mbid
stringlengths 36
36
| entity
stringlengths 1
39
| text
stringlengths 79
90.6k
| url
stringlengths 31
69
| entity_type
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
6ce12fca-ef00-4e81-9254-ecbdd0d3e2e7 | Calderwood | Calderwood may refer to:
Places
Almondell and Calderwood Country Park, a park in West Lothian, Scotland
Calderwood, a housing development near East Calder in West Lothian, Scotland
Calderwood, East Kilbride, an area of East Kilbride, Scotland
Calderwood Dam, a reservoir and dam development project in Tennessee, United States
Calderwood, Tennessee, a community once located near Calderwood Dam
Calderwood, Michigan, a community in Michigan, United States
Calderwood, Eastern Cape, a town in South Africa
Calderwood, New South Wales, a suburb of Wollongong, Australia
Calderwood Park, a conservation area in Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe
Other uses
Calderwood (surname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderwood | area |
e2b18aa5-0e35-422a-83a3-eebf29414a7b | Kushovë | Kushovë is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gramsh. The population at the 2011 census was 659. The municipal unit consists of the villages Kushovë, Bregas, Gjeraqine, Dumberas, Brasnik, Ulove, Sotire and Kerpice.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushov%C3%AB | area |
310c09b3-2554-4899-bf82-22150872ab0c | Krrabë | Krrabë is a town and a former municipality in the Tirana County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Tirana. The population at the 2011 census was 2,343.
History
The village has been inhabited since ancient times by Illyrians who built the Persqopi Castle near Krrabë.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krrab%C3%AB | area |
d0d0248d-9ff0-44ae-87c1-fc69ad7da3ff | Livarot | Livarot (French pronunciation: [livaʁo] (listen)) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.The population is composed of 2,052 inhabitants (in 2017) and the name of its inhabitants is Livarotais.
The town is home to many companies of renown such as the Georges Leroy factory, Graindorge cheese manufacturing which produces Livarot, among others. The commune gave its name to its cheese; Livarot cheese. The La Fermière (CCLF) calvados cider is also produced in the commune.
Geography
Livarot is situated at the junction of the D4 and D579 roads. The nearest city is Caen, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the north-west.
Toponymy
The place is attested late in the form Livarrot in 1155, and Livar(r)ou in 1156 or 1157.The etymological explanation of this place name has no unanimity among toponymists:
Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, based on a false attestation of Livaron from 1137 (form and date wrong), described it as "obscure", while evoking a derivision of ivos, an assumed Gallic word designating if, and declaring it unlikely. They perhaps resume in these previous assumptions. In reality, the term *ivos or *īvos is not attested and should include an asterisk.
Ernest Nègre, reasoning from this same erroneous form, considered that it might be from the Germanic name Liubwar, which is followed by the suffix -o /-onem and that the final would be modified by attraction of names in -ot. However, François de Beaurepaire notes that a Germanic name is never used with this suffix.
Dominique Fournier refuted Livaron (cacography attributed to Albert Dauzat, and badly dated) and based it on the actual form Livar(r)ou, stemming from the Chronicle of Robert of Torigni, to advance the hypothesis of a Gallo-Roman person named Libarius followed by the suffix of Gallic origin -avo which explains most of the words ending in -ou of Normandy.
History
Battle of Normandy
On 17 July 1944, the pharmacist and Mayor of Livarot brought first aid to Rommel following the strafing of his car by an Allied aircraft, not far away, between the villages of Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery and Vimoutiers. He was then evacuated, the same day, to the German military hospital in Bernay.
Livarot was liberated on 19 August. Following Operation Paddle, the British 7th Armoured Division was on the banks of the Vie. The division then faced a strong resistance by the 272nd Division of the German infantry, but also suffered losses to friendly fire from Allied aircraft. On 19 August, British artillery heavily bombed the area. The British arrived to seize a bridge, which hadn't been destroyed, across the river to Saint-Michel-de-Livet, north of Livarot. The French Resistance then learned that the Germans had abandoned Livarot and that the first British soldiers had entered the same day.
Heraldry
Politics and administration
The municipal council is composed of 23 members, including the mayor and six assistants.
Demographics
In 2012, the municipality had 2,183 inhabitants. Since 2004, censuses in municipalities of less than 10,000 inhabitants are held every five years (in 2008, 2013, 2018, etc. for Livarot) and legal municipal population are estimations in other years. Livarot counted 2,654 inhabitants in 1975.
Economy
Livarot cheese
Places and monuments
Former Leroy factory (1841), included in the title of the historic monuments.
The Church of Saint-Ouen from the 15th century, and very reworked. The gallery of the 19th century organ is classified as an historic monument object.
The old Bisson cheesemakery (1902), converted into a Museum of the workshops of iron art.
The L'Isle Manor (1912), former property of the Bisson.
The Graindorge cheesmakery, burned in 1999 and rebuilt in 2001.
Vestiges of an ancient castle which was owned by Charles the Bad, King of Navarre.
The menhir of the Pierre Tournante.Places and monuments in Livarot
Activity and events
Twinning
South Molton, United Kingdom since 1975
Sports
The Étoile Sportive Livarotaise [Livarotaise Sports Star] evolved two football teams in district divisions.The cycling section of the club has trained many riders such as father and son François and Romain Lemarchand, and also Fabien Taillefer. Stage 7 of the 2015 Tour de France is also planned to start in Livarot.
Events
The Livarot Cheese Fair is held every year in August.
Personalities linked to the commune
Charles II of Navarre (1332-1387), King of Navarre and count of Évreux, owner of the old Castle.
Jacques Dufresne (1732 to Livarot - 1832), parish priest of Le Mesnil-Durand, Deputy of the clergy.
Alfred Rioult de Neuville (1802 Livarot - Livarot, 1894), politician.
Joël Le Bigot (born in 1946 in Livarot), Quebec radio host.
François Lemarchand (born in 1960 in Livarot), cyclist.
See also
Communes of the Calvados department
Notes
References
External links
A few pictures of Livarot and its markets at the beginning of the 20th century.
The Livarot Tourist Office website. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livarot | area |
d71d38cf-140e-4224-8dd6-0b2fd59ce17c | Solbach | Solbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solbach | area |
e6a289df-2fbe-41ff-813e-85be17b9846f | Mount Pleasant | Mount Pleasant may refer to:
People
Frank Mount Pleasant
Places
Australia
Mount Pleasant (Australian Capital Territory)
Mount Pleasant, New South Wales
Mount Pleasant, Queensland (Moreton Bay Region), a mountain and locality in the Moreton Bay Region, part of the D'Aguilar Range
Mount Pleasant, Queensland (Mackay Region), a mountain and suburb of Mackay in the Mackay Region
Mount Pleasant, South Australia
Mount Pleasant, Western Australia
Mount Pleasant, Victoria
Canada
Mount Pleasant, Calgary, Alberta
Mount Pleasant, Vancouver, British Columbia
Mount Pleasant, Nova Scotia (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant, Ontario (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant, Prince Edward Island
Rural Municipality of Mount Pleasant No. 2, Saskatchewan
Falkland Islands
Mount Pleasant, Falkland Islands
Ireland
Mountpleasant railway station, County Louth
New Zealand
Mount Pleasant, New Zealand, a suburb of Christchurch
Tauhinukorokio / Mount Pleasant, the Christchurch hill on which the suburb of the English name is placed
United Kingdom
Mount Pleasant henge, Dorset, England
Mount Pleasant, Barcombe, East Sussex, England
Mount Pleasant, Batley, West Yorkshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Buckinghamshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Cornwall, England
Mount Pleasant, Idridgehay, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Derbyshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, Merseyside, England
Mount Pleasant, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales
Mount Pleasant, Newhaven, East Sussex, England
Mount Pleasant, Spennymoor, County Durham, England
Mount Pleasant, Staffordshire, a place in Staffordshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England
Mount Pleasant, Swansea, Wales
Mount Pleasant, Warwickshire, England
Mount Pleasant Mail Centre, Clerkenwell, London, the largest sorting office operated by Royal Mail
United States
(by state then city)
Mount Pleasant, Arkansas
Mount Pleasant, Delaware
Mount Pleasant (Smyrna, Delaware)
Mount Pleasant, Florida
Mount Pleasant, Evans County, Georgia
Mount Pleasant, Wayne County, Georgia
Mount Pleasant, Cass County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Delaware County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Johnson County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Martin County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Perry County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Iowa
Mount Pleasant, Kansas
Mount Pleasant, Kentucky (disambiguation), several locations
Mount Pleasant, Maryland
Mount Pleasant, Frederick County, Maryland
Mt. Pleasant (Woodstock, Maryland)
Mount Pleasant (Union Bridge, Maryland)
Mount Pleasant (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)
Mount Pleasant (Newton, Massachusetts)
Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Mount Pleasant, Mississippi
Mount Pleasant, Missouri
Mount Pleasant, St. Louis, Missouri
Mount Eisenhower, a New Hampshire mountain known as Mount Pleasant until 1970
Mount Pleasant, Bergen County, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, Burlington County, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, Monmouth County, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, Newark, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, New York, a town in Westchester County
Mount Pleasant (Indian Falls, New York), a historic farm
Mount Pleasant, Ulster County, New York, a populated place
Mount Pleasant (Ulster County, New York), a mountain
Mount Pleasant, North Carolina
Mount Pleasant, Cleveland, a neighborhood in Ohio
Mount Pleasant, Ohio
Mount Pleasant, Vinton County, Ohio
Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania, a borough in Westmoreland County, not to be confused with townships of the same name (see below)
Mount Pleasant (mansion), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mount Pleasant, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Mount Pleasant, Providence, Rhode Island
Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
Mount Pleasant, Tennessee
Mount Pleasant, Texas
Mount Pleasant, Utah
Mount Pleasant (Hague, Virginia)
Mount Pleasant, Frederick County, Virginia
Mount Pleasant (Staunton, Virginia)
Mount Pleasant (Strasburg, Virginia)
Mount Pleasant, Washington, D.C.
Mount Pleasant, Green County, Wisconsin, a town
Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin, village in Racine County
Mount Pleasant Township (disambiguation)
U.S. Virgin Islands
Mount Pleasant, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Mount Pleasant, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands
Zimbabwe
Mount Pleasant, Harare
Media and entertainment
"Mount Pleasant", a song by Dragon Fli Empire from Conquest
Mount Pleasant (film), a 2006 Canadian film directed by Ross Weber
Mount Pleasant (TV series), a British comedy-drama television programme airing on Sky1
Other uses
Mount Pleasant (constituency), parliamentary constituency in Zimbabwe
Mount Pleasant (cricket ground), a cricket ground in Batley, Yorkshire
Mount Pleasant (mansion), a mansion located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mount Pleasant, Sheffield, an 18th-century mansion in Sheffield, England
Mount Pleasant Caldera, a volcano in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada
Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario
Mount Pleasant High School (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant Radio Observatory, Tasmania, Australia
Mount Pleasant Road, a street in Toronto, Ontario
Mount Pleasant School (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant station (disambiguation), stations of the name
Mount Pleasant Winery in Augusta, Missouri
RAF Mount Pleasant, a British military base
RCAF Station Mount Pleasant, Prince Edward Island
See also
Mount Pleasant Commercial Historic District (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant Historic District (disambiguation)
Pleasant Mountain, in Bridgton and Denmark, Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant | area |
a3b57a27-2622-47a8-bf43-789e054b6d20 | Tivoli | Tivoli may refer to:
Tivoli, Lazio, a town in Lazio, Italy, known for historic sites; the inspiration for other places named Tivoli
Buildings
Tivoli (Baltimore, Maryland), a mansion built about 1855
Tivoli Building (Cheyenne, Wyoming), a historic downtown building
Tivoli Hotel in Pirie Street, Adelaide, South Australia
Villa d'Este, a 16th-century villa in Tivoli, near Rome, famous for gardens and fountains
Entertainment venues
For all venues with Theatre in the name, see Tivoli Theatre (disambiguation)
Music
Tivoli (Utrecht), music venue in Utrecht, the Netherlands
Sports
Hala Tivoli hall, a sporting hall in Ljubljana, Slovenia
New Tivoli, the stadium of Aachen's best-known football team, Alemannia Aachen, Germany
Old Tivoli, the former stadium of Aachen's best-known football team, Alemannia Aachen, Germany
Tivoli-Neu in Innsbruck, Austria
Tivoli (Innsbruck) in Innsbruck, Austria
Tivoli End, A stand at the Millmoor stadium in Rotherham, England
Other
The Tivoli circuit, vaudeville venues in Australia (historic)
Tivoli Club, 19th century Denver, Colorado gambling saloon owned by infamous badman Soapy Smith
The Tivoli Bowl, Downers Grove, Illinois, bowling alley and bar
Gardens, parks, and preserves
Gardens of the Villa d'Este, a 16th-century villa in Tivoli, near Rome
Jardin de Tivoli, Paris, a garden and park open between 1766 and 1842, built to resemble the gardens of the Villa d'Este in Tivoli, Italy
Tivoli City Park, a garden and a park in Ljubljana, Slovenia
Tivoli Friheden, an amusement park in Aarhus, Denmark
Tivoli Gardens, an amusement park in Copenhagen
Tivoli Japan, a Japanese version of the Copenhagen park, in Kurashiki, Okayama (closed 2008)
Tivoli World, amusement park in Costa del Sol, Spain
Tivoli Nature Preserve, a municipal nature preserve in Albany, New York
Places
Towns
Tivoli, Lazio, a town and commune in central Italy
Tivoli, New York, a village in Dutchess County, New York State, United States
Tivoli, Texas, a small town in the United States
Tivoli, Grenada, a town in the north east of the island of Grenada
Tivoli, Cork, a suburb of Cork, Ireland
Tivoli, Queensland, a suburb of Ipswich in Queensland, Australia
Tivoli, Karnataka, a village in India
Neighborhoods and housing
Tivoli, a neighborhood in Innsbruck, Austria
Tivoli, a neighborhood in Eindhoven, The Netherlands (previously an estate in the same location)
Tivoli, a residential area to the south of the centre of Cheltenham, England
Tivoli Garden, a public housing estate on Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong
Tivoli Gardens, Kingston, a community in West Kingston, Jamaica
Other geographical entities
Tivoli River, a river in Bryan County, Georgia, United States
Tivoli Pond, an 1880 pond in Tivoli City Park in Ljubljana, Slovenia
People
Lionel Tivoli (born 1988), French politician
Other uses
SsangYong Tivoli, a subcompact crossover SUV
Tívoli (film), a 1974 Mexican comedy-drama film
Tivoli (musical), a 2001 Australian dance musical set in the Tivoli circuit
Tivoli Audio, an audio equipment manufacturer and reseller
Tivoli Brewing Company, a 20th-century Denver, Colorado, brewery located in Lower Downtown Denver
Tivoli Gardens F.C., a Jamaican football team from Tivoli Gardens, Kingston
Tivoli Software, a division and brand of IBM, known for infrastructure and service management controls and tools
Tivoli, Giardino Di Scarlatti, original title of Sonate di Scarlatti, a ballet by Peter Martins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli | area |
5b568a76-44be-47cb-b1af-8f4d991c9061 | Gazax-et-Baccarisse | Gazax-et-Baccarisse is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
Geography
Population
See also
Communes of the Gers department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazax-et-Baccarisse | area |
af0db58b-fdda-4b13-aca7-792d33dff1d7 | Miami County | Miami County is the name of four counties in the United States:
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Miami County, Indiana
Miami County, Kansas
Miami County, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_County | area |
7fd0e440-cd60-45a5-bf39-c0aaff7134e7 | Clarington | Clarington (2021 population 101,427) is a lower-tier municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham in Ontario, Canada. It was incorporated in 1973 as the town of Newcastle with the merging of the town of Bowmanville, the Village of Newcastle and the townships of Clarke and Darlington, and was established on January 1 1974. In 1993, the town was renamed Clarington, a portmanteau of the names of the two former townships. Darlington today is largely suburban, while Clarke remains largely rural. Bowmanville is the largest community in the municipality and is the home of the municipal offices.
Clarington is part of the Oshawa census metropolitan area in the eastern end of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Major employers in Clarington include the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station, General Motors Canada, and several medium to large-sized manufacturing businesses. Most residents commute for work in Durham Region or Toronto.
Local government
Clarington is governed by an elected municipal council consisting of a mayor, and local councillors representing each of the municipality's four wards. In addition, two regional councillors each represent a pair of wards. The mayor and the regional councillors sit on both Clarington Council and Durham Region Council.
The current council was elected on October 24, 2022.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Clarington had a population of 101,427 living in 35,953 of its 36,852 total private dwellings, a change of 10.2% from its 2016 population of 92,013. With a land area of 610.84 km2 (235.85 sq mi), it had a population density of 166.0/km2 (430.1/sq mi) in 2021.
Ethnicity
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
Language
2011 Census data show that Clarington has one of the highest proportions of residents that have English as their mother tongue within the GTA (91.2%). French is the native language for 1.8% of the population of Clarington. No other language has more than 1% of native speakers (Dutch with 0.8% - 695 native speakers - tops the pack of immigrant languages).
Climate
Environment Canada operates a weather station in Bowmanville. Under the Köppen climate classification Bowmanville has a humid continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. Unlike many other locations on similar latitudes on the eastern half of the North American continent the winters are relatively mild, with cold extremes being moderated by the proximity to Lake Ontario. In spite of this the average low is around −10 °C (14 °F) in January. Summers are normally moderately warm with averages of around 26 °C (79 °F) during the day but with nights cooling off rapidly to fall below 15 °C (59 °F) on many occasions.
Communities
The municipality of Clarington consists of several urban communities, including Bowmanville, Courtice, Newcastle and Orono; as well as several rural communities such as Bond Head, Brownsville, Burketon, Clarke, Crooked Creek, Enfield, Enniskillen, Gaud Corners, Hampton, Haydon, Kendal, Kirby, Leskard, Lovekin, Maple Grove, Mitchell Corners, New Park, Newtonville, Port Darlington, Port Granby, Salem, Solina, Starkville, Taunton (east portion; west portion split with Oshawa along Townline Road), Tyrone, West Side Beach and Wilmot Creek.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Clarington is home to several highways; three of which are 400 series highways. Highway 401 stretches through the entirety of Clarington, connecting Newtonville, Newcastle, Bowmanville, and Courtice along the route. Highway 407 is located in north Clarington. It was extended to and terminates at Highway 35/115. The 35/115, also in Clarington, begins at Highway 401 in Newcastle, and heads north to Peterborough. Highway 418, begins at Highway 401 and heads north to connect to Highway 407. The 418 opened on December 9, 2019, as a toll highway. The tolls were removed on April 5, 2022, by the Ontario government. Highway 2, once the primary east–west route across the southern portion of Ontario, runs through Clarington. Downtown Newcastle and Bowmanville are situated along Highway 2.
Bus services are offered by Durham Region Transit and GO Transit.
Freight rail is carried along the Canadian National Kingston subdivision and Canadian Pacific Belleville subdivision which pass through Clarington. The wooden bridge on Lakeshore Road in Lovekin, Ontario, which traverses the CN train line is a popular destination for rail photographers.
On June 20, 2016, it was announced that the Lakeshore East line of GO Transit would be extended to Bowmanville. Clarington gained two new stations. Darlington GO Station, in Courtice and the terminus; Bowmanville GO Station. As of the announcement, the stations are scheduled to open in 2024.
Power
Clarington is home to the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station.
The Durham-York Energy Centre is located in Clarington. It is home to a 20 MW energy-from-waste (EFW) generation unit that opened in early 2016 that takes waste (140,000 tonnes per year) from Durham and York Regions to burn to generate electricity.Co-developed by Durham and York Region cost $295 million Canadian to build was built and operated by American-based Covanta. The unit sells and transmits electricity onto Hydro One's distribution network.
Clarington was a candidate location to host ITER in 2001, but the bid was withdrawn two years later.
Attractions
Clarington is home to five Christmas parades. It has more Santa Claus/Christmas parades than any other town-sized municipality in Canada. The parades are run in: Bowmanville, Newcastle, Courtice, Orono, and Enniskillen/Tyrone. The latter parade is organized by "T.H.E.E. Farmer's Parade of Lights", which is a special Christmas parade put on by the farmers from the communities of Tyrone, Haydon, Enniskillen and Enfield.
Enniskillen, which is located in the northern part of Clarington, was the birthplace of Samuel McLaughlin. Mr. McLaughlin started the McLaughlin Motor Car Co. in 1904 and was one of the first major automobile manufacturers in Canada, which evolved into General Motors of Canada. Enniskillen is home to the Enniskillen General Store which opened in 1840 and stills operates today.
Clarington is home to Jungle Cat World.
Clarington Museums & Archives is the local museum in the municipality.Clarington is home to Camp 30, a World War II Prisoner-of-war camp, and located on Lambs Road, in Bowmanville.
Clarington is also home to Brimacombe, a ski resort located near Kirby, Ontario.Clarington is home to Darlington Provincial Park, which is located in Darlington.
Bowmanville Zoo
Clarington was home to the Bowmanville Zoo, until its closure in 2016. The Clarington Family Outdoor Adventure Park occupied the same property as the former Bowmanville Zoo lands for several years under the same ownership, until closure. As of 2022, the Township is working with volunteers at Valley 2000 to convert the Zoo grounds into a town park, with trails connection the surrounding housing areas.
Canadian Tire Motorsport Park
A major attraction in the municipality is the Canadian Tire Motorsport Park (formerly Mosport Park), a multi-track facility located north of Bowmanville that features a 2.459-mile (4.0 km), 10-turn road course; a half-mile paved oval; a 2.4 km advanced driver and race driver training facility and a 1.4 km kart track (Mosport International Karting). It was also a host of the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One before the event was moved to a circuit in Montreal in the 1970s.
Canadian Tire Motorsport Park (CTMP) was also the location of three major music festivals held between 1970 and 1980. The Strawberry Fields Festival held August 7–9, 1970 featured Alice Cooper, Jethro Tull, Grand Funk Railroad, Procol Harum, Ten Years After, Lighthouse, Crowbar and Sly and the Family Stone. John Lennon was to be the headline act, bidding to gain exposure for his peace campaign, but after months of planning he backed out due to differences with the show's promoter. However, the event still used the title of The Beatles' 1967 single of the same name. Led Zeppelin were booked to play but also backed out.
Canada Jam was held August 26, 1978 and the Heatwave Festival was held August 23, 1980.
CTMP was home to Republic Live's Boots and Hearts Music Festival, which first opened in the summer of 2012. In 2015, the event was abruptly moved to Burl's Creek Event Grounds, near Barrie.
Notable residents
Ken Davies, ice hockey player
Samuel McLaughlin, businessman and philanthropist
See also
List of townships in Ontario
Notes
References
External links
Official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarington | area |
aad6883b-035d-4b12-a913-8b8a8ed0498d | Semiana | Semiana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 35 km west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 256 and an area of 9.9 km².Semiana borders the following municipalities: Lomello, Mede, Sartirana Lomellina, Valle Lomellina, Velezzo Lomellina.
Demographic evolution
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiana | area |
d2d5e60d-57ba-4b44-bdd7-0151d3e33314 | Sardis | Sardis ( SAR-diss) or Sardes ( SAR-deess; Lydian: 𐤳𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣, romanized: Sfard; Ancient Greek: Σάρδεις, romanized: Sárdeis; Old Persian: Sparda) was an ancient city best known as the capital of the Lydian Empire. After the fall of the Lydian Empire, it became the capital of the Persian satrapy of Lydia and later a major center of Hellenistic and Byzantine culture. Now an active archaeological site, it is located in modern day Turkey, in Manisa Province near the town of Sart.
History
Sardis was occupied for at least 3500 years. In that time, it fluctuated between a wealthy city of international importance and a collection of modest hamlets.(pp1114–1115)
Early settlement
Sardis was settled before 1500 BC. However, the size and nature of early settlement is not known since only small extramural portions of these layers have been excavated. Evidence of occupation consists largely of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age pottery which shows affinities with Mycenaean Greece and the Hittites. No early monumental architecture had been found as of 2011.(pp1114–1116)The site may have been occupied as early as the Neolithic, as evidenced by scattered finds of early ceramic fragments. However these were found out of context so no clear conclusions can be drawn. Early Bronze Age cemeteries were found 7 miles away along Lake Marmara, near elite graves of the later Lydian and Persian periods.(p1116)In the Late Bronze Age, the site would have been in the territory of the Seha River Land, whose capital is thought to have been located at nearby Kaymakçı. Hittite texts record that Seha was originally part of Arzawa, a macrokingdom which the Hittite king Mursili II defeated and partitioned. After that time, Seha became a vassal state of the Hittites and served as an important intermediary with the Mycenaean Greeks. The relationship between the people of Seha and the later Lydians is unclear, since there is evidence of both cultural continuity and disruption in the region. Neither the term "Sardis" nor its alleged earlier name of "Hyde" appears in any extant Hittite text.(pp1115–1116)
Lydian Period
In the seventh century BC, Sardis become the capital city of Lydia. From there, kings such as Croesus ruled an empire that reached as far as the Halys River in the east. The city itself covered 108 hectares including extramural areas and was protected by walls thirty meters thick. The acropolis was terraced with white ashlar masonry to tame the naturally irregular mountainside. Visitors could spot the site from a distance by the three enormous burial tumuli at Bin Tepe.(pp1116–118)The city's layout and organization is only partly known at present. To the north/northwest, the city had a large extramural zone with residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Settlement extended to the Pactolus Stream, near which archaeologists have found the remains of work installations where alluvial metals were processed.(p1117)Multiroom houses around the site match Herodotus's description of fieldstone and mudbrick construction. Most houses had roofs of clay and straw while wealthy residents had roof tiles, similar to public buildings. Houses often have identifiable courtyards and food preparation areas but no complete house has been excavated so few generalizations can be drawn about Sardian houses' internal layout.(pp-1118-1120)
Religious remains include a modest altar which may have been dedicated to Cybele, given a pottery fragment found there with her name on it.(p1118) A possible sanctuary to Artemis was found elsewhere in the site, whose remains include marble statues of lions. (p1117) Vernacular worship is evidence in extramural areas by dinner servies buried as offerings.(p1117)Textual evidence regarding Lydian-era Sardis include Pliny's account of a mudbrick building that had allegedly been the palace of Croesus and was still there in his own time.(p1117)The material culture of Sardis is largely a distinctive twist on Anatolian and Aegean styles. The city's artisans seemed to specialize in glyptic art including seals and jewelry. Their pottery blended Aegean and Anatolian pottery styles, in addition to distinctive twists which included the lydion shape and decorative techniques known as streaky-glaze and marbled-glaze. Narrative scenes on Sardian pottery are rare. Imported Greek pottery attests to the Lydians' "Hellenophile attitude" commented on by contemporary Greek writers. While those Greek authors were in turn impressed by Lydians' music and textiles, these aspects of Lydian culture are not visible in the archaeological record.(p1124)
Destruction by Cyrus the Great
Sardis was conquered by Cyrus the Great around 547 BC. Having defeated the Lydian king Croesus at the Battle of Pteria and Battle of Thymbra, the Persians followed the retreating army back to Sardis and sacked it after a brief siege.(pp1115, 1120) Details of this event are largely known from Herodotus's semi-mythicized account, but the destruction is highly visible in the archaeological record. In the words of excavator Nicholas Cahill:
It is rare that an important and well-known historical event is so vividly preserved in the archaeological record, but the destruction of Cyrus left clear and dramatic remains throughout the city.
The city's fortifications burned in a massive fire that spread to parts of the adjoining residential areas. Wooden structures and objects inside buildings were reduced to charcoal. Mudbrick from the fortifications were toppled over on adjacent structures, preventing looting and salvage and thus preserving their remains.Skeletons were found buried haphazardly among the debris, including those of Lydian soldiers who died violently. One soldier's forearm bones had been snapped, likely a parry fracture indicating a failed attempt to counter the head injuries that killed him. A partly healed rib fracture suggests he was still recovering from an earlier injury during the battle. In a destroyed house, archaeologists found the partial skeleton of an arthritic man in his forties. The skeleton was so badly burned that archaeologists cannot determine whether it was deliberately mutilated or if the missing bones were carried away by animals.Arrowheads and other weaponry turn up in debris all around the city, suggesting a major battle in the streets. The varying styles suggest the mixed background of both armies involved. Household implements such as iron spits and small sickles were found mixed in with ordinary weapons of war, suggesting that civilians attempted to defend themselves during the sack.
Persian Period
After the destruction, Sardis was rebuilt and continued to be an important and prosperous city. Though it was never again the capital of an independent state, it did serve as the capital for the satrapy of Sparda and formed the end station of the Persian Royal Road which began in Persepolis. It acted as a gateway to the Greek world, and was visited by notable Greek leaders such as Lysander and Alcibiades, as well as the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes.(pp1120–1122)Relatively little of Persian Sardis is visible in the archaeological record. The city may even have been rebuilt outside the limits of the Lydian-era walls, as evidenced by authors such as Herodotus who place the Persian era central district along the Pactolus stream. The material culture of the city was largely continuous with the Lydian era, to the point that it can be hard to precisely date artifacts based on style.(pp1120–1122)Notable developments of this period include adoption of the Aramaic script alongside the Lydian alphabet and the "Achaemenid bowl" pottery shape. (pp1120–1122) Jewelry of the period shows Persian-Anatolian cultural hybridization. In particular, jewelers turned to semi-precious stones and colored frit due to a Persian prohibition on gold jewelry among the priestly class. Similarly, knobbed pins and fibulae disappear from the archaeological record, reflecting changes in the garments with which they would have been used.
Buildings from this era include a possible predecessor of the later temple to Artemis as well as a possible sanctuary of Zeus. Textual evidence suggests that the city was known for its paradisoi as well as orchards and hunting parks built by Tissaphernes and Cyrus the Younger(p1122) Burials of this period include enormous tumuli with extensive grave goods.In 499 BC, Sardis was attacked and burned by the Ionians as part of the Ionian Revolt against Persian rule. The subsequent destruction of mainland Greek cities was said to be retribution for this attack. When Themistocles later visited Sardis, he came across a votive statue he had personally dedicated at Athens, and requested its return.
Hellenistic and Byzantine Sardis
In 334 BC, Sardis was conquered by Alexander the Great. The city was surrendered without a fight, the local satrap having been killed during the Persian defeat at Granikos. After taking power, Alexander restored earlier Lydian customs and laws. For the next two centuries, the city passed between Hellenistic rulers including Antigonus Monophthalmos, Lysimachus, the Seleucids, and the Attalids. It was besieged by Seleucus I in 281 BC and by Antiochus III in 215-213 BC, but neither succeeded at breaching the acropolis, regarded as the strongest fortified place in the world. The city sometimes served as a royal residence, but was itself governed by an assembly. (p1123)In this era, the city took on a strong Greek character. The Greek language replaces the Lydian language in most inscriptions, and major buildings were constructed in Greek architectural styles to meet the needs of Greek cultural institutions. These new buildings included a prytaneion, gymnasion, theater, hippodrome, as well as the massive Temple of Artemis still visible to modern visitors. Jews were settled at Sardis by the Hellenistic king Antiochos III, where they built the Sardis Synagogue and formed a community which continued for much of Late Antiquity.(p1123)In 219 BC, Sardis passed to the Romans, under whom it continued its prosperity and political importance as part of the province of Asia. The city received three neocorate honors and was granted ten million sesterces as well as a temporary tax exemption to help it recover after a devastating earthquake in 17 AD.(p1123)Sardis had an early Christian community and is referred to in the New Testament as one of the seven churches of Asia. In the Book of Revelation, Jesus refers to Sardians as not finishing what they started, being about image rather than substance.
Later, trade and the organization of commerce continued to be sources of great wealth. After Constantinople became the capital of the East, a new road system grew up connecting the provinces with the capital. Sardis then lay rather apart from the great lines of communication and lost some of its importance.During the cataclysmic 7th Century Byzantine–Sasanian War, Sardis was in 615 one of the cities sacked in the invasion of Asia Minor by the Persian Shahin. Though the Byzantines eventually won the war, the damage to Sardis was never fully repaired.Sardis retained its titular supremacy and continued to be the seat of the metropolitan bishop of the province of Lydia, formed in 295 AD. It was enumerated as third, after Ephesus and Smyrna, in the list of cities of the Thracesion thema given by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the 10th century. However, over the next four centuries it was in the shadow of the provinces of Magnesia-upon-Sipylum and Philadelphia, which retained their importance in the region.
Later history
Sardis began to decline in the 600s AD.(p1123) It remained part of the Byzantine Empire until 1071 AD, when it was conquered by the Seljuk Turks. It was reconquered in 1097 by the Byzantine general John Doukas and came under the rule of the Byzantine Empire of Nicea when Constantinople was taken by the Venetians and Franks in 1204. However once the Byzantines retook Constantinople in 1261, Sardis and surrounding areas fell under the control of Ghazw emirs. The Cayster valleys and a fort on the citadel of Sardis were handed over to them by treaty in 1306. The city continued its decline until its capture and probable destruction by the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur in 1402.By the 1700s, only two small hamlets existed at the site. In the 20th century, a new town was built.(pp1123–1124)
Foundation stories
Herodotus recounts a legend that the city was founded by the sons of Heracles, the Heracleidae. According to Herodotus, the Heraclides ruled for five hundred and five years beginning with Agron, 1220 BC, and ending with Candaules, 716 BC. They were followed by the Mermnades, which began with Gyges, 716 BC, and ended with Croesus, 546 BC.The name "Sardis" appears first in the work of the Archaic era poet Sappho. Strabo claims that the city's original name was "Hyde".(pp1115–1116)
Geography
Sardis was situated in the middle of Hermus River Valley, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the river. Its citadel was built on Mount Tmolus, a steep and lofty spur, while a lower town extended to the area of the Pactolus stream.
Today, the site is located by the present day village of Sart, near Salihli in the Manisa province of Turkey, close to the Ankara - İzmir highway (approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) from İzmir). The site is open to visitors year-round, where notable remains include the bath-gymnasium complex, synagogue and Byzantine shops is open to visitors year-round.
Excavation history
By the 19th century, Sardis was in ruins, with mainly visible remains mostly from the Roman period. Early excavators included the British explorer George Dennis, who uncovered an enormous marble head of Faustina the Elder. Found in the precinct of the Temple of Artemis, it probably formed part of a pair of colossal statues devoted to the Imperial couple. The 1.76 metre high head is now kept at the British Museum.The first large-scale archaeological expedition in Sardis was directed by a Princeton University team led by Howard Crosby Butler between years 1910–1914, unearthing a temple to Artemis, and more than a thousand Lydian tombs. The excavation campaign was halted by World War I, followed by the Turkish War of Independence, though it briefly resumed in 1922. Some surviving artifacts from the Butler excavation were added to the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
A new expedition known as the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis was founded in 1958 by G.M.A. Hanfmann, professor in the Department of Fine Arts at Harvard University, and by Henry Detweiler, dean of the Architecture School at Cornell University. Hanfmann excavated widely in the city and the region, excavating and restoring the major Roman bath-gymnasium complex, the synagogue, late Roman houses and shops, a Lydian industrial area for processing electrum into pure gold and silver, Lydian occupation areas, and tumulus tombs at Bintepe. These excavations unearthed the Sardis Synagogue which evidenced continued presence of Jewish communities in Asia Minor and their integration into general Roman life at a time when many scholars previously assumed that Christianity had eclipsed Judaism.From 1976 until 2007, excavation continued under Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr., professor in the Department of Classics at the University of California, Berkeley. Since 2008, the excavation has been under the directorship of Nicholas Cahill, professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.Some of the important finds from the site of Sardis are housed in the Archaeological Museum of Manisa, including Late Roman mosaics and sculpture, a helmet from the mid-6th century BC, and pottery from various periods.
See also
Cities of the ancient Near East
List of synagogues in Turkey
References
Further reading
Elderkin, George Wicker (1940). "The Name of Sardis". Classical Philology. 35 (1): 54–56. doi:10.1086/362320. JSTOR 264594. S2CID 162247979.
Hanfmann, George M. A. (1961). "Excavations at Sardis". Scientific American. 204 (6): 124–138. Bibcode:1961SciAm.204f.124H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0661-124. JSTOR 24937494.
George M. A. Hanfmann (1964), Guide to Sardis (in Turkish and English), Wikidata Q105988871
Hanfmann, George M. A.; Detweiler, A. H. (1966). "Sardis Through the Ages". Archaeology. 19 (2): 90–97. JSTOR 41670460.
Hanfmann, George M. A. (November 1973). "Archeological Explorations of Sardis". Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 27 (2): 13–26. doi:10.2307/3823622. JSTOR 3823622.
Hanfmann, George M. A. (1983). Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times: Results of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 1958-1975. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-78925-8.
Hanfmann, George M. A. (1987). "The Sacrilege Inscription: The Ethnic, Linguistic, Social and Religious Situation at Sardis at the End of the Persian Era". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 1: 1–8. JSTOR 24048256.
Greenewalt, Crawford H.; Rautman, Marcus L.; Cahill, Nicholas D. (1988). "The Sardis Campaign of 1985". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Supplementary Studies (25): 55–92. JSTOR 20066668.
Ramage, Andrew (1994). "Early Iron Age Sardis and its neighbours". In Çilingiroğlu, A.; French, D.H. (eds.). Anatolian Iron Ages 3: The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Van, 6-12 August 1990. Vol. 16. British Institute at Ankara. pp. 163–172. ISBN 978-1-898249-05-4. JSTOR 10.18866/j.ctt1pc5gxc.26.
Ramage, Nancy H. (1994). "Pactolus Cliff: An Iron Age Site at Sardis and Its Pottery". In Çilingiroğlu, A.; French, D.H. (eds.). Anatolian Iron Ages 3: The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Van, 6-12 August 1990. Vol. 16. British Institute at Ankara. pp. 173–184. ISBN 978-1-898249-05-4. JSTOR 10.18866/j.ctt1pc5gxc.27.
Greenwalt, Crawford H. (1995). "Sardis in the Age of Xenophon". Pallas. 43 (1): 125–145. doi:10.3406/palla.1995.1367.
Gadbery, Laura M. (1996). "Archaeological Exploration of Sardis". Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin. 4 (3): 49–53. JSTOR 4301536.
Mitten, David Gordon (1996). "Lydian Sardis and the Region of Colchis : Three Aspects". Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité. 613 (1): 129–140. ProQuest 305180080.
Greenewalt, Crawford H.; Rautman, Marcus L. (1998). "The Sardis Campaigns of 1994 and 1995". American Journal of Archaeology. 102 (3): 469–505. doi:10.2307/506398. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 506398. S2CID 191368428.
Cahill, Nicholas; Ramage, Andrew, eds. (2008). Love for Lydia: A Sardis Anniversary Volume Presented to Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03195-1.
Payne, Annick; Wintjes, Jorit (2016). "Sardis and the Archaeology of Lydia". Lords of Asia Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 47–62. ISBN 978-3-447-10568-2. JSTOR j.ctvc5pfx2.7.
Berlin, Andrea M.; Kosmin, Paul J., eds. (2019). Spear-Won Land: Sardis from the King's Peace to the Peace of Apamea. University of Wisconsin Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvj7wnr9. ISBN 978-0-299-32130-7. JSTOR j.ctvj7wnr9. S2CID 241097314.
External links
The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis
The Search for Sardis, history of the archaeological excavations in Sardis, in the Harvard Magazine
Sardis, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Sardis Turkey, a comprehensive photographic tour of the site
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites - Sardis
Livius.org: Sardes - pictures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis | area |
07097538-7d69-4463-9adf-5dedec1dc290 | Lafourche Parish, Louisiana | Lafourche Parish (French: Paroisse de la Fourche) is a parish located in the south of the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat is Thibodaux. The parish was formed in 1807. It was originally the northern part of Lafourche Interior Parish, which consisted of the present parishes of Lafourche and Terrebonne. Lafourche Parish was named after the Bayou Lafourche. City buildings have been featured in television and movies, such as in Fletch Lives, due to its architecture and rich history. At the 2020 census, its population was 97,557.Long a center of sugar cane plantations and sugar production, in November 1887 the parish was the site of the Thibodaux Massacre. After state militia were used to suppress a massive Knights of Labor strike involving 10,000 workers in four parishes, many African Americans retreated to Thibodaux. Local paramilitary forces attacked the men and their families, killing an estimated 50 persons. Hundreds more were missing, wounded, and presumed dead in one of the deadliest incidents of labor suppression and racial terrorism.
Lafourche Parish is part of the Houma-Thibodaux metropolitan statistical area. People of the state-recognized Native American Houma Tribe live in both Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes.
