58017
Cherkis, Sergey A.; Kapustin, Anton
1998
Three-dimensional topological field theory and symplectic algebraic geometry. I. Zbl 1194.81224
Kapustin, Anton; Rozansky, Lev; Saulina, Natalia
2009
Chern-Simons-Rozansky-Witten topological field theory. Zbl 1196.81211
Kapustin, Anton; Saulina, Natalia
2009
Nahm transform for periodic monopoles and $$\mathcal N=2$$ super Yang-Mills theory. Zbl 1003.53025
Cherkis, Sergey; Kapustin, Anton
2001
Three-dimensional topological field theory and symplectic algebraic geometry. II. Zbl 1220.81169
Kapustin, Anton; Rozansky, Lev
2010
The algebra of Wilson-’t Hooft operators. Zbl 1194.81160
Kapustin, Anton; Saulina, Natalia
2009
Open-string BRST cohomology for generalized complex branes. Zbl 1129.81083
Kapustin, Anton; Li, Yi
2005
Equivariant topological quantum field theory and symmetry protected topological phases. Zbl 1377.81187
Kapustin, Anton; Turzillo, Alex
2017
Solution of $$N=2$$ gauge theories via compactification to three dimensions. Zbl 1079.81571
Kapustin, Anton
1998
Periodic monopoles with singularities and $${\mathcal N}=2$$ super-QCD. Zbl 1040.53032
Cherkis, Sergey A.; Kapustin, Anton
2003
New $$N=2$$ superconformal field theories from M/F-theory orbifolds. Zbl 0944.81032
Gukov, Sergei; Kapustin, Anton
1999
The general $$(2, 2)$$ gauged sigma model with three-form flux. Zbl 1245.81097
Kapustin, Anton; Tomasiello, Alessandro
2007
Surface excitations and surface energy of the antiferromagnetic XXZ chain by the Bethe ansatz approach. Zbl 0943.82521
Kapustin, A.; Skorik, S.
1996
Exact bosonization in two spatial dimensions and a new class of lattice gauge theories. Zbl 1390.81392
Chen, Yu-An; Kapustin, Anton; Radičević, Đorđe
2018
New IR dualities in supersymmetric gauge theory in three dimensions. Zbl 0965.81105
Berkooz, Micha; Kapustin, Anton
1999
The geometry of A-branes. Zbl 1156.14319
Kapustin, Anton
2005
Local commuting projector Hamiltonians and the quantum Hall effect. Zbl 1431.81182
Kapustin, Anton; Fidkowski, Lukasz
2020
$$\mathcal N=1$$ theories, $$T$$-duality, and AdS/CFT correspondence. Zbl 1060.81580
Gremm, Martin; Kapustin, Anton
1999
Is quantum mechanics exact? Zbl 1282.81013
Kapustin, Anton
2013
Spin tqfts and fermionic phases of matter. Zbl 1365.81099
Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton
2017
Tests of Seiberg-like dualities in three dimensions. Zbl 1454.81192
Kapustin, Anton; Willett, Brian; Yaakov, Itamar
2020
Heterotic little string theories and holography. Zbl 0957.81044
Gremm, Martin; Kapustin, Anton
1999
Homological mirror symmetry. New developments and perspectives. Zbl 1151.81001
Kapustin, Anton (ed.); Kreuzer, Maximilian (ed.); Schlesinger, Karl-Georg (ed.)
2009
A comment on nonsupersymmetric fixed points and duality at large $$N$$. Zbl 0970.81055
Berkooz, Micha; Kapustin, Anton
1999
Hall conductance and the statistics of flux insertions in gapped interacting lattice systems. Zbl 1454.82024
Kapustin, Anton; Sopenko, Nikita
2020
Local commuting projector Hamiltonians and the quantum Hall effect. Zbl 1431.81182
Kapustin, Anton; Fidkowski, Lukasz
2020
Tests of Seiberg-like dualities in three dimensions. Zbl 1454.81192
Kapustin, Anton; Willett, Brian; Yaakov, Itamar
2020
Hall conductance and the statistics of flux insertions in gapped interacting lattice systems. Zbl 1454.82024
Kapustin, Anton; Sopenko, Nikita
2020
Exact bosonization in two spatial dimensions and a new class of lattice gauge theories. Zbl 1390.81392
Chen, Yu-An; Kapustin, Anton; Radičević, Đorđe
2018
Theta, time reversal and temperature. Zbl 1380.83255
Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton; Komargodski, Zohar; Seiberg, Nathan
2017
Fermionic SPT phases in higher dimensions and bosonization. Zbl 1383.83180
Kapustin, Anton; Thorngren, Ryan
2017
Higher symmetry and gapped phases of gauge theories. Zbl 1385.81034
Kapustin, Anton; Thorngren, Ryan
2017
State sum constructions of spin-TFTs and string net constructions of fermionic phases of matter. Zbl 1378.81128
Bhardwaj, Lakshya; Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton
2017
Equivariant topological quantum field theory and symmetry protected topological phases. Zbl 1377.81187
Kapustin, Anton; Turzillo, Alex
2017
Spin tqfts and fermionic phases of matter. Zbl 1365.81099
Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton
2017
Spin TQFTs and fermionic phases of matter. Zbl 1351.81084
Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton
2016
Generalized global symmetries. Zbl 1388.83656
Gaiotto, Davide; Kapustin, Anton; Seiberg, Nathan; Willett, Brian
2015
Fermionic symmetry protected topological phases and cobordisms. Zbl 1388.81845
Kapustin, Anton; Thorngren, Ryan; Turzillo, Alex; Wang, Zitao
2015
Topological field theory on a lattice, discrete theta-angles and confinement. Zbl 1308.81156
Kapustin, Anton; Thorngren, Ryan
2014
Exact results for supersymmetric abelian vortex loops in $$2 + 1$$ dimensions. Zbl 1396.81199
Kapustin, Anton; Willett, Brian; Yaakov, Itamar
2013
Is quantum mechanics exact? Zbl 1282.81013
Kapustin, Anton
2013
Supersymmetry enhancement by monopole operators. Zbl 1296.81053
Bashkirov, Denis; Kapustin, Anton
2011
Dualities for 3d theories with tensor matter. Zbl 1306.81117
Kapustin, Anton; Kim, Hyungchul; Park, Jaemo
2011
Topological boundary conditions in abelian Chern-Simons theory. Zbl 1207.81060
Kapustin, Anton; Saulina, Natalia
2011
Dualities between $$\mathcal{N} = 8$$ superconformal field theories in three dimensions. Zbl 1296.81114
Bashkirov, Denis; Kapustin, Anton
2011
Surface operators in $$3d$$ topological field theory and $$2d$$ rational conformal field theory. Zbl 1248.81206
Kapustin, Anton; Saulina, Natalia
2011
Topological field theory, higher categories, and their applications. Zbl 1233.57018
Kapustin, Anton
2011
Exact results for Wilson loops in superconformal Chern-Simons theories with matter. Zbl 1271.81110
Kapustin, Anton; Willett, Brian; Yaakov, Itamar
2010
Nonperturbative tests of three-dimensional dualities. Zbl 1291.81324
Kapustin, Anton; Willett, Brian; Yaakov, Itamar
2010
Three-dimensional topological field theory and symplectic algebraic geometry. II. Zbl 1220.81169
Kapustin, Anton; Rozansky, Lev
2010
Dirichlet branes and mirror symmetry. Zbl 1188.14026
Aspinwall, S.; Bridgeland, Tom; Craw, Alastair; Douglas, Michael R.; Gross, Mark; Kapustin, Anton; Moore, Gregory W.; Segal, Graeme; Szendrői, Balázs; Wilson, P. M. H.
2009
Homological mirror symmetry for manifolds of general type. Zbl 1200.53079
Kapustin, Anton; Katzarkov, Ludmil; Orlov, Dmitri; Yotov, Mirroslav
2009
Three-dimensional topological field theory and symplectic algebraic geometry. I. Zbl 1194.81224
Kapustin, Anton; Rozansky, Lev; Saulina, Natalia
2009
Chern-Simons-Rozansky-Witten topological field theory. Zbl 1196.81211
Kapustin, Anton; Saulina, Natalia
2009
The algebra of Wilson-’t Hooft operators. Zbl 1194.81160
Kapustin, Anton; Saulina, Natalia
2009
Homological mirror symmetry. New developments and perspectives. Zbl 1151.81001
Kapustin, Anton; Kreuzer, Maximilian; Schlesinger, Karl-Georg
2009
Electric-magnetic duality and the geometric Langlands program. Zbl 1128.22013
Kapustin, Anton; Witten, Edward
2007
Topological sigma-models with $$H$$-flux and twisted generalized complex manifolds. Zbl 1192.81310
Kapustin, Anton; Li, Yi
2007
The general $$(2, 2)$$ gauged sigma model with three-form flux. Zbl 1245.81097
Kapustin, Anton; Tomasiello, Alessandro
2007
Open-string BRST cohomology for generalized complex branes. Zbl 1129.81083
Kapustin, Anton; Li, Yi
2005
The geometry of A-branes. Zbl 1156.14319
Kapustin, Anton
2005
Topological strings on noncommutative manifolds. Zbl 1065.81108
Kapustin, Anton
2004
On the relation between open and closed topological strings. Zbl 1102.81064
Kapustin, Anton; Rozansky, Lev
2004
Topological correlators in Landau-Ginzburg models with boundaries. Zbl 1058.81061
Kapustin, Anton; Li, Yi
2003
Remarks on A-branes, mirror symmetry, and the Fukaya category. Zbl 1029.81058
Kapustin, Anton; Orlov, Dmitri
2003
Vertex algebras, mirror symmetry, and D-branes: the case of complex tori. Zbl 1051.17017
Kapustin, Anton; Orlov, Dmitri
2003
Periodic monopoles with singularities and $${\mathcal N}=2$$ super-QCD. Zbl 1040.53032
Cherkis, Sergey A.; Kapustin, Anton
2003
Noncommutative instantons and twistor transform. Zbl 0989.81127
Kapustin, Anton; Kuznetsov, Alexander; Orlov, Dmitri
2001
Nahm transform for periodic monopoles and $$\mathcal N=2$$ super Yang-Mills theory. Zbl 1003.53025
Cherkis, Sergey; Kapustin, Anton
2001
D-branes in a topologically nontrivial $$B$$-field. Zbl 0992.81059
Kapustin, Anton
2000
On mirror symmetry in three-dimensional abelian gauge theories. Zbl 0953.81097
Kapustin, Anton; Strassler, Matthew J.
1999
Singular monopoles and gravitational instantons. Zbl 0960.83007
Cherkis, Sergey A.; Kapustin, Anton
1999
New $$N=2$$ superconformal field theories from M/F-theory orbifolds. Zbl 0944.81032
Gukov, Sergei; Kapustin, Anton
1999
New IR dualities in supersymmetric gauge theory in three dimensions. Zbl 0965.81105
Berkooz, Micha; Kapustin, Anton
1999
$$\mathcal N=1$$ theories, $$T$$-duality, and AdS/CFT correspondence. Zbl 1060.81580
Gremm, Martin; Kapustin, Anton
1999
Heterotic little string theories and holography. Zbl 0957.81044
Gremm, Martin; Kapustin, Anton
1999
A comment on nonsupersymmetric fixed points and duality at large $$N$$. Zbl 0970.81055
Berkooz, Micha; Kapustin, Anton
1999
The Higgs branch of impurity theories. Zbl 0967.81050
Kapustin, Anton; Sethi, Savdeep
1998
Singular monopoles and supersymmetric gauge theories in three dimensions. Zbl 1031.81643
Cherkis, Sergey A.; Kapustin, Anton
1998
$$D_n$$ quivers from branes. Zbl 0949.81038
Kapustin, Anton
1998
$$D_k$$ gravitational instantons and Nahm equations. Zbl 0945.58017
Cherkis, Sergey A.; Kapustin, Anton
1998
Solution of $$N=2$$ gauge theories via compactification to three dimensions. Zbl 1079.81571
Kapustin, Anton
1998
Surface excitations and surface energy of the antiferromagnetic XXZ chain by the Bethe ansatz approach. Zbl 0943.82521
Kapustin, A.; Skorik, S.
1996
all top 5
#### Cited by 1,395 Authors
29 Gaiotto, Davide 20 Kapustin, Anton 20 Pufu, Silviu S. 18 Gukov, Sergei 16 Amariti, Antonio 16 Moriyama, Sanefumi 14 Chester, Shai M. 14 Tachikawa, Yuji 14 Zabzine, Maxim 13 Seiberg, Nathan 12 Dimofte, Tudor Dan 12 Griguolo, Luca 12 Hanany, Amihay 12 Honda, Masazumi 12 Komargodski, Zohar 12 Mariño, Marcos 12 Mekareeya, Noppadol 12 Nosaka, Tomoki 12 Schäfer-Nameki, Sakura 12 Willett, Brian 12 Yamazaki, Masahito 11 Bianchi, Marco S. 11 Carqueville, Nils 11 Moore, Gregory Winthrop 11 Penati, Silvia 11 Seminara, Domenico 11 Szabo, Richard J. 10 Aharony, Ofer 10 Assel, Benjamin 10 Benini, Francesco 10 Dumitrescu, Thomas T. 10 Tomasiello, Alessandro 9 Biswas, Indranil 9 Closset, Cyril 9 Martelli, Dario 9 Mauri, Andrea 9 Okuyama, Kazumi 9 Sparks, James 9 Tanizaki, Yuya 9 Terashima, Seiji 8 Brunner, Ilka 8 Córdova, Clay 8 Fuchs, Jürgen 8 Giacomelli, Simone 8 Gomis, Jaume 8 Katzarkov, Ludmil 8 Klare, Claudius 8 Liu, James T. 8 Pando Zayas, Leopoldo A. 8 Pestun, Vasily 8 Putrov, Pavel 8 Schaposnik, Laura P. 8 Suyama, Takao 8 Yonekura, Kazuya 8 Zaffaroni, Alberto 7 Bullimore, Mathew Richard 7 Creutzig, Thomas 7 Gang, Dongmin 7 García-Etxebarria, Iñaki 7 Hatsuda, Yasuyuki 7 Hayashi, Hirotaka 7 Kim, Nakwoo 7 Kong, Liang 7 Minasian, Ruben 7 Nadler, David 7 Nishioka, Tatsuma 7 Okazaki, Tadashi 7 Okuda, Takuya 7 Pei, Du 7 Runkel, Ingo 7 Schweigert, Christoph 7 Wang, Yifan 7 Yaakov, Itamar 6 Anber, Mohamed M. 6 Baraglia, David 6 Benvenuti, Sergio 6 Bhardwaj, Lakshya 6 Cherkis, Sergey A. 6 Festuccia, Guido 6 Hsin, Po-Shen 6 Hung, Ling-Yan 6 Lee, Sungjay 6 Park, Jaemo 6 Pasquetti, Sara 6 Saulina, Natalia 6 Ünsal, Mithat 6 Vafa, Cumrun 5 Bobev, Nokolai 5 Brennan, T. Daniel 5 Cecotti, Sergio 5 Crichigno, P. Marcos 5 Dedushenko, Mykola 5 Dey, Anindya 5 Drukker, Nadav 5 Genolini, Pietro Benetti 5 Grassi, Alba 5 Hausel, Tamás 5 Heckman, Jonathan J. 5 Hosomichi, Kazuo 5 Jockers, Hans ...and 1,295 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 112 Serials
672 Journal of High Energy Physics 108 Communications in Mathematical Physics 98 Nuclear Physics. B 35 Journal of Geometry and Physics 31 Journal of Mathematical Physics 25 Advances in Mathematics 24 Letters in Mathematical Physics 17 International Journal of Modern Physics A 14 Annales Henri Poincaré 10 Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 10 Duke Mathematical Journal 9 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 9 Compositio Mathematica 9 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 9 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 8 Journal of Algebra 8 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 8 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 7 Physics Letters. B 7 Geometry & Topology 6 Fortschritte der Physik 6 Inventiones Mathematicae 6 Differential Geometry and its Applications 6 Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 5 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 5 International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 4 Physics Reports 4 Geometriae Dedicata 4 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 4 Mathematische Zeitschrift 4 International Journal of Mathematics 4 Annals of Physics 4 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 4 Algebras and Representation Theory 3 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 3 Manuscripta Mathematica 3 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 3 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 3 Quantum Topology 2 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 2 Publications Mathématiques 2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 2 Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications 2 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 2 Physical Review D. Series III 2 Central European Journal of Mathematics 2 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 2 Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2 Journal of Noncommutative Geometry 2 Japanese Journal of Mathematics. 3rd Series 2 $$p$$-Adic Numbers, Ultrametric Analysis, and Applications 2 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 2 European Journal of Mathematics 2 Complex Manifolds 1 Modern Physics Letters A 1 Classical and Quantum Gravity 1 Computer Physics Communications 1 General Relativity and Gravitation 1 Israel Journal of Mathematics 1 Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (DMV) 1 Journal of Statistical Physics 1 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1 Reports on Mathematical Physics 1 Reviews of Modern Physics 1 Journal of Differential Equations 1 Journal of Differential Geometry 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 Siberian Mathematical Journal 1 Transactions of the Moscow Mathematical Society 1 Topology and its Applications 1 Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Matemática 1 Forum Mathematicum 1 Science in China. Series A 1 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 1 Nuclear Physics, B, Proceedings Supplements 1 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 1 Theory and Applications of Categories 1 Sbornik: Mathematics 1 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 1 Documenta Mathematica 1 Mathematical Physics, Analysis and Geometry 1 Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics 1 New Journal of Physics 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 1 Physical Review Letters 1 Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques 1 African Diaspora Journal of Mathematics 1 Oberwolfach Reports 1 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 1 Annali dell’Università di Ferrara. Sezione VII. Scienze Matematiche 1 Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications 1 Journal of Homotopy and Related Structures 1 Journal of Topology 1 Advances in High Energy Physics ...and 12 more Serials
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#### Cited in 43 Fields
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The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2021-10-24T22:09:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3574821949005127, "perplexity": 10517.431537008457}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00210.warc.gz"} |
https://etl.beis.gov.uk/products/professional-foodservice-equipment/convection-ovens | # Convection Ovens
## 1.1 Scope
Convection ovens are used in the preparation of food within the professional foodservice industry. Convection ovens can be fuelled by electricity or gas, and are typically used for roasting, baking and browning food. The effectiveness of the air flow within the oven cavity governs the quality and time of cooking. Convection ovens use forced air convection to transfer heat. Compared with natural convection, forced air convection ovens cook faster and create an even distribution of heat within the cooking chamber.
## 1.2 Definitions
Whether using an electrically fuelled heating element, or a gas-fired burner, the heat is transferred to the food by forced air convection. Forced air convection ovens deliver the air flow using electrically driven fans, which enable the circulation of the hot air within the cooking chamber.
Convection ovens contain either removable racks or wall mounted shelf hangers. The term ‘rack’ is used to cover both arrangements to simplify text within this document. Racks are typically designed to correspond with dimensions from the Gastronorm (GN) – fraction-sizing – specification. A 1/1 GN sized container is 530mm (W) by 325mm (L). Two 1/2 GN containers (265 x 325mm) fit in the footprint of a 1/1 GN, etc. The racks will vary in dimensions, and so are only suitable for certain sizes of containers (e.g., 1/1 GN or 2/3 GN). Gastronorm trays and pans come in standard depths (or height) of 20, 40, 65, 100, 150 and 200mm. The number of racks will vary depending on the size of the appliance.
Convection ovens are typically categorised into half (1/2 GN), full (1/1 GN), one-third (1/3 GN), one-quarter (1/4 GN) and two-thirds (2/3 GN) size models. They are classified by size and container capacity. The full, half, third, quarter, and two-thirds-size ovens are determined by the number of containers the oven can accommodate per rack position. The container capacity is based on the total number of containers each respective size of oven can accommodate. As an example, a half-size convection oven can accommodate one half of a 1/1 GN container (a single 1/2 GN container) per rack position, whereas a full-size convection oven can accommodate one 1/1 GN container per rack position. The one-third-size convection ovens can accommodate one 1/3 GN container per rack position. The quarter and two-thirds size models can respectively accommodate one 1/4 GN and 2/3 GN size containers per rack position.
Note – the U.S. baking tray size norm ‘sheet’ for full or half sheet, are also used within commercial catering. These trays are 25mm deep (outer dimension) with outer width and length dimensions for full sheet being 660mm (W) x 457mm (L) and for half sheet 330mm (W) x 457mm (L).
There exist tabletop and floor standing convection ovens. A tabletop unit is defined as a unit either placed on a table, any countertop location or stacked on another unit. Floor standing or freestanding convection ovens are available with short legs or castors. Floor standing units are displayed solely on the floor as a single independent unit.
Convection ovens are available in a range of different designs and efficiencies. The Energy Technology List (ETL) Scheme aims to encourage the purchase of higher efficiency products.
The ETL Scheme covers five product categories according to size:
• Convection ovens one-third-size 1/3 GN models.
• Convection ovens half-size 1/2 GN models.
• Convection ovens two-thirds-size 2/3 GN models.
• Convection ovens full-size 1/1 GN models.
The ETL Scheme covers two product-categories according to type:
• Convection ovens – Tabletop units.
• Convection ovens – Floor standing units.
Products listed on the ETL will be presented according to the above size and type categorisation.
To be eligible for inclusion on the ETL, products shall meet the requirements as set out below.
## 1.3 Requirements
### 1.3.1 Eligibility requirements
To be eligible, products shall:
• Be either electric (single/three phase) or gas fuelled.
• Be an electrically driven, fan-assisted oven.
• Have an appropriate Conformity Assessment mark.
### 1.3.2 Performance requirements
Eligible products shall meet the performance criteria set out in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Performance requirements for convection ovens
Fuel Maximum Energy Idle Rate (kW) Electricity 1.35 kW Gas 3.12 kW
Suppliers shall report the following performance parameters for each model, which will be published on the ETL Product Search:
• Heating-up time (min:sec) and required energy consumption (kWh).
• Energy consumption (kWh) in idle mode.
• Energy consumption (kWh) in convection mode under load without humidity.
• Convection mode cooking efficiency (η).
## 1.4 Measurement and Calculations
### 1.4.1 Measurement standards
For electric products only, the product performance shall be determined by combining the two test processes outlined below. Gas products shall be tested according to DIN 18873-4, since the ETL test process is focused entirely on electric products.
• DIN 18873-4: 2013 Methods for measuring of the energy use from equipment for commercial kitchens - Part 4: Convection ovens.
• ETL test process for the measurement of energy performance of Convection ovens. The test process is outlined in the Annex section of this document.
### 1.4.2 Testing processes
The products will be tested in different modes and conditions:
• Models shall undergo energy performance testing in the default mode set as the models are shipped while adhering to the standard test methodology.
• Models shall be tested empty and under loaded conditions while in convection mode.
• For the testing under load in convection mode, a specified amount of weight of saturated Hipor-Stones per grid are placed in the cavity of the model.
• Each test process shall be conducted for a minimum of 3 times with the intent to limit any test repeatability deviations in the recorded product test metrics. The average of all three runs is the value that shall be reported.
### 1.4.3 Metric measurements
• The heating-up time (min:sec) for the product to reach a specific temperature level while operating in convection mode shall be recorded.
• The energy consumption (kWh) of the product shall be recorded in the varying load conditions while in convection and idle modes.
### 1.4.4 Rounding
There shall be no benefit from rounding of the energy consumption data, for example the maximum idle energy of 1.351 kW for an electric product will be considered being above the threshold limit.
## 1.5 Verification for ETL Listing
Any of the following testing routes may be used to demonstrate the conformity of products against the requirements:
• In-house testing – Self-tested and verified or cross-checked by an independent body.
• Witnessed testing.
• Independent testing.
• Representative testing (see clause 1.5.1 below).
Further information regarding the first three routes can be found in Guidance Note 5 on the ETL product testing framework[1].
### 1.5.1 Representative testing
Where applications are being made for two or more models that are variants of the same basic design, test data may be submitted for a single ‘representative model’ provided that all variants:
• Use the same fuel.
• Belong to the same size product category (i.e., full, half, or two-thirds size models).
• Can accommodate the same total number of containers (e.g., 4) of equivalent dimensions.
• Have the same rack dimensions (e.g., 1/1 GN).
• Have the same or less energy consumption values (kWh) while operating in idle mode.
It should be noted that:
• Models that are variants of the same basic design are defined as all professional oven equipment which belong to the same product family and are manufactured by a single manufacturer, with the same primary power or energy source. All physical and functional characteristics shall be identical. Aesthetic changes are acceptable as long as the energy consumption and performance are not impeded.
• If a manufacturer voluntarily removes the representative model from the ETL then other products linked with that representative model may or may not be permitted to remain on the ETL.
• If any product submitted under these representative model rules is later found not to meet the performance criteria when independently tested, then all products based on the same representative model will be removed from the ETL.
## 1.6 Conformity testing
Products listed on the ETL may be subject to the scheme’s conformity testing programme in order to ensure listed models continue to meet the ETL requirements.
## 1.7 Review
### 1.7.1 Indicative review date
This specification is scheduled to be reviewed during the 2023/24 review cycle.
### 1.7.2 Illustrative future direction of the requirements
The next technical review will consider amending the current performance thresholds from an absolute to an efficiency parameter for electric and gas fuelled convection ovens in light of the performance data collected during the intervening period.
The next technical review will also consider if an EN test and measurement standard has been published by the CENELEC/TC 59X WG18, or any other committee working on a relevant standard (e.g. CEN/TC 106) in covering the energy performance measurement for this technology.
Consideration will also be given to the addition of the following performance requirements, namely that products shall:
• Have the option to connect to an energy optimisation or management system.
• Have LED lighting.
• Have as a minimum a double-glazed door.
• Shall have Wi-Fi capacity or other connected functionality.
## 1.8 Annex
The ETL testing procedure for the products shall consider the DIN 18873-4 in combination with the following convection mode test process.
• The voltage of the products shall be confirmed during the test.
• For the heat-up measurement, an external thermocouple is installed on a chrome-nickel steel grid and fixed at the geometric centre of the nearest possible insertion position in the useful volume (from top to bottom, side to side and front to back of the built-in insert) of the convection oven.
• The temperature control of the empty appliance is set to maintain an average temperature, measured at the external thermocouple in the geometric centre of the useful volume, of (160 °C ± 2.5 K).
### 1.8.1 Number and position of the bricks
The weight of each GN container must be measured and documented.
• 1/3 appliances are to be loaded with 1/3 GN containers per usable rack.
• 1/2 appliances are to be loaded with 1/2 GN containers per usable rack.
• 2/3 appliances are to be loaded with 2/3 GN containers per usable rack.
• 1/1 appliances are to be loaded with 1/1 GN containers per usable rack.
The number of usable racks is determined according to E DIN 18866:2021-04, 5.6.1. The lowest level in the appliance is the first level to be loaded with a GN container. There must be a minimum distance of 30 mm between one brick and the next GN container to ensure good air flow between them. To fulfil this requirement, it may be necessary to use only every other level. An example of this loading scheme is shown in Figure 1.
Legend
a. Oven opening
b. Thermocouple
c. Free rack
d. Empty rack
e. Distance between top edge of brick and bottom edge of insert > 30mm
f. Uppermost rack
g. Lowermost rack
Starting from the lowest level, the GN containers on each level are loaded at a distance of at least 130 mm from the previously loaded container, if applicable depending on oven size.
Use the following formula to determine the number of GN containers to be loaded:
$$n_{GN}=\frac{n_S}{2}$$
The following applies:
$$n_{GN}$$ Number of GN containers to be loaded $$n_{S}$$ Number of insertion levels
The result must be rounded up to a whole number.
### 1.8.2 GN container spacing and arrangement
Each GN container used must be loaded as follows:
• A geometrically centred brick with thermocouple for appliances with:
- GN container 1/3 (fig. 2)
• Two bricks with thermocouples for appliances with:
- GN container 1/2 (fig. 3)
• Three bricks with thermocouples for appliances with:
- GN container 2/3 (fig. 4)
• Three bricks with thermocouples for appliances with:
- GN container 1/1 (fig. 5)
The bricks in the GN container must always be arranged with the maximum distance from the GN container walls or the neighbouring bricks.
Legend
a. Thermocouple
Figure 2 - Arrangement of 1 brick on GN container 1/3
Legend
a. Thermocouple
Figure 3 - Arrangement of 1 brick on GN container 1/2
Legend
a. First thermocouple
b. Second thermocouple
Figure 4 - Arrangement of 2 bricks on GN container 2/3
Legend
a. Thermocouple
Figure 5 - Arrangement of 3 bricks on GN container 1/1
### 1.8.3 Convection mode - Energy and water evaporation with load
The bricks must be completely soaked in water at a temperature of (23 ± 2) °C for at least 12 hours before testing.
After removing the bricks from the water, excess water must drip off for 1 minute. Load the containers. The preparation time per loading must not exceed 120 s. The water absorption must be (1050 ± 50) g per brick. Then the remaining bricks are positioned, and the wet bricks are weighed. The water absorption per loading is the difference between the weight of the wet bricks and the weight of the dry bricks. The water absorption per loading must be in accordance with Table 1.2.
GN container size Number of bricks per GN container Water absorption per GN container Maximum permissible deviation GN container 1/3 1 1050 ± 50 GN container 1/2 1 1050 ± 50 GN container 2/3 2 2100 ± 100 GN container 1/1 3 3150 ± 150
As soon as the last GN container is prepared, the preheated appliance is loaded. During loading, the heating elements must be switched off.
The total loading time must not exceed 15 s per GN container. For units with mobile tray rack trolleys, an empty trolley must remain in the interior during the temperature stabilisation period and be replaced by a loaded trolley. The total loading time must be 60 s. The door must remain fully open before the end of the loading time, even if the GN containers or the tray rack trolley are already loaded.
After the door is closed, the following values must be determined:
• Time in s.
• Power consumption in kWh.
• Water consumption in l.
• Temperature of the bricks with thermocouple in °C.
When all the bricks have reached a core temperature of + 60 K, stop the convection operation and open the door immediately. The GN containers must be weighed immediately after opening the door. Only the GN containers of the upper, middle and lower racks are to be weighed. The GN containers must be weighed within 60 seconds in order to minimise the steaming of the bricks. Subsequently, the weight loss is extrapolated to the complete number of loadings.
Hot bricks must cool down to ambient temperature before they are watered again.
NOTE 1: Hot bricks watered directly in water absorb significantly more water due to capillarity and a change in water viscosity at different temperatures.
NOTE 2: If the bricks are not used for a longer period of time, they should be stored in a dry place. The water for the bricks should be stored hygienically.
### 1.8.4 Convection mode – Energy calculations
With the following formula the total energy consumption can be calculated:
$$Q_{ }= Q_{total} ± ΔQ_{grid}$$
Where:
$$Q_{ }$$ Total energy consumption plus / minus the energy divergence of the grid $$Q_{total}$$ Measured total energy consumption $$ΔQ_{grid}$$ Energy difference admission of grid to standard mass
The cooking efficiency for the convection mode can be calculated according to the following formula
$$\eta _{conv}=\ \frac{\left(Q_{sensible}+\ Q_{latent}\right)}{Q_{oven}}$$
where
$$\eta _{conv}$$ Cooking efficiency in convection mode, defined as the energy given to the specified food expressed as percentage of the energy consumed by the oven during the cooking process $$Q_{sensible}$$ Quantity of heat added to the bricks and GN-container which causes their temperature increase $$Q_{latent}$$ Latent heat of vaporization added to the bricks which causes a part of the water contained in the bricks to evaporate to steam plus quantity of heat added to the steam $$Q_{oven}$$ Total heat consumed by the oven during the cooking process
Calculate the according to the following formula
$$Q_{sensible}= m_{Brick}× ΔT_{Brick}×c_{Brick}+ m_{Container} × ΔT_{Container} × c_{Container}+ m_{H2O} × ΔT_{H2O} × c_{H2O}$$
where
$$m_{Brick}$$ Mass of dry brick $$m_{Container}$$ Mass of the GN-containers $$m_{H2O}$$ Mass of the water absorbed by the bricks $$ΔT_{Brick}$$ Temperature increase of the M-bricks $$ΔT_{Container}$$ Temperature increase of the GN-containers $$ΔT_{Bricks}$$ Temperature increase of the bricks $$c_{Brick}$$ Specific heat capacity of the brick $$c_{Container}$$ Specific heat capacity of stainless steal $$c_{H2O}$$ Specific heat capacity of water
Calculate the according to the following formula
$$Q_{latent}= m_{H2O\_EV} × ΔT_{H2O\_EV}× c_{H2O} + m_{H2O\_EV} × r_{H2O}×c_{H2O\_EV}+ ΔT_{Steam} × c_{Steam}$$
where
$$m_{H2O\_EV}$$ Mass of the water evaporated during the cooking process $$ΔT_{H2O\_EV}$$ Temperature increase of the water before evaporation $$ΔT_{Steam}$$ Temperature increase of the steam after evaporation $$c_{Steam}$$ Specific heat capacity of Steam $$r_{H2O}$$ Latent heat of vaporization of water
Calculate the according to the formula
$$ΔT_{Bricks}= T_{FINAL\_AV}− T_{INITIAL}$$
where
$$T_{FINAL\_AV}$$ Average final temperature of the M-brick $$T_{INITIAL}$$ Average core temperature of the M-brick measured before the test
Calculate the according to the following formula
$$T_{FINAL\_AV}=\ \frac{T_{FINAL\_SURFACE}+\ T_{FINAL\_CORE}}{2}$$
where
$$T_{FINAL\_SURFACE}$$ Boiling point $$T_{FINAL\_CORE}$$ Average core temperature of the M-brick measured at the end of the test
NOTE: As long as there is vaporization the temperature will not rise higher than 100°C on the surface.
Calculate the according to the following formula
$$ΔT_{container}= T_{Container}− T_{INITIAL}$$
where
$$T_{Container}$$ Temperature of the GN-container (160°C)
Calculate the according to the following formula
$$m_{H2O\_EV}=m_{Start}-\ m_{End}$$
where
$$m_{start}$$ Mass of the wet bricks before the test $$m_{End}$$ Mass of the brick at the end of the test measured at the end of the test
Calculate the according to the following formula
$$ΔT_{H2O\_EV}= T_{Boil}− T_{FINAL\_AV}$$
where
$$T_{Boil}$$ Boiling temperature of Water
Calculate the according to the following formula
$$ΔT_{Steam}= T_{Final\_steam}− T_{Boiling}$$
where
$$T_{Final\_steam}$$ Final temperature of the steam (160°C) | 2023-02-01T15:51:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36825793981552124, "perplexity": 3171.561099314673}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00151.warc.gz"} |
https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/research/national-health-survey-persons-accessing-pharmaceutical-benefits-scheme-subsidised-prescriptions-2014-15 | # National Health Survey: Persons accessing Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme subsidised prescriptions, 2014-15
Exploratory analysis comparing medications self-reported in the National Health Survey, 2014-15 and accessed through Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
Released
9/10/2020
## Purpose, background, driver for change and scope
### Purpose
This research paper showcases the integration of the 2014-15 National Health Survey (NHS) with the Multi-Agency Data Integration Project (MADIP) asset. The MADIP asset includes data from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) which funds access to the supply of medications via subsidised prescriptions through the PBS and the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) by the Australian Government. The analysis presented assesses the feasibility of using data from the PBS represented in the MADIP asset to replace the medications questionnaire module in future NHS cycles, and explores the use of PBS subsidised prescriptions by participants in the linked 2014-15 NHS dataset.
### Background
The NHS is an Australia-wide health survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) which collects information about the health of people, including:
• prevalence of long-term health conditions
• health risk factors such as smoking, overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption and physical activity
• demographic and socioeconomic characteristics
• health related actions such as medication use.
MADIP is a partnership among Australian Government agencies to develop a secure and enduring approach for combining information on healthcare, education, government payments, personal income tax, and population demographics (including the Census) to create a comprehensive picture of Australia over time.
The 2014-15 NHS is the first ABS household survey to be linked to the MADIP asset and provides the opportunity to explore, investigate and better understand relationships between health status as measured in the NHS and use of government services. For more information regarding the integration of the 2014-15 NHS with the MADIP asset, see: 4321.0 - Research Paper: Integration of the National Health Survey with the Multi-Agency Data Integration Project (MADIP), 2014-15.
### Driver for change
The ABS is making more use of administrative data to help inform policy decisions and research questions. Using administrative data has many advantages compared with collecting data through surveys including: reducing respondent burden; minimising respondent recall bias; and reducing costs. The ABS uses supermarket scanner data to improve the processing of the Consumer Price Index, tax data to support business collections, and more recently has explored opportunities to replace some household survey questions with existing administrative data from the MADIP.
One such example is covered in this research paper, where the ABS proposes to replace the direct collection of medications information with the PBS subsidised prescriptions data in the MADIP asset.
### Scope
The 2014-15 NHS was conducted in all states and territories and across urban, rural and remote areas of Australia from July 2014 to June 2015. The survey included 19,257 people in 14,723 private dwellings.
Results in this research paper are based on the 18,287 2014-15 NHS records that were linked to the MADIP asset (a linkage rate of 95%). The linked records have been re-weighted to represent the population estimates of the NHS representing approximately 23 million people in Australia in 2014-15. For more information on weighting, see the Explanatory Notes.
As the scope of the 2014-15 NHS excluded very remote areas and discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, there is no coverage of these populations in the linked dataset.
For the linked records, the analysis presented in this paper is based on PBS subsidised prescriptions for the 12 months prior to the NHS interview. PBS subsidised prescriptions are included based on the date of supply that a subsidised prescription medicine was filled at a Pharmacy. As a result, PBS records used have supply dates ranging from approximately July 2013 to June 2015. The 12 month data period allows for the analysis of patterns of medication use.
## Interpretation of results
There are a number of factors that should be considered when interpreting information presented in this research paper.
### 2014-15 National Health Survey (NHS)
Self-reported medication use was collected in the medications questionnaire module of the 2014-15 NHS and it is important to note the following:
• All medication use is captured in a face-to-face interview and represent medications used in the two weeks prior to interview.
• Medication use was self-reported by respondents, which may have implications for the extent to which certain types of medication were reported.
• Whilst respondents were encouraged to collect their medications to assist in recall, this did not always occur, which may have led to some medications not being reported, or being reported incorrectly.
• Some respondents may have provided responses that they felt were expected, rather than those that accurately reflected their own situation. Every effort has been made to minimise such bias through the development and use of appropriate survey methodology.
• Interviewers recorded the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) identification number of each medication taken by the respondent. These were either:
• AUST R medicines - which include all prescription medications and many over-the-counter products such as those used for pain relief, coughs and colds and antiseptic creams; or
• AUST L medicines - which are generally lower risk self-medication products which include vitamins, minerals, and herbal and homoeopathic products.
• A small number of medications presented by respondents were not able to be coded to the World Health Organisation Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system[1], and were not included in output data. For example, for medications containing multiple active ingredients, or medications containing ingredients used for more than one therapeutic application. This is expected to have negligible effect on the accuracy of results.
• Information on what the medication was being taken for or prescribed for is not captured.
• For further information on the 2014-15 NHS, refer to the Explanatory Notes and User Guide.
### Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
For PBS subsidised prescriptions represented in the MADIP asset, it is important to note the following:
• The Scheme is available to all Australian residents who hold a current Medicare card. For certain countries, the Australian Government’s Reciprocal Health Care Agreement (RHCA) allows international visitors to access PBS subsidised prescriptions.
• The subsidy of some prescriptions is restricted to particular population or clinical subgroups which may impact on the representation of the data available.
• There are programs operating under Section 100 of the National Health Act 1953 particularly in remote and very remote areas, such as the Aboriginal Medical Services, which receive access to free and subsidised medicines, at times on a bulk supply basis, that are not captured through the PBS data when distributed to patients[2].
• PBS subsidised prescriptions can be identified based on timeframes using the prescription supply date.
• PBS subsidised prescriptions do not include over-the-counter, private prescriptions, dietary supplements or medications supplied to public hospital in-patients.
• Some prescription medications are not captured through PBS data, these are referred to as non-PBS prescriptions. Examples include prescription medicines that are not listed on the PBS and medications that are being used outside of its PBS manner of administration (such as PBS eye ointment for topical non-ophthalmic use)[3].
• PBS subsidised prescriptions tell us when a prescription is filled but not whether the patients took the medication.
• The ABS update the MADIP asset on an annual basis with data on the PBS received from Services Australia. The MADIP asset (at the time of this research) contained PBS subsidised prescriptions from 2011 to 2016.
Self-reported medication use in the 2014-15 NHS and PBS subsidised prescriptions have the following in common:
• A person’s use of medication(s) does not imply a diagnosis of a condition.
• It is not known whether people actually used the medications they self-reported in the 2014-15 NHS or the medications for which subsidised prescriptions were filled in the PBS.
### Types of medications in Australia
There are three types of medications available in Australia[4]. These are:
• Complementary: non-prescription medicines available predominantly over the counter from health food shops, supermarkets and pharmacies.
• Over-the-counter: non-prescription medicines available over the counter or accessible from a pharmacist after a consultation. These medicines are available in pharmacies with selected products also available in supermarkets, health food stores and other retailers. Such medicines are typically used for mild health problems.
• Prescription: medicines that can only be accessed via written instruction of an authorised health professional, for example a General Practitioner. These medicines are only available for purchase from a pharmacy.
All medicines in Australia must be either registered or listed with the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). All prescription medicines in Australia are registered as they carry higher risks when consumed, thus requiring a valid prescription from a health professional to gain access. The Australian Government subsidises the access to prescription medication through the PBS and RPBS, and it is such medicines that are represented in the MADIP asset.
Over-the-counter and Complementary medications are either register or listed, but can be accessed off the shelf (some requiring a discussion with a Pharmacist) as they carry lower risk upon consumption. When purchased off the shelf without a prescription these medicines are not subsidised through the PBS or RPBS and are not represented in the MADIP asset.
### Endnotes
1. World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ last accessed 12/03/2020.
2. The Department of Health. Aboriginal Health Services and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pbs-indigenous last accessed 19/05/2020.
3. Services Australia. Education guide - Writing PBS and RPBS prescriptions https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/organisations/health-professionals/services/medicare/highly-specialised-drugs/resources/education-guide-writing-pbs-and-rpbs-prescriptions#a6 last accessed 19/05/2020.
4. Therapeutic Goods Administration, The Department of Health. How we regulate medicine https://www.tga.gov.au/how-we-regulate-medicines last accessed 15/05/2020.
## Assessing the feasibility of using data from the PBS
This section compares the self-reported medication use data from the 2014-15 NHS to the PBS subsidised prescriptions data represented in the MADIP asset to determine the suitability of replacing the medications questions module in future NHS cycles with the rich PBS administration data source.
To compare the two data sources, comparability of reference periods was explored. The self-reported medications use data from the 2014-15 NHS represents medications used in the two weeks prior to the NHS interview. Using the supply date which represents when a PBS subsidised prescription was filled at a pharmacy, PBS subsidised prescriptions were categorised into two time periods representing:
• PBS subsidised prescriptions filled in the month of or month prior to interview (referred to as month prior to 2014-15 NHS interview)
• PBS subsidised prescriptions filled up to 12 months prior to interview (referred to as 12 months prior to 2014-15 NHS interview).
These categories were chosen because the PBS supply date available in MADIP is represented only by month and year, meaning data comparisons could not be made specifically for the two weeks prior to the 2014-15 NHS interview. The 12 month prior period was of interest to consider for medicine use for long-term health conditions.
Of the linked 2014-15 NHS population, there was generally more people self-reporting medication use compared with people who had at least one script filled for a PBS subsidised prescription in the month prior to the NHS interview (46.7% compared with 41.6%). Greater similarity can be observed between the 2014-15 NHS and PBS subsidised prescriptions typically for ATC Classification System groups where medications are only available via prescription for example, Cardiovascular system (18.0% compared with 17.8% respectively). However, this pattern is not evident across all of the ATC Classification Systems groups and is particularly inconsistent where over-the-counter medications are typically used, for example, Blood and blood forming organs (7.5% compared with 3.9% respectively) see Table 1 below.
Table 1: Persons medication use self-reported in the 2014-15 NHS and PBS subsidised prescription(s) use
People who self-reported medication use(a) in the 2 weeks prior to 2014-15 NHS interviewPeople who had at least one script filled for a PBS(b) subsidised medicine in the month prior 2014-15 NHS interviewPBS-NHS difference for medication use in the month prior to 2014-15 NHS interviewPeople who had at least one script filled for a PBS(b) subsidised medicine in the 12 months prior to 2014-15 NHS interviewPBS-NHS difference for medication use in the 12 months prior to 2014-15 NHS interview
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System(c)
Proportion(%)
Alimentary tract and metabolism11.411.90.519.98.5
Blood and blood forming organs7.53.9-3.67.3-0.2
Cardiovascular system18.017.8-0.221.03.0
Dermatologicals1.12.51.410.79.6
Genito-urinary system and sex hormones4.94.1-0.89.64.7
Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins4.13.1-1.010.76.6
Antiinfectives for systemic use2.912.69.745.542.6
Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents1.31.2-0.11.80.5
Musculo-skeletal system8.45.0-3.413.04.6
Nervous system21.214.9-6.326.25.0
Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents0.10.0-0.10.20.1
Respiratory system8.04.4-3.610.72.7
Sensory organs1.23.42.210.49.2
Various0.10.20.10.60.5
Total(d)46.741.6-5.170.523.8
a. The National Health Survey (NHS) collects information on medications taken by respondents in the 2 weeks prior to the survey interview. The medications were coded, based on their active ingredient(s) and their therapeutic application, to the World Health Organisation Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system.
b. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is part of the Australian Government’s National Medicines Policy which aims to meet medication and related service needs so that optimal health outcomes and economic objectives are achieved.
c. The ATC classification system has fourteen main anatomical or pharmacological groups (first level). These first level anatomical main groups are presented in this publication.
d. Sum of component items do not equal totals as multiple responses are possible.
As expected, when the 2014-15 NHS two week self-reported medication use was compared to the PBS subsidised prescriptions filled up to 12 months prior to the 2014-15 NHS interview, a greater difference between the two data sources was observed for most ATC groups. However, where over-the-counter medications are readily used (for example, for Blood and blood forming organs, Respiratory system and Nervous System groups where aspirin, Ventolin, pain relief and cold medications are respectively used) the same pattern does not hold.
For information on over-the-counter and prescription medications in Australia, please refer to the Interpretation of results section.
### Agreement between 2014-15 NHS and the PBS subsidised prescriptions
To assess the impact of replacing the NHS medications questionnaire module with PBS subsidised prescriptions available via the MADIP asset, a proportion agreement between the two data sources was calculated as follows. The proportion agreement uses the frequency of agreements and disagreements observed for the linked records which have the presence (or non-presence) of a self-reported or PBS accessed medication in the month prior to interview, in a particular ATC group (i.e. a binary categorical variable).
$$\large\ Proportion\space Agreement = {\frac{Weighted\space number\space of\space records\space agreed\space between\space NHS\space and\space PBS}{Weighted\space number\space of\space records}}$$
Although test statistics such as Cohen’s ĸ could be used to statistically test the level of agreement between the two datasets, such statistics have several limitations, including difficulty of interpretation[5] therefore the decision was made to report proportion agreement, which is directly interpretable.
The proportion agreement was calculated for each ATC Classification System group (see Table 2). High levels of agreement were achieved for most ATC Classification System groups when comparing self-reported medication use from the 2014-15 NHS to the PBS subsidised prescriptions represented in the MADIP asset.
Like the raw proportion comparisons in Table 1, levels of agreement were not as strong for ATC Classification System groups where over-the-counter medications are readily used, such as the Nervous system group.
Caution should be used when interpreting the level of agreement for the various ATC Classification System groups, as groups with a very small proportion of usage will inherently have a high proportion agreement. The proportion agreement should be viewed in conjunction with Table 1 to assess the overall comparability of the two data sources.
Table 2: Agreement Statistic for each ATC Classification System group
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System(a)(b)Level of agreement Proportion (%)
Alimentary tract and metabolism94.0
Blood and blood forming organs94.7
Cardiovascular system96.4
Dermatologicals97.1
Genito-urinary system and sex hormones94.5
Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins96.1
Antiinfectives for systemic use88.6
Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents99.3
Musculo-skeletal system92.1
Nervous system86.3
Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents99.8
Respiratory system92.3
Sensory organs96.8
Various99.8
a. The ATC classification system has fourteen main anatomical or pharmacological groups (first level). These first level anatomical main groups are presented in this publication.
b. Persons who accessed a PBS subsidised medicine in the month prior to interview.
Generally, results showed a higher level of agreement between self‐report and prescription based data for medications used on a regular and ongoing basis (for example, for treatment of chronic conditions such as heart disease). In contrast, the difference between the two data sources for some medications may be explained, to a greater or lesser extent, by their availability over-the-counter and also, those medications that are used intermittently, infrequently or on a short-term basis (such as the use of antibiotics for acute infections). There have been similar results found in other research studies comparing self-reported and prescription data sources[6,7].
Overall, the linkage between the 2014-15 NHS and the PBS subsidised prescriptions as represented in the MADIP asset appears feasible to replace the survey data. For ATC Classification Groups where over-the-counter medications are commonly used, data could possibly be supplemented through specifically asking about the use of key over-the-counter medications in the survey.
Replacing survey content with the PBS subsidised prescriptions would help improve survey efficiency in future NHS collections. Whilst the PBS was not designed for research or planning purposes, the data are an objective and accurate record of medicines that were supplied and when they were supplied. Both data sources have pros and cons, but when taking into account the availability of existing data sources and respondent burden it appears feasible to use administrative data where possible as a survey data replacement. The ABS will endeavour to investigate whether additional administrative data sources exist that would help address over-the-counter medications, private prescriptions, dietary supplements and other data gaps.
After comparing time windows, it would be preferable to replace the NHS medications questionnaire module with PBS subsidised prescriptions as close to the survey reference period as possible. However, when analysing PBS subsidised prescriptions use, a longer time period would allow for more analysis of the patterns of medication use.
### Endnotes
1. McHugh M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia medica, 22(3), 276–282 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900052/ accessed 21/04/2020.
2. Oksuzyan, A., Sauer, T., Gampe, H., Höhn, A., Wod, M., Christensen, K., and Wastesson, J. W. (2018). Is who you ask important? Concordance between survey and registry data on medication use among self- and proxy-respondents in the longitudinal study of aging Danish twins and the Danish 1905-cohort study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Volume 74, Issue 5, May 2019, Pages 742–747 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly104 accessed 06/03/2020.
3. Hafferty, J. D., Campbell, A, I., Navrady, L. B., Adams, M. J., MacIntyre, D., Lawrie, S. M., Nicodemus, K., Porteous, D. J., and McIntosh, A. M. (2018). Self-reported medication use validated through record linkage to national prescribing data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 94: 132-142 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895435617303062?via%3Dihub accessed 24/02/2020.
## Use of PBS subsidised prescriptions
This section explores the linked dataset from the integration between the 2014-15 NHS and the MADIP asset. It presents data on the use of PBS subsidised prescriptions by certain characteristics of people in the 2014-15 NHS.
Data is presented across a range of medications according to the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System[8]. It is a classification system that classifies the active ingredients of medications according to the organ or system on which they act and their therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical properties. The ATC Classification System categorises medicines into one of fourteen anatomical groups, which are presented in this research paper.
For the 12 months prior to the 2014-15 NHS interview:
• Seven in ten (70.5%) people had at least one script filled for a PBS subsidised prescription.
• Antiinfectives for systemic use, which include antibiotics, were the most commonly accessed type of medication, with almost half (45.5%) of all people having at least one script filled.
• Nervous system medications, which include mental health and psychoactive related medications, were the second most commonly prescribed medications. Just over one quarter (26.2%) of all people accessing at least one PBS subsidised prescription for this medication type.
• On average, the highest number of scripts filled per person was for Cardiovascular system medications with an average of 18.5 scripts per person.
Table 3: Persons who accessed (a) PBS subsidised prescription(s) up to 12 months prior to 2014-15 NHS interview
Estimate ('000)Proportion (%)Number of scripts ('000)Average number of scripts no. per person
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System(b)
Alimentary tract and metabolism4,579.719.939,492.58.6
Blood and blood forming organs1,667.97.310,901.36.5
Cardiovascular system4,825.021.089,476.218.5
Dermatologicals2,455.310.74,647.41.9
Genito-urinary system and sex hormones2,207.79.67,804.63.5
Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins2,451.710.76,085.82.5
Antiinfectives for systemic use10,439.345.529,871.82.9
Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents407.81.83,628.88.9
Musculo-skeletal system2,993.013.011,874.24.0
Nervous system6,010.726.257,594.59.6
Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents55.30.266.31.2
Respiratory system2,465.010.713,296.95.4
Sensory organs2,384.210.410,369.04.3
Various127.50.6479.63.8
Total people who used at least one PBS subsidised script up to 12 months prior to NHS interview16,192.570.5285,588.717.6
All people in 2014-15 NHS22,966.6100.0....
a. Persons represented in the linked 2014-15 NHS dataset.
b. The ATC classification system has fourteen main anatomical or pharmacological groups (first level). These first level anatomical main groups are presented in this publication.
### Age and sex
In terms of age, older people were more likely to access PBS subsidised prescriptions, which could be attributed to factors such as increasing life expectancy, prevalence of conditions and polypharmacy.
Of all people in the NHS who accessed at least one PBS subsidised prescription up to 12 months prior to their 2014-15 NHS interview:
• Females (75.9%) were more likely than males (65.0%), to access at least one PBS prescription medication.
• Generally, access to PBS subsidised prescriptions increased with age. The majority of people aged 75 years and over (97.8%) accessed at least one PBS subsidised prescription.
• The largest difference between females and males by age group was at 18-24 years (81.4% compared with 49.5% respectively). This difference generally reflects females’ gynaecological and reproductive health needs.
Across most age groups for males and females, Antiinfectives for systemic use medications were the most commonly accessed subsidised prescription in the linked dataset. However, the relative pattern of use for males and females differed across age, particularly in adults aged 18-44 years. The rate did not necessarily increase with age, as typically observed in other ATC medication groups.
Antiinfectives for systemic use medications include antibiotics which help stop infections that are caused by bacteria. Australia has a relatively higher rate of antibiotic prescribing compared with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (23.4 per 1,000 people, compared with an OECD average of 20.6 per 1,000 people)[9].
Nervous system medications were the second most commonly accessed subsidised prescription in the linked dataset and include antipsychotics, anxiolytics/hypnotics and sedatives, antidepressants and psychostimulants medications. Whilst young males (0-17 years) were slightly more likely than females to have accessed a Nervous system prescription, for all other age groups females were more likely than males. The largest difference between males and females was at ages 65-74 years (41.9% compared with 54.3% respectively). Generally, use of Nervous system medications increased with age and people aged 75 years and over had the highest rate of any age group, with six in ten people (61.7%) having accessed a Nervous system prescription via the PBS.
Cardiovascular system medications were the third most commonly accessed subsidised prescription in the linked dataset and are used in treating cardiovascular disease, such as heart, stroke and vascular disease. They are also used to prevent risk factors such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Rates of use generally increased with age for both males and females with a similar proportion of males and females in each age group. There was a slight difference at ages 55-64 years with 48.4% of males compared with 40.4% of females. Generally, use of Cardiovascular system medications increased with age and people aged 75 years and over had the highest rate of any age group at 85.1%.
### Self-reported long-term health conditions
Long-term health conditions are typically managed by prescribed medications. However, there is no detailed information regarding what conditions prescription medications are being prescribed for in the PBS and limited information from the NHS. To better understand the relationship between long-term health conditions and medication use, the integrated data can be used to cross-classify and highlight medication prescribing patterns in the PBS subsidised prescriptions to better understand comorbidity and polypharmacy.
This section looks at those people who self-reported a long-term health condition in the 2014-15 NHS and the types of PBS subsidised prescriptions they accessed in the 12 months prior to 2014-15 NHS interview. Long-term health conditions self-reported by respondents in the 2014-15 NHS are presented using a classification originally developed for the 2001 NHS by the Family Medicine Research Centre, University of Sydney, in conjunction with the ABS. The classification is based on the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
Of those people who self-reported a long-term health condition in the 2014-15 NHS, the proportion who accessed at least one PBS subsidised prescription were as follows:
• Hypertension and Diabetes mellitus – both at 97.3%
• Osteoporosis – 96.0%
• Heart, stroke and vascular disease – 95.6%
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – 92.7%
• Cancer (malignant neoplasms) – 91.5%
• Arthritis – 91.2%
• Kidney disease – 91.0%
• Asthma – 87.5%
• Mental and behavioural conditions – 84.6%
• Back problems (dorsopathies) – 80.0%
• Hayfever and allergic rhinitis – 72.2%
For further information on prevalence rates of self-reported long-term health conditions in the 2014-15 NHS, see 4364.0.55.001 - National Health Survey: First Results, 2014-15.
Of those who self-reported a long-term health condition, the following PBS subsidised prescriptions were accessed:
• Of those who self-reported having Hypertension, 93.5% had at least one PBS subsidised prescription for Cardiovascular system medications.
• More than four in five (85.2%) of those who self-reported having diabetes had at least one Alimentary tract and metabolism script, which comprises medications targeted for diabetes. This was closely followed by Cardiovascular system (83.0%) which could be explained by people with diabetes often taking blood pressure lowering medications in combination. People who have diabetes are at risk of heart disease. Heart attacks and strokes are up to four times more likely in people with diabetes[10].
• Seven in ten (70.3%) who self-reported having COPD had a PBS subsidised prescription for Antiinfectives for systemic use. This medication group includes antibiotics which are commonly used for the management of COPD.