History
South Louisiana became known as “Sugarland”, and Lafourche one of the sugar parishes, where sugar cane plantations were established before and after the Civil War. They required the labor of large numbers of enslaved African Americans. In the postbellum era, they comprised from 50 to 80 percent of the population in most of the sugar parishes.Particularly after Reconstruction, whites in the parish used violence and intimidation against the large population of freedmen to suppress Republican voting and re-establish white supremacy, but were less successful than in North Louisiana until after disenfranchisement of blacks at the turn of the century. From 1877 through the early 20th century, there were 52 lynchings of African Americans in Lafourche Parish. Most of the deaths were due to white suppression of labor unrest in 1887; blacks were skilled sugar workers and had begun to organize for better wages and conditions. Some 10,000 workers had struck in Lafourche and three other parishes during the critical harvest period. At the request of the planters, the state sent in militia against the workers to break the strike.
In what was called the Thibodaux Massacre of November 22, 1887, local whites organized by leaders of the town killed up to 50 blacks who had taken refuge in the African-American quarters after a major Knights of Labor strike was called on sugar plantations. Hundreds more were wounded or missing, and presumed dead.The total deaths in this parish due to this racial terrorism were the highest of any parish in the state and nearly twice as high as some others among the six parishes with the highest totals. In general, most of the lynching and racial terrorism took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
On August 29, 2021, Hurricane Ida made landfall in Port Fourchon at 16:55 UTC as a category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph. Additional reports surveyed by ships in Port Fourchon reported wind gusts up to 194 knots. In Golden Meadow, LA, the National Weather Service recorded storm surge measurements of 10.1 ft. It was the strongest storm on record to make landfall in Lafourche Parish and at the time the 5th costliest hurricane in United States history.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 1,474 square miles (3,820 km2), of which 1,068 square miles (2,770 km2) is land and 406 square miles (1,050 km2) (28%) is water. To the south of the parish is the Gulf of Mexico.
Major highways
Interstate 49 (future)
U.S. Highway 90
Louisiana Highway 1
Louisiana Highway 20
Louisiana Highway 24
Louisiana Highway 304
Louisiana Highway 308
Adjacent parishes
St. James Parish (north)
St. John the Baptist Parish (north)
St. Charles Parish (northeast)
Jefferson Parish (east)
Terrebonne Parish (west)
Assumption Parish (northwest)
National protected area
Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve (part, in Thibodaux)
Communities
City
Thibodaux (parish seat)
Towns
Golden Meadow
Lockport
Census-designated places
Other areas
Gheens
Leeville
Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 97,557 people, 36,759 households, and 25,224 families residing in the parish. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.04.
In 2000, there were 89,794 people living in the parish. The racial makeup of Lafourche was 82.85% White, 12.61% Black or African American, 2.30% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.67% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.58% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races; 1.43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino American of any race. Among the population, 19.12% reported speaking French or Cajun French at home, while 1.51% spoke Spanish.Up from $34,910 in 2000, the median income of a household in the parish was $51,339 according to the 2019 American Community Survey. In 2000, males had a median income of $34,600 versus $19,484 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $15,809. About 13.20% of families and 16.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.90% of those under age 18 and 18.30% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The parish is zoned to Lafourche Parish Public Schools.Residents of select portions of Lafourche Parish (particularly in parts of Grand Bois and Bourg) may attend schools in the Terrebonne Parish School District.
High schools
Central Lafourche in Mathews
South Lafourche in Galliano
Thibodaux High in Thibodaux
Edward Douglas White Catholic High School in Thibodaux
Colleges and universities
Nicholls State University in ThibodauxThe parish is in the service area of Fletcher Technical Community College.
National Guard
D Company 2-156 Infantry Battalion of the 256TH Infantry Brigade Combat Team resides in Thibodaux, Louisiana
Notable people
Edward Douglass White, Associate Justice (1894-1910) and Chief Justice (1910-1921) of the United States Supreme Court
Mattie Breaux, cast member of Party Down South
Jefferson J. DeBlanc (1921-2007), United States Marine Corps fighter pilot and flying ace; received the Medal of Honor for actions during World War II
Dick Guidry (1929-2014), member of Louisiana House of Representatives from 1950 to 1954 and 1964–76. Considered the youngest person ever elected to the Louisiana House.
Bobby Hebert, former NFL quarterback
Harvey Peltier, Jr.
Harvey Peltier, Sr.
Glen Pitre
Loulan Pitre, Jr.
Ed Orgeron, head football coach at LSU, Ole Miss, USC; NFL assistant coach
Politics
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana
Louisiana Highway 1 Bridge
References
External links
Lafourche Parish
Lafourche Parish Public Library
VisitLafourche.com - Tourist commission site
DigInLafourche.com - Events and Attractions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafourche_Parish,_Louisiana | area |
3f9da24b-ffb4-4f79-b794-448b816787e5 | Bonnencontre | Bonnencontre (French pronunciation: [bɔnɑ̃kɔ̃tʁ]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnencontre | area |
eedddda0-7d44-4fa3-a83a-f8e7e977cf4f | L'Alcúdia de Crespins | L'Alcúdia de Crespins is a municipality in the comarca of Costera in the Valencian Community, Spain.
History
L'Alcúdia de Crespins boasts a fascinating history that dates back to the Roman era. Evidence of this can be seen in the archaeological sites and artifacts discovered in the town and its surroundings. One notable site is the Roman villa of Els Munts, where ancient mosaics and ruins have been preserved. This historical heritage provides valuable insights into the town's past and offers visitors an opportunity to connect with the lives of those who came before.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Alc%C3%BAdia_de_Crespins | area |
24a25e33-edd2-4f78-b548-c5729c8a4ea6 | Garin | Garin may refer to:
Geography
Garín, Argentina, a town in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Garin, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
Garin Rural District, an administrative subdivision of Hamadan Province, Iran
Garin, Haute-Garonne
Alternative for the Gorin (river), Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
Garin, former Armenian name given to Erzurum/Theodosiopolis (Armenia)
Names
Garin (given name)
Garin (surname)
Engineer Garin of The Garin Death Ray, 1927 novel by Tolstoy
The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin, Soviet 1965 film based on the book
Failure of Engineer Garin, Soviet 1973 film based on the book
Others
Gar'in, a Hebrew term for groups of immigrants
Garin Tzabar, a program for children of Israelis and Diaspora Jews to facilitate their service in the Israeli military
See also
Guerin (disambiguation) (French Guérin) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garin | area |
b6f26077-1256-453c-91e5-074f6263627a | Villamagna | Villamagna is a comune and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of south-eastern Italy.
History
Originally a Roman settlement, the town's name derives from the Latin words villa ("farm") and magna ("large" or "important"). In the Middle Ages, its name was written as Villa Magna. Several bronze artefacts from the Roman necropolis near the town dating from the 5th century BC are held in Chieti's archaeological museum, "La Civitella".
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the settlement came into the possession of the Order of Saint Benedict, which built the Convent of San Severino here. The convent was abandoned in the 11th century, and the land and its settlement were ceded to the Normans. By 1461 it was under the control of Ferdinand I of Naples who gave Villamagna to Chieti, after which it came under a succession of local lords. Throughout the Middle Ages, the town was also subject to frequent raids by Saracen invaders which did not cease until 1566. The local legend is that the town's patron saint Santa Margherita miraculously appeared and turned back the Saracens at the city walls, an event reenacted each July in the town's main festival.During the Italian Campaign, the American 88th Infantry Division took over Villamagna on the 13th of June 1944.
Economy
Much of the area surrounding the town is used for growing wine grapes. Villamagna's red wine received its DOC appellation in 2011.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villamagna | area |
795d6c90-45de-42e2-9e64-38929b64d350 | Brûlon | Brûlon (French pronunciation: [bʁylɔ̃]) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.
Geography
The river Vègre forms all of the commune's south-eastern border.
See also
Communes of the Sarthe department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBlon | area |
1fa1779c-d6d0-4a1c-968a-a57a81366cfd | Chappes | Chappes may refer to the following places in France:
Chappes, Allier, a commune in the department of Allier
Chappes, Ardennes, a commune in the department of Ardennes
Chappes, Aube, a commune in the department of Aube
Chappes, Puy-de-Dôme, a commune in the department of Puy-de-Dôme
See also
Chappe (disambiguation)
Chaps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappes | area |
a0c785ff-2c72-4419-a052-84de86a66d71 | Vratsa | Vratsa (Bulgarian: Враца [ˈvrat͡sɐ]) is the largest city in northwestern Bulgaria and the administrative and economic centre of the municipality of Vratsa and Vratsa district. It is located about 112 km north of Sofia, 40 km southeast of Montana.
Situated at the foot of the Vrachanski Balkan, the town is near numerous caves, waterfalls and rock formations. The most famous of them are the Ledenika Cave, Skaklya Waterfall and the Vratsata Pass.
The Vratsa History Museum holds the Rogozen treasure, which is the largest Thracian treasure.
Botev Days are held annually in the city, culminating in the rally-dawn on June 1, held at Hristo Botev Square, as well as the national worship on June 2 at Mount Okolchitsa.
Vratsa's motto is "A city like the Balkan - ancient and young".
Name
The name comes from the Vratsata Pass nearby, and derives from the Slavic word vrata ("gate") + the Slavic diminutive placename suffix -itsa, "little gate", used to translate the Latin name Valve ("double door"). The name of the town during Ottoman era was recorded as Ivraca.
History
The Ottoman census records of the early 1550s indicate that İvraca was in a continuous development. According to this, there were 82 Muslim households, corresponding to approximately 400 people, and a mosque, later known as "Eski Camii", with also a population of 31 unmarried males. The Christians living in 12 neighborhoods, on the other hand, reached a population of approximately 1840 with 354 households and 172 unmarried males. At this time the ratio of the Muslim population to the general population increased to 18%. In addition, it is mentioned in the defter that the Muslim and non-Muslim population in the city and some residents of the 2 neighbouring villages were working in the mines and therefore these workers and their families were exempted from the avarız property tax. In 1580, Muslims made up 30% of the total population. At that time, the city had 3 Muslim neighborhoods (mahalle-i Câmi-i Atik, Mahalle-i Câmi-i Cedid, Mustafa Çavuş Mescidi mhalle). There were a total of 258 households in these neighbourhoods. The Christian population also increased, reaching a total of 583 households in 12 neighborhoods named after their priests. Apart from these, there were seven Coptic mining households whose statuses were recognized in 1550. The number of monasteries, which was 4 up to this date, increased to 8.1831 Ottoman population statistics show that 74% of the Christians were non-taxpayers in the kaza of İvraca and 83% of the Christians were recorded as middle-class.
Geography
The city of Vratsa is located in the foothills of "Vrachanski Balkan" (Vratsa Mountain), on the banks of Leva River, 116 km from the national capital Sofia.
The area has diverse natural features. Several protected natural attractions and historical monuments are located on the territory of the Vratsa State Forestry.
Climate
The climate is humid continental, similar to that of Sofia.
The average annual temperature is about 11 °C (52 °F).
Climate in this area has noticeable differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfa" - humid continental climate.
Population
The number of the residents of the city reached its peak in the period 1990-1991 when it exceeded 85,000. As of February 2011, the town has a population of 60,692 inhabitants. The following table presents the change of the population after 1887.
Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:
Bulgarians: 53,275 (97.3%)
Roma: 1,045 (1.9%)
Turks: 54 (0.1%)
Others: 185 (0.3%)
Indefinable: 216 (0.4%)
Undeclared: 5,937 (9.8%)Total: 60,692
The ethnic composition of Vratsa Municipality is 64334 Bulgarians and 2215 Gypsies among others.
History
Vratsa is an ancient city found by ancient Thracians. Vratsa was called Valve ("door of a fortress") by the Romans due to a narrow passage where the main gate of the city fortress was located. Nowadays, this passage is the symbol of Vratsa, and is shown on the town's Coat of arms.
After the fall of Rome, Vratsa became part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium).
At the end of the 6th century AD, Vratsa was populated by the South Slavic tribes. Even if they came from Pannonia and Dacia on the north, the town remained under Byzantine rule.
In the 7th century, the Bulgars and the Slavs found the First Bulgarian Empire and the Slavic Vratsa became part of it. The city grew into important strategic location because of its proximity to the South State border. Vratsa became famous for its goldsmiths and silversmiths production and trade, high-quality earthenware and military significance.
In the 8th century, the Bulgarian army captured Sofia, which led to the decreasing of Vratsa's importance because of the better strategic position of Sofia, its more developed economy and larger size. But Vratsa was again key for the resistance against the Byzantine, Serbian and Magyar invasions in the Middle Ages.
On 1 May 1966 in the village of Sgorigrad, a Mir-Plakanista mine tailings dam collapsed, causing a flood of mud and debris that killed 488 people. It remains one of the biggest disasters in Vratsa since the September 30, 1923 fire and the Anglo-American bombing of January 23, 1944.
Tourism
The mountains and forests are suitable for development of different types of tourism — hunting and fishing, skiing, speleology, delta-gliding, photo-tourism, etc.
Good opportunities exist for exercising different sport activities such as mountaineering, bicycle sport and for those who enjoy being thrilled can go for hang-gliding and paragliding, or set out for carting, buggy and motocross racing tracks.
Conditions are provided for rest and entertainment — children's and adults' swimming pools, water
cycles, discos, bars, restaurants, excellent hotel facilities and good service. To accommodate winter sports enthusiasts, there are rope lines near the Parshevitsa Chalet, and the skiing tracks are said to be well maintained.
There are also a Museum of History and an Ethnographic and Revival Complex.
Main sights
Ledenika cave
Ledenika is the most frequently visited Bulgarian cave.
Ledenika is located in the Stresherski part of the Vratsa mountain. Its entrance being at 830m above sea level. It features an abundance of galleries and impressive karst formations including stalactites and stalagmites, dating back a thousand years. The cave is about 300m long and contains ten separate halls. The cave is part of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria
Vratsata Gorge
Vratsata Gorge – the highest cliffs on the Balkan Peninsula (400 meters high). Vratsata Gorge is situated in Vratsa Mountain. The area is easily accessible from Vratsa.
The limestone of Vratsata Central Wall and the other rocks offer many possibilities for climbing and alpinism, connected by more than 70 alpine routes of all categories of difficulty.
Skaklya waterfall
Skaklya waterfall - highest temporary waterfall in Bulgaria and the Balkans - 141 meters.
Regional historical museum
Regional historical museum in Vratsa preserves the Rogozen Treasure - the biggest Thracian treasure that was ever discovered on the territory of Bulgaria
The main building of the museum houses several exhibitions.
Prehistory Hall
Antiquity Hall
The Middle Ages Hall
The Thracian Treasures Hall
The Rogozen Treasure Hall
Hristo Botev exhibition Hall
New History Hall
Stone arc Hall
Lapidarium.
Panoramic views
Transport
The strategic location of Vratsa is determined by the major rail and road corridors. Its geographical position became even more important with the construction of the Danube Bridge 2 at the town of Vidin (providing the most direct land access from the Thessaloniki port and Sofia towards Western Europe).
Vratsa connects to the villages and city within the region and throughout the country by bus and railway transport. There are regular bus lines to Sofia, Pleven, Vidin, Montana, Kozloduy, Oryahovo, Mezdra (at short intervals), as well as to the smaller villages, scattered around the city. The bus station is located on the way between the railway station and the centre of the city. Vratsa is an important railway station along the railway route Sofia — Vidin (Lom).
Honour
Vratsa Peak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Vratsa.
In popular culture
Vratsa is the home of a professional Quidditch team operating within the fictional Harry Potter universe. The Vratsa Vultures have won the European Cup seven times.
Economy
Industry
In the area of Vratsa are developed many branches of industry: textile (production of cotton fabrics and silk), tailoring, food processing (bakery, confectionery, meat processing, dairy processing, soft drinks production, etc.) mining of rock lining materials from the Vratsa region - limestone), furniture, light, machine-building (production of lathes and mills), metal casting and metalworking, etc.
Sport
FC Botev Vratsa
Twin towns - sister cities
Vratsa is twinned with:
Gallery
References
External links
Vratsa Municipality website
Hotels in Vratsa (map)
Vratsa Historical Museum
“Vrachanski Balkan” Nature Park
local tourism website www.visitvratsa.com. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa | area |
a8d03951-c395-4ee2-a397-6add6ca722d2 | Le Champ-Saint-Père | Le Champ-Saint-Père (French pronunciation: [lə ʃɑ̃ sɛ̃ pɛʁ]) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.
Geography
The river Yon forms all of the commune's north-eastern border, then flows into the Lay, which forms all of its eastern border.
See also
Communes of the Vendée department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Champ-Saint-P%C3%A8re | area |
8d4a6add-43d5-4875-8183-cea04e698851 | Twee Rivieren | Twee Rivieren is a small residential suburb in George, South Africa. It is located in the northern area of the city between Denneoord to the north and Bo-dorp to the south. "Twee Rivieren" is a Dutch name, meaning "Two Rivers". Its name is derived from its location, nestled between two branches of the Kat River.
The suburb of Twee Rivieren, George, is home to two prominent churches, the Dutch Reformed Church "Moedergemeente", as well as the only Greek Orthodox Church in George, where services are still conducted in Greek.
A popular attraction in this suburb is the decoration of Oewer Street over the Christmas period. This has become an annual event since 2005 and has attracted many visitors who come to view the festive decorations and lights between Christmas and new year.
References
External links
George.co.za
Official George website
NG Church Webpage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twee_Rivieren | area |
64b08066-468f-42ee-b943-7f96e7c17bca | Éguelshardt | Éguelshardt (French pronunciation: [eɡəlsaʁt]; German: Egelshardt; Lorraine Franconian: Egelshat) is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.
The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.
See also
Communes of the Moselle department
References
External links
Eguelshardt Official Site
Eguelshardt (fr) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89guelshardt | area |
d738bd72-eaa3-4f3e-9c7a-c8455a2527a4 | Savièse | Savièse is a municipality in the district of Sion in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
History
Savièse is first mentioned in 1200 as Saviesi. In 1224 it was mentioned as Savisia. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Safiesch, however, that name is no longer used.
Geography
Savièse has an area, as of 2009, of 70.9 square kilometers (27.4 sq mi). Of this area, 15.05 km2 (5.81 sq mi) or 21.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 11.24 km2 (4.34 sq mi) or 15.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.36 km2 (1.30 sq mi) or 4.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.83 km2 (0.32 sq mi) or 1.2% is either rivers or lakes and 40.53 km2 (15.65 sq mi) or 57.1% is unproductive land.Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.4%. Out of the forested land, 12.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.8% is pastures, while 4.7% is used for orchards or vine crops and 12.7% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.6% is in lakes and 0.6% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 9.8% is unproductive vegetation, 42.8% is too rocky for vegetation and 4.6% of the land is covered by glaciers.The municipality is located in the Sion district, on the right side of the Rhone. This large municipality, which covers over half of the total area of the district, is bordered in the north by the Bernese Alps and is connected to the Saanenland by the Sanetsch Pass. It consists of the six villages of Saint-Germain (the capital of the municipality), Chandolin, Granois, Drône, Roumaz and Ormone as well as multiple hamlets.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Sword Argent hilted Or.
Demographics
Savièse has a population (as of December 2020) of 7,937. As of 2008, 10.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of 18.1%. It has changed at a rate of 14.4% due to migration and at a rate of 3.6% due to births and deaths.Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (5,013 or 93.9%) as their first language, German is the second most common (188 or 3.5%) and Portuguese is the third (54 or 1.0%). There are 25 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.As of 2008, the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 2,743 Swiss men (43.1% of the population) and 363 (5.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 2,907 Swiss women (45.7%) and 352 (5.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 3,142 or about 58.8% were born in Savièse and lived there in 2000. There were 1,027 or 19.2% who were born in the same canton, while 527 or 9.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 466 or 8.7% were born outside of Switzerland.As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 62.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.8%.As of 2000, there were 2,097 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,738 married individuals, 344 widows or widowers and 162 individuals who are divorced.As of 2000, there were 1,878 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 458 households that consist of only one person and 123 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 1,839 apartments (93.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 114 apartments (5.8%) were seasonally occupied and 21 apartments (1.1%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.53%.The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 36.95% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (18.65%), the SVP (18.52%) and the FDP (15.48%). In the federal election, a total of 3,041 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 68.4%.In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 2,743 votes were cast, of which 240 or about 8.7% were invalid. The voter participation was 60.6%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 3,015 votes were cast, of which 196 or about 6.5% were invalid. The voter participation was 68.5%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 59.88%.
Economy
As of 2010, Savièse had an unemployment rate of 3.2%. As of 2008, there were 340 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 194 businesses involved in this sector. 366 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 54 businesses in this sector. 616 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 128 businesses in this sector. There were 2,655 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.6% of the workforce.
In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 980. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 339 of which 165 or (48.7%) were in manufacturing and 174 (51.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 438. In the tertiary sector; 92 or 21.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 25 or 5.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 48 or 11.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 9 or 2.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 28 or 6.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 42 or 9.6% were in education and 87 or 19.9% were in health care.In 2000, there were 193 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,854 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 9.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 8.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 78.2% used a private car.
Religion
From the 2000 census, 4,616 or 86.4% were Roman Catholic, while 250 or 4.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 17 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.32% of the population), and there were 109 individuals (or about 2.04% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 29 (or about 0.54% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 5 individuals who were Buddhist and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 154 (or about 2.88% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 212 individuals (or about 3.97% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Savièse about 1,814 or (34.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 664 or (12.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 664 who completed tertiary schooling, 63.6% were Swiss men, 27.1% were Swiss women, 3.9% were non-Swiss men and 5.4% were non-Swiss women.As of 2000, there were 10 students in Savièse who came from another municipality, while 233 residents attended schools outside the municipality.Savièse is home to the Bibliothèque communale library. The library has (as of 2008) 9,854 books or other media, and loaned out 20,754 items in the same year. It was open a total of 300 days with average of 14 hours per week during that year.
Cultural Heritage
Build since 1430, the Torrent-Neuf is a canal pound located in Savièse. After successive renovations, it was closed and was no longer in use since 1934. In 2005, it was renovated by the municipality and the Association pour la sauvegarde du Torrent-Neuf and since then has become one of the most visited tourist attraction of Savièse.
References
External links
Official website (in French) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savi%C3%A8se | area |
c05f436c-114e-4c64-8fa6-7b12c0912c22 | Hattfjelldal | Hattfjelldal (Southern Sami: Aarborte) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland traditional region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Hattfjelldal. Other villages include Grubben, Svenskvollen, and Varntresk. Hattfjelldal Airfield is located in the village of Hattfjelldal.
The 2,684-square-kilometre (1,036 sq mi) municipality is the 20th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Hattfjelldal is the 313th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,273. The municipality's population density is 0.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (1.3/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 12.6% over the previous 10-year period.Hattfjelldal is one of the last strongholds for the severely endangered Southern Sami language. It was also one of the municipalities in Norway involved in the Terra Securities scandal.
General information
The municipality of Hattfjelldal was established in 1862 when it was separated from the large municipality of Vefsn. The initial population of Hattfjelldal was 961. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the part of Hattfjelldal on the north side of the lake Røssvatnet (population: 168) was transferred to the neighboring Hemnes Municipality.
Name
The municipality (originally a parish) is named after the old Hattfjelldalen farm (referred to as "Hatfieldalen" in 1723) where the first church was built. The name describes the valley (-dalen) below the mountain Hattfjellet. Hattfjellet takes its name from the hat-like shape.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 24 October 1986. The official blazon is "Per fess argent and vert embattled with one battlement" (Norwegian: Delt av sølv og grønt ved tindesnitt med en enkelt tinde). This means the arms have a field (background) that is divided by a horizontal line that has a rectangular raised area. The field above the line has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. Below the line, the field is colored green. The arms were designed to mimic the local Hattfjellet mountain which rises above the terrain and can be seen for great distances. The mountain has steep sides with a rather flat plateau at the top, giving it a distinctive look. The design is a canting element since the name of the municipality means "hat mountain valley". The arms were designed by Arvid Sveen.
Churches
The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Hattfjelldal. It is part of the Indre Helgeland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland.
Geography
Hattfjelldal lies along the Swedish border in the southeastern part of Nordland county. The lake Røssvatnet (Southern Sami: Reevhtse) lies on the border between Hattfjelldal and Hemnes, and it serves as a reservoir. It has been the site of human occupation since the Stone Age. Its area of 219 square kilometres (85 sq mi) makes it the second largest lake in Norway by surface area.
Other lakes in the region include Daningen, Elsvatnet, Famnvatnet, Jengelvatnet, Kjerringvatnet, Krutvatnet, Ranseren, Simskardvatnet, and Unkervatnet. The large river Vefsna runs through the municipality.
Børgefjell National Park is partly located in the southern part of Hattfjelldal, as is Jetnamsklumpen, a prominent mountain. There is several nature reserves, such as Varnvassdalen with a varied topography and old growth forest of pine, birch and some spruce.
Government
All municipalities in Norway, including Hattfjelldal, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Alstahaug District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.
Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Hattfjelldal is made up of 11 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:
Notable people
Anders K. Orvin (1889–1980) a Norwegian geologist and explorer
Anna Jacobsen (1924–2004), champion of Southern Sami language and culture
Karl Ingebrigtsen (born 1935) a Norwegian politician
References
External links
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway (in Norwegian)
Nordland travel guide from Wikivoyage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattfjelldal | area |
11a067d3-3453-416a-b734-34e826577f5c | Knox County | There are nine counties named Knox County in the United States, all named after Brigadier General Henry Knox who would later serve as the first Secretary of War:
Knox County, Illinois
Knox County, Indiana
Knox County, Kentucky
Knox County, Maine
Knox County, Missouri
Knox County, Nebraska
Knox County, Ohio
Knox County, Tennessee
Knox County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County | area |
94a1722c-6c64-45aa-8892-7cfafccd7298 | Cornil | Cornil (French pronunciation: [kɔʁnil]; Occitan: Cornilh) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France. Cornil station has rail connections to Brive-la-Gaillarde, Ussel, Tulle and Bordeaux.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornil | area |
50debd47-ea6a-4e24-9c3e-208091d6e6bc | La Mirada, California | La Mirada (Spanish for "The Look") is a city in southeast Los Angeles County, California United States, and is one of the Gateway Cities. The population was 48,527 at the 2010 census, up from 46,783 at the 2000 census. The La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts and the Splash! La Mirada Regional Aquatics Center are two of its major attractions. It is the home of Biola University, an evangelical Christian institution of higher education.
History
La Mirada (Spanish for the look) was the creation of two men, Andrew McNally, a printer and mapmaker from Chicago (see Rand McNally) and his son-in-law Edwin Neff. In 1888, McNally purchased over 2,200 acres (8.9 km2) of Rancho Los Coyotes, south of Whittier, for $200,000. He developed 700 acres (2.8 km2) into his own home called Windermere Ranch and surrounded it with olive, orange and lemon groves. McNally built a plant to process the olive oil, which was of the best quality, as well as a railroad station on Stage Road. From here his olive oil and fruit were shipped all over the U.S.
In 1896, McNally turned his property over to his daughter and his son-in-law. McNally and Neff formed the La Mirada Land Company, which published a booklet entitled "The Country Gentleman in California", advertising parcels of land for sale including pictures, a map and descriptions of the scenic olive, alfalfa, lemon and grapefruit groves.
In 1946, "Along Your Way", a "Station by Station Description of the Santa Fe Route Through the Southwest," describes La Mirada with a population of 213, surrounded by orange, lemon, walnut and olive groves; oil wells; olive oil factory; and fruit packing houses.
The city received a lot of attention for the fact that it was going to be completely structured and planned out. Referred to as "the Nation's completely planned city" during the early 1950s, the city of La Mirada received a lot of attention from the State Fair. The Fair praised the city for planning for the future while still maintaining practicality for today.
In 1953, the land was sold to subdivisions for 5.2 million dollars, one of the largest real estate transactions in California.
In 1954, Louis M. Halper, a prominent Southland residential and commercial builder, purchased 2,100 acres of La Mirada land for $8,000,000. Halper launched construction on what was to be a $150,000,000 community with schools, shopping centers, and 10,000 homes that he completed by the end of two years. His firm had taken over the acreage from a group of corporations and Harold L. Shaw, who launched the original La Mirada development. He said at the time the entire community would be redesigned for maximum advantages of a modern planned city. Halper had developed a new pattern for community development by wholesaling land to other builders and establishing the La Mirada Civic Council to control quality. Three and four-bedroom homes were sold in the $13,000 price range. By 1960, the year the city was incorporated, La Mirada had grown from a mere 100 homes to over 8,000. The city was incorporated as "Mirada Hills" on March 23, 1960. On November 8, 1960, voters approved a change of name to the current La Mirada, which was officially certified on December 15, 1960.
Today, the current population is just over 50,000 with the addition of a new subdivision on the eastern portion of the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.9 square miles (20 km2). 7.8 square miles (20 km2) of it is land and 0.02 square miles (0.052 km2) of it (0.22%) is water. The city is on the border between Orange and Los Angeles counties. The cities that border it on the Los Angeles County side are Santa Fe Springs to the west and Cerritos to the southwest; and unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County such as East Whittier, and South Whittier to the north. The cities bordering it in Orange County are Fullerton and La Habra to the east and Buena Park to the south.
Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that La Mirada had a population of 48,527. The population density was 6,175.7 inhabitants per square mile (2,384.5/km2). The racial makeup of La Mirada was 29,462 (60.7%) White (38.0% Non-Hispanic White), 1,099 (2.3%) African American, 394 (0.8%) Native American, 8,650 (17.8%) Asian, 142 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 6,670 (13.7%) from other races, and 2,110 (4.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19,272 persons (39.7%).
The Census reported that 45,670 people (94.1% of the population) lived in households, 2,586 (5.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 271 (0.6%) were institutionalized.
There were 14,681 households, out of which 5,368 (36.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,971 (61.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,731 (11.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 802 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 544 (3.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 93 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,536 households (17.3%) were made up of individuals, and 1,578 (10.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11. There were 11,504 families (78.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.48.
The population was spread out, with 10,246 people (21.1%) under the age of 18, 7,092 people (14.6%) aged 18 to 24, 11,609 people (23.9%) aged 25 to 44, 12,203 people (25.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,377 people (15.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.
There were 15,092 housing units at an average density of 1,920.7 per square mile (741.6/km2), of which 11,608 (79.1%) were owner-occupied, and 3,073 (20.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.0%. 36,660 people (75.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 9,010 people (18.6%) lived in rental housing units.
During 2009–2013, La Mirada had a median household income of $81,961, with 7.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 46,783 people, 14,580 households, and 11,518 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,960.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,301.4/km2). There were 14,811 housing units at an average density of 1,887.1 per square mile (728.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.46% White, 1.93% Black or African American, 0.75% American Indian, 14.88% Asian, 0.27% Pacific Islander, 13.64% from other races, and 4.08% from two or more races. 33.47% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 14,580 households, out of which 37.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.49.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $61,632, and the median income for a family was $66,598 (these figures had risen to $77,952 and $87,037 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $47,364 versus $31,993 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,404. About 3.7% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.
Government and politics
The city is governed by a five-member council-manager government. Voters began electing council members by district in March 2017 in order to avoid litigation for alleged violation of the California Voting Rights Act. Each year the five members vote one of themselves to be the Mayor and Mayor Pro Tem.
In the California State Legislature, La Mirada is in the 32nd Senate District, represented by Republican Kelly Seyarto, and in the 57th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Reggie Jones-Sawyer.In the United States House of Representatives, La Mirada is in California's 38th congressional district, represented by Democrat Linda Sánchez.The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Whittier Health Center in Whittier, serving La Mirada.
Emergency services
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Norwalk Station in Norwalk, serving La Mirada. In addition the department operates the La Mirada Substation.The Norwalk Station is also responsible for providing contracted police services to the city of Norwalk as well as unincorporated South Whittier. The department has a substation in La Mirada located adjacent to City Hall.
Crime in La Mirada is consistently lower than in neighboring communities and fell 8.9% in 2018 after spiking close to 30% over the three previous years, mirroring the experiences of most communities across the state.Fire protection and paramedic services are provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD). The department maintains Station #49 in La Mirada adjacent to City Hall, provides coverage to the central parts of the city. Station 49 also serves as the headquarters for Battalion 21.
In May 2010, a ribbon cutting was held to celebrate the opening of a second fire station operating in the city. Station 194 moved from its temporary home at 1401 South Beach Boulevard into the new quarters at 13540 Beach Boulevard. The site was chosen as it provides first-in coverage to the city of La Habra, which funded half of the cost of the construction project.
In return for investment towards the construction of Station 194, La Habra now enjoys the benefits of having a fourth Paramedic Assessment Fire Engine serving the city at no cost to La Habra taxpayers for a 20-year period (La Habra signed a ten-year fire service agreement extension in 2015). The entire cost of the four-person crew is funded by the County Fire District in which La Mirada belongs.
The construction of the new fire station, which was a key component of this agreement, was completed in just over four years after a series of design and construction delays. Neighborhoods in eastern La Mirada that once experienced six-minute response (travel) times can now be reached in three minutes or less.
Crews from two nearby stations also include parts of La Mirada as their first-in district. Engine 35, stationed in Cerritos on Artesia Boulevard, covers most of the industrial areas of the city that are south of Interstate 5.
Station 15 located in East La Mirada on Santa Gertrudes Avenue handles the north and northeast sections of town. The four-person crew assigned to Quint 15 now staff the only truck company in the area. In addition to ladder truck duties a Quint also has the ability to pump water at a fire. Prior to the 2005 reduction of staff at the La Mirada Boulevard station, there was a truck staffed as well as the engine and paramedic squad currently staffed.
La Mirada both receives and provides assistance to neighboring fire agencies called for in agreements called automatic aid.
In the southern part of the city, resources based in Buena Park and South Santa Fe Springs respond to fires instead of County Fire resources further away and the favor is returned in designated areas outside of La Mirada.
The La Mirada-based Paramedic-Unit, Squad 49 also responds to medical emergencies in Satna Fe Springs when that city's medics are unavailable.
An expanded agreement went into effect in 2018 with the City of Fullerton that has seen a sharp increase in the response by La Mirada fire resources to both medical and fire calls there by both Squad 49, and Engine 194 Beach and Hillsborough Station.
Education
Public education in a majority of La Mirada is governed by the Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District, headquartered in neighboring Norwalk. La Mirada has one public secondary school, La Mirada High School.
The Creek Park and Granada Heights neighborhoods in northern La Mirada are within the boundaries of the East Whittier City School District K - 8th grade, the Whittier Union High School District, and Rio Hondo College District all with campuses in nearby Whittier.
Several private schools are located in La Mirada:
St. Paul of the Cross School in the Foster Park neighborhood
Beatitudes of Our Lord SchoolThe city is home to one private higher education institution, Biola University.
According city's 2017 Demographic Overview (which is collected from sources deemed reliable, including US Census, ESRI, GCR Marketing Network, Claritas, HDL and city, state & county data), approximately 26.23% of the population have some college education, 9.8% have an associate degree, 20.08% have a Bachelor's degree, 8.05% have a Master's Degree, and 1.05% have a Doctorate Degree.
Transportation
Metrolink operates commuter rail service on this right-of-way; the nearest stations to La Mirada are Buena Park and Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs. Public transportation is provided by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro), Norwalk Transit, and Montebello Bus Lines.
The main arterial streets running west-to-east are Rosecrans Avenue, Alondra Boulevard, and Imperial Highway. The main arterial streets running south-to-north are Valley View Avenue, La Mirada Boulevard, and Santa Gertrudes Avenue. Leffingwell Road runs along the north end of the city, and Artesia Boulevard runs along the south end of the city. Interstate 5 passes briefly through the southwest corner of the city, while Beach Boulevard (SR 39) passes briefly through the east end of the city.
Freight railroad traffic through the city is handled by BNSF Railway on its right-of-way in the southwest portion of the city. Union Pacific Railroad operates a rail line along Interstate 5 and serves the southern industrial areas south of I-5.
Economy
Top employers
According to the city's 2017 Demographic Overview, the top employers in the city are:
Notable people
Gary Allan, country singer, born in La Mirada
Derby Carillo, American-born Salvadoran soccer player
Tony Corrente, NFL referee
Chase De Leo, professional ice hockey player for the New Jersey Devils
Jennie Finch, Olympic softball player
Steven L. Kwast, Air Force lieutenant general
Janine Lindemulder, porn actress
Cole McDonald, football player for the Toronto Argonauts
Keith McGill, football player for the Oakland Raiders
Shotaro Omori, American figure skater
Daniel Poncedeleon, Major League Baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals
Russell Poole an LAPD Detective noted for the investigation into the deaths of rap star Notorious B.I.G. and the cop to cop shooting between LAPD officers, Kevin Gaines and Frank Lyga. In addition to uncovering of LAPD notorious Rampart Scandal
Amber Riley, actor and singer best known for her role in Glee
Ryan Vargas, NASCAR driver
Derrick Williams, basketball player for the Sacramento Kings
Eric Winter, actor best known for his role in Days of Our Lives
YTCracker, former hacker, nerdcore rapper
See also
References
External links
La Mirada travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official website
City-Data.com Profile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mirada,_California | area |
526b2f3b-666e-47f3-980f-5f7ad4a39a16 | Macaé | Macaé (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐkɐˈɛ]) is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, 180 km northeast of the state capital. It is the birthplace of the 13th president of Brazil, Washington Luís.
Geography
Location
Macaé is generally considered to be the centre of the offshore petroleum industry in Brazil and it is often referred to as "Cidade do Petróleo" ("City of Petroleum"). The Brazilian state-controlled oil company Petrobras has many facilities within the town. Macaé is one of the fastest-growing cities in Brazil, with a growth of 600% within the last 10 years. Benedito Lacerda Airport is served by scheduled flights and concentrates operations to off-shore platforms.
Its population was estimated as 261,501 in 2020 and its municipality covers an area of 1,216 km².Other economic activities in the city include tourism and fishing. These two sectors were very important for the city's revenues before the 1980s. The city has a growing reputation for high-quality technical education and training.
The municipality contains part of the Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic of conservation units, created in 2006.
It also holds part of the União Biological Reserve, home to a population of endangered golden lion tamarin.
Although the city has some tourist potential, the lack of investments in this area makes its growth to be very small. Its most famous beaches are Cavaleiros and Pecado. The interior of the municipality has small rural towns such as Sana and Frade.
Demography
In 2009 the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) estimated the population of Macaé as 194,413 inhabitants. The National Department of Transit (Denatran) census in 2003 recorded a fleet of 36,821 vehicles. According to the Electoral Regional Court (TRE-RJ), the number of voters registered in Macaé was 97,184 in 2004, divided in two electoral zones and 268 sections. In the last elections, 84,054 (200.49%) people voted.
The city has an expatriate community (mainly English speakers) of around 1000 people - many of whom are connected directly or indirectly to the oil and gas industry.
Economy
Since the 1970s, when Petrobras chose Macaé to site its headquarters in the Campos Basin, the city has had a population boom. More than four thousand companies have set up offices in the city and its population has tripled since. High-quality hotels have been constructed and a wide variety of service industries have recently sprouted up.
The city has the biggest tax generation of new ranks of work of the interior of the state, according to research conducted for the Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro (Firjan): 13.2% to the year. The economy of the city has grown 600% since 1997. Surveys conducted in past years for IBGE demonstrated that the Internal Gross Product (in Portuguese, Produto Interno Bruto - PIB) per capita of the city in 2007 is R$37,667.00 per year, 200% greater than the national average- and the average salary is 8.2 times the minimum salary, making Macaé the city with the highest wages in the Rio de Janeiro State.
Education
The city holds various public and private schools for primary and secondary education. Also, there are different institutions of higher education, which include: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade Miguel Ângelo da Silva Santos (FEMASS), Faculdade Estácio de Sá - Macaé. There are different areas of study, ranging from Business Management to Medicine to Law.
Sports
American Football
The Macaé Oilers Association of American Football was started in 2013; citizens played on the Macaé beaches.
In 2014 the team competed its first state championship as the Macaé Oilers. The first title came in 2015 when the Oilers defeated the Volta Redonda Falcons at the Raulino de Oliveira Stadium.
In 2016, the team became State Champions for the 2nd time, defeating Teresópolis Rockers (team B of Flamengo FA.) This took place on the same stage: Raulino de Oliveira Stadium.
Twin Towns - sister cities
Stavanger, Norway.
External links
Macaé City Hall (in Portuguese)
News about Petróleum and Gas at Bacia de Campos (in Portuguese)
Petrobras (in English and Portuguese)
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maca%C3%A9 | area |
76e9ed40-f855-4707-a9c9-ce62b0375f7c | Les Pujols | Les Pujols (French pronunciation: [le pyʒɔl]; Occitan: Les Pujòls) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
Population
The Inhabitants are known as Pujolais.
See also
Communes of the Ariège department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Pujols | area |
448be5a7-3b03-415a-a74e-5499580e5078 | Vernon | Vernon may refer to:
Places
Australia
Vernon County, New South Wales
Canada
Vernon, British Columbia, a city
Vernon, Ontario
France
Vernon, Ardèche
Vernon, Eure
United States
Vernon, Alabama
Vernon, Arizona
Vernon, California
Lake Vernon, California
Vernon, Colorado
Vernon, Connecticut
Vernon, Delaware
Vernon, Florida, a city
Vernon Lake (Idaho)
Vernon, Illinois
Vernon, Indiana
Vernon, Kansas
Vernon Community, Hestand, Kentucky
Vernon Parish, Louisiana
Vernon Lake, a man-made lake in the parish
Vernon, Michigan
Vernon Township, Isabella County, Michigan
Vernon Township, Shiawassee County, Michigan
Vernon, Jasper County, Mississippi
Vernon, Madison County, Mississippi
Vernon, Winston County, Mississippi
Vernon Township, New Jersey
Vernon (town), New York
Vernon (village), New York
Vernon (Mount Olive, North Carolina), a historic plantation house
Vernon Township, Crawford County, Ohio
Vernon Township, Scioto County, Ohio
Vernon Township, Trumbull County, Ohio
Vernon, Oklahoma
Vernon, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood of Portland
Vernon, Texas
Vernon, Utah
Vernon, Vermont
Vernon, West Virginia
Vernon, Wisconsin, a village
Vernon (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Vernon County, Wisconsin
Multiple countries
Mount Vernon (disambiguation)
People and fictional characters
Vernon (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
Vernon (surname), including a list of people with the surname
Dai Vernon, pen name of Eliza D. Keith (1854–1939), American educator, suffragist and journalist
Other uses
HMS Vernon, two ships and a training establishment of the British Royal Navy
Vickers Vernon, a British military cargo aircraft of the interwar period
Vernon (1839), a paddle steamer built in 1839
Baron Vernon, a title in Great Britain
Vernon Systems, a museum collections management software company based in New Zealand
Vernons, a football pool company
Vernon Automobile Corporation
Tropical Storm Vernon, several tropical cyclones named Vernon
See also
Vernon Islands (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon | area |
84441aa8-4fb1-4e4a-aae6-8ea63a1ae175 | Saint-Léger-sur-Dheune | Saint-Léger-sur-Dheune (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ leʒe syʁ dœn], literally Saint-Léger on Dheune) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9ger-sur-Dheune | area |
88ec6ecb-302f-4ca3-a931-1a6363aa4a83 | Red Deer County | Red Deer County is a municipal district in central Alberta, Canada within Census Division No. 8 and surrounding the City of Red Deer. The neighbouring municipalities of Red Deer County are Clearwater County to the west, Lacombe County to the north, the County of Stettler No. 6 to the east, Kneehill County to the southeast and Mountain View County to the south. It is located approximately midway between Edmonton and Calgary, bisected by the Queen Elizabeth II Highway and bounded on the north and east by the Red Deer River.
Geography
Communities and localities
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Red Deer County had a population of 19,933 living in 7,430 of its 8,674 total private dwellings, a change of 2.1% from its 2016 population of 19,531. With a land area of 3,919.25 km2 (1,513.23 sq mi), it had a population density of 5.1/km2 (13.2/sq mi) in 2021.In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Red Deer County had a population of 19,541 living in 7,097 of its 8,440 total private dwellings, a 6.7% change from its 2011 population of 18,316. With a land area of 3,961.85 km2 (1,529.68 sq mi), it had a population density of 4.9/km2 (12.8/sq mi) in 2016.
Economy
Agriculture plays a role in Red Deer County's economy including livestock and crop production. Red Deer County has dairies that make cheese, U-pick vegetable and fruit farms, and the largest organic farm in Alberta. It also has elk, deer, and apiary farms as well as a mouse farm, which raises white mice for the pet food industry. Lumber and mineral resources are also present in Red Deer County.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of municipal districts in Alberta
References
External links
Official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer_County | area |
8f64d8d7-c9d0-4340-8552-088c19dbc03e | Cottonwood | Cottonwood may refer to:
Plants
Celtis conferta subsp. amblyphylla, a tree in the hemp and hackberry family
Hibiscus tiliaceus, a flowering shrub or tree in the mallow family
In the genus Populus, a number of difficult-to-distinguish trees:
Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), in the Great Basin
Populus balsamifera (balsam cottonwood), in Canada and parts of northern United States
Populus heterophylla (swamp cottonwood), in the eastern United States
Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood), in the Pacific Northwest of North America
Populus x jackii (balm-of-Gilead)
Populus × acuminata, lanceleaf cottonwood,
Populus sect. Aigeiros, a section of three species
Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood), in eastern, central, and southwestern United States, and parts of Canada and Mexico
Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), in the southwestern United States and Mexico
Populus nigra (black poplar), in Europe, Asia, and Africa
Places
Cottonwoods, Manitoba, an unincorporated community in Manitoba, Canada
United States
Cottonwood, Alabama, a town
Cottonwood, Arizona, a city
Cottonwood, California, a census-designated place in Shasta County
Cottonwood, Yolo County, California, a ghost town
Cottonwood, Colorado, a neighborhood in the town of Parker
Cottonwood, Georgia, an unincorporated community in the City of Fayetteville, Georgia
Cottonwood, Idaho, a city
Cottonwood Falls, Kansas, a city
Cottonwood, Minnesota, a city
Cottonwood, Coal County, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
Cottonwood, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
Cottonwood, South Dakota, a town
Cottonwood, Callahan County, Texas, an unincorporated community
Cottonwood, Kaufman County, Texas, a city
Cottonwood West, Utah, an unincorporated area in Salt Lake County that has since become part of the cities of Holladay and Murray
Cottonwood Heights, Utah, a city south of Cottonwood West
Alamo, Texas, a city in Texas, US, the name of which means "Cottonwood tree" in Spanish/Mexican
People
Eli Cottonwood, ring name of professional wrestler Kipp Christianson formerly from WWE's NXT
Joe Cottonwood (born 1947), American author of fiction and poetry
Other uses
Cottonwood Limestone, a geologic member of limestone in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma
Cottonwood (EP), a 2019 EP by NLE Choppa
See also
Cottonwood Island (disambiguation)
Cottonwood Lake (disambiguation)
Cottonwood River (disambiguation)
Cottonwood Township (disambiguation)
Cotton tree (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood | area |
d5aa01e8-72dc-4fb2-a3fd-7b3c491b4258 | Saint-Alyre-ès-Montagne | Saint-Alyre-ès-Montagne (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿aliʁ ɛs mɔ̃taɲ]; Auvergnat: Sent Alire de la Montanha) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
See also
Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Alyre-%C3%A8s-Montagne | area |
fa4ce324-ac1e-4ef4-af37-a85ed89ac62a | Berneville | Berneville is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.
Geography
A farming village located 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Arras at the junction of the D62 and D67 roads. It is geographically located at an elevation of 148 meters.
Population
The inhabitants are called Bernevillois.
Sights
The church of St. Géry, dating from the eighteenth century.
Personalities
Maurice d'Hartoy (1892–1981), soldier, politician and writer, born and buried at Berneville.
See also
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berneville | area |
0c48b2cf-d552-4991-96a5-1e7794853305 | Erin | Erin is a Hiberno-English word for Ireland originating from the Irish word "Éirinn". "Éirinn" is the dative case of the Irish word for Ireland, "Éire", genitive "Éireann", the dative being used in prepositional phrases such as "go hÉirinn" "to Ireland", "in Éirinn" "in Ireland", "ó Éirinn" "from Ireland".
The dative has replaced the nominative in a few regional Irish dialects (particularly Galway-Connemara and Waterford). Poets and nineteenth-century Irish nationalists used Erin in English as a romantic name for Ireland. Often, "Erin's Isle" was used. In this context, along with Hibernia, Erin is the name given to the female personification of Ireland, but the name was rarely used as a given name, probably because no saints, queens, or literary figures were ever called Erin.According to Irish mythology and folklore, the name was originally given to the island by the Milesians after the goddess Ériu.
The phrase Erin go bragh ("Éire go brách" in standard orthography, dative "in Éirinn go brách" "in Ireland forever"), a slogan associated with the United Irishmen Rebellion of 1798, is often translated as "Ireland forever". The songs 'Let Erin Remember' and 'Érin grá mo chroí' are more examples of the words usage in Irish romantic nationalism.
Usage as a given or family name
As a given name, Erin is used for both sexes, although, given its origins, it is principally used as a feminine forename. It first became a popular given name in the United States. Its US popularity for males peaked in 1974 with 321 boys registered with the name. Erin is also a name for Ireland in Welsh, and is one of the 20 most popular girls' names in Wales. As a family name, Erin has been used as one of the many spellings of the name of the Scottish clan "Irwin"—which was involved in the Scottish Plantations of Ireland. However, that name was originally derived from the place of the same name near Dumfries, and means "green water", from Brittonic ir afon.
People
Females
Erin Andrews (born 1978), American sports reporter
Erin Anttila (born 1977), Irish-Finnish singer, better known by her mononym Erin
Erin Babcock (1981–2020), Canadian politician
Erin Bell (born 1987), Australian former netball player
Erin Bethea (born 1982), American actress
Erin Boag (born 1975), New Zealand ballroom dancer
Erin Brockovich (born 1960), American legal clerk and environmental activist and subject of the movie of the same name
Erin Burnett (born 1976), American news anchor and reporter
Erin Byrnes, American politician
Erin Calipari American pharmacologist
Erin Davis Canadian Broadcaster and author
Grey DeLisle (born 1973), American voice actress and recording artist, real name Erin Grey van Oosbree
Erin Fitzgerald (born 1972) Canadian-American voice actress
Erin Gallagher (born 1998), South African swimmer
Erin Gray (born 1950), American actress
Erin Gruwell (born 1969), American teacher
Erin Heatherton (born 1989), American fashion model
Erin Hunter, pseudonym used by the authors of the Warriors and Seekers series
Erin Kelly (born 1981), American actress
Erin McKean (born 1971), American lexicographer
Erin Moran (1960–2017), American actress
Erin Morgenstern (born 1978), American writer
Erin Moriarty (born 1994), American actress
Erin O'Connor (born 1978), British model
Erin Phillips (born 1985), Australian former basketball player and Australian rules footballer
Erin Pizzey (born 1939), author and founder of the first domestic violence shelter in the modern world
Erin Richards (born 1986), Welsh actress
Erin Sanders (born 1991), American actress
Erinn Smart (born 1980), American fencer
Erin Spanevello (1987–2008), Canadian fashion model
Erin Wall (1975–2020), Canadian operatic soprano
Males
Erin Clark (born 1997), Samoa league footballer
Erin Cossey (born 1971), New Zealand Maori rugby union player
Erin Henderson (born 1986), American football linebacker
Erin O'Toole (born 1973), Canadian politician
Erin Pinheiro (born 1997), Cape Verdean footballer
Erin Weir, Canadian Member of Parliament for the riding of Regina—Lewvan
Fiction
Dr Erin Mears, a character in the 2011 film, Contagion, played by Kate Winslet
Erin, a character in 1986 American fantasy drama film The Boy Who Could Fly
Erin, a character in The Simpsons episode "Summer of 4 Ft. 2", voiced by Christina Ricci
Erin, protagonist of Nahoko Uehashi's light novel, manga, and anime series 獣の奏者エリン (Kemono no Sōja Erin)
Erin Brill, a character from the TV series Better Call Saul
Erin Driscoll, a character in U.S. thriller 24
Erin Esurance, formerly the Esurance mascot
Erin Hannon, a character in U.S. sitcom The Office
Erin Noble, a character in British television series Young Dracula
Erin Quinn, protagonist of Northern Irish sitcom Derry Girls
Erin Silver, a character in American television franchise Beverly Hills, 90210
Erin Strauss, the former BAU Section Chief from the U.S. drama series Criminal Minds
Erin Ulmer, a character from Final Destination 3
Erin Walton, a character from The Waltons
Eirin Yagokoro, a character from Touhou Project
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin | area |
f51d9b48-952e-4c5d-8da8-e6257c3524fb | Valle de Yerri / Deierri | Valle de Yerri (Basque: Deierri) is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
References
External links
YERRI in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) (in Spanish) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_Yerri_/_Deierri | area |
4f4cc931-cede-4ad4-a4dd-fa6462607f3c | South Cadbury | South Cadbury is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of South Cadbury and Sutton Montis, in the Somerset district of the ceremonial county of Somerset, England. The parish includes the village of Sutton Montis.
It is famous as the location of the hill fort of Cadbury Castle, thought by some to be King Arthur's Camelot.
History
The name Cadbury means Cada's fort and refers to Cadbury Castle, which is immediately to the south west of the village. It is a vast Iron Age hill fort covering an area of around 20 acres (8 ha). The site has seen human occupation from Neolithic times until the late Saxon period. It was famously partially excavated by Leslie Alcock in the 1960s, when, amongst other things, an Arthurian period feasting hall was discovered. Since John Leland made reference to local traditions of a connection with King Arthur in the 16th century, there has been widespread speculation that this was the location of Camelot. King Arthur's Well sits at the foot of the hill and the local public house, the Red Lion, was renamed The Camelot when it was remodelled in 2004.
In the Domesday Book of 1086 the manor is recorded as held by Turstin FitzRolf.The parish was part of the hundred of Catsash.
Civil parish
On 1 April 1933 part of the parish of Sutton Montis was merged with South Cadbury, on 1 January 2015 the merged parish was renamed "South Cadbury & Sutton Montis". In 1931 the parish of South Cadbury (prior to the merge) had a population of 146.
Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.
Until 2023 the village fell within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Wincanton Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.
Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.
It is also part of the Somerton and Frome county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
Geography
South Cadbury is located at grid reference ST632256, 7.5 miles (12 km) north-east of Yeovil. The village lies just south of the main A303 road from London to the south-west of England, which runs through the north of the civil parish. As well as South Cadbury itself, the parish includes the village of Sutton Montis to the south of Cadbury Hill. This is one of three large hills in the centre and south-eastern portion of the parish, the others being Littleton Hill and the Beacon. There is a hill fort on Cadbury Hill and a disused quarry on Littleton Hill. South Cadbury is part of the Castle Cary ward, which elects one councillor to Somerset County Council.
Religious sites
The South Cadbury parish church of St Thomas à Becket is dedicated to Thomas Becket. It largely dates from the 13th and 15th centuries, but was widely restored in 1874. Many of the fittings date from this time. However, it does boast a 15th-century roof, with angel brackets and carved bosses, and an early wall painting of St Thomas. The church is a Grade II* listed building. The 18th century poet and satirist, Charles Churchill was at one time curate at South Cadbury.
Sutton Montis parish church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. It has Saxon origins and includes surviving work of the 12th century. It is a Grade I listed building.
Notable residents
Herbert Pitman (1877–1961), Merchant Navy Officer and third officer on the RMS Titanic.
References
External links
Media related to South Cadbury at Wikimedia Commons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Cadbury | area |
e8957266-6803-4b45-a6cb-735ef7f20bb6 | Genillé | Genillé (French pronunciation: [ʒənije]) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
Geography
The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Indrois, which flows northwest through the middle of the commune and forms parts of its eastern and western borders.
Population
See also
Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genill%C3%A9 | area |
95323e1c-09f3-4ee6-8aa1-990c5ca1c0ee | Bridoré | Bridoré (French pronunciation: [bʁidɔʁe] (listen)) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridor%C3%A9 | area |
b22266d4-77f1-40a8-b33d-e492f3b6775b | Surin | Surin may refer to:
Places
Surin, Deux-Sèvres, commune in France
Surin, Vienne, commune in France
Surin, Iran (disambiguation), places in Iran
Surin Province, Thailand
Surin, Thailand, capital of the Province and district
Surin Airport, Thailand
Mueang Surin District, the capital district of Surin Province
Surin Beach, one of the main beaches of Phuket, Thailand
Surin Islands, an archipelago in the Andaman Sea belonging to Thailand
People
Jean-Joseph Surin (1600–1665), French Jesuit mystic, preacher, devotional writer and exorcist
Surin Pitsuwan (1949–2017), Thai politician
Bruny Surin (born 1967), Canadian athlete
Igor Surin (born 1974), former Russian professional footballer
Masira Surin (born 1981), Indian field hockey player
Aleksandr Surin (filmmaker), Russian filmmaker, directed the 1999 film Flowers from the Victors based on Three Comrades
Surin (Nestorian patriarch), Iranian aristocrat
Surin Fernando (born 1983), Australian business executive
Other uses
Surin (grape), another name for the French wine grape Sauvignon blanc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surin | area |
557bed83-e278-4f9d-bff7-fc5d6b942e30 | Guarrate | Guarrate is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 369 inhabitants.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarrate | area |
fda92dcc-c337-429a-9ec4-681f723e46b6 | Chenereilles | Chenereilles may refer to the following places in France:
Chenereilles, Loire, a commune in the Loire department
Chenereilles, Haute-Loire, a commune in the Haute-Loire department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenereilles | area |
324ff597-11e4-41a7-ac2c-69591f7f6442 | Beaux | Beaux is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Haute-Loire department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux | area |
72887200-43a2-4daf-affc-09941e31b4d6 | Leatherhead | Leatherhead is a town in the Mole Valley district of Surrey, England, about 17 mi (27 km) south of Central London. The settlement grew up beside a ford on the River Mole, from which its name is thought to derive. During the late Anglo-Saxon period, Leatherhead was a royal vill and is first mentioned in the will of Alfred the Great in 880 AD. The first bridge across the Mole may have been constructed in around 1200 and this may have coincided with the expansion of the town and the enlargement of the parish church.
For much of its history, Leatherhead was primarily an agricultural settlement, with a weekly market being held until the mid-Elizabethan era. The construction of turnpike roads in the mid-18th century and the arrival of the railways in the second half of the 19th century attracted newcomers and began to stimulate the local economy. Large-scale manufacturing industries arrived following the end of the First World War and companies with factories in the town included Ronson and Goblin Vacuum Cleaners. Several organisations working with disabled people also opened treatment and training facilities, including The Royal School for the Blind, Queen Elizabeth's Foundation and the Ex-services Welfare Society.
Towards the end of the 20th century, manufacturing in Leatherhead had begun to decline and the town was instead starting to attract service sector employers. The former industrial areas were converted to business parks, which attracted multinational companies, including Esso and Unilever. A controversial redevelopment took place in the town centre in the early 1980s, which included the construction of the Swan Centre. The work, which also included the pedestrianisation of the main shopping area, was widely blamed for a decline in the local retail economy. In 2002, the BBC identified Leatherhead as having one of the worst High Streets in England, but in 2007, the local press described the town centre as "bustling".
Toponymy
The origins and meaning of the name 'Leatherhead' are uncertain. Early spellings include Leodridan (880), Leret (1086), Lereda (1156), Ledreda (1160) and Leddrede (1195).The name is usually thought to derive from the Brythonic lēod-rida, meaning 'a public ford'. Richard Coates has suggested a derivation from the Brythonic lēd-rïd (as in the modern Welsh "llwyd rhyd") meaning 'grey ford'. The Anglo-Saxon and English forms are a distortion of the original British name.
Geography
Location and topography
Leatherhead is a town in central Surrey, around 17 mi (27 km) south of the centre of London. It lies on the southern edge of the London Basin and the highest point in the parish, at Leatherhead Downs, is 135 m (443 ft) above ordnance datum. The High Street runs roughly west to east and was part of the Guildford to Epsom road, which crossed the River Mole at the Town Bridge. The Mole, which passes to the west of the centre, has cut a steep-sided valley through the North Downs, south of the town.
Geology
Leatherhead is at the southern edge of the London Basin, where the permeable upper chalk of the North Downs dips beneath the impermeable London Clay. The difference in properties between the two formations results in a high water table and springs are found at regular intervals along the boundary between them. Several settlements were established along this spring line in Anglo-Saxon and early medieval times, including the villages of Ashtead, Fetcham and Effingham, which are linked to Leatherhead by the Guildford to Epsom road.
History
Early history
The earliest evidence of human activity in Leatherhead comes from the Iron Age. Flints, a probable well and two pits were discovered in 2012 during building work on Garlands Road and the finds suggest that the site was also used in the early Roman period. Traces of Iron Age field systems and settlement activity have been observed at Hawks Hill, Fetcham (about 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of the town centre) and on Mickleham Downs (about 3 km (2 mi) to the south). Also to the south, the Druid's Grove at Norbury Park may have been used for pre-Christian pagan gatherings.An Anglo-Saxon settlement at Leatherhead was most likely founded on the east side of the River Mole in the second half of the 6th century. A burial ground, dating to the same period, has been identified on the west side at Hawks Hill. A second cemetery was discovered in 1984 on the site of the former Goblin factory in Ermyn Way (now the location of the offices of Esso). Excavations uncovered the remains of at least 40 individuals and the artefacts found, including knives, buckles and necklaces, suggest that they were pagan burials.From the mid-9th century, Leatherhead was the centre of a royal vill, which encompassed Ashtead, Fetcham and Bookham. The first known reference to the settlement is in the will of Alfred the Great in 880, in which land at Leodridan was bequeathed to his son, Edward the Elder. By the 10th century, there was a minster church in Leatherhead, and the town was administered as part of the Copthorne hundred.
Governance
The medieval history of Leatherhead is complex, since the parish was divided into a number of manors. The town appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Leret and was held by Osbern de Ow as a mesne lord to William I. Its Domesday assets were one church, belonging to Ewell, and 40 acres (160,000 m2) of land. It was valued at an annual income of £1. To the south was the manor of Thorncroft, which was held by Richard son of Gilbert as tenant-in-chief. To the north was the manor of Pachesham, subdivided into two parts, each of which was held by a mesne lord to the tenant-in-chief, Bishop Odo of Bayeux. Finally there are sporadic mentions in surviving documents of a manor called "Minchin", which may have belonged to Kilburn Priory in Middlesex.For the majority of its history, Thorncroft Manor appears to have remained as a single, intact entity, with the exception of the subinfeudation of Bocketts Farm, which took place before 1300. In 1086, the manor was held by Richard fitz Gilbert and it passed through his family (the Clares) to his granddaughter, Margaret de Clare, who married into the de Montfitchet family of Essex. Her great-grandson, Richard de Montfichet, sold the manor to John de Cheresbure in around 1190 and it was next purchased by Philip Basset and his second wife, Ela, Countess of Warwick in around 1255. In 1266, they granted Thorncroft (which provided an income of £20 per year) to Walter de Merton, who used it to endow the college in Oxford that he had founded in 1264. Merton College remained the lords of the manor until 1904 and the continuity of ownership ensured that an almost complete set of manorial rolls from 1278 onwards has been preserved. In 1497, Richard FitzJames, the Warden of the College, authorised the expenditure of £37 for a new manor house, which was used until the Georgian era.In contrast, the manor of Pachesham became fragmented as the Middle Ages progressed. By the time of Domesday book, it was already divided into two parts, the smaller of which was later referred to as "Pachenesham Parva". No written record of either part of the manor survives from the subsequent 200 years, but in 1286 land belongong to Pachesham was recorded as passing to Eustace de Hacche. De Haache rebuilt the manor house in around 1293, which he enclosed with a moat. Excavations of the manor house site (now known as The Mounts) in the mid-20th century provided evidence of several medieval buildings, including a hall, a chapel and a probable stable block. The value of the manor appears to have declined in the mid-14th century and, in 1386, it was let to William Wimbledon for an annual sum of £20. In 1393, one year after a serious fire had destroyed much of Leatherhead, Wimbledon defaulted on the rent and was accused of dismantling several of the manor buildings. From the start of the 15th century, the land was divided between twelve lessees and the manor then disappears from the historical record.Surviving records of Pachenesham Parva from around 1330 suggest that it covered an area of 46 ha (114 acres) on the east bank of the River Mole, to the north west of the town centre. The manor appears to have remained intact through the Middle Ages and land was added to the estate as the remainder of Pachesham was broken up. By the early 17th century, the area was known as Randalls Farm and, in 1805, the associated land totalled 182 ha (450 acres).Reforms during the Tudor period replaced the day-to-day administration of towns such as Leatherhead in the hands of the vestry of the parish church. The vestry was charged with appointing a parish constable, maintaining a lock-up and organising a basic fire service. Until 1834, it also administered poor relief and was responsible for building a workhouse on Kingston Road in 1808.
During the 19th century, local government reforms gradually removed the duties of running of the town's infrastructure and services from the vestry. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 placed the workhouse in the care of a board of guardians at Epsom and the Local Government Act 1888 transferred many administrative responsibilities to the newly formed Surrey County Council. The Leatherhead Urban District Council (UDC) was formed six years later and in 1903 the county council was placed in charge of the town's National schools. The Local Government Act 1972 created Mole Valley District Council, by combining the UDCs of Leatherhead and Dorking with the majority of the Dorking and Horley Rural District.
Transport and communications
Leatherhead developed at a crossing point of the River Mole at the intersection between the north–south Kingston-Dorking and east-west Epsom-Guildford roads. The original position of the ford is unclear, but it may have been around 90 m (100 yd) upstream of the present Leatherhead Bridge at a point where a continuation of Elm Road would meet the river.The first indication of a bridge at Leatherhead is a local deed dated to 1250, which was witnessed by a "Simon of the Bridge". Later that century, in around 1286, a Peter Dryaw of Fetcham is recorded as mortgaging the annual rent of a house "at the bridge in the town of Ledderede" to Merton College, Oxford. It is possible that the construction of the first bridge coincided with an expansion of the town and the enlargement of the parish church, which took place around 1200.It is not clear to what extent the Mole was used for navigation in the past, but in the early Middle Ages, it is likely that shallow-bottomed craft were able to reach Leatherhead from the Thames for much of the year. In the late 13th century, Thorncroft Manor purchased a shout, a type of boat up to 16 metres (52 ft) in length, used to transport produce to market. Several schemes were proposed to make the Mole navigable in the 17th and 18th centuries, but none were enacted.
The turnpike road between Epsom and Horsham, which ran through Leatherhead, was authorised by Parliament in 1755. Turnpikes to Guildford and Kingston were opened in 1758 and 1811 respectively and one of the tollhouses was sited near to the present Leatherhead Institute. Stagecoaches, which had begun to run through Leatherhead to London in the 1680s, increased in frequency after the building of the turnpikes. By 1838 there were daily coaches to Arundel, Bognor and Worthing, which typically stopped at the Swan Inn in the High Street. With the arrival of the railway at Epsom in 1847, the long-distance coaches were discontinued and horse-drawn omnibuses took over local journeys.The first railway to arrive in Leatherhead was built by the Epsom and Leatherhead Railway Company. The line, which terminated at a station in Kingston Road, opened on 1 February 1859. Initially all trains were operated by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) and, for the first two months, only ran as far as Epsom. The completion of the line through Worcester Park enabled these services to be extended to London Waterloo from April of the same year and, in August 1859, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) began to run trains from Leatherhead to London Bridge.The Mole Gap through the North Downs had been identified as a potential railway corridor as early as the 1830s, but the line south from Leatherhead to Dorking was not opened until 1867. The Kingston Road station, which had been laid out as a terminus, was closed and two new adjacent stations (either side of the present Station Approach) were opened. The LBSCR station, which was closer to the town centre, was initially the only one connected to the line to Dorking. It was designed by C. H. Driver in a fine gothic revival style and is the station that survives today. The LSWR built its station as a terminus, but its line was extended westwards to Bookham in 1885. The two railway companies were amalgamated in 1923, when the Southern Railway was formed. All railway lines through Leatherhead were electrified in 1925 and the LSWR station was closed in 1927. In the late 1930s, a southward extension of the Chessington branch line was proposed, but the creation of the Metropolitan Green Belt prevented the scheme from being enacted.
The construction of the A24 bypass (between Givons Grove and Leatherhead Common) started in 1931 and the final section opened in May 1934. Young Street (the A246 between Bocketts Farm and Givons Grove) was built by the Corps of Royal Canadian Military Engineers between June 1940 and May 1941. In October 1985, the town was joined to the UK motorway system when the M25 was opened between Wisley and Reigate.
Commerce
The right to hold a weekly market and an annual fair was granted to Leatherhead in 1248 by Henry III. The market place is thought to have been at the junction of Bridge Street, North Street and High Street and the town stocks were probably in the same area. The market appears to have ended in the mid-Elizabethan era, however the annual fair continued and in the late 17th century was held on 8 September, the feast of the Nativity of Mary.The construction of the turnpikes, and later the railways, attracted wealthier residents to Leatherhead. Many of these incomers had accumulated their wealth as entrepreneurs in London and had no previous connection to the area. By the start of the Victorian era, they were beginning to influence the local economy. Small, family-based manufacturing firms began to grow, engaged in industries such as brick-making, milling of logs, tanning, shoemaking, malting and brewing. In the 1841 census, 18.5% of the town's inhabitants were employed in agriculture-related trades, but forty years later, the proportion had fallen to 5.4%.Larger-scale industries arrived in Leatherhead in the first half of the 20th century. In 1928, the Rayon manufacturing company opened a factory in Ermyn Way, close to the border with Ashtead parish and was replaced ten years later by the manufacturing plant for Goblin Vacuum Cleaners. Also in the 1930s, a silk-making farm and electrical cable factory were established in the town. Following the end of the Second World War, Ronson, the US-based manufacturer of cigarette lighters, opened a manufacturing plant at Dorincourt, to the north of the town. The factory moved to Randalls Road in 1953, but it closed in 1981 when the company went into liquidation. A business park opened in its place.The Ex-services Welfare Society purchased Long House on Ermin Way following the end of the First World War. The charity constructed a factory in the grounds to provide employment for disabled veterans, producing electrical items, such as electric blankets. In 1933, the organisation opened a treatment centre at Tyrwhitt House in Oaklawn Road, named after Reginald Tyrwhitt, its president at the time. In 1981, the factory was purchased by Remploy. It continued to manufacture electrical goods, but under the new ownership, its operations expanded to include the assembly and packaging of mechanical equipment. The Remploy factory closed in 2007, with the loss of 43 jobs. The Ex-services Welfare Society, now known as Combat Stress, continues to operate its treatment centre at Tyrwhitt House in north Leatherhead.Large-scale manufacturing in Leatherhead was short lived and, as the 20th century progressed, the town started to attract service sector industries. Among the research institutes formerly based in the town, Leatherhead Food Research was founded in 1919 and the Central Electricity Research Laboratories (CERL) opened in 1950. Both organisations left the town in the early 2000s. The Ronson and Goblin factories closed in the early 1980s and their sites were redeveloped, in the latter case for the UK headquarters of Esso. The UK head offices of Unilever (on the site of the former CERL) and Hyundai were opened in Leatherhead in 2008 and 2020 respectively.
A controversial redevelopment of the road network in the town centre took place in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The project began with the demolition of the Prince of Wales pub in 1979 and the Swan Centre, a covered shopping centre with a multistorey car park, was constructed in its place. At the same time a one-way system was created and the High Street was pedestrianised. By September 1981, the scheme was already attracting criticism from local traders and residents, who blamed the traffic alterations for a steep decline in footfall. In January 1983, the County Planning Officer admitted that the "complexity of present routes undoubtedly detracts from the appeal of the town to car-borne shoppers." In 2002, BBC News named Leatherhead as having one of the worst High Streets in the country. Five years later, in 2007, the local press reported that the town was "bustling with people, and packed full with an abundance of shops, entertainment facilities and job opportunities." The revival in fortunes was attributed to a variety of community initiatives, including a new drama festival.
Residential development
Leatherhead began to expand at the start of the 20th century and the population grew from in 4,694 in 1901 to 5,491 in 1911. New housing developments were built between 1900 and 1905 in Fairfield, Highlands and Kingston Roads, and Queen Anne's Garden. Later in the decade, houses were constructed in Copthorne, Clinton, Reigate and Woodville Roads, Kingston Avenue and St Nicholas Hill.The first council housing in the town, a development of 59 houses in Poplar Road, was built by Leatherhead UDC in 1921. Preference for rehousing was given to ex-servicemen and their families. In 1925, 90 council houses were constructed in Kingston Road. Private residential developments also occurred around the same time, including the construction of the St Mary's Road estate, on the site of the former Elm Bank mansion, south of the town centre.The Givons Grove estate, to the south of the town, was developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Originally a constituent of Thorncroft Manor, it was an area of arable land, known as "Gibbons Farm", named after a prominent local family. In 1919, the estate was bought by the aircraft manufacturer, Humphrey Verdon Roe, whose wife, Marie Stopes, would live at Norbury Park for 20 years from 1938. It was sold to a consortium of developers in 1927, who divided the land into plots for housing. Similarly in 1935, Yarm Court was sold and the estate developed for housing.Following the end of the Second World War, new housing was constructed to the north of the town centre, along Cleeve, Kingston and Copthorne Roads, to replace properties damaged by bombing.
Leatherhead in the world wars
At the start of the First World War, members of the 20th Battalion of the University and Public Schools Brigade of the Royal Fusiliers were billeted with local residents. The recruits were primarily drawn from the Manchester area and underwent training at Randalls Farm. The Kensington Rifles of the London Regiment were also garrisoned in the town in the month before their deployment to the Western Front in April 1915. Later that year, the first of 63 Belgian refugees arrived in Leatherhead, remaining in the town until the end of the war.Concerns that the town's water supply might be poisoned by enemy spies, prompted the authorities to arrange a guard on the waterworks on Guildford Road. Many of the duties were undertaken by the local Scout troop and members of the Boy's Brigade, which was affiliated with St Mary's Church. Many local men joined the Dorking and Leatherhead Battalion of the Volunteer Training Corps, which was formed with the intention to defend the local area in the event of invasion. In October 1914, a Red Cross Hospital opened on Bull Hill. By March 1915 it had 33 beds and was fully occupied. It closed in February 1919. Elsewhere in the town, the Forty Foot recreation ground was used to grow wheat and Venthams, a local firm of coachbuilders, began to manufacture munitions.
Leatherhead was again a garrison town in the Second World War. Troops from the Royal Corps of Signals were billeted in late 1939 and a year later, the first Canadian soldiers began to arrive in the local area. From September 1939, children from Streatham and Dulwich were evacuated to Leatherhead and the Royal School for the Blind was taken over by King's College Hospital. The cottage hospital on Poplar Road opened in May 1940 and by June of that year was treating 78 members of the British Expeditionary Force, who had been evacuated from Dunkirk. The Goblin factory in Ermyn Way was used to make munitions, including mine sinkers, shell fuses and camouflage netting.From the outbreak of war, the defence of Leatherhead was coordinated by the XII Corps of Eastern Command, reinforced from July 1940 by VII Corps GHQ Mobile Reserve. The 3rd Infantry Brigade of the 1st Canadian Division was posted to Dorking and Leatherhead, and was responsible for completing the construction of Young Street between Givons Grove and Fetcham. The local unit of the Home Guard, Company F of the 6th Battalion of South Eastern Command, was formed with 200 recruits in May 1940. The training centres for the company included the Drill Hall on Kingston Road and an anti-tank obstacle was installed at the east end of the High Street, close to the Leatherhead Institute. The Home Guard company was disbanded four years later, once the threat of invasion had passed.Leatherhead experienced two main periods of bombing during the war. The first wave of attacks took place from late 1940 until early 1941. During the first raid, early in the morning on 27 August 1940, 20 high-explosive bombs were dropped along the border with Ashtead. The clubhouse of the golf club suffered a direct hit, but the civilians taking cover in the shelter beneath it were fully protected and survived without injury. In October of the same year, the oil storage tanks next to the waterworks were set alight by an incendiary bomb. The resulting fires could not be extinguished until more than 24 hours later. In March 1941, St Andrew's Catholic School was almost completely destroyed by a bomb. During the second period of bombing, in the summer of 1944, 16 V-1 flying bombs landed in the Leatherhead area, including one at Thorncroft Manor.
National and Local Government
UK Parliament
Leatherhead is in the Mole Valley parliamentary constituency, which has been represented in the House of Commons since 1997 by the Conservative, Sir Paul Beresford. Kenneth Baker served as the local MP from 1983 to 1997 and was elevated to the House of Lords as Baron Baker of Dorking in 1997.
County Council
Councillors are elected to Surrey County Council every four years. The town is part of the 'Leatherhead and Fetcham East' ward.
District Council
Five councillors represent the town on Mole Valley District Council (the headquarters of which are in Dorking):
Leatherhead is represented by a swan on the crest of the Mole Valley District Council coat of arms.
Twin town
Since 2004, Leatherhead has been twinned with Triel-sur-Seine (Île-de-France, France).
Demography and housing
Region-wide, 28% of dwellings were detached houses and 22.6% were apartments.
The proportion of households who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).
Public services
Utilities
The town gasworks, close to the junction of Kingston Road and Barnett Wood Lane, were built in 1850 by the Leatherhead Gas Company. The first gas was produced in February 1851 and was primarily used for street lighting, but was also supplied to some private houses. Until the railway was opened in 1859, coal was delivered by road from Epsom. In 1911, the Leatherhead company acquired that of Cobham and, from 1929, also supplied gas to Woking via a connection at Effingham Junction. In 1936, the company was acquired by the Wandsworth Gas Company and the Leatherhead gasworks closed two years later.
The first public water supply in Leatherhead was created in 1884, when a stream-driven pumping station was constructed in Waterways Road. The works, designed by John William Grover, were capable of lifting 90,000 litres (20,000 imp gal) per hour to a reservoir on Reigate Road. A second diesel-powered station was constructed alongside the first in 1935 and was later converted to electric power. The steam-powered works were demolished in 1992.An electricity generating station was opened in Bridge Street in 1902. Initially it was capable of generating 75 kW of power, but by the time of its closure in 1941, its installed capacity was 2.2 MW. Under the Electricity (Supply) Act 1926, Leatherhead was connected to the National Grid, initially to a 33 kV supply ring, which linked the town to Croydon, Epsom, Dorking and Reigate. In 1939, the ring was connected to the Wimbledon-Woking main via a 132 kV substation at Leatherhead.
Emergency services
Leatherhead Police Station was on Kingston Road, to the north of the town centre. It closed in 2011. The building was demolished and retirement apartments were built on the site. In 2021, the local police force is Surrey Police and the nearest police station to the town is at Reigate. The headquarters of the Police Federation of England and Wales is in Leatherhead.The Vestry was responsible for organising the local fire service in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The west door of the parish church was enlarged in 1759, in order to accommodate the town fire engine, which was housed in the tower. In 1821, the engine was moved to an existing building on North Street and a new fire station was built on the same road in 1859. The first motor fire engine was delivered to the town in 1926 and was housed in a new building close to the river. In 2021, the local fire authority is Surrey County Council and the statutory fire service is Surrey Fire and Rescue Service. Leatherhead Ambulance Station, in Kingston Road, is run by the South East Coast Ambulance Service.
Healthcare
The first hospital in Leatherhead was opened in Clinton Road in 1893. As a small cottage hospital, it only had seven or eight beds and was supervised by a matron. It closed in 1902, having accrued a debt of £130. A replacement facility, the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital (QVMH), on Epsom Road, was opened in 1905. It was built on land donated by Walter Cunliffe, who lived at Tyrells Wood. Initially it had 6 beds for adults and one cot for infants, but by 1928, it had expanded to 17 beds. The QVMH closed at the end of the Second World War.Leatherhead Community Hospital, on Poplar Road, was opened in 1940 and was built on land donated by Charles Leach. Initially it had 40 beds and came under the management of Epsom Hospital, although it had its own medical committee. By 1960, the hospital had expanded to 52 beds, but in 2014, the in-patient wards were closed to allow the improvement of outpatient services. The NHS has retained ownership of the hospital, but many services are now run by CSH, a not-for-profit organisation. The X-ray radiography department is run by the Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust.The nearest hospital with an A&E is Epsom Hospital, 5.3 km (3.3 mi) away. As of 2021, the town has two GP practices, on Kingston Road and Upper Fairfield Road.
Transport
Rail
Leatherhead railway station is to the west of the town centre and is managed by Southern. It is served by trains to London Victoria via Sutton, to London Waterloo via Wimbledon, to Horsham via Dorking and to Guildford via Bookham.
Buses
Route 21 (Epsom – Leatherhead – Crawley) is run by Metrobus and route 408 (Epsom – Cobham) is run by Falcon Buses. Route 465 from Kingston upon Thames to Dorking via Leatherhead is run by London United. Route 478 to Guildford is run by Reptons Coaches and Route 479 from Epsom to Guildford via Leatherhead is run by Arriva Kent & Sussex and Stagecoach.
Long distance footpaths
Leatherhead station is the northern terminus of the Mole Gap Trail, which rus south through Norbury Park to Dorking station.