• Four in five people (83.2%) who self-reported having Heart, stroke and vascular disease had a Cardiovascular system script. Around half of these people (50.4%) with this condition also had a PBS subsidised prescription for Blood and blood forming organs medication.
• Musculo-skeletal medications were most commonly accessed by people who self-reported having Osteoporosis at 51.4%.
• More than half of the people who self-reported having COPD (53.9%) and Asthma (53.0%) had a PBS subsidised prescription filled for a Respiratory system medication.
### Endnotes
1. World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ last accessed 12/03/2020.
2. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 2017, Health at a glance 2017: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing https://www.oecd.org/australia/Health-at-a-Glance-2017-Key-Findings-AUSTRALIA.pdf accessed 31/03/2020.
3. Diabetes Australia, Living with Diabetes, Preventing Complications, Heart disease - https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/heart-disease accessed 17/04/2020.
## Future opportunities
The aim of this exploratory analysis was to showcase the use of PBS subsidised prescriptions with NHS data and to assess the feasibility of using PBS subsidised prescriptions to replace the medications questionnaire module in future cycles of the NHS. Based on the analysis, the administrative data provides similar or higher quality information for most ATC Classification System medications groups compared to survey data.
After comparing two time windows, the analysis illustrates the PBS subsidised prescriptions should align as close to the NHS reference period as possible in order to achieve conceptually comparable results. However, for analysis purposes utilising PBS subsidised prescriptions over a longer period would allow for a larger breadth of research to be undertaken. An advantage of the PBS subsidised prescriptions data is the availability of a range of time periods which can be chosen depending on the research question, whereas the NHS data is constrained to a two week window for the purposes of improving respondent recall and to reduce cognitive load.
In the NHS, respondents would still be asked about medications used for specific long-term health conditions of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and high sugar levels, and asthma medication use. This is due to the high priority data need to ascertain the treatment and management of these long-term health conditions to help improve outcomes.
As illustrated in the analysis, over-the-counter medications are a data gap in the PBS subsidised prescriptions. It would be worth investigating how to expand or complement the medications data represented in the MADIP asset to include over-the-counter medications, private prescriptions, dietary supplements and other data gaps. Investigations into questions related to over-the-counter medications, such as aspirin and Ventolin have already begun for use in future NHS cycles.
By using PBS subsidised prescriptions, there is an opportunity to expand the information available to be published such as: the number of prescriptions dispensed; the frequency of scripts; amount of medicine supplied; time between prescriptions; and costs associated, for example, benefit amount or patient contribution amount.
Future linkage between NHS and MADIP could also support additional analysis into relationship outcomes such as; mortality, barriers to health care, hospitalisations and visits to emergency departments with access to prescription medications. Such analysis would be valuable for better understanding and improving health outcomes in Australia. | 2022-05-17T08:51:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.37111279368400574, "perplexity": 7561.436679289713}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517018.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517063528-20220517093528-00748.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ecmwf.int/en/research/data-assimilation/assimilation-methods | Data assimilation techniques are a vital part of forecasting. ECMWF has pioneered work on assimilation methods such as 4D-Var.
Observations and short-range forecasts are combined by calculating a weighted average where the weights depend on the respective characteristic errors.
Error characterisation is thus an essential part of research and development work in data assimilation. ECMWF is also working on developments to improve the scalability/efficiency of the assimilation system as the forecasting model moves to higher vertical and horizontal resolution. | 2023-03-24T09:17:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8752754926681519, "perplexity": 1273.126844550452}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945279.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324082226-20230324112226-00566.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10382705-coincidence-ion-pair-production-cipp-spectroscopy-diiodine | This content will become publicly available on July 27, 2023
Coincidence ion pair production (cipp) spectroscopy of diiodine
Coincidence ion pair production (I + + I − ) (cipp) spectra of I 2 were recorded in a double imaging coincidence experiment in the one-photon excitation region of 71 600–74 000 cm −1 . The I + + I − coincidence signal shows vibrational band head structure corresponding to iodine molecule Rydberg states crossing over to ion-pair (I + I − ) potential curves above the dissociation limit. The band origin ( ν 0 ), vibrational wavenumber ( ω e ) and anharmonicity constants ( ω e x e ) were determined for the identified Rydberg states. The analysis revealed a number of previously unidentified states and a reassignment of others following a discrepancy in previous assignments. Since the ion pair production threshold is well established, the electric field-dependent spectral intensities were used to derive the cutoff energy in the transitions to the rotational levels of the 7pσ(1/2) ( v ′ = 3) state.
Authors:
; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10382705
Journal Name:
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Volume:
24
Issue:
29
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
17569 to 17576
ISSN:
1463-9076
Ion irradiation is a versatile tool to introduce controlled defects into two-dimensional (2D) MoS2on account of its unique spatial resolution and plethora of ion types and energies available. In order to fully realise the potential of this technique, a holistic understanding of ion-induced defect production in 2D MoS2crystals of different thicknesses is mandatory. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy show that thinner MoS2crystals are more susceptible to radiation damage caused by 225 keV Xe+ions. However, the rate of defect production in quadrilayer and bulk crystals is not significantly different under our experimental conditions. The rate at which S atoms are sputtered as a function of radiation exposure is considerably higher for monolayer MoS2, compared to bulk crystals, leading to MoO3formation. P-doping of MoS2is observed and attributed to the acceptor states introduced by vacancies and charge transfer interactions with adsorbed species. Moreover, the out-of-plane vibrational properties of irradiated MoS2crystals are shown to be strongly thickness-dependent: in mono- and bilayer MoS2, the confinement of phonons by defects results in a blueshift of the$A1g$mode. Whereas, a redshift is observed in bulk crystals due to attenuation of the effective restoring forces acting on S atoms caused by vacanciesmore »
We perform particle-in-cell simulations to elucidate the microphysics of relativistic weakly magnetized shocks loaded with electron-positron pairs. Various external magnetizationsσ≲ 10−4and pair-loading factorsZ±≲ 10 are studied, whereZ±is the number of loaded electrons and positrons per ion. We find the following: (1) The shock becomes mediated by the ion Larmor gyration in the mean field whenσexceeds a critical valueσLthat decreases withZ±. AtσσLthe shock is mediated by particle scattering in the self-generated microturbulent fields, the strength and scale of which decrease withZ±, leading to lowerσL. (2) The energy fraction carried by the post-shock pairs is robustly in the range between 20% and 50% of the upstream ion energy. The mean energy per post-shock electron scales as$E¯e∝Z±+1−1$. (3) Pair loading suppresses nonthermal ion acceleration at magnetizations as low asσ≈ 5 × 10−6. The ions then become essentially thermal with mean energy$E¯i$, while electrons form a nonthermal tail, extending from$E∼Z±+1−1E¯i$to$E¯i$. Whenσ= 0, particle acceleration is enhanced by the formation of intense magnetic cavities that populate the precursor during the late stages of shock evolution. Here,more » | 2023-03-23T19:58:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 7, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6897331476211548, "perplexity": 4426.464836176409}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945183.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323194025-20230323224025-00168.warc.gz"} |
https://ftp.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2009.2009.286 | Article Contents
Article Contents
# An improved optimistic three-stage model for the spread of HIV amongst injecting intravenous drug users
• We start off this paper with a brief introduction to modeling Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) amongst sharing, injecting drug users (IDUs). Then we describe the mathematical model which we shall use which extends an existing model of the spread of HIV and AIDS amongst IDUs by incorporating loss of HIV infectivity over time. This is followed by the derivation of a key epidemiological parameter, the basic reproduction number $sf(R)_0$. Next we give some analytical equilibrium, local and global stability results. We show that if $sf(R)_0 \le 1$ then the disease will always die out. For $sf(R)_0 > 1$ there is the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and a unique endemic equilibrium. The DFE is unstable. An approximation argument shows that we expect the endemic equilibrium to be locally stable. We next discuss a more realistic version of the model, relaxing the assumption that the number of addicts remains constant and obtain some results for this model. The subsequent section gives simulations for both models confirming that if $sf(R)_0 \le 1$ then the disease will die out and if $sf(R)_0 > 1$ then if it is initially present the disease will tend to the unique endemic equilibrium. The simulation results are compared with the original model with no loss of HIV infectivity. Next the implications of these results for control strategies are considered. A brief summary concludes the paper.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 34D05, 92B05, 93D20; Secondary: 34D23, 37C75.
Citation:
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license | 2023-03-26T09:50:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47312894463539124, "perplexity": 581.775418584395}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945440.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326075911-20230326105911-00252.warc.gz"} |
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/source/userobjects/LevelSetOlssonTerminator.html | # LevelSetOlssonTerminator
This object is utilized to terminate a level set reinitialization solve, when steady-state for (see LevelSetOlssonReinitialization) is detected:
(1) where is a problem-dependent tolerance, and . When steady-state is achieved, is set equal to the re-initialized solution , and the entire process is repeated at time .
## Example Syntax
[UserObjects]
[./arnold]
type = LevelSetOlssonTerminator
tol = 1
[../]
[]
(modules/level_set/test/tests/reinitialization/reinit.i)
## Input Parameters
• tolThe limit at which the reinitialization problem is considered converged.
C++ Type:double
Options:
Description:The limit at which the reinitialization problem is considered converged.
### Required Parameters
• execute_onTIMESTEP_ENDThe list of flag(s) indicating when this object should be executed, the available options include NONE, INITIAL, LINEAR, NONLINEAR, TIMESTEP_END, TIMESTEP_BEGIN, FINAL, CUSTOM.
Default:TIMESTEP_END
C++ Type:ExecFlagEnum
Options:NONE INITIAL LINEAR NONLINEAR TIMESTEP_END TIMESTEP_BEGIN FINAL CUSTOM
Description:The list of flag(s) indicating when this object should be executed, the available options include NONE, INITIAL, LINEAR, NONLINEAR, TIMESTEP_END, TIMESTEP_BEGIN, FINAL, CUSTOM.
• min_steps3The minimum number of time steps to consider.
Default:3
C++ Type:int
Options:
Description:The minimum number of time steps to consider.
### Optional Parameters
• control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
• enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject.
• allow_duplicate_execution_on_initialFalseIn the case where this UserObject is depended upon by an initial condition, allow it to be executed twice during the initial setup (once before the IC and again after mesh adaptivity (if applicable).
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:In the case where this UserObject is depended upon by an initial condition, allow it to be executed twice during the initial setup (once before the IC and again after mesh adaptivity (if applicable).
• force_preauxFalseForces the GeneralUserObject to be executed in PREAUX
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:Forces the GeneralUserObject to be executed in PREAUX
• use_displaced_meshFalseWhether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:Whether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used. | 2018-12-13T15:04:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2429647147655487, "perplexity": 5619.7995779963685}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824912.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213145807-20181213171307-00581.warc.gz"} |
https://clubpenguin.fandom.com/wiki/User_talk:Penguin-Pal/Archive_40 | ## FANDOM
10,078 Pages
28,809 bytes
DumpDump
Penguin-Pal's Talk Page Archives
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• [62] (January 1, 2016)
• [63] (n/a)
## Pin Tracker - Skins -- Where is it?
Hello dude, it's me again.
So, time ago, I gave you an idea for an EPF Tracker Skin, and you answered me telling me that you'd "add it right awaty (you must have meant away, so it'd be right away)" but I just checked the page, and instead of adding mine, you added JWPengie's one!
What happened to my, according to you, "great idea!"?
Well, please try to answer me, although if you don't or don't want to, I'll understand...
Omegasonic13 (Agent Omega) Over and Out (talk) 19:21, November 12, 2013 (UTC)
(You admins don't have time for us normal people...)
## Come on chat
Hi P-P,
Please can you come on chat.
Thanks, 14:57, November 13, 2013 (UTC)
## user page
HI! It says my user page is protected all though I have only 37 percent edits on my user page can you or if there is a way I can unlock it?
6reatPumpk1ns (talk) 20:23, November 13, 2013 (UTC)
## user page (cont.)
I forgot that my username is User:6reatPumpk1ns sorry and thanks for the help. 6reatPumpk1ns (talk) 20:24, November 13, 2013 (UTC)
I don't think i understand the purpose of your message correctly. Can you be more specific please?
Penguin-Pal (talk) 20:26, November 13, 2013 (UTC)
## Size SOS!
Hi. Ifellfromgel here. I wan't to create myself a really cool icon but I don't know the exact image length and width on CpW... please tell me!!
Ifellfromgel (talk) 17:36, November 14, 2013 (UTC)
## Idea?
Hi P-P,
I have this idea called "Item of the Month" for the wiki. I should start this on a Vote Page. What do you think?
Mariocart25 05:24, November 15, 2013 (UTC)
## Penguin of the Day -> Week
Hey P-P,
Club Penguin has recently changed Penguin of the Day to Penguin of the Week (as announced here). What do you think, should we move the page Penguin of the Day to Penguin of the Week, or should we create a brand new page called Penguin of the Week? (the first one seems more logical to me but I'm not entirely sure which one I should do :P)
Kallie Jo (talk) 20:48, November 15, 2013 (UTC)
## POTM
Can I nominate JWPengie for POTM? Thanks. :)
00:58, November 16, 2013 (UTC)
## User page deletion
Hi P-P,
I noticed that Omegasonic2000 has created three user pages for a user that does not exist. They are User:Agent Omega X, User:Omegasonic2000's Secret Agent Files, and User:Omegasonic200's Secret Agent Files/Secret Agent Files. Now, I have moved all of the content of these pages to two different sub pages for Omegasonic2000 since I assume that he does not know that this is what should be done in these sort of cases. Thanks.
Jeserator HAIL TO THE REDSKINS!!! 16:23, November 16, 2013 (UTC)
## Color this peng brown QUICK!
The Popcorn Lover! 19:10, November 16, 2013 (UTC)
## sockpuppet
plz block User:Earthing. he's making lots of sockpuppet! his sock is User:Exrate User:Exrate Bot User:EarthingPOTD User:Earthing bot
Penguin44eve (talk) 06:56, November 17, 2013 (UTC)
## Vandalism
Hello P-P! Nice to talk in your talk page :D
Anyway, a guy named Bubbles6633 keeps vandalizing pages. Can you block him please? Thanks,
BluePuffle470 (talk) 07:03, November 17, 2013 (UTC)
## SWF Help
Hi P-P,
I want to upload SWF Files liek here, Twitter, or my wikis. But I want to use SWF Modify. Well it wonr let me use it as in this image. Can you help fix this probelm?
Mariocart25<--- My first pin 07:35, November 17, 2013 (UTC)
## Large images for app icons
Hey P-P,
I was wondering, how did you get this picture in such a high resolution? I must know. :3
Kallie Jo (talk) 00:57, November 19, 2013 (UTC)
## Candy Cane Scarf
Hi P-P,
Can I have a cutout of the Candy Cane Scarf on the Series 2 Treasure Book please? Thanks.
Mariocart25<--- My first pin 05:21, November 19, 2013 (UTC)
## Penguin44eve Spam
Hi P-P,
Penguin44eve committed an offence under the Club Penguin Wiki Policy. Here is proof: http://prntscr.com/257hxz
Sugar wishes Club Penguin a very happy ANNIVERSARY!! 10:21, November 19, 2013 (UTC)
## New issue of TPH
A new issue of The Penguin Herald has been released. Go to this page to read it.
The Penguin Herald staff 11:52, November 19, 2013 (UTC)
## Shadow Kat is Moderator and with Proof
Hello P-P. I just recently found a new moderator. He replies to many comments on the What's New Blog. Here is a picture for proof: http://prntscr.com/25d6k0 The post I found it from is from the My Penguin coming into Android post http://www.clubpenguin.com/blog/2013/11/android when he replied to a penguin named lily8936
Phineas99; OMG! CHOCOLATE PUFFLE!!! November 19, 2013
## Player Card template
Hi PP. I was just curios to see if you'd give me permission to copy the Player Card template to the "new wiki", because i'd really like to see my current penguin over there :P I promise it wouldn't be used on famous penguin articles or anything, and I don't think it'd be used for moderators without your (wikian) permission.
CK Need help? 12:39, November 21, 2013 (UTC)
Hola, my name is Nic and I'm a member of the Wikia Community Development team. Recently our Special:LicensedVideoSwap tool has been updated with a list of new content for your wiki. For more information on this, please view here. If you would like assistance in swapping these videos, feel free to ask. - Wagnike2 (talk) 19:46, November 21, 2013 (UTC)
Thank you for this information :) Penguin-Pal (talk) 19:57, November 21, 2013 (UTC)
## Santa
Hello Agent Penguin-Pal,
Mariocart25 20:06, November 21, 2013 (UTC)
Sure. Penguin-Pal (talk) 20:25, November 21, 2013 (UTC)
## Twinkie
Hello there,
I'd like to report Twinkie for insulting me and being rude in the chat. He called me an "annoying little kid," as you can see in the chat logs at 14:51. It seems he got mad at me for correcting a typo he made. Also, when he entered the chat, he started pointlessly pinging me (14:30), and flooding my PM (File:Twinkie flood.png). Please do something about this.
Thank you, 15:04, November 22, 2013 (UTC)
## Chat
Hi again,
Can you come on the chat please? It's something important. 16:21, November 22, 2013 (UTC)
## Sorry
Hello Penguin-Pal. I understand you have demoted me for 24 hours. I'm okay with this. I know I shouldn't have done what I did.
I promise I will not do this again in the future.
ICECREAM!!!! 18:22, November 22, 2013 (UTC)
## May I you a question?
Hi P-P,
May I have yet another cutout of this penguin without the Glasses and Wig? knthx.
Mariocart25 20:35, November 22, 2013 (UTC)
Oh, and its from here.
Mariocart25 20:36, November 22, 2013 (UTC)
## Chat Ban
Hello,
I was banned from the chat because I lied about my age. I said jokingly I was 12, and then Sharkbate banned me. I actually am 13, believe it or not, and would like to be unbanned. This has been a very big inconviencince.
-Berry 03:22, November 23, 2013 (UTC)
--Hey.youcp 17:54, November 25, 2013 (UTC)
## MainSpace Edit Counts
Hey Penguin Pal, I was looking on the voting policy, and I was thinking of voting for Article of the month. Although one of the rules are that I have to have 50 main space edits. I wasn't sure what this meant. I was wondering how many I have, and are the one's that say (Main) mainspace edit counts (on http://prntscr.com/26450c) and, how do I earn mainspace edit counts? What do I need to earn?
Feel free to message me back on my talk page with the answer.
Thanking you very much. :)
Come say hello to me on the CP Wiki chat! User:Troy56021CP User_talk:Troy56021CP 07:41, November 23, 2013 (UTC)
## RE: Mainspace Edit Counts
Fabulous, thank you P-P. Also, just one question, once I get 50+ userspace likes, will I need to speak to an admin before I vote for permission, or can I just vote for article of the month etc.. Thanks.
Come say hello to me on the CP Wiki chat! User:Troy56021CP User_talk:Troy56021CP 08:01, November 23, 2013 (UTC)
## Transparent Image
Please can you make the penguin in this picture transparent?
Tanks!
## Cheese is so awesome and cool and awesome and cool and so on
Hey P-P!
I needed you to delete two blogs for me:
Thank you!
JWPengie is a b-crat now! :D
LOL
P.S. Me no B-crat! :P ~~~~
Done. 12:36, November 23, 2013 (UTC)
Ok thanks , EPF Agent; Save the Puffles! 12:40, November 23, 2013 (UTC)
This has been a quick signature swap :P Penguin-Pal (talk) 14:46, November 23, 2013 (UTC)
## meow
Hi P-P,
How do you get SWF Cutouts from the older Treasure Books (Not Series 1, 2, 3, 19) But 4-18. I need to know, I want to make cutouts on them and P.S how do you make some images big? Like this one. Yes, I used SWF Modify and Krust SWF Render.
Mariocart25 17:14, November 23, 2013 (UTC)
## Color
19:20, November 23, 2013 (UTC)
## Talk
Hi Penguin-Pal, I need to talk to you, can you please let me know when are you going to visit the chat? Thanks
01:05, November 24, 2013 (UTC)
## Cutout!
Heya P-P!
Can u do a cutout of the blue penguin on this:
Tanks!
~
## JUST LOOK AT THIS!!
15:27, November 24, 2013 (UTC)
## How do you use a Portalskin
How do you use a Portalskin?
I don't understand?
$Super$ $Slim$ 15:44, November 24, 2013 (UTC)
## RE:RE:
[[{{{articlename}}}|{{{name}}}]]
[[{{{articlename}}}| ]]
[[File:{{{image}}}|120px|{{{articlename}}}]]
$Super$ $Slim$ 15:50, November 24, 2013 (UTC)
## Day-Night Thingy!
P-P, how did you put that Its Currently Time In Country
Example-
23:10, November 24, 2013 (UTC)
I've always wondered that too. :| , EPF Agent; Save the Puffles! 23:23, November 24, 2013 (UTC)
I've updated the template so you can now add the imageday and imageight parameters, for specifying a different file name for day/night/both, like:
|imageday= Moon5.png
Penguin-Pal (talk) 13:32, November 25, 2013 (UTC)
## CHICKEN NUGGETS!!!
Also (I forgot), get rid of the hair
Ok i've uploaded another version for it.
P.S. please don't pass the maximum signature height of 25px.
Penguin-Pal (talk) 16:40, November 25, 2013 (UTC)
Hey, Penguin-Pal!
I've left a message on the secret admin wiki (which definitely doesn't exist to anyone else reading this) and was wondering if you would take a look at it. Also, could you let some of the other admins know about it too? I don't think they are checking it as regularly. :P
Thanks,
--Hey.youcp 17:54, November 25, 2013 (UTC)
November 25, 2013.
November 25, 2013.
## Cutout
Hey P-P
I saw a lot of people coming to you to get cutouts so can you cut out something for me? On the picture on the right, can you do these steps:
1. Cut out the boy penguin.
2. Remove the hair.
3. Remove the sandals.
4. Recolor it to lime green (you don't have to do that part if you don't want)
Thanks!
, EPF Agent; Save the Puffles! 22:53, November 25, 2013 (UTC)
## Hello P-P?
Hello P-P, is this right
{{TimeOfDay
|zone= - 5
|place= Eastern USA
|day= 0630
|night= 1930
|imageday= Day_Emoticon.png
|imagenight= Night_Emoticon.png
}}
01:13, November 26, 2013 (UTC)
## RE:RE:Cutout
Thanks!
, EPF Agent; Save the Puffles! 21:49, November 26, 2013 (UTC)
## I think we should do this for the emoticons
• (explode)
• (explosion)
• (boom)
The Popcorn Lover (talk) 22:37, November 26, 2013 (UTC)
No maybe make that a different emoticon. I like the old one better. -- , EPF Agent; Save the Puffles! 22:46, November 26, 2013 (UTC)
I've created a (explode2) (explosion2) (boom2) emoticon for that (mainly due to the huge difference between these emoticons), but note that it requires extra features as that image would otherwise get distorted due to the chat's 19×19px emoticons size.
Penguin-Pal (talk) 05:51, November 27, 2013 (UTC)
## Template:Glitch
Hello,
I suggest you to change the color of the text in this template, Template:Glitch Note to red color or any other darker color. Since, currently it is hard to read what is written in it.
Thank you, Wolf-gangs (talk) 15:46, November 27, 2013 (UTC)
## Idea for pin tracker,
2020 Updated Pin Tracker
Tracking...
No pin found!
Club Penguin has been discontinued.
Thank you everyone for playing and making it a great one!
Customize For public use In order to use, simply add {{Penguin-Pal Pin Tracker}}
but a background {{Penguin-Pal Pin Tracker|cool-in-the-cold}} —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jess0426 (talkcontribsedit count)
## Jnk9 Insulted me
He called me a stupid crappy noobish blog maker.
You,have found all my edits 14:06, November 28, 2013 (UTC)
No I didn't
Jnk6/Jnk9 SPIN THE PIG! 14:10, November 28, 2013 (UTC)
## Mind going on chat
I need to pm with ya
You,have found all my edits 14:16, November 28, 2013 (UTC)
## IRC
Come on IRC, please. Ninja wants to talk to you. 15:29, November 28, 2013 (UTC)
## RE: IRC
You,have found all my edits 18:21, November 28, 2013 (UTC)
## Tabs
Hello P-P,
I was wondering, is it possible to fill in the background and text color of the <tabber> thingy? When you use it, it is by default a purplish shade, and I wanted to be able to change the color. Can I do this, and if I can, can you tell me how?
0 Berry 23:57, November 28, 2013 (UTC) (talk)
## Hello
P-P, Can you make me each color penguin of a my penguin icon
Thanks,
01:02, November 29, 2013 (UTC)
## Postcard
Hello Agent Penguin-Pal,
Can you send me a Holiday Postcard with the Holiday Toque on December 5? I will make sure to clear my mailbox! I'm Mariocart25.
Mariocart25 03:34, November 29, 2013 (UTC)
P.S is there a problem with my sig
## Rooms with Pins
Hello P-P
How do you get the swfs of the rooms with the current pin? You know, like you did it with the Scissors Pin and the Puffle Medic Pin. I always check CP´s current swf of that room and when the pin is hidden over there, it doesn´t show up! How do I get rooms swfs with pins?
Agent Phineas99; Reporting for duty November 29, 2013
## Wall of Fame
Hi there P-P. I have created something titled The Wall of Fame. I have created this since May 2013 and you won in the month of September 2013. Here is a userbox prize I made for you to add it on your userpage. Congratulations!
Agent Phineas99; Reporting for duty November 28, 2013
## Puffle Chase
Can you upload the images of puffles you see after completing a level of Puffle Chase, please?
(Talk | contribs) 30 Nov 2013 17:28 (UTC)
Done. Thank you for your images idea. Penguin-Pal (talk) 18:41, November 30, 2013 (UTC)
## Re: Puffle Chase
I was referring to the interface sprites (On offence).
(Talk | contribs) 30 Nov 2013 21:09 (UTC)
## Happy Thanksgiving from Phineas99
Hi there! Happy Thanksgiving from me! Phineas99cp! :) Here is a present I made for you! P.S. Don´t get too fat! The turkey is extremely delicious! :P
Agent Phineas99; Reporting for duty November 30, 2013
## People being inapro in chat
Heya P-P. In chat today, User:The Penguin Overlord and User:Arielle'sLover were being inapro in chat, spamming and trolling Halopro3 and myself. Also, The Penguin Overlord has an inappropriate avatar featuring the word scrotum :/
And just now, User:PFFFFFTTTTTTTT I'M FARTING HARD came into chat. You might want to check that out :/
WikiaMaster123 (talk) 01:41, December 1, 2013 (UTC)
## People being inapro in chat
Heya P-P. In chat today, The Penguin Overlord and Arielle'sLover were being inapro in chat, spamming and trolling Halopro3 and myself. Also, The Penguin Overlord has an inappropriate avatar featuring the word scrotum :/
And just now, this user came into chat. You might want to check that out :/
WikiaMaster123 (talk) 01:42, December 1, 2013 (UTC)
## CM trial
One thing; I'm going to bed now, so I will miss half the 24 hour trial and it is a school day tommorow, but I will be on in the afternoon. Could I continue my trial tommorow? If not, thanks anyway :D
WikiaMaster123 (talk) 10:45, December 1, 2013 (UTC)
## Delete
Hey P-P I needed you to delete some templates that I'm not using anymore
Thanks!
- JWPengie! Happy Holidays to you! 11:44, December 1, 2013 (UTC)
Done. Penguin-Pal (talk) 12:14, December 1, 2013 (UTC)
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | 2020-08-03T21:35:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3854326903820038, "perplexity": 8990.661311131786}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735833.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803195435-20200803225435-00226.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/landslide-hazards/what-we-do-landslide-hazards-program | # What We Do - Landslide Hazards Program
Landslides constitute a major geologic hazard because they are widespread, occur in all 50 states and U.S. territories, and cause $1-2 billion in damages and more than 25 fatalities on average each year. Expansion of urban and recreational developments into hillside areas leads to more people that are threatened by landslides each year. ### Mission The Landslide Hazards Program (LHP) supports the USGS mission to serve the Nation by providing reliable scientific information to minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters. The LHP's mission is to provide information that leads to the reduction of losses from landslides and an increase in public safety through improved understanding of landslide hazards and strategies for hazard mitigation. In pursuit of the program mission, the LHP conducts landslide hazard assessments, pursues landslide investigations and forecasts, provides technical assistance to respond to landslide emergencies, and engages in outreach activities. Landslides constitute a major geologic hazard because they are widespread, occur in all 50 states and U.S. territories, and cause$1-2 billion in damages and more than 25 fatalities on average each year. Expansion of urban and recreational developments into hillside areas leads to more people that are threatened by landslides each year. Landslides commonly occur in connection with other major natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, wildfires, and floods.
The primary objective of the National Landslide Hazards Program (LHP) is to reduce long-term losses from landslide hazards by improving our understanding of the causes of ground failure and suggesting mitigation strategies.
The LHP has operated since the mid-1970's in gathering information, conducting research, responding to emergencies and disasters, and producing scientific reports and other products for a broadly based user community including geologists and engineers in government, academia and private practice, planners and decision-makers from governmental entities at all levels, and the general public.
The results of these efforts have led to significant improvements in understanding the nature and scope of ground-failure problems nationally and worldwide. Such improvements are central to the role of the program because opportunities remain for fundamental advances in understanding that promise to save lives and dollars.
### Enactment of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (P.L. 116-323)
On January 5, 2021 the National Landslide Preparedness Act (P.L. 116-323) was signed into law; it authorized a national landslide hazards reduction program and a 3D elevation program within the USGS. This broadened the already existing Landslide Hazards Program under the Natural Hazards Mission Area, and the 3D Elevation Program under the National Geospatial Program and required additional coordination with other federal agencies.
Summary of the National Landslide Preparedness Act
### Research & Goals
Research on landslide hazards addresses fundamental questions of where and when landslides are likely to occur; the size, speed, and effects of landslides; and how to avoid or mitigate those effects. Such research is essential if the LHP is to make significant progress in addressing landslide problems triggered by severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildland fires in the United States. Public and private decision makers increasingly depend on information that the LHP provides before, during, and after a disaster so that they can live, work, and build safely.
Fulfilling the mission of the LHP - to provide information that leads to the reduction of losses from landslides and increase public safety through improved understanding of landslide hazards - requires developing the information, scientific understanding and capabilities needed to issue accurate warnings, advisories, or notifications of landslide hazards. Each of the program's 5-year goals combines a balanced mix of applications and research to achieve their mission:
• Conduct landslide hazard assessments
• Monitor and model active landslides
• Provide pre - and post-landslide hazard event assessments
• Provide landslide hazard information and studies of landslide hazard mitigation
USGS Circular 1244: National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy
National Research Council (NRC) Review
### Partnerships
The LHP works closely with states, other bureaus within the Department of the Interior, and other Federal and State agencies to reduce landslide losses. The LHP anticipates working closely with Oregon, California, Hawaii and other states during the next 5 years. LHP is working with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on a new landslide hazard alert system. LHP also has a partnership with the American Planning Association on an effort to incorporate landslide hazards information into the land-use planning process. LHP is a member of the International Consortium of Landslides, a United Nations sponsored organization, which among other activities, is producing a universal handbook on understanding landslides and landslide mitigation. | 2023-03-24T06:03:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18561653792858124, "perplexity": 8540.638757476383}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00412.warc.gz"} |
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Call number: 9783319437217:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Theory of Low-Temperature Plasma Physics Author(s): Shi Nguyen-Kuok Date: 2017 Size: 1 online resource (XV, 495 p. 253 illus p.) Contents: Foreword -- 1 Basic mathematical models of Low-temperature plasma -- 2 Classical calculation of particle interaction cross sections -- 3 The quantum-mechanical description of the particles scattering theory -- 4 Determination of the composition, thermodynamic properties and plasma transport coefficients on the basis of the model of particles mean free path -- 5 The solution of the kinetic Boltzmann equation and calculation of the transport coefficients of the plasma -- 6 Numerical methods of plasma physics -- 7 Simulation and calculation of paramete of RF-plasma torches -- 8 Simulation and calculation of parameters in Arc plasma torches -- 9 The calculation of the near-electrode processes in Arc plasma torches -- 10 Calculation of the heat transfer and movement of the solid particles in the plasma torches -- 11 Features of the experimental methods and automated diagnostic systems of RF and Arc plasma torches -- Appendix ISBN: 9783319437217 Series: eBooks Series: Springer eBooks Series: Springer 2017 package Keywords: Physics , Mathematical physics , Plasma (Ionized gases) , Physics , Plasma Physics , Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation , Mathematical Applications in the Physical Sciences Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
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Call number: 9783319398334:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Control of Magnetotransport in Quantum Billiards Theory, Computation and Applications Author(s): Christian V Morfonios Date: 2017 Publisher: Cham : Springer International Publishing Size: 1 online resource (X, 252 p. 49 illus., 48 illus. in color p.) Contents: Introduction -- Electrons in mesoscopic low-dimensional systems -- Coherent electronic transport: Landauer-Büttiker formalism -- Stationary scattering in planar confining geometries -- Computational quantum transport in multiterminal and multiply connected structures -- Magnetoconductance switching by phase modulation in arrays of oval quantum billiards -- Current control in soft-wall electron billiards: energy-persistent scattering in the deep quantum regime -- Directional transport in multiterminal focusing quantum billiards -- Summary, conclusions, and perspectives ISBN: 9783319398334 Series: eBooks Series: Springer eBooks Series: Springer 2017 package Keywords: Physics , Magnetism , Magnetic materials , Nanoscale science , Nanoscience , Nanostructures , Semiconductors , Nanotechnology , Optical materials , Electronic materials , Physics , Semiconductors , Optical and Electronic Materials , Nanotechnology and Microengineering , Magnetism, Magnetic Materials , Nanoscale Science and Technology Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
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Call number: TP156.T7T45 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Transport phenomena for engineers. Author(s): Louis Theodore Date: 1971 Publisher: International Textbook Co, Scranton Size: 338 ISBN: 0700223274 Series: International series in chemical engineering 4 Keywords: Transport theory. Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: MAIN
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Call number: TP156.T7G4::1983 Show nearby items on shelf Title: Transport processes and unit operations Author(s): Christie J. Geankoplis Date: 1983 Edition: 2nd ed. Publisher: Allyn and Bacon, Boston Size: 862 ISBN: 0205077889 Series: Allyn and Bacon series in engineering v. 233 Keywords: Transport theory. Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com Location: ILL
Call number: SPRINGER-2013-9783642350825:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Nonequilibrium Green's Functions Approach to Inhomogeneous Systems [electronic resource] Author(s): Karsten Balzer Michael Bonitz Date: 2013 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This research monograph provides a pedagogical and self-contained introduction to non-equilibrium quantum particle dynamics for inhomogeneous systems, including a survey of recent breakthroughs pioneered by the authors and othergroups. The theoretica l approach is based on real-time Greens functions (Keldysh Greens functions), directly solving the two-time Kadanoff-Baym equations (KBE). This field has seen a rapid development over the last decade, withnew applications emerging in plasma physics, semic onductor optics and transport, nuclear matter and high-energy physics. This text will be a valuable starting point and reference work for graduate students and researchers interestedin the quantum dynamics of inhomogeneous systems Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Part I Introduction Quantum Many Particle Systems out of Equilibrium Part II Theory Nonequilibrium Greens Functions Part III Computational Methods Representations of the Nonequilibrium Greens Function Computation of Equilibrium States and Time Propatation Part IV Applications for Inhomogeneous Systems Lattice Systems Non Lattics Systems Conclusion and Outlook Second Quantization Perturbation Expansion Index ISBN: 9783642350825 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Lecture Notes in Physics, 0075-8450 : v867 Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Quantum theory , Mathematical physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE | 2019-03-26T12:14:21 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24985657632350922, "perplexity": 10012.669469481762}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326115319-20190326141319-00556.warc.gz"} |
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Book%3A_Calculus_(Apex)/10%3A_Vectors/10.2%3A_An_Introduction_to_Vectors |
# 10.2: An Introduction to Vectors
$$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$$
$$\newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}}$$
Many quantities we think about daily can be described by a single number: temperature, speed, cost, weight and height. There are also many other concepts we encounter daily that cannot be described with just one number. For instance, a weather forecaster often describes wind with its speed and its direction ("$$\ldots$$ with winds from the southeast gusting up to 30 mph $$\ldots$$"). When applying a force, we are concerned with both the magnitude and direction of that force. In both of these examples, direction is important. Because of this, we study vectors, mathematical objects that convey both magnitude and direction information.
One "bare--bones'' definition of a vector is based on what we wrote above: "a vector is a mathematical object with magnitude and direction parameters.'' This definition leaves much to be desired, as it gives no indication as to how such an object is to be used. Several other definitions exist; we choose here a definition rooted in a geometric visualization of vectors. It is very simplistic but readily permits further investigation.
Definition 51 Vector
A vector is a directed line segment.
Given points $$P$$ and $$Q$$ (either in the plane or in space), we denote with $$\vec{PQ}$$ the vector from $$P$$ to $$Q$$. The point $$P$$ is said to be the initial point of the vector, and the point $$Q$$ is the terminal point
The magnitude, length or norm of $$\vec{PQ}$$ is the length of the line segment $$\overline{PQ}$$:
$\norm{\vec{PQ}} = \norm{\overline{PQ}}.$
Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and direction.
Figure 10.18 shows multiple instances of the same vector. Each directed line segment has the same direction and length (magnitude), hence each is the same vector.
Figure 10.18: Drawing the same vector with different initial points.
We use $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ (pronounced "r two'') to represent all the vectors in the plane, and use $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ (pronounced "r three'') to represent all the vectors in space.
Figure 10.19: Illustrating how equal vectors have the same displacement.
Consider the vectors $$\vec{PQ}$$ and $$\vec{RS}$$ as shown in Figure 10.19. The vectors look to be equal; that is, they seem to have the same length and direction. Indeed, they are. Both vectors move 2 units to the right and 1 unit up from the initial point to reach the terminal point. One can analyze this movement to measure the magnitude of the vector, and the movement itself gives direction information (one could also measure the slope of the line passing through $$P$$ and $$Q$$ or $$R$$ and $$S$$). Since they have the same length and direction, these two vectors are equal.
This demonstrates that inherently all we care about is displacement; that is, how far in the $$x$$, $$y$$ and possibly $$z$$ directions the terminal point is from the initial point. Both the vectors $$\vec{PQ}$$ and $$\vec{RS}$$ in Figure 10.19 have an $$x$$-displacement of 2 and a $$y$$-displacement of 1. This suggests a standard way of describing vectors in the plane. A vector whose $$x$$-displacement is $$a$$ and whose $$y$$-displacement is $$b$$ will have terminal point $$(a,b)$$ when the initial point is the origin, $$(0,0)$$. This leads us to a definition of a standard and concise way of referring to vectors.
Definition 52 Component Form of a Vector
1. The component form of a vector $$\vec{v}$$ in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$, whose terminal point is $$(a,\,b)$$ when its initial point is $$(0,\,0)$$, is $$\langle a,b\rangle.$$
2. The component form of a vector $$\vec{v}$$ in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$, whose terminal point is $$(a,\,b,\,c)$$ when its initial point is $$(0,\,0,\,0)$$, is $$\langle a,b,c\rangle.$$
The numbers $$a$$, $$b$$ (and $$c$$, respectively) are the components of $$\vec v$$.
It follows from the definition that the component form of the vector $$\vec{PQ}$$, where $$P=(x_1,y_1)$$ and $$Q=(x_2,y_2)$$ is
$\vec{PQ} = \langle x_2-x_1, y_2-y_1\rangle;$
in space, where $$P=(x_1,y_1,z_1)$$ and $$Q=(x_2,y_2,z_2)$$, the component form of $$\vec{PQ}$$ is
$\vec{PQ} = \langle x_2-x_1, y_2-y_1,z_2-z_1\rangle.$
We practice using this notation in the following example.
Example $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Using component form notation for vectors
1. Sketch the vector $$\vec v=\langle 2,-1\rangle$$ starting at $$P=(3,2)$$ and find its magnitude.
2. Find the component form of the vector $$\vec w$$ whose initial point is $$R=(-3,-2)$$ and whose terminal point is $$S=(-1,2)$$.
3. Sketch the vector $$\vec u = \langle 2,-1,3\rangle$$ starting at the point $$Q = (1,1,1)$$ and find its magnitude.
SOLUTION
1. Using $$P$$ as the initial point, we move 2 units in the positive $$x$$-direction and $$-1$$ units in the positive $$y$$-direction to arrive at the terminal point $$P\,'=(5,1)$$, as drawn in Figure 10.20(a).
The magnitude of $$\vec v$$ is determined directly from the component form:
$\norm{\vec v} =\sqrt{2^2+(-1)^2} = \sqrt{5}.$
2. Using the note following Definition 52, we have
$\vec{RS} = \langle -1-(-3), 2-(-2)\rangle = \langle 2,4\rangle.$
One can readily see from Figure 10.20(a) that the $$x$$- and $$y$$-displacement of $$\vec{RS}$$ is 2 and 4, respectively, as the component form suggests.
3. Using $$Q$$ as the initial point, we move 2 units in the positive $$x$$-direction, $$-1$$ unit in the positive $$y$$-direction, and 3 units in the positive $$z$$-direction to arrive at the terminal point $$Q' = (3,0,4)$$, illustrated in Figure 10.20(b).
The magnitude of $$\vec u$$ is: $\norm{\vec u} = \sqrt{2^2+(-1)^2+3^2} = \sqrt{14}.$
Figure 10.20: Graphing vectors in Example 10.2.1
Now that we have defined vectors, and have created a nice notation by which to describe them, we start considering how vectors interact with each other. That is, we define an algebra on vectors.
Definition 53 VECTOR ALGEBRA
1. Let $$\vec u = \langle u_1,u_2\rangle$$ and $$\vec v = \langle v_1,v_2\rangle$$ be vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$, and let $$c$$ be a scalar.
(a) The addition, or sum, of the vectors $$\vec u$$ and $$\vec v$$ is the vector $\vec u+\vec v = \langle u_1+v_1, u_2+v_2\rangle.$
(b) The scalar product of $$c$$ and $$\vec v$$ is the vector $c\vec v = c\langle v_1,v_2\rangle = \langle cv_1,cv_2\rangle.$
2. Let $$\vec u = \langle u_1,u_2,u_3\rangle$$ and $$\vec v = \langle v_1,v_2,v_3\rangle$$ be vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$, and let $$c$$ be a scalar.
(a) The addition, or sum, of the vectors $$\vec u$$ and $$\vec v$$ is the vector $\vec u+\vec v = \langle u_1+v_1, u_2+v_2, u_3+v_3\rangle.$
(b) The scalar product of $$c$$ and $$\vec v$$ is the vector $c\vec v = c\langle v_1,v_2,v_3\rangle = \langle cv_1,cv_2,cv_3\rangle.$
In short, we say addition and scalar multiplication are computed "component--wise.''
Example $$\PageIndex{2}$$: Adding vectors
Sketch the vectors $$\vec u = \langle1,3\rangle$$, $$\vec v = \langle 2,1\rangle$$ and $$\vec u+\vec v$$ all with initial point at the origin.
SOLUTION
We first compute $$\vec u +\vec v$$.
\begin{align*} \vec u+\vec v &= \langle 1,3\rangle + \langle 2,1\rangle\\ &= \langle 3,4\rangle. \end{align*}
These are all sketched in Figure 10.21.
Figure 10.21: Graphing the sum of vectors in Example 10.2.2
As vectors convey magnitude and direction information, the sum of vectors also convey length and magnitude information. Adding $$\vec u+\vec v$$ suggests the following idea:
$\text{"Starting at an initial point, go out $$\vec u$$, then go out $$\vec v$$."}$
This idea is sketched in Figure 10.22, where the initial point of $$\vec v$$ is the terminal point of $$\vec u$$. This is known as the "Head to Tail Rule'' of adding vectors. Vector addition is very important. For instance, if the vectors $$\vec u$$ and $$\vec v$$ represent forces acting on a body, the sum $$\vec u+\vec v$$ gives the resulting force. Because of various physical applications of vector addition, the sum $$\vec u+\vec v$$ is often referred to as the resultant vector, or just the "resultant.''
Figure 10.22: Illustrating how to add vectors using the Head to Tail Rule and Parallelogram Law.
Analytically, it is easy to see that $$\vec u+\vec v = \vec v+\vec u$$. Figure 10.22 also gives a graphical representation of this, using gray vectors. Note that the vectors $$\vec u$$ and $$\vec v$$, when arranged as in the figure, form a parallelogram. Because of this, the Head to Tail Rule is also known as the Parallelogram Law: the vector $$\vec u+\vec v$$ is defined by forming the parallelogram defined by the vectors $$\vec u$$ and $$\vec v$$; the initial point of $$\vec u+\vec v$$ is the common initial point of parallelogram, and the terminal point of the sum is the common terminal point of the parallelogram.
While not illustrated here, the Head to Tail Rule and Parallelogram Law hold for vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ as well.
It follows from the properties of the real numbers and Definition 53 that $\vec u-\vec v = \vec u + (-1)\vec v.$
The Parallelogram Law gives us a good way to visualize this subtraction. We demonstrate this in the following example.
Example $$\PageIndex{3}$$: Vector Subtraction
Let $$\vec u = \langle 3,1\rangle$$ and $$\vec v=\langle 1,2\rangle.$$ Compute and sketch $$\vec u-\vec v$$.
SOLUTION
The computation of $$\vec u-\vec v$$ is straightforward, and we show all steps below. Usually the formal step of multiplying by $$(-1)$$ is omitted and we "just subtract.''
\begin{align*} \vec u-\vec v &= \vec u + (-1)\vec v \\ &= \langle 3,1\rangle + \langle -1,-2\rangle\\ &= \langle 2,-1\rangle. \end{align*}
Figure 10.23: Illustrating how to subtract vectors graphically.
Figure 10.23 illustrates, using the Head to Tail Rule, how the subtraction can be viewed as the sum $$\vec u + (-\vec v)$$. The figure also illustrates how $$\vec u-\vec v$$ can be obtained by looking only at the terminal points of $$\vec u$$ and $$\vec v$$ (when their initial points are the same).
Example $$\PageIndex{4}$$: Scaling vectors
1. Sketch the vectors $$\vec v = \langle 2,1\rangle$$ and $$2\vec v$$ with initial point at the origin.
2. Compute the magnitudes of $$\vec v$$ and $$2\vec v$$.
SOLUTION
1. We compute $$2\vec v$$:
\begin{align*}2\vec v &= 2\langle 2,1\rangle\\&= \langle 4,2\rangle.\end{align*}
Both $$\vec v$$ and $$2\vec v$$ are sketched in Figure10.24. Make note that $$2\vec v$$ does not start at the terminal point of $$\vec v$$; rather, its initial point is also the origin.
2. The figure suggests that $$2\vec v$$ is twice as long as $$\vec v$$. We compute their magnitudes to confirm this.
\begin{align*}\norm{\vec v} &= \sqrt{2^2+1^2}\\&= \sqrt{5}.\\\norm{2\vec v}&=\sqrt{4^2+2^2} \\&= \sqrt{20}\\&= \sqrt{4\cdot 5} = 2\sqrt{5}.\end{align*}
As we suspected, $$2\vec v$$ is twice as long as $$\vec v$$.
Figure 10.24: Graphing vectors $$\vec{v}$$ and $$2\vec{v}$$ in Example 10.2.4
The zero vector is the vector whose initial point is also its terminal point. It is denoted by $$\vec 0$$. Its component form, in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$, is $$\langle 0,0\rangle$$; in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$, it is $$\langle 0,0,0\rangle$$. Usually the context makes is clear whether $$\vec 0$$ is referring to a vector in the plane or in space.
Our examples have illustrated key principles in vector algebra: how to add and subtract vectors and how to multiply vectors by a scalar. The following theorem states formally the properties of these operations.
THEOREM 84 PROPERTIES OF VECTOR OPERATIONS
The following are true for all scalars $$c$$ and $$d$$, and for all vectors $$\vec u$$, $$\vec v$$ and $$\vec w$$, where $$\vec u$$, $$\vec v$$ and $$\vec w$$ are all in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ or where $$\vec u$$, $$\vec v$$ and $$\vec w$$ are all in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$:
1. $$\underbrace{\vec u+\vec v = \vec v+\vec u}_{Commutative Property}$$
2. $$\underbrace{\vec u+\vec v)+\vec w = \vec u+(\vec v+\vec w)}_{Associative Property}$$
3. $$\underbrace{\vec v+\vec 0 = \vec v}_{Additive Identity}$$
4. $$(cd)\vec v= c(d\vec v)$$
5. $$\underbrace{c(\vec u+\vec v) = c\vec u+c\vec v}_{Distributive Property}$$
6. $$\underbrace{(c+d)\vec v = c\vec v+d\vec v}_{Distributive Property}$$
7. $$0\vec v = \vec 0$$
8. $$\norm{c\vec v} = |c|\cdot\norm{\vec v}$$
9. $$\norm u = 0$$ if, and only if, $$\vec u = \vec 0$$.
As stated before, each vector $$\vec v$$ conveys magnitude and direction information. We have a method of extracting the magnitude, which we write as $$\norm{\vec v}$$. Unit vectors are a way of extracting just the direction information from a vector.
Definition 54 Unit Vector
A unit vector is a vector $$\vec v$$ with a magnitude of 1; that is,
$\norm{\vec v}=1.$
Consider this scenario: you are given a vector $$\vec v$$ and are told to create a vector of length 10 in the direction of $$\vec v$$. How does one do that? If we knew that $$\vec u$$ was the unit vector in the direction of $$\vec v$$, the answer would be easy: $$10\vec u$$. So how do we find $$\vec u$$?
Property 8 of Theorem 84 holds the key. If we divide $$\vec v$$ by its magnitude, it becomes a vector of length 1. Consider:
\begin{align*} \Big\| \frac{1}{\norm{\vec v}}\vec v\Big\| &= \frac{1}{\norm{\vec v}}\norm{\vec v} & \text{ (we can pull out $$\frac{1}{\norm{\vec v}}$$ as it is a scalar)}\\ &= 1. \end{align*}
So the vector of length 10 in the direction of $$\vec v$$ is $$10\frac{1}{\norm{\vec v}}\vec v.$$ An example will make this more clear.
Example $$\PageIndex{5}$$: Using Unit Vectors
Let $$\vec v= \langle 3,1\rangle$$ and let $$\vec w = \langle 1,2,2\rangle$$.
1. Find the unit vector in the direction of $$\vec v$$.
2. Find the unit vector in the direction of $$\vec w$$.
3. Find the vector in the direction of $$\vec v$$ with magnitude 5.
SOLUTION
1. We find $$\norm{\vec v} = \sqrt{10}$$. So the unit vector $$\vec u$$ in the direction of $$\vec v$$ is $\vec u = \frac{1}{\sqrt{10}}\vec v = \langle \frac{3}{\sqrt{10}},\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}}\rangle.$
2. We find $$\norm{\vec w} = 3$$, so the unit vector $$\vec z$$ in the direction of $$\vec w$$ is
$\vec u = \frac13\vec w = \langle \frac13,\frac23,\frac23\rangle.$
3. To create a vector with magnitude 5 in the direction of $$\vec v$$, we multiply the unit vector $$\vec u$$ by 5. Thus $$5\vec u = \langle 15/\sqrt{10},5/\sqrt{10}\rangle$$ is the vector we seek. This is sketched in Figure 10.25.
Figure 10.25: Graphing vectors in Example 10.2.5. All vectors shown have their initial points at the origin.
The basic formation of the unit vector $$\vec u$$ in the direction of a vector $$\vec v$$ leads to a interesting equation. It is:
$\vec v = \norm{\vec v}\frac{1}{\norm{\vec v}}\vec v.$
We rewrite the equation with parentheses to make a point:
This equation illustrates the fact that a vector has both magnitude and direction, where we view a unit vector as supplying only direction information. Identifying unit vectors with direction allows us to define parallel vectors.
Definition 55 Parallel Vectors
1. Unit vectors $$\vec u_1$$ and $$\vec u_2$$ are parallel if $$\vec u_1 = \pm \vec u_2$$.
2. Nonzero vectors $$\vec v_1$$ and $$\vec v_2$$ are parallel if their respective unit vectors are parallel.
It is equivalent to say that vectors $$\vec v_1$$ and $$\vec v_2$$ are parallel if there is a scalar $$c\neq 0$$ such that $$\vec v_1 = c\vec v_2$$ (see marginal note).
Note: $$\vec 0$$ is directionless; because $$\norm{0}=0$$, there is no unit vector in the "direction'' of $$\vec 0$$.
Some texts define two vectors as being parallel if one is a scalar multiple of the other. By this definition, $$\vec 0$$ is parallel to all vectors as $$\vec 0 = 0\vec v$$ for all $$\vec v$$.
We prefer the given definition of parallel as it is grounded in the fact that unit vectors provide direction information. One may adopt the convention that $$\vec 0$$ is parallel to all vectors if they desire.
If one graphed all unit vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ with the initial point at the origin, then the terminal points would all lie on the unit circle. Based on what we know from trigonometry, we can then say that the component form of all unit vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ is $$\langle \cos\theta,\sin\theta\rangle$$ for some angle $$\theta$$.
A similar construction in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ shows that the terminal points all lie on the unit sphere. These vectors also have a particular component form, but its derivation is not as straightforward as the one for unit vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$. Important concepts about unit vectors are given in the following Key Idea.
KEY IDEA 48 UNIT VECTORS
1. The unit vector in the direction of $$\vec v$$ is $\vec u = \frac1{\norm{\vec v}} \vec v.$
2. A vector $$\vec u$$ in $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ is a unit vector if, and only if, its component form is $$\langle \cos\theta,\sin\theta\rangle$$ for some angle $$\theta$$.
3. A vector $$\vec u$$ in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ is a unit vector if, and only if, its component form is $$\langle \sin\theta\cos\varphi,\sin\theta\sin\varphi,\cos\theta\rangle$$ for some angles $$\theta$$ and $$\varphi$$.
These formulas can come in handy in a variety of situations, especially the formula for unit vectors in the plane.
Example $$\PageIndex{6}$$: Finding Component Forces
Consider a weight of 50lb hanging from two chains, as shown in Figure 10.26. One chain makes an angle of $$30^\circ$$ with the vertical, and the other an angle of $$45^\circ$$. Find the force applied to each chain.
Figure 10.26: A diagram of a weight hanging from 2 chains in Example 10.2.6.
SOLUTION
Knowing that gravity is pulling the 50lb weight straight down, we can create a vector $$\vec F$$ to represent this force.
$\vec F = 50\langle 0,-1\rangle = \langle 0,-50\rangle.$
We can view each chain as "pulling'' the weight up, preventing it from falling. We can represent the force from each chain with a vector. Let $$\vec F_1$$ represent the force from the chain making an angle of $$30^\circ$$ with the vertical, and let $$\vec F_2$$ represent the force form the other chain. Convert all angles to be measured from the horizontal (as shown in Figure 10.27), and apply Key Idea 48. As we do not yet know the magnitudes of these vectors, (that is the problem at hand), we use $$m_1$$ and $$m_2$$ to represent them.
$\vec F_1 = m_1\langle \cos 120^\circ,\sin120^\circ\rangle$
$\vec F_2 = m_2\langle \cos 45^\circ,\sin45^\circ\rangle$
As the weight is not moving, we know the sum of the forces is $$\vec 0$$. This gives:
\begin{align*} \vec F + \vec F_1 + \vec F_2 & = \vec 0\\ \langle 0,-50\rangle + m_1\langle \cos 120^\circ,\sin120^\circ\rangle + m_2\langle \cos 45^\circ,\sin45^\circ\rangle &=\vec 0 \end{align*}
Figure 10.27: A diagram of the force vectors from Example 10.2.6.
The sum of the entries in the first component is 0, and the sum of the entries in the second component is also 0. This leads us to the following two equations:
\begin{align*} m_1\cos120^\circ + m_2\cos45^\circ &=0 \\ m_1\sin120^\circ + m_2\sin45^\circ &=50 \end{align*}
This is a simple 2-equation, 2-unkown system of linear equations. We leave it to the reader to verify that the solution is
$m_1=50(\sqrt{3}-1) \approx 36.6;\qquad m_2=\frac{50\sqrt{2}}{1+\sqrt{3}} \approx 25.88.$
It might seem odd that the sum of the forces applied to the chains is more than 50lb. We leave it to a physics class to discuss the full details, but offer this short explanation. Our equations were established so that the vertical components of each force sums to 50lb, thus supporting the weight. Since the chains are at an angle, they also pull against each other, creating an "additional'' horizontal force while holding the weight in place.
Unit vectors were very important in the previous calculation; they allowed us to define a vector in the proper direction but with an unknown magnitude. Our computations were then computed component--wise. Because such calculations are often necessary, the standard unit vectors can be useful.
Definition 56 STANDARD UNIT VECTORS
1. In $$\mathbb{R}^2$$, the standard unit vectors are
$\vec i = \langle 1,0\rangle \quad \text{and}\quad \vec j = \langle 0,1\rangle.$
2. In $$\mathbb{R}^3$$, the standard unit vectors are
$\vec i = \langle 1,0,0\rangle \quad \text{and}\quad \vec j = \langle 0,1,0\rangle \quad \text{and}\quad \vec k = \langle 0,0,1\rangle.$
Example $$\PageIndex{7}$$: Using standard unit vectors
1. Rewrite $$\vec v = \langle 2,-3\rangle$$ using the standard unit vectors.
2. Rewrite $$\vec w = 4\vec i - 5\vec j +2\vec k$$ in component form.
SOLUTION
1. \begin{align}\vec v &= \langle 2,-3\rangle \\&= \langle 2,0\rangle + \langle 0,-3\rangle \\&= 2\langle 1,0\rangle -3\langle 0,1\rangle\\&= 2\vec i - 3\vec j\end{align}
2. \begin{align}\vec w &= 4\vec i - 5\vec j +2\vec k\\&= \langle 4,0,0\rangle +\langle 0,-5,0\rangle + \langle 0,0,2\rangle \\&= \langle 4,-5,2\rangle\end{align}
These two examples demonstrate that converting between component form and the standard unit vectors is rather straightforward. Many mathematicians prefer component form, and it is the preferred notation in this text. Many engineers prefer using the standard unit vectors, and many engineering text use that notation.