Education
Early schools
The earliest record of a school in Leatherhead is from 1596, when reference is made to a charity school for ten boys, which was probably held in the tower of the parish church. By 1712, the school had expanded to included eleven girls and, later that century, two bequests to fund the salary of a schoolmaster are recorded.In 1838 a boys' school was established in Highlands Road by the then Vicar, Benjamin Chapman, and a girls' school followed a year later. The two institutions were National schools and were funded by a combination of local subscriptions and grants from the National Society for Promoting Religious Education.
Maintained schools
Leatherhead Trinity School opened in 2010, having been created by a merger of three existing schools. It traces its origins to the All Saints School, which opened in 1877 in Kingston Road. Trinity School is a primary school and educates children up to the age of eleven.St Peter's Roman Catholic Primary School was founded in September 1947 and was initially located next to St Peter's Church in Garlands Road. The school's present site in Grange Road was opened in 1958.Therfield School was founded in Kingston Road in 1913 as the County Upper Mixed Senior School. It moved to Dilston Road in 1953 and was renamed in 1964 after John de Therfield, a former lord of the manor of Pachesham, who was awarded the land in 1205 by King John.St Andrew's Catholic School was founded in Grange Road in 1935 by five nuns from the Order of St Andrew. The main building was constructed in 1952 and, in 1971, the school became a co-educational comprehensive.West Hill School is a special school for children with learning needs. It was founded at West Hill, Epsom in 1960 and moved to Leatherhead three years later. Fox Grove School, a second school for pupils with special Education Needs, opened in September 2021 in Molesey. It is due to move to Leatherhead, to a site adjacent to West Hill School, in Spring 2022.
Independent schools
Downsend School was founded in Hampstead in 1898 and moved to its current site in stages between 1918 and 1940. The school underwent a period of expansion in the late 1970s and 1980s, which included the purchase of pre-preparatory departments in Leatherhead, Ashtead and Epsom. In 2002, the school was sold by the Linford family (who had owned it since its opening) to Asquith Court Schools Ltd and it was bought by Cognita in 2006. In 2017, the school announced that it would build a new study centre to accommodate students studying for GCSEs.
St John's School was founded in St John's Wood in 1851 by Ashby Haslewood and moved to Leatherhead in 1872. Initially intended for the sons of poor clergymen, the school began to accept fee-paying pupils at the start of the 20th century. In 1989, girls were accepted into the sixth form and the school became fully coeducational from 2012. Several parts of the school are Grade II listed, including the library, formerly the chapel, which was built in 1876.
Royal School for the Blind
The School for the Indigent Blind was founded at St George's Fields, Southwark in 1799 and, for the first 102 years of its existence, was based in London. In 1900, it purchased 15 acres of land in Leatherhead and construction of a new building, in Highlands Road, began the following year. The new school, capable of accommodating up to 250 students, opened in 1904. The school was granted royal patronage by George V in 1911, at which point it became known as the Royal School for the Blind.By the mid-1930s, the focus of the school had changed from classroom-based learning to the teaching of practical skills in a workshop setting. During the Second World War, the building was requisitioned by King's College Hospital and, although part of the premises were returned to the school in 1946, a group of Chelsea Pensioners continued to live on the site until the 1950s. A redevelopment took place in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which included converting the dormitories into apartments. Students were increasingly encouraged to take responsibility for their everyday living, with the aim of facilitating their integration into wider society.The charity adopted the name "SeeAbility" as its operating identity in 1994 and, later in the same decade, began to transition away from offering residential education and towards providing community-based support. In the early 2000s, the main school building was sold and converted to apartments. It is now known as Lavender Court. The headquarters of the charity has since moved to Epsom.
Places of Worship
Anglo-Saxon minster
The church mentioned in Domesday Book is thought to have been an Anglo-Saxon minster, a large church with a small team of priests who ministered to the royal vill and its dependent parishes. It is described as a belonging to Ewell and being held by Osbern of Eu, a prebend at St Paul's Cathedral. Its location in the town is unknown, but an enclave of land in the north west of the parish is recorded as belonging to Ewell in the 13th century and this may be the remnant of the glebe lands of the former minster. The church was probably a constructed from wood and, like other similar minsters, likely lost influence as Norman manors superseded the Anglo-Saxon hundreds as the principal division of local administration.
St Mary and St Nicholas Church
The Church of St Mary and St Nicholas is thought to have originally been built as the estate chapel for the manor of Thorncroft. Although it is not mentioned in Domesday book, the oldest parts date from around 1080 and it may have superseded the Anglo-Saxon minster as the parish church at the start of the 12th century. Shortly after 1100, it was granted to Colchester Abbey, which held it until 1279. The earliest parts of the building that survive are from the 1240s, when the church is thought to have undergone a major expansion that included the addition of side aisles. Much of the chancel dates from the first half of the 14th century and this work may have been commissioned by Leeds Priory in Kent, which was given the church by Edward III in 1341. The dedication to Mary and Nicholas, who were the joint patrons of the Priory, probably occurred at this time.The tower was built in around 1500 and is set at an angle to the rest of the building, so that its east wall protrudes into the nave. It originally had a tall spire, which was blown down in the Great Storm of 1703. A major rebuilding of the church took place in the second half of the 19th century, during which much of the roof was replaced. Renovation works between 2018 and 2020, uncovered several vaults beneath the floor including one belonging to the Boulton Family who had lived at Thorncroft Manor in the 18th century.The churchyard contains the Commonwealth war graves of 12 British service personnel of the First and Second World Wars.
Catholic Church of Our Lady and St Peter
The Catholic Church of Our Lady and St Peter was constructed in 1923 and was partly financed by the newspaper proprietor, Sir Edward Hulton. The Gothic Revival building was designed by Joseph Goldie and the stained glass windows were installed in the 1930s. The Stations of the Cross were designed in Caen stone by the sculptor Eric Gill.
Methodist Church
John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, visited Leatherhead only once in his lifetime. On 23 February 1791, he preached his final sermon in a house on Bull Hill, one week before his death. Despite his visit, there appears to have been no significant Methodist community in the town until the mid-19th century, when a small group of worshipers began meeting in Bridge Street. The first purpose-built place of worship, the "Iron Chapel", so-named because it was primarily constructed of metal, was erected in 1887 on Church Road. The following year, the congregation numbered around 50, but grew rapidly to over 400 by 1891. Two years later, a new brick building, the present church, was constructed. The Iron Chapel, behind the new church, remained standing and was used for the Sunday school, but was replaced in 1903 by a new hall.
Disciples Church
The Disciples Church is part of the Calvary Chapel association of evangelical churches. It was formed in 2007 and adopted its present name in 2012. It meets at the Woodlands School on Forty Foot Road.
Culture
Art
J. M. W. Turner (1775—1851) is among the artists who have been inspired to paint scenes of the town and local area. His pencil and watercolour composition Leatherhead, Surrey, from across the River Mole, with cattle watering in the foreground was probably created in the summer of 1797, when he staying at Norbury Park. The painting was sold at Christie's in 2014 for £35,000. Other artists who have worked in the town include John Hassell (c. 1767—1825) and John Varley (1778—1842).The works of public art in the town include ornamental ironwork at the King George V Memorial Park and at the junction between the High Street, North Street and Bridge Street.
Theatres and cinemas
The first presentation of a cinematograph film in the town took place at the Leatherhead Institute in October 1898. The following year, a second screening took place at the Victoria Hall in the High Street, which had been built in 1890. By 1914, the Victoria Hall was renamed to become the Grand Theatre and was operating as a cinema with a capacity of 550. Further name changes took place before 1946, around which time the venue became known as the Ace Cinema.In 1949, the Ace Cinema was converted to a 300-seat theatre and a year later, the Leatherhead Theatre was established at the venue. The theatre operated until 1969, but as its popularity increased, its size became restrictive and there was a need for a new and better-equipped performing arts venue in the town.The Thorndike Theatre, in Church Street, was designed by Roderick Ham in the modernist style and was opened in 1969 by Princess Margaret. Named for the actor Sybil Thorndike, its construction was primarily paid for by private donations, with some additional funding from the Leatherhead UDC and the Arts Council. Although it was initially popular, the theatre regularly ran operating deficits and, following several years of cuts in public subsidy, it closed in 1997 with a total debt of almost £1.2 million. It reopened in 2001 as a part-time theatre, cinema, community space and meeting place for the evangelical group, Pioneer People. The annual Leatherhead Drama Festival, for amateur theatre groups, was launched at the theatre in 2004 and ran for 16 years.
Literature
Leatherhead features in the novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, first published in 1897. On about the tenth day following the Martian invasion of Earth, the entire town (where the narrator has sent his wife for safety) is obliterated: "it had been destroyed, with every soul in it, by a Martian. He had swept it out of existence, as it seemed, without any provocation, as a boy might crush an ant-hill, in the mere wantonness of power."The Sherlock Holmes short story The Adventure of the Speckled Band is partly set near the town. During the story, Holmes and Watson travel to Leatherhead from Waterloo station by train. It was first published in 1892 and is one of 12 featured in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle. The 1984 interactive fiction video game Sherlock, developed by Beam Software, is partly set in Leatherhead.
Music
The Leatherhead Operatic Society was founded as the Leatherhead Pierrots in 1904. Two years later, the group was reformed as the Leatherhead & District Amateur Dramatics & Operatic Society and gave its first performance, H. M. S. Pinafore by Gilbert and Sullivan. The group performed at the Victoria Hall until 1922, when the venue was turned into a cinema. For the next seventeen years, the society used a number of venues in the local area, until the Crescent Cinema opened in 1939. Since 1970, the group has staged its summer performances at the Thorndike Theatre and the Leatherhead Theatre, with a brief hiatus between 1996 and 2002.The Leatherhead Choral Society (LCS) was formed in 1907, but its early history is unclear. It was refounded in 1928 to take part in the Leith Hill Musical Festival. Kathleen Riddick conducted the group in 1939 and LCS continued to perform during the Second World War. A musical work was composed by William Blezard to celebrate the society's 50th anniversary in 1978. In recent years, the LCS has typically given concerts in the summer and in early December, as well as participating in the Leith Hill Musical Festival around Easter.The Leatherhead Orchestra traces its origins to an adult education class established c. 1954, but was formally founded in around 1958 by Kathleen Riddick. Since 2015, the group has given three concerts each year.The Leatherhead Town Band was founded in 1887. Its activities ceased during the First and Second World Wars and, on its reformation in 1947, it was known as the Bookham and District Silver Band. In 1974, it changed its name again to the Mole Valley Silver Band, to reflect the formation of the new local authority area. The band performs regularly in and around the towns of Leatherhead and Dorking.The band John's Children, which included sometime frontman Marc Bolan, was formed in the town in 1963 by Andy Ellison and Chris Townson, former pupils of nearby Box Hill School. They occasionally appeared at the Chuck Wagon Club on Bridge Street.Surrey Sound recording studio was established in 1974 by producer Nigel Gray in a former village hall in the north of the town. Early demo pieces for, among others, the Wombles and Joan Armatrading were followed, by the recording of much of the early repertoire of the Police. Other groups recording there included Godley & Creme, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Rick Astley, the Lotus Eaters, Alternative TV and Bros. The studio was sold by Gray in 1987.Robyn Hitchcock refers to Leatherhead in the song "Clean Steve".
Television and film
Leatherhead has been mentioned in a number of films and television programmes. The film I Want Candy, released in March 2007, is partly set in the town. Brooklands College, Weybridge was used as the filming location for the fictional "Leatherhead University".Monty Python's Flying Circus refers to Leatherhead in the "Red Indian in Theatre" sketch. Eric Idle, in Native American costume says, "When moon high over prairie, when wolf howl over mountain, when mighty wind roar through Yellow Valley, we go Leatherhead Rep - block booking, upper circle - whole tribe get it on three and six each." The television sketch show, That Mitchell and Webb Look, took a jab at Leatherhead in series two, episode four. In one sketch, a librarian comments to a customer that she is "possibly one of the stupidest people I've ever met. And I lived in Leatherhead for six miserable years." The house that was used as the filming location for Arthur Dent's residence for the TV series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, is in Leatherhead.
Sport
Leisure Centre
The Leisure Centre was opened in 1975 by the Leatherhead Urban District Council and was extended in the 1980s with the addition of the Mole Barn. Plans to build a new centre on the site were drawn up by Mole Valley District Council prior to 2006, but instead the facility was given a 20-month, £12.6m refit and a further extension, which was opened by the Duke of Kent in March 2011. The upgraded centre includes a redesigned reception and entrance area, a new gym, aerobics studio, sauna and play areas. In July 2023, a report to the cabinet committee of Mole Valley District Council stated that 750,000 visits were made each year to Leatherhead Leisure Centre.
Cricket
Cricket has been played at Leatherhead since at least 1840, when a match is recorded against a team from Dorking. The Leatherhead Cricket Club was founded in 1850 and initially played its home games at the Kingston Road recreation ground. It moved to Fetcham Grove in the 1930s.
Football
Leatherhead F.C., commonly known as "The Tanners", was formed in 1946 as a result of the merger of two existing clubs, Leatherhead Rose and Leatherhead United. Leatherhead Rose, founded c. 1907, drew the majority of its players from the Leatherhead Common area and was named after the Rose Coffee Rooms on Kingston Road; Leatherhead United was formed in 1924 and the following season were Division One Champions of the Sutton and District League.Following the merger, the new club adopted Fetcham Grove as its home ground and, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, were champions of the Surrey County Senior League for four consecutive years. In 1969, the team won the Surrey County FA Senior Challenge Cup, the Senior Shield and the Intermediate Cup. They were semi-finalists in the 1971 and 1974 FA Amateur Cup competitions. The Tanners achieved national press coverage in the 1974–75 season, when they were drawn against First Division Leicester City at home in the FA Cup Fourth Round Proper. In the 2017–18 FA Cup they reached the second round proper, in which they played against Wycombe Wanderers.
Golf
The Leatherhead Club was founded as the Surrey Golf Club, but adopted its present name in 1908. The 18-hole course was designed by the Scottish golfer, Peter Paxton, and the first nine holes opened in October 1903. The Prime Minister, Arthur Balfour, was one of those who played at the course in 1907. In 1928, Alf Perry joined as Club Professional and, seven years later, he won the 1935 Open Championship at Muirfield. The clubhouse suffered bomb damage during the Second World War. The construction of the M25 motorway in the late 1970s, necessitated changes to the layout of the southern part of the course.The 18-hole Tyrells Wood Golf Course was designed by James Braid in the grounds of Tyrells Wood House in 1922. The Club opened two years later.Pachesham Golf Centre opened in 1989 as a nine-hole course, but was remodelled in 2014 to a six-hole course. The centre has a 28-bay, floodlit driving range, which is the longest in Surrey.Beaverbrook golf course, to the south of Leatherhead, was designed by David McLay-Kidd and Tom Watson. The 7,100 yard, 72-par course opened in the grounds of Cherkley Court in 2016. The construction of the course was opposed by local residents and environmental campaigners, who mounted a series of legal challenges to the development. Construction of the clubhouse was completed in 2018.
Tourist attractions
Bocketts Farm
Bocketts Farm covers an area of 52 ha (128 acres) to the southwest of the town. Formerly part of the manor of Thorncroft, it was subinfeudated around 1170. Both the farmhouse and the timber-framed granary date from around 1800 and are Grade II listed. The farm was purchased by the Gowing family in 1990 and was opened to the public two years later.
Leatherhead Museum
Leatherhead Museum was opened in 1980 by the Leatherhead & District Local History Society. It houses a wide range of historical artefacts and permanent displays explain the history of the town from its origins to the present day. Hampton Cottage, the building in Church Street in which the museum is based, dates from before 1682.
River Mole local nature reserve
The River Mole local nature reserve is a 23.3-hectare (58-acre) protected corridor that stretches along the banks for the river from Young Street (in the south) to Waterway Road (in the north). It was designated in 2005 for its diversity of plant and animal species.
Notable buildings and landmarks
All Saints' community café and hub
All Saints' Church on Kingston Road was consecrated in February 1889 as a daughter church to St Mary's. It was designed by the architect, Arthur Blomfield, and was built to serve a new area of housing under construction to the north of the town centre. On opening, the church could accommodate 300 people, but was later extended with the addition of a lady chapel. By 1980, the congregation had dwindled and the building was in need of repair. A decision was taken to convert the nave of the church to a community space, while retaining the chancel as a place of worship. The dual-purpose facility was rededicated by the Bishop of Dorking in March 1982. In 2005, the nave of the church was converted to a Youth Project Café, known as "B Free", to be a space for young people to meet and socialise. In 2014, the Leatherhead Youth Project, launched a new social enterprise at the church called "AllSaints". The project supports disadvantaged young people, especially those not in education, employment or training, and provides opportunities for participants to gain employment and life skills.
Cherkley Court
Cherkley Court was constructed in around 1870 for Abraham Dixon, a wealthy industrialist from the Midlands. It was substantially rebuilt after a fire in 1893 and was sold in 1910 to Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, the Canadian-born owner of the Daily Express. Following the death of Beaverbrook's son in 1985, the estate was owned by the Beaverbrook Foundation until 2011, when it was bought by a consortium of private investors. Despite considerable local opposition, the house was converted to a luxury hotel, spa and golf course, which opened in 2017.
Cradlers
The building at 33 and 35 High Street, commonly known as "Cradlers", is a late-medieval open hall house, formerly owned by the Manor of Thorncroft. It most likely originated as a farmhouse and was built on the edge of one of the common fields. Although the earliest surviving records of the building date from 1527, the construction methods used suggest that it was built in the 13th or 14th century (most likely between 1320 and 1360). The western part of the building (now number 33) was constructed as a single-storey hall, but the height of the walls was later raised and an upper floor inserted. The larger eastern part (number 35) was built as two storeys from the outset. In the late medieval period, the rooms closest to the street were probably used as living quarters, but the northernmost third of the wing may have contained a workshop and hayloft.Although much of its original timber frame survives, Cradlers has been altered at several points in its history. In the 17th century, a chimney stack and internal staircase were added and the roof was rebuilt around the same time, probably reusing used timbers from other buildings. In the early modern period, Cradlers may have served as a tavern or hostelry and at different times in the 19th and 20th centuries, it housed a butchers, a fruiterers and a ladies' outfitters. As part of a renovation project carried out in the mid-1980s, the modern shopfronts were removed and the street-facing frontage was restored to its original position.
Leatherhead Institute
The Leatherhead Institute was built in 1892. It was given to the town by Abraham Dixon, who wanted the building to be used to provide educational, social and recreational opportunities to local residents. During the Second World War, it housed the local Food and Fuel Offices. A major restoration project was completed in 1987.
Running Horse pub
The Running Horse pub, at the east end of Leatherhead Bridge, is one of the oldest buildings in the town. It is a late-medieval open hall house and was part of the Manor of Thorncroft. Much of the timber frame is original and probably dates from the late 15th century, although the roof was later rebuilt. Later alterations include the insertion of the first floor in the 17th century and installation of interior panelling in the 18th century.
Sweech House
The timber-framed Sweech House, on Gravel Hill, is one of the oldest buildings in Leatherhead. Its name is thought to derive from "switch", indicating that it stood close to a road junction. The land on which it stands may have belonged to the manor of Minchin during the late-medieval period. The southernmost part of the building is the oldest and dates from the 15th century. It was probably constructed as a farmhouse and originally it had an open hall structure. In the late 16th century, it was extended to the north in two separate phases. At different points in its history, the building has been divided into up to four cottages, most likely to provide accommodation for farm labourers. Sweech House was donated to the Leatherhead Countryside Protection Society in the 1940s.
The Mansion
The Mansion, in Church Street, houses the public library, register office and council offices. A map of the town from 1600 shows a house on the site, which may formerly have been the manor house for the manor of Minchin. During the late Elizabethan period, it was the home of Edmund Tylney, Master of the Revels, in effect the official censor of the time. and Elizabeth I is thought to have dined with him in Leatherhead in August 1591.The external appearance of The Mansion largely dates from 1739, when the house was rebuilt in red brick, although a partial remodelling took place c. 1810. From 1846 until some point in the 1870s, the building was used as a boarding and day school for around 50 boys, who were taught using the Jacotot education system. In 1949, The Mansion was subject to a compulsory purchase order and was acquired by Surrey County Council and Leatherhead UDC for use as a health clinic and the public library. During a refurbishment in 2000, the library was moved from the ground floor to the south range and the space released was repurposed for the Registry Office.
Thorncroft Manor house
The current Thorncroft Manor house was designed c. 1763 by the architect, Robert Taylor, for the politician and businessman, Henry Crabb-Boulton. It is built in a Neo-Palladian style, influenced by the early Rennaissence, with light Rococo ornamentation. The building was enlarged with the addition of a rear wing in 1789, possibly designed by George Gwilt. The engineering firm, Howard Humphreys & Sons, purchased the house in 1971 and subsequently constructed additional office space, glazed with reflective glass.
War Memorial
The War Memorial in North Street was designed by Stock, Page and Stock, a London firm of architects and was dedicated in April 1921. It consists of a long, single-storey building with 11 open arches, constructed of brick and flint. The arches face a terraced garden, in which there is a free-standing cross made of Portland stone. The land on which the memorial stands was given to the town by Charles Leach, who funded much of the building work and whose son had been a second lieutenant in the Scots Guards. In total, 186 names are inscribed on stone tablets inside the cloister-like structure, of whom 117 died in the First World War. The memorial is protected by a Grade II listing.
Wesley House
The art-deco Wesley House, on Bull Hill, was built in 1935 as the offices of the Leatherhead Urban District Council (UDC). It was designed by the architects C.H. Rose and H.R. Gardner and was constructed of red brick. The original council chamber is preserved at the rear of the property. Wesley House was vacated by the UDC in 1983, when it became part of Mole Valley District Council.
Parks and open spaces
King George V memorial gardens
The memorial gardens on Bull Hill, to the north of the town centre, were opened in 1936, following the death of George V. The 0.39 ha (0.96-acre) site is managed by Mole Valley District Council and has been protected by the Fields in Trust charity since 1938.
Leach Grove Wood
Leach Grove Wood is a 2.9 ha (7.2-acre) area of woodland, adjacent to Leatherhead Hospital, owned by the NHS. It is named after Charles Leach, who donated the land on which the hospital is built, to the town. In 2013, a group of local residents applied to register the wood as a village green, to guarantee public access to the site in perpetuity. The registration was upheld by the High Court in 2018. The NHS subsequently successfully appealed against the registration at the Supreme Court and the village green status was removed.
Mansion Gardens
The Mansion Gardens is a small formal garden between The Mansion and the River Mole.
Park Gardens
The Park Gardens form the frontage to St Mary's Parish Church at the north end of Gimcrack Hill. The 0.52 ha (1.3-acre) site has been protected by the Fields in Trust charity since 2018. In the gardens, there is a memorial stone to Harold Auten, who was awarded the Victoria Cross in September 1918.
Recreation grounds
There are two recreation grounds in Leatherhead. The Fortyfoot ground contains a children's playground and a football pitch, as well as the bowling green for Leatherhead Bowling Club. The playground was upgraded in 2017 and includes a sensory garden, a trampoline and a zip line.
The Kingston Road ground has a children's playground, football pitch, pavilion and a sensory garden. A new skatepark was installed at the ground in 2017–18, part-funded by a £20,000 donation by the London Marathon Charitable Trust. The skatepark adjacent to Leatherhead Leisure Centre was refurbished in 2020.
Notable people
Harold Auten (1891–1964), recipient of the Victoria Cross during the First World War, was born in Leatherhead.
John Drinkwater Bethune (1762–1844), army officer, lived at Thorncroft Manor just outside the town from about 1838 until his death and is buried in the churchyard of the parish church.
Sir Thomas Bloodworth (1620–1682), Lord Mayor of London during the Great Fire of 1666, lived at Thorncroft Manor.
Ted Bowley (1890–1974), English Test cricketer.
Michael Caine (born 1933), lives in Leatherhead and is patron to the Leatherhead Drama Festival.
Donald Campbell (1921–1967), Bluebird pilot and fastest man on land and water, lived in Leatherhead.
John Campbell-Jones (1930–2020), former Formula One racing driver.
Leonard Dawe (1889–1963), footballer, teacher and crossword compiler for the Daily Telegraph; while living in Leatherhead in 1944 he was wrongly suspected of espionage by inserting codewords for Operation Overlord into his puzzles.
Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth (1747—1817), accomplished Royal Naval officer who served under Nelson.
Andy Ellison (b. 1946) and Chris Townson (1947–2008), founding members of the band John's Children, and former pupils at Box Hill School.
Badri Patarkatsishvili (1955–2008), businessman, collapsed and died in his mansion in Leatherhead.
Richard Patterson (b. 1963) and his brother Simon Patterson (b. 1967), both artists, were born in the town.
Jean Ross (1911–1973), an English writer was educated in Leatherhead and briefly confined in a nearby sanatorium as a young woman.
Madron Seligman (1918–2002), Member of the European Parliament and friend of Edward Heath.
Marie Stopes (1880–1958), family planning pioneer, lived in the town.
Richard Wakeford (1921—1972), recipient of the Victoria Cross in the Second World War, died at Leatherhead.
Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1890–1976), archaeologist and broadcaster, lived at "The Bothy", Downs Lane from September 1973 until his death.
Edward Wilkins Waite (1854–1924), local landscape painter, was born in the town, was educated at the school at The Mansion and later lived at Long Cottage, Church Street
Notes
References
Bibliography
See also
List of leisure and entertainment in Leatherhead
External links
Mole Valley District Council
Leatherhead Residents Association
Leatherhead & District Local History Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhead | area |
d572f17e-6bcb-4b44-a6f3-452ff1292ab5 | Baneins | Baneins (French pronunciation: [banɛ̃]; Arpitan: Banens) is a commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France.
Geography
Baneins occupies an area of 872 hectares 2 km west of Chatillon-sur-Chalaronne and 4 km north of Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans with an altitude varying between 215 and 271 metres. It can be accessed by the D17 road coming from Chatillon-sur-Chalarone in the east and continuing south-west to Chaneins. The D66 road comes from Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne in the north, through the village and continuing south to Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans. The D100 road runs off the D17 in the commune and goes to Peyzieux-sur-Saône to the west. There are two hamlets in the commune: Les Bilons and Les Bages; with almost all the rest of the commune farmland with a small area of forest in the south.
The commune is traversed from south to north by the Moignans river with the Bief Savuel and the Masanand streams joining it in the commune. The Moignans joins the Chalaronne river just north of the commune.
Climate
Baneins has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Baneins is 12.7 °C (54.9 °F). The average annual rainfall is 880.2 mm (34.65 in) with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.0 °C (71.6 °F), and lowest in January, at around 3.9 °C (39.0 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Baneins was 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 31 July 2020; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −15.0 °C (5.0 °F) on 30 December 2005.
History
In the Middle Ages the parish was known as Athaneins but over the course of time the name Baneins, which was the name of the castle, replaced it. The etymology remains uncertain: the name Baneins is based on the German man's name Bano or Banno and the suffix -eins is very common in the Dombes area and comes from the suffix -ing which is commonly added to many Germanic names.
Baneins was a lordship before becoming Viscounty then a County under Louis XIII. The County became, with Béreins and Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne, the twelfth lordship under the sovereignty of Dombes.
Of the old castle built in the 13th century by Raoul de Baneins, a knight, who gave his name to the village, there remains no trace.
The abandonment of the name of Athaneins for Baneins was probably related to the identification of the locality to the hierarchy of the lords of Baneins.
Administration
List of Mayors of Baneins
Population
Economy
Agricultural activity is predominant in the commune. Livestock farming is still important despite a shift to grain production. The village also has a few small-scale traders (restaurant, body builder, plumber).
Culture and heritage
Sites and monuments
The Deromptey is a small hill west of the village which, on a clear day, offers extensive views - including of Mont Blanc.
The Church of St. Martin, in Romanesque style, has an apse and a portal from the 12th century. The bell tower was located above the bay of the choir but was destroyed in the French Revolution and rebuilt over the entrance. The tympanum was carved in the 19th century in honour of the patron saint of the area and is Saint Martin on horseback, dividing his cloak with a beggar kneeling and relying on a crutch.
A local lavoir (public laundry) was built in 1912.
Church of Saint Martin Gallery
Personalities
Donat Bollet (1851-1923), physician and politician, MP and senator for Ain, also Mayor of Trévoux, was born in the commune.
See also
Communes of the Ain department
Bibliography
Tourist and Archaeological riches of the Canton of Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans, collective work, published in 2000. (in French)
External links
La Dombes and Baneins (in French)
Baneins on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (in French)
Banneins on the 1750 Cassini Map
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneins | area |
4e747c29-feb6-4db7-a201-17c195f16ad8 | Sharur | Sharur (Azerbaijani: Şərur (listen)) is a city in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. It is the administrative centre of the Sharur District. The city is located 66 km northwest of Nakhchivan city, on the Sharur plain.
History
In a manuscript of the 16th century Oghuz heroic epic Book of Dede Korkut stored in Dresden, the place Sheryuguz is mentioned, which, according to a Russian orientalist and historian Vasily Bartold, is a distorted form of Sharur. In the Russian Empire, the town was the administrative centre of the Sharur-Daralayaz uezd of the Erivan Governorate and was known as Bash-Norashen.In 1948, the city received the status of an urban-type settlement, and on 26 May 1964, it was renamed from Norashen to Ilyichevsk, after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. In 1981, Ilyichevsk received the status of a city, and in 1991 the city was renamed Sharur according to the historical name of the area.
Demographics
Until 1905, Sharur, then known as Bashnorashen (Russian: Башнорашен), was composed of 100 Armenian and 25 Tatar households, a Russian primary school, telegraph-office, and a police station. The population was engaged in gardening, cultivated cotton and rice. The Armenian element of the population was "eliminated" during the Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907. In 1897, Bashnorashen, which had the status of a selo ("rural locality"), had a population of 867 consisting of 597 Tatars and 132 Armenians. In the early 20th century, the settlement had a predominantly Tatar population of 749.According to official information from The State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan, on January 1, 2020, the city had a population of about 7,400.
Culture
Sharur has two parks, a stadium, a museum, a mosque, a monument-memorial to those killed in the First Nagorno-Karabakh war and a cinema.
Notable natives
Arthur Voloshin — Hero of Russia.
Adil Aliyev - is the president of Azerbaijan Kickboxing Federation and a Member of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.
Twin Towns
Iğdır, Turkey
References
External links
Sharur at GEOnet Names Server
"Şərur rayonu - Azərbaycan". www.azerbaijans.com. Retrieved 2 May 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharur | area |
e40fd06b-58ce-4dcd-8d70-4c8737ff4168 | Méréville | Méréville is the name of the following communes in France:
Méréville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
Méréville, Essonne, in the Essonne department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9r%C3%A9ville | area |
fdc21feb-7d60-403d-9999-98082f96e319 | Toluca Lake, Los Angeles | Toluca Lake is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California, located in the San Fernando Valley 12 miles (19 km) northwest of downtown. The name is also given to a private natural lake fed by wells and maintained by neighboring property owners. Prior to the paving of the Los Angeles River in 1938 and L.A. well extraction in the late 19th and 20th century which lowered the water table, Toluca Lake was fed by artesian springs.
The history of Toluca Lake can be traced to the days of the Tongva Indians, followed by Spanish colonization and Mexican independence. Toluca Lake was part of the early rancho system. The original Toluca Lake was divided, with the neighborhood being known as Forman Toluca Ranch. In 1923, investors bought and developed the land as "Toluca Lake Park".
The neighborhood has had notable residents. Comedian Bob Hope was a longtime resident of Toluca Lake, as were Audie Murphy and Jonathan Winters. Legendary film composer Erich Wolfgang Korngold lived there from 1938 to 1957, right on the lake. Famed actress Bette Davis built a house there. Bing Crosby, Mary Astor, and Frank Sinatra also had houses there. More recently, it has been the home of entertainers such as Hilary Duff, Tara Strong, Steve Carell, Wayne Knight, Andy Garcia, and Melissa McCarthy.
Geography
Community
The Toluca Lake neighborhood is situated on 1.22 square miles of the southeastern San Fernando Valley. The Mapping L.A. section of the Los Angeles Times website describes it as bounded on the south by Universal City, on the west by Studio City, on the north by North Hollywood and on the east by the city of Burbank.The Toluca Lake Chamber of Commerce website states that the district is not only a neighborhood in Los Angeles but that it "spills over into Burbank" and "Political entities and others, such as the Greater Toluca Lake Neighborhood Council each draw their own boundaries to suit specific needs. For example, the Toluca Lake Chamber of Commerce serves the entire community in Burbank and Los Angeles, while the City of Los Angeles considers its neighborhood called Toluca Lake to be entirely within its city boundaries"
Lake
The geologic Toluca Lake is a 6-acre (2.4 ha) body of water located near the district's southeastern boundaries. The historic natural lake was fed by springs of upwelling groundwater from the Los Angeles River and San Fernando Valley subterranean aquifers. Late 19th and 20th century L. A. DWP well extraction and 1930s concrete river channelization lowered the water table, and currently community wells at the lake's edges maintain the water level. The bottom of the lake is surfaced with four inches (102 mm) of asphalt concrete to prevent seepage. Owned by the surrounding homeowners, the lake has been maintained by the Toluca Lake Property Owners Association, a non-profit corporation established in 1934. The lake, encircled by private residences and the Lakeside Golf Club, is completely inaccessible to and hidden from the public.
Climate
Population
The Toluca Lake neighborhood had a population of 7,782 in the 2000 census and an estimated population of 8,563 in 2008. At 6,393 people per square mile, its density was among the lowest in the city of Los Angeles. According to the Los Angeles Times, its percentage of white people, 71.9%, was high for the county; with black and Asian residents accounting for only 5.3% and 5% of the population, respectively. Principal ethnicities were Latino (14%), German (9.2%) and Irish (8.7%). Only 17.7% of its residents were foreign-born, a low figure compared to the city as a whole; of those, Mexico at 14.7% and the Philippines at 6.9% were the most common foreign places of birth.The median household income level of its residents was $73,111 in 2008, and 48.4% of its residents 25 and older had a four-year degree, both of which were high for the city. The average household size was 1.9 people, low for both the city and the county. Of its housing units 62.2% were occupied by renters and 37.8% by owners.Residents' median age was 37, which was old for the city of Los Angeles and old for the county. Only 9.7% of residents were headed by single parents, a low figure for both the city and the county.
History
Early years
The Tongva people have lived in the San Fernando Valley and the Los Angeles basin for 8,000 years. The Tongvan settlement Cahuenga used the springs and marsh in the Toluca Lake locale for water, fishing, hunting, harvesting, and building supplies (tule plants).After the Spanish conquest in the 1790s of Las Californias, the San Fernando Valley, including the "Toluca Lake locale", became the extended property of the Mission San Fernando Rey de España. After the 1823 Independence of Mexico, the secularization of missions in Alta California included the issuing of a Mexican land grant for Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. The extreme eastern end of the lake was within the 1843 Rancho Providencia grant to Vincente de la Osa. In 1862, Pío Pico sold his share of the Ex-San Fernando Mission land, the entire southern half of the Valley below Roscoe Boulevard, to Isaac Lankershim (operating as the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association) in 1869. In 1873, Isaac Lankershim's son, James Boon Lankershim, and future son-in-law, Isaac Newton Van Nuys, took over management of the property, including the lake at Toluca. During the 1880s, the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association was succeeded by the Los Angeles Farm & Milling Company.
In 1893, a petition was filed with the U.S. Postal Service for the area's first post office, to be named "Toluca Post Office". General Charles Forman, a wealthy local landowner and one of the proponents of the petition, later stated that he had chosen the name "Toluca" from a Paiute word meaning "fertile" or "beautiful" valley. Though part of a larger area traditionally called "Lankershim" after a colonel of the same name—and with a Southern Pacific Railroad train station named "Lankershim" that also opened in 1893 across from the post office—Forman called his own ranch and the surrounding land "Toluca".One of the wealthiest men in Nevada, Forman had made his fortune starting from nothing, first in mining, then cattle ranching, and then lumber. Falling in love with and marrying Los Angeles native Mary Agnes Gray, he soon moved to the area in the late 1880s and started the Kern River Company, a power company which delivered electricity from generators at the Kern River to Los Angeles. He also bought a large parcel of rich farm land, which included much of modern-day Toluca Lake and at least the western portion of the "ancient and historical" marshy pond now called Toluca Lake. By 1923, the Forman Toluca Lake Ranch was a flourishing producer of peaches, apples, and walnuts.
Modern development
In 1923, investors bought and developed the land as Toluca Lake Park. This initial venture failed, but a new group soon took over, renaming the firm as the Toluca Lake Company. With a "vision of creating a first 'bedroom community' for Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley", the company formally changed the name of the community to simply Toluca Lake and adopted as their logo the "swan on rippled water" image associated with the community today. The name Lankershim also was considered for the town. Colonel J. B. Lankershim established the town site of Toluca at the eastern edge of the family's vast holdings in 1888. The town name was changed from Toluca to Lankershim in 1896. By 1927, the lure of Hollywood inspired local merchants to launch a campaign to change the community's name to North Hollywood. The original town site of Toluca is now part of Toluca Lake.
The Lakeside golf course was designed in 1924 by Max Behr. This attracted actor Richard Arlen, who became one of Toluca Lake's first residents, and eventually its honorary mayor.Aviator Amelia Earhart lived in Toluca Lake on Valley Spring Lane after marrying publishing magnate George P. Putnam in 1931. The Spanish colonial-style home, which exists today, features a front-yard tree under which she signed her round-the-world flight plan. She made her home in Toluca Lake because the best aircraft were being designed and built at the Lockheed plant in Burbank.Entertainer Bob Hope moved to Toluca Lake in the late 1930s, and lived there until his death in 2003 at the age of 100. In the 1938 Little Rascals film Three Men in a Tub, the kids hold a regatta on the lake, which was largely surrounded by open country at that time. Actors Bette Davis, W. C. Fields, Dorothy Lamour, Billie Dove, Dick Powell, and Bing Crosby also moved into the community. In 1943, Crosby's mansion was almost completely destroyed by fire. Frank Sinatra moved into the home featured player and screen icon Mary Astor built on Toluca Lake in the 1940s. Former actor and 40th President of the United States Ronald Reagan had his wedding reception with second wife Nancy Reagan at the Toluca Lake home of actor (and best man) William Holden on March 4, 1952.Notable residents have included Steve Carell, Miley Cyrus, Viola Davis, Kirsten Dunst, Melissa McCarthy, and Octavia Spencer. In June 2018, Ron Burkle purchased the 5.2 acre Bob Hope estate for $15 million, with the proceeds going to the Bob and Dolores Hope Foundation. In 2021, Kelly Clarkson purchased an original 1936 colonial-style mansion on a Toluca Lake property.
Politics
Toluca Lake is represented by the Greater Toluca Lake Neighborhood Council led by Neighborhood Council President Colby Jensen, as well as Councilman Paul Krekorian in the Los Angeles City Council and Adrin Nazarian in the California State Assembly. NBC-4 weatherman Fritz Coleman is the honorary mayor of Toluca Lake.
In 2006, Toluca Lake homeowner groups mobilized against a proposed development in North Hollywood by NBCUniversal and Thomas Properties Group. The Metro Studio Project involves upwards of 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of space and would house employees leaving NBC's Burbank facility. The project also proposes Times Square-style supergraphics and digital illuminated billboards. It would be built partly on land for which NBCUniversal has a lease agreement from the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors has yet to act on the proposal, and Environmental Impact Reports are not finalized.
Education
The 2000 census found that 48.4% of Toluca Lake residents within Los Angeles had earned a four-year degree, a high figure for both the city and the county. The percentage of those residents with a master's degree or higher was large for the county.The Los Angeles section of Toluca Lake is a part of the Los Angeles Unified School District. The Burbank section is within the Burbank Unified School District.
Schools within Toluca Lake are:
Toluca Lake Elementary School, LAUSD, 4840 Cahuenga Boulevard
Toluca Crossroads School, private elementary, 4814 Cahuenga Boulevard
In popular culture
Toluca Lake is the setting of "The Bonnie Situation" chapter in Quentin Tarantino's film "Pulp Fiction" (1994)[3]
Toluca Lake is a lake featured in the Silent Hill series. It first appeared in the 1999 video game of the same name.
See also
History of the San Fernando Valley
Los Angeles River
References
External links
Toluca Lake crime map and statistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluca_Lake,_Los_Angeles | area |
b9e3d223-e4cf-4094-a3c1-988461b690d5 | Koogimäe | Koogimäe is a village in Kehtna Parish, Rapla County in northern-central Estonia.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koogim%C3%A4e | area |
f181fc95-c31a-42fc-95c0-800ec94447d2 | DeValls Bluff, Arkansas | DeValls Bluff is a city in and the county seat of the southern district of Prairie County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 619 at the 2010 census.
History
Prairie County has always been important to Arkansas for the transportation of people and goods throughout the state. Initially, it was the White River that gave the agricultural county its importance for transport, since waterways were the primary means of long-distance transportation in the period before the development of railroads. Prairie County was cut from Arkansas, Pulaski, Monroe, St. Francis, and White counties in 1846 and included present-day Lonoke County. European settlement in Prairie County came in the 19th century, with Jacob M. DeVall and his son, Chappel, becoming the first recorded settlers around DeValls Bluff according to 1851 tax records.
During the Civil War, the city was a trading center on the White River, which continued to be the primary shipping corridor when the Arkansas River was innavigable. A railroad connection between North Little Rock and DeValls Bluff gave the city further strategic importance. Union forces traveling up the White from Arkansas Post under the command of Brigadier General Willis Gorman captured DeValls Bluff on January 18, 1863. However, the Union forces eventually returned to Arkansas Post, and the city returned to Confederate control. Following the capture of Little Rock, Union cavalry led by Brigadier General John Wynn Davidson joined with gunboats under the command of Lieutenant George Bache in Clarendon on August 9, 1863 and traveled up the White River to capture DeValls Bluff. Major General Frederick Steele proceeded to DeValls Bluff from Helena, and the city was used to house supplies and injured Union soldiers for the remainder of the war.
Geography
DeValls Bluff is located at 34°47′5″N 91°27′37″W (34.784760, -91.460346). The city is located within the Grand Prairie section of Prairie County, a subdivision of the Mississippi embayment within the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Historically, the Grand Prairie was a flat grassland between the Arkansas River and the White River. However, the area was subject to clear cutting for row agriculture by early settlers. Today, the area is defined by rice cultivation, aquaculture and duck hunting.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.8 km2 (1.1 mi2), of which 2.7 km2 (1.0 mi2) is land and 0.2 km2 (0.1 mi2) (6.42%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 783 people, 334 households, and 218 families residing in the town. The population density was 293.5/km2 (762.8/mi2). There were 389 housing units at an average density of 145.8/km2 (379.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the town was 67.82% White, 31.80% Black or African American, 0.13% Asian, and 0.26% from two or more races. 0.13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 334 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the town the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $21,534, and the median income for a family was $32,708. Males had a median income of $28,088 versus $16,771 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,582. About 18.4% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.7% of those under age 18 and 22.1% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Hazen School District is the area school district, and operates Hazen High School.
The DeValls Bluff School District consolidated into the Hazen district on July 1, 2006.
References
External links
Media related to DeValls Bluff, Arkansas at Wikimedia Commons
Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeValls_Bluff,_Arkansas | area |
cb745b2c-2a6c-4a1c-9b5c-1bdec1c47725 | Hamont-Achel | Hamont-Achel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦaːmɔnt ˈɑxəl]; Limburgish: Haëmet-Achel) is a city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg. It was founded in 1977 by a fusion of the city Hamont and the village Achel. On January 1, 2020, Hamont-Achel had a total population of 14.294. The total area is 43.66 km² which gives a population density of 315 inhabitants per km². The municipality houses the Trappist Abbey of Achel, part of which is Brouwerij de Achelse Kluis, one of the 11 Trappist breweries.
The professional tennis player Elise Mertens (WTA 35 - 2017) lives in Hamont-Achel.
Demographics
Languages
Dutch in Hamont-Achel is often spoken with a distinctive Limburgish accent, which should not be confused with the Limburgish language.
Limburgish (or Limburgian) is the overlapping term of the tonal dialects spoken in the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg. The Hamont-Achel dialect is only one of many variants of Limburgish.
Deadly explosion
On 18 November 1918, the municipality was the site of one of the worst train explosions in history, when two German munitions trains caught fire and exploded. Not only were the trains destroyed, but three German ambulance trains were also wiped out, along with most of the town. More than 1,000 individuals were killed.
Tumulus on Haarterheide
References
Bibliography
External links
Media related to Hamont-Achel at Wikimedia Commons
Website about Hamont-Achel (in Dutch)
The Pessimist's Guide to History Archived 2011-08-23 at the Wayback Machine
sporza.be report on Jelle Vanendert's return home after the 2011 Tour de France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamont-Achel | area |
3c667d56-66eb-4dd2-95e1-99186ab26061 | Wonsees | Wonsees is a municipality in the district of Kulmbach in Bavaria in Germany.
City arrangement
Wonsees is arranged in the following boroughs:
Feulersdorf
Gelbsreuth
Großenhül
Kleinhül
Lindenmühle
Plötzmühle
Sanspareil
Schirradorf
Wonsees
Zedersitz
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsees | area |
80db3c2b-ef18-486e-aee0-382a73e663c8 | Arford | Arford is a village in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England, just north of the B3002 road, and is part of the civil parish of Headley.
The village is about half a mile from Headley village centre and 3.5 miles (5.5 km) north of Liphook, which has the nearest railway station.
External links
Media related to Arford at Wikimedia Commons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arford | area |
afe517d6-b254-4f0d-94f6-b813bb97d473 | Middlefield | Middlefield may refer to:
Canada
Middlefield, Nova Scotia
Middlefield Collegiate Institute, a high school in the area
Middlefield Road, a street in Toronto
a community in Markham, Ontario
England
Middlefield, Stapleford, a mansion in Stapleford, Cambridgeshire
Scotland
Middlefield, Aberdeen, a place in Aberdeen
Middlefield, Falkirk, a U.K. location
United States
Middlefield, Connecticut
Middlefield, Massachusetts
Middlefield, New York
Middlefield, Ohio
Middlefield station, a light rail station in Mountain View, California
Middlefield Township, Buchanan County, Iowa
Middlefield Township, Geauga County, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlefield | area |
539ebdb6-f3f1-4688-8cbe-ad2bffe6ff5d | Funen | Funen (Danish: Fyn, pronounced [ˈfyˀn]), with an area of 3,099.7 square kilometres (1,196.8 sq mi), is the third-largest island of Denmark, after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy. It is the 165th-largest island in the world. It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 469,947 as of 2020. Funen's main city is Odense, which is connected to the sea by a seldom-used canal. The city's shipyard, Odense Steel Shipyard, has been relocated outside Odense proper.
Funen belongs administratively to the Region of Southern Denmark. From 1970 to 2006 the island formed the biggest part of Funen County, which also included the islands of Langeland, Ærø, Tåsinge, and a number of smaller islands.
Funen is linked to Zealand, Denmark's largest island, by the Great Belt Bridge, which carries both trains and cars. The bridge is in reality three bridges; low road and rail bridges connect Funen to the small island of Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt, and a long road suspension bridge (the second longest in the world at the time of opening) connects Funen the rest of the way to Zealand, paralleled by a rail tunnel.
Two bridges connect Funen to the Danish mainland, Jutland. The Old Little Belt Bridge was constructed in the 1930s, shortly before World War II for both cars and trains. The New Little Belt Bridge, a suspension bridge, was constructed in the 1970s and is used for cars only.
Apart from the main city, Odense, all major towns are located in coastal areas. Beginning in the north-east of the island and moving clockwise, they are Kerteminde (NE), Nyborg (E), Svendborg (S), Fåborg (SW), Assens (W), Middelfart (NW) and Bogense (N).
The populations of the major cities and towns are, as of 1 January 2018:
Odense: 178,210
Svendborg: 27,324
Nyborg: 17,164
Middelfart: 15,246
Fåborg: 7,065
Assens: 6,209
Kerteminde: 5,914
Ringe: 5,912
Otterup: 5,227
Bogense: 3,891Funen was the birthplace of Hans Christian Andersen, the composer Carl Nielsen, American War of Independence combatant Christian Febiger, pop singer MØ and international footballer Christian Eriksen.
The highest natural point on Funen is Frøbjerg Bavnehøj.
Politics
Funen (Folketing constituency)
Viking Age
In 2018, at the highest point near Kerteminde (?), known as Munkebo Bakke, archaeologists found an exceedingly large Viking hall that dates back more than 1,000 years, to around 825 – 1,000 CE.
According to the Funen museum experts, this Viking hall is larger than any found on Funen before.Galgedil is a Viking Age cemetery located in the northern part of Funen. Excavations at the local site revealed 54 graves containing 59 inhumations and 2 cremation burials.
See also
Broholm
Den Selvforsynende Landsby
Egeskov Castle
Fynske Livregiment
Horne Church
Hvedholm Castle
Korshavn, Denmark
Skrøbelev Gods
The Funen Village an open-air museum.
Funen brachteate in the collections of the National Museum of Denmark.
References
External links
Official tourist information site for Funen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funen | area |
2075a54b-a0ca-4508-94a4-758825516a28 | Genay | Genay is the name of the following communes in France:
Genay, Côte-d'Or, in the Côte-d'Or department
Genay, Rhône, in the Rhône department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genay | area |
3277664a-4e91-4577-b10a-0479c93b0a38 | North Patchogue, New York | North Patchogue (, PATCH-awg) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Brookhaven, in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP population was 7,246 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.3 km2), of which 2.0 square miles (5.1 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 2.57%, is water.North Patchogue is near the interchange of NY-27 (Sunrise Highway), and NY-112 (Medford Avenue).
It is also the home of two waterways that flow into the Patchogue Lake and River, one of which is Canaan Lake.
Demographics
Demographics of the CDP
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,825 people, 2,694 households, and 1,988 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,669.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,416.9/km2). There were 2,781 housing units at an average density of 1,304.2 per square mile (503.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.30% White, 1.44% African American, 0.09% Native American, 1.11% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.38% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.77% of the population.
There were 2,694 households, out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.32.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $61,145, and the median income for a family was $65,117. Males had a median income of $44,302 versus $31,724 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,719. About 2.4% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Michael P. Murphy, a United States Navy SEAL and North Patchogue native (1976); posthumously received the Medal of Honor in 2007 for bravery in action against the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2005.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Patchogue,_New_York | area |
27e3babc-fdb2-4f99-9c4f-732ad15bef6c | Bretteville-sur-Odon | Bretteville-sur-Odon (French pronunciation: [bʁɛtvil syʁ ɔdɔ̃] (listen), literally Bretteville on Odon) is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It lies on the river Odon, about 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Caen.
Population
Twin towns
Woodbury, Devon, UK since 1978
Glattbach, Germany since 1987
Ouonck CR, Sénégal since 1997
See also
Communes of the Calvados department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretteville-sur-Odon | area |
c1b6f149-cd99-45e9-8cfa-1832ba9526d2 | Lens | A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.
Lenses are used in various imaging devices such as telescopes, binoculars, and cameras. They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia.
History
The word lens comes from lēns, the Latin name of the lentil (a seed of a lentil plant), because a double-convex lens is lentil-shaped. The lentil also gives its name to a geometric figure.Some scholars argue that the archeological evidence indicates that there was widespread use of lenses in antiquity, spanning several millennia. The so-called Nimrud lens is a rock crystal artifact dated to the 7th century BCE which may or may not have been used as a magnifying glass, or a burning glass. Others have suggested that certain Egyptian hieroglyphs depict "simple glass meniscal lenses".The oldest certain reference to the use of lenses is from Aristophanes' play The Clouds (424 BCE) mentioning a burning-glass.Pliny the Elder (1st century) confirms that burning-glasses were known in the Roman period.
Pliny also has the earliest known reference to the use of a corrective lens when he mentions that Nero was said to watch the gladiatorial games using an emerald (presumably concave to correct for nearsightedness, though the reference is vague). Both Pliny and Seneca the Younger (3 BC–65 AD) described the magnifying effect of a glass globe filled with water.
Ptolemy (2nd century) wrote a book on Optics, which however survives only in the Latin translation of an incomplete and very poor Arabic translation.
The book was, however, received by medieval scholars in the Islamic world, and commented upon by Ibn Sahl (10th century), who was in turn improved upon by Alhazen (Book of Optics, 11th century). The Arabic translation of Ptolemy's Optics became available in Latin translation in the 12th century (Eugenius of Palermo 1154). Between the 11th and 13th century "reading stones" were invented. These were primitive plano-convex lenses initially made by cutting a glass sphere in half. The medieval (11th or 12th century) rock crystal Visby lenses may or may not have been intended for use as burning glasses.Spectacles were invented as an improvement of the "reading stones" of the high medieval period in Northern Italy in the second half of the 13th century. This was the start of the optical industry of grinding and polishing lenses for spectacles, first in Venice and Florence in the late 13th century, and later in the spectacle-making centres in both the Netherlands and Germany.
Spectacle makers created improved types of lenses for the correction of vision based more on empirical knowledge gained from observing the effects of the lenses (probably without the knowledge of the rudimentary optical theory of the day). The practical development and experimentation with lenses led to the invention of the compound optical microscope around 1595, and the refracting telescope in 1608, both of which appeared in the spectacle-making centres in the Netherlands.
With the invention of the telescope and microscope there was a great deal of experimentation with lens shapes in the 17th and early 18th centuries by those trying to correct chromatic errors seen in lenses. Opticians tried to construct lenses of varying forms of curvature, wrongly assuming errors arose from defects in the spherical figure of their surfaces. Optical theory on refraction and experimentation was showing no single-element lens could bring all colours to a focus. This led to the invention of the compound achromatic lens by Chester Moore Hall in England in 1733, an invention also claimed by fellow Englishman John Dollond in a 1758 patent.
Construction of simple lenses
Most lenses are spherical lenses: their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of spheres. Each surface can be convex (bulging outwards from the lens), concave (depressed into the lens), or planar (flat). The line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens surfaces is called the axis of the lens. Typically the lens axis passes through the physical centre of the lens, because of the way they are manufactured. Lenses may be cut or ground after manufacturing to give them a different shape or size. The lens axis may then not pass through the physical centre of the lens.
Toric or sphero-cylindrical lenses have surfaces with two different radii of curvature in two orthogonal planes. They have a different focal power in different meridians. This forms an astigmatic lens. An example is eyeglass lenses that are used to correct astigmatism in someone's eye.
Types of simple lenses
Lenses are classified by the curvature of the two optical surfaces. A lens is biconvex (or double convex, or just convex) if both surfaces are convex. If both surfaces have the same radius of curvature, the lens is equiconvex. A lens with two concave surfaces is biconcave (or just concave). If one of the surfaces is flat, the lens is plano-convex or plano-concave depending on the curvature of the other surface. A lens with one convex and one concave side is convex-concave or meniscus. It is this type of lens that is most commonly used in corrective lenses, since its shape minimizes some aberrations.
If the lens is biconvex or plano-convex, a collimated beam of light passing through the lens converges to a spot (a focus) behind the lens. In this case, the lens is called a positive or converging lens. For a thin lens in air, the distance from the lens to the spot is the focal length of the lens, which is commonly represented by f in diagrams and equations. An extended hemispherical lens is a special type of plano-convex lens, in which the lens's curved surface is a full hemisphere and the lens is much thicker than the radius of curvature.
Another extreme case of a thick convex lens is a ball lens, whose shape is completely round. When used in novelty photography it is often called a "lensball". A ball-shaped lens has the advantage of being omnidirectional, but for most optical glass types, its focal point lies close to the ball's surface . Because of the ball's curvature extremes compared to the lens size, optical aberration is much worse than thin lenses, with the notable exception of chromatic aberration.
If the lens is biconcave or plano-concave, a collimated beam of light passing through the lens is diverged (spread); the lens is thus called a negative or diverging lens. The beam, after passing through the lens, appears to emanate from a particular point on the axis in front of the lens. For a thin lens in air, the distance from this point to the lens is the focal length, though it is negative with respect to the focal length of a converging lens.
Convex-concave (meniscus) lenses can be either positive or negative, depending on the relative curvatures of the two surfaces. A negative meniscus lens has a steeper concave surface (with a shorter radius than the convex surface) and is thinner at the centre than at the periphery. Conversely, a positive meniscus lens has a steeper convex surface (with a shorter radius than the concave surface) and is thicker at the centre than at the periphery.
An ideal thin lens with two surfaces of equal curvature would have zero optical power, meaning that it would neither converge nor diverge light. All real lenses have a nonzero thickness, however, which makes a real lens with identical curved surfaces slightly positive. To obtain exactly zero optical power, a meniscus lens must have slightly unequal curvatures to account for the effect of the lens' thickness.
For a spherical surface
For a single refraction for a circular boundary, the relation between object and image is given bywhere R is the radius of the spherical surface, n2 is the refractive index of the surface and n1 is the refractive index of medium.
Applying this on the two spherical surfaces of a thin lens leads to the lens maker's formula.
Derivation
Applying Snell's law on the spherical surface,
n
1
sin
i
=
n
2
sin
r
{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin i=n_{2}\sin r}
Also in the diagram,
tan
(
i
−
θ
)
=
h
u
{\displaystyle \tan(i-\theta )={\frac {h}{u}}}
tan
(
θ
−
r
)
=
h
v
{\displaystyle \tan(\theta -r)={\frac {h}{v}}}
sin
θ
=
h
R
{\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {h}{R}}}
Using small angle approximation and eliminating i, r and θ,
n
2
v
−
n
1
u
=
n
2
−
n
1
R
{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{2}}{v}}-{\frac {n_{1}}{u}}={\frac {n_{2}-n_{1}}{R}}}
Lensmaker's equation
The focal length of a lens in air can be calculated from the lensmaker's equation:
1
f
=
(
n
−
1
)
[
1
R
1
−
1
R
2
+
(
n
−
1
)
d
n
R
1
R
2
]
,
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\ f\ }}=(n-1)\left[{\frac {1}{\ R_{1}\ }}-{\frac {1}{\ R_{2}\ }}+{\frac {\ (n-1)\ d\ }{n\ R_{1}R_{2}}}\right]\ ,}
where
f is the focal length of the lens,
n is the refractive index of the lens material,
R1 is the radius of curvature (with a sign, see below) of the lens surface closer to the light source,
R2 is the radius of curvature of the lens surface farther from the light source, and
d is the thickness of the lens (the distance along the lens axis between the two surface vertices).The focal length f is positive for converging lenses, and negative for diverging lenses. The reciprocal of the focal length, 1/ f , is the optical power of the lens. If the focal length is in metres, this gives the optical power in dioptres (inverse metres).
Lenses have the same focal length when light travels from the back to the front as when light goes from the front to the back. Other properties of the lens, such as the aberrations are not the same in both directions.
Sign convention for radii of curvature R1 and R2
The signs of the lens' radii of curvature indicate whether the corresponding surfaces are convex or concave. The sign convention used to represent this varies, but in this article a positive R indicates a surface's center of curvature is further along in the direction of the ray travel (right, in the accompanying diagrams), while negative R means that rays reaching the surface have already passed the center of curvature. Consequently, for external lens surfaces as diagrammed above, R1 > 0 and R2 < 0 indicate convex surfaces (used to converge light in a positive lens), while R1 < 0 and Rs > 0 indicate concave surfaces. The reciprocal of the radius of curvature is called the curvature. A flat surface has zero curvature, and its radius of curvature is infinite.
Thin lens approximation
If d is small compared to R1 and R2 , then the thin lens approximation can be made. For a lens in air, f is then given by
1
f
≈
(
n
−
1
)
[
1
R
1
−
1
R
2
]
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\ f\ }}\approx \left(n-1\right)\left[{\frac {1}{\ R_{1}\ }}-{\frac {1}{\ R_{2}\ }}\right]~.}
Imaging properties
As mentioned above, a positive or converging lens in air focuses a collimated beam travelling along the lens axis to a spot (known as the focal point) at a distance f from the lens. Conversely, a point source of light placed at the focal point is converted into a collimated beam by the lens. These two cases are examples of image formation in lenses. In the former case, an object at an infinite distance (as represented by a collimated beam of waves) is focused to an image at the focal point of the lens. In the latter, an object at the focal length distance from the lens is imaged at infinity. The plane perpendicular to the lens axis situated at a distance f from the lens is called the focal plane.
If the distances from the object to the lens and from the lens to the image are S1 and S2 respectively, for a lens of negligible thickness (thin lens), in air, the distances are related by the thin lens formula:
1
S
1
+
1
S
2
=
1
f
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}={\frac {1}{f}}.}
This can also be put into the "Newtonian" form:
x
1
x
2
=
f
2
,
{\displaystyle x_{1}x_{2}=f^{2},\!}
where
x
1
=
S
1
−
f
{\displaystyle x_{1}=S_{1}-f}
and
x
2
=
S
2
−
f
{\displaystyle x_{2}=S_{2}-f}
.
Therefore, if an object is placed at a distance S1 > f from a positive lens of focal length f, we will find an image distance S2 according to this formula. If a screen is placed at a distance S2 on the opposite side of the lens, an image is formed on it. This sort of image, which can be projected onto a screen or image sensor, is known as a real image. This is the principle of the camera, and also of the human eye, in which the retina serves as the image sensor.
The focusing adjustment of a camera adjusts S2, as using an image distance different from that required by this formula produces a defocused (fuzzy) image for an object at a distance of S1 from the camera. Put another way, modifying S2 causes objects at a different S1 to come into perfect focus.
In some cases S2 is negative, indicating that the image is formed on the opposite side of the lens from where those rays are being considered. Since the diverging light rays emanating from the lens never come into focus, and those rays are not physically present at the point where they appear to form an image, this is called a virtual image. Unlike real images, a virtual image cannot be projected on a screen, but appears to an observer looking through the lens as if it were a real object at the location of that virtual image. Likewise, it appears to a subsequent lens as if it were an object at that location, so that second lens could again focus that light into a real image, S1 then being measured from the virtual image location behind the first lens to the second lens. This is exactly what the eye does when looking through a magnifying glass. The magnifying glass creates a (magnified) virtual image behind the magnifying glass, but those rays are then re-imaged by the lens of the eye to create a real image on the retina.
Using a positive lens of focal length f, a virtual image results when S1 < f, the lens thus being used as a magnifying glass (rather than if S1 >> f as for a camera). Using a negative lens (f < 0) with a real object (S1 > 0) can only produce a virtual image (S2 < 0), according to the above formula. It is also possible for the object distance S1 to be negative, in which case the lens sees a so-called virtual object. This happens when the lens is inserted into a converging beam (being focused by a previous lens) before the location of its real image. In that case even a negative lens can project a real image, as is done by a Barlow lens.
For a thin lens, the distances S1 and S2 are measured from the object and image to the position of the lens, as described above. When the thickness of the lens is not much smaller than S1 and S2 or there are multiple lens elements (a compound lens), one must instead measure from the object and image to the principal planes of the lens. If distances S1 or S2 pass through a medium other than air or vacuum a more complicated analysis is required.
Magnification
The linear magnification of an imaging system using a single lens is given by
M
=
−
S
2
S
1
=
f
f
−
S
1
,
{\displaystyle M=-{\frac {S_{2}}{S_{1}}}={\frac {f}{f-S_{1}}},}
where M is the magnification factor defined as the ratio of the size of an image compared to the size of the object. The sign convention here dictates that if M is negative, as it is for real images, the image is upside-down with respect to the object. For virtual images M is positive, so the image is upright.
This magnification formula provides two easy ways to distinguish converging (f > 0) and diverging (f < 0) lenses: For an object very close to the lens (0 < S1 < |f|), a converging lens would form a magnified (bigger) virtual image, whereas a diverging lens would form a demagnified (smaller) image; For an object very far from the lens (S1 > |f| > 0), a converging lens would form an inverted image, whereas a diverging lens would form an upright image.
Linear magnification M is not always the most useful measure of magnifying power. For instance, when characterizing a visual telescope or binoculars that produce only a virtual image, one would be more concerned with the angular magnification—which expresses how much larger a distant object appears through the telescope compared to the naked eye. In the case of a camera one would quote the plate scale, which compares the apparent (angular) size of a distant object to the size of the real image produced at the focus. The plate scale is the reciprocal of the focal length of the camera lens; lenses are categorized as long-focus lenses or wide-angle lenses according to their focal lengths.
Using an inappropriate measurement of magnification can be formally correct but yield a meaningless number. For instance, using a magnifying glass of 5 cm focal length, held 20 cm from the eye and 5 cm from the object, produces a virtual image at infinity of infinite linear size: M = ∞. But the angular magnification is 5, meaning that the object appears 5 times larger to the eye than without the lens. When taking a picture of the moon using a camera with a 50 mm lens, one is not concerned with the linear magnification M ≈ −50 mm / 380000 km = −1.3×10−10. Rather, the plate scale of the camera is about 1°/mm, from which one can conclude that the 0.5 mm image on the film corresponds to an angular size of the moon seen from earth of about 0.5°.
In the extreme case where an object is an infinite distance away, S1 = ∞, S2 = f and M = −f/∞= 0, indicating that the object would be imaged to a single point in the focal plane. In fact, the diameter of the projected spot is not actually zero, since diffraction places a lower limit on the size of the point spread function. This is called the diffraction limit.
Aberrations
Lenses do not form perfect images, and a lens always introduces some degree of distortion or aberration that makes the image an imperfect replica of the object. Careful design of the lens system for a particular application minimizes the aberration. Several types of aberration affect image quality, including spherical aberration, coma, and chromatic aberration.
Spherical aberration
Spherical aberration occurs because spherical surfaces are not the ideal shape for a lens, but are by far the simplest shape to which glass can be ground and polished, and so are often used. Spherical aberration causes beams parallel to, but distant from, the lens axis to be focused in a slightly different place than beams close to the axis. This manifests itself as a blurring of the image. Spherical aberration can be minimised with normal lens shapes by carefully choosing the surface curvatures for a particular application. For instance, a plano-convex lens, which is used to focus a collimated beam, produces a sharper focal spot when used with the convex side towards the beam source.
Coma
Coma, or comatic aberration, derives its name from the comet-like appearance of the aberrated image. Coma occurs when an object off the optical axis of the lens is imaged, where rays pass through the lens at an angle to the axis θ. Rays that pass through the centre of a lens of focal length f are focused at a point with distance f tan θ from the axis. Rays passing through the outer margins of the lens are focused at different points, either further from the axis (positive coma) or closer to the axis (negative coma). In general, a bundle of parallel rays passing through the lens at a fixed distance from the centre of the lens are focused to a ring-shaped image in the focal plane, known as a comatic circle. The sum of all these circles results in a V-shaped or comet-like flare. As with spherical aberration, coma can be minimised (and in some cases eliminated) by choosing the curvature of the two lens surfaces to match the application. Lenses in which both spherical aberration and coma are minimised are called bestform lenses.
Chromatic aberration
Chromatic aberration is caused by the dispersion of the lens material—the variation of its refractive index, n, with the wavelength of light. Since, from the formulae above, f is dependent upon n, it follows that light of different wavelengths is focused to different positions. Chromatic aberration of a lens is seen as fringes of colour around the image. It can be minimised by using an achromatic doublet (or achromat) in which two materials with differing dispersion are bonded together to form a single lens. This reduces the amount of chromatic aberration over a certain range of wavelengths, though it does not produce perfect correction. The use of achromats was an important step in the development of the optical microscope. An apochromat is a lens or lens system with even better chromatic aberration correction, combined with improved spherical aberration correction. Apochromats are much more expensive than achromats.
Different lens materials may also be used to minimise chromatic aberration, such as specialised coatings or lenses made from the crystal fluorite. This naturally occurring substance has the highest known Abbe number, indicating that the material has low dispersion.
Other types of aberration
Other kinds of aberration include field curvature, barrel and pincushion distortion, and astigmatism.
Aperture diffraction
Even if a lens is designed to minimize or eliminate the aberrations described above, the image quality is still limited by the diffraction of light passing through the lens' finite aperture. A diffraction-limited lens is one in which aberrations have been reduced to the point where the image quality is primarily limited by diffraction under the design conditions.
Compound lenses
Simple lenses are subject to the optical aberrations discussed above. In many cases these aberrations can be compensated for to a great extent by using a combination of simple lenses with complementary aberrations. A compound lens is a collection of simple lenses of different shapes and made of materials of different refractive indices, arranged one after the other with a common axis.
The simplest case is where lenses are placed in contact: if the lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are "thin", the combined focal length f of the lenses is given by
1
f
=
1
f
1
+
1
f
2
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{f}}={\frac {1}{f_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{f_{2}}}.}
Since 1/f is the power of a lens, it can be seen that the powers of thin lenses in contact are additive.
If two thin lenses are separated in air by some distance d, the focal length for the combined system is given by
1
f
=
1
f
1
+
1
f
2
−
d
f
1
f
2
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{f}}={\frac {1}{f_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{f_{2}}}-{\frac {d}{f_{1}f_{2}}}.}
The distance from the front focal point of the combined lenses to the first lens is called the front focal length (FFL):
FFL
=
f
1
(
f
2
−
d
)
(
f
1
+
f
2
)
−
d
.
{\displaystyle {\text{FFL}}={\frac {f_{1}(f_{2}-d)}{(f_{1}+f_{2})-d}}.}
Similarly, the distance from the second lens to the rear focal point of the combined system is the back focal length (BFL):
BFL
=
f
2
(
d
−
f
1
)
d
−
(
f
1
+
f
2
)
.
{\displaystyle {\text{BFL}}={\frac {f_{2}(d-f_{1})}{d-(f_{1}+f_{2})}}.}
As d tends to zero, the focal lengths tend to the value of f given for thin lenses in contact.
If the separation distance is equal to the sum of the focal lengths (d = f1 + f2), the FFL and BFL are infinite. This corresponds to a pair of lenses that transform a parallel (collimated) beam into another collimated beam. This type of system is called an afocal system, since it produces no net convergence or divergence of the beam. Two lenses at this separation form the simplest type of optical telescope. Although the system does not alter the divergence of a collimated beam, it does alter the width of the beam. The magnification of such a telescope is given by
M
=
−
f
2
f
1
,
{\displaystyle M=-{\frac {f_{2}}{f_{1}}},}
which is the ratio of the output beam width to the input beam width. Note the sign convention: a telescope with two convex lenses (f1 > 0, f2 > 0) produces a negative magnification, indicating an inverted image. A convex plus a concave lens (f1 > 0 > f2) produces a positive magnification and the image is upright. For further information on simple optical telescopes, see Refracting telescope § Refracting telescope designs.
Non spherical types
Cylindrical lenses have curvature along only one axis. They are used to focus light into a line, or to convert the elliptical light from a laser diode into a round beam. They are also used in motion picture anamorphic lenses.
Aspheric lenses have at least one surface that is neither spherical nor cylindrical. The more complicated shapes allow such lenses to form images with less aberration than standard simple lenses, but they are more difficult and expensive to produce. These were formerly complex to make and often extremely expensive, but advances in technology have greatly reduced the manufacturing cost for such lenses.
A Fresnel lens has its optical surface broken up into narrow rings, allowing the lens to be much thinner and lighter than conventional lenses. Durable Fresnel lenses can be molded from plastic and are inexpensive.
Lenticular lenses are arrays of microlenses that are used in lenticular printing to make images that have an illusion of depth or that change when viewed from different angles.
Bifocal lens has two or more, or a graduated, focal lengths ground into the lens.
A gradient index lens has flat optical surfaces, but has a radial or axial variation in index of refraction that causes light passing through the lens to be focused.
An axicon has a conical optical surface. It images a point source into a line along the optic axis, or transforms a laser beam into a ring.Diffractive optical elements can function as lenses.
Superlenses are made from negative index metamaterials and claim to produce images at spatial resolutions exceeding the diffraction limit. The first superlenses were made in 2004 using such a metamaterial for microwaves. Improved versions have been made by other researchers. As of 2014 the superlens has not yet been demonstrated at visible or near-infrared wavelengths.A prototype flat ultrathin lens, with no curvature has been developed.
Uses
A single convex lens mounted in a frame with a handle or stand is a magnifying glass.
Lenses are used as prosthetics for the correction of refractive errors such as myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, and astigmatism. (See corrective lens, contact lens, eyeglasses, intraocular lens.) Most lenses used for other purposes have strict axial symmetry; eyeglass lenses are only approximately symmetric. They are usually shaped to fit in a roughly oval, not circular, frame; the optical centres are placed over the eyeballs; their curvature may not be axially symmetric to correct for astigmatism. Sunglasses' lenses are designed to attenuate light; sunglass lenses that also correct visual impairments can be custom made.
Other uses are in imaging systems such as monoculars, binoculars, telescopes, microscopes, cameras and projectors. Some of these instruments produce a virtual image when applied to the human eye; others produce a real image that can be captured on photographic film or an optical sensor, or can be viewed on a screen. In these devices lenses are sometimes paired up with curved mirrors to make a catadioptric system where the lens's spherical aberration corrects the opposite aberration in the mirror (such as Schmidt and meniscus correctors).
Convex lenses produce an image of an object at infinity at their focus; if the sun is imaged, much of the visible and infrared light incident on the lens is concentrated into the small image. A large lens creates enough intensity to burn a flammable object at the focal point. Since ignition can be achieved even with a poorly made lens, lenses have been used as burning-glasses for at least 2400 years. A modern application is the use of relatively large lenses to concentrate solar energy on relatively small photovoltaic cells, harvesting more energy without the need to use larger and more expensive cells.
Radio astronomy and radar systems often use dielectric lenses, commonly called a lens antenna to refract electromagnetic radiation into a collector antenna.
Lenses can become scratched and abraded. Abrasion-resistant coatings are available to help control this.
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Hecht, Eugene (1987). Optics (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-11609-0. Chapters 5 & 6.
Hecht, Eugene (2002). Optics (4th ed.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-18878-6.
Greivenkamp, John E. (2004). Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides vol. FG01. SPIE. ISBN 978-0-8194-5294-8.
External links
A chapter from an online textbook on refraction and lenses Archived 17 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Thin Spherical Lenses (.pdf) on Project PHYSNET.
Lens article at digitalartform.com
Article on Ancient Egyptian lenses
FDTD Animation of Electromagnetic Propagation through Convex Lens (on- and off-axis) Video on YouTube
The Use of Magnifying Lenses in the Classical World
Henker, Otto (1911). "Lens" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 421–427. (with 21 diagrams)
Simulations
Learning by Simulations – Concave and Convex Lenses
OpticalRayTracer – Open source lens simulator (downloadable java)
Animations demonstrating lens by QED | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens | area |
da75c267-076e-40a3-a816-c1095825324e | Ōtawara | Ōtawara (大田原市, Ōtawara-shi) is a city located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2020, the city had an estimated population of 72,189 in 30,136 households, and a population density of 210 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 354.36 square kilometres (136.82 sq mi). The city's name may also be spelled "Ohtawara" as indicated by the official city website.
Geography
Ōtawara is located in northeast Tochigi Prefecture in the foothills of the Nasu region. About 50% of Ōtawara is covered by rice fields with about 12% being mountains and forests. The average elevation of Ōtawara is 217.76 meters. Ōtawara is approximately 40 kilometers north of Utsunomiya, the capital of Tochigi, and approximately 50 km east of the historic city of Nikkō. The city is long in the east and west direction, and the eastern side of the city is bordered by Ibaraki and Fukushima prefectures. The Yamizo Mountains extend along the prefectural border with Ibaraki Prefecture in the eastern part of the prefecture. Rivers include the Naka River, which runs north–south in the eastern part of the city.
Surrounding municipalities
Tochigi Prefecture
Nasushiobara
Sakura
Yaita
Nasu
NakagawaIbaraki Prefecture
DaigoFukushima Prefecture
Tanagura
Climate
Ōtawara has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ōtawara is 12.9 °C (55.2 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,522.6 mm (59.94 in) with June through July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.4 °C (75.9 °F), and lowest in January, at around 1.7 °C (35.1 °F).
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōtawara has remained relatively steady over the past 70 years.
History
During the Sengoku period, the area was controlled by the Ōtawara clan, who built Ōtawara Castle in 1545. The surrounding jōkamachi was a shukuba on the Ōshū Kaidō highway to northern Japan. During the Edo Period, Ōtawara Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate lasted for over 250 years until the Meiji period. Kurobane Domain was another feudal domain which existed within the borders of modern Ōtawara during this time. With the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, the town of Ōtawara was created. On December 1, 1954, the town of Ōtawara and the villages of Chikasono and Kaneda combined to form the city of Ōtawara. The city annexed part of Nozaki Town on December 31, 1954 followed by part of Nishinasuno Town on April 1, 1955 and the town of Sakuyama on November 5, 1955.
On October 1, 2005, the town of Kurobane, and the village of Yuzukami (both from Nasu District) were merged into Ōtawara.
Government
Ōtawara has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 21 members. Ōtawara contributes two members to the Tochigi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tochigi 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
Ōtawara is one of the largest rice producing areas in Tochigi. The city is also home to four industrial parks, and industries include corporations such as Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation which sells medical imaging equipment worldwide including CT scans, and Mochida Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. which specializes in the sales of pharmaceuticals, medical equipment and skincare products. Tochigi Nikon Corporation, a member of the Nikon Group that designs and manufactures optical products, electronic imaging equipment, semiconductor manufacturing equipment and optical lenses, is also located in Ōtawara.
Education
Ōtawara has 20 public elementary schools and eight public junior high schools operated by the city government, and four public high schools operated by the Tochigi Prefectural Board of Education. The International University of Health and Welfare is located in Ōtawara. The university was established in 1995, with the aim of training experts in the field of health and welfare.
Transportation
Railway
JR East – Tohoku Main Line (Utsunomiya Line)
Nozaki
Highway
Tōhoku Expressway – Nishinasuno-Shiobara IC
National Route 294
National Route 400
National Route 461
Local attractions
Ōtawara is home to several historical and cultural assets:
Kasaishi Shrine (笠石神社) dating to the 690s AD has one of the oldest surviving example of writing in Japan
Shino Kura Hall is a thatched roof style building dating to approximately the late 1850s or early 1860s, the end of the Edo period. The Hall displays old equipment and other artifacts dating to that time period such as large carts, a foot threshing machine, a packsaddle, and a milk machine. The Hall also serves handmade soba noodles using home-grown buckwheat.
Unganji (雲巌寺), a Buddhist temple in the east side of Ōtawara, is a location where Matsuo Bashō stopped during the journey recorded in The Narrow Road to the Deep North (Oku no Hosomichi). A stone engraved with a haiku he wrote inspired by what he saw there is displayed.
site of Ōtawara Castle
site of Kurobane Castle
Nasunogahara Harmony Hall
Ōtawara Onsen
Kurobane Onsen
Sports and recreation
The largest sporting event the city hosts is the Tabara Hiroshi Marathon which is held annually on November 23, Labor Day. There are ten golf courses in the Ōtawara area, including both public courses and private country clubs such the New St. Andrews Golf Club which is a Jack Nicklaus design course. Ōtawara has a large sports and recreation complex called the Tochigi Prefectural North Gymnasium. The gymnasium has a main arena for general sports and cultural events and includes two basketball and three volleyball courts, 10 badminton courts, 20 ping-pong tables, one handball court, 10 tennis courts, two wrestling and karate rings. The arena can seat up to 1,500 spectators. In addition, there is a separate smaller arena, martial arts area, and training rooms. Several other gymnasiums, community pools, and sports fields are located throughout the Ōtawara area.
External relations
- West Covina, California, USA
– St Andrews, Scotland, UK
Noted people
Kazue Takahashi, voice actress
Hokutōriki Hideki, sumo wrestler
Michio Watanabe, politician
Masakazu Fukuda, professional wrestler
Yumiko Ōshima, cartoonist
Nasu Sukeharu, Muromachi-era daimyō
Hikaru Midorikawa, voice actor
Hirobumi Watanabe, movie director
References
External links
Media related to Otawara, Tochigi at Wikimedia Commons
Official Website (in Japanese)
Ōtawara Tourism Association (in Japanese) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctawara | area |
68e54ab1-1a94-4d68-960a-904bc7fbcf84 | Choszczno | Choszczno [ˈxɔʂt͡ʂnɔ] (listen) (German: Arnswalde) is a town in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 14,831. The town is in a marshy district between the river Stobnica and Klukom lake, 32 kilometres (20 mi) southeast of Stargard and on the main railway line between Szczecin and Poznań. Besides the Gothic church, there are a number of historical buildings from the 19th century industrial period namely, a gasification plant and a water pressure tower which dominates the town's skyline.
Choszczno is the administrative centre of Choszczno County.
The town was badly affected by the Second World War: 80% of its buildings were damaged or destroyed. The town was rebuilt and is now a center for local government of the Choszczno commune (Polish: gmina). Due to its microclimate the town has become a rehabilitation center for convalescing patients. The close proximity of the lakes has made it a tourist destination for water sports. It has also become a popular destination for golf, as it is home to Modry Las, a top ranked European golf course. Other tourist attractions are 'Wodny Raj' aqua park and Drawieński National Park, located 20 km (12 mi) to the east near the town of Drawno.
Choszczno has a strong military tradition and is the home base for the 2nd Artillery Regiment, which is part of the 12th Mechanised Division headquartered in Szczecin.