Example $$\PageIndex{8}$$: Finding Component Force
A weight of 25lb is suspended from a chain of length 2ft while a wind pushes the weight to the right with constant force of 5lb as shown in Figure 10.28. What angle will the chain make with the vertical as a result of the wind's pushing? How much higher will the weight be?
Figure 10.28: A figure of a weight being pushed by the wind in Example 10.2.8.
SOLUTION
The force of the wind is represented by the vector $$\vec F_w = 5\vec i$$. The force of gravity on the weight is represented by $$\vec F_g = -25\vec j$$. The direction and magnitude of the vector representing the force on the chain are both unknown. We represent this force with $\vec F_c = m\langle \cos\varphi,\sin\varphi\rangle = m\cos\varphi\, \vec i + m\sin\varphi\,\vec j$ for some magnitude $$m$$ and some angle with the horizontal $$\varphi$$. (Note: $$\theta$$ is the angle the chain makes with the vertical; $$\varphi$$ is the angle with the horizontal.)
As the weight is at equilibrium, the sum of the forces is $$\vec0$$:
\begin{align*} \vec F_c + \vec F_w + \vec F_g &= \vec 0\\ m\cos\varphi\, \vec i + m\sin\varphi\,\vec j + 5\vec i - 25\vec j &=\vec 0 \end{align*}
Thus the sum of the $$\vec i$$ and $$\vec j$$ components are 0, leading us to the following system of equations:
$5+m\cos\varphi = 0$
$-25+m\sin\varphi = 0\label{eq:vect8}$
This is enough to determine $$\vec F_c$$ already, as we know $$m\cos \varphi = -5$$ and $$m\sin\varphi =25$$. Thus $$F_c = \langle -5,25\rangle.$$ We can use this to find the magnitude $$m$$:
$m = \sqrt{(-5)^2+25^2} = 5\sqrt{26}\approx 25.5\text{lb}.$
We can then use either equality from Equation \ref{eq:vect8} to solve for $$\varphi$$. We choose the first equality as using arccosine will return an angle in the $$2^\text{nd}$$ quadrant:
$5 + 5\sqrt{26}\cos \varphi = 0 \quad \Rightarrow \quad \varphi = \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{-5}{5\sqrt{26}}\right) \approx 1.7682\approx 101.31^\circ.$
Subtracting $$90^\circ$$ from this angle gives us an angle of $$11.31^\circ$$ with the vertical.
We can now use trigonometry to find out how high the weight is lifted. The diagram shows that a right triangle is formed with the 2ft chain as the hypotenuse with an interior angle of $$11.31^\circ$$. The length of the adjacent side (in the diagram, the dashed vertical line) is $$2\cos 11.31^\circ \approx 1.96$$ft. Thus the weight is lifted by about $$0.04$$ft, almost 1/2in.
The algebra we have applied to vectors is already demonstrating itself to be very useful. There are two more fundamental operations we can perform with vectors, the dot product and the cross product. The next two sections explore each in turn.
### Contributors
• Gregory Hartman (Virginia Military Institute). Contributions were made by Troy Siemers and Dimplekumar Chalishajar of VMI and Brian Heinold of Mount Saint Mary's University. This content is copyrighted by a Creative Commons Attribution - Noncommercial (BY-NC) License. http://www.apexcalculus.com/ | 2019-02-16T10:14:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9597286581993103, "perplexity": 335.03261758908826}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480240.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216085312-20190216111312-00200.warc.gz"} |
https://ftp.mcs.anl.gov/pub/fathom/moab-docs/metadata_8h_source.html | MOAB: Mesh Oriented datABase (version 5.2.1)
Go to the documentation of this file.
00001 /*! \page metadata I/O and Meta-Data Storage Conventions in MOAB
00002
00003 <Center> <H3> Timothy J. Tautges </H3> </Center>
00004
00005 \subpage md-contents
00006
00007 \subpage md-tables
00008 */
00009
00011
00012 \ref meta-introduction
00013
00014 \ref meta-conventions
00015
00016 \ref meta-options
00017
00018 \ref meta-references
00019
00020 \ref appendixA
00021
00022 \ref appendixB
00023
00024 \ref appendixC
00025
00026 \ref appendixD
00027
00028 \ref appendixE
00029
00030 \section meta-introduction Introduction
00031
00032 The Mesh-Oriented datABase (MOAB) is a library for representing finite element and other types of mesh data [1]. Various types of meta-data are often used in conjunction with a mesh. Examples include boundary condition groupings, material types, and provenance information for the mesh. Because the data model used in MOAB is so abstract, conventions are useful for describing how meta-data is stored into that data model. This document describes those conventions for several types of data commonly found in meshes stored in MOAB. Because the data models used by MOAB and iMesh, the ITAPS mesh interface [2], are so similar, the conventions described here apply almost unmodified to iMesh as well as to MOAB.
00033
00034 The meshes represented in MOAB originate in a variety of forms, including mesh read from files of various formats (e.g. CUBIT “.cub” file, VTK, etc.) as well as mesh written into MOAB directly by various software libraries (e.g. MeshKit). Although there is no standard for naming or storing meta-data with a mesh, there is a great deal of commonality in the types of meta-data typically found with mesh data. This document describes conventions that have been established for commonly encountered meta-data. Various mesh readers implemented in MOAB attempt to read meta-data from a file and write it into the MOAB data model using these conventions. Although there is no requirement to store a given type of meta-data in the form described here, a number of services have been written to handle meta-data using these conventions, no matter the source of the meta-data being processed.
00035
00036 Several specific tools are often used in concert with MOAB and bear special mention here. The CUBIT toolkit generates finite element meshes, and saves them to a native save file (referred to as a “.cub” file) which MOAB is able to read. Reading CUBIT meshes into MOAB through the .cub file format is preferred over other formats, since most other mesh formats written by CUBIT do not save most meta-data. The MeshKit library also generates mesh using CGM and MOAB, and uses the same conventions for storing meshes into MOAB. Finally, MOAB includes a CGM reader which can read a geometric model into a faceted representation in MOAB. Meta-data from all these tools are stored in MOAB using the conventions described here.
00037
00038 The MOAB data model consists of the following basic types:
00039 - <B>Entity</B>: The basic elements of topology, e.g. vertex, edge, triangle, tetrahedron, etc. MOAB represents all types in the finite element zoo, plus polygons and polyhedra.
00040 - <B>Entity %Set</B>: An arbitrary collection of entities and other sets. Sets can have parent/child relations with other sets, and these relations are distinct from “contains” relations.
00041 - <B>Interface</B>: The interface object through which other entities are accessed, in the sense of object-oriented-programming. iMesh refers to the interface as the “root” set.
00042 - <B>Tag</B>: A piece of data that can be assigned a distinct value to each entity and entity set, and to the interface itself. Tags have a prescribed name, size in bytes, and data type; allowed data types are integer, double, entity handle, and byte or opaque.
00043 .
00044
00045 The following section describes each meta-data tag convention in detail; these conventions are also summarized in Table 1.
00046
00047 \ref md-contents "Top"
00048
00049 \section meta-conventions Meta-Data Conventions
00050
00051 Meta-data is stored in MOAB and iMesh in the form of tags applied to either entities or entity sets. For meta-data represented as entity sets, the contents of those sets are determined by the convention, with tags on those sets identifying them with the convention and adding any other semantic data.
00052
00053 Each meta-data convention is described in a subsection below. Each convention begins with a short description of:
00054
00055 - Whether tags associated with the convention are assigned to entities or entity sets
00056 - The tag(s) associated with the convention; information for each tag includes the name, the data type (I=integer, D=double, C=character, H=handle), and the tag length. Tag lengths are specified after an asterisk (*); for example, C*32 implies a tag with character type and length 32. Unspecified lengths correspond to length one.
00057 .
00058
00059 <H3>Name</H3>
00060 (Data: Entity sets, entities; Tag(s): NAME/C*32)
00061
00062 Character strings are used in many different contexts in applications. MOAB uses the “NAME” tag to store character strings used to name entities. This tag is of byte-type and is of length 32 bytes. Note that the string stored in this tag may or may not be terminated with a NULL character. It is always prudent account for missing NULL terminator, to avoid buffer overflow errors in the application. Applications are free to define their own version of the NAME tag with a longer length, though this definition may conflict with other services attempting to use this tag with the conventional size. Applications needing a string tag with a longer or variable length can also use MOAB’s variable-length tag type, though this will not be compatible with iMesh.
00063
00064 <H3>Title </H3>
00065 (Data: Entity sets (file or instance); Tag(s): TITLE/C*strlen)
00066
00067 The title tag is meant to hold the overall identifier of a mesh, written at generation time or read from a file generated with a non-MOAB tool. The tag length is variable, and is set by the application directly (by calling the tag_create function) or indirectly (by embedding the title in a file read by MOAB).
00068
00069 <H3> Global Identifier </H3>
00070 (Data: Entity sets, entities; Tag(s): GLOBAL_ID/I)
00071
00072 Global identifiers are used in many different contexts in applications. Geometric model entities are identified by dimension and id, e.g. “Volume 1”. Mesh vertices and elements are identified similarly in mesh generation codes. Boundary conditions and material types are identified similarly. This tag is used to store such information. This tag is currently stored in a 32-byte integer, though this may change in the future.
00073
00074 <H3> Geometric Model Information </H3>
00075 (Data: Entity sets; Tag(s): GEOM_DIMENSION/I, GLOBAL_ID/I, NAME/C*32, CATEGORY/C*32, GEOM_SENSE_2(EH[2]), GEOM_SENSE_N_ENTS(EH*N), GEOM_SENSE_N_SENSES(I*N))
00076
00077 Mesh generation is often performed starting from a geometric model, represented in some form of CAD engine. Many of the meshes used by MOAB are generated based on the CGM library. Geometric models contain both topological information (the topological entities in the geometric model) and shape information (the geometric shape of those entities), as well as other meta-data written to the entities in a model. When a mesh is read from a CUBIT .cub file, meta-data from the geometric model is read and represented in the MOAB data model, as described below. <B> Note that although MOAB reads and represents meta-data associated with the geometric model, it does not represent the geometric model itself.</B> Therefore, shape-related information, e.g. the arc length of an edge or surface normal at a given point, can be retrieved only from the model represented in CGM or another geometric modeling engine.
00078
00079 The information contained in a geometric model, read into and represented in MOAB, consists of:
00080 - Model entities (vertex, edge, face, volume)
00081 - Topological relationships between model entities
00082 - Groups of model entities
00083 - Model entity/group ids
00084 - Model entity/group names
00085 .
00086
00087 The storage of this information into MOAB's data model is described for each type is described below.
00088
00089 - <B>Entities </B>
00090
00091 in the geometric model (VERTEX, EDGE, FACE, VOLUME) are each represented by an entity set<sup>1</sup>. These sets are tagged with the “GEOM_DIMENSION” tag, with integer value equal to the topological dimension of the entity (VERTEX = 0, EDGE = 1, etc.) These sets contain the mesh owned by the corresponding entity in the geometric model. Note this does not include mesh owned by bounding entities; thus, the set for a FACE will not contain the mesh vertices owned by bounding EDGEs in the geometric model. These sets may or may not contain mesh entities of intermediate dimension, e.g. mesh edges owned by a FACE or faces owned by a VOLUME, depending on the application generating the mesh or the file from which the mesh was read. These sets are all set-types, i.e. the order of entities in the sets is not significant, except in the case of EDGE sets, where order of the mesh vertices and edges corresponds to the relative order of vertices and edges at the time of mesh generation. In MOAB, these sets are non-tracking by default, i.e. entities do not have knowledge of which geometry sets they are members of.
00092
00093 <sup>1</sup>Body-type entities from CUBIT are not explicitly represented in MOAB.
00094
00095 - <B> Topological Relationships </B>
00096
00097 In the geometric model, each FACE is bounded by zero or more EDGEs; other topological relationships between geometric entities exist in a similar manner. These relationships are embedded in the data model using parent/child relations between entity sets. For example, the entity set corresponding to a FACE will have child sets, each corresponding to a bounding EDGE, and parent sets, each corresponding to a VOLUME bounded by that FACE. The relative order of sets in those parent/child lists is not significant, thus, “loops” bounding a FACE cannot reliably be inferred from this data.
00098
00099 - <B> Groups </B>
00100
00101 Geometric entities are sometimes assigned to application-specific groups. These groups are represented using entity sets, tagged with a “GROUP” tag whose value equals the group id. Group sets are “set”-type, and are not tracking sets. These sets contain the sets corresponding to geometric entities contained in the groups in the geometric model, as well as any mesh entities assigned to the group.
00102
00103 - <B> Sense </B>
00104
00105 A geometric face has a natural orientation, indicated by the direction of the normal to the face; similarly, edges have a natural orientation determined by the direction of the tangent. When faces bound regions, or edges bound faces, they do so with a sense; if a region includes a face with forward sense, that means the face's natural normal direction points out of the volume. If a face includes an edge with forward sense, that means that if one moves along the edge in the direction of its tangent, the material of the face is on the left hand side. The sense of a face (edge) with respect to a region (face) it bounds is stored using tags on the face (edge).
00106
00107 Most models allow a face to be part of only two regions. Therefore, to store the sense of a face with respect to regions including it, a tag with two values is used. This tag is named GEOM_SENSE_2, and has 2 EntityHandle values. The first value corresponds to the entity set for the region for which that face has a forward sense, and the second to the region for which that face has a reverse sense.
00108
00109 Edges can bound more than two faces. Therefore, two variable-length tags are used, one to store the EntityHandles of the faces the edge bounds, and the other to store the sense with which the edge bounds the corresponding face. These tags are named GEOM_SENSE_N_ENTS and GEOM_SENSE_N_SENSES, respectively. These are stored as variable-length tags; see the MOAB user's guide for information on how to work with tags of this type.
00110
00111 The following sense values are used:
00112 - 0: forward
00113 - 1: reverse
00114 - -1: unnknown
00115 .
00116
00117 <H3> Material Type </H3>
00118 (Data: Entity sets; Tag(s): MATERIAL_SET/I)
00119
00120 Most finite element and other PDE-based analysis codes require a material type for each cell or element in the simulation. MOAB uses entity sets to store this information, in the form of entity sets. The MATERIAL_SET tag is used to identify these sets. The value of this tag is conventionally an integer; in most cases this stores a user-assigned identifier associated with that material.
00121
00122 CUBIT assigns material types using what it calls “element blocks”, with each element block given a user-assigned id number and optionally a name. The CUBIT and Exodus file readers in MOAB read element blocks into MATERIAL_SET sets.
00123
00124 In CUBIT, materials are typically assigned by assigning geometric volumes to element blocks. Therefore, material sets often contain entity sets corresponding to those volumes. Thus, a materrial set in MOAB is unlikely to contain mesh entities directly; rather, that set contains other sets which contain mesh entities. In these cases, mesh entities can be retrieved by passing a “recursive” flag to the appropriate function (MOAB), or by calling the getEntitiesRec extension function (iMesh) provided by MOAB.
00125
00126 <H3> Boundary Conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann)</H3>
00127 Data: Entity sets; Tag(s): DIRICHLET_SET/I, NEUMANN_SET/I)
00128
00129 Boundary conditions are often specified in terms of geometric model entities, similar to material types. MOAB uses entity sets to store this information as well. The DIRICHLET_SET and NEUMANN_SET tags are used to represent Dirichlet- and Neumann-type boundary condition sets, resp. By convention, Neumann sets usually contain (indirectly) intermediate-dimension entities like edges in a 2D mesh or faces in a 3D mesh, while Dirichlet sets usually contain vertices. In addition, Neumann sets are represented as sets of faces, rather than as sides of elements. Faces can be ordered “forward” or “reverse” with respect to one of the bounding elements, depending on whether the right-hand normal points into or out of the element. Forward-sense faces are added to the Neumann set. Reverse-sense faces are put into a separate set; that set is tagged with the NEUSET_SENSE tag, with value = -1; and that reverse set is added to the Neummann set.
00130
00131 <H3> Parallel Mesh Constructs </H3>
00132 (Data: Entity sets, entities; Tag(s): PARALLEL_PARTITION/I, PSTATUS/C*1, PARALLEL_SHARED_PROC/I, PARALLEL/SHARED_HANDLE/H, PARALLEL_SHARED_PROCS/I*NP, PARALLEL_SHARED_HANDLES/H*NP)
00133
00134 On a parallel computer, MOAB can represent the mesh on each processor as well as information about entities shared with neighboring processors. Some of this information is also relevant even when the mesh is represented on a serial machine. MOAB uses several tag and set conventions to describe the parallel nature of a mesh. This information is summarized here; for a more complete description of MOAB’s parallel mesh representation and functionality, see [3].
00135
00136 - <B> Parallel partition, parts </B>
00137
00138 Most parallel mesh applications use a domain decomposition approach, where each processor solves for a subset of the domain. The set of entities solved by a given processor is referred to as a part, and the collection of parts together is called the partition. MOAB stores each part in an entity set, marked with the PARALLEL_PARTITION tag, whose value is the rank of the processor assigned that part; an entity set which contains all part sets is given the PARALLEL_PARTITIONING_TAG_NAME tag, whose value is currently meaningless. The MBZoltan tool included as a tool in MOAB can partition a mesh for parallel solution, and writes the partition to the mesh in the form of parts and partitions. Both these types of sets can be accessed in a serial mesh, e.g. for visualization.
00139
00140 - <B> Part interfaces </B>
00141
00142 When a partitioned mesh has been loaded on a parallel computer, the part on a given processor may share portions of its boundary with parts on other processors. These shared regions are called part interfaces, and are also represented using entity sets. These sets are marked with the PARALLEL_INTERFACE tag, whose value is currently meaningless.
00143
00144 - <B> Shared processor and handle </B>
00145
00146 For entities shared between processors, it is helpful to know locally which other processor shares an entity, and what the entity’s handle is on the remote processor. There are two cases which are useful to distinguish, first where an entity is shared with only one other processor (referred to as shared), and second when a processor is shared by more than one other processor (referred to as multi-shared). Shared entities are given the PARALLEL_SHARED_PROC and PARALLEL_SHARED_HANDLE tags, which store the rank of the sharing processor and the handle of the entity on that processor, respectively. Multi-shared entities are marked with the PARALLEL_SHARED_PROCS and PARALLEL_SHARED_HANDLES tags; these tags have a length NP assigned at compile time in MOAB, with default values of -1 for processor rank and zero for handle (which are each invalid values for the corresponding data). The processors/handles sharing a given entity are then written on the front of the arrays. So, for example, an entity on processor rank 0, shared by processors 1 and 2, would have a PARALLEL_SHARED_PROCS tag whose values would be [1, 2, -1, -1, …], with PARALLEL_SHARED_HANDLES values of [m, n, 0, 0, …], where m and n would be the handles of that entity on processors 1 and 2. The shared versions of these tags are “dense”, with default values which denote unshared entities. The multi-shared tags are sparse tags in MOAB, with no default value.
00147
00148 - <B> Parallel status </B>
00149
00150 In addition to the tags above, MOAB also defines the PSTATUS tag, whose bits contain information about the parallel status of a given entity. Starting with least significant bit, these bits represent whether an entity is 1) not owned, 2) shared, 3) multi-shared, 4) interface, 5) a ghost entity. The first bit being set indicates “not owned” so that the default value for this tag, of zero, corresponds to an owned, unshared entity, which will be the state of most entities on a given processor.
00151
00152 <H3>Structured Mesh Parameters </H3>
00153
00154 MOAB has a structured mesh interface for creating structured mesh (see “ScdInterface.hpp” header file in MOAB source code). Along with an internal representation that is more memory-efficient (since it does not need to store connectivity), MOAB also creates and tags entity sets with structured mesh parameters, which can be accessed through the normal tag and set interface. The following tags are used:
00155
00156 - <B>BOX_DIMS</B>: This tag stores the ijk coordinates of the lower and upper corner of the structured mesh box(es).
00157 - <B>GLOBAL_BOX_DIMS</B>: If specified when the structured mesh is created, a tag with this name stores the global box dimensions (which may be different than the local box dimensions).
00158 - <B>BOX_PERIODIC</B>: Stores whether the box is periodic in the i (BOX_PERIODIC[0]) and j (BOX_PERIODIC[1]) directions.
00159 - <B>__BOX_SET</B>: Pointer to the ScdBox instance corresponding to this entity set.<sup>2</sup>
00160 .
00161 Although the structured mesh is not saved as such in HDF5-format files, the entity sets and corresponding tags will be saved and restored.
00162
00163 <sup>2</sup>The double-underscore in the tag name implies that this tag will not be saved in a file, in this case because the ScdBox instances are not preserved in a file.
00164
00165 <H3>Spectral Mesh Constructs </H3>
00166
00167 The Spectral Element Method (SEM) is a high-order method, using a polynomial Legendre interpolation basis with Gauss-Lobatto quadrature points, in contrast to the Lagrange basis used in (linear) finite elements. A spectral mesh with order O contains quadrilateral or hexahedral elements comprised of (O+1)d vertices. Spectral meshes are usually represented in one of two ways, either as coarse elements which point to an array of higher-order vertices (and with corner vertices represented in the normal manner), or as linear quads/hexes formed from the higher-order vertices, with each original coarse quad/hex represented by Od fine quads/hexes. Similarly, the spectral variables, which are normally computed at fine vertex positions, are stored either on those vertices, or in lexicographically-ordered arrays on elements (with tag values repeated on neighboring elements). MOAB can read spectral meshes from a variety of formats (at this time, including CAM-SE, HOMME, and Nek5000). Which of the above two representations are controlled by read options and are indicated by certain tags:
00168
00169 - SPECTRAL_MESH: read option indicating that spectral elements should be represented as coarse linear quads/hexes and each element containing an array of lexicographically-ordered vertex handles
00170
00171 - TAG_SPECTRAL_ELEMENTS: read option; if given, spectral variables are represented as lexicographically-ordered arrays on elements
00172
00173 - TAG_SPECTRAL_VERTICES: read option; if given, spectral variables are represented as tags on vertices
00174
00175 - CONN=<filename>: in CAM-SE, the connectivity of the spectral mesh is stored by default in a file named “HommeMapping.nc”; this option can be given to read the connectivity from a different file
00176
00177 - SPECTRAL_VERTICES: tag name for array of vertex handles
00178
00179 - SPECTRAL_ORDER: tag name for spectral order, written to file set or (if no file set given) to interface after a spectral mesh is read
00180
00181 .
00182
00183 \ref md-contents "Top"
00184
00186
00187 All mesh file readers and writers in MOAB take an option string as an argument. By default, the semicolon (“;”) delimits individual options in the option string. Options used in multiple readers are described in this section; the options enabled in specific readers/writers are described in the corresponding appendix at the end of this document.
00188
00189 <H3>variable=<var_name>[,...]</H3>
00190
00191 By default, all field data stored with the mesh is read with the mesh, and stored as tags on the associated mesh entities. This option lists specific variables that should be read along with the mesh (note also the “nomesh” option, described elsewhere in this document). The variable name listed will be read into a tag with the same name. For time-dependent variables, the time step number will be appended to the variable name to form the tag name. If no “timestep” or “timeval” option is given, all time steps will be read, resulting in several tags being created. If the “nomesh” option is given, the application must pass the entity set resulting from the original mesh read in to the function, that this set must contain the mesh read only from that file. The mesh in the file is checked against the mesh in the set to verify that the two correspond. The special name “MOAB_ALL_VARIABLES” can be used to indicate that all variables should be read. Multiple variable names can be specified, separated from each other by commas.
00192
00193 <H3>nomesh </H3>
00194
00195 Indicates that no mesh should be read from the file. This option is used in conjunction with the “variable=” option, to read variables and assign them as tags to a previously-read mesh. If this option is used, applications should pass an entity set to the read function, which should contain the mesh previously read from the file.
00196
00197 <H3>timestep=<step_number>[, ...] </H3>
00198
00199 Read the time step number whose time value is equal to or greater than the specified time value, for the specified variable(s). Tag names for the variable(s) will be formed by appending the time step number to the variable name. Multiple time step values can be specified, separated from each other by commas.
00200
00201 <H3>timeval=<time_value>[, ...]</H3>
00202
00203 Read the time step number whose time value is equal to or greater than the specified time value, for the
00204 specified variable(s). Tag names for the variable(s) will be formed by appending the time step number
00205 to the variable name. Multiple time step values can be specified, separated from each other by commas.
00206
00207 <H3>gather_set[=<rank>] </H3>
00208
00209 Create a gather set (associated with tag GATHER_SET) on one processor with the specified rank, to duplicate entities on other processors. If the rank is not specified, it will be rank 0 by default. If an invalid rank is passed, no gather set will be created. Gather set is specially used by HOMME, MPAS, and any other unstructured grid.
00210
00211 <H3>no_mixed_elements </H3>
00212
00213 Indicates that no mixed elements (e.g. pentagons and hexagons) should be created by the MPAS reader. If this option is used, a common parameter maxEdgesPerCell will be computed to be used across all processors (instead of the one reported in the MPAS file header, which is usually 10), and each cell is created with maxEdgesPerCell edges. Any cell that has less actual edges will be padded by duplicating the last vertex in the connectivity array. As a result, all created cells will be in one contiguous chunk.
00214
00215 <H3>no_edges </H3>
00216
00217 Indicates that no edges should be created and no edge variables will be read. This option can be used when there is no need to read variables on edges. For a huge MPAS file with 65M cells, it can save more than 3GB MOAB internal storage for edge connectivity.
00218
00219 \ref md-contents "Top"
00220
00221 \section meta-references References
00222
00223 [1] T.J. Tautges, R. Meyers, K. Merkley, C. Stimpson, and C. Ernst, MOAB: A Mesh-Oriented Database, Sandia National Laboratories, 2004.
00224
00225 [2] L. Diachin, A. Bauer, B. Fix, J. Kraftcheck, K. Jansen, X. Luo, M. Miller, C. Ollivier-Gooch, M.S. Shephard, T. Tautges, and H. Trease, “Interoperable mesh and geometry tools for advanced petascale simulations,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 78, 2007, p. 012015.
00226 [3] T.J. Tautges, J.A. Kraftcheck, N. Bertram, V. Sachdeva, and J. Magerlein, "Mesh Interface Resolution and Ghost Exchange in a Parallel Mesh Representation", In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 26th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops & PhD Forum (IPDPSW '12), 2012.
00227
00228 \ref md-contents "Top"
00229
00230 \section appendixA Appendix A: Summary
00231
00232 \subsection table1 Table 1: Summary of MOAB meta-data conventions.
00233
00234 <table border="1">
00235 <tr>
00236 <th>Convention</th>
00237 <th>Applies to (E=ent, S=set)</th>
00238 <th>Tag(s) (type/length)</th>
00239 <th>Description</th>
00240 </tr>
00241 <tr>
00242 <td>Name</td>
00243 <td>E, S</td>
00244 <td>NAME/C*32</td>
00245 <td></td>
00246 </tr>
00247 <tr>
00248 <td>Title</td>
00249 <td>S</td>
00250 <td>TITLE/C*strlen</td>
00251 <td>Title of mesh</td>
00252 </tr>
00253 <tr>
00254 <td>Global identifier</td>
00255 <td>E, S</td>
00256 <td>GLOBAL_ID/I</td>
00257 <td></td>
00258 </tr>
00259 <tr>
00260 <td>Geometric topology</td>
00261 <td>S</td>
00262 <td>GEOM_DIMENSION/I, GLOBAL_ID/I,^
00263 NAME/C*32,
00264 CATEGORY/C*32.
00265 GEOM_SENSE_2/EH[2],
00266 GEOM_SENSE_N_ENTS/EH*N,
00267 GEOM_SENSE_N_SENSES/I*N</td>
00268 <td>%Sets contain mesh owned by that entity; parent/child links to bounded/bounding entities in geometric model</td>
00269 </tr>
00270 <tr>
00271 <td>Material type</td>
00272 <td>S</td>
00273 <td>MATERIAL_SET/I</td>
00274 <td>%Set contains entities or sets assigned a common material type</td>
00275 </tr>
00276 <tr>
00277 <td>Boundary condition</td>
00278 <td>S</td>
00279 <td>DIRICHLET_SET/I, NEUMANN_SET/I</td>
00280 <td>%Set contains entities or sets assigned a particular boundary condition; neumann sets usually contain edges (2D) or faces (3D)</td>
00281 </tr>
00282 <tr>
00283 <td>Parallel mesh constructs</td>
00284 <td>E, S</td>
00285 <td>PARALLEL_MESH_PARTITIONING/I, PARALLEL_PARTITION/I, PSTATUS/C*1, PARALLEL_SHARED_PROC/I, PARALLEL/SHARED_HANDLE/H, PARALLEL_SHARED_PROCS/I*NP, PARALLEL_SHARED_HANDLES/H*NP</td>
00286 <td> Data which describes parallel mesh</td>
00287 </tr>
00288 <tr>
00289 <td>Structured mesh constructs</td>
00290 <td>S</td>
00291 <td>BOX_DIMS/I*6, GLOBAL_BOX_DIMS/I*6, BOX_PERIODIC/2*I, __BOX_SET/O</td>
00292 <td>Data describing structured mesh </td>
00293 </tr>
00294 <tr>
00295 <td>Spectral mesh constructs </td>
00296 <td>E, S</td>
00297 <td>SPECTRAL_ORDER/I, SPECTRAL_VERTICES/I*(O+1)^2</td>
00298 <td>Data marking spectral mesh constructs</td>
00299 </tr>
00300 </table>
00301
00302 \ref meta-introduction "Back to Introduction"
00303
00304 \subsection table2 Table 2: Summary of MOAB conventional tag names, types, and purposes. Data types are I=integer, D=double, C=character, H=entity handle,O=opaque. Data type with *x denote length of x elements of that data type.
00305
00306 <Table border="1">
00307 <tr>
00308 <th>Tag name</th>
00309 <th>Data type</th>
00310 <th>Applies to (E=entity, S=set)</th>
00311 <th>Purpose</th>
00312 </tr>
00313 <tr>
00314 <td>BOX_DIMS</td>
00315 <td>I*6</td>
00316 <td>S</td>
00317 <td>Lower and upper ijk dimensions of box, ordered (ilo, jlo, klo, ihi, jhi, khi)</td>
00318 </tr>
00319 <tr>
00320 <td>BOX_PERIODIC</td>
00321 <td>I*2</td>
00322 <td>S</td>
00323 <td>Indicates whether box is periodic in i (BOX_PERIODIC[0]) or j (BOX_PERIODIC[1])</td>
00324 </tr>
00325 <tr>
00326 <td>__BOX_SET</td>
00327 <td>O</td>
00328 <td>S</td>
00329 <td>Pointer to corresponding ScdBox instance</td>
00330 </tr>
00331 <tr>
00332 <td>CATEGORY</td>
00333 <td>C*32</td>
00334 <td>S</td>
00335 <td>String describing purpose of set; examples include “group”, “vertex”, “edge”, “surface”, “volume”</td>
00336 </tr>
00337 <tr>
00338 <td>DIRICHLET_SET </td>
00339 <td>I</td>
00340 <td>SO</td>
00341 <td>Entities or sets with common boundary condition</td>
00342 </tr>
00343 <tr>
00344 <td>GEOM_DIMENSION</td>
00345 <td>I</td>
00346 <td>S</td>
00347 <td>Identifies mesh entities resolving a given geometric model entity</td>
00348 </tr>
00349 <tr>
00350 <td>GEOM_SENSE_2</td>
00351 <td>EH*2</td>
00352 <td>S</td>
00353 <td> Stored on face-type geometric topology sets, values store regions having forward and reverse sense</td>
00354 </tr>
00355 <tr>
00356 <td>GEOM_SENSE_N_ENTS</td>
00357 <td>EH*N</td>
00358 <td>S</td>
00359 <td>Stored on edge-type geometric topology sets, values store faces whose senses are stored in GEOM_SENSE_N_SENSES.</td>
00360 </tr>
00361 <tr>
00362 <td>GEOM_SENSE_N_SENSES</td>
00363 <td>I*N</td>
00364 <td>S</td>
00365 <td>Stored on edge-type geometric topology sets, values store senses of the edge with respect to faces stored in GEOM_SENSE_N_ENTS.</td>
00366 </tr>
00367 <tr>
00368 <td>GLOBAL_ID</td>
00369 <td>I</td>
00370 <td>E,S</td>
00371 <td>Application-specific entity id</td>
00372 </tr>
00373 <tr>
00374 <td>MATERIAL_SET</td>
00375 <td>I</td>
00376 <td>S</td>
00377 <td>Entities or sets grouped by material type</td>
00378 </tr>
00379 <tr>
00380 <td>NAME</td>
00381 <td>C*32</td>
00382 <td>E, S</td>
00383 <td>User-assigned entity name(s); multiple names delimited with ?</td>
00384 </tr>
00385 <tr>
00386 <td>NEUMANN_SET</td>
00387 <td>I</td>
00388 <td>S</td>
00389 <td>Entities or sets with common boundary condition </td>
00390 </tr>
00391 <tr>
00392 <td>PARALLEL_PARTITION </td>
00393 <td>I</td>
00394 <td>S</td>
00395 <td>Represent a part in a partition</td>
00396 </tr>
00397 <tr>
00398 <td>PARALLEL_MESH_PARTITIONING</td>
00399 <td>I</td>
00400 <td>S</td>
00401 <td>Represents a partition of the mesh for parallel solution, which is a collection of parts</td>
00402 </tr>
00403 <tr>
00404 <td>__PARALLEL_SHARED_HANDLE</td>
00405 <td>H</td>
00406 <td>E, S</td>
00407 <td> Handle of this entity/set on sharing processor</td>
00408 </tr>
00409 <tr>
00410 <td>__PARALLEL_SHARED_PROC</td>
00411 <td>I</td>
00412 <td>E,S</td>
00413 <td>Rank of other processor sharing this entity/set </td>
00414 </tr>
00415 <tr>
00416 <td>__PARALLEL_SHARED_HANDLES</td>
00417 <td>H*NP</td>
00418 <td>E,S</td>
00419 <td>Handles of this entity/set on sharing processors </td>
00420 </tr>
00421 <tr>
00422 <td>__PARALLEL_SHARED_PROCS</td>
00423 <td>I*NP</td>
00424 <td>E,S</td>
00425 <td>Ranks of other processors sharing this entity/set </td>
00426 </tr>
00427 <tr>
00428 <td>__PARALLEL_STATUS</td>
00429 <td>C*1</td>
00430 <td>E,S</td>
00431 <td>Bit-field indicating various parallel information </td>
00432 </tr>
00433 <tr>
00434 <td>SPECTRAL_ORDER</td>
00435 <td>I</td>
00436 <td>S</td>
00437 <td> Order of a spectral mesh </td>
00438 </tr>
00439 <tr>
00440 <td>SPECTRAL_VERTICES</td>
00441 <td>H*(O+1)^d</td>
00442 <td>E</td>
00443 <td> Vertices comprising a spectral element, ordered lexicographically; here, O=value of SPECTRAL_ORDER tag. </td>
00444 </tr>
00445 </table>
00446
00447 \ref md-contents "Top"
00448
00449 \section appendixB Appendix B: CCMIO (Star-CD, Star-CCM+) Reader/Writer Conventions
00450
00451 \subsection table3 Table 3: Translation between CCMIO options and MOAB tags.
00452 <Table border="1">
00453 <tr>
00454 <th> %Set Type</th>
00455 <th>CCMIO Construct</th>
00456 <th>MOAB Tag Name, Type</th>
00457 </tr>
00458 <tr>
00459 <td rowspan="2">File set / Interface</td>
00460 <td>Title (option)</td>
00461 <td>“Title” (C*32)</td>
00462 </tr>
00463 <tr>
00464 <td>CreatingProgram</td>
00465 <td>“CreatingProgram” (C*32)</td>
00466 </tr>
00467 <tr>
00468 <td rowspan="13">Material sets</td>
00469 <td>Index</td>
00470 <td>MATERIAL_SET</td>
00471 </tr>
00472 <tr>
00473 <td>Label<sup>1</sup></td>
00474 <td>NAME</td>
00475 </tr>
00476 <tr>
00477 <td>MaterialId</td>
00478 <td>“MaterialId” (I)</td>
00479 </tr>
00480 <tr>
00483 </tr>
00484 <tr>
00485 <td>PorosityId</td>
00486 <td>“PorosityId” (I)</td>
00487 </tr>
00488 <tr>
00489 <td>SpinId</td>
00490 <td>“SpinId” (I)</td>
00491 </tr>
00492 <tr>
00493 <td>GroupId</td>
00494 <td>“GroupId” (I)</td>
00495 </tr>
00496 <tr>
00497 <td>ColorIdx</td>
00498 <td>“ColorIdx” (I)</td>
00499 </tr>
00500 <tr>
00501 <td>ProcessorId</td>
00502 <td>“ProcessorId” (I)</td>
00503 </tr>
00504 <tr>
00505 <td>LightMaterial</td>
00506 <td>“LightMaterial” (I)</td>
00507 </tr>
00508 <tr>
00509 <td>FreeSurfaceMaterial</td>
00510 <td>“Thickness” (F)</td>
00511 </tr>
00512 <tr>
00513 <td>Thickness</td>
00514 <td>“Thickness” (F)</td>
00515 </tr>
00516 <tr>
00517 <td>MaterialType</td>
00518 <td>“MaterialType” (C*32)</td>
00519 </tr>
00520 <tr>
00521 <td rowspan="5">Neumann sets</td>
00522 <td>Index</td>
00523 <td>NEUMANN_SET</td>
00524 </tr>
00525 <tr>
00526 <td>Label</td>
00527 <td>NEUMANN_SET</td>
00528 </tr>
00529 <tr>
00530 <td>BoundaryName</td>
00531 <td>NAME</td>
00532 </tr>
00533 <tr>
00534 <td>BoundaryType</td>
00535 <td>“BoundaryType” (C*32)</td>
00536 </tr>
00537 <tr>
00538 <td>ProstarRegionNumber</td>
00539 <td>“ProstarRegionNumber” (I)</td>
00540 </tr>
00541 </table>
00542
00543 Notes:
00544 1. If no name is present, labels the material group with “MaterialX”, where X is the index of that group.
00545
00546 \ref md-contents "Top"
00547
00548 \section appendixC Appendix C: ExodusII Reader/Writer Conventions
00549
00550 \subsection table4 Table 4: Translation between ExodusII constructs and MOAB tags.
00551 <Table border="1">
00552 <tr>
00553 <th> Data Type</th>
00554 <th>ExodusII Construct</th>
00555 <th>MOAB Tag Name, Type</th>
00556 </tr>
00557 <tr>
00558 <td></td>
00559 <td>QA records</td>
00560 <td>“qaRecord” (C*(v))<sup>2</sup></td>
00561 </tr>
00562 <tr>
00563 <td rowspan="2">Material sets</td>
00564 <td>Block number</td>
00565 <td>MATERIAL_SET</td>
00566 </tr>
00567 <tr>
00568 <td>Block element type</td>
00569 <td>Entity type, # vertices per entity</td>
00570 </tr>
00571 <tr>
00572 <td rowspan="2">Dirichlet sets<sup>3</sup></td>
00573 <td>Nodeset number</td>
00574 <td>DIRICHLET_SET</td>
00575 </tr>
00576 <tr>
00577 <td>Distribution factors</td>
00578 <td>“distFactor” (D*(v))<sup>1</sup></td>
00579 </tr>
00580 <tr>
00581 <td>Neumann sets</td>
00582 <td>Sideset number</td>
00583 <td>NEUMANN_SET</td>
00584 </tr>
00585 <tr>
00586 <td rowspan="2">Neumann sets, reverse faces3<sup>3</sup></td>
00587 <td>Distribution factors</td>
00588 <td>“distFactor” (D*(v))<sup>1</sup></td>
00589 </tr>
00590 <tr>
00591 <td>Sides</td>
00592 <td>SENSE</td>
00593 </tr>
00594 <tr>
00595 <td>Nodes, elements</td>
00596 <td>node_num_map, elem_map</td>
00597 <td>GLOBAL_ID on nodes/elements</td>
00598 </tr>
00599 </table>
00600
00601 Notes:
00602 -# Variable-length tag used for distribution factors; length for each set is the number of entities in
00603 each set, such that there is one distribution factor for each entity in the set.
00604 -# QA records are stored as variable-length tags on file set specified on read. Tag is a
00605 concatenation of QA record strings into a single string, with '\0' used to delimit lines.
00606 -# MOAB represents sidesets as sets of faces, rather than as sides of elements. Faces can be
00607 ordered “forward” or “reverse” with respect to one of the bounding elements, depending on
00608 whether the right-hand normal points into or out of the element. Forward-sense faces are added
00609 to the Neumann set. Reverse-sense faces are put into a separate set; that set is tagged with the SENSE tag, with value = -1; and that reverse set is added to the Neummann set.
00610 .
00611
00612 \ref md-contents "Top"
00613
00614 \section appendixD Appendix D: NC (Climate Data) Reader/Writer Conventions
00615
00616 The climate data reader in MOAB reads files with the '.nc' filename extension. By default, this reader
00617 reads the whole mesh in the file and creates it as structured mesh in MOAB, with the mesh accessible
00618 through MOAB's structured mesh interface. By default, all variables and timesteps are read from the
00619 file, and written as tags on the mesh vertices from that file. This behavior is controlled by the
00620 “variable”, “nomesh”, “timestep”, and “timeval” options described earlier in this document. If MOAB
00621 is compiled for parallel execution and configured with a pnetcdf reader, the mesh is read in parallel,
00622 with a 1D or 2D decomposition designed to balance read performance and communication interface
00623 size (for details on the partitioning method used, see the src/io/ReadNC.cpp source file).
00624
00625 Mesh is put into the entity set provided to the load_file function. This entity set is also annotated with
00626 various tags representing information read from the file. These tags are described in Table 5.
00627
00628 Reading unstructured NC files in the HOMME format is also supported. Currently a trivial
00629 element-based partition is the only option for parallel reading. As the data is unstructured, it is necessary to have a connectivity file to define the vertex adjacencies. The default convention is to have a file called HommeMapping.nc in the same directory as the the variable data file. If this convention is not followed, the connectivity file can be specified with the option -O CONN=”/path/to/connectivity.nc”. An example of mbconvert using the parallel read capability is shown below:
00630
00631 <B> mpiexec -np 2 tools/mbconvert -O TRIVIAL -O DEBUG_IO=1 -o DEBUG_IO=9 -o PARALLEL=WRITE_PART /nfs2/hayes6/meshlab/homme_data/camrun.cam2.h0.0000-01-01-16200.nc output.h5m </B>
00632
00633 Several other things to note about reading climate data files into MOAB:
00634 - Time-dependent variables: MOAB currently has no mechanism for time-dependent tags. Therefore, time-dependent variables are represented using one tag per timestep, with the tag name set as the variable name plus the timestep index. Thus, the first few timesteps for the variable TEMPERATURE would be represented in tags named TEMPERATURE0, TEMPERATURE1, etc.
00635 - Cell- and face-centered variables: The climate data reader currently does not do cell- and face-
00636 centered variables correctly.
00637 .
00638 \subsection table5 Table 5: Summary of MOAB conventional tag names, types, and purposes. Data types are I=integer, D=double, C=character, H=entity handle. Data type with *x denote length of x elements of that data type; data type with *var denote variable-length tag. Tag names with two underscores prepended (“__”) denote tags not written to a file by MOAB.
00639
00640 <Table border="1">
00641 <tr>
00642 <th> Tag name </th>
00643 <th>Data type </th>
00644 <th> Applies to (E=entity, S=set) </th>
00645 <th>Purpose </th>
00646 </tr>
00647 <tr>
00648 <td>__NUM_DIMS </td>
00649 <td>I</td>
00650 <td>S</td>
00651 <td>The number of dimensions in the netcdf file.</td>
00652 </tr>
00653 <tr>
00654 <td>__NUM_VARS</td>
00655 <td>I</td>
00656 <td>S</td>
00657 <td>The number of variables in the netcdf file.</td>
00658 </tr>
00659 <tr>
00660 <td>__DIM_NAMES </td>
00661 <td>C*var</td>
00662 <td>S</td>
00663 <td>The dimension names, concatenated into a
00664 character string, with '\0' terminating each name.
00665 </td>
00666 </tr>
00667 <tr>
00668 <td>__DIM_LENS </td>
00669 <td>I*var</td>
00670 <td>S</td>
00671 <td>A vector of integers, storing the length of
00672 each dimension.
00673 </td>
00674 </tr>
00675 <tr>
00676 <td>__VAR_NAMES
00677 </td>
00678 <td>C*var</td>
00679 <td>S</td>
00680 <td>The variable names, concatenated into a
00681 character string, with '\0' terminating each name.
00682 </td>
00683 </tr>
00684 <tr>
00685 <td><dim_name>
00686 </td>
00687 <td>(I or D)*var</td>
00688 <td>S</td>
00689 <td>For each dimension, the values for the dimension.
00690 The data type for this tag corresponds to that in the
00691 netcdf file. The length of this tag is the number of
00692 values stored for the dimension in the netcdf file.</td>
00693 </tr>
00694 <tr>
00695 <td>__<dim_name>_LOC_MIN_MAX</td>
00696 <td>(I or D)*2</td>
00697 <td>S</td>
00698 <td>The indices (0-based) of the local min and max
00699 values of dimension stored locally. For spatial
00700 dimensions like lon or lat, this will store the
00701 minimum and maximum indices in the local partition
00702 of the grid. For dimensions like time, where each
00703 processor represents the entire dimension, this will
00704 likely store 0 and the number of values for that
00705 dimension. Only one of __<dim_name>_LOC_VALS and
00706 __<dim_name>_LOC_MIN_MAX can be used for a given
00707 dimension.</td>
00708 </tr>
00709 <tr>
00710 <td>__<dim_name>_LOC_VAL </td>
00711 <td>(I or D)*var</td>
00712 <td>S</td>
00713 <td>The indices (0-based) of the dimension stored
00714 locally. This tag only makes sense for dimensions
00715 that can be read in multiple pieces, such as time.
00716 Only one of __<dim_name>_LOC_VALS and
00717 __<dim_name>_LOC_MIN_MAX can be used for a given
00718 dimension.</td>
00719 </tr>
00720 <tr>
00721 <td>__<dim_name>_GLOBAL_MIN_MAX</td>
00722 <td>(I or D)*2</td>
00723 <td>S</td>
00724 <td>The indices (0-based) of the global min and max
00725 values of dimension.</td>
00726 </tr>
00727 <tr>
00728 <td>__<var_name>_DIMS
00729 </td>
00730 <td>H*n
00731 </td>
00732 <td>S</td>
00733 <td>For each variable, this tag stores the tag
00734 handles for the n dimensions defining this variable,
00735 in netcdf ordering (last dimension varying fastest).
00736 The size of this tag is n * sizeof(TagHandle).
00737 </td>
00738 </tr>
00739 <tr>
00740 <td><var_name><timestep_ind>
00741 </td>
00742 <td>(data type)</td>
00743 <td>E</td>
00744 <td>Values of the variable for timestep <timestep_ind>
00745 for vertices. The data type of this tag corresponds
00746 to that of the variable from the netcdf file.
00747 Timestep index is 0-based.
00748 </td>
00749 </tr>
00750 <tr>
00751 <td>__GLOBAL_ATTRIBS
00752 </td>
00753 <td>C*var
00754 </td>
00755 <td>S</td>
00756 <td>The global attributes, concatenated into a character
00757 string, with ‘\0’ terminating each attribute name, ‘;’
00758 separating the data type and value, and ‘;’
00759 separating one name/data type/value from the next.
00760 </td>
00761 </tr>
00762 <tr>
00763 <td>__GLOBAL_ATTRIBS_LEN
00764 </td>
00765 <td>I*var
00766 </td>
00767 <td>S</td>
00768 <td>A vector of integers, marking the end position of
00769 each attribute (name/data type/value) in __GLOBAL_ATTRIBS tag.
00770 </td>
00771 </tr>
00772 <tr>
00773 <td>__<var_name>_ATTRIBS
00774 </td>
00775 <td>C*var
00776 </td>
00777 <td>S</td>
00778 <td>The variable attributes, concatenated into a
00779 character string, with ‘\0’ terminating each attribute
00780 name, ‘;’ separating the data type and value, and ‘;’
00781 separating one name/data type/value from the next.
00782 </td>
00783 </tr>
00784 <tr>
00785 <td>__<var_name>_ATTRIBS_LEN
00786 </td>
00787 <td>I*var
00788 </td>
00789 <td>S</td>
00790 <td>A vector of integers, marking the end position of
00791 each attribute (name/data type/value) in
00792 __<var_name>_ATTRIBS tags
00793 </td>
00794 </tr>
00795 </table>
00796
00797 \ref md-contents "Top"
00798
00799 \section appendixE Appendix E: Nek5000 Reader/Writer Conventions
00800
00801 Nek5000, or Nek, is a code that uses the spectral element method to model fluid, heat transfer,
00802 electromagnetics, and other physics. Nek uses unstructured hexahedral meshes, with each hex element
00803 resolved by a structured grid of “Gauss Lebato Legendre” (GLL) points. Nek can read meshes through
00804 MOAB, and can output physics variables and GLL points through MOAB as well.
00805
00806 Since fluid is a single material in Nek, no material sets are needed. Boundary conditions are mapped to
00807 Nek's cbc array using Neumann sets and a user-provided “usr_moab2nek” subroutine (for an example
00808 of this subroutine, see examples/moab/pipe.usr in the Nek source code). GLL point locations and fluid
00809 variables on those points are stored in tags on the hex elements. All hex elements have the same
00810 number of GLL points. The number of GLL points in each direction is stored in a tag on the mesh
00811 instance. These tags are described in Table 6.
00812
00813 GLL point locations and fluid variables are stored in lexicographic order, similar to their storage order
00814 inside the Nek code.
00815
00816 \subsection table6 Table 6: Summary of MOAB conventional tag names, types, and purposes for Nek. Data types are I=integer, D=double, C=character, H=entity handle. Data type with *x denote length of x elements of that data type; data type with *var denote variable-length tag. Tag names with two underscores prepended (“__”) denote tags not written to a file by MOAB.
00817 <Table border="1">
00818 <tr>
00819 <th> Tag name </th>
00820 <th> Data Type</th>
00821 <th>Applies to (E=entity, S=set)</th>
00822 <th>Purpose</th>
00823 </tr>
00824 <tr>
00825 <td>SEM_DIMS</td>
00826 <td>I*3</td>
00827 <td>S</td>
00828 <td>The dimensions of the GLL mesh in each hex
00829 element.
00830 </td>
00831 </tr>
00832 <tr>
00833 <td>SEM_X</td>
00834 <td>D*nx*ny*nz</td>
00835 <td>E</td>
00836 <td>X position of GLL points (having nx*ny*nz
00837 values)
00838 </td>
00839 </tr>
00840 <tr>
00841 <td>SEM_Y</td>
00842 <td>D*nx*ny*nz</td>
00843 <td>E</td>
00844 <td>Y position of GLL points (having nx*ny*nz values)</td>
00845 </tr>
00846 <tr>
00847 <td>SEM_Z</td>
00848 <td>D*nx*ny*nz</td>
00849 <td>E</td>
00850 <td>Z position of GLL points (having nx*ny*nz values)</td>
00851 </tr>
00852 <tr>
00853 <td>VEL_X</td>
00854 <td>D*nx*ny*nz</td>
00855 <td>E</td>
00856 <td>Fluid velocities in the x direction for GLL point
00857 array (having nx*ny*nz values)</td>
00858 </tr>
00859 <tr>
00860 <td>VEL_Y</td>
00861 <td>D*nx*ny*nz</td>
00862 <td>E</td>
00863 <td>Fluid velocities in the y direction for GLL point
00864 array (having nx*ny*nz values)</td>
00865 </tr>
00866 <tr>
00867 <td>VEL_Z</td>
00868 <td>D*nx*ny*nz</td>
00869 <td>E</td>
00870 <td>Fluid velocities in the z direction for GLL point
00871 array (having nx*ny*nz values)</td>
00872 </tr>
00873 <tr>
00874 <td>TEMP</td>
00875 <td>D*nx*ny*nz</td>
00876 <td>E</td>
00877 <td>Fluid temperature for GLL point array (having
00878 nx*ny*nz values)
00879 </td>
00880 </tr>
00881 <tr>
00882 <td>PRESS</td>
00883 <td>D*nx*ny*nz</td>
00884 <td>E</td>
00885 <td>Fluid pressure for GLL point array (having
00886 nx*ny*nz values)
00887 </td>
00888 </tr>
00889 </table>
00890 \ref md-contents "Top"
00891 */
00892
00893 /*! \page md-tables List of Tables
00894 \ref table1
00895
00896 \ref table2
00897
00898 \ref table3
00899
00900 \ref table4
00901
00902 \ref table5
00903
00904 \ref table6
00905
00906 */
00907 | 2021-02-26T12:51:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3997318148612976, "perplexity": 10753.25074802808}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357641.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226115116-20210226145116-00386.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10338994-measurement-inclusive-charged-particle-jet-production-pp-pb-collisions-sqrt-s_-mathrm-nn-tev | This content will become publicly available on January 1, 2023
Measurement of inclusive charged-particle b-jet production in pp and p-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ = 5.02 TeV
A bstract A measurement of the inclusive b-jet production cross section is presented in pp and p-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV, using data collected with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The jets were reconstructed in the central rapidity region |η| < 0 . 5 from charged particles using the anti- k T algorithm with resolution parameter R = 0 . 4. Identification of b jets exploits the long lifetime of b hadrons, using the properties of secondary vertices and impact parameter distributions. The p T -differential inclusive production cross section of b jets, as well as the corresponding inclusive b-jet fraction, are reported for pp and p-Pb collisions in the jet transverse momentum range 10 ≤ p T , ch jet ≤ 100 GeV/ c , together with the nuclear modification factor, $${R}_{\mathrm{pPb}}^{\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{jet}}$$ R pPb b − jet . The analysis thus extends the lower p T limit of b-jet measurements at the LHC. The nuclear modification factor is found to be consistent with unity, indicating that the production of b jets in p-Pb at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV is not affected by more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10338994
Journal Name:
Journal of High Energy Physics
Volume:
2022
Issue:
1
ISSN:
1029-8479
1. A bstract A measurement of inclusive, prompt, and non-prompt J/ ψ production in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV is presented. The inclusive J/ ψ mesons are reconstructed in the dielectron decay channel at midrapidity down to a transverse momentum p T = 0. The inclusive J/ ψ nuclear modification factor R pPb is calculated by comparing the new results in p-Pb collisions to a recently measured proton-proton reference at the same centre-of-mass energy. Non-prompt J/ ψ mesons, which originate from the decay of beauty hadrons, are separated frommore »
2. A bstract The inclusive production of the J/ ψ and ψ (2S) charmonium states is studied as a function of centrality in p-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 8 . 16 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the dimuon decay channel with the ALICE apparatus in the centre-of-mass rapidity intervals − 4 . 46 < y cms < − 2 . 96 (Pb-going direction) and 2 . 03 < y cms < 3 . 53 (p-going direction), down to zero transverse momentum ( p T ). The J/more »
3. A bstract The ALICE Collaboration reports the first fully-corrected measurements of the N -subjettiness observable for track-based jets in heavy-ion collisions. This study is performed using data recorded in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at centre-of-mass energies of $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 7 TeV and $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 2 . 76 TeV, respectively. In particular the ratio of 2-subjettiness to 1-subjettiness, τ 2 /τ 1 , which is sensitive to the rate of two-pronged jet substructure, is presented. Energy loss of jets traversing the strongly interacting medium in heavy-ion collisions is expected to change the rate ofmore »
4. A bstract Jet fragmentation transverse momentum ( j T ) distributions are measured in proton-proton (pp) and proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed with the ALICE tracking detectors and electromagnetic calorimeter using the anti- k T algorithm with resolution parameter R = 0 . 4 in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 0 . 25. The j T values are calculated for charged particles inside a fixed cone with a radius R = 0 . 4 around the reconstructed jet axis. The measuredmore »
5. A bstract The production of prompt D 0 , D + , and D *+ mesons was measured at midrapidity (| y | < 0.5) in Pb–Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon pair $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decay channels and their production yields were measured in central (0–10%) and semicentral (30–50%) collisions. The measurement was performed up to a transverse momentum ( p T ) of 36 or 50 GeV/c depending on the D meson species andmore » | 2022-09-26T14:03:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9427592158317566, "perplexity": 2506.5080437723454}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00253.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Abrowder.felix-e | # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Browder, Felix Earl
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: browder.felix-e Published as: Browder, Felix E.; Browder, F. E.; Browder, Felix; Browder, F.; Browder, Félix; Browder, Félix E. External Links: MGP · Wikidata · Math-Net.Ru · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 198 Publications since 1952, including 2 Books 10 Contributions as Editor 8 Further Contributions Biographic References: 2 Publications
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
171 single-authored 17 Brézis, Haïm 5 Petryshyn, Walter Wolodymyr 3 Gupta, Chaitan P. 3 Masani, Pesi Rustom 2 Berestycki, Henri 2 Bertsch, Michiel 2 Guedes de Figueiredo, Djairo 2 Dollard, John D. 2 Friedman, Charles N. 2 Gerstenhaber, Murray 2 Nirenberg, Louis 2 Peletier, Lambertus Adrianus 2 Spanier, Edwin Henry 2 Ton, Bui An 2 Véron, Laurent 1 Alperin, Jonathan L. 1 Barros-Neto, José 1 Brelot, Marcel 1 Cannon, John Rozier 1 Davis, Martin David 1 Doob, Joseph Leonard 1 Edelstein, Michael 1 Fattorini, Hector O. 1 Graham, Ronald Lewis 1 Hammond, A. 1 Henrici, Peter 1 Hoppensteadt, Frank C. 1 Jones, William Branham 1 Kac, Mark 1 Kahane, Jean-Pierre 1 Karlovitz, Les Andrew 1 Levinson, Norman 1 Mac Lane, Leslie Saunders 1 Mandelbrojt, Szolem 1 Moore, David S. 1 Nussbaum, Roger David 1 Penrose, Roger 1 Reinermann, Jochen 1 Richard, I. 1 Root, William L. 1 Rosenblith, W. 1 Schwartz, Jacob Theodore 1 Steen, Lynn Arthur 1 Stone, Marshall Harvey 1 Strauss, Walter Alexander 1 Thompson, Philip Duncan 1 Thron, Wolfgang Joseph 1 Wiesner, Jan 1 Yu, Qingyu
all top 5
#### Serials
36 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 33 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 10 American Journal of Mathematics 10 Mathematische Annalen 8 Journal of Functional Analysis 7 Duke Mathematical Journal 5 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 5 Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications 5 Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics 4 Advances in Mathematics 4 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 4 Mathematische Zeitschrift 4 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Série A 4 Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Proceedings. Series A. Indagationes Mathematicae 4 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 3 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 3 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 3 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 2 American Mathematical Monthly 2 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 2 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 2 Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série I 1 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 Studia Mathematica 1 The Mathematical Intelligencer 1 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 1 Archiv der Mathematik 1 Rice University Studies 1 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 1 Historia Mathematica 1 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 1 Bollettino della Unione Matematica Italiana. Series V. B 1 Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics 1 Annals of Mathematics Studies 1 Contemporary Mathematics
all top 5
#### Fields
60 Operator theory (47-XX) 21 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 14 Functional analysis (46-XX) 13 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 11 History and biography (01-XX) 10 Integral equations (45-XX) 10 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 8 General topology (54-XX) 4 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 4 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 3 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
191 Publications have been cited 6,942 times in 4,722 Documents Cited by Year
Construction of fixed points of nonlinear mappings in Hilbert space. Zbl 0153.45701
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1967
Nonexpansive nonlinear operators in a Banach space. Zbl 0128.35801
Browder, F. E.
1965
The fixed point theory of multi-valued mappings in topological vector spaces. Zbl 0176.45204
Browder, F. E.
1968
Convergence of approximants to fixed points of nonexpansive nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0148.13601
Browder, F. E.
1967
Fixed-point theorems for noncompact mappings in Hilbert space. Zbl 0125.35801
Browder, F. E.
1965
Nonlinear mappings of nonexpansive and accretive type in Banach spaces. Zbl 0176.45302
Browder, F. E.
1967
On the spectral theory of elliptic differential operators. I. Zbl 0104.07502
Browder, Felix E.
1961
Nonlinear equations of evolution and nonlinear accretive operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0176.45301
Browder, F. E.
1967
Convergence theorems for sequences of nonlinear operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0149.36301
Browder, F. E.
1967
Nonlinear mappings of monotone type in Banach spaces. Zbl 0249.47044
Browder, Felix E.; Hess, Peter
1972
Semicontractive and semiaccretive nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0164.44801
Browder, F. E.
1968
The solution by iteration of nonlinear functional equations in Banach spaces. Zbl 0138.08202
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1966
Nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0127.31901
Browder, F.
1963
Nonlinear monotone operators and convex sets in Banach spaces. Zbl 0138.39902
Browder, F. E.
1965
Nonlinear maximal monotone operators in Banach space. Zbl 0159.43901
Browder, F. E.
1968
Fixed point theory and nonlinear problems. Zbl 0533.47053
Browder, Felix E.
1983
Nonlinear operators and nonlinear equations of evolution in Banach spaces. Proceedings of the symposium in pure mathematics of the American Mathematical Society, held in Chicago, Illinois, April 16-19, 1968. Zbl 0327.47022
Browder, Felix E.
1976
Non-linear equations of evolution. Zbl 0127.33602
Browder, F.
1964
On the convergence of successive approximations for nonlinear functional equations. Zbl 0155.19401
Browder, Felix E.
1968
A general principle on ordered sets in nonlinear functional analysis. Zbl 0339.47030
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1976
Existence and approximation of solutions of nonlinear variational inequalities. Zbl 0148.13502
Browder, F. E.
1966
Approximation methods and the generalized topological degree for nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0177.42702
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1969
On the unification of the calculus of variations and the theory of monotone nonlinear operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0143.36902
Browder, F. E.
1966
Nonlinear integral equations and systems of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0318.45011
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1975
The solvability of non-linear functional equations. Zbl 0119.32503
Browder, F. E.
1963
Estimates and existence theorems for elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0093.29402
Browder, Felix E.
1959
Multi-valued monotone nonlinear mappings and duality mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0138.39903
Browder, F. E.
1965
A new generalization of the Schauder fixed point theorem. Zbl 0176.45203
Browder, F. E.
1967
The solution by iteration of linear functional equations in Banach spaces. Zbl 0138.08201
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1966
Nonlinear monotone and accretive operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0167.15205
Browder, F. E.
1968
A further generalization of the Schauder fixed point theorem. Zbl 0137.32601
Browder, F. E.
1965
Nonlinear accretive operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0159.19905
Browder, F. E.
1967
Monotone operators and nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0193.11204
Browder, F. E.; Gupta, C. P.
1969
Pseudo-monotone operators and nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems on unbounded domains. Zbl 0358.35034
Browder, Felix E.
1977
Existence theorems for nonlinear partial differential equations. Zbl 0211.17204
Browder, F. E.
1970
Asymptotic fixed point theorems. Zbl 0212.27704
Browder, F. E.
1970
On non-linear wave equations. Zbl 0109.32102
Browder, F. E.
1962
Existence of periodic solutions for nonlinear equations of evolution. Zbl 0135.17601
Browder, Felix E.
1965
Existence theorems for nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0298.47031
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1975
Fixed point theorems for nonlinear semicontractive mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0144.39101
Browder, F. E.
1966
Coincidence theorems, minimax theorems, and variational inequalities. Zbl 0542.47046
Browder, Felix E.
1984
On a generalization of the Schauder fixed point theorem. Zbl 0086.10203
Browder, Felix E.
1959
Functional analysis and partial differential equations. II. Zbl 0103.31602
Browder, Felix E.
1962
Some properties of higher order Sobolev spaces. Zbl 0512.46034
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1982
Maximal monotone operators and nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0197.41101
Browder, F. E.; de Figueiredo, D. G.; Gupta, C. P.
1970
Some new results about Hammerstein equations. Zbl 0286.45007
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1974
Functional analysis and partial differential equations. I. Zbl 0086.10301
Browder, Felix E.
1959
Problèmes non-linéaires. Séminaire de mathématique supérieures- été 1965. Zbl 0153.17302
Browder, F. E.
1966
Nonlinear ergodic theorems. Zbl 0339.47029
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1976
Existence and uniqueness theorems for solutions of nonlinear boundary value problems. Zbl 0145.35302
Browder, F. E.
1965
Nonlinear eigenvalue problems and Galerkin approximations. Zbl 0162.20302
Browder, F. E.
1968
Nonlinear eigenvalue problems and group invariance. Zbl 0213.41304
Browder, F. E.
1970
Nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems and the generalized topological degree. Zbl 0201.18401
Browder, F. E.
1970
Product integration with applications to differential equations. Foreword by Felix E. Browder. Appendix by P. R. Masani. Zbl 0423.34014
Dollard, John D.; Friedman, Charles N.
1979
On a theorem of Beurling and Livingstone. Zbl 0132.10602
Browder, F. E.
1965
Partial differential equations in the 20th century. Zbl 0915.01011
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix
1998
Strongly nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0453.35029
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, F. E.
1978
Continued fractions. Analytic theory and applications. Zbl 0603.30009
Jones, William B.; Thron, W. J.
1980
On the regularity properties of solutions of elliptic differential equations. Zbl 0070.09601
Browder, Felix E.
1956
Remarks on nonlinear ergodic theory. Zbl 0399.47058
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1977
Nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems. II. Zbl 0127.31903
Browder, F.
1965
Infinite dimensional manifolds and nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problems. Zbl 0136.12002
Browder, F. E.
1965
Nonlinear functional equations in Banach spaces and elliptic super- regularization. Zbl 0165.49802
Browder, F. E.; Ton, B. A.
1968
The topological degree for noncompact nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0164.17002
Browder, F. E.; Nussbaum, R. D.
1968
J-monotone nonlinear operators in Banach apces. Zbl 0148.13602
Browder, F. E.; de Figueiredo, D. G.
1966
Variational boundary value problems for quasi-linear elliptic equations of arbitrary order. Zbl 0117.07102
Browder, F. E.
1963
Non-linear initial value problems. Zbl 0131.13502
Browder, F. E.
1965
Degree of mapping for nonlinear mappings of monotone type. Zbl 0533.47051
Browder, Felix E.
1983
Covering spaces, fibre spaces, and local homeomorphisms. Zbl 0056.16602
Browder, Felix E.
1954
Mapping theorems for noncompact nonlinear operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0133.08101
Browder, F. E.
1965
Variational methods for nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problems. Zbl 0135.15802
Browder, F. E.
1965
Strongly non-linear parabolic boundary value problems. Zbl 0143.33501
Browder, F. E.
1964
The topological degree and Galerkin approximations for noncompact operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0164.17003
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1968
Nonlinear variational inequalities and maximal monotone mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0208.39105
Browder, F. E.
1969
Strongly elliptic systems of differential equations. Zbl 0057.32901
Browder, F. E.
1954
Approximation by solutions of partial differential equations. Zbl 0111.09601
Browder, F. E.
1962
On the iteration of transformations in non-compact minimal dynamical systems. Zbl 0092.12602
Browder, Felix E.
1958
Mathematical developments arising from Hilbert problems. Proceedings of the symposium in pure mathematics of the American Mathematical Society, held at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, May 1974. Zbl 0326.00002
1976
Remarks on the direct method of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0135.32404
Browder, F. E.
1965
Topological degree and nonlinear mappings of analytic type in Banach spaces. Zbl 0176.45401
Browder, F. E.; Gupta, C. P.
1969
A-priori estimates for solutions of elliptic boundary-value problems. I, II. Zbl 0096.30202
Browder, Felix E.
1960
A property of Sobolev spaces. Zbl 0423.46023
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1979
Non-local elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0131.09702
Browder, F. E.
1964
On a sharpened form of the Schauder fixed-point theorem. Zbl 0375.47028
Browder, Felix E.
1977
Approximation-solvability of nonlinear functional equations in normed linear spaces. Zbl 0166.12603
Browder, F. E.
1967
On continuity of fixed points under deformations of continuous mappings. Zbl 0102.37807
Browder, Felix E.
1960
Another generalization of the Schauder fixed point theorem. Zbl 0128.35901
Browder, F. E.
1965
On a principle of H. Brezis and its applications. Zbl 0358.47037
Browder, Felix E.
1977
Remarks on nonlinear functional equations. Zbl 0126.12301
Browder, F.
1964
Asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for non-local elliptic boundary value problems. I. Zbl 0143.14403
Browder, F. E.
1965
Normal solvability and the Fredholm alternative for mappings into infinite dimensional manifolds. Zbl 0228.47044
Browder, Felix E.
1971
The Dirichlet problem for linear elliptic equations of arbitrary even order with variable coefficients. Zbl 0046.32302
Browder, Felix E.
1952
Strongly nonlinear parabolic initial-boundary value problems. Zbl 0397.35030
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1979
Real analytic functions on product spaces and separate analyticity. Zbl 0118.07603
Browder, F. E.
1961
Topology and non-linear functional equations. Zbl 0176.45303
Browder, F. E.
1968
Remarks on nonlinear interpolation in Banach spaces. Zbl 0188.45901
Browder, F. E.
1969
Pseudo-monotone operators and the direct method of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0204.42601
Browder, F. E.
1970
Normal solvability and $$\phi$$-accretive mappings of Banach spaces. Zbl 0236.47054
Browder, Felix E.
1972
Nonlinear functional Analysis and nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein and Urysohn type. Zbl 0267.47038
Browder, Felix E.
1971
On the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the general linear elliptic differential operator. Zbl 0050.32102
Browder, Felix E.
1953
Product integration with applications to differential equations. Foreword by Felix E. Browder. Appendix by P. R. Masani. Reprint of the 1979 hardback ed. Zbl 1217.34018
Dollard, John D.; Friedman, Charles N.
2011
The Cauchy problem. With a foreword by Felix E. Browder. Paperback reprint of the 1983 original. Zbl 1210.34001
Fattorini, Hector O.
2009
Perspectives in nonlinear partial differential equations in honor of Haïm Brezis. Based on the conference celebration of Haïm Brezis’ 60th birthday, June 21–25, 2004. Zbl 1126.00013
2007
Partial differential equations in the 20th century. Zbl 0915.01011
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix
1998
Mathematics into the twenty-first century. Proceedings of the AMS centennial symposium, Providence, RI, USA, August 8–12, 1988. Zbl 0921.00016
1992
The Stone age of mathematics on the midway. Zbl 0682.01012
Browder, Felix E.
1989
Degree theory for nonlinear mappings. Zbl 0601.47050
Browder, Felix E.
1986
Coincidence theorems, minimax theorems, and variational inequalities. Zbl 0542.47046
Browder, Felix E.
1984
Boundary conditions for condensing mappings. Zbl 0534.47037
Yu, Qing-Yu; Browder, F. E.
1984
Remarks on the paper ”Boundary conditions for condensing mappings”. Zbl 0599.47094
Browder, Felix E.
1984
Fixed point theory and nonlinear problems. Zbl 0533.47053
Browder, Felix E.
1983
Degree of mapping for nonlinear mappings of monotone type. Zbl 0533.47051
Browder, Felix E.
1983
The degree of mapping, and its generalizations. Zbl 0531.47051
Browder, Felix E.
1983
Degree of mapping for nonlinear mappings of monotone type: Densely defined mapping. Zbl 0533.47052
Browder, Felix E.
1983
Degree of mapping for nonlinear mappings of monotone type: Strongly nonlinear mapping. Zbl 0532.47038
Browder, Felix E.
1983
The mathematical heritage of Henri Poincaré. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mathematical Heritage of Henri Poincaré, held at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, April 7-10, 1980. Zbl 0512.00008
1983
L’unicité du degré topologique pour des applications de type monotone. Zbl 0548.47032
Browder, Félix E.
1983
Some properties of higher order Sobolev spaces. Zbl 0512.46034
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1982
Erratum to the paper ”Remarks on fixed point theorems of contractive type”. Zbl 0461.47031
Browder, Felix E.
1981
Continued fractions. Analytic theory and applications. Zbl 0603.30009
Jones, William B.; Thron, W. J.
1980
Strongly nonlinear parabolic variational inequalities. Zbl 0426.35059
Browder, Felix E.; Brézis, Haïm
1980
Product integration with applications to differential equations. Foreword by Felix E. Browder. Appendix by P. R. Masani. Zbl 0423.34014
Dollard, John D.; Friedman, Charles N.
1979
A property of Sobolev spaces. Zbl 0423.46023
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1979
Strongly nonlinear parabolic initial-boundary value problems. Zbl 0397.35030
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1979
Remarks on fixed point theorems of contractive type. Zbl 0427.47037
Browder, Felix E.
1979
On the range of the sum of nonlinear operators and the Landesman-Lazer principle. Zbl 0426.47039
Browder, Felix E.
1979
Strongly nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems. Zbl 0453.35029
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, F. E.
1978
Sur une propriété des espaces de Sobolev. Zbl 0381.46019
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1978
Image d’un opérateur maximal monotone et principe de Landesman-Lazer. Zbl 0392.47024
Browder, Felix E.
1978
Pseudo-monotone operators and nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems on unbounded domains. Zbl 0358.35034
Browder, Felix E.
1977
Remarks on nonlinear ergodic theory. Zbl 0399.47058
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1977
On a sharpened form of the Schauder fixed-point theorem. Zbl 0375.47028
Browder, Felix E.
1977
On a principle of H. Brezis and its applications. Zbl 0358.47037
Browder, Felix E.
1977
On the constructive solution of nonlinear functional equations. Zbl 0358.47036
Browder, Felix E.
1977
Asymptotically orientation-preserving mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0352.55011
Browder, Felix E.
1977
Nonlinear operators and nonlinear equations of evolution in Banach spaces. Proceedings of the symposium in pure mathematics of the American Mathematical Society, held in Chicago, Illinois, April 16-19, 1968. Zbl 0327.47022
Browder, Felix E.
1976
A general principle on ordered sets in nonlinear functional analysis. Zbl 0339.47030
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1976
Nonlinear ergodic theorems. Zbl 0339.47029
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1976
Mathematical developments arising from Hilbert problems. Proceedings of the symposium in pure mathematics of the American Mathematical Society, held at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, May 1974. Zbl 0326.00002
1976
Singular Hammerstein equations and maximal monotone operators. Zbl 0328.45007
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1976
Continuation of solutions of equations under homotopies of single-valued and multivalued mappings. Zbl 0373.47032
Browder, Felix E.
1976
On a theorem of Caristi and Kirk. Zbl 0379.54016
Browder, Felix E.
1976
Nonlinear integral equations and systems of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0318.45011
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1975
Existence theorems for nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0298.47031
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1975
Maximal monotone operators in nonreflexive Banach spaces and nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0298.47030
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1975
Strongly nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0303.45007
Browder, Felix E.
1975
The Lefschetz fixed point theorem and asymptotic fixed point theorems. Zbl 0312.55007
Browder, Felix E.
1975
The relation of functional analysis to concrete analysis in 20th century mathematics. Zbl 0344.01007
Browder, Felix E.
1975
Some new results about Hammerstein equations. Zbl 0286.45007
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1974
Equations intégrales non linéaires du type Hammerstein. Zbl 0286.45006
Brézis, Haïm; Browder, Felix E.
1974
Normally solvable nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces and their homotopies. Zbl 0304.47053
Browder, Felix E.
1974
Some new asymptotic fixed point theorems. Zbl 0302.47039
Browder, Felix E.
1974
Existence theory for boundary value problems for quasilinear elliptic systems with strongly nonlinear lower order terms. Zbl 0265.35035
Browder, Felix E.
1973
Nonlinear mappings of monotone type in Banach spaces. Zbl 0249.47044
Browder, Felix E.; Hess, Peter
1972
Normal solvability and $$\phi$$-accretive mappings of Banach spaces. Zbl 0236.47054
Browder, Felix E.
1972
Generalizations of accretivity for nonlinear mappings of Banach spaces. Zbl 0236.47055
Browder, Felix E.
1972
Normal solvability and the Fredholm alternative for mappings into infinite dimensional manifolds. Zbl 0228.47044
Browder, Felix E.
1971
Nonlinear functional Analysis and nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein and Urysohn type. Zbl 0267.47038
Browder, Felix E.
1971
Normal solvability for nonlinear mappings into Banach spaces. Zbl 0213.14704
Browder, F. E.
1971
Normal solvability and existence theorems for nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0234.47056
Browder, F. E.
1971
Normal solvability for nonlinear mappings and the geometry of Banach spaces. Zbl 0234.47055
Browder, F. E.
1971
Existence theorems for nonlinear partial differential equations. Zbl 0211.17204
Browder, F. E.
1970
Asymptotic fixed point theorems. Zbl 0212.27704
Browder, F. E.
1970
Maximal monotone operators and nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0197.41101
Browder, F. E.; de Figueiredo, D. G.; Gupta, C. P.
1970
Nonlinear eigenvalue problems and group invariance. Zbl 0213.41304
Browder, F. E.
1970
Nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems and the generalized topological degree. Zbl 0201.18401
Browder, F. E.
1970
Pseudo-monotone operators and the direct method of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0204.42601
Browder, F. E.
1970
On the Fredholm alternative for nonlinear operators. Zbl 0201.17902
Browder, F. E.
1970
Group invariance in nonlinear functional analysis. Zbl 0203.14502
Browder, F.
1970
Nonlinear mappings of analytic type in Banach spaces. Zbl 0224.47033
Browder, Felix E.
1970
Functional analysis and related fields. Proceedings of a conference in honor of Porfessor Marshall Stone, held at the University of Chicago, May 1968. Zbl 0211.00102
1970
Approximation methods and the generalized topological degree for nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0177.42702
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1969
Monotone operators and nonlinear integral equations of Hammerstein type. Zbl 0193.11204
Browder, F. E.; Gupta, C. P.
1969
Nonlinear variational inequalities and maximal monotone mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0208.39105
Browder, F. E.
1969
Topological degree and nonlinear mappings of analytic type in Banach spaces. Zbl 0176.45401
Browder, F. E.; Gupta, C. P.
1969
Remarks on nonlinear interpolation in Banach spaces. Zbl 0188.45901
Browder, F. E.
1969
Periodic solutions of nonlinear equations of evolution in infinite dimensional spaces. Zbl 0188.15602
Browder, F. E.
1969
Local and global properties of nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0188.20802
Browder, F. E.
1969
The fixed point theory of multi-valued mappings in topological vector spaces. Zbl 0176.45204
Browder, F. E.
1968
Semicontractive and semiaccretive nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0164.44801
Browder, F. E.
1968
Nonlinear maximal monotone operators in Banach space. Zbl 0159.43901
Browder, F. E.
1968
On the convergence of successive approximations for nonlinear functional equations. Zbl 0155.19401
Browder, Felix E.
1968
Nonlinear monotone and accretive operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0167.15205
Browder, F. E.
1968
Nonlinear eigenvalue problems and Galerkin approximations. Zbl 0162.20302
Browder, F. E.
1968
Nonlinear functional equations in Banach spaces and elliptic super- regularization. Zbl 0165.49802
Browder, F. E.; Ton, B. A.
1968
The topological degree for noncompact nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0164.17002
Browder, F. E.; Nussbaum, R. D.
1968
The topological degree and Galerkin approximations for noncompact operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0164.17003
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1968
Topology and non-linear functional equations. Zbl 0176.45303
Browder, F. E.
1968
Convergence of approximants by regularization for solutions of nonlinear functional equations in Banach spaces. Zbl 0165.49803
Browder, F. E.; Ton, B. A.
1968
The zeros of solutions of elliptic partial differential equations with analytic coefficients. Zbl 0164.13801
Browder, Felix E.
1968
Construction of fixed points of nonlinear mappings in Hilbert space. Zbl 0153.45701
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1967
Convergence of approximants to fixed points of nonexpansive nonlinear mappings in Banach spaces. Zbl 0148.13601
Browder, F. E.
1967
Nonlinear mappings of nonexpansive and accretive type in Banach spaces. Zbl 0176.45302
Browder, F. E.
1967
Nonlinear equations of evolution and nonlinear accretive operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0176.45301
Browder, F. E.
1967
Convergence theorems for sequences of nonlinear operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0149.36301
Browder, F. E.
1967
A new generalization of the Schauder fixed point theorem. Zbl 0176.45203
Browder, F. E.
1967
Nonlinear accretive operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0159.19905
Browder, F. E.
1967
Approximation-solvability of nonlinear functional equations in normed linear spaces. Zbl 0166.12603
Browder, F. E.
1967
Existence and perturbation theorems for nonlinear maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces. Zbl 0176.45205
Browder, F. E.
1967
The solution by iteration of nonlinear functional equations in Banach spaces. Zbl 0138.08202
Browder, F. E.; Petryshyn, W. V.
1966
...and 91 more Documents
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#### Cited by 3,522 Authors
88 Yao, Jen-Chih 75 Browder, Felix Earl 65 Chidume, Charles Ejike 64 Qin, Xiaolong 64 Takahashi, Wataru 57 Chang, Shih-Sen 55 Kumam, Poom 51 Kang, Shin Min 51 Petryshyn, Walter Wolodymyr 51 Reich, Simeon 48 Ceng, Lu-Chuan 48 Zegeye, Habtu 44 Cho, Yeol Je 41 Shahzad, Naseer 41 Xu, Hong-Kun 40 Zhou, Haiyun 39 Shehu, Yekini 36 Yao, Yonghong 33 Cho, Sun Young 33 Marino, Giuseppe 31 Kirk, William Arthur 29 Khamsi, Mohamed Amine 29 O’Regan, Donal 29 Papageorgiou, Nikolaos S. 29 Park, Sehie 29 Suantai, Suthep 28 Kartsatos, Athanassios G. 28 Lin, Lai-Jiu 26 Liou, Yeongcheng 26 Su, Yongfu 25 Ding, Xie Ping 24 Jung, Jong Soo 24 Song, Yisheng 24 Wangkeeree, Rabian 23 Ansari, Qamrul Hasan 23 Brézis, Haïm 23 Cholamjiak, Prasit 23 Tan, Kok-Keong 22 Boccardo, Lucio 21 Kim, Jong Kyu 21 Morales, Claudio H. 21 Suzuki, Tomonari 21 Yuan, George Xian-Zhi 20 Huang, Nan-Jing 20 Kohlenbach, Ulrich Wilhelm 19 Agarwal, Ravi P. 19 Nussbaum, Roger David 18 Chen, Rudong 17 Latif, Abdul 17 Le, Vy Khoi 17 Sunthrayuth, Pongsakorn 17 Turinici, Mihai 16 Chuang, Chih-Sheng 16 Garcia-Falset, Jesús 16 Lions, Jacques-Louis 16 López Acedo, Genaro 16 Schechter, Martin 16 von Wahl, Wolf 15 Fitzpatrick, Patrick Michael 15 Muglia, Luigi 15 Wong, Ngai-Ching 14 Ahmad, Junaid 14 Chen, Yuqing 14 Migórski, Stanisław 14 Ullah, Kifayat 13 Amann, Herbert 13 Colao, Vittorio 13 Djitté, Ngalla 13 Gupta, Chaitan P. 13 Lau, Anthony To-Ming 13 Leuştean, Laurenţiu 13 Ofoedu, Eric U. 13 Sahu, Daya Ram 13 Wang, Lin 12 Hussain, Nawab 12 Kangtunyakarn, Atid 12 Lan, Kunquan 12 Mewomo, Oluwatosin Temitope 12 Rafiq, Arif 11 Abbas, Mujahid 11 Balaj, Mircea 11 Cai, Gang 11 Chan, Chi Kin 11 Djafari Rouhani, Behzad 11 Eslamian, Mohammad 11 Hirano, Norimichi 11 Hu, Changsong 11 Naniewicz, Zdzisław 11 Nečas, Jindřich 11 Penot, Jean-Paul 11 Shang, Meijuan 11 Wen, Chingfeng 10 Asfaw, Teffera M. 10 Bin Dehaish, Buthinah Abdullatif 10 Bruck, Ronald E. jun. 10 Iiduka, Hideaki 10 Landes, Rüdiger 10 Nashine, Hemant Kumar 10 Pazy, Amnon 10 Petruşel, Adrian ...and 3,422 more Authors
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#### Cited in 440 Serials
466 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 284 Fixed Point Theory and Applications 278 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 208 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 135 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 114 Journal of Differential Equations 100 Abstract and Applied Analysis 97 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 96 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 95 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 83 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 80 Applied Mathematics and Computation 78 Journal of Functional Analysis 73 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 73 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 67 Mathematische Annalen 64 Mathematische Zeitschrift 62 Optimization 61 Applicable Analysis 59 Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications 52 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 52 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 52 Applied Mathematics Letters 50 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 50 Journal of Global Optimization 39 Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. (English Edition) 36 Israel Journal of Mathematics 34 Journal of Applied Mathematics 34 Journal of Nonlinear Science and Applications 27 Journal of Approximation Theory 27 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 26 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche. III. Ser 25 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 24 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 21 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 20 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 20 Manuscripta Mathematica 20 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 20 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 20 Journal of Function Spaces 19 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 18 Mathematical Notes 18 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 18 Numerical Algorithms 17 Numerische Mathematik 16 Advances in Mathematics 16 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 16 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 15 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 15 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 15 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 15 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 15 Topology and its Applications 15 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 15 Journal of Mathematics 14 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 14 Journal of Mathematical Economics 14 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 14 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 14 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 14 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 14 Positivity 13 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 13 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 12 Results in Mathematics 12 Siberian Mathematical Journal 12 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 11 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 11 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 11 Acta Mathematica Sinica. New Series 11 Proceedings of the Japan Academy 11 Optimization Letters 11 Afrika Matematika 10 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 9 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 9 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 9 Archiv der Mathematik 9 Mathematische Nachrichten 9 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 9 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 9 Linear Algebra and its Applications 9 Set-Valued Analysis 9 Computational and Applied Mathematics 9 Journal of Applied Analysis 9 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 9 Set-Valued and Variational Analysis 8 Communications in Mathematical Physics 8 Acta Mathematica 8 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 8 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 8 Ricerche di Matematica 8 Aequationes Mathematicae 8 Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis 8 Journal of Convex Analysis 8 Differential Equations 8 Thai Journal of Mathematics 8 ISRN Mathematical Analysis 8 Arabian Journal of Mathematics 7 Journal of Mathematical Physics 7 Mathematical Programming ...and 340 more Serials
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#### Cited in 56 Fields
2,819 Operator theory (47-XX) 891 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 701 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 493 General topology (54-XX) 479 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 357 Functional analysis (46-XX) 324 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 310 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 184 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 120 Integral equations (45-XX) 101 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 77 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 76 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 72 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 63 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 60 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 54 Real functions (26-XX) 51 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 46 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 40 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 38 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 37 Measure and integration (28-XX) 34 Differential geometry (53-XX) 31 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 23 History and biography (01-XX) 22 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 19 Quantum theory (81-XX) 18 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 18 Potential theory (31-XX) 17 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 17 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 16 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 13 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 12 Combinatorics (05-XX) 9 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 9 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 9 Computer science (68-XX) 8 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 8 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 8 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 7 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 7 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 6 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 6 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 5 Geometry (51-XX) 5 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 4 Number theory (11-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Statistics (62-XX) 2 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 2 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2022-01-20T13:56:31 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5681485533714294, "perplexity": 4011.830234379935}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301863.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120130236-20220120160236-00479.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.36 | # §10.36 Other Differential Equations
The quantity $\lambda^{2}$ in (10.13.1)–(10.13.6) and (10.13.8) can be replaced by $-\lambda^{2}$ if at the same time the symbol $\mathop{\mathscr{C}\/}\nolimits$ in the given solutions is replaced by $\mathop{\mathscr{Z}\/}\nolimits$. Also,
10.36.1 $z^{2}(z^{2}+\nu^{2})w^{\prime\prime}+z(z^{2}+3\nu^{2})w^{\prime}-\left((z^{2}+% \nu^{2})^{2}+z^{2}-\nu^{2}\right)w=0,$ $w={\mathop{\mathscr{Z}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits^{\prime}}\!\left(z\right)$,
10.36.2 ${z^{2}w^{\prime\prime}+z(1\pm 2z)w^{\prime}+(\pm z-\nu^{2})w=0},$ $w=e^{\mp z}\mathop{\mathscr{Z}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$.
Differential equations for products can be obtained from (10.13.9)–(10.13.11) by replacing $z$ by $iz$. | 2014-11-24T09:21:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 17, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6295905709266663, "perplexity": 591.6538981566712}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380574.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00163-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://bison.inl.gov/Documentation/source/kernels/MassEigenKernel.aspx | # MassEigenKernel
## Description
MassEigenKernel is used in the context of solving eigenvalue problems of the form
(1) where represents the eigenvalue and represents the eigenvector. Kernels that inherit from EigenKernel like MassEigenKernel are grouped into the term and have their residual contributions multipled by the eigenvalue . Consider the equation below
(2) where is some reaction coefficient that accounts for loss of . The terms on the LHS of Eq. 2 are equivalent to the LHS of Eq. 1 and similarly for the right hand sides.
## Example Syntax
The kernels describing Eq. 2 are shown in the Kernel block below
[AuxKernels]
[./x_disp]
type = FunctionAux
variable = x_disp
function = x_disp_func
[../]
[./y_disp]
type = FunctionAux
variable = y_disp
function = y_disp_func
[../]
[]
(moose/test/tests/executioners/eigen_executioners/ipm.i)
The syntax for MassEigenKernel is simple, taking only its type and the variable that the kernel acts on.
## Input Parameters
• variableThe name of the variable that this Kernel operates on
C++ Type:NonlinearVariableName
Description:The name of the variable that this Kernel operates on
### Required Parameters
• eigen_postprocessor1The name of the postprocessor that provides the eigenvalue.
Default:1
C++ Type:PostprocessorName
Description:The name of the postprocessor that provides the eigenvalue.
• eigenTrueUse for eigenvalue problem (true) or source problem (false)
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Description:Use for eigenvalue problem (true) or source problem (false)
• blockThe list of block ids (SubdomainID) that this object will be applied
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The list of block ids (SubdomainID) that this object will be applied
### Optional Parameters
• enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject.
• save_inThe name of auxiliary variables to save this Kernel's residual contributions to. Everything about that variable must match everything about this variable (the type, what blocks it's on, etc.)
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The name of auxiliary variables to save this Kernel's residual contributions to. Everything about that variable must match everything about this variable (the type, what blocks it's on, etc.)
• use_displaced_meshFalseWhether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Description:Whether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
• control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
• seed0The seed for the master random number generator
Default:0
C++ Type:unsigned int
Description:The seed for the master random number generator
• diag_save_inThe name of auxiliary variables to save this Kernel's diagonal Jacobian contributions to. Everything about that variable must match everything about this variable (the type, what blocks it's on, etc.)
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The name of auxiliary variables to save this Kernel's diagonal Jacobian contributions to. Everything about that variable must match everything about this variable (the type, what blocks it's on, etc.)
• implicitTrueDetermines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Description:Determines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form
• vector_tagsnontimeThe tag for the vectors this Kernel should fill
Default:nontime
C++ Type:MultiMooseEnum
Description:The tag for the vectors this Kernel should fill
• extra_vector_tagsThe extra tags for the vectors this Kernel should fill
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The extra tags for the vectors this Kernel should fill
• matrix_tagssystemThe tag for the matrices this Kernel should fill
Default:system
C++ Type:MultiMooseEnum
Description:The tag for the matrices this Kernel should fill
• extra_matrix_tagsThe extra tags for the matrices this Kernel should fill
C++ Type:std::vector
Description:The extra tags for the matrices this Kernel should fill | 2020-11-27T08:41:26 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1854223757982254, "perplexity": 5076.955267994412}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141191511.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127073750-20201127103750-00192.warc.gz"} |
http://www.mfa.gov.et/aboutethiopia.php?pg=3 | Notice: Undefined index: language in C:\wamp\www\mfa\ssi\top.php on line 19
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - MoFA Ethiopia
Economy
• The government’s long-term economic development strategy – Agricultural-Development-Led-Industrialization (ADLI) – is geared to the transformation of the economic structure. The strategy involves an export-led external sector, and internal emphasis on agriculture to supply commodities for exports, domestic food supply and industrial output, and expand markets for domestic manufacturing. The development strategy is supported by an economic reform program developed in cooperation with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and by a series of structural adjustment programmes. There have been major gains from the reform programme, and from liberalization of the economy, including low inflation, fiscal discipline and low government borrowing, infrastructure improvement and the growth of the private sector after a privatization program was initiated in 1995 under which a majority of former government-owned firms have been denationalized.
The current Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), finalized in November 2010, was built on the implementation of previous poverty reduction strategies, the Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program for 2002/03−2004/5 and the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty for 2005/06−2009/10 (PASDEP) which laid out the directions to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and the basis for Ethiopia to reach ‘middle-income’ status by 2020−25. In March 2012, the IMF said Ethiopia would achieve this earlier if its rapid growth continued.
PASDEP provided for substantial progress in the provision of social services such as education, health and infrastructure through investing in physical and human capital formation and allocating over 60% of the budget to pro-poor expenditure. The spending on poverty-targeted sectors (both recurrent and capital) steadily increased during this period rising from 42.0% of total expenditure in 2002/03 to over 64% and this has continued. The effects were visible in significantly improved education and healthcare services. Primary school net enrolment rose from 77 percent in 2004/05 to 82 percent in 2009/10, and is now over 96%; completion rates also increased steadily. Secondary enrolment also rose steadily. Tertiary level education increased sharply. The proportion of fully immunized children rose from 20 percent in 2006 to 66 percent in 2010; the percentage of births attended by healthcare workers increased from 16 percent to 29 percent during the same period. In 2005 the maternal mortality was 871 per 100,000 births; this declined to 590/100,000 by 2010. Under-five child deaths fell from 200/2000 to 75/2000 in 2009. Health service coverage increased from 30% to 89% during PASDEP.
In 2004, Ethiopian GDP (Gross Domestic Product) was about 63% of Kenyan GDP and 4.6% of South African GDP; by 2009, the comparison was 97% and 10.1% respectively. Per capita income had increased from $138 to$344 in 2009. In 2009/2010 the economy grew by 10.4%, compared to the estimated growth rate of 6.0% for all Sub-Saharan Africa. Agriculture and allied activities contributed 30% to the increase while the service and industry sectors provided 56% and 13% respectively. Inflationary pressure continued to ease due to prudent monetary and fiscal policies and other government measures, and annual average inflation dropped to 2.8% in June 2010 against 36.4% a year earlier. It has since fluctuated sharply, rising sharply in 2011 and remaining a serious problem in 2012.
The financial sector registered robust growth in 2009/10 despite global economic shock and financial crisis. The total number of banks operating in Ethiopia reached 15 as two new private banks joined the industry during the fiscal year. The number of bank branches also increased by 45 from 636 to 681. Banks were able to register high profit, enhance resource mobilization, expand their capital level and reduce their non-performing loans to a minimum level in 2009/2010. The fiscal year 2009/2010 saw strong performances in imports and exports, a surge in services and transfers and some narrowing of the current account deficit. Export proceeds amounted to US$2.0 billion, 37% higher than the previous year with increases of all major export items except leather products and pulses. Service inflows rose by over 18%. The total import bill grew by 7%, reaching US$8.3 billion, due to increases in the cost of semi-finished goods, fuel, capital goods and consumer goods.
Overall, during the period of PASDEP the non-agricultural sector of the economy showed a 23.6% expansion as a result of the combined effects of the growth in the industry and service sectors. The main factor for industrial growth came from the substantial investments in hydroelectric power generation. Manufacturing showed an annual growth rate of 22.5 percent; mining surged by 95%, though construction was affected by a 1.2% slow down because of a subsequently rectified shortage of cement. In the service sector financial intermediation showed over 30% annual average growth between 2004/5 and 2009/10 as the financial sector continued to expand along with the country’s economic growth.
The growth in agricultural output was largely attributed to improved productivity aided by favourable weather conditions and appropriate economic policies. The amount of land under cultivation increased steadily between 1996 and 2008, reaching 11.2 million hectares in 2009/10. The production of major crops, including cereals, pulses and oilseeds, increased by some 5.6% that year. Total agricultural production rose from 119.1 million quintals in 2004 to 191 million in 2009 with productivity averaging 15.7 quintal/hectare (up from 12.1 quintal/hectare in 2004/05). Between 1996 and 2008, cereal yields, aided by significantly greater use of fertilizer, increased by about 40%. Agriculture averaged 8.4% growth during PASDEP (2005/6-2009/10) and provided the basis for the average double-digit economic growth after 2004/2005.
The government has developed a pro-active policy for the horticulture industry, providing tax and excise duty rebates, allowing full profit repatriation, making land and finance available at low cost, and actively promoting trade standards and the creation of institutions to train skilled sta. The government has encouraged investment in agro-business projects and in land, particularly in areas where land is under-utilized or uncultivated. Some larger projects have been leased to foreign investors but most of those agreed between 2005 and 2010 involved Ethiopian investors. Largely in the southern and western parts of the country in the regional states of the SNNP, Benishangul Gumuz and Gambella, these are intended for the production of wheat, maize and rice as well as bio-fuel products sourced from sugar, jatropha, castor and palm. Generous leases with performance-linked options for renewal are tied to local employment and development as well as provision for sales to local or regional markets. Projects have to fulfil specific requirements in terms of economic benefit and sustainability with respect for the rights and interests of local populations. Any movement of people for agro-industrial development or for hydro-power projects, for example, must be voluntary. click here for more.
During the period of PASDEP Ethiopia became one of the fastest-growing non-oil economies in Africa averaging 10-11% growth rates, and the economy has continued to increase at this rate. On the basis of the achievements of the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty the aims of the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), 2010/11-2014/15 are to remove finally the chronic food insecurity from which Ethiopia has suffered for so long, achieve high growth of at least 11% within a stable macroeconomic framework; achieve the MDG targets particularly in the social sectors, and establish a stable democratic and developmental state. The GTP identifies sustained rapid growth, emphasis on agriculture, the promotion of industrialization, investment in infrastructure, enhancement of social development, strengthening of governance, and the empowerment of youth and women as strategic pillars, and defines three strategic directions for strengthening governance: increasing implementation capacity; ensuring transparency and combating corruption; and securing participation in governance – all within a stable macroeconomic framework. It also underlines the importance of prioritizing public sector investment based on rigorous cost-benefit analysis, improving data quality and implementation capacity, maintaining fiscal prudence and continuing tax reform, containing inflation and promoting monetization and competition.
By the end of the plan, the government expects to achieve inter alia a number of ambitious targets. The Growth and Transformation Plan’s base case scenario allows for an 11.2% annual growth rate; the high case scenario anticipates 14.9% growth. Either allow for significant increases in agricultural production, possibly doubling it and substantial expansion in industrialization and infrastructural development. Other targets include reaching a per capita GDP of about USD 700 (the current level is about US\$ 400); over 2 000 km of new railway line, 8 000 megawatts (MW) of additional power generation, mobile phone density of 8.5 per 100 (up from the current level of 1.5); and a road network of 136 000 km (up from the current level of 45 000 km). Farmers throughout the country are to be provided with access to roads, electricity and telecommunication services.
1 2 3
View All... | 2015-05-24T15:00:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2078450471162796, "perplexity": 6041.495073466759}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928019.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00140-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S048T&home=sumtabB | #### ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}$ MEAN LIFE
VALUE ($10^{-15}$ s) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 151.9 \pm2.4}$ OUR AVERAGE
$153.4$ $\pm2.4$ $\pm0.7$ 22k 1
2019 AG
LHCB ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$
$118$ ${}^{+14}_{-12}$ $\pm5$ 110
2002 H
FOCS ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ nucleus, $\approx{}$180 GeV
$101$ ${}^{+25}_{-17}$ $\pm5$ 42
1993 C
E687 ${{\mathit \gamma}}{}^{}\mathrm {Be}$, ${{\overline{\mathit E}}}_{\gamma }$= 220 GeV
$82$ ${}^{+59}_{-30}$ 4
1990
ACCM ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ (${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ) ${}^{}\mathrm {Cu}$ 230 GeV
1 AAIJ 2019AG reports [${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}$ MEAN LIFE] $/$ [${{\mathit D}^{\pm}}$ MEAN LIFE] = $0.1485$ $\pm0.0017$ $\pm0.0016$ which we multiply by our best value ${{\mathit D}^{\pm}}$ MEAN LIFE = ($1.033$ $\pm0.005$) $\times 10^{-12}$ s. Our first error is their experiment's error and our second error is the systematic error from using our best value.
References:
AAIJ 2019AG
PR D100 032001 Precision measurement of the $\Lambda_c^+$, $\Xi_c^+$ and $\Xi_c^0$ baryon lifetimes
PL B541 211 A New Measurement of the ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}$ Lifetime
PRL 70 2058 Measurement of the Lifetime of the ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}$
PL B236 495 First Measurement of the Lifetime of the Charmed Strange Baryon ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}$ | 2022-10-01T08:12:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.57838374376297, "perplexity": 5213.833916754189}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001070422-20221001100422-00418.warc.gz"} |
https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess124_2021-2022/bills/978.htm | South Carolina General Assembly
124th Session, 2021-2022
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
S. 978
STATUS INFORMATION
Concurrent Resolution
Sponsors: Senators McElveen and K. Johnson
Document Path: l:\council\bills\rm\1350cm22.docx
Introduced in the Senate on January 12, 2022
Introduced in the House on January 13, 2022
Adopted by the General Assembly on January 13, 2022
Summary: Sumter County Sheriff's Office, Medal of Valor (Incident 10)
HISTORY OF LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS
Date Body Action Description with journal page number
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1/12/2022 Senate Introduced, adopted, sent to House
(Senate Journal-page 8)
1/13/2022 House Introduced, adopted, returned with concurrence
View the latest legislative information at the website
VERSIONS OF THIS BILL
(Text matches printed bills. Document has been reformatted to meet World Wide Web specifications.)
### A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
TO HONOR CORPORAL MATTHEW BARWICK AND CORPORAL BRADLEY HYNES OF THE SUMTER COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE, WHO DISPLAYED EXCEPTIONAL DECISIVENESS, PRESENCE OF MIND, AND SWIFTNESS OF ACTION WHILE IN THE LINE OF DUTY, AND TO CONGRATULATE THEM UPON RECEIVING THE SOUTH CAROLINA SHERIFFS' ASSOCIATION MEDAL OF VALOR.
Whereas, the South Carolina General Assembly is pleased to learn that Corporal Matthew Barwick and Corporal Bradley Hynes of the Sumter County Sheriff's Office, having taken swift, decisive action that saved a life, have been awarded the South Carolina Sheriffs' Association Medal of Valor; and
Whereas, on May 16, 2021, Corporals Barwick and Hynes received a call in reference to an individual attempting to commit suicide by hanging himself; and
Whereas, at approximately 1627 hours, they arrived at the home of this 74-year-old man, at which time the officers exited their vehicles and ran to the back yard. There, they saw the individual with a rope around his neck, the rope being tied to the limb of a tree. He was standing on a small stepladder; and
Whereas, when the individual saw the officers, he kicked the ladder out from underneath himself. Corporals Hynes and Barwick immediately ran to him. Corporal Barwick held him up while Corporal Hynes first tried to untie the rope; however, the latter ultimately found it necessary to cut the rope. EMS then transported him to the hospital, where he received treatment; and
Whereas, because of the clear thinking and quick actions of Corporals Hynes and Barwick, this individual's life was saved; and
Whereas, gratefully, the members of the General Assembly recognize that the safety and security of our State depend, in great measure, upon the courage and dedication of law enforcement officers who, like Corporals Barwick and Hynes, put their lives on the line every day to protect the citizens of South Carolina. Now, therefore,
Be it resolved by the Senate, the House of Representatives concurring:
That the members of the South Carolina General Assembly, by this resolution, honor Corporal Matthew Barwick and Corporal Bradley Hynes of the Sumter County Sheriff's Office, who displayed exceptional decisiveness, presence of mind, and swiftness of action while in the line of duty, and congratulate them upon receiving the South Carolina Sheriffs' Association Medal of Valor.
Be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be presented to Corporal Matthew Barwick and Corporal Bradley Hynes.
----XX----
This web page was last updated on January 18, 2022 at 10:05 AM | 2022-06-26T20:08:38 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.28526508808135986, "perplexity": 13495.312735355907}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103271864.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626192142-20220626222142-00738.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/256/237/ | Volume 256 - 34th annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2016) - Physics Beyond the Standard Model
Spectrum and mass anomalous dimension of SU(2) gauge theories with fermions in the adjoint representation: from $N_f=1/2$ to $N_f=2$
G. Bergner,* P. Giudice, G. Münster, I. Montvay, S. Piemonte
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: 2017 February 15
Published on: 2017 March 24
Abstract
We summarize our results concerning the spectrum and mass anomalous dimension of SU(2) gauge theories with various numbers of fermions in the adjoint representation,
where each Majorana fermion corresponds effectively to half a Dirac flavour $N_f$. The most relevant examples for extensions of the standard model are supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory ($N_f=1/2$)
and Minimal Walking Technicolour ($N_f=2$). In addition to these theories I will also consider the cases of $N_f=1$ and $N_f=3/2$.
The results comprise the particle spectrum of glueballs, triplet and singlet mesons, and possible fractionally charged spin half particles. In addition I will discuss our recent results for the mass anomalous dimension.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.256.0237
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2018-06-19T20:20:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5641300678253174, "perplexity": 1755.7535029406843}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863119.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619193031-20180619213031-00524.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10320543-search-high-energy-neutrinos-from-ultraluminous-infrared-galaxies-icecube | skip to main content
This content will become publicly available on February 1, 2023
Search for High-energy Neutrinos from Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with IceCube
Abstract Ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) have infrared luminosities L IR ≥ 10 12 L ⊙ , making them the most luminous objects in the infrared sky. These dusty objects are generally powered by starbursts with star formation rates that exceed 100 M ⊙ yr −1 , possibly combined with a contribution from an active galactic nucleus. Such environments make ULIRGs plausible sources of astrophysical high-energy neutrinos, which can be observed by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. We present a stacking search for high-energy neutrinos from a representative sample of 75 ULIRGs with redshift z ≤ 0.13 using 7.5 yr of IceCube data. The results are consistent with a background-only observation, yielding upper limits on the neutrino flux from these 75 ULIRGs. For an unbroken E −2.5 power-law spectrum, we report an upper limit on the stacked flux Φ ν μ + ν ¯ μ 90 % = 3.24 × 10 − 14 TeV − 1 cm − 2 s − 1 ( E / 10 TeV ) − 2.5 at 90% confidence level. In addition, we constrain the contribution of the ULIRG source population to the observed diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux as well as model predictions.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10320543
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
926
Issue:
1
ISSN:
0004-637X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
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2. Abstract We report on a search for electron antineutrinos ( ν ¯ e ) from astrophysical sources in the neutrino energy range 8.3–30.8 MeV with the KamLAND detector. In an exposure of 6.72 kton-year of the liquid scintillator, we observe 18 candidate events via the inverse beta decay reaction. Although there is a large background uncertainty from neutral current atmospheric neutrino interactions, we find no significant excess over background model predictions. Assuming several supernova relic neutrino spectra, we give upper flux limits of 60–110 cm −2 s −1 (90% confidence level, CL) in the analysis range and present a model-independentmore »
3. Abstract High-energy neutrinos are a promising tool for identifying astrophysical sources of high and ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR). Prospects of detecting neutrinos at high energies (≳TeV) from blazars have been boosted after the recent association of IceCube-170922A and TXS 0506+056. We investigate the high-energy neutrino, IceCube-190331A, a high-energy starting event (HESE) with a high likelihood of being astrophysical in origin. We initiated a Swift/XRT and UVOT tiling mosaic of the neutrino localisation, and followed up with ATCA radio observations, compiling a multiwavelength SED for the most likely source of origin. NuSTAR observations of the neutrino location and a nearby X-raymore »
4. Abstract Adopting the Standard Halo Model (SHM) of an isotropic Maxwellian velocity distribution for dark matter (DM) particles in the Galaxy, the most stringent current constraints on their spin-dependent scattering cross-section with nucleons come from the IceCube neutrino observatory and the PICO-60 $$\hbox {C}_3\hbox {F}_8$$ C 3 F 8 superheated bubble chamber experiments. The former is sensitive to high energy neutrinos from the self-annihilation of DM particles captured in the Sun, while the latter looks for nuclear recoil events from DM scattering off nucleons. Although slower DM particles are more likely to be captured by the Sun, the faster onesmore »
5. The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultrahigh energy (UHE, >10^17 eV) neutrino detector designed to observe neutrinos by searching for the radio waves emitted by the relativistic products of neutrino-nucleon interactions in Antarctic ice. In this paper, we present constraints on the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos between 1016 and 1021 eV resulting from a search for neutrinos in two complementary analyses, both analyzing four years of data (2013–2016) from the two deep stations (A2, A3) operating at that time. We place a 90% CL upper limit on the diffuse all flavor neutrino flux at 1018 eV of EF(E)=5.6×10^−16 cm^−2 s^−1 sr^−1. This analysismore » | 2022-07-02T13:32:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7628761529922485, "perplexity": 3001.239691790845}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104141372.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702131941-20220702161941-00374.warc.gz"} |
https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc261.htm | 7. Product and Process Comparisons
7.2. Comparisons based on data from one process
7.2.6. What intervals contain a fixed percentage of the population values?
## Approximate intervals that contain most of the population values
Empirical intervals A rule of thumb is that where there is no evidence of significant skewness or clustering, two out of every three observations (67 %) should be contained within a distance of one standard deviation of the mean; 90 % to 95 % of the observations should be contained within a distance of two standard deviations of the mean; 99-100 % should be contained within a distance of three standard deviations. This rule can help identify outliers in the data.
Intervals that apply to any distribution The Bienayme-Chebyshev rule states that regardless of how the data are distributed, the percentage of observations that are contained within a distance of $$k$$ standard deviations of the mean is at least $$100(1-1/k^2)$$ %.
Exact intervals for the normal distribution The Bienayme-Chebyshev rule is conservative because it applies to any distribution. For a normal distribution, a higher percentage of the observations are contained within $$k$$ standard deviations of the mean as shown in the following table.
Percentage of observations contained between the mean and $$k$$ standard deviations
$$k$$, No. of Standard Deviations Empircal Rule Bienayme-Chebychev Normal Distribution 1 67 % N/A 68.26 % 2 90-95 % at least 75 % 95.44 % 3 99-100 % at least 88.89 % 99.73 % 4 N/A at least 93.75 % 99.99 % | 2018-06-22T03:29:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9023244380950928, "perplexity": 394.9985891141698}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864343.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622030142-20180622050142-00518.warc.gz"} |
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section4/prc472.htm | 7. Product and Process Comparisons
7.4. Comparisons based on data from more than two processes
7.4.7. How can we make multiple comparisons?
## Scheffe's method
Scheffe's method tests all possible contrasts at the same time Scheffé's method applies to the set of estimates of all possible contrasts among the factor level means, not just the pairwise differences considered by Tukey's method.
Definition of contrast An arbitrary contrast is defined by $$C = \sum_{i=1}^r c_i \, \mu_i \, ,$$
where $$\sum_{i=1}^r c_i = 0 \, .$$
Infinite number of contrasts Technically there is an infinite number of contrasts. The simultaneous confidence coefficient is exactly $$1 - \alpha$$, whether the factor level sample sizes are equal or unequal.
Estimate and variance for $$C$$ As was described earlier, we estimate $$C$$ by: $$\hat{C} = \sum_{i=1}^r c_i \, \bar{Y}_{i \scriptsize{\, \bullet}}$$ for which the estimated variance is: $$s_{\hat{C}}^2 = \hat{\sigma}_e^2 \, \sum_{i=1}^r \frac{c_i^2}{n_i} \, .$$
Simultaneous confidence interval It can be shown that the probability is $$1 - \alpha$$ that all confidence limits of the type $$\hat{C} \pm \sqrt{(r-1) F_{\alpha; \, r-1, \, N-r}} \,\, \cdot s_{\hat{C}}$$ are correct simultaneously.
Scheffe method example
Contrasts to estimate We wish to estimate, in our previous experiment, the following contrasts $$\begin{eqnarray} C_1 & = & \frac{\mu_1 + \mu_2}{2} - \frac{\mu_3 + \mu_4}{2} \\ & & \\ C_2 & = & \frac{\mu_1 + \mu_3}{2} - \frac{\mu_2 + \mu_4}{2} \, , \\ \end{eqnarray}$$ and construct 95 percent confidence intervals for them.
Compute the point estimates of the individual contrasts The point estimates are: $$\begin{eqnarray} \hat{C}_1 & = & \frac{\bar{Y}_1 + \bar{Y}_2}{2} - \frac{\bar{Y}_3 + \bar{Y}_4}{2} = -0.5 \\ & & \\ \hat{C}_2 & = & \frac{\bar{Y}_1 + \bar{Y}_3}{2} - \frac{\bar{Y}_2 + \bar{Y}_4}{2} = 0.34 \, .\\ \end{eqnarray}$$
Compute the point estimate and variance of $$C$$ Applying the formulas above we obtain in both cases: $$\sum_{i=1}^4 \frac{c_i^2}{n_i} = \frac{4(1/2)^2}{5} = 0.2$$ and $$s_{\hat{C}}^2 = \hat{\sigma}_\epsilon^2 \, \sum_{i=1}^4 \frac{c_i^2}{4} = 1.331(0.2) = 0.2661 \, ,$$
where $$\sigma_\epsilon^2$$ = 1.331 was computed in our previous example. The standard error is 0.5158 (square root of 0.2661).
Scheffe confidence interval For a confidence coefficient of 95 percent and degrees of freedom in the numerator of $$r$$ - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3, and in the denominator of 20 - 4 = 16, we have: $$\sqrt{(r-1) F_{\alpha; \, r-1, \, N-r}} = \sqrt{3 \, F_{0.05; \, 3, \, 16}} = 3.12 \, .$$
The confidence limits for $$C_1$$ are -0.5 ± 3.12(0.5158) = -0.5 ± 1.608, and for $$C_2$$ they are 0.34 ± 1.608.