The town's industries include: machinery, and the manufacture of clothing, animal feeds and starch.
History
The area of modern Choszczno County was inhabited going back to at least the 5th century BC; Germanic peoples lived in the area around 1 AD, and no later than the 7th century it was settled by Slavs. A defensive gród and most likely a trading settlement was at the site of modern Choszczno. In the years 963–967 the Polish ruler Mieszko I incorporated the area into Piast Poland, though because it was on the border of Poland, towards the end of the 11th century the ties with the central authority of the Polish dukes became looser. Control of the Polish rulers over the Choszczno area was reestablished in 1122 by Bolesław III Wrymouth. After his death and the resulting Feudal fragmentation of Poland among his descendants, the region passed to the Mieszko III the Old of the Duchy of Greater Poland. Under Wrymouth, the region had been included within the Greater Polish castellanies of Drzeń (Drezdenko, Driesen) and Santok (Zantoch), with the area around modern Choszczno belonging to the northernmost part of the latter. Thus, this area was the northwesternmost portion of the Polish state, and its history departed from that of Western Pomerania which it bordered. The castellans of Drzeń and Santok however exerted direct control only in the core areas of their castellanies, i.e., the area around the Warta and Notec rivers, while the areas in the north were administered by a local Pomeranian tributary nobility. Quote: "Seit den Eroberungen Boleslaw Krzywoustys in der ersten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts gehörte das Land zwischen Oder und Drage zum großpolnischen Herrschaftsgebiet, und zwar zu den Kastellaneien Zantoch (Santok) und Driesen (Drzen bzw. Drezdenko). Diese unterteilten sich jeweils in ein Kerngebiet um die Kastellaneiburg, das vom Kastellan selbst verwaltet und beherrscht wurde, und in weiter entfernt gelegene, aber von ihr abhängige Landschaften, die einheimischen, pomoranischen Stammes- oder Landesfürsten unterstanden, die den großpolnischen Herzögen gegenüber tributpflichtig waren. Die Bewohner des Landes waren überwiegend pomoranischer Abstammung. Die Kastellanei Zantoch umfaßte damals hauptsächlich das Warthebruch von der Burg flußabwärts bis zur Einmündung des Vietzer Fließes und in ihrer nördlichen Hälfte die beiden Landsberger Grundmoränenplatten, soweit diese schon besiedelt waren."
Through the later 12th and early 13th centuries, Greater Poland had lost control over the northern areas of the Drzeń and Santok castellanies, and the Pomeranians had stopped paying tribute. In the mid-13th century, the area was contested again, when the Silesian dukes took the Santok castellany from Greater Poland (peace with Greater Poland's Władysław Odonic in 1234) and expanded north of the Warta into Pomerania, then ruled by Barnim I who in turn was a vassal of the Brandenburgian margraves. This was a period of abundant donations made by all participants (Barnim, Odonic and Henry) to monk orders, whom the donators expected to secure their borderlands and/or claims. By 1250 however, Barnim had retaken most of the areas lost in the Warta and Notec area before, and held the northern part of the former Santok and Drzeń castellanies. During the next years, the margraves expanded their New March northward at the expense of Barnim.
Hoscno, Sovin, Treben
The oldest traces of settlement near modern Choszczno are the archaeological remains of a late Slavic settlement 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the modern town, near Lake Stawin, with an adjacent rampart. The rampart had also been interpreted as late Slavic, yet an archaeological survey did not yield late Slavic finds, but early German finds instead. Therefore, the rampart and the ruins inside are thought to be the remains of the Cistercian grange Sovin.[under discussion] The duke of Greater Poland, Władysław Odonic, donated the Choszczno area to the Cistercian Kolbatz Abbey in 1233. While it was proposed that in this or in a 1234 document, "Hoscno" appears as the oldest written mention of Choszczno, this assertion has been refuted.[under discussion] Since Odonic made the donation without being in actual control of the area, the Kolbatz monks asked for recognition by the Pomeranian duke Barnim I, which was granted in 1237. The Kolbatz monks then started settlement and amelioration of the grant (Ostsiedlung), including the construction of the town of Treben northwest of Sovin, which however was abandoned soon after.
Medieval Arnswalde, Choszczno
The Brandenburgian margraves, who had established the core of the later New March at the lower Warta, took control of the area between around 1263 and 1269. The margraves' intervention was triggered by a dispute between Barnim and the Order of Saint John: Barnim, unable to pay his debts to the order, refused to hand over territories around Sovin which Albertus Magnus, at the behest of the pope, had selected for compensation. Among those who would have been affected by the transition of these territories was Ludwig von Wedel, an influential magnate who had just changed his allegiance from Barnim toward the margraves. It was most probably he who called the Brandenburgians for help, since they were able to prevent the hand-over through their veto as Barnim's feudal suzerains, a position, contested again and again, they held since 1231/34. While Barnim was excommunicated for his refusal, the margraves took control of the area and renounced Barnim's claim to it, the Wedel family however was assured their possessions.In this context, the margraves founded the town of Arnswalde east of Sovin, at the site of the modern city center. The name derives from "Arn", a contracted genitive form of German Aar, an antiquated word for eagle (the margravians' heraldic beast); and "Wald(e)", also "Wold(e)", meaning woods or forest.This town, built between 1269 and 1289, and in the beginning populated with people from Angermünde, was first mentioned in 1269 as the site of the conclusion of the treaty of Arnswalde. The Cistercians were expelled from Sovin, and barred from returning despite multiple respective efforts. The remaining inhabitants of Sovin probably settled in Arnswalde, from where the surrounding area (terra Arnswalde) was henceforth administered. Treben lost its function as a regional central market to Arnswalde.
The Arnswalde area remained contested between Barnim I and the Brandenburgian margraves, who had taken from him a large area between the Warta-Notec line and the lower Ina (Ihna) rivers by 1269. Despite both being princes of the Holy Roman Empire and Barnim being married to margrave Otto III's daughter in 1267, Barnim went to war with the margraves over the Arnswalde area between 1273 and 1275. When the dispute was settled in 1278, Barnim recovered the area northwest of Arnswalde, while the town's surroundings and the areas to the south and east remained with the margraves: Arnswalde henceforth was a frontier town near the border between the duchy of Pomerania and Brandenburg's New March. After a war broke out over control of the region in 1319, the town came under control of the Duchy of Pomerania and Duke Wartislaw IV vested it with new privileges, however, by 1326 it fell to Brandenburg again.
Medieval Arnswalde consisted of four districts enclosed by a ring of the city walls and other defensive structures and the surrounding area (154 Hufen by 1455). In a 1307 document, the Order of St. John received the patronage over the church from the margraves, which is the first written record of the church. A regional center of trade and craftsmanship, Arnswalde became one of the larger cities in the New March.The town is documented as Choszczno in Polish sources from the 15th century.In 1373 along with the New March the town became part of the Czech Crown Lands under the Luxembourg dynasty, another prince of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with Poland in Kraków, according to which Poland was to purchase and re-incorporate the region, but eventually the Luxembourgs pawned it to the Teutonic Order, as a result it was under Teutonic rule from 1402 to 1454/1455. Arnswalde became a center of opposition against the order's rule, and after the council paid tribute to the Polish king in 1433, the city was in political dependence to Poland until 1437. After receiving a guarantee of impunity for siding with Poland, the town fell again under the rule of Teutonic Knights, who, however, did not respect the agreement and carried out executions among the local populace. In 1443, during a rebellion against the order, the order erected a castle in the town that served as the seat of a local administrator. The castle was levelled when the order's rule ended in 1454, when the Teutonic Knights sold it to Brandenburg in order to raise funds for fending off the Prussian secessionist Thirteen Years’ War (1454–1466) in which Poland supported the secessionists. During the rebellion, the town was mentioned in the chronicles of Jan Długosz as Harnsswald alias Choschczno.
Since 1472, the district surrounding the town was administered by a Brandenburgian landvogt residing in Arnswalde.Throughout the 16th and early 17th centuries, Arnswalde prospered. By population, it was the second-largest town in the New March during the late 16th century. In the early 17th century, four markets were regularly held for craft products and an additional one for horses. However, during the Thirty Years' War, the town was stricken by plagues and destroyed by fires and warfare. Less than 500 people remained in the ruined town by 1649, and Arnswalde lost its pre-war importance.
Kingdom of Prussia
Stability occurred once Arnswalde became part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and a permanent garrison was stationed in the town from 1719. In this period the town advanced economically and socially with the establishment of a new postal route to Stargard. The 18th century again brought difficulties, and the town experienced a number of tragedies caused by the plague, the worst in 1800 when 65 children died.
The 19th century was a great time for the development of Arnswalde. It was linked by railway with Stettin and Posen (Szczecin and Poznań) in 1848 and later with Berlin, also in the Brandenburg region. Since now mass public transportation could be realized at lower costs, a new tourist industry was established in the town. The microclimate in the region drew in weekend tourists from as far as Berlin and Brandenburg, and the new hospital next to the lake catered for convalescing patients. The railway was also a catalyst for the local manufacturing industry as it provided an affordable transport of goods to the Port of Stettin (Szczecin), because of this a brewery and a textile industry flourished.
In 1905 a new hospital was opened and was situated on the bank of lake Klückensee (since 1945 called Lake Klukom). The First World War had little effect on Arnswalde, but the post-war German depression damaged the tourist economy. In the framework of the demilitarisation of post-war Germany the garrison was disbanded, but in 1938 it was reinstated.
World War II
In 1939, soon after the beginning of Second World War, the prisoner of war camp Oflag II B was established on the outskirts of the town. At the beginning, the majority of the prisoners were Polish and French. Among the prisoners were officer Henryk Sucharski, writer Leon Kruczkowski and Olympic athlete Zygmunt Weiss. The Poles were used in the town as slave labor by the Germans.With the collapse of the German eastern front during the Red Army's Vistula–Oder offensive of 1945, Arnswalde was on the front line. Because of the town's strategic position of protecting Stargard and Stettin seaport, a strong German garrison had been concentrated in the town to defend it. During the Russian offensive bitter fighting occurred, which resulted in damage to almost 80% of the town's infrastructure. The town's population fled westwards before and during the battle. After the German resistance stopped on 23 February 1945, Arnswalde was handed over to the Poles for administration as a part of the so-called Recovered Territories.
The town was mainly repopulated by Polish expellees from the Polish territories lost to the Soviet Union, now part of Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine—the so-called Kresy, lands eastern to the Curzon Line. It was initially renamed as Choczno, later as Choczen in 1945. It was finally renamed to the historic Polish "Choszczno" on 7 May 1946.
Post-war Poland
The first Polish institution to send its representatives to the town after the war was the Polish State Railways. In 1946 the first Polish education institution the "Bolesław Krzywousty" high school was opened. Due to the damage sustained by the town, the majority of the burnt-out buildings were dismantled and the reclaimed bricks were sent for the rebuilding of Warsaw, destroyed by the Germans. Only after 1956, when the territory situation seemed to be clarified, the process of rebuilding started properly and investment by the Polish government begun. Due to the population growth the local government invested in new housing, and in 1959 the first newly built housing block was completed. The rebuilding continued and the majority of the architecture is now post 1950s. In the 1990s the local government started investing in sporting facilities (an indoor swimming pool, sports arena, tennis courts) to promote active tourism.
Starting with its partnership with Fürstenwalde in 1978, the local government has been active in fostering foreign co-operation and the creation of links with different sister cities.
In 1984 Choszczno celebrated 700 years since its foundation. The traditional annual Days of Choszczno festival is held during the first weekend of June.
Population numbers in years
1750: 1.910
1850: 2.440
1850: 5.450 (in 1953: 11 Catholics, 89 Jews)
1875: 6.853
1880: 7.358
1890: 7.507 (97 Cath., 191 Jews)
1925: 10.911 (10.450 Protestants, 300 Cath., 11 others, 97 Jews)
1933: 11.786 (11.268 Protestants, 303 Cath., 3 others, 121 Jews)
1939: 12.725 (11.943 Protestants, 465 Cath., 99 others, 12 Jews)
Notable residents
Robert Ferdinand Wilms (1824–1880), German surgeon
Wilhelm Fliess (1858–1928), German Jewish otolaryngologist, theorised about human biorhythms
Mortimer von Kessel (1893–1981), German general in the Wehrmacht during WWII
Horst Tietzen (1912–1940), Luftwaffe pilot
Franz Eisenach (1918–1998), Luftwaffe pilot
Wilhelm Lemke (1920–1943), Luftwaffe pilot
Günter Lörke (born 1935), German cyclist, Team Time Trial silver medallist at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Axel Gehrke (1942–2021), German politician
Zdzisław Krasnodębski (born 1953), Polish sociologist, social philosopher and MEP since 2014
Mieczysław Gocuł (born 1963), Polish General, Chief of General Staff 2013-2017.
Grzegorz Kaszak (born 1964), Bishop of Sosnowiec
Jolanta Łukaszewicz (born 1966), Polish sprint canoer, competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics
Twin towns – sister cities
Choszczno is twinned with:
Fürstenwalde, Germany
Ovruch, Ukraine
External links
Official website
Jewish Community in Choszczno on Virtual Shtetl
References
Based on information on this page of the Choszczno website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choszczno | area |
ac991b10-1b2c-4f17-ab25-db82929996f4 | Muan County | Muan County (Muan-gun) is a county in South Jeolla Province (Jeollanam-do), South Korea. In 2005, Muan County became the capital of Jeollanam-do following the transfer of the provincial office from its previous location, Gwangju to the village of Namak in Muan. Muan International Airport was opened here, and will eventually replace the airports in Gwangju and Mokpo.
Modern history
On January 1 of 1963, several villages (ri in Korean) were incorporated into Mokpo city and huge reorganization was made by Korean government. In 1979, Muan township was promoted to a township (eup of South Korea). In 1980, Illo was also promoted into a township.
Symbols
Flower : The Chrysanthemum
Tree : The Zelkova tree
Bird : The white Heron
Location
Muan County is located on the western tip of the South Western part of the Korean peninsula. It acts as the primary link between Sinan county with the rest of the Korean mainland. Numerous beaches are also found on Muan's coast.
Muan borders Yeongsan river with Naju and Hampyeong to the north, Yeongam to the east, Mokpo to the south. These surroundings have influenced the industrial and cultural structure of Muan County.
Enterprise city
Muan was designated an enterprise city by the South Korean government for the Honam region (Southwest). The South Korean government and China have agreed to develop an industrial complex in a joint venture. It was reported that the Chinese government officially promised to invest in and help establish the complex area, which includes the construction of a college and distribution warehouses among other things such as a Chinatown for expatriates.
Mud
Muan includes a large area of mudlands. The western area of the Korean peninsula has a large amount of mud thanks to the Rias coast. However, many mudlands have been destroyed or reclaimed for expanding city areas or industrial complexes.
The mudlands of Muan were designated one of the wetlands of the Ramsar Convention.
In the Muan mudflats, tourists can not enter the sea without permission to protect the mudflats. But, tourists can see the road that opens like the " Miracle of Moses " to reveal its face when the tide falls twice a day.
Festival
Muan is widely known for its White Lotus Festival (무안연꽃축제) located in Illo-eup. The festival occurs in mid August when the white lotus flowers bloom fully onsite at the Hoesan White Lotus Pond (회산 백련지). Tourists can walk into the huge lotuslands via the many bridges that crisscross the water. Visitors may also ride the 'duck boats.'
Products
Muan is known for several famous products characteristic of the area. They are largely farming goods from onions to lotus products. Muan puts out 16% of the national onion production making its production volume the largest in Korea.Muan county officially reported to host farming cluster of sweet potato, onion and lotus plants. The powder of lotus plants is used for making noodles.
Education
Muan County is the site of Mokpo National University, situated in Cheonggye township.
Climate
Transportation
Expressway
Seohaean Expressway
Namhae Expressway
Muan–Gwangju Expressway
National Route
National Route 1
National Route 2
National Route 24
National Route 77
Railway
Honam Line
Airport
Muan International Airport
Sister cities
Uiryeong, South Gyeongsang
Gunpo, Gyeonggi
Dobong-gu, Seoul
Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
Kitanagoya, Aichi, Japan
Denizli, Turkey
References
External links
County government home page (in Korean) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muan_County | area |
02cef329-87a0-40b5-b196-74fb9d54dd24 | Augan | Augan (French pronunciation: [oɡɑ̃]; Breton: Algam) is a commune in the Morbihan department in the Brittany region in northwestern France.
Population
Inhabitants of Augan are called Alganais or Auganais.
See also
Communes of the Morbihan department
References
External links
Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
Mayors of Morbihan Association (in French) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augan | area |
c68b1d94-2e2d-445c-af8e-6914794a08fc | La Canonja | La Canonja is a municipality of the comarca of Tarragonès, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain. La Canonja was segregated from Tarragona on 15 April 2010 by a decision of the Parliament of Catalonia. It borders with Tarragona, Reus and Vila-seca.
References
External links
La Canonja Council web page
Government data pages (in Catalan) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Canonja | area |
b7a61624-77fd-438c-be52-31c4df37a2de | Vaux | Vaux may refer to:
People
Antoine-Alexis Cadet de Vaux (1743–1828), French chemist and pharmacist
Bernard Carra de Vaux (1867–1953), French orientalist who published accounts of his travels in the Middle East
Clotilde de Vaux (1815–1846), French writer and poet
Louis-François Bertin de Vaux (1771–1842), French journalist
Noël Jourda de Vaux (1705–1788), comte de Vaux, seigneur d'Artiac
Roland de Vaux (1903–1971), French Dominican priest and archeologist
Peter of Vaux de Cernay (floruit c.1215), Cistercian monk of Vaux de Cernay Abbey, in what is now Yvelines, northern France
James Hardy Vaux (born 1782, date of death unknown), English-born convict transported to Australia on three separate occasions
Bert Vaux (born 1968), American teacher of phonology and morphology at the University of Cambridge
Calvert Vaux (1824–1895), British-born American architect and landscape designer
Cydra Vaux (1962–2013), American sculptor
David Vaux, award-winning scientist at WEHI, Melbourne, Australia
Ernest Vaux (1865–1925), British Army officer
John Vaux, Deputy Governor of Bombay in 1689
Laurence Vaux (Vose) (1519–1585), an English canon regular and a Catholic martyr
Marc Vaux (born 1932), British artist who rose to prominence in the 1960s
Mary Vaux Walcott (1860–1940). American artist and naturalist known for her watercolor paintings of wildflowers
Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller (1877–1968), African-American artist, notable as the first to make art celebrating Afrocentric themes
Nick Vaux, retired Royal Marine officer, and former commander of 42 Commando during the Falklands War
Richard Vaux (1816–1895), American politician, mayor of Philadelphia, and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania
Roberts Vaux (1786–1836), lawyer, jurist, abolitionist, and philanthropist from Philadelphia
William Sandys Wright Vaux (1818–1885), British antiquary of the 19th century
William Sansom Vaux (1811-1882), American mineralogist from Philadelphia
Baron Brougham and Vaux, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778–1868), British statesman
William Brougham, 2nd Baron Brougham and Vaux (1795-1886), also known as William Brougham, British barrister and Whig politician
Henry Brougham, 3rd Baron Brougham and Vaux (1836-1927), British aristocrat and civil servant
Victor Brougham, 4th Baron Brougham and Vaux (1909–1967), British peer and politician
Michael Brougham, 5th Baron Brougham and Vaux (born 1938), British peer and a member of the House of Lords
Baron Vaux of Harrowden, a title in the Peerage of England
Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden (c. 1460–1523), soldier and courtier in England and an early member of the House of Lords
Thomas Vaux, 2nd Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1509–1556), English poet, the eldest son of Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden
William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden (c. 1535–1595), English peer
Anne Vaux (c. 1562 – in or after 1637), a wealthy Catholic recusant, the third daughter of William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden
Henry Vaux, English recusant, priest smuggler, and poet during the reign of Elizabeth I, eldest child of William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden
Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1588–1661), English peer, son of George Vaux
Groups and companies
Vaux (band), American alternative rock band
Vaux Breweries, a major brewer based in Sunderland, United Kingdom
Places
Places in Belgium
Vaux (Bastogne), a village in the commune of Bastogne, Belgian Luxembourg
Vaux (Gouvy), a hamlet in the commune of Gouvy, Belgian Luxembourg
Vaux-et-Borset, a section of the Belgian municipality of Villers-le-Bouillet located in the Walloon region in the province of Liège
Vaux-sur-Sûre (Walloon: Li Vå-so-Seure), a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in the province of Luxembourg
List of protected heritage sites in Vaux-sur-Sûre, the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Vaux-sur-Sûre
Vaux-lez-Rosières, a section of the municipality of Vaux-sur-Sûre
Communes in France (Ardennes department)
Vaux-Champagne, in the Ardennes department in northern France
Vaux-en-Dieulet, in the Ardennes department in northern France
Vaux-lès-Mouron, in the Ardennes department in northern France
Vaux-lès-Mouzon, in the Ardennes department in northern France
Vaux-lès-Rubigny, in the Ardennes department in northern France
Vaux-Montreuil, in the Ardennes department in northern France
Vaux-Villaine, in the Ardennes department in northern France
Other communes in France
Béthancourt-en-Vaux, in the department of Aisne in Picardy in northern France
Burey-en-Vaux, in the Meuse department in Lorraine in northeastern France
Éclusier-Vaux, in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France
Le Frestoy-Vaux, in the Oise department in northern France
Hermival-les-Vaux, in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France
Jours-en-Vaux, in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France
Mercin-et-Vaux, in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France
Neurey-en-Vaux, in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France
Parigny-les-Vaux, in the Nièvre department in central France
Pont-de-Vaux, in the Ain department in eastern France
Rambluzin-et-Benoite-Vaux, in the Meuse department in Lorraine in north-eastern France
Saint-Denis-de-Vaux, in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France
Saint-Gérand-de-Vaux, in the Allier department in Auvergne in central France
Saint-Germain-des-Vaux, in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France
Saint-Jean-de-Vaux, in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France
Saint-Laurent-de-Vaux, in the Rhône department in eastern France
Saint-Mard-de-Vaux, in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France
Saint-Pierre-en-Vaux, in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France
Sainte-Marie-de-Vaux (Senta Marí de Vaus), in the Haute-Vienne department in the Limousin region in west-central France
Sury-en-Vaux, in the Cher department in the Centre region of France
Vaux, Allier (Vaus), in the Allier department in Auvergne in central France
Vaux, Haute-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France
Vaux, Moselle, in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France
Vaux, Vienne (or Vaux-en-Couhé), in the Vienne department in the Poitou-Charentes region in western France
Vaux-Andigny, in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France
Vaux-devant-Damloup, in the Meuse department in Lorraine in north-eastern France
Vaux-en-Amiénois, in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France
Vaux-en-Beaujolais, in the Rhône department in eastern France
Vaux-en-Bugey, in the Ain department in eastern France
Vaux-en-Pré, in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France
Vaux-en-Vermandois, in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France
Vaux-et-Chantegrue, in the Doubs department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France
Vaux-Lavalette, in the Charente department in southwestern France
Vaux-le-Moncelot, in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France
Vaux-le-Pénil, in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France
Vaux-lès-Palameix, in the Meuse department in Lorraine in north-eastern France
Vaux-les-Prés, in the Doubs department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France
Vaux-lès-Saint-Claude, in the Jura department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France
Vaux-Marquenneville, in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France
Vaux-Rouillac, in the Charente department in southwestern France
Vaux-Saules, in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France
Vaux-sous-Aubigny, in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France
Vaux-sur-Aure, in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France
Vaux-sur-Blaise, in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France
Vaux-sur-Eure, in the Eure department in Haute-Normandie in northern France
Vaux-sur-Lunain, in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France
Vaux-sur-Mer, in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France
Vaux-sur-Poligny, in the Jura department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France
Vaux-sur-Saint-Urbain, in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France
Vaux-sur-Seine, in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France
Vaux-sur-Seulles, in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France
Vaux-sur-Somme, in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France
Vaux-sur-Vienne, in the Vienne department in the Poitou-Charentes region in western France
Other places
Canal de Pont-de-Vaux, a canal in eastern France connecting the Saône at Fleurville to Pont-de-Vaux
Canton of Pont-de-Vaux, an administrative division in eastern France
Étangs de Vaux et de Baye, a group of lakes in Nièvre, Burgundy, France
Fort Vaux, a fortress in Vaux-devant-Damloup, Meuse, France
Lac des Vaux, a lake above Verbier in the canton of Valais, Switzerland
Notre-Dame-en-Vaux, a church at Châlons-en-Champagne, France
Roberts Vaux Junior High School, a historic high school building located in the North Central neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Vaux Moysi, also li Vaux Moysi, Old French name of Wu'ayra Castle; Crusader ruin near Petra, Jordan
Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey, a Cistercian monastery in northern France (Ile-de-France), situated in Cernay-la-Ville, in the Diocese of Versailles, Yvelines
Vaux-le-Vicomte, a baroque château in Maincy, France
Vaux-sur-Morges, a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges
Vaux (crater), on Mars
Other
De Vaux, an automobile produced by the De Vaux-Hall Motors Company of Grand Rapids, Michigan and Oakland, California
De Vaux Continental, an automobile produced by the Continental-De Vaux Company in Grand Rapids, Michigan
USS Richard Vaux (1864), a 120-ton canal boat, purchased by the Union Navy at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Vaux's swift (Chaetura vauxi), a small swift native to North America and northern South America
See also
Fawkes (disambiguation)
Vaulx (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux | area |
fcc75bc1-8777-4912-81a1-6d90ac55bf5f | Halsou | Halsou (Basque: Haltsu; Basque: Haltsu) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France. Halsou-Larressore station has rail connections to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Cambo-les-Bains and Bayonne. The town's mayor is Philippe Masse, elected in 2020.
See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsou | area |
8f62f813-da74-4a58-9954-243c568404db | Lohman | Lohman may also refer to:
People
Al Lohman (1933-2002), American radio personality and comedian
Alison Lohman (born 1979), American actress
Augie Lohman (1911-1989), film special effects artist
Jan Lohman (born 1959), Dutch retired footballer
Joanna Lohman (born 1982), American soccer player
Joseph D. Lohman, American educator and politician
Pete Lohman (1864–1928), American Major League Baseball catcher in 1891
Timothy M. Lohman (born 1951), American chemist and professor
Places
Lohman, Missouri, United States, a city
See also
Lohman Block, Chinook, Montana, a building on the US National Register of Historic Places
Alexander de Savornin Lohman (1837-1924), Dutch politician
Lohmann
Loman (disambiguation)
Lowman (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohman | area |
e5d4650c-fde4-466b-85ee-9c4c708aa92b | Zeevang | Zeevang (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzeːvɑŋ] (listen)) is a former municipality in northwestern Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Since 2016, Zeevang has been part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.
Population centres
The former municipality of Zeevang consisted of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Beets, Etersheim, Hobrede, Kwadijk, Middelie, Oosthuizen, Schardam, Warder.
Local government
The municipal council of Zeevang consisted of 13 seats, which were divided as follows (2015):
Zeevangs Belang - 7 seats
VVD - 3 seats
PvdA - 2 seats
CDA - 1 seat
References
External links
Media related to Zeevang at Wikimedia Commons
Official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeevang | area |
547b67a3-8610-40fe-97b7-33447845d2fc | Magny-en-Bessin | Magny-en-Bessin (French pronunciation: [maɲi ɑ̃ bɛsɛ̃] (listen), literally Magny in Bessin) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Calvados department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magny-en-Bessin | area |
e543032b-b942-4829-baf9-ad869fe5fecb | Montmaneu | Montmaneu (Catalan pronunciation: [mumːəˈnɛw]) is a municipality in the comarca of the Anoia in Catalonia, Spain.
References
External links
Government data pages (in Catalan) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmaneu | area |
3413ecd3-a1f0-3e21-a226-d9ff3ed480b7 | Bouvet Island | Bouvet Island ( BOO-vay; Norwegian: Bouvetøya [bʉˈvèːœʏɑ]) is an island and dependency of Norway, and declared an uninhabited protected nature reserve. It is a subantarctic volcanic island, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, making it the world's most remote island. It is not part of the southern region covered by the Antarctic Treaty System.
The island lies 1,700 km (1,100 mi) north of the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, 1,900 km (1,200 mi) east of the South Sandwich Islands, 1,845 km (1,146 mi) south of Gough Island, and 2,600 km (1,600 mi) south-southwest of the coast of South Africa. It has an area of 49 km2 (19 sq mi), 93 percent of which is covered by a glacier. The centre of the island is the ice-filled crater of an inactive volcano. Some skerries and one smaller island, Larsøya, lie along its coast. Nyrøysa, created by a rock slide in the late 1950s, is the only easy place to land and is the location of a weather station.
The island was first spotted on 1 January 1739 by the Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, during a French exploration mission in the South Atlantic with the ships Aigle and Marie. They did not make landfall. He mislabeled the coordinates for the island, and it was not sighted again until 1808, when the British whaler James Lindsay encountered it and named it Lindsay Island. The first claim to have landed on the island was made by the American sailor Benjamin Morrell, although this claim is disputed. In 1825, the island was claimed for the British Crown by George Norris, who named it Liverpool Island. He also reported having sighted another island nearby, which he named Thompson Island, but this was later shown to be a phantom island.
In 1927, the first Norvegia expedition landed on the island, and claimed it for Norway. At that point, the island was given its current name of Bouvet Island ("Bouvetøya" in Norwegian). In 1930, following resolution of a dispute with the United Kingdom over claiming rights, it was declared a Norwegian dependency. In 1971, it was designated a nature reserve.
History
Discovery and early sightings
The island was discovered on 1 January 1739 by Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, commander of the French ships Aigle and Marie. Bouvet, who was searching for a presumed large southern continent, spotted the island through the fog and named the cape he saw Cap de la Circoncision. He was not able to land and did not circumnavigate his discovery, thus not clarifying if it was an island or part of a continent.: 62 His plotting of its position was inaccurate,: 47 leading several expeditions to fail to find the island.: 58 James Cook's second voyage set off from Cape Verde on 22 November 1772 and attempted to find the island, but also failed.The next expedition to spot the island was in 1808 by James Lindsay, captain of the Samuel Enderby & Sons' (SE&S) snow whaler Swan. Swan and another Enderby whaler, Otter were in company when they reached the island and recorded its position, though they were unable to land.: 434–435 Lindsay could confirm that the "cape" was indeed an island.: 62 The next expedition to arrive at the island was American Benjamin Morrell and his seal hunting ship Wasp. Morrell, by his own account, found the island without difficulty (with "improbable ease", in the words of historian William Mills): 434–435 before landing and hunting 196 seals.: 62 In his subsequent lengthy description, Morrell does not mention the island's most obvious physical feature: Its permanent ice cover.: 106–107 This has caused some commentators to doubt whether he actually visited the island.: 434–435 On 10 December 1825, SE&S's George Norris, master of the Sprightly, landed on the island,: 62 named it Liverpool Island and claimed it for the British Crown and George IV on 16 December.: 63 The next expedition to spot the island was Joseph Fuller and his ship Francis Allyn in 1893, but he was not able to land on the island. German Carl Chun's Valdivia Expedition arrived at the island in 1898. They were not able to land, but dredged the seabed for geological samples. They were also the first to accurately fix the island's position.: 63 At least three sealing vessels visited the island between 1822–1895. A voyage of exploration in 1927–1928 also took seal pelts.Norris also spotted a second island in 1825, which he named Thompson Island, which he placed 72 km (45 mi) north-northeast of Liverpool Island. Thompson Island was also reported in 1893 by Fuller, but in 1898 Chun did not report seeing such an island, nor has anyone since. However, Thompson Island continued to appear on maps as late as 1943. A 1967 paper suggested that the island might have disappeared in an undetected volcanic eruption, but in 1997 it was discovered that the ocean is more than 2,400 m (7,900 ft) deep in the area.
Norwegian annexation
In 1927, the First Norvegia Expedition, led by Harald Horntvedt and financed by Lars Christensen, was the first to make an extended stay on the island. Observations and surveying were conducted on the island and oceanographic measurements performed in the sea around it. At Ny Sandefjord, a small hut was erected and, on 1 December, the Norwegian flag was hoisted and the island claimed for Norway. The annexation was established by a royal decree on 23 January 1928.: 63 The claim was initially protested by the United Kingdom, on the basis of Norris's landing and annexation. However, the British position was weakened by Norris's sighting of two islands and the uncertainty as to whether he had been on Thompson or Liverpool (i.e. Bouvet) Island. Norris's positioning deviating from the correct location combined with the island's small size and lack of a natural harbour made the UK accept the Norwegian claim.: 52 This resulted in diplomatic negotiations between the two countries, and in November 1929, Britain renounced its claim to the island.: 63 The Second Norvegia Expedition arrived in 1928 with the intent of establishing a staffed meteorological radio station, but a suitable location could not be found.: 63 By then both the flagpole and hut from the previous year had been washed away. The Third Norvegia Expedition, led by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, arrived the following year and built a new hut at Kapp Circoncision and on Larsøya. The expedition carried out aerial photography of the island and was the first Antarctic expedition to use aircraft.: 64 The Dependency Act, passed by the Parliament of Norway on 27 February 1930, established Bouvet Island as a dependency, along with Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. The eared seal was protected on and around the island in 1929 and in 1935 all seals around the island were protected.
Recent history
In 1955, the South African frigate SAS Transvaal visited the island. Nyrøysa, a rock-strewn ice-free area, the largest such on Bouvet, was created sometime between 1955 and 1958, probably by a landslide. In 1964, the island was visited by the British naval ship HMS Protector. One of Protector's two Westland Whirlwind helicopters landed a small survey team on the island led by Lieutenant Commander Alan Crawford at Nyrøysa for a brief visit. Shortly after landing, the survey team discovered an abandoned lifeboat in a small lagoon formed by the eruption. With very little time, a brief search was made but no other signs of human activity were found, and the identity of the lifeboat remained a mystery for many years. On 17 December 1971, the entire island and its territorial waters were protected as a nature reserve. A scientific landing was made in 1978, during which the underground temperature was measured to be 25 °C (77 °F). In addition to scientific surveys, the lifeboat found by the Protector team was recovered from Nyrøysa, although no other signs of people were found. The lifeboat was believed to belong to a Soviet scientific reconnaissance vessel.The Vela incident took place on 22 September 1979, on or above the sea between Bouvetøya and Prince Edward Islands, when the American Vela Hotel satellite 6911 registered an unexplained double flash. This observation has been variously interpreted as a meteor, or an instrumentation glitch, but most independent assessments conclude it was an undeclared joint nuclear test carried out by South Africa and Israel.In the mid-1980s, Bouvetøya, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard were considered as locations for the new Norwegian International Ship Register, but the flag of convenience registry was ultimately established in Bergen, Norway, in 1987.: 189
In 2007, the island was added to Norway's tentative list of nominations as a World Heritage Site as part of the transnational nomination of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Krill fishing in the Southern Ocean is subject to the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, which defines maximum catch quotas for a sustainable exploitation of Antarctic krill. Surveys conducted in 2000 showed high concentration of krill around Bouvetøya. In 2004, Aker BioMarine was awarded a concession to fish krill, and additional quotas were awarded from 2008 for a total catch of 620,000 t (610,000 long tons; 680,000 short tons). There is a controversy as to whether the fisheries are sustainable, particularly in relation to krill being important food for whales. In 2009, Norway filed with the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend the outer limit of the continental shelf past 200 NM (230 mi; 370 km) surrounding the island.The Hanse Explorer expedition ship visited Bouvet Island on 20 and 21 February 2012 as part of "Expédition pour le Futur". The expedition's goal was to land and climb the highest point on the island.Bouvet Island is assigned the amateur radio callsign prefix 3Y0, and several amateur radio DX-peditions have been conducted to the island. The 3Y0J DX-pedition to Bouvet Island took place between January and February 2023, but had to be reduced in scope and eventually cut short due to bad and worsening weather conditions.
Norvegia Station
Since the 1970s, the island has been visited frequently by Norwegian Antarctic expeditions. In 1977 a temporary five-man station and an automated weather station were constructed and staffed for two months in 1978 and 1979.: 64 In March 1985, a Norwegian expedition experienced sufficiently clear weather to allow the entire island to be photographed from the air, resulting in the first accurate map of the whole island, 247 years after its discovery.: 59 The Norwegian Polar Institute established a 36 m2 (390 sq ft) research station, made of shipping containers, at Nyrøysa in 1996. On 23 February 2006, the island experienced a magnitude 6.2 earthquake whose epicentre was about 100 km (62 mi) away, weakening the station's foundation and causing it to be blown to sea during a winter storm.In December 2012, a new research station was sent by ship from Tromsø in Norway, via Cape Town, to Bouvet.The robust and technically advanced station was assembled in Nyrøysa, on the north-western part of the island, the only place wide enough to land by helicopter. The elevated station is formed by three modules placed on a steel platform fixed into a concrete base. It can accommodate six people for periods of 2–4 months, and it is designed and equipped to resist rough weather conditions. The energy is supplied by wind power, which makes it easier to operate the equipment during the long periods when the station is uninhabited. The base is equipped with an automatic meteorological station that sends data via satellite throughout the year.
Geography and geology
Bouvetøya is a volcanic island constituting the top of a shield volcano just off the Southwest Indian Ridge in the South Atlantic Ocean. The island measures 9.5 by 7 km (5.9 by 4.3 mi) and covers an area of 49 km2 (19 sq mi), including a number of small rocks and skerries and one sizable island, Larsøya.It is located in the Subantarctic, south of the Antarctic Convergence, which, by some definitions, would place the island in the Southern Ocean.Bouvet Island is one of the most remote islands in the world.
The closest land is Queen Maud Land of Antarctica, which is 1,700 km (1,100 mi) to the south,: 58 and Gough Island, 1,845 km (1,146 mi) to the north. The closest inhabited location is Tristan da Cunha island, 2,250 km (1,400 mi) to the northwest. To its west, the South Sandwich Islands lie about 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away, and to its east are the Prince Edward Islands, about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) away.
Nyrøysa is a 2 by 0.5 km (1.2 by 0.3 mi) terrace located on the north-west coast of the island. Created by a rock slide sometime between 1955 and 1957, it is the island's easiest access point.: 59 It is the site of the automatic weather station. The north-west corner is the peninsula of Kapp Circoncision. From there, east to Kapp Valdivia, the coast is known as Morgenstiernekysten.Store Kari is an islet located 1.2 km (0.75 mi) east of the cape. From Kapp Valdivia, southeast to Kapp Lollo, on the east side of the island, the coast is known as Victoria Terrasse. From there to Kapp Fie at the southeastern corner, the coast is known as Mowinckelkysten. Svartstranda is a section of black sand which runs 1.8 km (1.1 mi) along the section from Kapp Meteor, south to Kapp Fie.After rounding Kapp Fie, the coast along the south side is known as Vogtkysten. The westernmost part of it is the 300 m (980 ft) long shore of Sjøelefantstranda.Off Catoodden, on the south-western corner, lies Larsøya, the only island of any size off Bouvetøya. The western coast from Catoodden north to Nyrøysa, is known as Esmarchkysten. Midway up the coast lies Norvegiaodden (Kapp Norvegia) and 0.5 km (0.31 mi) off it the skerries of Bennskjæra.Ninety-three percent of the island is covered by glaciers, giving it a domed shape.: 59 The summit region of the island is Wilhelmplatået, slightly to the west of the island's center. The plateau is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) across and surrounded by several peaks. The tallest is Olavtoppen, 780 m (2,560 ft) above mean sea level (AMSL),: 59 followed by Lykketoppen (766 m or 2,513 ft AMSL) and Mosbytoppane (670 m or 2,200 ft AMSL). Below Wilhelmplatået is the main caldera responsible for creating the island. The last eruption took place 2000 BCE, producing a lava flow at Kapp Meteor. The volcano is presumed to be in a declining state. The temperature 30 cm (12 in) below the surface is 25 °C (77 °F).: 59 The island's total coastline is 29.6 km (18.4 mi). Landing on the island is very difficult, as it normally experiences high seas and features a steep coast.: 59 During the winter, it is surrounded by pack ice. The Bouvet Triple Junction is located 275 km (171 mi) west of Bouvet Island. It is a triple junction between the South American Plate, the African Plate and the Antarctic Plate, and of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Southwest Indian Ridge and the American–Antarctic Ridge.