The desired simultaneous 95 percent confidence intervals are $$-2.108 \le C_1 \le 1.108$$ $$-1.268 \le C_2 \le 1.948 \, .$$
Comparison to confidence interval for a single contrast Recall that when we constructed a confidence interval for a single contrast, we found the 95 percent confidence interval: $$-1.594 \le C \le 0.594 \, .$$ As expected, the Scheffé confidence interval procedure that generates simultaneous intervals for all contrasts is considerabley wider.
Comparison of Scheffé's Method with Tukey's Method
Tukey preferred when only pairwise comparisons are of interest If only pairwise comparisons are to be made, the Tukey method will result in a narrower confidence limit, which is preferable.
Consider for example the comparison between $$\mu_3$$ and $$\mu_1$$.
Tukey: 1.13 $$< \mu_3 - \mu_1 <$$ 5.31
Scheffé: 0.95 $$< \mu_3 - \mu_1 <$$ 5.49
which gives Tukey's method the edge.
The normalized contrast, using sums, for the Scheffé method is 4.413, which is close to the maximum contrast.
Scheffe preferred when many contrasts are of interest In the general case when many or all contrasts might be of interest, the Scheffé method tends to give narrower confidence limits and is therefore the preferred method. | 2015-05-28T09:55:58 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7375194430351257, "perplexity": 748.7643445326837}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00087-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://indico.bnl.gov/event/1800/contributions/3514/ | # 11th international workshop on High-pT Physics in the RHIC & LHC Era
12-15 April 2016
BNL Physics Building
US/Eastern timezone
## Di-Jet Imbalance Measurements in Central Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$200~GeV from STAR
14 Apr 2016, 16:00
30m
Large Seminar Room (BNL Physics Building)
### Speaker
Mr Kolja Kauder (Wayne State University)
### Description
The transverse momentum di-jet imbalance $A_J$ presents a powerful and robust tool to explore the strong medium modification that has been found in central 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC in numerous statistical observables. In the presented study, we focus on a set of di-jets biased toward imbalance by requiring $p_T>20$~GeV/$c$ for the leading jet, $p_T>10$~GeV/$c$ for the sub-leading jet, and $p_T>2$~GeV/$c$ for the constituents of the jets as well as a 5 GeV particle in the calorimeter to trigger the event. This constituent cut drastically reduces the underlying heavy ion background and leads to di-jet event-by-event selection. We then examine the evolution of $A_J$ when reclustering these same di-jets with lower constituent cuts, until, at 200 MeV and for a resolution parameter of $R=0.4$, all lost energy is seemingly recovered and the balance is restored to the level of $pp$ collisions. In addition, a variation of $R$ gives access to the angular dependence of jet energy loss. Comparing these results to established LHC measurements enables new discussions and constraints of the underlying energy loss mechanisms that lead to the observed softening and broadening of jets in the strongly interacting medium created in heavy-ion collisions.
### Primary author
Mr Kolja Kauder (Wayne State University)
Slides | 2020-11-29T16:11:37 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6370709538459778, "perplexity": 4429.367467213723}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141201836.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129153900-20201129183900-00546.warc.gz"} |
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aarveson.william-b | # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Arveson, William Barnes
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: arveson.william-b Published as: Arveson, William; Arveson, W. B.; Arveson, William B.; Arveson, W.; Arveson, William Barnes; Arveson, Bill Homepage: https://math.berkeley.edu/~arveson/ External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND
Documents Indexed: 89 Publications since 1966, including 10 Books Biographic References: 3 Publications
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#### Co-Authors
73 single-authored 2 Douglas, Ronald George 2 Mishchenko, Aleksandr Sergeevich 2 Price, Geoffrey L. 2 Putinar, Mihai 2 Rieffel, Marc A. 2 Strătilă, Şerban Valentin 1 Branson, Thomas Patrick 1 Courtney, Dennis 1 Fall, Thomas 1 Feldman, Jacob 1 Hadwin, Donald W. 1 Hoover, Thomas B. 1 Josephson, K. B. 1 Kadison, Richard Vincent 1 Katznelson, Yitzhak 1 Kishimoto, Akitaka 1 Kymala, E. Eugene 1 McCarthy, John Edward 1 Medina, Herbert A. 1 Merrill, Kathy D. 1 Muhly, Paul Scott 1 Sarason, Donald Erik 1 Segal, Irving Ezra 1 Størmer, Erling 1 Veech, William Austin 1 Wermer, John 1 Zabihi, Farhad
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#### Serials
10 Journal of Functional Analysis 5 Communications in Mathematical Physics 5 Acta Mathematica 5 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 4 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 4 Journal of Operator Theory 4 International Journal of Mathematics 3 Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics 2 Duke Mathematical Journal 2 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 2 Mathematica Scandinavica 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2 Graduate Texts in Mathematics 1 Israel Journal of Mathematics 1 Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Mathematische Annalen 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Michigan Mathematical Journal 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 1 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 1 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 1 Documenta Mathematica 1 Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Journal of Evolution Equations 1 Regional Conference Series in Mathematics 1 Springer Monographs in Mathematics
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#### Fields
67 Functional analysis (46-XX) 37 Operator theory (47-XX) 16 Quantum theory (81-XX) 5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Differential geometry (53-XX) 3 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 2 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
80 Publications have been cited 2,324 times in 1,655 Documents Cited by Year
Subalgebras of $$C^ *$$-algebras. Zbl 0194.15701
Arveson, W. B.
1969
Subalgebras of $$C^*$$-algebras. III: Multivariable operator theory. Zbl 0952.46035
Arveson, William
1998
An invitation to $$C^*$$-algebras. Zbl 0344.46123
Arveson, William
1976
Subalgebras of C$$^*$$-algebras. II. Zbl 0245.46098
Arveson, William
1972
Interpolation problems in nest algebras. Zbl 0309.46053
Arveson, William
1975
On groups of automorphisms of operator algebras. Zbl 0296.46064
Arveson, William
1974
Analyticity in operator algebras. Zbl 0183.42501
Arveson, W. B.
1967
Notes on extensions of $$C^*$$-algebras. Zbl 0368.46052
Arveson, William
1977
Operator algebras and invariant subspaces. Zbl 0334.46070
Arveson, William
1974
Continuous analogues of Fock space. Zbl 0697.46035
Arveson, William
1989
The curvature invariant of a Hilbert module over $${\mathbb C} [z_1, \dots, z_d]$$. Zbl 0951.47008
Arveson, William
2000
The noncommutative Choquet boundary. Zbl 1207.46052
Arveson, William
2008
Noncommutative dynamics and E-semigroups. Zbl 1032.46001
Arveson, William
2003
A density theorem for operator algebras. Zbl 0183.42403
Arveson, W. B.
1967
Operator algebras and measure preserving automorphisms. Zbl 0182.18201
Arveson, W. B.
1967
$$C^*$$-algebras and numerical linear algebra. Zbl 0802.46069
Arveson, William
1994
Diagonals of self-adjoint operators. Zbl 1113.46064
2006
A short course on spectral theory. Zbl 0997.47001
Arveson, William
2002
The Dirac operator of a commuting $$d$$-tuple. Zbl 1038.47003
Arveson, William
2002
$$p$$-summable commutators in dimension $$d$$. Zbl 1107.47006
Arveson, William B.
2005
Continuous analogues of Fock space. IV: Essential states. Zbl 0809.46082
Arveson, William
1990
The noncommutative Choquet boundary. II: Hyperrigidity. Zbl 1266.46045
Arveson, William
2011
Quotients of standard Hilbert modules. Zbl 1130.46035
Arveson, William
2007
Ten lectures on operator algebras. Zbl 0571.47033
Arveson, William
1984
Continuous analogues of Fock space. II. The spectral $$C^*$$-algebra. Zbl 0715.46039
Arveson, William
1990
Perturbations of nest algebras. Zbl 0455.46051
Fall, Thomas; Arveson, William; Muhly, Paul
1979
An addition formula for the index of semigroups of endomorphisms of B(H). Zbl 0681.46057
Arveson, William
1989
Diagonals of normal operators with finite spectrum. Zbl 1191.47027
Arveson, William
2007
Dilation theory yesterday and today. Zbl 1217.47016
Arveson, William
2010
Unitary invariants for compact operators. Zbl 0196.14304
Arveson, W. B.
1970
The index of a quantum dynamical semigroup. Zbl 0923.46065
Arveson, William
1997
Perturbation theory for groups and lattices. Zbl 0543.47030
Arveson, William
1983
A note on invariant subspaces. Zbl 0167.13304
Arveson, W. B.; Feldman, J.
1968
Quantization and the uniqueness of invariant structures. Zbl 0522.58022
Arveson, William
1983
Pure $$E_ 0$$-semigroups and absorbing states. Zbl 0880.46045
Arveson, William
1997
Improper filtrations for $$C^*$$-algebras: Spectra of unilateral tridiagonal operators. Zbl 0819.46044
Arveson, William
1993
A note on desintegration, type and global type of von Neumann algebras. Zbl 0186.45903
Arveson, W. B.; Josephson, K. B.
1969
Continuous analogues of Fock space. III: Singular states. Zbl 0715.46040
Arveson, William
1989
The harmonic analysis of automorphism groups. Zbl 0506.46047
Arveson, William
1982
On the existence of $$E_{0}$$-semigroups. Zbl 1107.46046
Arveson, William
2006
A note on essentially normal operators. Zbl 0311.47010
Arveson, W.
1974
The noncommutative Choquet boundary. III: Operator systems in matrix algebras. Zbl 1208.46053
Arveson, William
2010
The role of $$C^*$$-algebras in infinite dimensional numerical linear algebra. Zbl 0817.46051
Arveson, William
1994
The domain algebra of a CP-semigroup. Zbl 1056.46062
Arveson, William
2002
The asymptotic lift of a completely positive map. Zbl 1125.46046
Arveson, William
2007
The heat flow of the CCR algebra. Zbl 1032.46083
Arveson, William
2002
The curvature of a Hilbert module over $${\mathbb C}[z_1,\cdots,z_d]$$. Zbl 0968.46035
Arveson, William
1999
On the index and dilations of completely positive semigroups. Zbl 1110.46313
Arveson, William
1999
Circular operators. Zbl 0586.47021
Arveson, William; Hadwin, Donald W.; Hoover, Thomas B.; Kymala, E. Eugene
1984
On subalgebras of $$C^ *$$-algebras. Zbl 0212.15402
Arveson, W. B.
1969
A theorem on the action of Abelian unitary groups. Zbl 0142.10304
Arveson, W. B.
1966
Quantizing the Fredholm index. Zbl 0715.47026
Arveson, W.
1990
Markov operators and OS-positive processes. Zbl 0615.47024
Arveson, William
1986
Quantum channels that preserve entanglement. Zbl 1167.46042
Arveson, William
2009
Maximal vectors in Hilbert space and quantum entanglement. Zbl 1170.46024
Arveson, William
2009
The probability of entanglement. Zbl 1176.81011
Arveson, William
2009
The free cover of a row contraction. Zbl 1049.46044
Arveson, William
2004
A note on extensions of semigroups of *-endomorphisms. Zbl 0789.46055
Arveson, William; Kishimoto, Akitaka
1992
Discretized CCR algebras. Zbl 0797.46050
Arveson, William
1991
$$C^*$$-algebras associated with sets of semigroups of isometries. Zbl 0746.46053
Arveson, William
1991
Infinite tensor products of completely positive semigroups. Zbl 1016.46045
Arveson, William; Price, Geoffrey
2001
Dynamical invariants for noncommutative flows. Zbl 0993.46032
Arveson, William
1997
Interactions in noncommutative dynamics. Zbl 0960.46051
Arveson, William
2000
$$E_ 0$$-semigroups in quantum field theory. Zbl 0855.46038
Arveson, William
1996
Non-commutative spheres and numerical quantum mechanics. Zbl 0803.46078
Arveson, William
1993
An algebraic conjugacy invariant for measure preserving transformations. Zbl 0182.18202
Arveson, W. B.
1967
Lattices of invariant subspaces. Zbl 0258.47005
Arveson, William
1972
Four lectures on noncommutative dynamics. Zbl 1059.46049
Arveson, William
2003
The structure of spin systems. Zbl 1053.46040
Arveson, William; Price, Geoffrey
2003
Asymptotic stability. I: Completely positive maps. Zbl 1065.46047
Arveson, William
2004
Continuous nests and the absorption principle. Zbl 0592.47036
Arveson, William
1985
Nonlinear states on $$C^*$$-algebras. Zbl 0719.46032
Arveson, William
1987
The spectral $$C^*$$-algebra of an $$E_ 0$$-semigroup. Zbl 0739.46052
Arveson, William
1990
Asymptotic lifts of positive linear maps. Zbl 1152.46052
Arveson, William; Størmer, Erling
2007
Minimal $$E_ 0$$-semigroups. Zbl 0879.46032
Arveson, William
1997
Path spaces, continuous tensor products, and $$E_0$$-semigroups. Zbl 0892.46069
Arveson, William
1997
A spectral theorem for nonlinear operators. Zbl 0328.47037
Arveson, William
1976
Generators of non-commutative dynamics. Zbl 1038.46054
Arveson, William
2002
Spectral theory for nonlinear random processes. Zbl 0366.60048
Arveson, William
1976
Operators with compact imaginary part. Zbl 0219.46044
Arveson, W. B.
1971
The noncommutative Choquet boundary. II: Hyperrigidity. Zbl 1266.46045
Arveson, William
2011
Dilation theory yesterday and today. Zbl 1217.47016
Arveson, William
2010
The noncommutative Choquet boundary. III: Operator systems in matrix algebras. Zbl 1208.46053
Arveson, William
2010
Quantum channels that preserve entanglement. Zbl 1167.46042
Arveson, William
2009
Maximal vectors in Hilbert space and quantum entanglement. Zbl 1170.46024
Arveson, William
2009
The probability of entanglement. Zbl 1176.81011
Arveson, William
2009
The noncommutative Choquet boundary. Zbl 1207.46052
Arveson, William
2008
Quotients of standard Hilbert modules. Zbl 1130.46035
Arveson, William
2007
Diagonals of normal operators with finite spectrum. Zbl 1191.47027
Arveson, William
2007
The asymptotic lift of a completely positive map. Zbl 1125.46046
Arveson, William
2007
Asymptotic lifts of positive linear maps. Zbl 1152.46052
Arveson, William; Størmer, Erling
2007
Diagonals of self-adjoint operators. Zbl 1113.46064
2006
On the existence of $$E_{0}$$-semigroups. Zbl 1107.46046
Arveson, William
2006
$$p$$-summable commutators in dimension $$d$$. Zbl 1107.47006
Arveson, William B.
2005
The free cover of a row contraction. Zbl 1049.46044
Arveson, William
2004
Asymptotic stability. I: Completely positive maps. Zbl 1065.46047
Arveson, William
2004
Noncommutative dynamics and E-semigroups. Zbl 1032.46001
Arveson, William
2003
Four lectures on noncommutative dynamics. Zbl 1059.46049
Arveson, William
2003
The structure of spin systems. Zbl 1053.46040
Arveson, William; Price, Geoffrey
2003
A short course on spectral theory. Zbl 0997.47001
Arveson, William
2002
The Dirac operator of a commuting $$d$$-tuple. Zbl 1038.47003
Arveson, William
2002
The domain algebra of a CP-semigroup. Zbl 1056.46062
Arveson, William
2002
The heat flow of the CCR algebra. Zbl 1032.46083
Arveson, William
2002
Generators of non-commutative dynamics. Zbl 1038.46054
Arveson, William
2002
Infinite tensor products of completely positive semigroups. Zbl 1016.46045
Arveson, William; Price, Geoffrey
2001
The curvature invariant of a Hilbert module over $${\mathbb C} [z_1, \dots, z_d]$$. Zbl 0951.47008
Arveson, William
2000
Interactions in noncommutative dynamics. Zbl 0960.46051
Arveson, William
2000
The curvature of a Hilbert module over $${\mathbb C}[z_1,\cdots,z_d]$$. Zbl 0968.46035
Arveson, William
1999
On the index and dilations of completely positive semigroups. Zbl 1110.46313
Arveson, William
1999
Subalgebras of $$C^*$$-algebras. III: Multivariable operator theory. Zbl 0952.46035
Arveson, William
1998
The index of a quantum dynamical semigroup. Zbl 0923.46065
Arveson, William
1997
Pure $$E_ 0$$-semigroups and absorbing states. Zbl 0880.46045
Arveson, William
1997
Dynamical invariants for noncommutative flows. Zbl 0993.46032
Arveson, William
1997
Minimal $$E_ 0$$-semigroups. Zbl 0879.46032
Arveson, William
1997
Path spaces, continuous tensor products, and $$E_0$$-semigroups. Zbl 0892.46069
Arveson, William
1997
$$E_ 0$$-semigroups in quantum field theory. Zbl 0855.46038
Arveson, William
1996
$$C^*$$-algebras and numerical linear algebra. Zbl 0802.46069
Arveson, William
1994
The role of $$C^*$$-algebras in infinite dimensional numerical linear algebra. Zbl 0817.46051
Arveson, William
1994
Improper filtrations for $$C^*$$-algebras: Spectra of unilateral tridiagonal operators. Zbl 0819.46044
Arveson, William
1993
Non-commutative spheres and numerical quantum mechanics. Zbl 0803.46078
Arveson, William
1993
A note on extensions of semigroups of *-endomorphisms. Zbl 0789.46055
Arveson, William; Kishimoto, Akitaka
1992
Discretized CCR algebras. Zbl 0797.46050
Arveson, William
1991
$$C^*$$-algebras associated with sets of semigroups of isometries. Zbl 0746.46053
Arveson, William
1991
Continuous analogues of Fock space. IV: Essential states. Zbl 0809.46082
Arveson, William
1990
Continuous analogues of Fock space. II. The spectral $$C^*$$-algebra. Zbl 0715.46039
Arveson, William
1990
Quantizing the Fredholm index. Zbl 0715.47026
Arveson, W.
1990
The spectral $$C^*$$-algebra of an $$E_ 0$$-semigroup. Zbl 0739.46052
Arveson, William
1990
Continuous analogues of Fock space. Zbl 0697.46035
Arveson, William
1989
An addition formula for the index of semigroups of endomorphisms of B(H). Zbl 0681.46057
Arveson, William
1989
Continuous analogues of Fock space. III: Singular states. Zbl 0715.46040
Arveson, William
1989
Nonlinear states on $$C^*$$-algebras. Zbl 0719.46032
Arveson, William
1987
Markov operators and OS-positive processes. Zbl 0615.47024
Arveson, William
1986
Continuous nests and the absorption principle. Zbl 0592.47036
Arveson, William
1985
Ten lectures on operator algebras. Zbl 0571.47033
Arveson, William
1984
Circular operators. Zbl 0586.47021
Arveson, William; Hadwin, Donald W.; Hoover, Thomas B.; Kymala, E. Eugene
1984
Perturbation theory for groups and lattices. Zbl 0543.47030
Arveson, William
1983
Quantization and the uniqueness of invariant structures. Zbl 0522.58022
Arveson, William
1983
The harmonic analysis of automorphism groups. Zbl 0506.46047
Arveson, William
1982
Perturbations of nest algebras. Zbl 0455.46051
Fall, Thomas; Arveson, William; Muhly, Paul
1979
Notes on extensions of $$C^*$$-algebras. Zbl 0368.46052
Arveson, William
1977
An invitation to $$C^*$$-algebras. Zbl 0344.46123
Arveson, William
1976
A spectral theorem for nonlinear operators. Zbl 0328.47037
Arveson, William
1976
Spectral theory for nonlinear random processes. Zbl 0366.60048
Arveson, William
1976
Interpolation problems in nest algebras. Zbl 0309.46053
Arveson, William
1975
On groups of automorphisms of operator algebras. Zbl 0296.46064
Arveson, William
1974
Operator algebras and invariant subspaces. Zbl 0334.46070
Arveson, William
1974
A note on essentially normal operators. Zbl 0311.47010
Arveson, W.
1974
Subalgebras of C$$^*$$-algebras. II. Zbl 0245.46098
Arveson, William
1972
Lattices of invariant subspaces. Zbl 0258.47005
Arveson, William
1972
Operators with compact imaginary part. Zbl 0219.46044
Arveson, W. B.
1971
Unitary invariants for compact operators. Zbl 0196.14304
Arveson, W. B.
1970
Subalgebras of $$C^ *$$-algebras. Zbl 0194.15701
Arveson, W. B.
1969
A note on desintegration, type and global type of von Neumann algebras. Zbl 0186.45903
Arveson, W. B.; Josephson, K. B.
1969
On subalgebras of $$C^ *$$-algebras. Zbl 0212.15402
Arveson, W. B.
1969
A note on invariant subspaces. Zbl 0167.13304
Arveson, W. B.; Feldman, J.
1968
Analyticity in operator algebras. Zbl 0183.42501
Arveson, W. B.
1967
A density theorem for operator algebras. Zbl 0183.42403
Arveson, W. B.
1967
Operator algebras and measure preserving automorphisms. Zbl 0182.18201
Arveson, W. B.
1967
An algebraic conjugacy invariant for measure preserving transformations. Zbl 0182.18202
Arveson, W. B.
1967
A theorem on the action of Abelian unitary groups. Zbl 0142.10304
Arveson, W. B.
1966
all top 5
all top 5
#### Cited in 227 Serials
276 Journal of Functional Analysis 134 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 94 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 85 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 84 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 62 Linear Algebra and its Applications 46 Communications in Mathematical Physics 41 Journal of Mathematical Physics 34 Advances in Mathematics 29 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 26 Mathematische Annalen 23 Israel Journal of Mathematics 21 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 19 Positivity 16 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 15 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 15 International Journal of Mathematics 14 Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 13 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 12 Acta Mathematica 12 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 12 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 12 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 11 Inventiones Mathematicae 11 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 10 Functional Analysis and its Applications 10 Mathematische Zeitschrift 10 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 9 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 9 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 9 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 9 Banach Journal of Mathematical Analysis 8 Letters in Mathematical Physics 8 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 8 Duke Mathematical Journal 8 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 8 MCSS. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems 8 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 7 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 7 Mathematical Notes 7 Journal of Approximation Theory 7 Open Systems & Information Dynamics 7 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 7 Science China. Mathematics 6 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 6 Studia Mathematica 6 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 6 Proceedings of the Japan Academy 5 Reports on Mathematical Physics 5 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 5 Semigroup Forum 5 Systems & Control Letters 5 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 5 $$K$$-Theory 5 Expositiones Mathematicae 5 Foundations of Physics 5 Journal of Noncommutative Geometry 4 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 4 Journal of Geometry and Physics 4 Archiv der Mathematik 4 Automatica 4 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 4 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 4 Monatshefte für Mathematik 4 Topology and its Applications 4 Advances in Applied Mathematics 4 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 4 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 4 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 4 Russian Mathematics 4 Opuscula Mathematica 4 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 4 Quantum Information Processing 4 Annals of Functional Analysis 3 Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Mathematics 3 The Annals of Probability 3 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 3 Manuscripta Mathematica 3 Mathematica Slovaca 3 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 3 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 3 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 3 Acta Mathematica Sinica. New Series 3 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 3 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 3 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 3 Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 3 Annales Henri Poincaré 3 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 3 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 3 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 3 Advances in Operator Theory 2 Journal of the Franklin Institute 2 Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 2 Arkiv för Matematik 2 Mathematics of Computation 2 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 2 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Nouvelle Série. Section A. Physique Théorique 2 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série ...and 127 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 54 Fields
1,053 Functional analysis (46-XX) 931 Operator theory (47-XX) 166 Quantum theory (81-XX) 107 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 68 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 67 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 66 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 63 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 42 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 41 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 36 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 28 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 26 Measure and integration (28-XX) 25 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 24 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 22 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 22 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 21 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 19 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 18 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 18 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 17 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 17 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 15 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 13 Combinatorics (05-XX) 13 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 13 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 12 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 10 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 10 General topology (54-XX) 9 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 9 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 8 Differential geometry (53-XX) 7 Number theory (11-XX) 7 Potential theory (31-XX) 7 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 7 Computer science (68-XX) 6 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 5 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 5 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 5 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 5 Statistics (62-XX) 4 Real functions (26-XX) 3 Special functions (33-XX) 3 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 3 Integral equations (45-XX) 3 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 2 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 2 Geometry (51-XX) 2 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2021-08-03T09:03:33 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.306485652923584, "perplexity": 2400.1270548019565}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154432.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803061431-20210803091431-00259.warc.gz"} |
https://www.pims.gov.pk/nursing/ | Get the latest information about COVID-19
Nursing
Overview
A paragraph is a self-contained unit of discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. A paragraph consists of one or more sentences. Though not required by the syntax of any language, paragraphs are usually an expected part of formal writing, used to organize longer prose. A paragraph consists of one or more sentences. Though not required by the syntax of any language, paragraphs are usually an expected part of formal writing, used to organize longer prose. | 2022-12-05T08:52:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8182169795036316, "perplexity": 1369.022758247459}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711013.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205064509-20221205094509-00321.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-symposium-uhh-focus-big-isle-natural-hazards | # Volcano Watch — Symposium at UHH to focus on Big Isle natural hazards
Release Date:
A symposium will be held this week on Thursday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, Campus Center Rooms 306 and 307, with scientists, government officials, and the public participating in broad-ranging discussions about volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in Hawaii.
A symposium will be held this week on Thursday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, Campus Center Rooms 306 and 307, with scientists, government officials, and the public participating in broad-ranging discussions about volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in Hawaii. The discussions will focus on the reliability of prediction, the nature of the hazard, and the means of mitigating the risks. The symposium is co-sponsored by the Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes at the University of Hawaii at Hilo and the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
Part of the risk of human habitation on this planet is the occurrence of natural hazards associated with forces that originate below and above the Earth's surface. This summer's disaster has been the catastrophic flooding of the Mississippi River. Last year it was hurricanes Andrew and Iniki. In 1989 it was the Loma Prieta earthquake in California. These natural disasters claim lives, and the cleanup costs amount to billions of dollars.
Hawaii is no stranger to natural disasters. In the last five years, in addition to Iniki, losses have been incurred by landslides on Oahu's steep and highly developed slopes, by a magnitude-6.1 earthquake on the Big Island, and by lava flow inundation of Kalapana Village and the lower parts of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. In the last 50 years, there have been major losses due to tsunami in 1946 and 1960, and to earthquakes in 1973, 1975, and 1983. In addition, the city of Hilo was threatened by a Mauna Loa lava flow in 1984.
In the aftermath of a disaster, everyone's attention is focused on the consequences. People commonly ask, "What went wrong?" "Could it have been prevented?" "What can we do to reduce the damage if it happens again?" However, interest in these questions tends to die quickly, and the measures that could be taken to mitigate future disasters become low priority once again, thus insuring a high cost for the next disaster.
The scientists who study earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on the Big Island can provide data about the long-term probability of an earthquake or an eruption occurring, based on the spatial distribution and frequency of such events over the last 200 years for earthquakes and over the past several thousand years for eruptions. In addition, the likely short-term warning time for eruptions can be predicted, based on historical occurrences. For eruptions, hazard information includes lava volumes, rates of lava advance, and areas covered. For earthquakes, hazard information includes affected area and damage estimates, based on prior occurrences of earthquakes of a given magnitude. Earthquakes are inherently more difficult to predict than eruptions, because most eruptions are preceded by increased earthquake activity. However, no such precursor to large earthquakes has been identified, although changes in the number of small earthquakes within areas where large earthquakes have previously occurred shows some promise.
Scientific knowledge alone cannot reduce the impact of disasters. It takes a commitment from the population at risk and the officials who write legislation and create and enforce policies. The intention of the organizers of this symposium is to create a partnership among scientists, government officials, and the public that can work to mitigate the effects of future disasters. Scientists and educators can integrate information about the nature of the hazards posed and forecast events. However, these forecasts do little to reduce future losses unless they are communicated to those government officials responsible for emergency planning. A public well-informed about hazards and risk mitigation can ensure that elected officials are aware of, and act upon, mitigation issues that concern us all. The press is a critical link among scientists, citizens, and government officials in the publication of accurate and timely information.
At the symposium on Thursday, groups of panelists, each guided by a moderator, will sequentially address four topics. Each discussion will be followed by questions from the audience. The first topic is how well scientists can forecast earthquakes and eruptions. The panelists include scientists from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the University of Hawaii. The second topic concerns the issues for scientists and government officials to resolve when faced with an eruption or earthquake. The panelists will represent various community associations and businesses. The third topic concerns what information government agencies need from scientists to effectively respond to eruptions and earthquakes. Panelists will represent agencies responsible for hazard response and public safety. The final topic concerns what is currently being done, and what should be done, to address long-range mitigation of earthquakes and eruptions. Panelists will represent state and county agencies responsible for land-use planning and policies.
Although no one can prevent or even reduce natural hazards, we can reduce the risk to lives and property through proper planning. On Thursday, when there is no immediate crisis to confront, we will focus on these and related issues. The public is encouraged to attend and participate. For further information, call Darcy Bevens at the Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 933-3631. | 2019-12-05T21:52:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.25825485587120056, "perplexity": 2759.6690455933212}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482284.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205213531-20191206001531-00481.warc.gz"} |
https://dlmf.nist.gov/12.15 | # §12.15 Generalized Parabolic Cylinder Functions
The equation
12.15.1 $\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}w}{{\mathrm{d}z}^{2}}+\left(\nu+\lambda^{-1}-\lambda^{-2% }z^{\lambda}\right)w=0$ ⓘ Symbols: $\frac{\mathrm{d}\NVar{f}}{\mathrm{d}\NVar{x}}$: derivative, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: real or complex parameter Referenced by: §12.15 Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/12.15.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §12.15 and Ch.12
can be viewed as a generalization of (12.2.4). This equation arises in the study of non-self-adjoint elliptic boundary-value problems involving an indefinite weight function. See Faierman (1992) for power series and asymptotic expansions of a solution of (12.15.1). | 2023-02-02T00:48:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 6, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8741410374641418, "perplexity": 5409.961484016787}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499954.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202003408-20230202033408-00683.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/our-first-dam-podcast-dam-removal | # Our First Dam Podcast: Dam Removal
## Detailed Description
We get educated on the whats and whys of dam removal by geomorphologists Jim O'Connor and Jon Major. BONUS: Watch a very cool time lapse video of Oregon's Marmot Dam being breached--click ‘Show Details’ below and scroll to the bottom!
## Details
Episode Number: 24
Date Taken:
Location Taken: US
## Transcript
[Music: "Hail to the Chief" in the background. Voice: Scott Horvath, with echo effect]
My fellow podcast listeners.
I stand before you today to bring you a message.
Now is a time for hope. Now, is a time for change. NOW is the chance to make a difference.
Don’t just sit lazily by your computer. Stand up. [music silence] Now sit back down. Pull out a pad and pencil and write this down.
You too can make a difference in this changing world. If you think you have what it takes, visit the USGS employment website at usgs.gov/jobs. There you’ll find options for employment, internships, student positions and more.
So show us what you have. Join the USGS today.
Thank you.
The USGS CoreCast approves this message.
Steven Sobieszczyk
Hello and welcome. You're listening to the USGS CoreCast, episode 24 for December 2007. I'm Steve Sobieszczyk.
Well, December is almost over and so is the year 2007. Before the year ends, we wanted to give our loyal listeners at least one more taste of the USGS CoreCast. And rather than do one of the year-end recap type of shows, we decided to stick to our normal schedule and give you fresh new CoreCastic content. Today's show will focus on the impact of dam removal on the downstream ecology and fluvial geomorphology of rivers.
Now there are two things I'd like to make clear before we begin. First, the topic of dams and dam removal is somewhat controversial. To keep this episode light-hearted, yet informative, we're going to strictly focus on one dam in particular. And that is the Marmot Dam out here in Oregon.
The second thing I wanted to mention is we are fully aware that "dam" is a double entendre. Believe it or not, we are professionals here, so we'll do our best to keep this dam podcast professional [laugh].
So, let me give you a little background on this Marmot Dam we're talking about. The Marmot Dam was located along the Sandy River, which is a major tributary to the Columbia River, east of Portland, Oregon.
The dam stood originally at 47 feet high. It was constructed between 1906 to 1913 and produced about 22 megawatts of power. The actual decommission and destruction cost about $17 million. The dam was removed primarily because it wasn't economically feasible any more, it was an old dam, new restrictions, retrofitting, all that . . . it really wasn't cost effective to keep it. Also, by removing it they were able to restore an old salmon run up the Sandy River, as well as offer new recreation possibilities for kayakers, canoers, and fisherman. The good news is, now for the first time in almost 100 years, the Sandy River runs of salmon can now go unimpeded from the base of Mount Hood, through the Sandy, through the Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. That's probably enough introduction, so without further adieu, I would like to introduce today's guests. I'm joined by two very well-respected geomorphologists: Jim O'Connor and Jon Major. Jim has been studying fluvial geomorphology for about 20 years now, including research on flooding and river systems. Jon is a geomorphologist, as well, although his research is primarily looking at large-scale sediment transport associated with volcanic eruptions. I'd like to thank you both for being here. Jim O'Connor Thank you Steve. Jon Major Well thanks, Steve, it's a pleasure to be here. Steven First off, Jim, would you like to describe a little bit about what the conditions were like, and what concerns were prior to the Marmot Dam coming out? Jim So, in the years leading up to the decision as to whether or not to take Marmot Dam out, there were several concerns. One of the major issues, of course, was the sediment that had accumulated behind Marmot Dam. The 50-foot dam was completely filled with sediment behind it, with perhaps a million cubic yards. And the concern was what would happen after the dam was taken out and that sediment started to work its way down the river system. Steven Can you walk us through the chronology of the actual dam removal process? Jim The first real discussions about removing this dam began in 1999, when Portland General Electric was faced with a decision about whether it was in their best interest to try and retrofit the dam to improve fish passage. In 2002 the final decision was made that the dam would come out. In the end, the dam was taken out in a couple different steps. In July of this year, a cofferdam was built about 100 yards upstream from the concrete structure, and that allowed the river to be diverted around the original Marmot Dam so that they could excavate some of the sediment adjacent to the dam and then blow up and take out the concrete structure. Now this diversion could only handle about 2,000 cubic feet per second of water going around the dam, so they recognized that at the first large flow of fall that their diversion would not fully function and that the earthen dam would breach. Jon Just to add to that a little bit, Steve . . . in anticipation of this, sort of, threshold discharge that PGE was looking for in order to kind of initiate the breach of this cofferdam, us at the USGS and colleagues down at universities and with other Federal agencies . . . we really tried to put together a plan of how to watch and how to take advantage of this breach for scientific purposes. So, for example, we set up a network of cameras around the reservoir to try and capture the breach from different angles. We had people manning a station several hundred yards downstream of the dam, where they were going to measure the water discharge and the sediment discharge as it came by. We had another team that was upstream of the dam to measure the water discharge and sediment discharge coming down the Sandy River above the dam to give us some insights on the background level that was coming in, so we could compare what was coming out with what was coming in. We're really looking forward to assimilating all the results that we've been getting to date, but we put a lot of effort and planning into this, we're really trying to take advantage of this grand experiment that nature . . . nature and man have kind of set up and executed for us. Steven Now that we kind of have a feeling for the preparation for studying the dam removal, let's fast-forward to the actual breach. How long did it take for the river to breach the cofferdam and how did the trapped sediment respond? Jim The flow breached down through the dam very quickly: In half an hour or so the river incised through the dam. And the nick point that formed upstream moved upstream quite rapidly. And the volume of sediment that was evacuated from the reservoir, I think, exceeded everybody's expectations. Downstream, all that sediment ended up raising the river bed. At our cableway site, which was just a couple of tenths of a mile downstream from the breach, the bed came up 14 or so feet over the course of the weekend. And the depositional wedge that resulted extended nearly half a mile downstream. Jon And what's really been interesting is going back and looking at the photography we have. The photography really does show that probably within 4 hours of the breach, certainly within 5 or 6, the dam was essentially gone. So the river rapidly eroded the dam away, and all that sediment that was behind the dam was also being very rapidly eroded. At this point it started to deposit a lot of that sediment just immediately downstream of the dam, but it was also sweeping a lot of that sediment downstream. And the people we had at the gaging station, a few hundred yards downstream, measured quite a nice spike in the sediment load and the water discharge that came sweeping by that station. Steven And my last question—how long will it take for the sediment to make its way through the system, and for the river to actually return to a pre-dam equilibrium? Jim That's the$64,000 question, and it's exactly what makes this experiment so exciting. We really don't know. We're continuing to go out there and measure: We're measuring bed load and suspended-load transport and we're going back out there in the summer and resurvey the cross-sections. But that's the question that everybody is wondering about and its one that's certainly going to be relevant to future dam removals as they occur.
Jon
Jim sort of took the words out of my mouth. That really is the \$64,000 question. It's the one that is foremost on everyone's mind. From my perspective, I can offer perhaps a little bit of insight based on some of the work we've done at Mount St. Helens looking at how those river systems up there have kind of flushed out and processed a lot of the sediment that has been deposited in the river valleys as a result of the large eruption in 1980.
Those channels had a lot more sediment deposited in them than what is stored behind this dam. But in a few of those channels it was surprising how rapidly they actually move sediment out of the system. They moved tremendous amounts of sediment out of their systems within 3 to 4 years.
But there are still channels in the upstream areas where there was a lot of sediment deposited—where the amount of sediment being transported down those systems is still anywhere from 10 to 100 times above what we would consider typical background levels.
So, my guess is for a system like this, I wouldn't be surprised if we still see lingering effects of this sediment that was stored behind the dam a couple years down the road.
Steven
Okay, thank you guys for joining me. That's all the questions I have for today.
Jim
Thanks Steve.
Jon
Oh, you're welcome, Steve.
Steven
As I mentioned before, if you'd like to learn more about the Marmot Dam removal, head over to the Marmot Dam Web site, the USGS Marmot Dam Web site, or the PGE Sandy River Watershed Web site, all of which are listed in our show notes.
If you're more interested in general discussion about what the politics, policies, research, and discussion are involved concerning dams and their removal, the University of California has a nice Web site: It's a Clearinghouse for Dam Removal Information.
Lastly, if you think you have what it takes to decide the fate of a dam, check out the PBS Dam Challenge, where you decide the best solution to a dam problem.
Well, that's all the time we have for today's show. As usual, if you want to reach us, you can do so via e-mail: Our address is [email protected]. We hope you all have a have a safe and happy New Years, and we'll see you next year.
The CoreCast is a product of the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. Until next time, I'm Steven Sobieszczyk, rock on! Owww!
Music credit:
"Elec_guit_cleanfunk_riff6" by Soundgram Post
Mentioned in this segment and additional resources:
BONUS: Time Lapse Video: Marmot Dam (Windows Media Video)
About the dam breach video and other info:
The USGS put together time-lapse video of the breach of the Marmot Dam, on the Sandy River in Oregon. Hydrology experts from the USGS Oregon Water Science Center and the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory are studying this removal, the largest planned removal in the Pacific Northwest thus far.
Real-time USGS streamgages and other high-tech instruments are monitoring erosion, sediment transport, water quality, temperature changes, and turbidity of the water. This work is done in partnership with Portland General Electric (PGE), the owner of the dam, and other State and Federal agencies and university colleagues.
Removal of the Marmot Dam began in July 2007, and the final breach that unshackled the river occurred on October 19, 2007. As part of its decommissioning of the 100-year-old Bull Run Hydroelectric Project, PGE also plans to remove a smaller dam on the Little Sandy River in 2008.
The Sandy River and its tributary historically provided important habitat for fish and other aquatic species to migrate from salt water to fresh water and for the out-migration of juvenile fish, such as salmon, to the Pacific.
The reservoir behind Marmot Dam contained approximately 1,000,000 cubic yards of sediment in a wedge extending roughly 2 km upstream from the 47-foot concrete dam. The USGS will monitor the effects of the dam removal as the river returns to a normal flow and water quality.
The USGS's work, along with that of partnering agencies, will also provide valuable information for the removal of the Little Sandy Dam and other similar projects elsewhere in the future. More information on this project can be found at the Oregon Water Science Center's Web site.
Science Contacts
Jon Major, 360-993-8927 or [email protected]; Jim O'Connor, 503-251-3222 or [email protected]; or Dwight Tanner, 503-251-2389 or [email protected]
Media Contact
Stephanie Hanna, 206-818-7411 or [email protected] | 2020-08-08T18:36:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24296295642852783, "perplexity": 3486.5734528600956}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738015.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808165417-20200808195417-00529.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-episode-51-vents-now-mostly-inactive | # Volcano Watch — Episode 51 vents now mostly inactive
Release Date:
The episode 51 vents on the west flank of Puu Oo were inactive most of this past week. Last Sunday afternoon, the flows had advanced about one mile south of the vents and burned about 150 acres of forest.
Episode 51 vents now mostly inactive
(Public domain.)
The episode 51 vents on the west flank of Puu Oo were inactive most of this past week. Last Sunday afternoon, the flows had advanced about one mile south of the vents and burned about 150 acres of forest. However, by Sunday evening, the tremor decreased sharply near the vent, and we infer that the activity at the vents stopped about 8 p.m. The vents remained inactive throughout the week, with the exception of several small sluggish aa flows adjacent to them at several times during the week. On Thursday morning between 10 and 11 a.m., the vent began erupting again and a fast-moving flow reoccupied the channel formed last week. The new flow had already progressed about one mile to the south and was burning the forest by 9:30 a.m. on Friday. The eruptive pause this week, lasting from Sunday night to Thursday morning, was the longest since episode 51 on March 7. The map shows the location of the active flow where it enters the forest.
The Puu Oo cone still contains an active lava lake, which is about 130 feet in diameter and about 125 feet below the spillway on the east side of the cone. On Thursday afternoon, the lava lake overflowed the small pit inside Puu Oo and covered the entire floor of the cone with active lava. The level of the lava lake has remained high throughout the week.
An interesting aspect of the eruptive pause this week was that the summit did not reinflate with magma as it has during each of the earlier pauses. The tilt at the summit ranged from an unchanged to a slightly inflated state during most of the week. The number of small earthquakes beneath the summit also increased from background levels of one or two per hour to greater than 4 per hour starting at about 9 p.m. last Sunday night. Throughout the week, the number of earthquakes near the summit remained high, averaging six to seven events per hour, then declined to near-background levels Thursday evening after the episode 51 eruption resumed. All of these earthquakes were too small to be felt, but their abundance indicates that the summit and upper-most East Rift Zone were readjusting to changes in the pressure of magma in the rift zone. We suspect that the combination of abundant earthquakes and nearly unchanged tilt at the summit indicates that magma was continuing to migrate out from beneath the summit, but instead of being erupted at the episode 51 vent, it was being stored beneath the uppermost East Rift Zone during the week.
There were several earthquakes this week with magnitudes greater than 3.0. The first occurred Saturday a week ago at 10:26 p.m., too late to be included in this column. It was located about 115 miles west of Kailua and about 25 miles beneath the sea floor. Although it had a magnitude of about 3.4, we received no reports that it was felt along the Kona coast, probably because it was so far away and so deep. The second earthquakethis week occurred last Sunday at 5:36 p.m. It was located just east of the summit on Mauna Loa Volcano at a depth of about 7 miles and had a magnitude of 3.0.
The episodic nature of episode 51 suggests that this eruption probably will not evolve into a long-lived steady-state one like the Kupaianha vent from July 1986 to February 1992. In addition, the gradual accumulation and storage of magma in the upper East Rift Zone that occurred this past week, and the earlier abrupt intrusion and storage of magma near Mauna Ulu that occurred on March 3, indicate that the underground conduit carrying magma from the summit to the vent is becoming increasingly unstable. At some point, probably within the next six months or so, we expect this instability to lead to an eruption in the upper East Rift Zone. | 2019-12-16T05:27:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2945179045200348, "perplexity": 2912.9206318148745}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541317967.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216041840-20191216065840-00350.warc.gz"} |
https://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/otc/InteriorPoint/abstracts/Armand-Gilbert-JanJegou-1.html | ## A Feasible BFGS Interior Point Algorithm for Solving Strongly Convex Minimization Problems
### Paul Armand, J. Charles Gilbert, Sophie Jan-J\'egou
We propose a BFGS primal-dual interior point method for minimizing a convex function on a convex set defined by equality and inequality constraints. The algorithm generates feasible iterates and consists in computing approximate solutions of the optimality conditions perturbed by a sequence of positive parameters~$\mu$ converging to zero. We prove that it converges $q$-superlinearly for each fixed $\mu$ and that it is globally convergent when $\mu\to0$.
Research Report 3500, INRIA, France
Contact: [email protected] | 2019-09-22T23:11:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9313968420028687, "perplexity": 842.4449232231646}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575751.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922221623-20190923003623-00497.warc.gz"} |
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_I_-_Mechanics%2C_Sound%2C_Oscillations%2C_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/08%3A_Potential_Energy_and_Conservation_of_Energy/8.02%3A_Potential_Energy_of_a_System | $$\require{cancel}$$
# 8.2: Potential Energy of a System
Learning Objectives
• Relate the difference of potential energy to work done on a particle for a system without friction or air drag
• Explain the meaning of the zero of the potential energy function for a system
• Calculate and apply the gravitational potential energy
In Work, we saw that the work done on an object by the constant gravitational force, near the surface of Earth, over any displacement is a function only of the difference in the positions of the end-points of the displacement. This property allows us to define a different kind of energy for the system than its kinetic energy, which is called potential energy. We consider various properties and types of potential energy in the following subsections.
# Potential Energy Basics
In Motion in Two and Three Dimensions, we analyzed the motion of a projectile, like kicking a football in Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$. For this example, let’s ignore friction and air resistance. As the football rises, the work done by the gravitational force on the football is negative, because the ball’s displacement is positive vertically and the force due to gravity is negative vertically. We also noted that the ball slowed down until it reached its highest point in the motion, thereby decreasing the ball’s kinetic energy. This loss in kinetic energy translates to a gain in gravitational potential energy of the football-Earth system.
As the football falls toward Earth, the work done on the football is now positive, because the displacement and the gravitational force both point vertically downward. The ball also speeds up, which indicates an increase in kinetic energy. Therefore, energy is converted from gravitational potential energy back into kinetic energy.
Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$: As a football starts its descent toward the wide receiver, gravitational potential energy is converted back into kinetic energy.
Based on this scenario, we can define the difference of potential energy from point A to point B as the negative of the work done:
$$\Delta U_{AB} = U_{B} - U_{A} = - W_{AB} \ldotp \label{8.1}$$
This formula explicitly states a potential energy difference, not just an absolute potential energy. Therefore, we need to define potential energy at a given position in such a way as to state standard values of potential energy on their own, rather than potential energy differences. We do this by rewriting the potential energy function in terms of an arbitrary constant,
$$\Delta U = U (\vec{r}) - U (\vec{r}_{0}) \ldotp \label{8.2}$$
The choice of the potential energy at a starting location of $$\vec{r}_{0}$$ is made out of convenience in the given problem. Most importantly, whatever choice is made should be stated and kept consistent throughout the given problem. There are some well-accepted choices of initial potential energy. For example, the lowest height in a problem is usually defined as zero potential energy, or if an object is in space, the farthest point away from the system is often defined as zero potential energy. Then, the potential energy, with respect to zero at $$\vec{r}_{0}$$, is just U($$\vec{r}$$).
As long as there is no friction or air resistance, the change in kinetic energy of the football equals the change in gravitational potential energy of the football. This can be generalized to any potential energy:
$$\Delta K_{AB} = \Delta U_{AB} \ldotp \label{8.3}$$
Let’s look at a specific example, choosing zero potential energy for gravitational potential energy at convenient points.
Example $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Basic Properties of Potential Energy
A particle moves along the x-axis under the action of a force given by F = −ax2, where a = 3 N/m2. (a) What is the difference in its potential energy as it moves from xA = 1 m to xB = 2 m? (b) What is the particle’s potential energy at x = 1 m with respect to a given 0.5 J of potential energy at x = 0?
Strategy
1. The difference in potential energy is the negative of the work done, as defined by Equation \ref{8.1}. The work is defined in the previous chapter as the dot product of the force with the distance. Since the particle is moving forward in the x-direction, the dot product simplifies to a multiplication ($$\hat{i}\; \cdotp \hat{i}$$ = 1). To find the total work done, we need to integrate the function between the given limits. After integration, we can state the work or the potential energy.
2. The potential energy function, with respect to zero at x = 0, is the indefinite integral encountered in part (a), with the constant of integration determined from Equation \ref{8.3}. Then, we substitute the x-value into the function of potential energy to calculate the potential energy at $$x = 1\, m$$.
Solution
1. The work done by the given force as the particle moves from coordinate x to x + dx in one dimension is \begin{align*} dW &= \vec{F}\; \cdotp d \vec{r} \\[5pt] &= Fdx \\[5pt] &= -ax^{2} dx \cdotp \end{align*} Substituting this expression into Equation \ref{8.1}, we obtain \begin{align*} \Delta U &= -W \\[5pt] &= \int_{x_{1}}^{x_{2}} ax^{2} dx \\[5pt] &= \frac{1}{3} (3\; N/m^{2})x^{2} \Big|_{1\; m}^{2\; m} \\[5pt] &= 7\; J \ldotp \end{align*}
2. The indefinite integral for the potential energy function in part (a) is $$U(x) = \frac{1}{3} ax^{3} + const.,$$and we want the constant to be determined by $$U(0) = 0.5\; J \ldotp$$Thus, the potential energy with respect to zero at x = 0 is just $$U(x) = \frac{1}{3} ax^{3} + 0.5\; J \ldotp$$Therefore, the potential energy at x = 1 m is $$U(1\; m) = \frac{1}{3} (3\; N/m^{2})(1\; m)^{3} + 0.5\; J = 1.5\; J \ldotp$$
Significance
In this one-dimensional example, any function we can integrate, independent of path, is conservative. Notice how we applied the definition of potential energy difference to determine the potential energy function with respect to zero at a chosen point. Also notice that the potential energy, as determined in part (b), at x = 1 m is U(1 m) = 1 J and at x = 2 m is U(2 m) = 8 J; their difference is the result in part (a).
Exercises $$\PageIndex{1}$$
In Example $$\PageIndex{1}$$, what are the potential energies of the particle at $$x = 1\, m$$ and $$x = 2\, m$$ with respect to zero at $$x = 1.5\, m$$? Verify that the difference of potential energy is still 7 J.
# Systems of Several Particles
In general, a system of interest could consist of several particles. The difference in the potential energy of the system is the negative of the work done by gravitational or elastic forces, which, as we will see in the next section, are conservative forces. The potential energy difference depends only on the initial and final positions of the particles, and on some parameters that characterize the interaction (like mass for gravity or the spring constant for a Hooke’s law force).
It is important to remember that potential energy is a property of the interactions between objects in a chosen system, and not just a property of each object. This is especially true for electric forces, although in the examples of potential energy we consider below, parts of the system are either so big (like Earth, compared to an object on its surface) or so small (like a massless spring), that the changes those parts undergo are negligible if included in the system.
# Types of Potential Energy
For each type of interaction present in a system, you can label a corresponding type of potential energy. The total potential energy of the system is the sum of the potential energies of all the types. (This follows from the additive property of the dot product in the expression for the work done.) Let’s look at some specific examples of types of potential energy discussed in the section on Work. First, we consider each of these forces when acting separately, and then when both act together.
## Gravitational potential energy near Earth’s surface
The system of interest consists of our planet, Earth, and one or more particles near its surface (or bodies small enough to be considered as particles, compared to Earth). The gravitational force on each particle (or body) is just its weight mg near the surface of Earth, acting vertically down. According to Newton’s third law, each particle exerts a force on Earth of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction. Newton’s second law tells us that the magnitude of the acceleration produced by each of these forces on Earth is mg divided by Earth’s mass. Since the ratio of the mass of any ordinary object to the mass of Earth is vanishingly small, the motion of Earth can be completely neglected. Therefore, we consider this system to be a group of single-particle systems, subject to the uniform gravitational force of Earth.
In the section on Work, the work done on a body by Earth’s uniform gravitational force, near its surface, depended on the mass of the body, the acceleration due to gravity, and the difference in height the body traversed, as given by Equation 7.4. By definition, this work is the negative of the difference in the gravitational potential energy, so that difference is
$$\Delta U_{grav} = - W_{grav,\; AB} = mg (y_{B} - y_{A}) \ldotp \label{8.4}$$
You can see from this that the gravitational potential energy function, near Earth’s surface, is
$$U(y) = mgy + const. \label{8.5}$$
You can choose the value of the constant, as described in the discussion of Equation \ref{8.2}; however, for solving most problems, the most convenient constant to choose is zero for when y = 0, which is the lowest vertical position in the problem.
Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$: Don’t jump—you have so much potential (gravitational potential energy, that is). (credit: Andy Spearing)
Example $$\PageIndex{2}$$: Gravitational Potential Energy of a Hiker
The summit of Great Blue Hill in Milton, MA, is 147 m above its base and has an elevation above sea level of 195 m (Figure 8.4). (Its Native American name, Massachusett, was adopted by settlers for naming the Bay Colony and state near its location.) A 75-kg hiker ascends from the base to the summit. What is the gravitational potential energy of the hiker-Earth system with respect to zero gravitational potential energy at base height, when the hiker is (a) at the base of the hill, (b) at the summit, and (c) at sea level, afterward?
Figure $$\PageIndex{3}$$: Sketch of the profile of Great Blue Hill, Milton, MA. The altitudes of the three levels are indicated.
Strategy
First, we need to pick an origin for the y-axis and then determine the value of the constant that makes the potential energy zero at the height of the base. Then, we can determine the potential energies from Equation \ref{8.5}, based on the relationship between the zero potential energy height and the height at which the hiker is located.
Solution
1. Let’s choose the origin for the y-axis at base height, where we also want the zero of potential energy to be. This choice makes the constant equal to zero and $$U(base) = U(0) = 0 \ldotp$$
2. At the summit, y = 147 m , so $$U(summit) = U(147\; m) = mgh = (75 \times 9.8 \;N)(147\; m) = 108\; kJ \ldotp$$
3. At sea level, y = (147 − 195)m = −48 m , so $$U(sea-level) = (75 \times 9.8\; N)(−48\; m) = −35.3\; kJ \ldotp$$
Significance
Besides illustrating the use of Equations \ref{8.4} and \ref{8.5}, the values of gravitational potential energy we found are reasonable. The gravitational potential energy is higher at the summit than at the base, and lower at sea level than at the base. Gravity does work on you on your way up, too! It does negative work and not quite as much (in magnitude), as your muscles do. But it certainly does work. Similarly, your muscles do work on your way down, as negative work. The numerical values of the potential energies depend on the choice of zero of potential energy, but the physically meaningful differences of potential energy do not. [Note that since Equation \ref{8.2} is a difference, the numerical values do not depend on the origin of coordinates.]
Exercises $$\PageIndex{1}$$
What are the values of the gravitational potential energy of the hiker at the base, summit, and sea level, with respect to a sea-level zero of potential energy?
## Elastic potential energy
In Work, we saw that the work done by a perfectly elastic spring, in one dimension, depends only on the spring constant and the squares of the displacements from the unstretched position, as given in Equation 7.5. This work involves only the properties of a Hooke’s law interaction and not the properties of real springs and whatever objects are attached to them. Therefore, we can define the difference of elastic potential energy for a spring force as the negative of the work done by the spring force in this equation, before we consider systems that embody this type of force. Thus,
$$\Delta U = -W_{AB} = \frac{1}{2} k (x_{B}^{2} - x_{A}^{2}), \label{8.6}$$
where the object travels from point A to point B. The potential energy function corresponding to this difference is
$$U(x) = \frac{1}{2} kx^{2} + const. \label{8.7}$$
If the spring force is the only force acting, it is simplest to take the zero of potential energy at x = 0, when the spring is at its unstretched length. Then, the constant is Equation \ref{8.7} is zero. (Other choices may be more convenient if other forces are acting.)
Example $$\PageIndex{3}$$: Spring Potential Energy
A system contains a perfectly elastic spring, with an unstretched length of 20 cm and a spring constant of 4 N/cm. (a) How much elastic potential energy does the spring contribute when its length is 23 cm? (b) How much more potential energy does it contribute if its length increases to 26 cm?
Strategy
When the spring is at its unstretched length, it contributes nothing to the potential energy of the system, so we can use Equation \ref{8.7} with the constant equal to zero. The value of x is the length minus the unstretched length. When the spring is expanded, the spring’s displacement or difference between its relaxed length and stretched length should be used for the x-value in calculating the potential energy of the spring.
Solution
1. The displacement of the spring is x = 23 cm − 20 cm = 3 cm, so the contributed potential energy is U = $$\frac{1}{2}$$kx2 = $$\frac{1}{2}$$(4 N/cm)(3 cm)2 = 0.18 J.
2. When the spring’s displacement is x = 26 cm − 20 cm = 6 cm, the potential energy is U = $$\frac{1}{2}$$kx2 = $$\frac{1}{2}$$(4 N/cm)(6 cm)2 = 0.72 J, which is a 0.54-J increase over the amount in part (a).
Significance
Calculating the elastic potential energy and potential energy differences from Equation \ref{8.7} involves solving for the potential energies based on the given lengths of the spring. Since U depends on x2, the potential energy for a compression (negative x) is the same as for an extension of equal magnitude.
Exercise $$\PageIndex{3}$$
When the length of the spring in Example $$\PageIndex{3}$$ changes from an initial value of 22.0 cm to a final value, the elastic potential energy it contributes changes by −0.0800 J. Find the final length.
## Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy
A simple system embodying both gravitational and elastic types of potential energy is a one-dimensional, vertical mass-spring system. This consists of a massive particle (or block), hung from one end of a perfectly elastic, massless spring, the other end of which is fixed, as illustrated in Figure $$\PageIndex{4}$$.
Figure $$\PageIndex{4}$$: A vertical mass-spring system, with the y-axis pointing upwards. The mass is initially at an equilibrium position and pulled downward to ypull. An oscillation begins, centered at the equilibrium position.
First, let’s consider the potential energy of the system. Assuming the spring is massless, the system of the block and Earth gains and loses potential energy. We need to define the constant in the potential energy function of Equation \ref{8.5}. Often, the ground is a suitable choice for when the gravitational potential energy is zero; however, in this case, the lowest point or when h = 0 is a convenient location for zero gravitational potential energy. Note that this choice is arbitrary, and the problem can be solved correctly even if another choice is picked.
We must also define the elastic potential energy of the system and the corresponding constant, as detailed in Equation \ref{8.7}. The equilibrium location is the most suitable mathematically to choose for where the potential energy of the spring is zero. Therefore, based on this convention, each potential energy and kinetic energy can be written out for three critical points of the system: (1) the lowest pulled point, (2) the equilibrium position of the spring, and (3) the highest point achieved. We note that the total energy of the system is conserved, so any total energy in this chart could be matched up to solve for an unknown quantity. The results are shown in Table $$\PageIndex{1}$$.
Table $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Components of Energy in a Vertical Mass-Spring System
Gravitational P.E.Elastic P.EKinetic E
(3) Highest Point2mgypull$$\frac{1}{2}$$kypull20
(2) Equilibriummgypull0$$\frac{1}{2}$$mv2
(1) Lowest Point0$$\frac{1}{2}$$kypull20
Figure $$\PageIndex{5}$$: A bungee jumper transforms gravitational potential energy at the start of the jump into elastic potential energy at the bottom of the jump.
Example $$\PageIndex{4}$$: Potential Energy of a Vertical Mass-Spring System
A block weighing 12 N is hung from a spring with a spring constant of 6.0 N/m, as shown in Figure 8.5. The block is pulled down an additional 5.0 cm from its equilibrium position and released.
1. What is the difference in just the spring potential energy, from an initial equilibrium position to its pulled-down position?
2. What is the difference in just the gravitational potential energy from its initial equilibrium position to its pulled-down position?
3. What is the kinetic energy of the block as it passes through the equilibrium position from its pulled-down position?
Strategy
In parts (a) and (b), we want to find a difference in potential energy, so we can use Equations \ref{8.6} and \ref{8.4}, respectively. Each of these expressions takes into consideration the change in the energy relative to another position, further emphasizing that potential energy is calculated with a reference or second point in mind. By choosing the conventions of the lowest point in the diagram where the gravitational potential energy is zero and the equilibrium position of the spring where the elastic potential energy is zero, these differences in energies can now be calculated. In part (c), we take a look at the differences between the two potential energies. The difference between the two results in kinetic energy, since there is no friction or drag in this system that can take energy from the system.
Solution
1. Since the gravitational potential energy is zero at the lowest point, the change in gravitational potential energy is $$\Delta U_{grav} = mgy - 0 = (12\; N)(5.0\; cm) = 0.60\; J \ldotp$$
2. The equilibrium position of the spring is defined as zero potential energy. Therefore, the change in elastic potential energy is $$\Delta U_{elastic} = 0 - \frac{1}{2}ky_{pull}^{2} = - \left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right) (6.0\; N/m) (5.0\; cm)^{2} = -0.5\; J \ldotp$$
3. The block started off being pulled downward with a relative potential energy of 0.75 J. The gravitational potential energy required to rise 5.0 cm is 0.60 J. The energy remaining at this equilibrium position must be kinetic energy. We can solve for this gain in kinetic energy from Equation 8.2, $$\Delta K = - (\Delta U_{elastic} + \Delta U_{grav}) = - (-0.75\; J + 0.60\; J) = 0.15\; J \ldotp$$
Significance
Even though the potential energies are relative to a chosen zero location, the solutions to this problem would be the same if the zero energy points were chosen at different locations.
Exercise $$\PageIndex{4}$$
Suppose the mass in Example 8.4 is in equilibrium, and you pull it down another 3.0 cm, making the pulled-down distance a total of 8.0 cm. The elastic potential energy of the spring increases, because you’re stretching it more, but the gravitational potential energy of the mass decreases, because you’re lowering it. Does the total potential energy increase, decrease, or remain the same?
Simulation
View this simulation to learn about conservation of energy with a skater! Build tracks, ramps and jumps for the skater and view the kinetic energy, potential energy and friction as he moves. You can also take the skater to different planets or even space!
A sample chart of a variety of energies is shown in Table $$\PageIndex{2}$$ to give you an idea about typical energy values associated with certain events. Some of these are calculated using kinetic energy, whereas others are calculated by using quantities found in a form of potential energy that may not have been discussed at this point.
Table $$\PageIndex{2}$$: Energy of Various Objects and Phenomena
Object/phenomenonEnergy in joules
Big Bang1068
Annual world energy use4.0 x 1020
Large fusion bomb (9 megaton)3.8 x 1016
Hiroshima-size fission bomb (10 kiloton)4.2 x 1013
1 barrel crude oil5.9 x 109
1 ton TNT4.2 x 109
1 gallon of gasoline1.2 x 108
Daily adult food intake (recommended)1.2 x 107
1000-kg car at 90 km/h3.1 x 105
Tennis ball at 100 km/h22
Mosquito (10−2 g at 0.5 m/s)1.3 x 10-6
Single electron in a TV tube beam4.0 x 10-15
Energy to break one DNA strand10-19
# Contributors
• Samuel J. Ling (Truman State University), Jeff Sanny (Loyola Marymount University), and Bill Moebs with many contributing authors. This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0). | 2019-12-09T18:18:06 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8412386775016785, "perplexity": 310.7442469847171}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540521378.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209173528-20191209201528-00077.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/2.11 | # §2.11 Remainder Terms; Stokes Phenomenon
## §2.11(i) Numerical Use of Asymptotic Expansions
When a rigorous bound or reliable estimate for the remainder term is unavailable, it is unsafe to judge the accuracy of an asymptotic expansion merely from the numerical rate of decrease of the terms at the point of truncation. Even when the series converges this is unwise: the tail needs to be majorized rigorously before the result can be guaranteed. For divergent expansions the situation is even more difficult. First, it is impossible to bound the tail by majorizing its terms. Secondly, the asymptotic series represents an infinite class of functions, and the remainder depends on which member we have in mind.
As an example consider
with a large integer. By integration by parts (§2.3(i))
2.11.2,
with
2.11.3
On rounding to 5D, we have , , . Hence
2.11.4
But this answer is incorrect: to 7D . The error term is, in fact, approximately 700 times the last term obtained in (2.11.4). The explanation is that (2.11.2) is a more accurate expansion for the function than it is for ; see Olver (1997b, pp. 76–78).
In order to guard against this kind of error remaining undetected, the wanted function may need to be computed by another method (preferably nonasymptotic) for the smallest value of the (large) asymptotic variable that is intended to be used. If the results agree within significant figures, then it is likely—but not certain—that the truncated asymptotic series will yield at least correct significant figures for larger values of . For further discussion see Bosley (1996).
In both the modulus and phase of the asymptotic variable need to be taken into account. Suppose an asymptotic expansion holds as in any closed sector within , say, but not in . Then numerical accuracy will disintegrate as the boundary rays , are approached. In consequence, practical application needs to be confined to a sector well within the sector of validity, and independent evaluations carried out on the boundaries for the smallest value of intended to be used. The choice of and is facilitated by a knowledge of the relevant Stokes lines; see §2.11(iv) below.
However, regardless whether we can bound the remainder, the accuracy achievable by direct numerical summation of a divergent asymptotic series is always limited. The rest of this section is devoted to general methods for increasing this accuracy.
## §2.11(ii) Connection Formulas
From §8.19(i) the generalized exponential integral is given by
when and , and by analytic continuation for other values of and . Application of Watson’s lemma (§2.4(i)) yields
when is fixed and in any closed sector within . As noted in §2.11(i), poor accuracy is yielded by this expansion as approaches or . However, on combining (2.11.6) with the connection formula (8.19.18), with , we derive
valid as in any closed sector within ; compare (8.20.3). Since the ray is well away from the new boundaries, the compound expansion (2.11.7) yields much more accurate results when . In effect, (2.11.7) “corrects” (2.11.6) by introducing a term that is relatively exponentially small in the neighborhood of , is increasingly significant as passes from to , and becomes the dominant contribution after passes . See also §2.11(iv).
## §2.11(iii) Exponentially-Improved Expansions
The procedure followed in §2.11(ii) enabled to be computed with as much accuracy in the sector as the original expansion (2.11.6) in . We now increase substantially the accuracy of (2.11.6) in by re-expanding the remainder term.
Optimum truncation in (2.11.6) takes place at , with , approximately. Thus
2.11.8
where , and is bounded as . From (2.11.5) and the identity
2.11.9,
we have
where
With given by (2.11.8), we have
For large the integrand has a saddle point at . Following §2.4(iv), we rotate the integration path through an angle , which is valid by analytic continuation when . Then by application of Laplace’s method (§§2.4(iii) and 2.4(iv)), we have
uniformly when () and is bounded. The coefficients are rational functions of and , for example, , and
2.11.14
Owing to the factor , that is, in (2.11.13), is uniformly exponentially small compared with . For this reason the expansion of in supplied by (2.11.8), (2.11.10), and (2.11.13) is said to be exponentially improved.
If we permit the use of nonelementary functions as approximants, then even more powerful re-expansions become available. One is uniformly valid for with bounded , and achieves uniform exponential improvement throughout :
Here is the complementary error function (§7.2(i)), and
2.11.16
the branch being continuous with as . Also,
with as in (2.11.13), (2.11.14). In particular,
For the sector the conjugate result applies.
Further details for this example are supplied in Olver (1991a, 1994b). See also Paris and Kaminski (2001, Chapter 6), and Dunster (1996b, 1997).
## §2.11(iv) Stokes Phenomenon
Two different asymptotic expansions in terms of elementary functions, (2.11.6) and (2.11.7), are available for the generalized exponential integral in the sector . That the change in their forms is discontinuous, even though the function being approximated is analytic, is an example of the Stokes phenomenon. Where should the change-over take place? Can it be accomplished smoothly?
Satisfactory answers to these questions were found by Berry (1989); see also the survey by Paris and Wood (1995). These answers are linked to the terms involving the complementary error function in the more powerful expansions typified by the combination of (2.11.10) and (2.11.15). Thus if (), then lies in the right half-plane. Hence from §7.12(i) is of the same exponentially-small order of magnitude as the contribution from the other terms in (2.11.15) when is large. On the other hand, when , is in the left half-plane and differs from 2 by an exponentially-small quantity. In the transition through , changes very rapidly, but smoothly, from one form to the other; compare the graph of its modulus in Figure 2.11.1 in the case .
Figure 2.11.1: Graph of .
In particular, on the ray greatest accuracy is achieved by (a) taking the average of the expansions (2.11.6) and (2.11.7), followed by (b) taking account of the exponentially-small contributions arising from the terms involving in (2.11.15).
Rays (or curves) on which one contribution in a compound asymptotic expansion achieves maximum dominance over another are called Stokes lines ( in the present example). As these lines are crossed exponentially-small contributions, such as that in (2.11.7), are “switched on” smoothly, in the manner of the graph in Figure 2.11.1.
For higher-order Stokes phenomena see Olde Daalhuis (2004b) and Howls et al. (2004).
## §2.11(v) Exponentially-Improved Expansions (continued)
Expansions similar to (2.11.15) can be constructed for many other special functions. However, to enjoy the resurgence property (§2.7(ii)) we often seek instead expansions in terms of the -functions introduced in §2.11(iii), leaving the connection of the error-function type behavior as an implicit consequence of this property of the -functions. In this context the -functions are called terminants, a name introduced by Dingle (1973).
For illustration, we give re-expansions of the remainder terms in the expansions (2.7.8) arising in differential-equation theory. For notational convenience assume that the original differential equation (2.7.1) is normalized so that . (This means that, if necessary, is replaced by .) From (2.7.12), (2.7.13) it is then seen that the optimum number of terms, , in (2.7.14) is approximately . We set
and expand
uniformly with respect to in each case.
The relevant Stokes lines are for , and for . In addition to achieving uniform exponential improvement, particularly in for , and for , the re-expansions (2.11.20), (2.11.21) are resurgent.
For further details see Olde Daalhuis and Olver (1994). For error bounds see Dunster (1996c). For other examples see Boyd (1990b), Paris (1992a, b), and Wong and Zhao (2002b).
Often the process of re-expansion can be repeated any number of times. In this way we arrive at hyperasymptotic expansions. For integrals, see Berry and Howls (1991), Howls (1992), and Paris and Kaminski (2001, Chapter 6). For second-order differential equations, see Olde Daalhuis and Olver (1995a), Olde Daalhuis (1995, 1996), and Murphy and Wood (1997).
For higher-order differential equations, see Olde Daalhuis (1998a, b). The first of these two references also provides an introduction to the powerful Borel transform theory. In this connection see also Byatt-Smith (2000).
For nonlinear differential equations see Olde Daalhuis (2005a, b).
For another approach see Paris (2001a, b).
## §2.11(vi) Direct Numerical Transformations
The transformations in §3.9 for summing slowly convergent series can also be very effective when applied to divergent asymptotic series.
A simple example is provided by Euler’s transformation (§3.9(ii)) applied to the asymptotic expansion for the exponential integral (§6.12(i)):
Taking and rounding to 5D, we obtain
2.11.25
The numerically smallest terms are the 5th and 6th. Truncation after 5 terms yields 0.17408, compared with the correct value
We now compute the forward differences , , of the moduli of the rounded values of the first 6 neglected terms:
2.11.27
,
,
,
,
,
.
Multiplying these differences by and summing, we obtain
2.11.28
Subtraction of this result from the sum of the first 5 terms in (2.11.25) yields 0.17045, which is much closer to the true value.
The process just used is equivalent to re-expanding the remainder term of the original asymptotic series (2.11.24) in powers of and truncating the new series optimally. Further improvements in accuracy can be realized by making a second application of the Euler transformation; see Olver (1997b, pp. 540–543).
Similar improvements are achievable by Aitken’s -process, Wynn’s -algorithm, and other acceleration transformations. For a comprehensive survey see Weniger (1989).
The following example, based on Weniger (1996), illustrates their power.
For large , with (), the Whittaker function of the second kind has the asymptotic expansion (§13.19)
in which
With , , , the values of to 8D are supplied in the second column of Table 2.11.1.
Table 2.11.1: Whittaker functions with Levin’s transformation.
0 0.60653 066 0.60653 066 0.60653 066
1 −1.81352 667 −1.20699 601 −0.91106 488
2 0.35363 770 −0.85335 831 −0.82413 405
3 0.02475 464 −0.82860 367 −0.83323 429
4 −0.00736 451 −0.83596 818 −0.83303 750
5 0.00676 062 −0.82920 756 −0.83298 901
6 −0.01125 643 −0.84046 399 −0.83299 429
7 0.02796 418 −0.81249 981 −0.83299 530
8 −0.09364 504 −0.90614 485 −0.83299 504
9 0.39736 710 −0.50877 775 −0.83299 501
10 −2.05001 686 −2.55879 461 −0.83299 503
The next column lists the partial sums . Optimum truncation occurs just prior to the numerically smallest term, that is, at . Comparison with the true value
2.11.31
shows that this direct estimate is correct to almost 3D.
The fourth column of Table 2.11.1 gives the results of applying the following variant of Levin’s transformation:
By we already have 8 correct decimals. Furthermore, on proceeding to higher values of with higher precision, much more accuracy is achievable. For example, using double precision is found to agree with (2.11.31) to 13D.
However, direct numerical transformations need to be used with care. Their extrapolation is based on assumed forms of remainder terms that may not always be appropriate for asymptotic expansions. For example, extrapolated values may converge to an accurate value on one side of a Stokes line (§2.11(iv)), and converge to a quite inaccurate value on the other. | 2013-12-12T01:01:20 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8469206094741821, "perplexity": 1164.3120695661146}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164128316/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133528-00031-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Trigonometry/Fundamental_Identities | # High School Trigonometry/Fundamental Identities
Jump to: navigation, search
## Contents
### Reciprocal Identities
${\displaystyle \sin u=\left({\frac {1}{\csc u}}\right)}$
${\displaystyle \cos u=\left({\frac {1}{\sec u}}\right)}$
${\displaystyle \tan u=\left({\frac {1}{\ cotu}}\right)}$
${\displaystyle \csc u=\left({\frac {1}{\sin u}}\right)}$
${\displaystyle \sec u=\left({\frac {1}{\cos u}}\right)}$
${\displaystyle \cot u=\left({\frac {1}{\tan u}}\right)}$
### Pythagorean Identities
${\displaystyle \sin ^{2}u+\cos ^{2}u=1}$
${\displaystyle 1+\tan ^{2}u=\sec ^{2}}$
${\displaystyle 1+\cot ^{2}u=\csc ^{2}u}$
### Quotient Identities
${\displaystyle \tan u=\left({\frac {\sin u}{\cos u}}\right)}$
${\displaystyle \cot u=\left({\frac {\cos u}{\sin u}}\right)}$
### Co-Function Identities
${\displaystyle \sin(\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)-u)=\cos u}$
${\displaystyle \cos(\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)-u)=\sin u}$
${\displaystyle \tan(\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)-u)=\cot u}$
${\displaystyle \csc(\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)-u)=\sec u}$
${\displaystyle \sec(\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)-u)=\csc u}$
${\displaystyle \cot(\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)-u)=\tan u}$
### Even-Odd Identities
${\displaystyle \sin(-u)=-\sin(u)}$
${\displaystyle \cos(-u)=cos(u)}$
${\displaystyle \tan(-u)=-\tan(u)}$
${\displaystyle \csc(-u)=-\csc(u)}$
${\displaystyle \sec(-u)=\sec(u)}$
${\displaystyle \cot(-u)=-\cot(u)}$
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http://dergipark.gov.tr/hujms/issue/38121/440364 | Yıl 2018, Cilt 47, Sayı 3, Sayfalar 685 - 708 2018-06-01
| | | |
## Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans
##### 25 110
This paper attempts to develop four types of acceptance sampling plans under the objectives of minimizing the total loss to the producer and consumer and maximizing the rate of approaching to the ideal operating characteristic (OC) curve when the quality characteristic follows a normal distribution and has lower specication limit. To provide the desired protection for both the producer and the consumer, two constraints are considered that balance both producer and consumer risks by using two specied points on OC curve. The first objective function of this model is constructed based on the total expected loss by incorporating the one-sided minimum specication Taguchi loss function, and the second one is constructed based on conformity to the ideal OC curve by using minimum angle method. Also, the optimal solution of the proposed plans is determined for 10 different scenarios of process parameters. Furthermore, the optimal solution of these plans is determined when only one of the objective functions is considered.
Quality control, Acceptance sampling plan, Loss function, Minimum angle method, Acceptable quality level, Limiting quality level
• Aslam, M. and Yen, C.H. and Jun, C.H. Variable repetitive group sampling plans with process loss consideration, Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 81 (11), 1417- 1432, 2011.
• Balamurali, S. and Jun, C.H. Repetitive group sampling procedure for variables inspection, Journal of Applied Statistics 33 (3), 327-338, 2006.
• Balamurali, S. and Jun, C.H. Multiple dependent state sampling plans for lot acceptance based on measurement data, European Journal of Operational Research 180, 1221-1230, 2007.
• Bowling, S.R. and Khasawneh, M.T. and Kaewkuekool, S. and Cho, B.R. A Markovian approach to determining optimum process target levels for a multi-stage serial production system, European Journal of Operational Research 159, 636-650, 2004.
• Fallahnezhad, M.S. and Aslam, M. A new economical design of acceptance sampling models using Bayesian inference, Accreditation and Quality Assurance 18 (3), 187-195, 2013.
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• Fallahnezhad, M.S. and Niaki, S.T.A. and Abooie, M.H. A new acceptance sampling plan based on cumulative sums of conforming run-lengths, Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering 4 (4), 256-264, 2011.
• Ferrell, W.G. and Chhoker, J.A. Design of economically optimal acceptance sampling plans with inspection error, Computers and Operations Research 29 (10), 1283-1300, 2002.
• Govindaraju, K. and Ganesalingam, S. Sampling inspection for resubmitted lots, Commu- nications in Statistics Simulation and Computation 26 (3), 1163-1176, 1997.
• Liao, C.N. and Kao, H.P. Supplier selection model using Taguchi loss function, analytical hierarchy process and multi-choice goal programming, Computers and Industrial Engineering 58 (4), 571-577, 2010.
• Liu, S.W. and Lin, S.W. and Wu, C.W. A resubmitted sampling scheme by variables in- spection for controlling lot fraction nonconforming, International Journal of Production Research 52 (12), 3744-3754, 2014.
• Liu, S.W. and Wu, C.W. Design and construction of a variables repetitive group sampling plan for unilateral speci cation limit, Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Com- putation 43 (8), 1866-1878, 2014.
• Moskowitz, H. and Tang, K. Bayesian Variables Acceptance Sampling Plans: Quadratic Loss Function and Step Loss Function, Technometrics 34 (3), 340-347, 1992.
• Pearn, W.L. and Wu, C.W. Variables sampling plans with PPM fraction of defectives and process loss consideration, Journal of the Operational Research Society 57, 450-459, 2006.
• Sherman, R.E. Design and evaluation of repetitive group sampling plan, Technometrics 7, 11-21, 1965.
• Soundararajan, V. and Christina, A.L. Selection of single sampling variables plans based on the minimum angle, Journal of Applied Statistics 24 (2), 207-218, 1997.
• Wu, C.W. An e cient inspection scheme for variables based on Taguchi Capability index, European Journal of Operational Research 223 (1), 116-122, 2012.
• Wu, C.W. and Aslam, M. and Jun, C.H. Variables sampling inspection scheme for resubmit- ted lots based on the process capability index Cpk, European Journal of Operational Research 217 (3), 560-566, 2012.
• Yazdi, A.A. and Fallahnezhad, M.S. An Optimization Model for Designing Acceptance Sam- pling Plan Based on Cumulative Count of Conforming Run Length Using Minimum Angle Method, Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 2014.
• Zhang, C.W. and Xie, M. and Goh, T.N. Economic design of cumulative count of conforming charts under inspection by samples, International Journal of Production Economics 111, 93- 104, 2008.
Bibtex @araştırma makalesi { hujms440364, journal = {Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics}, issn = {2651-477X}, eissn = {2651-477X}, address = {Hacettepe Üniversitesi}, year = {2018}, volume = {47}, pages = {685 - 708}, doi = {}, title = {Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans}, key = {cite}, author = {Nezhad, Mohammad Saber Fallah and Saredorahi, Faeze Zahmatkesh and Owlia, Mohammad Saleh and Zad, Mohammad Ali Vahdat} } APA Nezhad, M , Saredorahi, F , Owlia, M , Zad, M . (2018). Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans. Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 47 (3), 685-708. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/hujms/issue/38121/440364 MLA Nezhad, M , Saredorahi, F , Owlia, M , Zad, M . "Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans". Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 47 (2018): 685-708 Chicago Nezhad, M , Saredorahi, F , Owlia, M , Zad, M . "Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans". Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 47 (2018): 685-708 RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans AU - Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad , Faeze Zahmatkesh Saredorahi , Mohammad Saleh Owlia , Mohammad Ali Vahdat Zad Y1 - 2018 PY - 2018 N1 - DO - T2 - Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 685 EP - 708 VL - 47 IS - 3 SN - 2651-477X-2651-477X M3 - UR - Y2 - 2016 ER - EndNote %0 Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans %A Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad , Faeze Zahmatkesh Saredorahi , Mohammad Saleh Owlia , Mohammad Ali Vahdat Zad %T Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans %D 2018 %J Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics %P 2651-477X-2651-477X %V 47 %N 3 %R %U ISNAD Nezhad, Mohammad Saber Fallah , Saredorahi, Faeze Zahmatkesh , Owlia, Mohammad Saleh , Zad, Mohammad Ali Vahdat . "Design of economically and statistically optimal sampling plans". Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 47 / 3 (Haziran 2018): 685-708. | 2019-03-26T02:51:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2267719954252243, "perplexity": 13965.716118956167}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204768.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326014605-20190326040605-00470.warc.gz"} |
http://mathdl.maa.org/mathDL/61/?pa=newCollection&sa=viewResourceEntry&resourceId=866 | Search
Keyword
# Combinations: Product and Quotient
Course Topic(s): One-Variable Calculus | Differentiation, Calculation Rules
Three adjacent windows display graphs of (1) a function $$f$$ and its derivative, (2) a function $$g$$ and its derivative, and (3) a function $$h$$ and its derivative. From a drop-down menu, $$h$$ is defined to be the sum, product, or quotient of $$f$$ and $$g$$. The functions $$f$$ and $$g$$ can be freely defined by user.
Resource URL: http://calculusapplets.com/prodquot.html
### To rate this resource on a 1-5 scheme, click on the appropriate icosahedron:
Current rating: 3 number of votes: 353 1 2 3 4 5
Subject classification(s): Differentiation | Single Variable Calculus | Calculus
Creator(s): Thomas S. Downey
Contributor(s): Thomas S. Downey
This resource was cataloged by Bruce Yoshiwara
Publisher:
CalculusApplets.com
Resource copyright: Thomas S. Downey, Creative Commons
This review was published on February 15, 2011 | 2013-05-21T19:36:37 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.502383828163147, "perplexity": 2914.8537914878634}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700477029/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103437-00087-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess120_2013-2014/sj13/20130214.htm | South Carolina General Assembly
120th Session, 2013-2014
Journal of the Senate
Thursday, February 14, 2013
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
Our Lord decrees:
" 'My command is this: Love each other, as I have loved you'."
(John 15:12)
Join me as we bow and pray:
Holy God, how incredible, how constant, how humbling is Your love. We thank You for Your care, for Your blessings, and for the hope You grant to us all. Indeed, may one of the prevailing characteristics of this august body, Lord, be that these Senators and staff members never lose sight of the gifts of love and of caring. Even in the midst of occasional disagreements and of diverse viewpoints and ideas, may these leaders hold fast to their one-ness as Your children, as those who themselves are charged to care lovingly for all of the women, men and children of South Carolina. In Your blessed name do we humbly pray, O Lord.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
Doctor of the Day
Senator COURSON introduced Dr. Thomas Gibbons of Irmo, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, at 11:05 A.M., Senator GROOMS was granted a leave of absence for today.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator BRYANT rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Point of Order
Senator CLEARY raised a Point of Order under Rule 13 that the Expression of Personal Interest was limited to five minutes and the speaker had exceeded the time limitation.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
S. 15 (Word version) Sen. Young
S. 53 (Word version) Sen. Young
S. 85 (Word version) Sen. Davis
S. 115 (Word version) Sen. Davis
S. 213 (Word version) Sens. Setzler, Ford, Campsen
S. 239 (Word version) Sens. Setzler, Ford, Campsen
S. 247 (Word version) Sens. Cleary, Hembree
S. 276 (Word version) Sen. Davis
S. 285 (Word version) Sen. Davis
S. 308 (Word version) Sen. Davis
S. 316 (Word version) Sen. Davis
S. 362 (Word version) Sen. Hembree
S. 382 (Word version) Sens. Allen, Rankin, Setzler, Lourie, Scott, Ford
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 385 (Word version) -- Senator O'Dell: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR PIEDMONT TECHNICAL COLLEGE FOR THE INSTITUTION'S USE OF LEAN IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND TO CONGRATULATE THE STUDENTS, FACULTY, AND ADMINISTRATION FOR BEING AWARDED THE PRESTIGIOUS 2013 BELLWETHER AWARD.
l:\council\bills\gm\29553cm13.docx
S. 386 (Word version) -- Senator O'Dell: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO HONOR SAMUEL IVAN RANDOLPH, JR., SUPERINTENDENT OF ABBEVILLE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT, FOR HIS MANY YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE AS AN EDUCATOR, TO CONGRATULATE HIM ON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT, AND TO WISH HIM MUCH SUCCESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
l:\council\bills\rm\1100ahb13.docx
S. 387 (Word version) -- Senators O'Dell, Campbell, Cromer, Hembree, Setzler, McGill and Johnson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-95, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CREDIT AGAINST WITHHOLDING FOR RETRAINING, SO AS TO INCREASE THE CREDIT, TO SPECIFY ELIGIBLE EMPLOYEES AND PROGRAMS, TO PROVIDE THAT A BUSINESS MAY NOT CLAIM THE CREDIT IF THE EMPLOYEE IS REQUIRED TO REIMBURSE OR PAY FOR THE COSTS OF THE RETRAINING, TO INCREASE THE MATCH AMOUNT FOR THE BUSINESS, AND TO PROVIDE THE PROGRAMS ARE SUBJECT TO REVIEW BY THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE AND THE STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL AND COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION; TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-105, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ANNUAL FEE FOR A BUSINESS CLAIMING THE CREDIT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE ANNUAL FEE IS NOT APPLICABLE TO THE RETRAINING CREDIT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-20-105, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CREDIT AGAINST THE LICENSE TAX FOR CERTAIN INFRASTRUCTURE EXPENSES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AN ELIGIBLE PROJECT MAY BE OWNED OR CONSTRUCTED BY A GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY IF THE PROJECT IS EXPECTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY, TO FURTHER SPECIFY ELIGIBLE INFRASTRUCTURE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY MAY SELL THE PROJECT AFTER THE COMPANY PAYS FOR THE INFRASTRUCTURE.
l:\council\bills\nl\13140dg13.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 388 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews, Hutto, Nicholson, Johnson, Setzler, Williams and Ford: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 3, ARTICLE XI OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE SYSTEM OF FREE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL ESTABLISH, ORGANIZE, AND SUPPORT PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING THAT WILL PROVIDE A HIGH QUALITY EDUCATION, ALLOWING EACH STUDENT TO REACH HIS HIGHEST POTENTIAL.
l:\council\bills\agm\19896ab13.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 389 (Word version) -- Senator Ford: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE XVII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS, BY ADDING SECTION 7C SO AS TO ALLOW THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY LAW TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT, ADMINISTRATION, AND REGULATION OF CASINO GAMBLING, LIMITED TO ONE CASINO IN EACH FIVE LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT THIS STATE, AND TO ALLOW THE ENACTMENT OF SPECIAL LEGISLATION, INCLUDING CRIMINAL LAWS, APPLICABLE ONLY IN THESE LOCATIONS.
l:\council\bills\nl\13144htc13.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 390 (Word version) -- Senator Rankin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-17-2110, SOUTH CAROLINA CODE OF LAWS, 1976, RELATING TO CONTENTS OF COURT ORDERS REQUIRING A PARENT TO PROVIDE HEALTH COVERAGE FOR A CHILD, SO AS TO ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR THE SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER TO BE INCLUDED IN THE ORDER, TO CHANGE THE TERM "PARENT" TO "PARTICIPANT", AND TO CHANGE THE TERM "CHILD" TO "ALTERNATE RECIPIENT"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 43-5-220, RELATING TO OBTAINING SUPPORT PAYMENTS FROM ABSENT PARENTS, SO AS TO ELIMINATE LANGUAGE THAT PROVIDES THAT THE USE OF THE CHILD SUPPORT SCALE IS OPTIONAL.
l:\s-jud\bills\rankin\jud0046.ba.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 391 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews, Courson, Hayes, Jackson, Setzler, Williams, Nicholson and Scott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO STRONGLY ENCOURAGE THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY TO DELAY ITS SEARCH AND SELECTION OF A PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY UNTIL AFTER THE MEMBERS TO SEATS REPRESENTING THE FIFTH, SIXTH, AND SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS AND AT-LARGE SEATS NINE, ELEVEN, AND TWELVE ARE ELECTED DURING THE 2013 SOUTH CAROLINA LEGISLATIVE SESSION.
l:\s-jud\bills\matthews\jud0045.kw.docx
The Senate Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Education.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
S. 368 (Word version) -- Senator Coleman: A BILL TO ESTABLISH THE FAIRFIELD COUNTY BOARD OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, TO DEFINE THE BOARD'S TERMS, POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES, AND TO PROVIDE AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF APPOINTING AND REMOVING THE FAIRFIELD COUNTY VETERANS AFFAIRS OFFICER.
On motion of Senator COLEMAN, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 368--Ordered to a Third Reading
On motion of Senator COLEMAN, S. 368 was ordered to receive a third reading on Friday, February 15, 2013.
S. 379 (Word version) -- Senator Sheheen: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 930 OF 1970, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR KERSHAW COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE THE SPECIFIC ELECTION DISTRICTS FROM WHICH THE MEMBERS OF THE KERSHAW COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF TRUSTEES SHALL BE ELECTED BEGINNING WITH SCHOOL TRUSTEE ELECTIONS IN 2014, AND TO PROVIDE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THESE NEWLY DRAWN ELECTION DISTRICTS.
On motion of Senator SHEHEEN, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 379--Ordered to a Third Reading
On motion of Senator SHEHEEN, S. 379 was ordered to receive a third reading on Friday, February 15, 2013.
S. 151 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms and Campbell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-2080 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO QUALIFICATIONS FOR A COMMERCIAL DRIVER'S LICENSE, TO ESTABLISH THE INTRASTATE VISION WAIVER PROGRAM, TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN VISUALLY IMPAIRED INDIVIDUALS MAY OBTAIN A WAIVER FROM THE SIGHT REQUIREMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH A COMMERCIAL DRIVER'S LICENSE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE WAIVER'S ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WAIVER, THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A WAIVER MAY GRANTED, AND THE PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING A WAIVER.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Transportation.
The Committee on Transportation proposed the following amendment (151R004.LKG), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Section 56-1-2080 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"(D)(1) For the purposes of this subsection, 'intrastate commerce' is the transportation of persons or property within the State of South Carolina where both the point of origin and the destination point are within the State and where no state line is crossed. The bill of lading will be conclusive evidence of whether a shipment or commodity is travelling intrastate.
(2) The department may institute and supervise an Intrastate Vision Waiver Program. Pursuant to the program, the department may waive the vision standards for a commercial driver's license contained in 49 CFR, Part 391.41 (b)(10). A waiver may be granted if the applicant is applying for, or has been issued, a commercial driver's license and will be driving commercially only within the State of South Carolina. The department may only issue a vision waiver if it finds that a waiver would achieve a level of safety that is equivalent to, or greater than, the level that would be achieved if such waiver were not granted. The department must promulgate regulations to implement the conditions, restrictions, issuance processes, and other matters related to the program.
(3) To be eligible to receive a waiver, an applicant must:
(a) not have on his driving record:
(i) any suspensions, revocations, or cancellations of his driver's license;
(ii) any involvement in an accident for which he was convicted of a moving violation in any motor vehicle, including a personal vehicle;
(iii) any convictions of a disqualifying offense, as defined in 49 CFR 383.51(b)(2);
(iv) more than one serious traffic violation, as defined by 49 CFR, Part 385.5, while driving a commercial motor vehicle that disqualifies the applicant in accordance with the driver disqualification provisions of 49 CFR 383.51; and
(v) more than two convictions for any moving violations; and
(b) meet all other physical requirements set forth in 49 CFR, Part 391.41.
(4) The department may issue a waiver from the department if:
(a) the applicant:
(i) has 20/40 or better distant visual acuity with corrective lenses in the better eye and has a binocular horizontal visual field diameter of not less than one hundred twenty (120) degrees and a vertical field of not less than eighty (80) degrees without the use of visual field expanders. If the applicant is monocular, the horizontal visual field may not be less than seventy (70) degrees temporally and thirty-five (35) degrees nasally; or
(ii) has vision that is uncorrectable in one eye and the applicant does not wear corrective lenses, then uncorrected vision must be at least 20/25 in the better eye;
(iii) has the ability to recognize the colors of traffic signals and devices showing standard red, green, and amber; and
(iv) has a medical certificate required under Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 391.43; and
(b) the applicant meets the same requirements for interstate driving, except that:
(i) the applicant must have held a driver's license for the previous seven years and must have held a commercial driver's license with a classification A, B, or C, or was similarly licensed in 'Excepted Interstate' commerce, during the previous two years; and
(ii) the applicant must present the form specified by the department, signed by an optometrist or an ophthalmologist licensed in the State of South Carolina, in lieu of meeting the vision requirements of Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 391.41, and must present a Medical Examination Report in which the medical safety officer has certified that he has found the applicant to be qualified under Part 391.41 in all other physical requirements set forth in 49 CFR, Part 391.41 and mark the medical certificate 'Qualifies for Vision Waiver' if the applicant meets the tolerance allowances for a waiver.
(5) If the waiver application is denied and the applicant currently holds a commercial driver's license, the commercial driver's license will be cancelled and the commercial driver's license must be surrendered to the department.
(6) Waiver certificates are valid for a period not to exceed two years after the date of the applicant's medical examiner's physical examination.
(7) Waivers shall not be issued for passenger endorsement vehicles, school bus operation, or for vehicles transporting hazardous materials requiring placarding under 49 CFR, Part 172, subpart F.
(8) All recipients of a waiver will be required to have a license with the appropriate 'CDL' restriction.
(9)(a) Applications for the renewal of the vision waiver endorsement will be granted, provided that:
(i) the applicant's driving history continues to meet the requirements contained in this subsection; and
(ii) the applicant continues to meet the vision standards contained in this subsection and all other requirements of Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 391.41.
(b) If the holder of a South Carolina intrastate vision waiver fails to renew the waiver, the driver will be notified in writing by the department of this requirement via the most recent address on file. Failure to comply within a sixty day period will result in the cancellation of their commercial driver's license and it must be surrendered to the department.
(10) A person who does not qualify to drive in interstate commerce may still qualify to drive in intrastate commerce. In such cases the driver's commercial driver's license will contain a restriction that will indicate that the holder of the license is restricted to travel in intrastate commerce only.
(11) The department must promulgate regulations to implement the conditions, restrictions, and issuance processes and other matters related to the Intrastate Vision Waiver Program."
SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CAMPBELL explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 40; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Ford
Hembree Hutto Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--40
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 7 (Word version) -- Senators Courson, McGill, Williams, Sheheen, Johnson, Hayes and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SEVERAL SECTIONS OF TITLE 12 TO PROVIDE FOR THE AUTHORITY OF CERTAIN COUNTY TAX OFFICIALS, CERTAIN COUNTY TAX POLICIES AND PROCEDURES, TO PROVIDE COMFORMING SECTIONS, AND TO REPEAL 12-37-850, 12-37-2735, 12-45-10, 12-59-30, AND 12- 59-110.
(Abbreviated Title)
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator COURSON explained the Bill.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Ford Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 12 (Word version) -- Senators O'Dell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 12-10-108 SO AS TO PROVIDE A CLIENT COMPANY THAT CONTRACTS WITH A PROFESSIONAL SERVICE EMPLOYER AND IS ASSIGNED EMPLOYEES UNDER THAT CONTRACT, IS ELIGIBLE FOR THE JOB DEVELOPMENT CREDIT, TO SPECIFY THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE JOB DEVELOPMENT CREDIT MAY BE CLAIMED, AND TO PROVIDE THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE CLIENT COMPANY MAY CLAIM THE CREDIT AND THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE SHALL ADMINISTER THE CREDIT WITH RESPECT TO A CLIENT COMPANY; AND BY ADDING SECTION 40-68-145 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT FOR PURPOSES OF DETERMINING AN INCENTIVE OR BUSINESS PREFERENCE PROGRAM BASED ON EMPLOYMENT, AN ASSIGNED EMPLOYEE IS CONSIDERED AN EMPLOYEE OF THE CLIENT COMPANY.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Ford Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 125 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, O'Dell, McGill and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 1-11-140, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO INSURANCE PROVIDED TO ELIGIBLE ENTITIES BY THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD THROUGH THE INSURANCE RESERVE FUND, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD IS AUTHORIZED TO OFFER INSURANCE COVERAGE TO A LOCAL COUNCIL ON AGING OR OTHER ENTITY PROVIDING COUNTYWIDE SERVICES FOR THE AGING, HOWEVER ESTABLISHED, IF THE PROVIDER IS FUNDED BY THE OFFICE ON AGING OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator ALEXANDER explained the Bill.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 37; Nays 2
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Ford Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams
Total--37
NAYS
Bright Young
Total--2
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 244 (Word version) -- Senators McGill, Cleary and Campsen: A BILL TO REPEAL SECTION 50-11-940 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF CERTAIN PROPERTY OF THE BELLE W. BARUCH FOUNDATION IN GEORGETOWN COUNTY AS A BIRD AND GAME REFUGE, AND TO REPEAL SECTION 50-11-941, REQUIRING SECTION 50-11-940 TO NOT BE CONSTRUED IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF BELLE W. BARUCH.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator CAMPSEN explained the Bill.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Davis
Fair Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED
CARRIED OVER
S. 262 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Setzler and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 44 TO TITLE 11 SO AS TO ENACT THE "HIGH GROWTH SMALL BUSINESS JOB CREATION ACT OF 2013" BY PROVIDING FOR STATE NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDITS FOR QUALIFIED INVESTMENTS IN BUSINESSES MEETING CERTAIN CRITERIA AND PRIMARILY ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, WAREHOUSING, WHOLESALING, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, OR OTHER NONPROHIBITED SERVICES, TO ESTABLISH THE CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR THE CREDIT, AND TO MAKE THE CREDIT TRANSFERABLE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (NL\262C001.NL.DG13), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. A. Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"CHAPTER 44
High Growth Small Business Job Creation Act
Section 11-44-10. This chapter may be cited as the 'High Growth Small Business Job Creation Act of 2013'.
Section 11-44-20. The General Assembly desires to support the economic development goals of this State by improving the availability of early stage capital for emerging high-growth enterprises in South Carolina. To further these goals, this chapter is intended to:
(1) encourage individual angel investors to invest in early stage, high-growth, job-creating businesses;
(2) enlarge the number of high quality, high paying jobs within the State;
(3) expand the economy of this State by enlarging its base of wealth-creating businesses; and
(4) support businesses seeking to commercialize technology invented in this state's institutions of higher education.
Section 11-44-30. For purposes of this chapter:
(1) 'Angel investor' means an accredited investor as defined by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, who is:
(a) an individual person who is a resident of this State or a nonresident who is subject to taxes imposed by Chapter 6, Title 12; or
(b) a pass-through entity which is formed for investment purposes, has no business operations, does not have committed capital under management exceeding five million dollars, and is not capitalized with funds raised or pooled through private placement memoranda directed to institutional investors. A venture capital fund or commodity fund with institutional investors or a hedge fund does not qualify as an angel investor.
(2) 'Headquarters' means the facility or portion of a facility where corporate staff employees are physically employed, and where the majority of the company's or company business unit's financial, personnel, legal, planning, information technology, or other headquarters-related functions are handled.
(3) 'Net income tax liability' means South Carolina state income tax liability reduced by all other credits allowed under Titles 11, 12, and 48.
(4) 'Pass-through entity' means a partnership, an S-corporation, or a limited liability company taxed as a partnership.
(a) is either a corporation, limited liability company, or a general or limited partnership located in this State and has its headquarters located in this State at the time the investment was made and has maintained these headquarters for the entire time the qualified business benefitted from the tax credit provided for pursuant to this section;
(b) was organized no more than five years before the qualified investment was made;
(c) employs twenty-five or fewer people in this State at the time it is registered as a qualified business;
(d) has had in any complete fiscal year before registration gross income as determined in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code of two million dollars or less on a consolidated basis;
(e) is primarily engaged in manufacturing, processing, warehousing, wholesaling, software development, information technology services, research and development, or a business providing services set forth in Section 12-6-3360(M)(13), other than those described in subitem (f); and
(f) does not engage substantially in:
(i) retail sales;
(ii) real estate or construction;
(iii) professional services;
(iv) gambling;
(v) natural resource extraction;
(vi) financial brokerage, investment activities, or insurance;
(vii) entertainment, amusement, recreation, or athletic or fitness activity for which an admission or fee is charged.
A business is substantially engaged in one of the activities defined in subitem (f) if its gross revenue from an activity exceeds twenty-five percent of its gross revenues in a fiscal year or it is established pursuant to its articles of incorporation, articles of organization, operating agreement, or similar organizational documents to engage as one of its primary purposes such activity.
(6) 'Qualified investment' means an investment by an angel investor of cash in a qualified business for common or preferred stock or an equity interest or a purchase for cash of subordinated debt in a qualified business. Investment of common or preferred stock or an equity interest or purchase of subordinated debt does not qualify as a qualified investment if a broker fee or commission or a similar remuneration is paid or given directly or indirectly for soliciting an investment or a purchase.
(7) 'Registered' or 'registration' means that a business has been certified by the secretary as a qualified business at the time of application to the secretary.
(8) 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State.
Section 11-44-40. (A) An angel investor is entitled to a nonrefundable income tax credit of thirty-five percent of its qualified investment made pursuant to this chapter.
(B) Fifty percent of the allowed credit may be applied to the angel investor's net income tax liability in the tax year during which the qualified investment is made, and fifty percent of the allowed credit may be applied to the angel investor's net income tax liability in the tax years after the qualified investment is made and may be carried forward for a period not to exceed ten years for these purposes as provided in Section 11-44-50.
(C) For any pass-through entity making a qualified investment directly in a qualified business, each individual who is a shareholder, partner, or member of the entity must be allocated the credit allowed the pass-through entity in an amount determined in the same manner as the proportionate shares of income or loss of such pass-through entity would be determined. The pass-through entity must make an irrevocable election with the Department of Revenue as to the manner in which the credit is allocated. If an individual's share of the pass-through entity's credit is limited due to the maximum allowable credit under this chapter for a taxable year, the pass-through entity and its owners may not reallocate the unused credit among the other owners.
Section 11-44-50. Tax credits claimed pursuant to this chapter are subject to the following conditions and limitations:
(1) the total amount of credits allowed pursuant to this chapter may not exceed in the aggregate five million dollars for all taxpayers for any one calendar year;
(2) the aggregate amount of credit allowed an individual for one or more qualified investments in a single taxable year under this chapter, whether made directly or by a pass-through entity and allocated to an individual, shall not exceed one hundred thousand dollars each year, not including any carry forward credits;
(3) the amount of the tax credit allowed an individual under this chapter for a taxable year shall not exceed an individual's net income tax liability. An unused credit amount is allowed to be carried forward for ten years from the close of the taxable year in which the qualified investment was made. Credit is not allowed against prior years' tax liability;
(4) the credit is transferrable by the angel investor to his heirs and legatees upon his or her death and to his or her spouse or incident to divorce;
(5) the credit may be sold, exchanged, or otherwise transferred, and may be carried forward for a period of ten taxable years following the taxable year in which the credit originated until fully expended. A tax credit or increment of a tax credit may be transferred only once. The credit may be transferred to any taxpayer. A taxpayer to whom a credit has been transferred may use the credit for the taxable year in which the transfer occurred and unused amounts may be carried forward to succeeding taxable years, but the transferred credit may not be used more than ten years after it was originally issued; and
(6) the Department of Revenue may develop procedures for the transfer of the credits.
Section 11-44-60. (A) A qualified business shall register with the secretary for purposes of this chapter. Approval of this registration constitutes certification by the secretary for twelve months after being issued. A business is permitted to renew its registration with the secretary so long as, at the time of renewal, the business remains a qualified business.
(B) If the secretary finds that any information contained in an application of a business for registration under this chapter is false, the secretary shall revoke the registration of the business. The secretary shall not revoke the registration of a business only because it ceases business operations for an indefinite period of time, as long as the business renews its registration.
(C) A registration as a qualified business may not be sold or otherwise transferred, except that, if a qualified business enters into a merger, conversion, consolidation, or other similar transaction with another business and the surviving company would otherwise meet the criteria for being a qualified business, the surviving company retains the registration for the twelve-month registration period without further application to the secretary. In this case, the qualified business shall provide the secretary with written notice of the merger, conversion, consolidation, or similar transaction and other information as required by the secretary.
(D) The secretary shall report to the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee each year all of the businesses that have registered with the secretary as a qualified business. The report must include the name and address of each business, the location of its headquarters, a description of the type of business in which it engages, the amount of capital it has raised, the number of jobs created by the business during the period covered by the report, and the average wages paid by these jobs.
Section 11-44-65. (A) For purposes of this section:
(1) 'Angel investor taxpayer' means a taxpayer who invested in a capital asset and as a result of that investment was eligible to claim the tax credit allowed pursuant to this chapter.
(2) 'Credit asset' means a capital asset acquired by an angel investor taxpayer who was eligible to claim the tax credit allowed pursuant to this chapter with respect to the acquisition.
(3) 'Net capital gain' is as defined in Internal Revenue Code Section 1222 and related sections.
(4) 'Net capital loss' is as defined in Internal Revenue Code Section 1211(b), not including the limitation imposed pursuant to Section 1211(b)(1).
(B)(1) If an angel investor taxpayer recognized net capital gain on the sale or exchange of credit assets in a taxable year, then the amount of net capital gain of that taxpayer eligible for the deduction otherwise allowed pursuant to Section 12-6-1150 must be reduced by the net capital gain on the sale or exchange of credit assets by the angel investor taxpayer.
(2) In a separate computation in each taxable year the angel investor taxpayer shall attribute the net capital gain on credit assets to each credit asset in the ratio that the long term capital gain on each separate credit asset as a proportion of all such long term gain bears to the net capital gain reduction required pursuant to item (1). If cumulative net capital gain on a credit asset multiplied by seven percent equals the total credit claimed on the credit asset, the excess of the net capital gain attributable to this credit asset over that necessary to produce the total credit amount in the computation is deducted from the reduction otherwise required pursuant to item (1).
(C)(1) If an angel investor taxpayer recognized net capital loss on the sale or exchange of credit assets in a taxable year in an amount equal to or less than the total of tax credits claimed on those credit assets, then there is added to the angel investor taxpayer's South Carolina taxable income for that taxable year the amount of the net capital loss on those credit assets not to exceed the tax credits claimed on those credit assets.
(2) If an angel investor taxpayer recognized net capital loss on the sale or exchange of credit assets in a taxable year in an amount greater than the amount of the tax credits claimed on those credit assets, then there is added to the angel investor taxpayer's South Carolina taxable income for that taxable year the amount of the tax credit claimed on those credit assets.
Section 11-44-70. (A) An angel investor seeking to claim a tax credit provided for under this chapter shall submit an application to the Department of Revenue for tentative approval for the tax credit in the year for which the tax credit is claimed or allowed. The Department of Revenue shall provide for the manner in which the application is to be submitted. The Department of Revenue shall review the application and tentatively shall approve the application upon determining that it meets the requirements of this chapter.
(B) The Department of Revenue shall provide tentative approval of the applications by the date provided in subsection (C).
(C) The Department of Revenue shall notify each qualified investor of the tax credits tentatively approved and allocated to the qualified investor by January thirty-first of the year after the application was submitted. If the credit amounts on the tax credit applications filed with the Department of Revenue exceed the maximum aggregate limit of tax credits, then the tax credit must be allocated among the angel investors who filed a timely application on a pro rata basis based upon the amounts otherwise allowed by this chapter. Once the tax credit application has been approved and the amount has been communicated to the applicant, the angel investor then may apply the amount of the approved tax credit to its tax liability for the tax year of which the approved application applies.
Section 11-44-80. Tax credits generated as a result of these investments are not considered securities under the laws of this State."
B. The provisions of Chapter 44, Title 11 contained in this act are repealed on December 31, 2019. Any carry forward credits shall continue to be allowed until the ten year time period in Section 12-44-40(B) is completed.
SECTION 2. Section 12-54-240(B) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 116 of 2007, is further amended by adding an appropriately numbered item at the end to read:
"( ) exchange between the Department of Revenue and the Secretary of State of any information that assists the Department of Revenue or the Secretary of State in determining or verifying information concerning whether a business is a qualified business pursuant to Section 11-44-60."
SECTION 3. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor, and the tax credits permitted by this chapter are first available for investments made after December 31, 2012. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator O'DELL explained the committee amendment.
Senator DAVIS proposed the following amendment (262R005.TD):
Amend the amendment bearing document number L:\S-RES\Amend\262R004.KLB.docx by striking SECTION 2.E. and inserting:
/ E. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and shall be reviewed by the General Assembly and the Education Oversight Committee by December 31, 2020. The tax deductions authorized by SECTION 2.A. and tax credits authorized by SECTION 2.B. may be taken to the extent authorized beginning with calendar year 2013./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator DAVIS explained the amendment.
On motion of Senator O'DELL, the Bill was carried over, as amended.
S. 304 (Word version) -- Senators Shealy, Cromer and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 50-13-10, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CERTAIN TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS REGARDING GENERAL RESTRICTIONS ON FRESHWATER FISHING, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE AND TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "BAIT FISH"; TO AMEND SECTION 50-13-60, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE LAWFUL POSSESSION OF FISH, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE TO THE PROVISION RELATING TO THE POSSESSION OF A GAME FISH; TO AMEND SECTIONS 50-13-200, 50-13-210, 50-13-250, 50-13-260, AND 50-13-270, ALL AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF FRESHWATER GAME FISH, SO AS TO REVISE THE AGE OF PERSONS IN A BOAT THAT MAY USE AN UNLIMITED NUMBER OF FISHING DEVICES, TO REVISE THE NUMBER OF TROUT THAT MAY BE TAKEN ON THE LOWER REACH OF THE SALUDA RIVER, TO PROVIDE THE LEGAL LENGTH OF SMALLMOUTH BASS THAT MAY BE TAKEN FROM CERTAIN LAKES, RIVERS, AND RESERVOIRS ALONG THE STATE'S WESTERN REGION, AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 50-13-620, 50-13-625, AND 50-13-635, ALL AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF NONGAME FISH, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A COMMERCIAL TROTLINE WHICH USES FIFTY OR FEWER HOOKS MUST BE MARKED AT INTERVALS OF TWENTY-FIVE HOOKS, TO REVISE THE AGE OF PERSONS IN A BOAT THAT MAY USE AN UNLIMITED NUMBER OF FISHING DEVICES, AND TO REVISE THE NUMBER OF SET HOOKS A RECREATIONAL FISHERMAN MAY USE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senators CAMPSEN, CORBIN, TURNER and SHEALY proposed the following amendment (304R003.GEC), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 and SECTION 2 and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Section 50-13-10(B)(1), as last amended by Act 113 of 2012, is further amended to read:
"(B) Miscellaneous definitions:
(1) 'Bait fish' means a fish allowed to be used as bait in the freshwaters including: Asian clams (Corbicula spp.), crayfish, eels, herring, shad, and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and goldfish, including 'black salties' (Carassius auratus). Except for bream (other than redbreast), no other game fish is allowed to be used as bait, provided, trout are allowed to be used as bait only on Lakes Hartwell, Russell, Thurmond, Tugaloo, Yonah, Stevens Creek Reservoir, and the Savannah River."/
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CAMPSEN explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 305 (Word version) -- Senator Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-1-50, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES OF THE STATE'S BODIES OF WATERS, SO AS TO REVISE THE GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES OF SAINT HELENA SOUND; TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-15, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CERTAIN TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS, SO AS TO DEFINE THE TERM "TOTAL LENGTH"; TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-40, RELATING TO THE UNAUTHORIZED TAGGING OR MARKING AND RELEASING OF SALTWATER FISH, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-375, RELATING TO SEAFOOD DEALERS' RECORDS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO EVERY WHOLESALE SEAFOOD DEALER; TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-545, RELATING TO COMMERCIAL CRAB TRAPS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO TRAPS USED FOR TAKING BLUE CRABS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-550, RELATING TO TRAPS ATTACHED TO A BUOY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN MINNOW TRAP FLOATS DO NOT HAVE TO BE MARKED WITH THE OPERATOR'S BAIT DEALER LICENSE NUMBER; TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-705, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TRAWLING ZONES, SO AS TO REVISE THE BOUNDARIES OF CERTAIN TRAWLING ZONES; TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-1330, RELATING TO THE TAKING OF HORSESHOE CRABS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERMIT IS NOT REQUIRED TO POSSESS A CAST OFF OR MOLTED SHELL OF A HORSESHOE CRAB, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MAY GRANT PERMITS TO CERTAIN INSTITUTIONS AND PERSONS TO POSSESS AN UNLIMITED NUMBER OF HORSESHOE CRABS OR THEIR PARTS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-1335, RELATING TO THE USE OF BLUE CRAB TRAPS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO SET A TRAP USED FOR TAKING BLUE CRAB FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES WITHIN CERTAIN WATERS WITHIN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTIONS 50-5-1705 AND 50-5-1710, BOTH AS AMENDED, RELATING TO LAWFUL SIZE AND CATCH LIMITS FOR CERTAIN FISH, SO AS PROVIDE THAT THE LIMITS ESTABLISHED IN ARTICLE 17, CHAPTER 5, TITLE 50 APPLY TO ALL STATE WATERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 50-5-1340, RELATING TO COMMERCIAL USE OF CRAB POTS IN LITTLE CHECHESSEE CREEK IN BEAUFORT COUNTY.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator CAMPSEN explained the Bill.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3180 (Word version) -- Reps. Pope and V.S. Moss: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD TO TRANSFER OWNERSHIP OF CLOVER NATIONAL GUARD ARMORY IN CLOVER, SOUTH CAROLINA, TO THE TOWN OF CLOVER.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution.