Climate
The island is located south of the Antarctic Convergence, giving it a marine Antarctic climate dominated by heavy clouds and fog. It experiences a mean temperature of −1 °C (30 °F),: 59 with January average of 1 °C (34 °F) and September average of −3 °C (27 °F). The monthly high mean temperatures fluctuate little through the year. The peak temperature of 14 °C (57 °F) was recorded in March 1980, caused by intense sun radiation. Spot temperatures as high as 20 °C (68 °F) have been recorded in sunny weather on rock faces.: 59 The island predominantly experiences a weak west wind. In spite of these severe climate conditions, Bouvet Island actually is located four degrees of latitude closer to the equator than the southernmost tip of Norway, which is located at 58°N. Its latitude – by analogy to Scandinavia – is instead similar to southern Denmark.
Nature
The harsh climate and ice-bound terrain limits non-animal life to fungi (ascomycetes including symbiotic lichens) and non-vascular plants (mosses and liverworts). The flora are representative for the maritime Antarctic and are phytogeographically similar to those of the South Sandwich Islands and South Shetland Islands. Vegetation is limited because of the ice cover, although snow algae are recorded. The remaining vegetation is located in snow-free areas such as nunatak ridges and other parts of the summit plateau, the coastal cliffs, capes and beaches. At Nyrøysa, five species of moss, six ascomycetes (including five lichens), and twenty algae have been recorded. Most snow-free areas are so steep and subject to frequent avalanches that only crustose lichens and algal formations are sustainable. There are six endemic ascomycetes, three of which are lichenized.
The island has been designated as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding ground for seabirds. In 1978–1979 there were an estimated 117,000 breeding penguins on the island, consisting of macaroni penguin and, to a lesser extent, chinstrap penguin and Adélie penguin, although these were only estimated to be 62,000 in 1989–1990. Nyrøysa is the most important colony for penguins, supplemented by Posadowskybreen, Kapp Circoncision, Norvegiaodden and across from Larsøya. Southern fulmar is by far the most common non-penguin bird with 100,000 individuals. Other breeding seabirds consist of Cape petrel, Antarctic prion, Wilson's storm petrel, black-bellied storm petrel, subantarctic skua, southern giant petrel, snow petrel, slender-billed prion and Antarctic tern. Kelp gull is thought to have bred on the island earlier. Non-breeding birds which can be found on the island include the king penguin, wandering albatross, black-browed albatross, Campbell albatross, Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross, sooty albatross, light-mantled albatross, northern giant petrel, Antarctic petrel, blue petrel, soft-plumaged petrel, Kerguelen petrel, white-headed petrel, fairy prion, white-chinned petrel, great shearwater, common diving petrel, south polar skua and parasitic jaeger.The only non-bird vertebrates on the island are seals, specifically the southern elephant seal and Antarctic fur seal, which breed on the island. In 1998–1999, there were 88 elephant seal pups and 13,000 fur seal pups at Nyrøysa. Southern right whale, humpback whale, fin whale, southern right whale dolphin, hourglass dolphin, and killer whale are seen in the surrounding waters.
Politics and government
Bouvetøya is one of three dependencies of Norway. Unlike Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land, which are subject to the Antarctic Treaty System,: 65 Bouvetøya is not disputed. The dependency status entails that the island is not part of the Kingdom of Norway, but is still under Norwegian sovereignty. This implies that the island can be ceded without violating the first article of the Constitution of Norway. Norwegian administration of the island is handled by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police, located in Oslo.The annexation of the island is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933. It establishes that Norwegian criminal law, private law and procedural law apply to the island, in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid on the island. It further establishes that all land belongs to the state, and prohibits the storage and detonation of nuclear products.Bouvet Island has been designated with the ISO 3166-2 code BV and was subsequently awarded the country code top-level domain .bv on 21 August 1997. The domain is managed by Norid but is not in use.The exclusive economic zone surrounding the island covers an area of 441,163 km2 (170,334 sq mi).
In fiction
The island figures prominently in the book A Grue of Ice (1962), an adventure novel by Geoffrey Jenkins, based on Tristan da Cunha, Bouvet, and the mythical Thompson Island.
Bouvet is the setting of the 2004 film Alien vs. Predator, which uses its Norwegian name "Bouvetøya".
See also
Bolle Bay
List of islands of Norway
List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
Morrell Reef
Norris Reef
Norvegia Rock
Røver Anchorage
Spiess Rocks
Explanatory notes
References
External links
The Most Remote Island in the World – Sometimes Interesting, 11 November 2012
Amateur Radio DX Pedition to Bouvet Island 3Y0Z
Bouvet Island, the most remote island in the World – Random-Times.com, June 2018' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island | area |
96d25bd3-38f4-4547-9916-6b05463e9539 | La Tuque, Quebec | La Tuque (; Canadian French: [la t͡sʏk]) is a city located in north-central Quebec, Canada, on the Saint-Maurice River, between Trois-Rivières and Chambord. The population was 11,129 at the 2021 Canadian census, most of which live within the urban area. At over 28,000 km2 (11,000 sq mi), it is the largest city in Canada by area.The Classique internationale de canots de la Mauricie canoeing race begins at La Tuque.
Etymology
The name, which dates to the eighteenth century, originates from a nearby rock formation which resembles a French-Canadian knitted cap known as the tuque.
In 1823–24, the explorer François Verreault described the location as:
« un Portage nommé Ushabatshuan (le courant trop fort pour le sauter). Les Voyageurs le nomment la Tuque, à cause d'une Montagne haute, dont le pic ressemble à une Tuque. Ce portage est d'une lieue, avec des fortes côtes à monter ».
("a portage named Ushabatshuan ('the rapids too strong to jump'). The voyageurs call it La Tuque, due to a tall mountain whose peak resembles a "tuque." The portage is a league long, and climbs steep slopes.")
The hat-shaped mountain which gave its name to the town of La Tuque is located between the Saint-Maurice River (left bank) and the WestRock paper mill. The summit of this mountain is about 245 m (804 ft). It is located 200 m (660 ft) from the river and about 400 m (1,300 ft) upstream (northeast side) of the La Tuque hydroelectric power plant.
History
The territory of La Tuque was first inhabited by Atikamekw Indigenous people. In the early 1850s, settlers were drawn to the area to exploit the forest resources. The La Tuque Post Office opened in 1887, but the area remained isolated from the rest of the Mauricie until the early 1900s when the National Transcontinental Railway was built, prompting industrial development and the growth of a community on the east bank of the Saint-Maurice River where there was a large set of falls.On November 15, 1909, the Village Municipality of La Tuque was incorporated, with Achille Comeau as first mayor. A few months later on April 4, 1910, the Village Municipality of La Tuque Falls was formed, with Wenceslas Plante as first mayor. Less than one year later in March 1911, both villages merged to form the Town of La Tuque, with Wenceslas Plante as first mayor.In the 1940s, the hydro-electric generating station on the Saint-Maurice River was built, resulting in the partial destruction of the rock formation that gave the town its name.In 1972, the Municipality of Haute-Mauricie was formed out of portions from the unincorporated Carignan and Malhiot Townships, in the proximity of the Saint-Maurice Wildlife Reserve. However, its low population and constantly rising administrative costs led to the merger of Haute-Mauricie with La Tuque in August 1993.On March 26, 2003, Le Haut-Saint-Maurice Regional County Municipality was dissolved and all its municipalities and unorganized territories were amalgamated into the new City of La Tuque, thereby becoming the largest municipality with city status in land area in Quebec, and largest in Canada (38,000 km2). On January 1, 2006, the municipalities of La Bostonnais and Lac-Édouard separated and were reestablished.In May 2010, some 120 forest fires broke out around La Tuque, burning until June. Smoke from these fires reached portions of Eastern Ontario and southern Quebec, including the cities of Ottawa and Montreal, as well as the northern US states.In 2011, the 100th anniversary of La Tuque was celebrated with various cultural activities, including a large parade held on June 25 as well as the creation of a recipe book made by local residents.
Geography
While the urban area of La Tuque is relatively small, its entire territory is the largest city in Canada. It consists of almost all the entire former regional county municipality of Le Haut-Saint-Maurice, and includes the settlements of Carignan, Clova, La Croche, Fitzpatrick, Kiskissink, Oskélanéo, Parent, Rapide-Blanc, Rivière-aux-Rats, and Sanmaur.
Enclosed by but not administratively part of the city are the three First Nations reserves of Coucoucache, Obedjiwan, and Wemotaci.
Notable bodies of water in La Tuque are:
Gouin Reservoir
Lake Edouard
Lake Kiskissink
Lake Wayagamac
Grand Lake Bostonnais
Ventadour LakeNotable rivers in La Tuque are:
Saint-Maurice
Vermillon
Manouane
Croche
Bostonnais
Little Bostonnais
Trenche
Climate
La Tuque has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with warm summers and cold, snowy winters.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, La Tuque had a population of 11,129 living in 5,543 of its 6,930 total private dwellings, a change of 1.2% from its 2016 population of 11,001. With a land area of 24,809.4 km2 (9,579.0 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.4/km2 (1.2/sq mi) in 2021.
Territorial equivalent
The population of the La Tuque territorial equivalent according to the Canada 2021 Census is 15,038.
Economy
The local economy centres on pulp and paper; the city has a pulp-milling centre as well as a major hydroelectric station.
As the gateway to the upper Mauricie, La Tuque's economy also offers outdoor tourism opportunities and caters to hunting and fishing trips in its large hinterland, which is partially regulated by the following zone d'exploitation contrôlées:
Zec de la Croche
Zec de la Bessonne
Zec Borgia
Zec Frémont
Zec du Gros-Brochet
Zec Jeannotte, Québec
Zec Kiskissink
Zec Menokeosawin
Zec Tawachiche
Zec Wessonneau
Transportation
The main highway is Quebec Route 155 that connects La Tuque with Shawinigan to the south and the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region to the north. Numerous forest roads provide access to remote hunting and fishing camps, and the village of Parent is accessible by a 175 kilometres (109 mi) long gravel road from Mont-Saint-Michel in the Laurentides region.
The Canadian National Railway dissects La Tuque's territory. This railway, built in 1910 by the National Transcontinental Railway, connected Quebec City to the Canadian Prairies and goes through vast wilderness areas of northern Quebec and Ontario. While it was intended to ship grain from the prairies to the Port of Quebec and to open up virgin territories, it never carried much rail traffic. However, it is still serviced by Via Rail at the La Tuque railway station and Parent railway station, with request stops at Fitzpatrick, Oskélanéo, and Clova. Other sidings along the line are Casey, Hibbard, Cann, Sanmaur, Vandry, Windigo, and Rapide-Blanc-Station.
The La Tuque Airport is located directly south of the town's centre on Route 155. La Tuque Water Aerodrome is located just north of the city centre.
Government
Urban agglomeration
The Urban agglomeration of La Tuque is an urban agglomeration that consists of:
the city of La Tuque,
the municipality of La Bostonnais,
the municipality of Lac-Édouard.The agglomeration comprises the elements of the redefined city of La Tuque as it existed after amalgamation on March 26, 2003, including the two municipalities that chose to de-merge on January 1, 2006.
The agglomeration of La Tuque succeeded to the regional county municipality of Haut-Saint-Maurice, which was created in 1982 from part of the Quebec ridings's (county's) of Champlain electoral district, of Quebec electoral district of Saint-Maurice and of Abitibi. Le Haut-Saint-Maurice was dissolved during the merger of all municipalities in 2003 to create the city of La Tuque. Following the referendum on recreating La Bostonnais and Lac-Édouard, the agglomeration of La Tuque was created to allow municipalities to manage in common some competencies.
Census division
La Tuque is a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division of Quebec, with geographical code 90. The TE of La Tuque consists of:
the municipalities of the urban agglomeration of La Tuque, namelythe city of La Tuque
the municipality of La Bostonnais
the municipality of Lac-Édouardthree Indian reserves, namelyCoucoucache
Wemotaci
Obedjiwan
List of mayors
The mayor is the municipality's highest elected official. La Tuque has had fifteen mayors, since its incorporation as a city.
Notable residents
Marcel Béliveau (1939–2009), animator, humourist and actor
Jean-Jacqui Boutet, actor
Mathieu Fortin, writer
Maude Guérin, actress
Steven Guilbault, environmentalist
Félix Leclerc (1914–1988), singer-songwriter, poet, writer, actor and Québécois political activist
Sylvie Roy, politician
Dominique Trottier, TV reporter
James Renald, musician
Gaétan Barrette, politician
See also
La Tuque Water Aerodrome
Municipal history of Quebec
Municipal reorganization in Quebec
References
External links
(in French) City of La Tuque official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tuque,_Quebec | area |
ed2d42be-1d6e-4c2a-8805-738eba2a3074 | Saint-Martin-des-Champs | Saint-Martin-des-Champs is the name of several communes in France, each named for Martin of Tours:
Saint-Martin-des-Champs, Cher
Saint-Martin-des-Champs, Finistère
Saint-Martin-des-Champs, Manche
Saint-Martin-des-Champs, Seine-et-Marne
Saint-Martin-des-Champs, Yvelines
Saint-Martin-des-Champs, Yonne
See also
Saint-Martin-des-Champs Priory, a former monastery in Paris
Saint-Martin-aux-Champs, a commune in the Marne département
Saint Martin (disambiguation)
St Martin-in-the-Fields (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-des-Champs | area |
69eaafd4-b929-4860-a1d5-714109251316 | Alia | Alia or ALIA may refer to:
People
Alia (name), a list of people with the surname or given name
Places
Alia, Sicily, Italy, a comune
Alia (Phrygia), a town of ancient Phrygia which remains a Roman Catholic titular bishopric
Alía, Spain, a municipality in Extremadura
El Alia, Tunisia, a town and commune in the Bizerte Governorate
Other uses
Alia (gastropod), a genus of molluscs
Alia, the former name of Royal Jordanian Airlines
Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA)
See also
Aaliyah (1979–2001), American R&B singer
Aaliyah (disambiguation)
Aliya (disambiguation)
Aliyah (disambiguation)
Allia (moth), a genus in the family Noctuidae
Allia, a tributary of the River Tiber, Italy
Battle of the Allia, fought c. 390 BC between the Romans and the Senones
Alya (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia | area |
6fcb99ad-698c-4c48-8126-56174e7f5e08 | Cresciano | Cresciano is a former municipality in the district of Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged into the new municipality of Riviera.
History
Cresciano is first mentioned in 1269 as Crazano.During construction of the Gotthard railway in the 19th century, traces of a Bronze Age settlement were found. An Imperial charter from 978 mentions a cortis Crissianicum owned by the monastery of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia. Like the neighboring communities, Cresciano was owned by the Cathedral of Milan. In the 14th century it was placed, together with Osogna and Claro, under the jurisdiction of a representative of the Visconti. In the 15th century, Milan granted the village the right to choose a community leader.The parish church of San Vincenzo was first used in the 13th century.Starting around 1880, granite quarries opened in the valley. These played an important role in the economy of Cresciano and its neighboring towns.
Geography
Cresciano has an area, as of 1997, of 17.23 square kilometers (6.65 sq mi). Of this area, 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi) or 4.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) or 58.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.52 km2 (0.20 sq mi) or 3.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.35 km2 (0.14 sq mi) or 2.0% is either rivers or lakes and 5.25 km2 (2.03 sq mi) or 30.5% is unproductive land.
Of the built-up area, housing and buildings made up 0.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.0%. Out of the forested land, 48.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.2% is used for growing crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 12.9% is unproductive vegetation and 17.5% is too rocky for vegetation.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess azure an arch of stone blocks and a sledge hammer and a chisel in saltire all argent and gules seven bendlets argent.
Demographics
Cresciano has a population (as of December 2020) of 699. As of 2008, 31.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 5.9%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Italian (491 or 83.6%), with German being second most common (31 or 5.3%) and Portuguese being third (30 or 5.1%). There are 6 people who speak French and people who speak Romansh.As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 51.6% male and 48.4% female. The population was made up of 204 Swiss men (32.6% of the population), and 119 (19.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 216 Swiss women (34.5%), and 87 (13.9%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 208 or about 35.4% were born in Cresciano and lived there in 2000. There were 165 or 28.1% who were born in the same canton, while 51 or 8.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 146 or 24.9% were born outside of Switzerland.In 2008 there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and 2 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 4 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population increased by 2. There were 2 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 6 non-Swiss men and 7 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 4 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 11 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.1%.The age distribution, as of 2009, in Cresciano is; 45 children or 7.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 55 teenagers or 8.8% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 85 people or 13.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 111 people or 17.7% are between 30 and 39, 106 people or 16.9% are between 40 and 49, and 78 people or 12.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 75 people or 12.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 48 people or 7.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 23 people or 3.7% who are over 80.As of 2000, there were 227 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 291 married individuals, 42 widows or widowers and 27 individuals who are divorced.As of 2000, there were 255 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 83 households that consist of only one person and 14 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 256 households that answered this question, 32.4% were households made up of just one person and 5 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 63 married couples without children, 82 married couples with children. There were 13 single parents with a child or children. There were 9 households that were made up unrelated people and 1 household that was made some sort of institution or another collective housing.In 2000 there were 124 single family homes (or 70.5% of the total) out of a total of 176 inhabited buildings. There were 41 multi-family buildings (23.3%), along with 3 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (1.7%) and 8 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.5%). Of the single family homes 5 were built before 1919, while 7 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (46) were built between 1919 and 1945.In 2000 there were 300 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 105. There were 6 single room apartments and 58 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 252 apartments (84.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 43 apartments (14.3%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (1.7%) were empty. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 6.5 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 1.57%.The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 34.63% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (21.76%), the Ticino League (19.95%) and the SP (14.87%). In the federal election, a total of 140 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 40.5%.In the 2007 Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 350 registered voters in Cresciano, of which 213 or 60.9% voted. 4 blank ballots were cast, leaving 209 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 49 or 23.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD+GenGiova (with 48 or 23.0%), the LEGA (with 43 or 20.6%) and the PS (with 34 or 16.3%).In the 2007 Consiglio di Stato election, 2 blank ballots were cast, leaving 211 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the LEGA which received 55 or 26.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD (with 48 or 22.7%), the PLRT (with 41 or 19.4%) and the PS (with 40 or 19.0%).
Economy
As of 2007, Cresciano had an unemployment rate of 5.99%. As of 2005, there were 12 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 58 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 7 businesses in this sector. 49 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector. There were 235 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 37.9% of the workforce.
In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 105. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 8, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 75, of which 14 or (18.7%) were in manufacturing, 47 or (62.7%) were in mining and 14 (18.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 22. In the tertiary sector; 2 or 9.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 7 or 31.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7 or 31.8% were in education.In 2000, there were 98 workers who commuted into the municipality and 174 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 4.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 76.6% used a private car.
Religion
From the 2000 census, 476 or 81.1% were Roman Catholic, while 22 or 3.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 13 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.21% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.85% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 9 individuals (or about 1.53% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 5 (or about 0.85% of the population) who were Islamic. 33 (or about 5.62% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 24 individuals (or about 4.09% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Cresciano about 232 or (39.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 22 or (3.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 22 who completed tertiary schooling, 45.5% were Swiss men, 31.8% were Swiss women.In Cresciano there were a total of 94 students (as of 2009). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Cresciano there were 15 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 16 students attended the standard primary schools and 4 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 30 students in the two-year middle school, while 9 students were in the four-year advanced program.
The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 7 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 10 who attend part-time.
The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There were 3 students in the professional program.As of 2000, there were 2 students in Cresciano who came from another municipality, while 44 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website (in Italian)
Cresciano in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresciano | area |
054ee01f-73f7-4a64-b6fb-dadd309c4213 | Breitenberg | Breitenberg may refer to:
Places
Breitenberg, Lower Bavaria
Breitenberg, Schleswig-Holstein
Mountains
Breitenberg (Allgäu Alps)
Breitenberg (Haardt)
Breitenberg (Tannheimer Berge) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitenberg | area |
8293dc49-e4e1-4d29-8395-14fe2500c7ae | Fresno, California | Fresno ( (listen); Spanish for 'Ash') is a major city in the San Joaquin Valley of California, United States. It is the county seat of Fresno County and the largest city in the greater Central Valley region. It covers about 115 square miles (300 km2) and had a population of 542,107 as of the 2020 Census, making it the fifth-most populous city in California, the most populous inland city in California, and the 33rd-most populous city in the nation.Named for the abundant ash trees lining the San Joaquin River, Fresno was founded in 1872 as a railway station of the Central Pacific Railroad before it was incorporated in 1885. It has since become an economic hub of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley, with much of the surrounding areas in the Metropolitan Fresno region predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production. Fresno is near the geographic center of California, approximately 220 miles (350 km) north of Los Angeles, 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento, and 185 miles (300 km) southeast of San Francisco. Yosemite National Park is about 60 miles (100 km) to the north, Kings Canyon National Park 60 miles (100 km) to the east, and Sequoia National Park 75 miles (120 km) to the southeast.
Fresno is also the third-largest majority-Hispanic city in the United States with 50.5% of its population being Hispanic in 2020.
History
The original inhabitants of the San Joaquin Valley region were the Yokuts people and Miwok people, who engaged in trading with other Californian tribes of Native Americans including coastal peoples such as the Chumash of the Central California coast, with whom they are thought to have traded plant and animal products.
The first European to enter the San Joaquin Valley was Pedro Fages in 1772. The county of Fresno was formed in 1856 after the California Gold Rush and was named for the abundant ash trees (Spanish: fresno) lining the San Joaquin River.
The San Joaquin River flooded on December 24, 1867, inundating Millerton. Some residents rebuilt, others moved. Flooding also destroyed the town of Scottsburg on the nearby Kings River that winter. Rebuilt on higher ground, Scottsburg was renamed Centerville.In 1867, Anthony Easterby purchased land bounded by the present Chestnut, Belmont, Clovis and California avenues, that today is called the Sunnyside district. Unable to grow wheat for lack of water, he hired sheep man Moses Church in 1870 to create an irrigation system. Building new canals and purchasing existing ditches, Church then formed the Fresno Canal and Irrigation Company, a predecessor of the Fresno Irrigation District.
In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store near the station and the store grew into the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. At that time, Mariposa street was the main artery, a rough dusty or muddy depression. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. In 1903, the faltering San Joaquin Power Company was renamed the San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation and included the Fresno City Water Company and the Fresno City Railway. By 1931 the railway, now known as the Fresno Traction Company, operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles (79 km) of track.
In 1865, William Helm brought his sheep to Fresno county, which was then a vast space of open land. By 1877, Helm made Fresno his home with a five-acre tract of land at the corner of Fresno and R streets. Helm was the largest individual sheep grower in Fresno County.Two years after the station was established, county residents voted to move the county seat from Millerton to Fresno. When the Friant Dam was completed in 1944, the site of Millerton became inundated by the waters of Millerton Lake. In extreme droughts, when the reservoir shrinks, ruins of the original county seat can still be observed.
In the nineteenth century, with so much wooden construction and in the absence of sophisticated firefighting resources, fires often ravaged American frontier towns. The greatest of Fresno's early-day fires, in 1882, destroyed an entire block of the city. Another devastating blaze struck in 1883.
In 1909, Fresno's first and oldest synagogue, Temple Beth Israel, was founded.
Fresno entered the ranks of the 100 most populous cities in the United States in 1960 with a population of 134,000. Thirty years later, in the 1990 census, it moved up to 47th place with 354,000, and in the census of 2000, it achieved 37th place with 428,000.
The Fresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill was the first modern landfill in the United States, and incorporated several important innovations to waste disposal, including trenching, compacting, and the daily covering of trash with dirt. It was opened in 1937 and closed in 1987. It is a National Historic Landmark as well as a Superfund site.Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian. Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today few Japanese-American businesses remain. During 1942, Pinedale, in what is now North Fresno, was the site of the Pinedale Assembly Center, an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps. The Fresno Fairgrounds were also utilized as an assembly center.
Row crops and orchards gave way to urban development particularly in the period after World War II; this transition was particularly vividly demonstrated in locations such as the Blackstone Avenue corridor.
In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the world's first successful credit card. This financial instrument was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.
In the 1960's, Fresno suffered numerous demolitions of historic buildings, including the old Fresno County Courthouse and the original buildings of Edison High School.
The dance style commonly known as popping evolved in Fresno in the 1970s.In 1995, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Operation Rezone sting resulted in several prominent Fresno and Clovis politicians being charged in connection with taking bribes in return for rezoning farmland for housing developments. Before the sting brought a halt to it, housing developers could buy farmland cheaply, pay off council members to have it rezoned, and make a large profit building and selling inexpensive housing. Sixteen people were eventually convicted as a result of the sting.In the early 2000's, Fresno's two major venues were built, Chukchansi Park (2002) and Save Mart Center (2003). The 2017 Fresno shootings resulted in the death of 4 people.
Geography
Fresno has a total area of 116 square miles (300 km2) with 98.96% land covering 114.79 square miles (297.3 km2), and 1.04% water, 1.21 square miles (3.1 km2).
Fresno's location, very near the geographical center of California, places the city a comfortable distance from many of the major recreation areas and urban centers in the state. Just 60 mi (97 km) south of Yosemite National Park, it is the nearest major city to the park. Likewise, Sierra National Forest is 40 mi (64 km), Kings Canyon National Park is 60 mi (97 km) and Sequoia National Park is 75 mi (121 km). The city is located near several Sierra Nevada lakes including Bass Lake, Shaver Lake, and Huntington Lake. Fresno is also only two and a half hours from Monterey, Carmel, Big Sur and the central coast.
Because Fresno sits at the junction of Highways 41 and 99 (SR 41 is Yosemite National Park's southern access road, and SR 99 bypasses Interstate 5 to serve the urban centers of the San Joaquin Valley), the city is a major gateway for Yosemite visitors coming from Los Angeles. The city also serves as an entrance into Sierra National Forest via Highway 168, and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks via Highway 180.
Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest. Woodward Park, which features the Shinzen Japanese Gardens, boasts numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails. It is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway. Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is home to the Fresno Chaffee Zoo, and Rotary Storyland and Playland. Kearney Park is the largest of the Fresno region's park system and is home to historic Kearney Mansion and plays host to the annual Civil War Revisited, the largest reenactment of the Civil War in the west coast of the U.S.In its 2020 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported that Fresno had one of the worst park systems among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. The survey measures median park size, park acres as percent of city area, residents' access to parks, spending on parks per resident, and playgrounds per 10,000 residents.
Neighborhoods
Downtown
Fresno was born with the establishment of the then Central Pacific Railroad Depot in 1872. In 1889, the Southern Pacific Railroad, which had acquired Central Pacific, constructed a new depot on the original depot site. The brick Queen Anne style depot was a jewel for the city and is currently one of Fresno's oldest standing buildings. In 1971, 99 years after it first opened for business on its current site, the Depot closed its rail operations due to the decline in business.Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric streetcars, and contained a number of "lavish" and "opulent" buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Old Fresno Water Tower, the Bank of Italy Building, the Pacific Southwest Building, the San Joaquin Light and Power Building (currently known as the Grand 1401), and the Hughes Hotel (burned down), to name a few.
Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation's first pedestrian malls in 1964. Renamed the Fulton Mall, the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in Fresno. While the Fulton Mall corridor has suffered a sharp decline from its heyday, the Mall includes some of the finest public art pieces in the country, including a casting of Pierre-Auguste Renoir's bronze "The Washer Woman", reportedly the only one of the six castings that one can walk up to and touch. In October 2017, the City of Fresno finished and opened Fulton Mall to traffic, becoming Fulton Street. This change was celebrated with a large public parade featuring current Mayor Lee Brand and former Mayor Ashley Swearengin. The public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian-friendly environment of the district.
Tower District
The historic Tower Theatre, which is included on the National Register of Historic Places, is the center of the Tower District. The theater was built in 1939 at the corner of Olive and Wishon Avenues. The Tower District neighborhood is just north of downtown Fresno proper, and one-half mile south of Fresno City College. Although the neighborhood was known as a residential area, the early commercial establishments of the Tower District began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after World War II. The character of small local businesses largely remains today. To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School (later renamed California State University at Fresno). In 1916, the college moved to what is now the site of Fresno City College one-half mile north of the Tower District.
After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second- and third-run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978, at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award-winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre.
The Tower District is a hub for community events such as Jamaica My Weekend, Mardi Gras in February, Gay Pride Parade, car shows, A Taste of The Tower, Halloween in the Tower, and the Farmers' market opened on the northwest Corner of Olive and Van Ness.
The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores on or near Olive Avenue. Since renewal, the Tower District has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses. The Tower District is known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster communities.The area is also known for its early twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades. The area includes many California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the Tower District contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of Fresno.
Woodward Park
In the northeastern part of Fresno, Woodward Park was founded by the late Ralph Woodward, a long-time Fresno resident. He bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968 to provide a regional park and bird sanctuary in Northeast Fresno. The park lies on the southern bank of the San Joaquin River between Highway 41 and Friant Road. The initial 235 acres (0.95 km2), combined with additional acres acquired later by the city, brings the park to a sizable 300 acres (1.2 km2). Now packed with amenities, Woodward Park is the only Regional Park of its size in the Central Valley. The park has a multi-use amphitheatre that seats up to 2,500 people, an authentic Japanese Garden, fenced dog park, bike park, two playgrounds, two-mile (3 km) equestrian trail, exercise par course, three children's playgrounds, a lake, three small ponds, seven picnic areas, and five miles (8 km) of multipurpose trails that are part of the San Joaquin River Parkway's Lewis S. Eaton Trail. When complete, the Lewis S. Eaton trail system will cover 22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam. The park's amphitheatre was renovated in 2010, and has hosted performances by acts such as Deftones, Tech N9ne, and Sevendust as well as numerous others. Woodward Park hosts the annual California Interscholastic Federation State Championship cross country meet. It is the home of the Woodward Shakespeare Festival which began performances in the park in 2005.
Fig Garden
Located in the western portion of Fresno, Old Fig Garden is an unincorporated community that, over time, has been completely encircled by the city of Fresno. Fig Garden was created in 1947, as the then-known Fig Garden Men's club achieved nonprofit corporate status, allowing itself to have much more governance.In 1979, the name was changed to Fig Garden Home Owners Association. Fig Garden is unique to the rest of Fresno, as it features largely no sidewalks and is lined with various large trees. The homes are well-maintained and landscaped due to strict regulations from the homeowners association. Due to a tax Fig Garden residences voted for, there is nearly round-the-clock sheriff service within the district. The district hosts the Fig Garden Christmas Tree Lane, which is a nationally recognized event. There is also an upscale swim and racquet club located in northwestern Fig garden, which has multiple amenities including a heated lap pool, massage therapy, daycare, etc. Towards the northern boundary there is a shopping center called Fig Garden Village which hosts a plethora of upscale shopping opportunities, as well as hosting the only Whole Foods Market within the Fresno area.
Climate
Fresno has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Köppen climate classification), with cool, wet winters and very long, hot, dry summers. December and January are the coldest months, averaging 47.5 °F (8.6 °C) and 48.0 °F (8.9 °C), respectively; 11 mornings see low temperatures at or below freezing, with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out around 29 °F (−1.7 °C). July is the warmest month, averaging 83.5 °F (28.6 °C); normally, there are 38 days of 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ highs and 113 days of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs, and between July and August, there are only 3.6 days where the high does not reach 90 °F (32.2 °C). Summers provide considerable sunshine, with July exceeding 96 percent of the total possible sunlight hours; conversely, December is the lowest with only 42 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of tule fog. However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine, for a total of 3550 hours. Average annual precipitation is around 11 inches (279 mm). Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest, as winds are driven downward along the axis of the California Central Valley; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics. Fresno meteorology was selected in a national U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm, dry western United States locale.
The official record high temperature for Fresno is 115 °F (46.1 °C), set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 °F (−8 °C), set on January 6, 1913. The average windows for temperatures of 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ are June 2 through September 15; for temperatures of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+, April 25 through October 10; and for freezing temperatures, December 14 through January 24, although no freeze occurred during the 1983–84 or 2020–21 winter seasons. Annual rainfall has ranged from 23.57 inches (598.7 mm) in the "rain year" from July 1982 to June 1983 down to 4.43 inches (112.5 mm) from July 1933 to June 1934. The most rainfall in one month was 9.54 inches (242.3 mm) in November 1885 and the most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.55 inches (90.2 mm) on November 18, 1885. Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 46.5 days annually. Snow is a rarity; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches (0.06 m) on January 21–22, 1962.
See or edit raw graph data.
Demographics
Fresno is the larger principal city of the Fresno-Madera CSA, a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Fresno (Fresno County) and Madera (Madera County) metropolitan areas, which had a combined population of 922,516 at the 2000 census.Fresno is home to numerous ethnic minority communities, such as the Armenian and Hmong communities. In 1920, Armenians comprised 9% of the population of the city of Fresno, with 4,000 Armenian residents at the time. Old Armenian Town was the old Armenian neighborhood in the center of Fresno. The Hmong community of Fresno, along with that of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, is one of the largest two urban U.S. ethnic Hmong communities, with just over 24,000 people, or about 5% of the city's population, being of Hmong descent.
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,700.6/km2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970.
The Census reported that 485,798 people (98.2% of the population) lived in households, 4,315 (0.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4,552 (0.9%) were institutionalized.
There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,843 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1,388 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 35,064 households (22.1%) were made up of individuals, and 12,344 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.62.
The age distribution of the population shows 148,823 people (30.1%) under the age of 18, 62,601 people (12.7%) aged 18 to 24, 135,076 people (27.3%) aged 25 to 44, 102,064 people (20.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 46,101 people (9.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males.
There were 171,288 housing units at an average density of 1,525.2 per square mile (588.9/km2), of which 158,349 were occupied, of which 77,757 (49.1%) were owner-occupied, and 80,592 (50.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.6%. 235,430 people (47.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 250,368 people (50.6%) lived in rental housing units.
2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,582.2/km2). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% White, 8.4% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 11.2% Asian (about a third of which is Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.9% of the population.
There were 140,079 households, of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 17.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.57.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 32.9% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,236, and the median income for a family was $35,892. Males had a median income of $32,279 versus $26,551 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,010. About 20.5% of families and 26.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.5% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Fresno is the center of Metropolitan Fresno and serves as the regional hub for the San Joaquin Valley and the greater Central Valley region. The unincorporated area and rural cities surrounding Fresno remain predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production.
In 1958, Fresno was selected by Bank of America to first launch the BankAmericard credit card, which was later renamed Visa.
Companies based in Fresno include Pelco, Valley Yellow Pages, and Saladino's.
Top employersAccording to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
Arts and culture
Performing arts and music
Artists' Repertory Theatre
Children's Musical Theatreworks
Center State Productions
Fresno Philharmonic
Philip Lorenz International Keyboard Concerts
Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & 2nd Space Theatre (Good Company Players)
Rogue Festival
Shine! Theatre
Stageworks of Fresno
Woodward Shakespeare Festival
Youth Orchestras of Fresno
Theaters
Azteca Theater
Crest Theatre
Liberty Theatre
Tower Theatre – Tower Theatre for the Performing Arts
Warnors Theatre – Warnor's Center for the Performing Arts
Wilson Theatre – currently Cornerstone Church
Veteran's Memorial Auditorium
Paul Shaghoian Memorial Concert Hall - Clovis North High School
Museums
African-American Museum of the San Joaquin Valley
Arte Américas
Armenian Museum of Fresno
Discovery Center
William Saroyan House Museum
Forestiere Underground Gardens
Fresno Art Museum
Kearney Mansion Museum
Legion of Valor Museum
Meux Home Museum
Old Fresno Water Tower Tourist Center
Fresno Chaffee Zoo
Sierra Endangered Cat Haven (Fresno County)
Events
Ani-Me Con (every spring) Fresno's only anime convention.
Armenian Grape Blessing (August)
ArtHop (first Thursday of every month)
The Big Fresno Fair, 12 days October, the largest event in the Central Valley attracting over 600,000 visitors
Taco Truck Throwdown
Christmas Tree Lane Every December
Fresno LGBT Pride Parade, every June, first held in 1991
Grizzly Fest April/May
Valley DevFest (Fall)
Vintage Days March or April
Greek Fest three days every September
Sports
Fresno has no teams in any of the five major sports leagues. However, collegiate sports are very popular. Fresno State Bulldogs football program is considered to be the biggest event in terms of sporting events in the city. The term "Red Wave" is the name given to the fans of Fresno State athletics, and as well as "Pride of the Valley" since the university's fanbase represents all of Fresno and California's San Joaquin Valley.
Below are Fresno-based professional sports teams:
The Save Mart Center at Fresno State is a multi-purpose arena on the campus of the California State University, Fresno. It is home to the Fresno State Bulldogs basketball team and, for the first five seasons in the ECHL (2003–08) hosted the Fresno Falcons ice hockey team. It also hosts a wide range of musical acts and other events.
Also on the campus of Fresno State is Valley Children's Stadium, a 41,031-seat football stadium. It is home to the Fresno State Bulldogs football program.
Next to Bulldog Stadium is Pete Beiden Field. It is home to the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball program and was home to the Fresno Grizzlies before their move to Chukchansi Park in Downtown Fresno.
Fresno's Woodward Park is the location of the CIF Cross Country State Championships, where high schoolers from around the state compete. Additionally the BMX course in the park plays host to the National Bicycle League State Championships.
Ratcliffe Stadium, on the campus of Fresno City College, is a 13,000-seat track and field stadium. The stadium played host to the West Coast Relays. It is home to the college's football program and is also host to high school football games and track and field events.
The Fresno Yacht Club established in 1959 hosts the High Sierra Regatta on Huntington Lake every July (barring extreme drought) and regular sailing on Millerton Lake.
Government
Fresno has a strong-mayor form of government. The mayor (executive branch) is directly elected and the seven city council members (legislative branch) are elected by district with no "at-large" seats. The mayor and council members are elected for no more than two 4-year terms. The mayor's office and council positions are officially nonpartisan and not affiliated with any political party. The current mayor is Jerry Dyer.
City Council
Prior to 1901, Fresno's government was under a ward system which allowed for a board of trustees. From the trustees elected by the city wards, a President of the Board of Trustees would act as ex-officio mayor however did not hold the title of mayor. Because of this, the President of the Board of Trustees is not recognized as mayors of the City of Fresno.
Courts
Fresno is the county seat of Fresno County. It maintains the main county courthouse on Van Ness in the Fresno County Plaza for criminal and some civil court cases.
The United States District Court, Eastern District of California, has one of its six divisions based in the Robert E. Coyle Courthouse. The new courthouse replaced the B.F. Sisk Federal Building in 2006 because it did not have enough space for the growing Fresno Division. After extensive renovation, the building reopened in November 2010 as the B.F. Sisk Courthouse serving the Fresno County Superior Court.
Fresno is also the seat of the Fifth Appellate District of the State of California Court of Appeal where a new courthouse was built in the old Armenian Town section of downtown Fresno in 2007 across from the Fresno Convention Center. The Fifth District Court of Appeal Courthouse is named after former State Senator and Associate Justice of the Fifth District, George N. Zenovich.
Politics
As of 2016, according to Fresno County Registrar of Voters, the majority of registered voters in both the city and county of Fresno are registered to the Democratic Party. According to the county registrar's official final reportU.S. President Barack Obama carried the county 49.99% in the 2008 United States presidential election.
State and federal representation
The citizens of Fresno are represented in the California State Senate by Democrat Anna Caballero in District 14 and Democrat Angelique Ashby in District 8. They are represented in the California State Assembly by Democrat Marc Berman in District 23 and Democrat Joaquin Arambula in District 31.The citizens of Fresno are represented in the United States House of Representatives by Representative Jim Costa, Democrat, in District 21, and Kevin McCarthy, Republican, in District 20.
Education
Four-year institutions
California State University, Fresno is the main state school in Fresno though the University of California, Merced has its Fresno Center and the University of California, San Francisco has its Fresno Medical Education Program.Private institutions include
Alliant International University (For Profit)
California Christian College (Private/Freewill Baptist)
Fresno Pacific University (Private/Mennonite Brethren)
Fresno Pacific University Biblical Seminary
Kaplan College, Fresno campus (formerly Maric College)
National University, Fresno campus
University of Phoenix (Private) (For Profit)
DeVry University (Private) (For Profit, Career)
Two-year institutions
Public community colleges include Fresno City College and Clovis Community College.
Career colleges
University of Phoenix
DeVry University
Institute of Technology
San Joaquin Valley College
UEI College
Public K-12 schools
Most of Fresno is in the Fresno Unified School District though small portions are served by the Clovis Unified School District, Central Unified School District, Washington Union Unified School District, Orange Center Elementary School District, Sanger Unified School District and West Park Elementary School District.
Private K-12 schools
Fresno Christian High School (Evangelical Christian)
San Joaquin Memorial High School (Roman Catholic)
Fresno Adventist Academy (Seventh Day Adventist)
Media
Newspapers
The Business Journal
The Fresno Bee
Radio
KMJ, AM 580, 50,000-watt and FM 105.9, is Fresno's first radio station; it began broadcasting in 1922. Its powerful 50,000-watt signal can clearly be heard throughout much of California.