The question then was second reading of the Joint Resolution.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 40; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Ford
Hembree Hutto Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--40
NAYS
Total--0
The Joint Resolution was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 213 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Davis, L. Martin, Peeler, Williams, Campbell, Cromer, Rankin, Shealy, Alexander, Gregory, Bryant, Bennett, Nicholson, Johnson, Setzler, Ford and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 33, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 57, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE QUALIFIED NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS TO OPERATE AND CONDUCT RAFFLES THROUGH REGISTRATION WITH THE SOUTH CAROLINA SECRETARY OF STATE, TO PROVIDE STANDARDS FOR THESE EVENTS, TO REQUIRE PROCEEDS TO BE USED FOR CHARITABLE PURPOSES, AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary.
Senator CAMPSEN proposed the following amendment (JUD0213.003), which was adopted:
Amend the Committee Report, as and if amended, by striking page [213-2], lines 31-43, in their entirety and inserting the following:
// Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 11, lines 29-42 and page 12, lines 1-2 in their entirety and inserting the following:
/ chapter.
Section 33-57-200. (A) The provisions of this chapter are repealed as of July 1, 2020, unless and until the General Assembly reauthorizes the provisions by joint resolution by a two-thirds vote of each body. The vote on the reauthorization may occur within two years preceding the date of repeal.
(B) The provisions of this chapter are repealed every ten years thereafter, unless reauthorized in accordance with subsection (A)."
SECTION 2. Nothing in the provisions of this act, including the allowance of persons to operate casino nights for entertainment purposes when no prizes, financial rewards, or incentives are received by players, shall alter or amend the terms of "The Catawba Indian Claims Settlement Agreement" or "The Catawba Indian Claims Settlement Act", as referenced in S.C. Code Ann. Sections 27-16-10 through 27-16-140 (2010) and in 25 U.S.C. Sections 941 through 941n (2010), or the holding of the South Carolina Supreme Court in Catawba Indian Tribe of South Carolina v. State of South Carolina, 372 S.C. 519, 642 S.E.2d 751 (2007). / //
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 12, lines 38-43 in their entirety and inserting the following:
/ SECTION 5. The provisions of this act become effective thirty days after ratification of an amendment to Section 7, Article XVII of the Constitution of this State allowing its terms as proposed to the qualified electors of this State at the 2014 General Election. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CAMPSEN explained the perfecting amendment.
The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD0213.002), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking page 4, lines 5-6, and inserting the following:
/ 501(c)(8), 501(c)(10), 501(c)(19), or 501(d), or is a class, department, or organization of an educational institution, as defined in Chapter 56, Title 33; and /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 4, lines 17-29, and inserting the following:
/ (B)(1) The requirement to register with the secretary for the purpose of operating raffles for charitable purposes shall apply to any and all nonprofit organizations that intend to operate a raffle in this State, including those organizations that are exempt from or not required to follow the requirements for solicitation of charitable funds pursuant to Chapter 56, Title 33.
(2) An exemption from registration for the purpose of operating raffles is authorized for:
(a) raffles operated by a nonprofit organization for charitable purposes, where a non-cash prize is donated for the nonprofit raffle and the total value of the prize or prizes offered for a raffle event is not more than five hundred dollars; and
(b) fifty-fifty raffles where the tickets are sold to members or guests of a nonprofit organization, and not to the general public, and the total value of proceeds collected is not more than nine hundred fifty dollars.
(3) An organization operating a raffle that is within an exemption authorized by the provisions of (B)(2) shall not operate more than one raffle every seven calendar days. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 5, lines 3-6, and inserting the following:
/ (E) Nonprofit organizations, other organizations, and persons operating raffles for charitable purposes are subject to investigation and other actions by the secretary and subject to all penalties contained in Chapters 56 and 57, Title 33.
(F) Nonprofit organizations, other organizations, or persons operating raffles or lotteries that violate the provisions of Chapter 19, Title 16, are subject to investigation and other actions by law enforcement. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 6, lines 22-24, and inserting the following:
/ (2) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, no member, director, officer, employee, or agent of a nonprofit organization, a member of the family of any of those persons, or an entity in /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 7, lines 13-17 and inserting the following:
/ (K) The provisions of this chapter are not intended and shall not be construed to allow the operation or play of raffles through electronic gambling devices or machines, slot machines, video poker or similar electronic play devices, and do not amend or alter in any manner the prohibitions on video poker or similar electronic play devices in Chapter 21, Title 12 or Chapter 19, Title 16. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 11, lines 31-42 and page 12, lines 1-2 and inserting the following:
/ SECTION 2. Nothing in the provisions of this act, including the allowance of persons to operate casino nights for entertainment purposes when no prizes, financial rewards, or incentives are received by players, shall alter or amend the terms of "The Catawba Indian Claims Settlement Agreement" or "The Catawba Indian Claims Settlement Act", as referenced in S.C. Code Ann. Sections 27-16-10 through 27-16-140 (2010) and in 25 U.S.C. Sections 941 through 941n (2010), or the holding of the South Carolina Supreme Court in Catawba Indian Tribe of South Carolina v. State of South Carolina, 372 S.C. 519, 642 S.E.2d 751 (2007). /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator CLEARY explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Reese
Total--1
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
READ IN FULL, PASSED BY AYES AND 'NAYS'
S. 239 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Davis, L. Martin, Campbell, Cromer, Setzler, Campsen and Ford: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE XVII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE PROHIBITION ON LOTTERIES AND THE EXCEPTIONS TO THIS PROHIBITION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY MAY AUTHORIZE RAFFLES TO BE OPERATED AND CONDUCTED BY RELIGIOUS, CHARITABLE, OR NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS, CHARITABLE, OR ELEEMOSYNARY PURPOSES, AND BY GENERAL LAW MUST DEFINE THE TYPE OF ORGANIZATION AUTHORIZED TO CONDUCT RAFFLES, PROVIDE THE STANDARDS FOR THEIR CONDUCT AND MANAGEMENT, PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS, AND PROVIDE FOR ANY OTHER LAW NECESSARY TO ENSURE THE PROPER FUNCTIONING, HONESTY, INTEGRITY, AND CHARITABLE PURPOSES FOR WHICH THE RAFFLES ARE CONDUCTED.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution.
Senator CLEARY explained the Joint Resolution.
Senator CLEARY moved that the text of the Joint Resolution be printed upon the pages of the Journal and that the Joint Resolution be ordered to receive a second reading.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina:
SECTION 1. It is proposed that Section 7, Article XVII of the Constitution of this State be amended to read as follows:
"Section 7. Only the State may conduct lotteries, and these lotteries must be conducted in the manner that the General Assembly provides by law. The revenue derived from the lotteries must first be used to pay all operating expenses and prizes for the lotteries. The remaining lottery revenues must be credited to a separate fund in the state treasury styled the 'Education Lottery Account', and the earnings on this account must be credited to it. Education Lottery Account proceeds may be used only for education purposes as the General Assembly provides by law.
The game of bingo, when conducted by charitable, religious, or fraternal organizations exempt from federal income taxation or when conducted at recognized annual state and county fairs, is not considered a lottery prohibited by this section.
A raffle, if provided for by general law and conducted by a nonprofit organization for charitable, religious, fraternal, educational, or other eleemosynary purposes is not a lottery prohibited by this section. The general law must define the type of nonprofit organization authorized to operate and conduct a raffle, provide standards for the operation and conduct of raffles, provide for the use of proceeds for religious, charitable, fraternal, educational, or other eleemosynary purposes, provide penalties for violations, and provide for other laws necessary to ensure the proper functioning, honesty, and integrity of the raffles. If no general law on the conduct and operation of a nonprofit raffle for charitable purposes, including the type of organization allowed to conduct raffles, is enacted, then the raffle is a lottery prohibited by this section."
SECTION 2. The proposed amendment must be submitted to the qualified electors at the next general election for representatives. Ballots must be provided at the various voting precincts with the following words printed or written on the ballot:
"Must Section 7, Article XVII of the Constitution of this State be amended so as to provide that a raffle is not a lottery prohibited by this section, if the raffle is conducted by a nonprofit organization for charitable, religious, fraternal, educational, or other eleemosynary purposes, and the general law defines the type of organization authorized to operate and conduct the raffles, provides standards for the operation and conduct of the raffles, provides for the use of proceeds for charitable, religious, fraternal, educational, or other eleemosynary purposes, provides penalties for violations, and provides for other laws necessary to ensure the proper functioning, honesty, and integrity of the raffles, but in the absence of any general law, then the raffle remains a prohibited lottery?
Yes []
No []
Those voting in favor of the question shall deposit a ballot with a check or cross mark in the square after the word 'Yes', and those voting against the question shall deposit a ballot with a check or cross mark in the square after the word 'No'."
--xxx--
The question then was second reading of the Joint Resolution.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Corbin
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Ford Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Reese
Total--1
The necessary vote having been received, the Joint Resolution was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 325 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Alexander, McGill, Shealy, Campbell and Reese: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND AND SUPPORT THE DEMOCRATIZATION EFFORTS OF TAIWAN AND THE NATION'S MEANINGFUL PARTICIPATION IN THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION, AND THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, AS WELL AS OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.
Recorded Vote
Senators BENNETT and SHANE MARTIN desired to be recorded as voting against the adoption of the Senate Resolution.
S. 378 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO DECLARE WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 2013, AS "SOUTH CAROLINA RECYCLERS DAY" AND TO COMMEND AND RECOGNIZE SOUTH CAROLINA'S RECYCLERS FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR STATE'S ECONOMY, FOR THEIR EFFORTS TO PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY, AND FOR THEIR LEADERSHIP IN PROVIDING SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL MANAGEMENT OPTIONS.
H. 3203 (Word version) -- Rep. Whitmire: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR SOUTH CAROLINA'S PURPLE HEART RECIPIENTS AND TO DECLARE THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA A PURPLE HEART STATE.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
CARRIED OVER
S. 297 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms and Campbell: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 56-1-222 TO EXPAND VISION STANDARDS AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS TO ALLOW CERTAIN PERSONS WHO WEAR BIOPTIC TELESCOPIC LENSES FOR VISION ASSISTANCE TO OBTAIN A DRIVER'S LICENSE.
On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 15 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Campsen, Ford and Young: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ENACTING THE "TAXPAYER FAIRNESS ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 12-4-397 TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE MUST INTERPRET TAX STATUTES OF THIS STATE, TO PROVIDE THAT TERMS IN THE TAX STATUTES OF THIS STATE MAY NOT BE GIVEN BROADER MEANING THAN INTENDED BY POLICY DOCUMENTS AND REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, TO PROVIDE THAT AMBIGUITY IN TAX STATUTES MUST BE RESOLVED IN FAVOR OF THE TAXPAYER, TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT TO REPORT AMBIGUITIES TO CERTAIN MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, AND TO DEFINE "TAX STATUTES OF THIS STATE".
On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 118 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-2725, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CANCELLATION OF A LICENSE PLATE AND REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE WHEN A VEHICLE OWNER MOVES OUT OF STATE AND THE PRORATED PROPERTY TAX REFUND DUE ON THAT CANCELLATION, SO AS TO ALLOW THE APPROPRIATE RECEIPT ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES TO SUBSTITUTE FOR THE ACTUAL LICENSE PLATE AND CERTIFICATE; TO AMEND SECTION 12-39-220, RELATING TO THE DISCOVERY OF UNTAXED PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF PROPERTY TAXES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE DUTIES OF THE ASSESSOR WITH RESPECT TO THIS PROPERTY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-54-85, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE TIME LIMITS APPLICABLE FOR ASSESSING DELINQUENT TAXES, SO AS TO MAKE A CONFORMING AMENDMENT.
On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Bill was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 306 (Word version) -- Senator Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-1-130 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PENALTIES ASSOCIATED WITH MISDEMEANOR OFFENSES CONTAINED IN TITLE 50, TO REVISE THE PENALTIES FOR THESE OFFENSES, AND TO PROVIDE THAT MAGISTRATE'S COURT HAS BOTH ORIGINAL AND CONCURRENT JURISDICTION OVER MISDEMEANOR OFFENSES.
On motion of Senator CAMPSEN, the Bill was carried over.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
MOTION FOR SPECIAL ORDER UNDER RULE 33B FAILED
S. 92 (Word version) -- Senators Davis, S. Martin, Verdin, Grooms, Bryant and Bright: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "NDAA NULLIFICATION ACT OF 2013", BY ADDING SECTION 8-1-15, RELATING TO PUBLIC OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES, TO PROHIBIT ANY OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE OF THE STATE OR ANY OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE OF A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION FROM AIDING THE DETENTION OF ANY UNITED STATES CITIZEN WITHOUT TRIAL BY THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES IN VIOLATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
The motion to make the Bill a Special Order was polled out of the Committee on Rules as follows:
Poll of the Rules Committee
Polled 15; Ayes 9; Nays 6; Not Voting 2
AYES
Cromer Martin, Larry Massey
Martin, Shane Gregory Campsen
Corbin Thurmond Turner
Total--9
NAYS
Reese Hutto Nicholson
Scott Allen McElveen
Total--6
NOT VOTING
Leatherman Malloy
Total--2
On behalf of the Rules Committee, Senator CROMER, as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, moved to make the Bill a Special Order pursuant to Rule 33B.
The question then was the motion to make the Bill a Special Order.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 19; Nays 21
AYES
Alexander Bennett Bright
Bryant Campsen Corbin
Cromer Davis Fair
Hembree Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Peeler Shealy
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Young
Total--19
NAYS
Allen Campbell Cleary
Coleman Courson Ford
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Reese Scott
Setzler Sheheen Williams
Total--21
Having failed to receive the necessary vote, the motion for Special Order failed.
Senator PEELER moved that the Bill be made a Special Order.
The Bill was made a Special Order.
MOTION FOR SPECIAL ORDER FAILED
S. 4 (Word version) -- Senators Scott, Malloy, Setzler, Matthews, Allen, Coleman, Ford, Hutto, Jackson, Johnson, Lourie, McElveen, McGill, Nicholson, Pinckney, Reese, Sheheen and Williams: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 7-13-25 SO AS TO ESTABLISH EARLY VOTING PROCEDURES; TO AMEND SECTION 7-3-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DUTIES OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION, SO AS TO FURTHER DEFINE HIS DUTIES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 7-15-320, RELATING TO PERSONS QUALIFIED TO VOTE BY ABSENTEE BALLOT, SO AS TO INCLUDE VOTING DURING THE EARLY VOTING PERIOD.
Senator SCOTT moved that the Bill be made a Special Order.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 18; Nays 22
AYES
Allen Coleman Ford
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
Reese Scott Setzler
Sheheen Thurmond Williams
Total--18
NAYS
Alexander Bennett Bright
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Hembree Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey O'Dell Peeler
Shealy Turner Verdin
Young
Total--22
Having failed to receive the necessary vote, the motion for Special Order failed.
STATEWIDE APPOINTMENTS
Confirmations
Having received a favorable report from the Banking and Insurance Committee, the following appointment was taken up for immediate consideration:
Initial Appointment, Director of Department of Insurance, with term coterminous with Governor
Director:
Raymond G. Farmer, 1100 Pulaski Street, Columbia, SC 29201 VICE vacant
Senator SETZLER spoke on the appointment.
Senator RANKIN spoke on the appointment.
Senator DAVIS spoke on the appointment.
The question was confirmation of Mr. Farmer.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 28; Nays 1; Present 9; Abstain 2
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Fair Hembree Johnson
Leatherman Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Reese Setzler Shealy
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--28
NAYS
Ford
Total--1
PRESENT
Bright Campsen Cleary
Davis McElveen Rankin
Scott Sheheen Thurmond
Total--9
ABSTAIN
Hutto Lourie
Total--2
The appointment of Mr. Farmer was confirmed.
Statement by Senators DAVIS, CAMPSEN and THURMOND
We voted "present" today on the vote to confirm Ray Farmer's nomination by Gov. Nikki Haley to serve as the State's Insurance Commissioner. We did not vote against Mr. Farmer's nomination because the Governor is entitled, in our view, to a considerable degree of deference from the Senate in considering her cabinet nominees, and also because we are convinced Mr. Farmer is a person of good character and knowledgeable about the insurance industry.
But neither, however, did we affirmatively vote for his nomination, in material part because when asked by the Charleston Post & Courier if home insurance rates on the coast were currently too high, he replied: "We haven't had an outcry. Pick any kind of product. As a consumer I'm going to say that I'm paying too much for a product. But the question is whether I am getting value for what I'm paying, and I think the answer is 'yes'."
That answer by Mr. Farmer flies in the face of empirical data compiled by numerous independent and nonpartisan industry groups. Beaufort County in particular, and the lowcountry of South Carolina in general, is a low hurricane risk relative to areas like the Outer Banks in North Carolina or Gulf Port, Mississippi, yet the wind-insurance premiums paid by homeowners in the former areas are comparable to, and in some cases more than, the premiums paid by those in the latter.
During the confirmation hearings, Mr. Farmer recanted his earlier statement to the Post & Courier, agreed that wind-insurance premiums being charged by insurance companies for buildings along the coast might not be commensurate with the risk being assumed by the companies for providing such coverage, and pledged to consider reforms that increased competition among insurance providers and that facilitated consumers in shopping for insurance.
This market-based approach was the one taken -- rightly, in our opinion -- by the South Carolina General Assembly when it passed the 2007 Omnibus Coastal Property Insurance Reform Act (S. 711; Act 78). Unlike other states, like Florida, that took a statist approach to reform and had their insurance commissioners become very interventionist in the marketplace, which resulted in an exodus of private insurance companies, our legislature wisely embraced reforms to increase supply and empower consumers.
We were greatly encouraged by Mr. Farmer's concurrence during the confirmation hearings that the remedy for the current market failure is not to abandon market-based solutions in favor of a more activist and interventionist insurance commissioner, but rather to build upon previous free-market reforms in a way that results in the better-functioning market.
We trust Mr. Farmer to follow through on his commitment to those reforms. And again, we are convinced he is a person of good character and knowledgeable about the insurance industry. But voting "present" on Mr. Farmer's nomination, we think, was the best way to underscore our concerns over the current failure of the wind-insurance market to yield an equilibrium price, and to memorialize the nominee's commitment to appropriate free-market reforms.
* * *
Having received a favorable report from the Banking and Insurance Committee, the following appointment was taken up for immediate consideration:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina Commission on Consumer Affairs, with the term to commence September 20, 2011, and to expire September 20, 2015
At-Large:
W. Frederick Pennington, 209 Forestdale Dr., Taylors, SC 29687 VICE C. Wayne Powell
The question was confirmation of Mr. F. Pennington.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 34; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Bennett Bright
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Young
Total--34
NAYS
Total--0
The appointment of Mr. F. Pennington was confirmed.
Having received a favorable report from the Banking and Insurance Committee, the following appointment was taken up for immediate consideration:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Board of Financial Institutions, with the term to commence June 30, 2010, and to expire June 30, 2014
Consumer:
W. Donald Pennington, 650 Harrison Bridge Road, Simpsonville, SC 29680 VICE Naomi Dreher
The question was confirmation of Mr. D. Pennington.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 36; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Young
Total--36
NAYS
Total--0
The appointment of Mr. D. Pennington was confirmed.
Having received a favorable report from the Medical Affairs Committee, the following appointment was taken up for immediate consideration:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina Mental Health Commission, with the term to commence March 21, 2012, and to expire March 21, 2017
4th Congressional District - Consumer:
Sharon L. Wilson, 120 South Forty Road, Piedmont, SC 29673 VICE vacant
The question was confirmation of Ms. Wilson.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 40; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--40
NAYS
Total--0
The appointment of Ms. Wilson was confirmed.
Having received a favorable report from the Medical Affairs Committee, the following appointment was taken up for immediate consideration:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Board of Nursing, with the term to commence December 31, 2011, and to expire December 31, 2015
3rd Congressional District:
Kay Swisher, 110 Cedar Court, Laurens, SC 29360 VICE C. Lynn Lewis
The question was confirmation of Ms. Swisher.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 37; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--37
NAYS
Total--0
The appointment of Ms. Swisher was confirmed.
Having received a favorable report from the Medical Affairs Committee, the following appointment was taken up for immediate consideration:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina Commission on Disabilities and Special Needs, with the term to commence June 30, 2012, and to expire June 30, 2016
Eva Ravenel, 11 Gibbes Street, Charleston, SC 29401 VICE Nancy Banov
The question was confirmation of Ms. Ravenel.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Courson Cromer Davis
Fair Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Total--0
The appointment of Ms. Ravenel was confirmed.
Having received a favorable report from the Medical Affairs Committee, the following appointment was taken up for immediate consideration:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Board of Nursing, with the term to commence July 1, 2012, and to expire June 30, 2016
7th Congressional District:
Karen Racz Hazzard, 25 Deloach Trail, Pawley's Island, SC 29585 VICE New Seat
The question was confirmation of Ms. Hazzard.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Cromer Davis
Fair Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey McElveen McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Total--0
The appointment of Ms. Hazzard was confirmed.
Having received a favorable report from the Transportation Committee, the following appointment was taken up for immediate consideration:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Ports Authority, with the term to commence February 13, 2012, and to expire February 13, 2017
At-Large:
Robert Michael Sisk, 718 Charter Lane, Lexington, SC 29072 VICE Karen Floyd
The question was confirmation of Mr. Sisk.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 36; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Hembree Hutto
Johnson Leatherman Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Young
Total--36
NAYS
Total--0
The appointment of Mr. Sisk was confirmed.
Senator SHANE MARTIN moved that the Senate stand adjourned.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 37; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Hembree
Hutto Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Reese Scott
Setzler Shealy Sheheen
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--37
NAYS
Ford
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10375405-alma-reveals-extended-cool-gas-hot-ionized-outflows-typical-star-forming-galaxy | skip to main content
ALMA Reveals Extended Cool Gas and Hot Ionized Outflows in a Typical Star-forming Galaxy at Z = 7.13
Abstract
We present spatially resolved morphological properties of [CII] 158μm, [OIII] 88μm, dust, and rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) continuum emission for A1689-zD1, a strongly lensed, sub-L* galaxy atz= 7.13, by utilizing deep Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations. While the [OIII] line and UV continuum are compact, the [CII] line is extended up to a radius ofr∼ 12 kpc. Using multi-band rest-frame far-infrared continuum data ranging from 52 to 400μm, we find an average dust temperature and emissivity index of$Tdust=41−14+17$K and$β=1.7−0.7+1.1$, respectively, across the galaxy. We find slight differences in the dust continuum profiles at different wavelengths, which may indicate that the dust temperature decreases with distance. We map the star formation rate (SFR) via IR and UV luminosities and determine a total SFR of 37 ± 1Myr−1with an obscured fraction of 87%. While the [OIII] line is a good tracer of the SFR, the [CII] line shows deviation from the localL[CII]-SFR relations in the outskirts of the galaxy. Finally, we observe a clear difference in the line profile between [CII] and [OIII], with significant residuals (∼5σ) in the [OIII] line spectrum after subtracting a single Gaussian model. This suggests more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10375405
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
934
Issue:
1
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
Article No. 64
ISSN:
0004-637X
Publisher:
DOI PREFIX: 10.3847
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. Abstract
We present a multiwavelength analysis of the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0607-4448 (SPT0607), which is one of the most distant clusters discovered by the South Pole Telescope atz= 1.4010 ± 0.0028. The high-redshift cluster shows clear signs of being relaxed with well-regulated feedback from the active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). Using Chandra X-ray data, we construct thermodynamic profiles and determine the properties of the intracluster medium. The cool-core nature of the cluster is supported by a centrally peaked density profile and low central entropy ($K0=18−9+11$keV cm2), which we estimate assuming an isothermal temperature profile due to the limited spectral information given the distance to the cluster. Using the density profile and gas cooling time inferred from the X-ray data, we find a mass-cooling rate$Ṁcool=100−60+90M⊙$yr−1. From optical spectroscopy and photometry around the [Oii] emission line, we estimate that the BCG star formation rate is$SFR[OII]=1.7−0.6+1.0M⊙$yr−1, roughly two orders of magnitude lower than the predicted mass-cooling rate. In addition, using ATCA radio data at 2.1 GHz, we measure a radio jet power$Pcav=3.2−1.3+2.1×1044$erg s−1, which is consistent withmore »
2. Abstract
We present the results of a new reverberation mapping campaign for the broad-line active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the edge-on spiral IC 4329A. Monitoring of the optical continuum withV-band photometry and broad emission-line flux variability with moderate-resolution spectroscopy allowed emission-line light curves to be measured for Hβ, Hγ, and Heiiλ4686. We find a time delay of$16.3−2.3+2.6$days for Hβ, a similar time delay of$16.0−2.6+4.8$days for Hγ, and an unresolved time delay of$−0.6−3.9+3.9$days for Heii. The time delay for Hβis consistent with the predicted value from the relationship between AGN luminosity and broad-line region radius, after correction for the ∼2.4 mag of intrinsic extinction at 5100 Å. Combining the measured time delay for Hβwith the broad emission-line width and an adopted value of 〈f〉 = 4.8, we find a central supermassive black hole mass of$MBH=6.8−1.1+1.2×107$M. Velocity-resolved time delays were measured across the broad Hβemission-line profile and may be consistent with an “M”-like shape. Modeling of the full reverberation response of Hβwas able to provide only modest constraints on some parameters, but does exhibit agreement with the black hole mass and average time delay. The models also suggest that themore »
3. Abstract
We present the Lyαemission line luminosity function (LF) of the active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the first release of the Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment Survey (HETDEX) AGN catalog. The AGN are selected either by emission line pairs characteristic of AGN or by a single broad emission line, free of any photometric preselections (magnitude/color/morphology). The sample consists of 2346 AGN spanning 1.88 <z< 3.53, covering an effective area of 30.61 deg2. Approximately 2.6% of the HETDEX AGN are not detected at >5σconfidence atr∼ 26 in the deepestr-band images we have searched. The Lyαline luminosity ranges from ∼1042.3to 1045.9erg s−1. Our LyαLF shows a turnover luminosity with opposite slopes on the bright end and the faint end: The space density is highest at$LLyα∗=1043.4$erg s−1. We explore the evolution of the AGN LF over a broader redshift range (0.8 <z< 3); constructing the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) LF with the 1450 Å monochromatic luminosity of the power-law component of the continuum (M1450) fromM1450∼ −18 to −27.5. We divide the sample into three redshift bins (z∼ 1.5, 2.1, and 2.6). In all three redshift bins, our UV LFs indicate that the space density of AGN is highest at themore »
4. Abstract
We present the stellar population properties of 69 short gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies, representing the largest uniformly modeled sample to date. Using theProspectorstellar population inference code, we jointly fit photometry and/or spectroscopy of each host galaxy. We find a population median redshift of$z=0.64−0.32+0.83$(68% confidence), including nine photometric redshifts atz≳ 1. We further find a median mass-weighted age oftm=$0.8−0.53+2.71$Gyr, stellar mass of log(M*/M) =$9.69−0.65+0.75$, star formation rate of SFR =$1.44−1.35+9.37$Myr−1, stellar metallicity of log(Z*/Z) =$−0.38−0.42+0.44$, and dust attenuation of$AV=0.43−0.36+0.85$mag (68% confidence). Overall, the majority of short GRB hosts are star-forming (≈84%), with small fractions that are either transitioning (≈6%) or quiescent (≈10%); however, we observe a much larger fraction (≈40%) of quiescent and transitioning hosts atz≲ 0.25, commensurate with galaxy evolution. We find that short GRB hosts populate the star-forming main sequence of normal field galaxies, but do not include as many high-mass galaxies as the general galaxy population, implying that their binary neutron star (BNS) merger progenitors are dependent on a combination of host star formation and stellar mass. The distribution of ages and redshifts implies a broad delay-time distribution,more »
5. Abstract
We present the analysis of ∼100 pc scale compact radio continuum sources detected in 63 local (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs;LIR≥ 1011L), using FWHM ≲ 0.″1–0.″2 resolution 15 and 33 GHz observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We identify a total of 133 compact radio sources with effective radii of 8–170 pc, which are classified into four main categories—“AGN” (active galactic nuclei), “AGN/SBnuc” (AGN-starburst composite nucleus), “SBnuc” (starburst nucleus), and “SF” (star-forming clumps)—based on ancillary data sets and the literature. We find that “AGN” and “AGN/SBnuc” more frequently occur in late-stage mergers and have up to 3 dex higher 33 GHz luminosities and surface densities compared with “SBnuc” and “SF,” which may be attributed to extreme nuclear starburst and/or AGN activity in the former. Star formation rates (SFRs) and surface densities (ΣSFR) are measured for “SF” and “SBnuc” using both the total 33 GHz continuum emission (SFR ∼ 0.14–13Myr−1, ΣSFR∼ 13–1600Myr−1kpc−2) and the thermal free–free emission from Hiiregions (median SFRth∼ 0.4Myr−1,$ΣSFRth∼44M⊙$yr−1kpc−2). These values are 1–2 dex higher than those measured for similar-sized clumps in nearby normal (non-U/LIRGs). The latter also have a much flatter median 15–33 GHz spectral index (∼−0.08) compared withmore » | 2023-03-24T11:47:26 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 21, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6526220440864563, "perplexity": 7375.322239963651}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945282.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324113500-20230324143500-00700.warc.gz"} |
https://gigaom.com/2010/02/17/microgrids-building-blocks-of-the-smart-grid/ | # Microgrids: Building Blocks of the Smart Grid
The term “microgrid” may conjure up images of self-sufficient military bases and remote outposts, generating and consuming power without any connections to the larger electricity grid. After all, backup generators that support multiple buildings — the bare-bones definition of a microgrid — are already a mainstay of hospitals, refineries, data centers, semiconductor plants and other institutions that can’t afford to let the power go down, even for a second. Such stand-alone microgrids now add up to about 450 megawatts of commercial and industrial capacity, and another 322 megawatts in the campus and institutional sector, in the U.S., according to Pike Research.
But utilities, as well as their customers and partners, are increasingly looking past microgrids’ ability to “island” themselves to protect from broader power outages, and are seeking out ways they can use their on-site distributed power generation, and demand reduction and management systems to help the grid at large. Theoretically, these types of microgrids could help the outside grid keep its own power quality stable, helping entire neighborhoods ride through disruptions. And at the end of the road, microgrids could sell their generation and demand reduction back to the utilities they usually buy power from, giving would-be microgrid operators a whole new set of financial incentives to help bolster their business cases.
Legos of the Smart Grid
In fact, these bite-sized smart grid systems could be an inevitable part of the build out of the “super grid” envisioned by such smart grid champions as Al Gore. That’s because microgrids could help ease the “smart at the edges, dumb in the middle” problem recently described by Ray Gogel, president and COO of Current Group. Gogel told Forbes in February that all the smart meters, rooftop solar panels and other “nodes” on the edges of the grid will require much more robust communications and controls along the “middle mile” of distribution substations and feeder lines to operate effectively. Properly designed and integrated microgrids could aggregate many of these edge nodes into a single point of interconnection and interface, making the job of coordinating them in the middle that much easier.
Dave Pacyna, senior vice president of Siemens Energy’s North American transmission and distribution division, sees microgrids as a natural part of the evolution of the smart grid. Pacyna said in a January interview:
“When it comes to a utility figuring out how to manage this wide, dynamic set of resources and control points, the only way they can do that efficiently is to break their networks down into small nodes – i.e. microgrids – and then add a level of control on top of it.”
Siemens would like to provide a few key software platforms to manage the disparate smart grid technologies being installed by utilities today, which means that it’s working with multiple sets of partners, including microgrid partners. For example it is partnering with microgrid management software provider Viridity Energy, and has teamed up with BPL Global to take advantage of the latter company’s system for controlling loads, such as HVAC systems and industrial motors, that can be put together in microgrid structures, Pacyna said.
Microgrids As Tools
How do microgrids help utilities manage their smart grid ambitions? One of the most recent examples comes from American Electric Power, which since 1999 has worked within the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS), a Department of Energy/California Energy Commission-led group that’s concentrated on inverter technologies to allow the fast, safe disconnection and reconnection of microgrids to the larger grid. Modern inverters can also allow a microgrid’s power to serve as backup and stabilizer for the outside grid. Pike Research has pointed to the CERTS systems as among the first to standardize microgrid-grid interconnections. Will more such standard connection systems emerge?
Last year, AEP showed that its East Busco, Indiana microgrid, could island itself and keep itself powered using CERTS-based technology and large-scale sodium sulfur batteries, according to Smart Grid News. AEP has three such islanding projects underway in Indiana, West Virginia and Ohio, and sees them partly as a way to avoid building more transmission lines to far-off service areas, said Brad Roberts, power quality systems director for S&C Electric, one of the companies working with the utility.
That points out another benefit of microgrids — they could help utilities use distributed power generation systems like solar panels on customers’ rooftops in a far more effective way. This, in turn, could help them cut back on the need for a massive investment (and permitting nightmare) in building lots of new high-voltage transmission lines to carry renewable power from far-off wind farms and utility-scale solar plants to towns and cities. Locally-based solar, wind, biomass generators, fuel cells and other distributed generation systems would be much more convenient sources of power, and would cut down on the line losses associated with long-range transmission to boot. But right now, distributed generation systems are more of a headache than a help for most utilities, since utilities can’t control the way those resources put power onto the grid. Too much intermittent solar power can cause grid instability, for example — see Greentech Media for a breakdown of the challenge.
The Potential
The smart grid is expected to cost about $165 billion over the coming years, according to a recent middle-road estimate from the Electric Power Research Institute. Taking a larger view, the Galvin Electricity Initiative — a nonprofit founded by former Motorola (s MOT) CEO Bob Galvin that is a big proponent of microgrids — estimates that the world will need$6 trillion in grid investment over the next 25 years. What share of that build out will come in the form of microgrids? According to Pike Research, the microgrid market will grow to about \$7.8 billion in cumulative investment by 2015 or so.
Where are the next-generation microgrids being built? Right now, several microgrid projects are being funded with DOE smart grid stimulus grants, including Galvin Electricity Initiative’s Perfect Power System at the Illinois Institute of Technology campus in Chicago. Viridity Energy is involved in two stimulus-funded projects — one with Consolidated Edison in New York City, and another with PECO at the Philadelphia campus of Drexel University. San Diego Gas & Electric is working on a small-scale microgrid project in Borrego Spring, Calif., but a larger project planned for the University of California at San Diego campus may be reconsidered after it failed to secure DOE funding last fall.
There are more projects that incorporate various concepts that underlie microgrids, including “virtual power plants” that coordinate local distributed generation and demand response resources, and distribution automation systems that apply new technologies to balance grid power. But just what is and isn’t a microgrid is a matter of some uncertainty, with definitions shifting as time goes on. Stay tuned for future posts on these distinctions, and other microgrid-related topics — including the question of whether it will be utilities or private operators who push them forward the fastest.
Image courtesy of NREL Solar Decathlon 2009’s photostream Flickr Creative Commons. | 2021-04-13T23:51:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.27406686544418335, "perplexity": 3661.46715570725}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038075074.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413213655-20210414003655-00553.warc.gz"} |
https://www.anl.gov/article/weather-or-not-were-ready | # Argonne National Laboratory .st0{fill:none;} .st1{fill:#007934;} .st2{fill:#0082CA;} .st3{fill:#101E8E;} .st4{fill:#FFFFFF;} .st5{fill:#A22A2E;} .st6{fill:#D9272E;} .st7{fill:#82BC00;} Argonne National Laboratory
Feature Story | Argonne National Laboratory
# Weather or not we’re ready
Are America’s cities prepared for the drought, heat, and floods of climate change?
This article was originally published in the spring 2016 issue of Argonne Now, the laboratory’s science magazine.
From September 2012 until March 2013, Australia sweltered. And burned.
The worst heat wave recorded in the continent’s history sent temperatures soaring well over 100°F for weeks. Fires spread along the coasts and across Tasmania. In the Outback, roads melted.
News reports called it the angry summer.” It was so bad that it literally changed the map: meteorologists had to add two new color bands to their maps on the evening weather reports, to go up to 130°.
So Australians turned on the air conditioning. The electric grid suffered in both Melbourne and Sydney. Urban railways were delayed as heat damaged the wiring. A report later that year found the heat wave was almost certainly beyond the bounds of natural climate variation.
Scientists agree that the future will bring higher temperatures for longer periods of time, higher sea levels, and both more droughts and more storms. This means that our infrastructure, as it exists today, isn’t going to be able to operate at the same level in the future,” said Megan Clifford, deputy director of the Risk and Infrastructure Science Center at Argonne.
Infrastructure is, by design, largely unnoticed until it breaks and service fails. It’s the water supply, the gas lines, bridges and dams, phone lines and cell towers, roads and culverts, train lines and railways, and the electric grid; all of the complex systems that keep our society and economy running.
Engineers typically design systems to withstand reasonable worst-case conditions based on historical records; for example, an engineer builds a bridge strong enough to withstand floods based on historical rainfall and flooding. But what happens when the worst case is no longer bad enough?
If we don’t adapt the systems, they will break,” said Duane Verner, an urban planner who works with Clifford.
When you look at cities’ long-term plans, they rarely have local climate projections available for their planning assumptions or design criteria.
–Megan Clifford, deputy director of the Risk and Infrastructure Science Center
When you look at cities’ long-term plans, which every city has—and they go out decades for planning major infrastructure—they rarely have local climate projections available for their planning assumptions or design criteria,” Clifford said.
A major difficulty, she explained, is that it’s difficult for city planners to look at a large-scale climate model and understand the impacts to their local area.
That’s where Argonne scientists and researchers are bridging the gap. Argonne’s infrastructure experts are just a building over from climate scientists in the environmental science division and supercomputing resources at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility. They can develop and interpret the complex global climate models to predict the effects of climate change by region.
The Risk and Infrastructure Science Center can pull all of these forces together with other subject matter experts, including engineers and analysts with experience in various infrastructure industries. Combining these resources helps them develop practical and comprehensive analyses for planners. These tools not only help city planners analyze risks, but also prioritize them in light of tight budgets.
One type of analysis that Argonne frequently conducts is called an RRAP—the Regional Resiliency Assessment Program. Every year, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security funds several assessments that each look at a particular area’s vulnerabilities.
Verner is part of a team working on an RRAP for the Casco Bay region of Maine. Like other regions they’ve studied, they are finding that floods, heat waves, and other changes predicted for Maine could cause trouble for its infrastructure.
For example, in general, power plants don’t like heat—their output declines, some types more than others. The same is true for transmission lines; they lose some ability to carry electricity in the heat.
This change is in the margins, but when you add that together with increased demand for power to run air conditioning, for example, you can cross the thresholds for brownouts,” Verner said.
Then there’s rain. The climate models are showing that increases in extreme precipitation events are projected for the entire U.S., because there’s more humidity in the atmosphere,” Verner said, and structures like culverts, that are built to standards for past historical rainfall events, won’t be able to accommodate this rush of rain.” (Culverts are pipes that channel streams and water underneath roads.)
Too much rain all at once causes floods, and floods are devastating to infrastructure. Water is extraordinarily destructive. Hurricane Sandy shut down New York City, one of the largest, most prosperous cities in the world, for days. Floods wash out roads and bridges, damage homes, schools, and buildings, and overwhelm sewer systems, causing sewage dumps into local waterways; the economic impact can be severe. Sandy caused $65 billion worth of damage. At the same time, we’ve also seen record droughts in recent years. Generally, planners are using historical records for droughts in their water resource planning processes, and our climate models show that, in many cases, historical records won’t provide an adequate worst-case scenario to plan for,” Verner said. It will be much worse.” A worst-case scenario Mississippi River drought could put thousands of jobs and billions in income at risk across six states. Droughts are financially ruinous for farmers and agriculture; that same year as Sandy, 2012, saw a Midwest/Plains drought that cost$35 billion.
That drought saw the mighty Mississippi River drop to such low levels that shipping on the river, which normally carries billions of dollars of cargo every month, was nearly halted. I have never seen anything like it,” Colonel Chris Hall, commander of the Corps of Engineers’ St. Louis District, told the Chicago Tribune.
In response, Argonne researchers scrambled to analyze the potential economic impacts if water levels dipped below a certain point on the middle Mississippi River. Billions of dollars of cargo are shipped on the river every month; power plants pull cooling water; and local communities draw water, including drinking and irrigation water. The analysis quantified the thousands of jobs and billions in income that could be in jeopardy across six states for a worst-case scenario drought.
These kinds of analyses help federal, state, and local governments understand stakes and prioritize action. With the help of the Risk and Infrastructure Science Center, as well as resiliency efforts in multiple areas at Argonne, planners can find out the types of stresses their cities and regions will face in the future.
Infrastructure is generally an ounce-of-prevention game; smart changes now can save a region billions of dollars in damages and lost economic productivity in the future. Communities can ration water from aquifers, shore up electric grids, and build roads out of water’s reach. New estimates of rainfall help engineers determine what kind of storms their bridges should withstand; power companies can estimate energy demand in upcoming heat waves. They just need to know what they’re facing.
Our goal is to help planners get the information they need to do their jobs, and to drive national efforts for future resilient infrastructure design,” Clifford said.
With the ongoing involvement of Argonne and the scientific community, infrastructure can be adapted and designed to withstand the changes ahead—before it breaks.
Funding for the Risk and Infrastructure Science Center comes primarily from the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Defense. | 2018-10-17T05:32:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2167576551437378, "perplexity": 4882.134828726416}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510998.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017044446-20181017065946-00338.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10008109-precise-measurement-branching-fractions-bs0ds-+ds-first-measurement-ds-+ds-polarization-using-e+e-collisions | Precise measurement of the branching fractions for $Bs0→Ds(*)+Ds(*)−$ and first measurement of the $Ds*+Ds*−$ polarization using $e+e−$ collisions
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10008109
Journal Name:
Physical Review D
Volume:
87
Issue:
3
ISSN:
1550-7998
Publisher:
American Physical Society | 2022-07-02T17:13:31 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 17, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7506346106529236, "perplexity": 7921.59921975044}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104189587.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702162147-20220702192147-00281.warc.gz"} |
https://events.ncbj.gov.pl/event/141/timetable/?view=standard | # International Workshop on Machine Learning and Quantum Computing Applications in Medicine and Physics
Europe/Warsaw
Description
International Workshop on Machine Learning ɑnd Quantum Computing Applications in Medicine ɑnd Physics
WMLQ2022
13 to 16 September 2022, Warsaw Poland
Participants
• Agnieszka Pollo
• Agnieszka Ślązak-Gwizdała
• Aldona Spirzewska
• Aleksander Ogonowski
• Anna Wawrzynczak
• Artur Miroszewski
• Aurélien Coussat
• Bartosz Grabowski
• Beatrix Hiesmayr
• Damian Borys
• David Sarrut
• Dietmar Millinger
• Elena Perez del Rio
• Grzegorz Czelusta
• Grzegorz Korcyl
• Hareesh Thuruthipilly
• Hicham Agueny
• Jakub Baran
• Jakub Nalepa
• Jami Rönkkö
• Jan Dubiński
• Kamila Kalecińska
• Katarzyna Nałęcz-Charkiewicz
• Krzysztof Kurek
• Krzysztof Nawrocki
• Lech Raczyński
• Luis Eduardo Suelves
• Luv Jotwani
• Maciej Majewski
• Maciej Szpindler
• Maciej Szymkowski
• Magdalena Kośla
• Manish Kumar Gupta
• Marek Magryś
• Margherita Grespan
• Mariusz Sterzel
• Michał Mazurek
• Michał Obara
• Mohak Shukla
• Monika Berendt-Marchel
• Narendra Rathod
• Oleksandr Fedoruk
• Paweł Konieczka
• Piotr Gawron
• Rafał Możdżonek
• Roman Shopa
• Samuele Cavinato
• Sittana Afifi
• Sushil Sharma
• Tomasz Fruboes
• Tomasz Małkiewicz
• Tomasz Szumlak
• Wojciech Krzemień
• Wojciech Wiślicki
• Wolfgang Waltenberger
Contact
• Tuesday, 13 September
• 08:40 10:00
Pre-Coffee / Registration 1h 20m
• 10:00 12:10
Openning session
• 10:00
A welcome addess from Professor Krzysztof Kurek Director General of National Centre for Nuclear Research
Speaker: Krzysztof Kurek (National Centre for Nuclear Research)
• 10:15
Welcome from the organizers 15m
Short communication from the workshop organizers.
Speaker: Wojciech Krzemien (National Centre for Nuclear Research)
• 10:30
Invited talk: Machine Learning as Applied Technology 40m
Machine learning has evolved from an academic toolkit to a new computing technology that is already being used in technical and technology-related areas. The progress has been very impressive. While current academic research focuses on the improvement of core machine learning methods, the successful application of machine learning in real-life projects still requires constant monitoring and manual tuning.
This talk will highlight some of these lessons already learned, as well as some missing skills and points to consider in
machine learning projects.
Speaker: Dietmar Millinger (Twingz Development GmbH & GREX IT services GmbH)
• 11:10
The Artificial Neural Network Model for the simulation of the airborne toxin in the urbanized area 30m
Providing a real-time working system to localize the dangerous contaminant source is one of the main challenges for the city’s emergency response groups. Unfortunately, all proposed frameworks capable of estimating the contamination source localization based on recorded by the sensors network the substance concentrations cannot work in real-time. The reason is the significant computational time required by the applied dispersion models.The solution might be an application of the trained Artificial Neural Network (ANN) instead of the dispersion model in the reconstruction algorithm. To be used, the ANN must learn to simulate airborne contaminant transport. Training the ANN is computationally expensive, but once trained, the ANN would be a high-speed tool enabling the estimation of the contaminant concentration distribution.
This paper presents the results of training the ANN to predict the time evolution of the dispersion of the airborne contaminant over a city domain. The spatial distribution of the contaminant is the multidimensional function dependent on the weather conditions (wind direction and speed), coordinates of the contamination sources, the release rate, and its duration. Wwe try to answer what topology should be ANN to forecast the contaminant strength correctly at the given point of the urbanized area at a given time.
Speakers: Anna Wawrzynczak (National Centre for Nuclear Research), Monika Berendt-Marchel (Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities)
• 11:40
Biased AI image generations models and misconceptions about health conditions 30m
In recent years we could observe more text-to-image models, most notably DALLE, DALLE-2, and DALLE mini. Those models allow generating images based on user prompts. They were trained on datasets of images and captions crawled from the web. But those datasets contain some biases, especially those present in media. However DALLE and DALLE-2 are debiased models against at least race and gender, but DALLE-mini is not which makes him possible to pick up biases from the dataset. Some of those biases might be linked to misconceptions in society. Like prompt 'autistic child' will be 9 out of 9 cases a boy in preschool age, but 'autistic girl' will be presented as in secondary school years.
In the talk, we would like to show how not debiased models text-to-image could serve as a tool to study misconceptions about health that exists in society.
• 12:10 14:00
Lunch break 1h 50m
• 14:00 16:20
Quantum simulations, computing and machine learning
• 14:00
Invited talk: The Potential of Quantum Information in Machine Learning applied to Quantum Physics and Medicine 40m
Firstly, I will enlighten how different quantum information is compared to classical information and how this can affect machine learning algorithms. Then I discuss different attempts to obtain quantum neural networks and their performances. In the last part I will focus on applications of machine learning to problems in quantum physics and medicine.
Speaker: Beatrix Hiesmayr (University of Vienna)
• 14:40
Quantum simulations of loop quantum gravity 30m
One of the possible applications of quantum computers in the near future are simulations of physics. An example are quantum gravitational systems associated with the Planck scale physics. Such systems are expected to be of the many-body type, which justifies utility of quantum computations in the analysis of their complex quantum behaviour. In this talk, loop quantum gravity - a leading candidate for the theory of quantum gravitational interactions - is considered. In this case, quantum geometry of space is represented by the so-called spin networks, i.e. graphs with nodes associated with the "atoms of space". A construction of quantum circuits which generate states of spin networks will be presented. Furthermore, a quantum algorithms which enable projection of states on physical subspace of Hilbert space and determination of amplitudes of transitions between different states of spin network are proposed. Results of implementation of the approach on IBM superconducting quantum computers will be presented. Obtained results provide building blocks for quantum simulations of complex spin networks, which can give insight into the Planck scale physics in the near future.
Speaker: Grzegorz Czelusta (Jagiellonian University)
• 15:10
Coffee Break 30m
• 15:40
Invited talk: Multispectral Satellite Data Analysis Using Support Vector Machines With Quantum Kernels 40m
Support vector machines (SVMs) are a well-established classifier effectively deployed in an array of pattern recognition and classification tasks. In this work, we consider extending classic SVMs with quantum kernels and applying them to satellite data analysis.
The design and implementation of SVMs with quantum kernels (hybrid SVMs) is presented. It consists of the Quantum Kernel Estimation (QKE) procedure combined with a classic SVM training routine. The pixel data are mapped to the Hilbert space using ZZ-feature maps acting on the parameterized ansatz state. The parameters are optimized to maximize the kernel target alignment.
We approach the problem of cloud detection in satellite image data, which is one of the pivotal steps in both on-the-ground and on-board satellite image analysis processing chains. The experiments performed over the benchmark Landsat-8 multispectral dataset revealed that the simulated hybrid SVM successfully classifies satellite images with accuracy on par with classical SVMs.
Speaker: Artur Miroszewski (Jagiellonian University)
• Wednesday, 14 September
• 08:40 09:00
Pre-Coffee 20m
• 09:00 12:40
Machine Learning in Medical Applications 1
• 09:00
Invited talk: Can AI make us see beyond the visible: Toward CE marked deep learning software for medical image analysis 40m
We have witnessed the unprecedented success of deep learning in virtually all areas of science and industry, with medical image analysis not being an exception here. Although there are a plethora of deep learning-powered techniques that established the state of the art in the field, e.g., in the context of automatic delineation of human organs and tumors in various image modalities, deploying such methods in clinical settings is a challenging process. In this talk, we will show how deep learning, potentially coupled with computational fluid dynamics, can help uncover important clinical information to diagnose and monitor of the coronary artery disease from CCTA, or to analyze brain tumors from MRI. Also, we will discuss our approach for building Sens.AI – a CE marked deep learning product for automated brain tumor analysis. We will show how to design thorough evidence-based verification and validation procedures for such techniques in scenarios, in which collecting large, heterogeneous, and high-quality ground truth is time-consuming, user-dependent and error prone.
Speaker: Jakub Nalepa (KPLabs, Silesian University of Technology)
• 09:40
Machine learning for modeling mortality with respect to smog and ambient air temperature. 30m
Poor air quality and its negative impact on health is currently one of the civilizational problems in Poland. The aim of this study was an attempt to verify and examine, on the basis of data on the number and causes of deaths registered in Bielański Hospital in Warsaw, the increase in the number of deaths in Poland in January 2017 recorded by Statistics Poland.
We analysed the data on the number and causes of deaths in the hospital from 2013 to 2018 using the methods of searching for anomalies and building models of the number of deaths depending on ambient temperature and air pollution levels.
We found that the increase in the number of deaths observed in the hospital in January 2017 was caused by respiratory system-related deaths. A model utilizing air temperature is not enough to explain the increase, but adding PM10 air pollution levels to the temperature model was sufficient to achieve this. Such a model attributes 8.3% of all deaths observed in January 2017 to air pollution.
Speaker: Tomasz Fruboes (National Centre for Nuclear Research)
• 10:10
Coffee Break 20m
• 10:30
Invited talk: Artificial Intelligence approaches for Monte Carlo simulation in medical physics 40m
Monte Carlo simulation of particle tracking in matter is the reference simulation method in the field of medical physics. It is heavily used in various applications such as
1. patient dose distribution estimation in different therapy modalities (radiotherapy, protontherapy or ion therapy) or for radio-protection investigations of ionizing radiation-based imaging systems (CT, nuclear imaging),
2. development of numerous imaging detectors, in X-ray imaging (conventional CT, dual-energy, multi-spectral, phase contrast … ), nuclear imaging (PET, SPECT, Compton Camera) or even advanced specific imaging methods such as proton/ion imaging, or prompt-gamma emission distribution estimation in hadrontherapy monitoring.
Monte Carlo simulation is a key tool both in academic research labs as well as industrial research and development services. Because of the very nature of the Monte Carlo method, involving iterative and stochastic estimation of numerous probability density functions, the computation time is high. In this presentation, we will review the recent use of Artificial Intelligence methods for Monte Carlo simulation in medical physics and their main associated challenges.
Speaker: David Sarrut (Creatis Medical Imaging Research Center)
• 11:10
Coincidence classification in the large field-of view J-PET scanners with machine learning methods 30m
In PET medical imaging, the reconstruction of the spatial distribution
of the radiotracer in patient’s body is based on the photon pairs
grouped into time coincidences. Due to the limited resolution the selected
coincidences contain a fraction of events with a photon scattered in the
patient or detector material and photons accidentally registered in a coincidence.
Scatters and accidentals deteriorate the final image quality.
For a total-body scanner, the background level becomes a challenge.
First, the accidentals statistics increase roughly quadratic with the
scanner axial length. Second, the multiply scattered photons fraction is
more pronounced. Morover in J-PET scanner the signal registration is based on
the Compton scattering process, which makes the inter-detector scatters
harder to discriminate.
We apply supervised learning models to estimate the background
contribution. In particular, boosted decision trees and deep learning
neural networks are considered. The training and test samples are based
on GATE Monte Carlo simulations. Selection of optimal feature set and feature
transformations is performed. Performances of XGBoost, AdaBoost and
selected NN classifiers are compared with cut-based selection criteria.
Considered models are compared based on efficiency metrics. Finally,
preliminary comparison of reconstructed image quality is provided.
Speaker: Konrad Klimaszewski (National Centre for Nuclear Research)
• 11:40
Performance of GAN-based augmentation for deep learning COVID-19 image classification 30m
One of the biggest challenges in the deep learning application to the
medical imaging domain is the availability of training data. A promising
avenue to mitigate this problem is the usage of Generative Adversarial
Networks (GAN) to generate images to increase the size of training data
sets. A GAN is a class of unsupervised learning methods in which two
networks (generator and discriminator) are joined by a feedback loop to
compete with each other. In this process the generator gradually learns
how to better deceive the discriminator, on the other hand, the
discriminator gets constantly better at detecting synthetic images.
We will present the results of the transfer learning-based
classification of COVID-19 chest X-ray images. The performance of
several deep convolutional neural network models is compared. Data
augmentation is a typical methodology used in machine learning when
confronted with limited data set. We study the impact on the detection
performance of classical image augmentations i.e. rotations, cropping,
and brightness changes. Furthermore, we compare classical image
augmentation with GAN-based augmentation. A StyleGAN2-ADA model of
Generative Adversarial Networks is trained on the limited COVID-19 chest
X-ray image set.
After assessing the quality of generated images they are used to
increase the training data set, and to improve the balance between classes.
Speaker: Oleksandr Fedoruk (National Centre for Nuclear Research)
• 12:10
Towards the use of quantum computers in radiotherapy 30m
Radiotherapy aims at treating patients with cancer using ionising radiation. However, a key step is the optimization of the treatment. This is done using an inverse-planning approach where the treatment goals are encoded into a cost-function to minimize. The latter can be either non-convex or non-smooth with several local minima.
Quantum computers may efficiently solve this problem thanks to their inborn parallelisation ability. Therefore, in the last two years, our group focused on the development of new optimization strategies based mainly on Tensor Network Methods where
the classical optimization problem is mapped into an ising-type Hamiltonian whose ground state corresponds to the best solution to the initial problem and the optimization variables are represented in terms of qubits.
Our preliminary results show that this approach is compatible with any type of function and can perform at least comparably as classical optimization algorithms on the test functions considered.
Speaker: Samuele Cavinato (Università degli studi di Padova)
• 12:40 14:30
Lunch Break 1h 50m
• 14:30 18:00
Quantum Circuits Tutorial
• 14:30
Hands-on session for quantum circuits and simulation of noisy algorithms - part 1 1h 30m
Quantum algorithms are typically expressed as a quantum logic circuits, where the qubits of a quantum computer are sequentially operated by quantum gates. These gates are quantum mechanical counterparts of classical logic gates such as NOT, XOR etc. that enable more powerful computing by using quantum superposition and entanglement.
This hands-on training covers the following
• introduction to quantum circuits
• how to write quantum circuits with Qiskit, IBM's open-source Python library for quantum algorithms
• how to simulate errors and environmental noise during quantum algorithms
Prerequisites
For this hands-on you will need to preinstall Python with packages qiskit and Jupyter notebooks for viewing and running the notebooks of the session. Instructions for installing qiskit can be found here: https://qiskit.org/documentation/getting_started.html and as a video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4EkW4VwhcI (only first 4.5 minutes are relevant).
Installing conda (as instructed in the above links) is not compulsory, but might help things run smoothly. This hands-on serves as an introduction to quantum computing and does not require previous experience.
Speaker: Jami Rönkkö (IQM)
• 16:00
Coffe Break 20m
• 16:20
Hands-on session for quantum circuits and simulation of noisy algorithms - part 2 1h 40m
Quantum algorithms are typically expressed as a quantum logic circuits, where the qubits of a quantum computer are sequentially operated by quantum gates. These gates are quantum mechanical counterparts of classical logic gates such as NOT, XOR etc. that enable more powerful computing by using quantum superposition and entanglement.
This hands-on training covers the following
• introduction to quantum circuits
• how to write quantum circuits with Qiskit, IBM's open-source Python library for quantum algorithms
• how to simulate errors and environmental noise during quantum algorithms
Prerequisites
For this hands-on you will need to preinstall Python with packages qiskit and Jupyter notebooks for viewing and running the notebooks of the session. Instructions for installing qiskit can be found here: https://qiskit.org/documentation/getting_started.html and as a video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4EkW4VwhcI (only first 4.5 minutes are relevant).
Installing conda (as instructed in the above links) is not compulsory, but might help things run smoothly. This hands-on serves as an introduction to quantum computing and does not require previous experience.
Speaker: Jami Rönkkö (IQM)
• Thursday, 15 September
• 08:40 09:00
Pre-Coffee 20m
• 09:00 10:40
Machine Learning in Medical Applications 2
• 09:00
Invited talk: Deep learning image reconstruction for positron emission tomography (PET): present status and future perspectives 40m
Image reconstruction for positron emission tomography (PET) has been developed over many decades, starting out with filtered backprojection methods, with advances coming from improved modelling of the data statistics and improved modelling of the overall physics of the data acquisition / imaging process. However, high noise and limited spatial resolution have remained major issues in PET, and conventional state-of-the-art methods have exploited other medical imaging modalities (such as MRI) in order to assist in denoising and enhancing the spatial resolution for PET. Nonetheless, there is a drive towards not only improving image quality, but also to reducing the injected radiation dose and reducing scanning times. While the arrival of new PET scanners, such as total body PET (TB PET), is helping, there is still a need to improve the reconstruction of PET images in terms of quality and speed.
Deep learning methods are forming the new frontier of research for PET image reconstruction. They can learn the imaging physics and its inverse, learn the noise and also exploit databases of high-quality reference examples, to provide improvements in image quality. There are four main approaches: direct full data-driven learning of reconstruction operators, direct methods which incorporate known imaging physics, methods which integrate deep learning into existing iterative reconstruction algorithms (unrolled reconstruction) and methods which exploit deep learning as a means of representing the images to reconstruct (e.g. the deep image prior). This talk will cover a review of these methods, their advantages and disadvantages. The outlook of current and future directions for deep learning in PET reconstruction will then be considered, such as self-supervision, and quantifying uncertainty.
Speaker: Andrew Reader (King's College London)
• 09:40
Comparison Study of Transformation Methods of Pet Raw Data Into Images for Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks 30m
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been effectively applied in many studies where crucial information about the data is embedded in the order of features (e.g. images). However, most tabular data – such as raw Positron Emission Tomography (PET) data – do not assume a spatial correlation between features, and hence are unsuitable for CNNs classification. In order to use the power of CNNs (including GPU utilization) for classification purposes of non-image data, a transformation method of 1-D vector into image has to be applied. A method comparison of transforming tabular data into input images for CNN classification will be presented. Self-organizing map and DeepInsight method were used in this study.
Speaker: Paweł Konieczka (National Centre for Nuclear Research)
• 10:10
Generative models for intelligent medical data analysis 30m
Big variety of medical data types and their complex structure may be a challenge for data scientists. The process of creating the data is usually time-consuming, while access to medical facilities databases is limited due to privacy issues.
Generative models can be of great help in the process of data augmentation. The presentation will contain the idea, current status and results of generative models training (AutoEncoders, GANs) in order to build a tool for generating medical data: 3D medical DICOM images representing the patient's geometry as well as phase space files necessary in the process of simulating the radiotherapy dose deposited in the phantom.
Speaker: Kamila Kalecińska (AGH University of Science and Technology)
• 10:40 11:00
Conference Photo / Coffe Break 20m
• 11:00 12:50
High Performance Computing
• 11:00
Invited talk: LUMI: Europe’s most powerful supercomputer 40m
LUMI is the first pre-exascale supercomputer of the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking and is now Europe’s most powerful supercomputer. Finland, together with 9 other countries from the Nordics and central Europe, collaboratively hosts one of these systems in Kajaani, Finland. The vast consortium of countries with an established tradition in scientific computing and strong national computing centers is a key asset for the successful infrastructure.
The LUMI supercomputer is also one of the most advanced platforms for artificial intelligence. It links together computational capacity, artificial intelligence methods (especially deep learning), traditional wide-scale simulation and the utilization of large masses of data to simultaneously solve a single challenge. LUMI serves as well as a platform for the development of quantum technology. Quantum computers need supercomputers alongside them to harness their capacity to the right targets as a part of the research process. LUMI has so far been linked successfully with two quantum computers: the Swedish QAL 9000 and the Finnish Helmi.
In this talk we will discuss the LUMI infrastructure and its great value and potential for the research community.
Speaker: Tomasz Malkiewicz (CSC / NeIC)
• 11:40
Neural Network inference on FPGA-based platforms 40m
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) offer unique features for High-Performance Computing such as natural parallelism, streamlined processing, and dynamic reconfiguration creating a relatively new concept of adaptive computing.
Modern device capabilities, high-level development techniques, and market adoption make them a powerful and interesting component for HPC hardware platforms.
In this talk, I will present a technology overview and current techniques for implementing Neural Networks on FPGA-based platforms.
Speaker: Grzegorz Korcyl (Jagiellonian University)
• 12:20
EuroCC - National Competence Center for HPC 30m
The Polish National Competence Center for HPC built within the EuroCC project will be described during the talk. EuroCC is a pan-European project funded by the EuroHPC JU, a joint initiative between the EU, European countries and private partners to develop a World Class Supercomputing Ecosystem in Europe. Polish NCC is formed on the base of PLGrid Consortium members, which include all six Polish HPC centres: Cyfronet, Cyfronet, CI TASK, ICM UW, NCBJ, PSNC, WCNS. A short overview of the project and the current status will be provided, as well as a list of currently available services and competencies provided by the NCC partners.
Speaker: Marek Magrys (ACC Cyfronet AGH)
• 12:50 14:30
Lunch break 1h 40m
• 14:30 18:00
EuroCC LUMI Tutorial
• 14:30
EuroCC technical tutorial on LUMI European Pre-Exascale Supercomputer - part 1 1h 30m
The LUMI is one of the European pre-exascale HPC systems hosted by the LUMI consortium. The LUMI (Large Unified Modern Infrastructure) consortium countries are Finland, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. This one-day tutorial presents a technical overview of the system's hardware configuration and programming level environment. The aim of the course is to popularize hardware design of the compute nodes and network and associated programming environment. This introductory material is meant to be a quick-start for those who consider access to the LUMI resources and brief introduction to the software tools available and capabilities of the hardware.
Prerequisites
An SSH client. Appropriate accounts will be created on 14th of September after participants registration.
Speaker: Maciej Szpindler (ACC Cyfronet AGH)
• 16:00
Coffee Break 20m
• 16:20
EuroCC technical tutorial on LUMI European Pre-Exascale Supercomputer - part 2 1h 40m
The LUMI is one of the European pre-exascale HPC systems hosted by the LUMI consortium. The LUMI (Large Unified Modern Infrastructure) consortium countries are Finland, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. This one-day tutorial presents a technical overview of the system's hardware configuration and programming level environment. The aim of the course is to popularize hardware design of the compute nodes and network and associated programming environment. This introductory material is meant to be a quick-start for those who consider access to the LUMI resources and brief introduction to the software tools available and capabilities of the hardware.
Prerequisites
An SSH client. Appropriate accounts will be created on 14th of September after participants registration.
Speaker: Maciej Szpindler (ACC Cyfronet AGH)
• 19:00 23:00
Conference Dinner
The conference dinner will take place on the 15th of September in Restauracja Stolica, Szeroki Dunaj Street 1/3
Stare Miasto (Old Town).
http://tiny.cc/uy8zuz
• Friday, 16 September
• 08:40 09:00
Pre-Coffee 20m
• 09:00 12:40
Machine Learning in Particle Physics and Astrophysics
• 09:00
Invited talk: Machine learning applications in astrophysics 40m
In the era of astronomical "big data", with the amount of observational
data ever-increasing and about to increase by orders of magnitudes
during the next decade, machine learning has become not only a commodity
but also a necessity. At the same time, the application of machine
learning methods to astrophysical problems yields many specific
challenges. One of them is related to the fact that while the data to
which we want to apply these methods are often big, the available
training samples are small. Moreover, they are often not really
representative, in a way that may be difficult to quantify, which faces
us with a variety of extrapolation problems. More challenges are related
to the interpretability of the results, given the limited information we
can access. I will try to discuss the aims, difficulties and attempts to
overcome them, making use, among other things, of examples from the
research made in our extragalactic astrophysics group in NCBJ and UJ.
Speaker: Agnieszka Pollo (National Centre for Nuclear Research AND Jagiellonian University)
• 09:40
Finding Strong Gravitational Lenses with Self-Attention 30m
The upcoming large-scale surveys like LSST are expected to find approximately $10^5$ strong gravitational lenses by analysing data of many orders of magnitude larger than those in contemporary astronomical surveys. In this scenario, non-automated techniques will be highly challenging and time-consuming, even if they are possible at all. We propose a new automated architecture based on the principle of self-attention to find strong gravitational lenses and its advantages over convolution neural networks are investigated. From our study, we showed that self-attention-based models have clear advantages compared to simpler CNNs. They have highly competing performance in comparison to the current state-of-art CNN models. Moreover, introducing the encoder layers can also tackle the over-fitting problem present in the CNNs by acting as effective filters. In addition, we have also identified some new strong lens candidates from the Kilo Degree Survey (KiDS) using this new architecture.
Speaker: Hareesh Thuruthipilly (National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ))
• 10:10
Machine learning driven analysis of the calibration data for upgraded LHCb Velo. 30m
The LHCb is one of the four main experiments discovering cutting-edge physics at the Large Hadron Collider. The effects of the harsh conditions of constant radiation require maximum thought and care. This includes research for new applications and novel algorithms that will help to understand and predict the behaviour of the vertex locator detector at LHCb. Our studies include methods based on calibration data from 2012-2018 and insights for the new (pixel-based) Velo detector in the upcoming data-taking runs at LHC. Those methods will be introduced to the detector monitoring software ecosystem.
Speaker: Maciej Majewski (AGH University of Science and Technology)
• 10:40
Coffee Break 20m
• 11:00
Invited talk: Statistically Learning the Next Standard Model from LHC Data 40m
Despite the large amount of data generated by the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC)
so far, searches for new physics have not yet provided any clear evidence of beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics. Most of these experimental searches focus on exclusive channels, looking for excesses in specific final states.
However, new physics could manifest as a dispersed signal over many channels.
It therefore becomes increasingly relevant to attempt a more global approach to finding out where BSM physics may hide. To this end, we developed a novel statistical learning algorithm that is capable of identifying potential dispersed signals in the slew of published LHC analyses. Aiming to minimize theoretical bias, our approach is not constrained to a specific BSM scenario.
Instead, the algorithm is tasked with building candidate "proto-models", precursor theories to the Next Standard Model (NSM), from small excesses in the data, while at the same time remaining consistent with negative results on new physics.
In this talk, we explain the concept as well as technical details of the statistical learning procedure. We also present proof of concept results obtained when running the algorithm over our database that contains the results of 100 searches conducted at the LHC. Finally, we sketch out our vision of how the NSM could then be constructed from such protomodels.
Speaker: Wolfgang Waltenberger (HEPHY)
• 11:40
Machine learning solutions for cluster reconstruction in planar calorimeters 30m
Run 3 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the data-taking period poses unprecedented challenges to the computing models used in the high-energy physics experiments of the LHC accelerator. Only in the LHCb experiment, the luminosity has increased by a factor of five. Recent results show that deep learning solutions techniques can significantly improve the performance of the cluster reconstruction in calorimeters when high occupancy is expected. In this talk, we will review selected results of the LHC experiments and, in particular, focus on the investigated convolutional (CNN) and graph neural network (GNN) solutions for planar, LHCb-inspired calorimeters with hybrid granularities.
Speaker: Michał Mazurek (NCBJ)
• 12:10
Machine Learning methods for simulating particle response in the Zero Degree Calorimeter at the ALICE experiment, CERN 30m
Currently, over 50% of the computing power at CERN’s GRID (>500 000 CPUs in 170 centres) is used to run High Energy Physics simulations. The recent updates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) create the need for developing more efficient simulation methods. In particular, there exist a demand for a fast simulation of the neutron Zero Degree Calorimeter, where existing Monte Carlo-based methods impose a significant computational burden.
We propose an alternative approach to the problem that leverages machine learning. Our solution utilises neural network classifiers and generative models to directly simulate the response of the calorimeter. In particular, we examine the performance of variational autoencoders and generative adversarial networks, expanding the GAN architecture by an additional regularisation network and a simple, yet effective postprocessing step.
Our approach increases the simulation speed by 2 orders of magnitude while maintaining the high fidelity of the simulation.
Speaker: Jan Dubiński (Warsaw University of Technology)
• 12:40 14:30
Lunch break 1h 50m
• 14:30 18:00
EuroCC Transfer Learning Tutorial
• 14:30
EuroCC tutorial on transfer learning in computer vision - part 1 1h 30m
Transfer learning is a machine learning (ML) technique of reusing models with pre-trained knowledge obtained for a general ML task, and applying it to another, more specific ML task, with limited training data or computational resources. This hands-on training will cover the following topics in computer-vision-related problems:
• Introduction to transfer learning in computer vision;
• Image classification with feature extraction - using a downloadable model with pre-trained parameters for a custom classification task;
• Image classification with fine-tuning - update parameters of a pre-trained model to get better results;
• Demonstration of handling imbalanced data set for transfer learning in image classification
Prerequisites
For this hands-on you will need a google account to access Google Colab service. Due to the time constraints only the simplest networks will be trained during the tutorial, larger models will be left to experiment with for the participants as a home assignemnt.
Speaker: Michał Obara (National Centre for Nuclear Research)
• 16:00
Coffee Break 20m
• 16:20
EuroCC tutorial on transfer learning in computer vision - part 2 1h 40m
Transfer learning is a machine learning (ML) technique of reusing models with pre-trained knowledge obtained for a general ML task, and applying it to another, more specific ML task, with limited training data or computational resources. This hands-on training will cover the following topics in computer-vision-related problems:
• Introduction to transfer learning in computer vision;
• Image classification with feature extraction - using a downloadable model with pre-trained parameters for a custom classification task;
• Image classification with fine-tuning - update parameters of a pre-trained model to get better results;
• Demonstration of handling imbalanced data set for transfer learning in image classification
Prerequisites
For this hands-on you will need a google account to access Google Colab service. Due to the time constraints only the simplest networks will be trained during the tutorial, larger models will be left to experiment with for the participants as a home assignemnt.
Speaker: Aleksander Ogonowski (National Centre for Nuclear Research)
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http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.14 | # §20.14 Methods of Computation
The Fourier series of §20.2(i) usually converge rapidly because of the factors $q^{(n+\frac{1}{2})^{2}}$ or $q^{n^{2}}$, and provide a convenient way of calculating values of $\mathop{\theta_{j}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$. Similarly, their $z$-differentiated forms provide a convenient way of calculating the corresponding derivatives. For instance, the first three terms of (20.2.1) give the value of $\mathop{\theta_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(2-i\middle|i\right)$ ($=\mathop{\theta_{1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(2-i,e^{-\pi}\right)$) to 12 decimal places.
For values of $\left|q\right|$ near $1$ the transformations of §20.7(viii) can be used to replace $\tau$ with a value that has a larger imaginary part and hence a smaller value of $\left|q\right|$. For instance, to find $\mathop{\theta_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,0.9\right)$ we use (20.7.32) with $q=0.9=e^{i\pi\tau}$, $\tau=-i\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits\!\left(0.9\right)/\pi$. Then $\tau^{\prime}=-1/\tau=-i\pi/\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits\!\left(0.9\right)$ and $q^{\prime}=e^{i\pi\tau^{\prime}}=\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(\pi^{2}/% \mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits\!\left(0.9\right)\right)=(2.07\dots)\times 10^{-41}$. Hence the first term of the series (20.2.3) for $\mathop{\theta_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\tau^{\prime}\middle|\tau^{\prime}\right)$ suffices for most purposes. In theory, starting from any value of $\tau$, a finite number of applications of the transformations $\tau\to\tau+1$ and $\tau\to-1/\tau$ will result in a value of $\tau$ with $\Im{\tau}\geq\sqrt{3}/2$; see §23.18. In practice a value with, say, $\Im{\tau}\geq 1/2$, $\left|q\right|\leq 0.2$, is found quickly and is satisfactory for numerical evaluation. | 2017-05-26T05:27:43 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 23, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9506560564041138, "perplexity": 173.36397247357482}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608642.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526051657-20170526071657-00476.warc.gz"} |
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Call number: SPRINGER-2001-9783642567551:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Finite Fields and Applications Proceedings of The Fifth International Conference on Finite Fields and Applications F q 5, held at the University of Augsburg, Germany, August 2–6, 1999 Author(s): Date: 2001 Size: 1 online resource (490 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-642-56755-1 Contents: Projective Generalized Reed-Muller Codes over p-adic Numbers and Finite Rings -- Towards a Basis for the Space of Regular Functions in a Tower of Function Fields Meeting the Drinfeld-Vladut Bound -- Self-Dual Normal Bases and Related Topics -- Permutations amongst the Dembowski-Ostrom Polynomials -- Associative Rational Functions in Two Variables -- A Note on the Minimal Polynomial of the Product of Linear Recurring Sequences -- Gelfond-Gramain’s Theorem for Function Fields -- On Generalized Bent and q-ary Perfect Nonlinear Functions -- Divisible Designs Admitting, as an Automorphism Group, an Orthogonal Group or a Unitary Group. -- A Permutation of a Small Infinite Field -- Almost Perfect Nonlinear Power Functions on GF(2n): A New Case for n Divisible by 5 -- On Non-Abelian Semi-Regular Relative Difference Sets -- Applications of Arithmetical Geometry to Cryptographic Constructions -- Gauß Periods in Finite Fields -- Constructions of Orthomorphisms of ?2n -- Period Polynomials for $${F_{{{p^{2}}}}}$$ of Fixed Small Degree -- Universal Generators for Primary Closures of Galois Fields -- Irreducible Polynomials Generated by Decimations -- Decoding Reed-Muller Codes beyond Half the Minimum Distance -- On Binary Cyclic Codes With Few Weights -- Mac Williams Identities for Linear Codes over Finite Frobenius Rings -- Cyclotomic Function Fields with Many Rational Places -- On the Siamese Twin Designs -- On the Brauer Monoid for Finite Fields -- Algorithms for Factoring Polynomials over Finite Fields -- Gauss Sums over Quasi-Frobenius Rings -- On the Early History of Galois Fields -- Linear Blocking Sets: a Survey -- Comparison of Techniques on Divisibility Properties of Exponential Sums and Applications -- On the Rank of Appearance and the Number of Zeros of the Lucas Sequences over Fq -- A Permutation Problem for Finite Fields -- The L-Function of Gold Exponential Sum -- On Permutation Polynomials and Derivable Translation Planes -- Pure L-Functions from Algebraic Geometry over Finite Fields -- Incomplete Additive Character Sums and Applications -- Applications of Algebraic Curves to Constructions of Codes and Almost Perfect Sequences -- Author Index ISBN: 9783642567551 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Mathematics , Data structures (Computer science) , Data encryption (Computer science) , Algebra , Computer mathematics , Discrete mathematics , Combinatorics , Mathematics , Discrete Mathematics , Combinatorics , Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory , Algebra , Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis , Data Encryption Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1994-9789401120029:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Algorithmic and Combinatorial Algebra Author(s): L. A Bokut’ Date: 1994 Size: 1 online resource (384 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-94-011-2002-9 Contents: 1 Composition Method for Associative Algebras -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Free Semigroups and Free Groups -- 1.3 The Composition Lemma -- 1.4 The Composition Lemma for Semigroup Algebras -- 1.5 The Generalised Clifford Algebra and Some Other Examples -- 1.6 Finite-Dimensional Representation of a Generalised Clifford Algebra -- 1.7 More on Embeddings into Simple Algebras -- 2 Free Lie Algebras -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Definition of Free Lie Algebras -- 2.3 Projective Algebras -- 2.4 Elementary Transformations and Automorphisms of Free Algebras -- 2.5 Lie Algebra Derivations -- 2.6 The Ideal of Codimension 1 -- 2.7 Constructing Generators for an Arbitrary Subalgebra in a Free Lie Algebra -- 2.8 The Shirshov Theorem on Free Lie Algebra Subalgebras -- 2.9 Automorphisms of Free Lie Algebras of Finite Rank -- 2.10 A Criterion for a Lie Algebra to be Free -- 2.11 Bases of a Free Lie Algebra -- 2.12 Construction of Free Lie Algebras -- 2.13 Universal Enveloping Associative Algebra -- 2.14 On Subrings of Free Rings with Operators -- 2.15 Embedding Lie Rings into Associative Rings with Operators -- 2.16 Restricted Lie Algebras -- 2.17 Relatively Free Lie Algebras -- 2.18 Embedding Countable-Dimensional Lie Algebras into Lie Algebras with Two Generators -- 2.19 The Residual Finiteness of Associative and Lie Algebras -- 2.20 Residual Finiteness of Free Rings and Algebras -- 3 The Composition Method in the Theory of Lie Algebras -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Composition Lemma -- 3.3 Formulation of Decision Problems. One-Relator Lie Algebras -- 3.4 Embedding Lie Algebras into Simple Lie Algebras -- 3.5 The Main Algorithmic Problems for Lie Algebras are Unsolvable -- 3.6 Unrecognizable Markov Properties for Finitely Presented Lie Algebras -- 3.7 Defining Relations of a Subalgebra -- 3.8 Residual Finiteness and Decision Problems -- 3.9 On Residual Finiteness of One-Relator Lie Algebras -- 3.10 Constructing Free Resolutions -- 3.11 Cohomological Dimension of Almost Free Lie Algebras -- 4 Amalgamated Products of Lie Algebras -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Definition of Amalgamated Products -- 4.3 Constructing the Free Product of Associative Algebras without 1 -- 4.4 Constructing the Amalgamated Product of Lie Algebras -- 4.5 Subalgebras of the Free Product of Lie Algebras -- 4.6 Generators of a Subalgebra of the Free Product of Lie Algebras -- 4.7 Decomposition of a Free Product into the Sum of Two Subalgebras, One Free -- 4.8 Decomposition of a Subalgebra of a Free Product into the Sum of Two Subalgebras, One Free -- 4.9 The Theorem on Subalgebras of an Amalgamated Product of Lie Algebras -- 4.10 Free Subalgebras in a Free Product of Lie Algebras -- 4.11 The Case in Which the Kurosh Formula Almost Holds -- 4.12 Supplementary Facts on Free Products -- 4.13 Residual Finiteness of Free Products of Associative and Lie Algebras -- 4.14 Residual Finiteness of Free Soluble Lie Algebras with respect to Inclusion into Finitely Generated Subalgebras -- 4.15 On Residual Finiteness of Free Soluble Groups with respect to Inclusion into Finitely Generated Subgroups -- 4.16 On Residual Properties of Free Products of Lie Algebras. Central Systems in Free Products -- 5 The Problem of Endomorph Reducibility and Relatively Free Groups with the Word Problem Unsolvable -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 When the Problem of Endomorph Reducibility for Relatively Free Rings is Unsolvable -- 5.3 When the Problem of Endomorph Reducibility is Solvable -- 5.4 The Problem of Endomorph Reducibility for Relatively Free Groups -- 5.5 The Variety R Included in NN -- 5.6 The Free Group T of the Variety $$(\mathcal{A}_2^2 \cap \mathcal{N}_2 )\mathcal{A}_2 \mathcal{R}$$ and its Quotient Group S -- 5.7 The Main Construction -- 5.8 Application to Constructing Non-Finitely-Based Varieties -- 5.9 An Interpretation of Polynomials -- 5.10 Unsolvability of Some Algorithmic Problems in the Theory of Group -- 6 The Constructive Method in the Theory of HNN-extensions. Groups with Standard Normal Form -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Novikov-Boone Groups -- 6.3 The Novikov Lemma and the Britton Lemma -- 6.4 The Definition of Groups with Standard Normal Form -- 6.5 The Novikov Group AP1P2 -- 6.6 The Boone Group -- 7 The Constructive Method for HNN-extensions and the Conjugacy Problem for Novikov-Boone Groups -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Conjugacy Problem for the Group G1 -- 7.3 The Group G2 -- 7.4 Some Calculuses -- 7.5 The Conjugacy Problem for the Group AP1P2 -- 7.6 Auxiliary facts -- Appendix 1 Calculations in Free Groups -- Appendix 2 Algorithmic Properties of the Wreath Products of Groups -- Appendix 3 Survey of the Theory of Absolutely Free Algebras ISBN: 9789401120029 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Mathematics and Its Applications : 255 Keywords: Mathematics , Algebra , Algorithms , Mathematics , Algebra , Algorithms Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1993-9789401120067:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Clifford Algebras and their Applications in Mathematical Physics Proceedings of the Third Conference held at Deinze, Belgium, 1993 Author(s): Date: 1993 Size: 1 online resource (411 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-94-011-2006-7 Contents: CLIFFORD ALGEBRAS and APPLICATIONS -- Quantum Clifford algebras -- Relations between Witt rings and Brauer groups -- Clifford algebra tables -- Finite geometry and the table of real Clifford algebras -- Jordan form in Clifford algebra -- CLIFFORD ANALYSIS: Local and global theory for Dirac—type operators -- Elliptic boundary value problems in unbounded domains -- Dirac operators and manifolds with boundary -- Spin structures and harmonic spinors on Riemann surfaces -- Spherical geometry and Möbius transformations -- Cauchy transforms and bi—axial monogenic power functions -- Note on the use of spherical vectorfields in Clifford analysis -- Quaternionic analysis and transmission problems -- C*—algebras of nonlocal quaternionic convolution type operators -- On the solutions of $${D^N}{\text{ }}{\hat D^M}{\text{ }}F = 0$$ -- Biregular quaternionic functions -- Monogenic and holomorphic functions -- Hypercomplex differentiability and its applications -- Clifford algebras and boundary estimates for harmonic functions -- Regularity of functions with values in Clifford algebra based on a generalized axially symmetric potential theory operator -- On the analogue of the $$\bar \partial$$ —problem in quaternionic analysis -- Hurwitz pairs and Clifford algebra representations -- On the Bergmann kernel function in the Clifford analysis -- SO(M)—invariant operators on Clifford tensors -- Invariant differential operators on polynomial—valued functions -- A distributional approach to vector manifolds -- Clifford analysis for higher spins -- Quaternionic operator calculus and domain perturbation problems -- Classical Mechanics -- A hamiltonian model of dissipation with Clifford algebraic generalizations -- A formulation of hamiltonian mechanics using geometric calculus -- Mathematical Physics -- Local automorphism invariance: a generalization of general relativity -- Differential forms in geometric calculus -- Clifford valued convolution operator algebras on the Heisenberg group -- Classical solutions of the Dirac equation: bound Coulomb states in Aharonov-Bohm and Zeeman fields -- Geometric algebra versus numerical cartesianism -- Classification of multivector theories and the modification of the postulates of physics -- The “ideal” approach to spinors reconsidered -- Geometric aspects of spinors -- A basis for double solution theory -- Spatial inversion and spinors -- Physical Models -- Non abelian gauge fields in the real Clifford algebra of space time -- Spin gauge theories: principles and predictions -- Gravity as a gauge theory in the spacetime algebra -- Cosmological consequences of a flat—space theory of gravity -- Zitterbewegung and electron structure -- Separation of the Dirac equation and positive definiteness of quantum numbers ISBN: 9789401120067 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Fundamental Theories of Physics, An International Book Series on The Fundametal Theories of Physics:Their Clarification,Development and Application : 55 Keywords: Physics , Associative rings , Rings (Algebra) , Mathematical analysis , Analysis (Mathematics) , Applied mathematics , Engineering mathematics , Physics , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics , Associative Rings and Algebras , Analysis , Applications of Mathematics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE | 2019-04-24T23:47:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6346402168273926, "perplexity": 1678.360540099081}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578675477.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424234327-20190425020327-00212.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10294255 | A circular polarization survey for radio stars with the Australian SKA Pathfinder
ABSTRACT We present results from a circular polarization survey for radio stars in the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS). RACS is a survey of the entire sky south of δ = +41○ being conducted with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder telescope (ASKAP) over a 288 MHz wide band centred on 887.5 MHz. The data we analyse include Stokes I and V polarization products to an RMS sensitivity of 250 μJy PSF−1. We searched RACS for sources with fractional circular polarization above 6 per cent, and after excluding imaging artefacts, polarization leakage, and known pulsars we identified radio emission coincident with 33 known stars. These range from M-dwarfs through to magnetic, chemically peculiar A- and B-type stars. Some of these are well-known radio stars such as YZ CMi and CU Vir, but 23 have no previous radio detections. We report the flux density and derived brightness temperature of these detections and discuss the nature of the radio emission. We also discuss the implications of our results for the population statistics of radio stars in the context of future ASKAP and Square Kilometre Array surveys.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10294255
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
502
Issue:
4
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
5438 to 5454
ISSN:
0035-8711
3. ABSTRACT We present two new radio continuum images from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) survey in the direction of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). These images are part of the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) Early Science Project (ESP) survey of the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds. The two new source lists produced from these images contain radio continuum sources observed at 960 MHz (4489 sources) and 1320 MHz (5954 sources) with a bandwidth of 192 MHz and beam sizes of 30.0 × 30.0 arcsec2 and 16.3 × 15.1 arcsec2, respectively. The median root mean square (RMS) noise values are 186 $\mu$Jy beam−1 (960 MHz) and 165 $\mu$Jy beam−1 (1320 MHz). To create point source catalogues, we use these two source lists, together with the previously published Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) point source catalogues to estimate spectral indices for the whole population of radio point sources found in the survey region. Combining our ASKAP catalogues with these radio continuum surveys, we found 7736 point-like sources in common over an area of 30 deg2. In addition, we report the detection of two new, low surface brightness supernova remnant candidates in the SMC. The high sensitivity of the new ASKAP ESPmore »
4. Abstract We discuss observational strategies to detect prompt bursts associated with gravitational wave (GW) events using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). Many theoretical models of binary neutron stars mergers predict that bright, prompt radio emission would accompany the merger. The detection of such prompt emission would greatly improve our knowledge of the physical conditions, environment, and location of the merger. However, searches for prompt emission are complicated by the relatively poor localisation for GW events, with the 90% credible region reaching hundreds or even thousands of square degrees. Operating in fly’s eye mode, the ASKAP field of view can reach $\sim1\,000$ deg $^2$ at $\sim$ $888\,{\rm MHz}$ . This potentially allows observers to cover most of the 90% credible region quickly enough to detect prompt emission. We use skymaps for GW170817 and GW190814 from LIGO/Virgo’s third observing run to simulate the probability of detecting prompt emission for GW events in the upcoming fourth observing run. With only alerts released after merger, we find it difficult to slew the telescope sufficiently quickly as to capture any prompt emission. However, with the addition of alerts released before merger by negative-latency pipelines, we find that it should be possible to searchmore »
5. Abstract The Variables and Slow Transients Survey (VAST) on the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) is designed to detect highly variable and transient radio sources on timescales from 5 s to $\sim\!5$ yr. In this paper, we present the survey description, observation strategy and initial results from the VAST Phase I Pilot Survey. This pilot survey consists of $\sim\!162$ h of observations conducted at a central frequency of 888 MHz between 2019 August and 2020 August, with a typical rms sensitivity of $0.24\ \mathrm{mJy\ beam}^{-1}$ and angular resolution of $12-20$ arcseconds. There are 113 fields, each of which was observed for 12 min integration time, with between 5 and 13 repeats, with cadences between 1 day and 8 months. The total area of the pilot survey footprint is 5 131 square degrees, covering six distinct regions of the sky. An initial search of two of these regions, totalling 1 646 square degrees, revealed 28 highly variable and/or transient sources. Seven of these are known pulsars, including the millisecond pulsar J2039–5617. Another seven are stars, four of which have no previously reported radio detection (SCR J0533–4257, LEHPM 2-783, UCAC3 89–412162 and 2MASS J22414436–6119311). Of the remaining 14 sources, two aremore » | 2022-12-01T14:07:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5340375304222107, "perplexity": 2734.004062737444}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00017.warc.gz"} |
https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-zib/frontdoor/index/index/docId/6033 | ## The Maximum Flow Problem for Oriented Flows
Please always quote using this URN: urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-65318
epub ahead of print
• In several applications of network flows, additional constraints have to be considered. In this paper, we study flows, where the flow particles have an orientation. For example, cargo containers with doors only on one side and train coaches with 1st and 2nd class compartments have such an orientation. If the end position has a mandatory orientation, not every path from source to sink is feasible for routing or additional transposition maneuvers have to be made. As a result, a source-sink path may visit a certain vertex several times. We describe structural properties of optimal solutions, determine the computational complexity, and present an approach for approximating such flows.
Author: Stanley Schade, Martin Strehler Marc Goerigk, Renato Werneck In Proceedings 16th Workshop on Algorithmic Approaches for Transportation Modelling, Optimization, and Systems (ATMOS 2016) 54 1 13 OpenAccess Series in Informatics (OASIcs) Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik Dagstuhl, Germany 2016 13 2190-6807 978-3-95977-021-7 Keywords: network flow with orientation, graph expansion, approximation, container logistics, train routing http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2016/6531 https://doi.org/10.4230/OASIcs.ATMOS.2016.7 Creative Commons - Namensnennung | 2019-01-20T14:37:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36364370584487915, "perplexity": 3343.6895981201646}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583722261.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120143527-20190120165527-00637.warc.gz"} |
http://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_smd.html | # fix smd command
## Syntax
fix ID group-ID smd type values keyword values
• ID, group-ID are documented in fix command
• smd = style name of this fix command
• mode = cvel or cfor to select constant velocity or constant force SMD
cvel values = K vel
K = spring constant (force/distance units)
vel = velocity of pulling (distance/time units)
cfor values = force
force = pulling force (force units)
• keyword = tether or couple
tether values = x y z R0
x,y,z = point to which spring is tethered
R0 = distance of end of spring from tether point (distance units)
couple values = group-ID2 x y z R0
group-ID2 = 2nd group to couple to fix group with a spring
x,y,z = direction of spring, automatically computed with 'auto'
R0 = distance of end of spring (distance units)
## Examples
fix pull cterm smd cvel 20.0 -0.00005 tether NULL NULL 100.0 0.0
fix pull cterm smd cvel 20.0 -0.0001 tether 25.0 25 25.0 0.0
fix stretch cterm smd cvel 20.0 0.0001 couple nterm auto auto auto 0.0
fix pull cterm smd cfor 5.0 tether 25.0 25.0 25.0 0.0
## Description
This fix implements several options of steered MD (SMD) as reviewed in (Izrailev), which allows to induce conformational changes in systems and to compute the potential of mean force (PMF) along the assumed reaction coordinate (Park) based on Jarzynski’s equality (Jarzynski). This fix borrows a lot from fix spring and fix setforce.
You can apply a moving spring force to a group of atoms (tether style) or between two groups of atoms (couple style). The spring can then be used in either constant velocity (cvel) mode or in constant force (cfor) mode to induce transitions in your systems. When running in tether style, you may need some way to fix some other part of the system (e.g. via fix spring/self)
The tether style attaches a spring between a point at a distance of R0 away from a fixed point x,y,z and the center of mass of the fix group of atoms. A restoring force of magnitude K (R - R0) Mi / M is applied to each atom in the group where K is the spring constant, Mi is the mass of the atom, and M is the total mass of all atoms in the group. Note that K thus represents the total force on the group of atoms, not a per-atom force.
In cvel mode the distance R is incremented or decremented monotonously according to the pulling (or pushing) velocity. In cfor mode a constant force is added and the actual distance in direction of the spring is recorded.
The couple style links two groups of atoms together. The first group is the fix group; the second is specified by group-ID2. The groups are coupled together by a spring that is at equilibrium when the two groups are displaced by a vector in direction x,y,z with respect to each other and at a distance R0 from that displacement. Note that x,y,z only provides a direction and will be internally normalized. But since it represents the absolute displacement of group-ID2 relative to the fix group, (1,1,0) is a different spring than (-1,-1,0). For each vector component, the displacement can be described with the auto parameter. In this case the direction is recomputed in every step, which can be useful for steering a local process where the whole object undergoes some other change. When the relative positions and distance between the two groups are not in equilibrium, the same spring force described above is applied to atoms in each of the two groups.
For both the tether and couple styles, any of the x,y,z values can be specified as NULL which means do not include that dimension in the distance calculation or force application.
For constant velocity pulling (cvel mode), the running integral over the pulling force in direction of the spring is recorded and can then later be used to compute the potential of mean force (PMF) by averaging over multiple independent trajectories along the same pulling path.
Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:
The fix stores the direction of the spring, current pulling target distance and the running PMF to binary restart files. See the read_restart command for info on how to re-specify a fix in an input script that reads a restart file, so that the operation of the fix continues in an uninterrupted fashion.
The fix_modify virial option is supported by this fix to add the contribution due to the added forces on atoms to the system’s virial as part of thermodynamic output. The default is virial no
The fix_modify respa option is supported by this fix. This allows to set at which level of the r-RESPA integrator the fix is adding its forces. Default is the outermost level.
This fix computes a vector list of 7 quantities, which can be accessed by various output commands. The quantities in the vector are in this order: the x-, y-, and z-component of the pulling force, the total force in direction of the pull, the equilibrium distance of the spring, the distance between the two reference points, and finally the accumulated PMF (the sum of pulling forces times displacement).
The force is the total force on the group of atoms by the spring. In the case of the couple style, it is the force on the fix group (group-ID) or the negative of the force on the 2nd group (group-ID2). The vector values calculated by this fix are “extensive”.
No parameter of this fix can be used with the start/stop keywords of the run command. This fix is not invoked during energy minimization.
## Restrictions
This fix is part of the USER-MISC package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Making LAMMPS section for more info. | 2018-06-18T23:18:18 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.657404363155365, "perplexity": 1740.4180135499655}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861456.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618222556-20180619002556-00254.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10074727-sensitivity-hydrogen-epoch-reionization-array-its-build-out-stages-one-point-statistics-from-redshifted-cm-observations | Sensitivity of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and its build-out stages to one-point statistics from redshifted 21 cm observations
Foregrounds with polarization states that are not smooth functions of frequency present a challenge to HI Epoch of Reionization (EoR) power spectrum measurements if they are not cleanly separated from the desired Stokes I signal. The intrinsic polarization impurity of an antenna's electromagnetic response limits the degree to which components of the polarization state on the sky can be separated from one another, leading to the possibility that this frequency structure could be confused for HI emission. We investigate the potential of Faraday rotation by the Earth's ionosphere to provide a mechanism for both mitigation of, and systematic tests for, this contamination. Specifically, we consider the delay power spectrum estimator, which relies on the expectation that foregrounds will be separated from the cosmological signal by a clearly demarcated boundary in Fourier space, and is being used by the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) experiment. Through simulations of visibility measurements which include the ionospheric Faraday rotation calculated from real historical ionospheric plasma density data, we find that the incoherent averaging of the polarization state over repeated observations of the sky may attenuate polarization leakage in the power spectrum by a factor of 10 or more. Additionally, this effect provides a way to test for the presence of polarized foreground contamination in the EoR power spectrum estimate.
Authors:
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10074727
Journal Name:
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
474
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
4487-4499
ISSN:
1365-2966
1. ABSTRACT We quantify the effect of radio frequency interference (RFI) on measurements of the 21-cm power spectrum during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Specifically, we investigate how the frequency structure of RFI source emission generates contamination in higher order wave modes, which is much more problematic than smooth-spectrum foreground sources. Using a relatively optimistic EoR model, we find that even a single relatively dim RFI source can overwhelm the EoR power spectrum signal of $\sim 10\, {\rm mK}^2$ for modes $0.1 \ \lt k \lt 2 \, h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. If the total apparent RFI flux density in the final power spectrum integration is kept below 1 mJy, an EoR signal resembling this optimistic model should be detectable for modes $k \lt 0.9\, h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, given no other systematic contaminants and an error tolerance as high as 10 per cent. More pessimistic models will be more restrictive. These results emphasize the need for highly effective RFI mitigation strategies for telescopes used to search for the EoR.
3. Abstract The detection of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) delay power spectrum using a ”foreground avoidance method” highly depends on the instrument chromaticity. The systematic effects induced by the radio-telescope spread the foreground signal in the delay domain, which contaminates the EoR window theoretically observable. Applied to the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA), this paper combines detailed electromagnetic and electrical simulations in order to model the chromatic effects of the instrument, and quantify its frequency and time responses. In particular, the effects of the analogue receiver, transmission cables, and mutual coupling are included. These simulations are able to accurately predict the intensity of the reflections occurring in the 150-m cable which links the antenna to the back-end. They also show that electromagnetic waves can propagate from one dish to another one through large sections of the array due to mutual coupling. The simulated system time response is attenuated by a factor 104 after a characteristic delay which depends on the size of the array and on the antenna position. Ultimately, the system response is attenuated by a factor 105 after 1400 ns because of the reflections in the cable, which corresponds to characterizable k∥-modes above 0.7 $h\,\,\rm {Mpc}^{-1}$ at 150 MHz.more » | 2022-11-27T19:14:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6337414979934692, "perplexity": 1130.2746848078243}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127173917-20221127203917-00718.warc.gz"} |
http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cr/S-4.2,%20r.%205.01?code=se:28&pointInTime=20201120 | ### S-4.2, r. 5.01 - Regulation respecting the conditions for obtaining a certificate of compliance and the operating standards for a private seniors’ residence
28. The operator of a private seniors’ residence must keep, in the residence, a copy of the declaration and consent documents referred to in subparagraph 10 of the first paragraph of section 11, the first and second paragraphs of section 25 and the second paragraph of section 26, along with the results of the verifications of the declarations referred to in the first paragraph of section 25.
In the case of staff members, the documents are kept in the file referred to in section 65.
O.C. 100-2013, s. 28. | 2021-03-05T17:40:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8331793546676636, "perplexity": 998.7876315171782}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373095.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305152710-20210305182710-00514.warc.gz"} |
http://ocw.usu.edu/Electrical_and_Computer_Engineering/Information_Theory/lecture11_4.htm | ##### Personal tools
•
You are here: Home The Gaussian Channel
# The Gaussian Channel
##### Document Actions
Definitions :: Band-limited :: Kuhn-Tucker :: Parallel :: Colored Noise
## Channels with colored Gaussian noise
We will extend the results of the previous section now to channels with non-white Gaussian noise. Let K z be the covariance of the noise K x the covariance of the input, with the input constrained by
which is the same as
We can write
where
Now how do we choose K x to maximize K x + K z , subject to the power constraint? Let
then
where A = Q T K x Q . Observe that
So we want to maximize subject to . The key is to use an inequality, in this case Hadamard's inequality. Hadamard's inequality follows directly from the "conditioning reduces entropy'' theorem:
Let . Then
and
Substituting in and simplifying gives
with equality iff K is diagonal.
Getting back to our problem,
with equality iff A is diagonal. We have
(the power constraint), and . As before, we take
where is chosen so that
Now we want to generalize to a continuous time system. For a channel with AWGN and covariance matrix K Z ( n ) , the covariance is Toeplitz. If the channel noise process is stationary, then the covariance matrix is Toeplitz, and the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix tend to a limit as . The density of the eigenvalues on the real line tends to the power spectrum of the stochastic process. That is, if K ij = K i - j are the autocorrelation values and the power spectrum is
then
In this case, the water filling translates to water filling in the spectral domain. The capacity of the channel with noise spectrum N ( f ) can be shown to be
where is chosen so that
Copyright 2008, by the Contributing Authors. Cite/attribute Resource . admin. (2006, May 17). The Gaussian Channel. Retrieved January 07, 2011, from Free Online Course Materials — USU OpenCourseWare Web site: http://ocw.usu.edu/Electrical_and_Computer_Engineering/Information_Theory/lecture11_4.htm. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License | 2013-05-23T04:08:23 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8600660562515259, "perplexity": 1128.5766206996345}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702777399/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111257-00048-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.detailedpedia.com/wiki-The_Stylus | # The Stylus
Poe's design for the cover of The Stylus
The Stylus, originally intended to be named The Penn, was a would-be periodical owned and edited by Edgar Allan Poe. It had long been a dream of Poe to establish an American journal with very high standards in order to elevate the literature of the time. Despite attempts at signing up subscribers and finding financial backers and contributors, the journal never came to be.
## Overview
Though Poe thought of creating the journal as early as 1834, he first announced his prospectus in June 1840 immediately after leaving Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. Originally, Poe intended to call the journal The Penn, as it would have been based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post, Poe purchased advertising space for his prospectus: "PROSPECTUS OF THE PENN MAGAZINE, a Monthly Literary Journal, to be Edited and Published in the city of Philadelphia, by Edgar A. Poe." Many were looking forward to the magazine, including Connecticut-born journalist Jesse Erskine Dow, editor of the Index, who wrote: "We trust that he will soon come out with his Penn Magazine, a work which, if carried out as he designs it, will do away with the monopoly of puffing and break the fetters which a corps of pensioned blockheads have bound so long around the brows of young intellects who are too proud to pay a literary pimp for a favorable notice in a mammoth six penny or a good word with the fathers of the Row, who drink wine out of the skulls of authors and grow fat upon the geese that feed upon the grass that waves over their early tomb stones".
Poe soon realized he needed to "endeavor to support the general interests of the republic of letters, without reference to particular regions — regarding the world at large as the true audience of the author". Georgia poet Thomas Holley Chivers claimed he suggested it to Poe. It was renamed The Stylus, a pun on the word "Penn" ("pen") and specifically "the Pen with which the Greeks used to write".
F. O. C. Darley signed a contract on January 31, 1843, to create original illustrations for The Stylus. The contract requested at least three illustrations per month, "on wood or paper as required," but no more than five. Darley would have earned $7 per illustration. The contract was through July 1, 1844. Shortly after this contract was put in place, Darley illustrated Poe's tale "The Gold-Bug". On February 25, 1843, another announcement for The Stylus was made which took up an entire page. In it, Poe's status as a poet was emphasized and it included the first published image of Poe; Poe wrote of it, "I am ugly enough God knows, but not quite so bad as that." In a letter to James Russell Lowell dated March 30, 1844, Poe outlined the kind of journal America needed: How dreadful is the present condition of our Literature! To what are things heading? We want... a well-founded Monthly Journal, of sufficient ability, circulation and character, to control, and to give tone to, our Letters. It should be, externally, a specimen of high, but not too refined Taste:-I mean, it should be boldly printed, on excellent paper, in single column, and be illustrated, not merely embellished, by spirited wood designs in the style of Grandville. Its chief aims should be Independence, Truth, Originality. It should be a journal of some 120 pp. and furnished at$5. It should have nothing to do with Agents or Agencies. Such a Magazine might be made to exercise a prodigious influence, and would be a source of wealth to its proprietors.
Poe wrote a letter to his cousin Neilson Poe on August 8, 1845, in which he stated very confidently, "In January I shall establish a Magazine." Even so, he never saw his dream come true despite having several published solicitations for subscribers. He came close, however, when he became the owner and editor of the Broadway Journal in October 1845. It ceased publication shortly thereafter when its final edition appeared on January 3, 1846. In a letter to Sarah Josepha Hale in January 1846, Poe wrote that, "The B. Journal had fulfilled its destiny... I had never regarded it as more than a temporary adjunct to other design."
That great design, Poe said, was to continue his plans for the establishment of his own magazine. By August 1846, he called The Stylus "the one great purpose of my literary life." He prophetically added, "Undoubtedly (unless I die) I will accomplish it."
## Fundraising
October 1840 advertisement for The Penn magazine, soon to be renamed The Stylus.
Poe was not able to support the founding of his magazine out of pocket, in part because of the after-effects of the Panic of 1837, and sought out investors. On January 17, 1840, Poe wrote a letter to friend and fellow writer John Pendleton Kennedy asking for his help in funding the magazine: "Since you gave me my first start in the literary world... you will not feel surprised that I look anxiously to you for encouragement in this new enterprise", he wrote. George Rex Graham offered financial support and hired Poe as an editor for his magazine, suggesting he would help with The Penn after six months. After Poe began work on Graham's Magazine, Graham published an announcement in the Saturday Evening Post that The Penn was to be "suspended".
Another possible financial backer was fellow poet Thomas Holley Chivers, a wealthy friend of Poe who would later defend Poe's posthumous reputation. Chivers at the time believed Poe was under-appreciated, especially for his work with Graham's Magazine, but was concerned with his harsh literary criticism. Chivers may also have been offered the position of co-editor. He turned down the proposition because of the distraction caused by the death of his three-year-old daughter.
In early 1843, Poe contacted Thomas C. Clarke, publisher of Philadelphia's Saturday Museum. A contract was signed on January 31, 1843, with the agreement that the first issue would be issued on July 1. They considered purchasing the subscription list of the Southern Literary Messenger around February. By May of that year, Clarke withdrew his support in part because of difficulties with his own magazine and in part because of concerns over Poe's drinking.
In February 1848, Poe presented a lecture titled "On The Cosmography of the Universe" (later printed as Eureka: A Prose Poem) at the Society Library in New York. Poe had hoped the profits from the lecture would raise significant funds for The Stylus. He had expected an audience of hundreds; only 60 people attended and, of those, most were confused by the topic. One newspaper reviewed the lecture very favorably and acknowledged its importance as a fund raiser:
We understand that the purpose of Poe's lectures is to raise the necessary capital for the establishment of a magazine, which he proposes to call "The Stylus." They who like literature without trammels, and criticism without gloves, should sent in their names forthwith as subscribers. If there be in the world a born anatomist of thought, it is Mr. Poe... The severe difficulties with which Mr. Poe has been visited within the last year, have left him in a position to devote himself, self-sacrificingly, to his new task... he will doubtless give it that most complete attention which alone can make such an enterprise successful.
Poe had a fair amount of support for The Stylus in the literary world. William Gilmore Simms wrote in June 1843, "Mr. Poe is well calculated to conduct a literary magazine. He is acknowledged as one of our best writers and critics." Several people and organizations subscribed to the journal before Poe's death. A list of potential subscribers he kept included Nathan C. Brooks, William Cullen Bryant, Sarah Josepha Hale, Charles Fenno Hoffman, John Pendleton Kennedy, George Lippard, James Russell Lowell, Anna Cora Mowatt, Frances Sargent Osgood, James Kirke Paulding, Thomas Mayne Reid, Jeremiah N. Reynolds, and Nathaniel Parker Willis. Several student societies also were interested in subscribing, including ones located at Dickinson College, Hampden-Sydney College, Jefferson College, Lafayette College, Marshall College, St. John's College, and St. Mary's College of Maryland.
## Contents
Poe had lofty plans for the make-up of the magazine. He was planning on setting standards very high, anticipating finer quality paper, superior woodcuts, sharper criticism, and bolder original fiction. These higher standards would be reflected in a higher than usual annual subscription price of \$5. Early in its planning stages, he promised financial backers that he would start with 500 subscribers - a number which he expected to be 5,000 before the end of its second year. "There is no earthly reason why," he said, "such a Magazine may not, eventually, reach a circulation as great as that of Graham's at present - viz 50,000". He also anticipated having correspondents in Berlin and Paris. James Russell Lowell offered a poem and also convinced Nathaniel Hawthorne to contribute a short story to the first issue in 1843.
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https://arrow.fandom.com/wiki/User_talk:The_Anime_Watcher?oldid=475467 | 7,792 Pages
# The Anime Watcher
## aka Super Anime Watcher
0 Discussion posts
• I live in Europe
• I am Male
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
| User:The Anime Watcher
## Welcome
Hi, welcome to Arrowverse Wiki! Thanks for your edit to the Season 3 (The Flash) page.
Please leave a message on my talk page if I can help with anything! Wraiyf (talk) 14:24, June 15, 2016 (UTC)
## A couple things
First, we have several policies you need to follow, which can be seen here. Most specifically, the spoiler policy. It has to be established on an aired episode before making edits on relevant pages. The only exception is real world pages. Also, the show parameter is just for their most prominent show. If they are prominent in 2 shows, it's left blank.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 19:05, June 16, 2016 (UTC)
## Assumptions
Do not add assumptions on articles. The Flash hasn't been renewed for s4 and those actors aren't confirmed for season 3. Yes, they very well likely be but we only add what reputable news sites says.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 08:58, June 17, 2016 (UTC)
## Family
We dont inude future stuff as it isnt set in stone and saying possibly makes it speculation. We also dont add adoptive family.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 10:00, June 17, 2016 (UTC)
## Block
Ive had to issue a 2 week block as youce kept ignorimg an admin and you keep makimg speculation on pages. This isnt a fanon wiki, we only add whats established on the show and in oresent times (with a few exceptions like LoT). We also dont base stuff on comics as things can change easily.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 10:07, June 17, 2016 (UTC)
I understand. I just didn't look on my talk page. Please unlock me timeshade.Here's The Anime Watcher replaying.
## Credits
Do not add any upcoming credits without citations. Doesn't matter if they're in the main cast or the starring character. Never, ever make assumptions. Also, stuff like Credits sections needs to be a heading for proper formatting.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 18:00, July 7, 2016 (UTC)
Again, please cite credits for episodes that hasn't been aired. Also you need to format things.Remember our Spoiler policy also, do not add things that haven't been established in an AIRED episode.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 18:47, July 17, 2016 (UTC)
Going through more of your edit, please don't create a page if you're just adding the infobox. That isn't being helpful in any way.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 18:55, July 17, 2016 (UTC)
## Disambiguations
Please don't make duplicate dismabig pages. Both The Flash series page and everyone who had been called the Flash just needs to be in 1 place. Making another page is redundant.17:00, July 22, 2016 (UTC)
## Naming pages
Another thing to add, don't make fan made names. If there isn't an official title, use a descriptive page name. Team Arrow and Team Flash weren't named as such until they were called that on the show. "Team Constantine" has never been used.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 17:22, July 22, 2016 (UTC)
## Block
I had to issue another block because you keep going against what you've been told by an admin. You said you read your messages last time but you've demonstrated that you didn't.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 17:54, July 25, 2016 (UTC)
## Unnecessary and empty pages
Hey there, generally speaking we don't create pages for families unless they're ultimately necessary (such as prominent families like the Queens and Merlyns). Even then, though, don't go creating pages if they lack the content. If you don't have the time to add content to it, don't create the empty page. —MakeShift (talk page) 13:26, September 19, 2016 (UTC)
## Citations
Please remember to cite content that is unaired when updating season/episode pages. If you're unsure how, don't hesitate to contact me or another admin.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 01:33, September 20, 2016 (UTC)
## Image policies
Be sure to read our image policies an be sure to follow them.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 14:04, December 9, 2016 (UTC)
## Images
We appreciate you helping with images but Wikia's engineering team is working on importing all of them. Additionally, you should license and categorize per our image policies.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 19:58, December 21, 2016 (UTC)
## Images
We appreciate you helping with images but Wikia's engineering team is working on importing all of them. Additionally, you should license and categorize per our image policies.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 19:58, December 21, 2016 (UTC)
Stop. We have it handled. Don't upload Supergirl images. —MakeShift (talk page) 12:46, December 22, 2016 (UTC)
## Final warning
You already have yourself a block history, please learn from them. You need to follow our image policies and you need to stop creating blank pages, that's just spam editing.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 09:41, January 25, 2017 (UTC)
## Blog posts
Hey there, while it's great that you're a fan of Arrow and clearly have enthusiasm, blog posts aren't for such things as you made. If you want to create fan content, you're welcome to do it elsewhere, but blog posts are used for announcements and/or discussion, so I've deleted your post. —MakeShift (talk page) 14:33, February 19, 2017 (UTC)
## Block
You're not learning from your past mistakes despite several warnings. You once again violates our image policies.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 20:22, February 26, 2017 (UTC)
you still aren't learning. The next time, it'll be a much more lengthier block, so please do follow our policies.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 17:21, March 11, 2017 (UTC)
Since you refuse to ever listen, a 1 month block has been issued.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 18:28, March 11, 2017 (UTC)
## In universe actor
The template is completely redundant. Just list the info under the occupation parameter.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 18:06, March 11, 2017 (UTC)
## Move
If you think a page should be moved, use the {{Move}} template on the article and an admin may or may not move it. The method you did gives you credit for writing an entire article which you don't get to do. We make sure people get credited for their own work as much as possible.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 08:59, May 3, 2017 (UTC)
Stop trying to take all the credit for writing Savitar's article or a block will be issued.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 09:18, May 3, 2017 (UTC)
## Special guest stars
Hey there, unless an actor is credited as appearing as a special guest star in a citation (pre-airing), then it should not be included in an episode infobox, even if they have been credited as such before. Things may change, so it's not definite. —MakeShift (talk page) 04:45, May 16, 2017 (UTC)
## Unnecessary pages
I'd ask that you please stop creating unnecessary pages, there's no need for pages like "A.R.G.U.S. custody" and "Humanoid", they're not notable or relevant enough to warrant their own pages. —MakeShift (talk page) 10:56, May 16, 2017 (UTC)
## Family pages
We appreciate the help but generally, we only create family pages if they're a prominent family. A few mentions of family members don't qualify for a page.TIMESHADE |Talk/Wall| - |C| 07:54, May 20, 2017 (UTC)
## Olivia
Olivia of E16 has already been created. Leave that as a redirect. $\int$ IHH dt 9:56, Jan 16, 2020 (UTC)
A series name should always be italicized. Including under Appearances/Credits sections. Please be sure to do this in the future. $\int$ IHH dt 9:56, Jan 16, 2020 (UTC)
## The Flash (CBS)
Please hold off from adding information on The Flash (CBS) until the admins give us the go-ahead. Thanks, $\int$ IHH dt 9:56, Jan 16, 2020 (UTC)
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https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/1972-role-eros-monitoring-coastal-environment-report | # 1972 Role of EROS in Monitoring The Coastal Environment Report
1972 Role of EROS in Monitoring The Coastal Environment Report
## Detailed Description
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