KYNO AM 940, 50,000-watt oldies station
KFIG AM 1430, 5,000-watt ESPN affiliate
88.1 KFCF is Fresno's Pacifica station, and one of Fresno's few non-commercial, non-corporate radio stations.
89.3 KVPR, provides National Public Radio Programming & classical music throughout the Central California region.
90.7 KFSR is another non-commercial, non-corporate station that plays a full spectrum format, including Jazz, eclectic, Armenian, and others. Based on the CSUF campus.
94.9 KBOS-FM More commonly known as B95 – Fresno's Hip-Hop Station
Television
To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area and those planned for Chico, Sacramento, Salinas, and Stockton, the Federal Communications Commission decided that Fresno would be a UHF island (only have UHF television stations).
The very first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953. KMJ-TV is now known as NBC affiliate KSEE. Other Fresno stations include ABC O&O KFSN-TV, CBS affiliate KGPE, The CW affiliate KFRE-TV, FOX affiliate KMPH-TV, MNTV affiliate KMSG-LD, PBS affiliate KVPT, Telemundo O&O KNSO, Univision O&O KFTV-DT, and Estrella TV affiliate KGMC.
In partnership with the City of Clovis, the City of Fresno opened the Community Media Access Collaborative (CMAC) in April 2012, a public, education and government access television station.
Infrastructure
Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have strained both Fresno's and the entire Central Valley's water security. The city uses surface water from Millerton Lake and Pine Flat Reservoir to supply a pair of water treatment plants.
Transportation
Highways
Fresno is served by State Route 99, the main north–south freeway that connects the major population centers of California's Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake. State Route 41 (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from Atascadero in the south, and then heads north to Yosemite National Park. State Route 180 (Kings Canyon Freeway) comes from the west via Mendota, and then east through the city of Reedley to Kings Canyon National Park.
Fresno is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an Interstate highway. When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of the Central Valley, and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99. Due to rapidly rising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely as Interstate 7 or 9. Major improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway.
Bus services
Fresno Area Express (FAX) is the city's primary public transit system, which operates eighteen routes and Handy Ride, a paratransit operation. FAX introduced a frequent bus service called FAX15 in January 2017 with buses operating every 15 minutes on Cedar and Shaw Avenues. The FAX Q line, which the agency brands as bus rapid transit, was introduced in February 2018 and offers service as often as every 10 minutes on Blackstone Avenue, Ventura Avenue and Kings Canyon Road.As the county seat and the largest city in the region, Fresno also sees service from neighboring regional bus services including Clovis Transit, Fresno County Rural Transit Agency, Kings Area Regional Transit, and Visalia Transit's V-LINE. Intercity and long-distance bus services are provided by Greyhound.
The Yosemite Area Regional Transportation System added summer seasonal service between Fresno and Yosemite National Park in May 2015.The city once provided trolley service during the late 19th and early 20th century. Known as the Fresno City Railway Company and later the Fresno Traction Company, the service operated horse-drawn streetcars from 1887 to 1901. Electric streetcars were introduced in 1903. The electric streetcars were used until 1939. A proposal to include a modern light rail system in long-term transportation plans was rejected by the Fresno County Board of Supervisors in January 1987.
Airports
Fresno Yosemite International Airport (airport code: FAT), formerly known as Fresno Air Terminal, provides regularly scheduled commercial airline service. The airport serves an estimated 1.3 million passengers annually.
Fresno Chandler Executive Airport (airport code: FCH) is 2 mi (3.2 km) southwest of Downtown Fresno. Built in the 1920s by the Works Projects Administration, it is one of the oldest operational airports in California. The airport currently serves as a general aviation airport.
Sierra Sky Park Airport (airport code: E79) in Northwest Fresno is a privately owned airport, but is open to the public. Extra-wide streets surrounding the airport allow for residents of the community to land, taxi down the extra-wide streets, and park their aircraft in a garage at their home. Sierra Sky Park is recognized as the first residential aviation community in the world.
Rail
Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno. The city of Fresno is planned to be served by the future California High-Speed Rail.Freight rail service is provided by both the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad, which both operate Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines which cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards within the city. The shortline San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branch lines heading west and south out of the city.
In popular culture
In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.Fictional residents of the town were portrayed in a 1986 comedic miniseries titled "Fresno", featuring Carol Burnett, Dabney Coleman, Teri Garr and Charles Grodin, along with numerous other celebrities. The mini series was presented as a parody of the prime time soap operas popular in the 1980s.BBC documentarian, Louis Theroux, visited Fresno, and rode with Fresno police as they dealt with the high drug usage in the city. Additionally, he interviewed many of the individuals involved in the drug scene, some languishing in their habit, and others working to overcome it. From that footage, he produced a British documentary The City Addicted to Crystal Meth, first aired on 9 August 2009.
Notable people
Twin towns – sister cities
Fresno's sister cities are:
Guadalajara, Mexico
Kōchi, Japan (1965)
Münster, Germany (1984)
Morogoro, Tanzania (1992)
Verona, Italy (2000, friendship not sister)
Vagharshapat (also known as Etchmiadzin), Armenia (2009)
Châteauroux, France (2016)
Taishan, China
Afula-Gilboa, Israel
Taraz (formerly known as Djambul; relationship currently inactive), Kazakhstan
Torreon, Mexico
See also
Environmental issues in Fresno, California
Fresno County Public Library
Fresno Police Department
2017 Fresno shootings
2019 Fresno shooting
List of Mexican-American communities
List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations
USS Fresno, 3 ships
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Official website
Fresno, California at Curlie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_California | area |
83f1ba1f-06c2-4d14-8c56-009fdf54b80a | Audignicourt | Audignicourt (French pronunciation: [odiɲikuʁ]) is a commune in the department of Aisne in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.
Geography
Audignicourt is located some 20 km southeast of Noyon and 20 km northwest of Soissons. It can be accessed on the D563L road from Nampcel in the west and continuing east to Vassens. The D650 road also serves the commune and village branching off the D935 in the north. The southern and western borders of the commune are also the border between the departments of Aisne and Oise.The commune is traversed by the Ru de Moulins stream from west to east and the commune is quite extensively forested around an extended area surrounding the stream. The rest of the commune is farmland with no other hamlets or villages.
Neighbouring communes and villages
Administration
List of Successive Mayors of Audignicourt
Population
See also
Communes of the Aisne department
References
External links
Audignicourt on the old IGN website (in French)
Audignicourt on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (in French)
Audignecourt on the 1750 Cassini Map | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audignicourt | area |
82abbf12-62c8-4aa0-aed1-45cab3006fd5 | Ludwigsstadt | Ludwigsstadt is a town in the district of Kronach, in the Upper Franconian region of Bavaria, Germany.
Geography
It is situated in the valley of the Loquitz River, a tributary of the Saale, in the Thuringian-Franconian Highlands of the Thuringian Slate Mountains and the Franconian Forest mountain ranges. Located 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of Kronach, the Bavarian border with the state of Thuringia runs about 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the town centre, with Thuringian Saalfeld in a distance of c. 18 km (11 mi) down the Loquitz. Ludwigsstadt is the only municipality of the State of Bavaria located north of the Rennsteig ridge.
History
The settlement in the Landgraviate of Thuringia was first mentioned in a 1269 deed as Ludwichsdorf, probably named after a local Vogt official of the Counts of Weimar-Orlamünde. In 1427 the area around historic Lauenstein Castle was acquired by the Hohenzollern Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg, who added it as a northern exclave to his Franconian Principality of Kulmbach. Ludwigsstadt received town privileges in 1490, which it again lost in 1525, as the citizens joined a rebellion against the landlords during the German Peasants' War.
In 1622 Margrave Christian of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, colonel of the Imperial Franconian Circle, finally purchased Ludwigsstadt. When his descendant Margrave Charles Alexander resigned in 1791, he sold his possessions to his Hohenzollern relatives in the Kingdom of Prussia. In the course of the German Mediatisation in 1803, Ludwigsstadt fell to the Electorate of Bavaria.
Transport
In 1885 Ludwigsstadt achieved access to the Franconian Forest Railway line, connecting the Bavarian Ludwig South-North Railway near Lichtenfels with the Thuringian Saal Railway at Saalfeld. It soon evolved to one of the most important north–south railway connections in Germany, linking the Prussian capital Berlin with Nuremberg and Munich.
Between 1945 and 1990 Ludwigsstadt station served as West German checkpoint for crossing the inner German border by rail with its counterpart at Probstzella station. The border crossing was open for trains travelling from West to East Germany or West Berlin. The traffic was subject to the interzonal traffic regulations, that regarding trains between West Germany and West Berlin followed the special regulations of the Transit Agreement (1972).
After German Reunification, the railway was restored and since 2000 is part of the Intercity Express (ICE) network with hourly trains linking Berlin and Munich. As the winding line however does not allow fast travelling, it is to be replaced by the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsstadt | area |
3781753b-e06b-4de9-a7a6-065e7dd56457 | St. Clair County | St. Clair County is the name of four counties in the United States:
St. Clair County, Alabama
St. Clair County, Illinois
St. Clair County, Michigan
St. Clair County, Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_County | area |
9ca62d15-dce9-43be-9e39-cc828d5c5f1f | Osterspai | Osterspai (formerly Osterspey) is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.
References
External links
Picture of Osterspey, J.F. Dielmann, A. Fay, J. Becker (painter): F.C. Vogels Panorama des Rheins, Bilder des rechten und linken Rheinufers, Lithographische Anstalt F.C. Vogel, Frankfurt, 1833
Picture of Osterspey 2, dito | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterspai | area |
deec0359-bad2-4b23-aba2-b31ef7ef0a05 | Crying | Crying is the dropping of tears (or welling of tears in the eyes) in response to an emotional state or pain. Emotions that can lead to crying include sadness, anger, excitement, and even happiness. The act of crying has been defined as "a complex secretomotor phenomenon characterized by the shedding of tears from the lacrimal apparatus, without any irritation of the ocular structures", instead, giving a relief which protects from conjunctivitis. A related medical term is lacrimation, which also refers to non-emotional shedding of tears. Various forms of crying are known as sobbing, weeping, wailing, whimpering, bawling, and blubbering.For crying to be described as sobbing, it usually has to be accompanied by a set of other symptoms, such as slow but erratic inhalation, occasional instances of breath holding and muscular tremor.
A neuronal connection between the lacrimal gland and the areas of the human brain involved with emotion has been established.Tears produced during emotional crying have a chemical composition which differs from other types of tears. They contain significantly greater quantities of the hormones prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and Leu-enkephalin, and the elements potassium and manganese.
Function
The question of the function or origin of emotional tears remains open. Theories range from the simple, such as response to inflicted pain, to the more complex, including nonverbal communication in order to elicit altruistic helping behaviour from others. Some have also claimed that crying can serve several biochemical purposes, such as relieving stress and clearance of the eyes. There is some empirical evidence that crying lowers stress levels, potentially due to the release of hormones such as oxytocin. Crying is believed to be an outlet or a result of a burst of intense emotional sensations, such as agony, surprise or joy. This theory could explain why people cry during cheerful events, as well as very painful events.Individuals tend to remember the positive aspects of crying, and may create a link between other simultaneous positive events, such as resolving feelings of grief. Together, these features of memory reinforce the idea that crying helped the individual.In Hippocratic and medieval medicine, tears were associated with the bodily humors, and crying was seen as purgation of excess humors from the brain. William James thought of emotions as reflexes prior to rational thought, believing that the physiological response, as if to stress or irritation, is a precondition to cognitively becoming aware of emotions such as fear or anger.
William H. Frey II, a biochemist at the University of Minnesota, proposed that people feel "better" after crying due to the elimination of hormones associated with stress, specifically adrenocorticotropic hormone. This, paired with increased mucosal secretion during crying, could lead to a theory that crying is a mechanism developed in humans to dispose of this stress hormone when levels grow too high. Tears have a limited ability to eliminate chemicals, reducing the likelihood of this theory.Recent psychological theories of crying emphasize the relationship of crying to the experience of perceived helplessness. From this perspective, an underlying experience of helplessness can usually explain why people cry. For example, a person may cry after receiving surprisingly happy news, ostensibly because the person feels powerless or unable to influence what is happening.
Emotional tears have also been put into an evolutionary context. One study proposes that crying, by blurring vision, can handicap aggressive or defensive actions, and may function as a reliable signal of appeasement, need, or attachment. Oren Hasson, an evolutionary psychologist in the zoology department at Tel Aviv University believes that crying shows vulnerability and submission to an attacker, solicits sympathy and aid from bystanders, and signals shared emotional attachments.Another theory that follows evolutionary psychology is given by Paul D. MacLean, who suggests that the vocal part of crying was used first as a "separation cry" to help reunite parents and offspring. The tears, he speculates, are a result of a link between the development of the cerebrum and the discovery of fire. MacLean theorizes that since early humans must have relied heavily on fire, their eyes were frequently producing reflexive tears in response to the smoke. As humans evolved the smoke possibly gained a strong association with the loss of life and, therefore, sorrow.: 90–91 In 2017, Carlo Bellieni analysed the weeping behavior, and concluded that most animals can cry but only humans have psychoemotional shedding of tears, also known as "weeping". Weeping is a behavior that induces empathy perhaps with the mediation of the mirror neurons network, and influences the mood through the release of hormones elicited by the massage effect made by the tears on the cheeks, or through the relief of the sobbing rhythm. Many ethologists would disagree.
Biological response
It can be very difficult to observe biological effects of crying, especially considering many psychologists believe the environment in which a person cries can alter the experience of the crier. Laboratory studies have shown several physical effects of crying, such as increased heart rate, sweating, and slowed breathing. Although it appears that the type of effects an individual experiences depends largely on the individual, for many it seems that the calming effects of crying, such as slowed breathing, outlast the negative effects, which could explain why people remember crying as being helpful and beneficial.
Globus sensation
The most common side effect of crying is feeling a lump in the throat of the crier, otherwise known as a globus sensation. Although many things can cause a globus sensation, the one experienced in crying is a response to the stress experienced by the sympathetic nervous system. When an animal is threatened by some form of danger, the sympathetic nervous system triggers several processes to allow the animal to fight or flee. This includes shutting down unnecessary body functions, such as digestion, and increasing blood flow and oxygen to necessary muscles. When an individual experiences emotions such as sorrow, the sympathetic nervous system still responds in this way.Another function increased by the sympathetic nervous system is breathing, which includes opening the throat in order to increase air flow. This is done by expanding the glottis, which allows more air to pass through. As an individual is undergoing this sympathetic response, eventually the parasympathetic nervous system attempts to undo the response by decreasing high stress activities and increasing recuperative processes, which includes running digestion. This involves swallowing, a process which requires closing the fully expanded glottis to prevent food from entering the larynx. The glottis attempts to remain open as an individual cries. This fight to close the glottis creates a sensation that feels like a lump in the individual's throat.Other common side effects of crying are quivering lips, a runny nose, and an unsteady, cracking voice.
Frequency
According to the German Society of Ophthalmology, which has collated different scientific studies on crying, the average woman cries between 30 and 64 times a year, and the average man cries between 6 and 17 times a year.Men tend to cry for between two and four minutes, and women cry for about six minutes. Crying turns into sobbing for women in 65% of cases, compared to just 6% for men. Before adolescence, no difference between the sexes was found.The gap between how often men and women cry is larger in wealthier, more democratic, and feminine countries.
In infants
Infants can shed tears at approximately 4–8 weeks of age.Crying is critical to when a baby is first born. Their ability to cry upon delivery signals they can breathe on their own and reflects they have successfully adapted to life outside the womb.Although crying is an infant's mode of communication, it is not limited to a monotonous sound. There are three different types of cries apparent in infants. The first of these three is a basic cry, which is a systematic cry with a pattern of crying and silence. The basic cry starts with a cry coupled with a briefer silence, which is followed by a short high-pitched inspiratory whistle. Then, there is a brief silence followed by another cry. Hunger is a main stimulant of the basic cry. An anger cry is much like the basic cry; in this cry, more excess air is forced through the vocal cords, making it a louder, more abrupt cry. This type of cry is characterized by the same temporal sequence as the basic pattern but distinguished by differences in the length of the various phase components. The third cry is the pain cry, which, unlike the other two, has no preliminary moaning. The pain cry is one loud cry, followed by a period of breath holding.Most adults can determine whether an infant's cries signify anger or pain. Most parents also have a better ability to distinguish their own infant's cries than those of a different child. A 2009 study found that babies mimic their parents' pitch contour. French infants wail on a rising note while German infants favor a falling melody. Carlo Bellieni found a correlation between the features of babies' crying and the level of pain, though he found no direct correlation between the cause of crying and its characteristics.T. Berry Brazelton has suggested that overstimulation may be a contributing factor to infant crying and that periods of active crying might serve the purpose of discharging overstimulation and helping the baby's nervous system regain homeostasis.Sheila Kitzinger found a correlation between the mother's prenatal stress level and later amount of crying by the infant. She also found a correlation between birth trauma and crying. Mothers who had experienced obstetrical interventions or who were made to feel powerless during birth had babies who cried more than other babies. Rather than try one remedy after another to stop this crying, she suggested that mothers hold their babies and allow the crying to run its course. Other studies have supported Kitzinger's findings. Babies who had experienced birth complications had longer crying spells at three months of age and awakened more frequently at night crying.Based on these various findings, Aletha Solter has proposed a general emotional release theory of infant crying. When infants cry for no obvious reason after all other causes (such as hunger or pain) are ruled out, she suggests that the crying may signify a beneficial stress-release mechanism. She recommends the "crying-in-arms" approach as a way to comfort these infants. Another way of comforting and calming the baby is to mimic the familiarity and coziness of mother's womb. Robert Hamilton developed a technique to parents where a baby may be calmed and stop crying in 5 seconds.A study published in Current Biology has shown that some parents with experience of children are better at identifying types of cries than those who do not have experience of children.
Categorizing dimensions
There have been many attempts to differentiate between the two distinct types of crying: positive and negative. Different perspectives have been broken down into three dimensions to examine the emotions being felt and also to grasp the contrast between the two types.Spatial perspective explains sad crying as reaching out to be "there", such as at home or with a person who may have just died. In contrast, joyful crying is acknowledging being "here." It emphasized the intense awareness of one's location, such as at a relative's wedding.Temporal perspective explains crying slightly differently. In temporal perspective, sorrowful crying is due to looking to the past with regret or to the future with dread. This illustrated crying as a result of losing someone and regretting not spending more time with them or being nervous about an upcoming event. Crying as a result of happiness would then be a response to a moment as if it is eternal; the person is frozen in a blissful, immortalized present.The last dimension is known as the public-private perspective. This describes the two types of crying as ways to imply details about the self as known privately or one's public identity. For example, crying due to a loss is a message to the outside world that pleads for help with coping with internal sufferings. Or, as Arthur Schopenhauer suggested, sorrowful crying is a method of self-pity or self-regard, a way one comforts oneself. Joyful crying, in contrast, is in recognition of beauty, glory, or wonderfulness.
Religious views
The Shia Ithna Ashari (Muslims who believe in Twelve Imams after Muhammad) consider crying to be an important responsibility towards their leaders who were martyred.
They believe a true lover of Imam Hussain can feel the afflictions and oppressions Imam Hussain suffered; his feelings are so immense that they break out into tears and wail. The pain of the beloved is the pain of the lover. Crying on Imam Hussain is the sign or expression of true love.
The imams of Shias have encouraged crying especially on Imam Hussain and have been informed about rewards for this act. They support their view through a tradition (saying) from Muhammad who said: (On the Day of Judgment, a group would be seen in the most excellent and honourable of states. They would be asked if they were of the Angels or of the Prophets.) In reply they would state: "We are neither Angels nor Prophets but of the indigent ones from the ummah of Muhammad". They would then be asked: "How then did you achieve this lofty and honourable status?" They would reply: "We did not perform very many good deeds nor did we pass all the days in a state of fasting or all the nights in a state of worship but yes, we used to offer our (daily) prayers (regularly) and whenever we used to hear the mention of Muhammad, tears would roll down our cheeks" (Mustadrak al‑Wasail, vol 10, pg. 318).
In Orthodox and Catholic Christianity, tears are considered to be a sign of genuine repentance, and a desirable thing in many cases. Tears of true contrition are thought to be sacramental, helpful in forgiving sins, in that they recall the Baptism of the penitent.
Types of tears
There are three types of tears: basal tears, reflexive tears, and psychic tears. Basal tears are produced at a rate of about 1 to 2 microliters a minute, and are made in order to keep the eye lubricated and smooth out irregularities in the cornea. Reflexive tears are tears that are made in response to irritants to the eye, such as when chopping onions or getting poked in the eye. Psychic tears are produced by the lacrimal system and are the tears expelled during emotional states.: 68
Related disorders
Baby colic, where an infant's excessive crying has no obvious cause or underlying medical disorder.
Bell's palsy, where faulty regeneration of the facial nerve can cause sufferers to shed tears while eating.
Cri du chat syndrome, where the characteristic cry of affected infants, which is similar to that of a meowing kitten, is due to problems with the larynx and nervous system.
Familial dysautonomia, where there can be a lack of overflow tears (alacrima), during emotional crying.
Pseudobulbar affect, uncontrollable episodes of laughing and/or crying.
References
Further reading
== External links == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crying | area |
60cd4c8f-6d05-4c03-9aa6-c6e3cb2c21b3 | Vernas | Vernas is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Isère department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernas | area |
b3a7543e-2201-4af6-bfd0-c51284713d6d | Cistérniga | Cistérniga is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2018 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 9,049 inhabitants.
See also
Cuisine of the province of Valladolid
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cist%C3%A9rniga | area |
ba53214a-9210-45a3-b0c1-64b7632622af | Eagle | Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. True eagles comprise the genus Aquila. Most of the 68 species of eagles are from Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, just 14 species can be found—2 in North America, 9 in Central and South America, and 3 in Australia.
Eagles are not a natural group but denote essentially any kind of bird of prey large enough to hunt sizeable (about 50 cm long or more overall) vertebrates.
Description
Eagles are large, powerfully-built birds of prey, with heavy heads and beaks. Even the smallest eagles, such as the booted eagle (Aquila pennata), which is comparable in size to a common buzzard (Buteo buteo) or red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight – despite the reduced size of aerodynamic feathers. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from some vultures. The smallest species of eagle is the South Nicobar serpent eagle (Spilornis klossi), at 450 g (1 lb) and 40 cm (16 in). The largest species are discussed below. Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large hooked beaks for ripping flesh from their prey, strong, muscular legs, and powerful talons.
The beak is typically heavier than that of most other birds of prey. Eagles' eyes are extremely powerful. It is estimated that the wedge-tailed eagle has a visual acuity twice that of a typical human. This acuity enables eagles to spot potential prey from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily attributed to their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light. The female of all known species of eagles is larger than the male.Eagles normally build their nests, called eyries, in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched. The parents take no action to stop the killing.
It is said that eagles fly above clouds but this is not true. Eagles fly during storms and glide from the wind’s pressure. This saves the bird's energy.
Due to the size and power of many eagle species, they are ranked at the top of the food chain as apex predators in the avian world. The type of prey varies by genus. The Haliaeetus and Ichthyophaga eagles prefer to capture fish, though the species in the former often capture various animals, especially other water birds, and are powerful kleptoparasites of other birds. The snake and serpent eagles of the genera Circaetus, Terathopius, and Spilornis predominantly prey on the great diversity of snakes found in the tropics of Africa and Asia. The eagles of the genus Aquila are often the top birds of prey in open habitats, taking almost any medium-sized vertebrate they can catch. Where Aquila eagles are absent, other eagles, such as the buteonine black-chested buzzard-eagle of South America, may assume the position of top raptorial predator in open areas. Many other eagles, including the species-rich genus Spizaetus, live predominantly in woodlands and forests. These eagles often target various arboreal or ground-dwelling mammals and birds, which are often unsuspectingly ambushed in such dense, knotty environments. Hunting techniques differ among the species and genera, with some individual eagles having engaged in quite varied techniques based on their environment and prey at any given time. Most eagles grab prey without landing and take flight with it, so the prey can be carried to a perch and torn apart.The bald eagle is noted for having flown with the heaviest load verified to be carried by any flying bird, since one eagle flew with a 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer fawn. However, a few eagles may target prey considerably heavier than themselves; such prey is too heavy to fly with, thus it is either eaten at the site of the kill or taken in pieces back to a perch or nest. Golden and crowned eagles have killed ungulates weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) and a martial eagle even killed a 37 kg (82 lb) duiker, 7–8 times heavier than the preying eagle. Authors on birds David Allen Sibley, Pete Dunne, and Clay Sutton described the behavioral difference between hunting eagles and other birds of prey thus (in this case the bald and golden eagles as compared to other North American raptors):
They have at least one singular characteristic. It has been observed that most birds of prey look back over their shoulders before striking prey (or shortly thereafter); predation is after all a two-edged sword. All hawks seem to have this habit, from the smallest kestrel to the largest Ferruginous – but not the Eagles.
Among the eagles are some of the largest birds of prey: only the condors and some of the Old World vultures are markedly larger. It is regularly debated which should be considered the largest species of eagle. They could be measured variously in total length, body mass, or wingspan. Different lifestyle needs among various eagles result in variable measurements from species to species. For example, many forest-dwelling eagles, including the very large harpy eagle, have relatively short wingspans, a feature necessary for being able to maneuver in quick, short bursts through densely forested habitats. Eagles in the genus Aquila, found almost exclusively in open country, are noted for their ability to soar, and have relatively long wings for their size.These lists of the top five eagles are based on weight, length, and wingspan, respectively. Unless otherwise noted by reference, the figures listed are the median reported for each measurement in the guide Raptors of the World in which only measurements that could be personally verified by the authors were listed.
Habitat
The eagles are generally distributed in all types of habitats and nearly all parts of the world. The birds can be found in northern tundra to tropical rainforests and deserts. In North America, bald eagles and golden eagles are very common.
The other nine species are endemic to Central and South America. The birds have a highly concentrated population in the Africa and eastern hemisphere. Several islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans are also rich and have distinct species of eagles.
Distribution
Australasian
Australia: wedge-tailed eagle (range extends into southern New Guinea), white-bellied sea-eagle (range extends into Asia), little eagle.
New Guinea: Papuan eagle, white-bellied sea-eagle, pygmy eagle.
Nearctic (USA and Canada): golden eagle (also found in Palearctic), bald eagle.
Neotropical (Central and South America): Spizaetus (four species), solitary eagles (two spp.), harpy eagle, crested eagle, black-chested buzzard-eagle.
Palearctic
Eurasia: Golden eagle, White-tailed eagle.
Africa: African fish eagle, Martial Eagle, Crowned eagle, Verreaux's eagle, Tawny eagle, Long-crested eagle
Groups
Eagles are often informally divided into four groups.The snake eagles are placed in the subfamily Circaetinae. The fish eagles, booted eagles, and harpy eagles have traditionally been placed in the subfamily Buteoninae together with the buzzard-hawks (buteonine hawks) and harriers. Some authors may treat these groups as tribes of the Buteoninae; Lerner & Mindell proposed separating the eagle groups into their own subfamilies of Accipitridae.
Fish eagles
Sea eagles or fish eagles take fish as a large part of their diets, either fresh or as carrion.
Proposed subfamily Haliaeetinae. Genera: Haliaeetus, Ichthyophaga.
Some authors include Gypohierax angolensis, the "vulturine fish eagle" (also called the palm-nut vulture) in this group. However, genetic analyses indicate it is related to a grouping of Neophron–Gypaetus–Eutriorchis (Egyptian vulture, bearded vulture (lammergeier), and Madagascar serpent eagle).The fish eagles have a close genetic relationship with Haliastur and Milvus; the whole group is only distantly related to the Buteo group.
Booted eagles
Booted eagles or "true eagles" have feathered tarsi (lower legs).
Tribe Aquililae or proposed subfamily Aquilinae. Genera: Aquila, Hieraaetus; Spizaetus, Oroaetus, Spizastur; Nisaetus; Ictinaetus, Lophoaetus; Polemaetus; and Stephanoaetus.See comments under eagle species for changes to the composition of these genera.
Snake eagles
Most snake or serpent eagles, as the name suggests, primarily prey on snakes.
Subfamily Circaetinae. Genera: Circaetus, Spilornis, Dryotriorchis, Terathopius.
Eutriorchis (subfamily Gypaetinae or Circaetinae).Despite filling the niche of a snake eagle, genetic studies suggest that the Madagascar serpent eagle (Eutriorchis) is not related to them.
Harpy eagles
Harpy eagles or "giant forest eagles" are large eagles that inhabit tropical forests. The group contains two to six species, depending on the author. Although these birds occupy similar niches and have traditionally been grouped, they are not all related: the solitary eagles are related to the black hawks and the Philippine eagle to the snake eagles.
Harpy eagles (proposed subfamily Harpiinae)
Harpia harpyja, harpy eagle ― Central and South America.
Morphnus guianensis, crested eagle ― Central and South America.
Harpyopsis novaeguineae, Papuan eagle ― New Guinea.
Philippine eagle
Pithecophaga jefferyi, Philippine eagle ― Philippines.
Solitary eagles
Chaco eagle or crowned solitary eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus) coronatus ― South America.
Solitary eagle or montane solitary eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus) solitarius ― South America.
Species
Major new research into eagle taxonomy suggests that the important genera Aquila and Hieraaetus are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus.
Bonelli's eagle and the African hawk-eagle have been moved from Hieraaetus to Aquila.
Either the greater spotted eagle and lesser spotted eagle should move from Aquila to join the long-crested eagle in Lophaetus, or, perhaps better, all three of these species should move to Ictinaetus with the black eagle.
The steppe eagle and tawny eagle, once thought to be conspecific, are not even each other's nearest relatives.Family Accipitridae
Subfamily Buteoninae – hawks (buzzards), true eagles and seaeagles
Genus Geranoaetus
Black-chested buzzard-eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus
Genus Harpyhaliaetus
Chaco eagle, Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
Solitary eagle, H. solitarius
Genus Morphnus
Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis
Genus Harpia
Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja
Genus Pithecophaga
Philippine eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi
Genus Harpyopsis
Papuan eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae
Genus Spizaetus
Black hawk-eagle, S. tyrannus
Ornate hawk-eagle, S. ornatus
Black-and-white hawk-eagle, S. melanoleucus – formerly Spizastur
Black-and-chestnut eagle, S. isidori – formerly Oroaetus
Genus Nisaetus – previously included in Spizaetus
Changeable hawk-eagle, N. cirrhatus
Flores hawk-eagle N. floris – earlier a subspecies, S. c. floris
Sulawesi hawk-eagle, N. lanceolatus
Mountain hawk-eagle, N. nipalensis
Legge's hawk-eagle, Nisaetus kelaarti – previously a race of S. nipalensis
Blyth's hawk-eagle, N. alboniger
Javan hawk-eagle, N. bartelsi
(Northern) Philippine hawk-eagle, N. philippensis
Pinsker's hawk-eagle (Southern Philippine hawk-eagle), Nisaetus pinskeri – earlier S. philippensis pinskeri
Wallace's hawk-eagle, N. nanus
Genus Lophaetus
Long-crested eagle, Lophaetus occipitalis – possibly belongs in Ictinaetus
Genus Stephanoaetus
Crowned eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus
Malagasy crowned eagle, †Stephanoaetus mahery
Genus Polemaetus
Martial eagle, Polemaetus bellicosus
Genus Hieraaetus
Ayres's hawk-eagle, H. ayresii
Little eagle, H. morphnoides
Pygmy eagle, H. weiskei – previously subspecies H. m. weiskei
Booted eagle, H. pennatus
Haast's eagle, †H. moorei
Genus Lophotriorchis
Rufous-bellied eagle, L. kienerii
Genus Aquila
Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciata – formerly Hieraaetus fasciatus
African hawk-eagle, A. spilogaster – formerly in Hieraaetus
Cassin's hawk-eagle, A. africana – formerly in Hieraaetus or Spizaetus genera
Golden eagle, A. chrysaetos
Eastern imperial eagle, A. heliaca
Spanish imperial eagle A. adalberti
Steppe eagle, A. nipalensis
Tawny eagle, A. rapax
Greater spotted eagle, A. clanga – to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
Lesser spotted eagle, A. pomarina – to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
Indian spotted eagle, A. hastata – to be moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
Verreaux's eagle, A. verreauxii
Gurney's eagle, A. gurneyi
Wahlberg's eagle, A. wahlbergi – to be moved to Hieraaetus
Wedge-tailed eagle, A. audax
Genus Ictinaetus
Black eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis
Genus Haliaeetus
White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla
Bald eagle, H. leucocephalus
Steller's sea eagle, H. pelagicus
Pallas' sea eagle, H. leucoryphus
Genus Ichthyophaga
Lesser fish eagle, Ichthyophaga humilis
Grey-headed fish eagle, I. ichthyaetus
African fish eagle, I. vocifer
White-bellied sea eagle, I. leucogaster
Sanford's sea eagle, I. sanfordi
Madagascar fish eagle, I. vociferoidesSubfamily Circaetinae: snake-eagles
Genus Terathopius
Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus
Genus Circaetus
Short-toed snake eagle, Circaetus gallicus
Beaudouin's snake eagle, Circaetus beaudouini
Black-chested snake eagle, C. pectoralis
Brown snake eagle, C. cinereus
Fasciated snake eagle, C. fasciolatus
Western banded snake eagle, C. cinerascens
Genus Dryotriorchis
Congo serpent eagle, D. spectabilis
Genus Spilornis
Crested serpent eagle, Spilornis cheela
Central Nicobar serpent eagle, S. minimus (subspecies or species)
Great Nicobar serpent eagle, S. klossi
Mountain serpent eagle, S. kinabaluensis
Sulawesi serpent eagle, S. rufipectus
Philippine serpent eagle, S. holospilus
Andaman serpent eagle, S. elgini
Genus Eutriorchis
Madagascar serpent eagle, Eutriorchis astur
In culture
Etymology
The modern English term for the bird is derived from Latin: aquila by way of French: aigle. The origin of aquila is unknown, but it is believed to possibly derive from aquilus (meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish) as a reference to the plumage of eagles.
Old English used the term earn, related to Scandinavia's ørn/örn. It is similar to other Indo-European terms for "bird" or "eagle", including Greek: ὄρνις (ornís), Russian: орёл (orël), and Welsh: eryr.
In the southern part of Finland, near the Gulf of Finland, is the town of Kotka, which literally means "eagle", while the town of L'Aquila in the central part of Italy literally means "the eagle".
In Britain before 1678, eagle referred specifically to the golden eagle, with the other native species, the white-tailed eagle, being known as erne. The modern name "golden eagle" for aquila chrysaetos was introduced by the naturalist John Ray.The village of Eagle in Lincolnshire, England, has nothing to do with the bird; its name is derived from the Old English words for "oak" and "wood" (compare Oakley).
Religion and spirituality
In ancient Sumerian mythology, the mythical king Etana was said to have been carried into heaven by an eagle. Classical writers such as Lucan and Pliny the Elder claimed that the eagle was able to look directly at the sun, and that they forced their fledglings to do the same. Those that blinked would be cast from the nest. This belief persisted until the Medieval era.The eagle is the patron animal of the ancient Greek god Zeus. In particular, Zeus was said to have taken the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede, and there are numerous artistic depictions of the eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the present (see illustrations in the Ganymede (mythology) page.)Eagles appear metaphorically in many translations of the Old Testament. God is spoken of as carrying Israel on "eagles' wings" in Exodus 19:4, Isaiah 40:31 compares those who wait on the Lord to flying eagles, and Psalm 103 mentions renewing one's youth "as the eagle". In explaining this rejuvenation, Augustine of Hippo says in his commentary on the Psalms that eagles' beaks overgrow as they age and that they break them against rocks to restore them. The translation, however, is uncertain: the word in the Hebrew, נשר, can also be translated vulture, and is listed alongside specific kinds of vulture in Leviticus' discussion of unclean animals.
The eagle is also often used in Christian iconography to represent the Gospel of John, and eagle-shaped lecterns are common in Anglican and some Roman Catholic churches. The eagle was believed to be able to look directly into the sun in the same way that the Gospel of John looks directly at Jesus' divinity, and the great distances the eagle flies represent the spread of the gospel to the ends of the earth.
The United States eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual reasons. In Canada, the poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the eagle and often depicted eagles in their art.
Heraldry
Eagles are an exceptionally common symbol in heraldry, being considered the "King of Birds" in contrast to the lion, the "King of Beasts". Whereas the lion (e.g. England) usually represents authority, the eagle is the symbol of power. They are particularly popular in Germanic countries such as Austria, due to their association with the Holy Roman Empire. The eagle of the Holy Roman Empire was two-headed, supposedly representing the two divisions, East and West, of the old Roman Empire. This motif, derived from the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire was also adopted by the Russian Empire and is still featured in the Flag of Albania. The Roman eagle was preceded by the eagle of Ptolemaic Egypt and the Achaemenid Empire. In the coat of arms of Kotka, Finland, the eagle is depicted carrying an anchor and the caduceus on its feet.
Heraldic eagles are most often found displayed, i.e. with their wings and legs extended. They can also occur close, i.e. with their wings folded, or rising, i.e. about to take flight. The heads, wings, and legs of eagles can also be found independently.
Usage against drones
Some eagles have been trained to take down unwanted drones (unmanned aerial vehicles). Such eagles have been deployed by Indian Border Security Force, Dutch police and Swiss police. The Dutch and Swiss police later discontinued eagles' usage against drones. The Dutch police cited high training costs for the birds and training complexity as reasons to abandon their usage, while Swiss police stated that "the technological and strategic improvements in terms of the use of drones make this project using raptors too uncertain, even dangerous for the physical integrity of the eagles". Following the 2023 Kremlin drone explosion, Russian politician Aleksey Zhuravlyov suggested forming "a squadron of eagle interceptors in the Kremlin and other places" to protect vital infrastructure.Eagles are known to attack drones naturally. In Austria two eagles mistook a drone for a food and brought it to the ground. In 2020, a bald eagle attacked and destroyed a quadcopter in Michigan, United States.
Notes
References
External links
PBS Nature: Eagles
Eagle photos Archived 6 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine on Oriental Bird Images
Eagle videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Web of the Conservation Biology Team-Bonelli's Eagle, of the University of Barcelona
Decorah Eagles: 24/7 Live Webcam from The Raptor Resource Project Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
EagleCAM: White-bellied Sea Eagles Live Webcam at Discovery Centre in Sydney, Australia
"Eagle" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle | area |
e04294c0-8506-4505-827f-df191394dc27 | Pando | Pando may refer to:
People
Pando of Capua (died 862 or 863), "Pando the Rapacious", Count of Capua
Gabriela Pando (born 1970), Argentine field hockey player
José Manuel Pando (1849–1917), 29th President of Bolivia
Juan Pando (born 1943), Spanish historian
Ricardo Pando, Peruvian Congressman for the 2006–2011 term
Pando, bass player for A Flock of Seagulls
Places
José Manuel Pando Province, a province of La Paz Department, Bolivia
Pando Department, Bolivia
Pando, Colorado, a ghost town in the United States
Pando, Uruguay, a town in Canelones, Uruguay
Pando Creek, a body of water in Canelones, Uruguay
Other uses
Apostolic Vicariate of Pando, of the Roman Catholic church, located in Riberalta, Bolivia
Pando (application), a proprietary peer-to-peer file-sharing computer program, based on the BitTorrent protocol
Pando Health an app used in the British NHS
Pando (tree), an aspen tree colony in Utah which is several thousand years old
Pando (news site), an online Silicon Valley news site
Taking of Pando, the occupation of the Uruguayan city of Pando by the Tupamaros in 1969
See also
Panda (disambiguation)
Pandoc, a free-software document converter
Ponda (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando | area |
3bad8be5-cdba-4859-85ec-e03b8e786be3 | San Sebastiano da Po | San Sebastiano da Po is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Turin.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebastiano_da_Po | area |
07043e3e-e1b4-4e95-8aeb-0abf22178df5 | Fénay | Fénay (French pronunciation: [fenɛ]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nay | area |
6656624b-8ba8-40f3-bb1d-912fd90a240f | Sheerwater | Sheerwater is a residential neighbourhood or small suburb of Woking, in the Woking district in Surrey, England, occasionally described as a village, between West Byfleet and Horsell. Its border is defined to the north by a gently winding part of the Basingstoke Canal and to the south by the South West Main Line which passes from cutting level to that of an embankment. The neighbourhood has a business park and light industry at its south-western end. The whole area is linear, includes diverse green spaces to north and south, and covers 92 hectares (230 acres).
History and geography
Sheerwater or Sherewater, Pyrford
Sheerwater was also spelt Sherewater until about 1900. Since the Norman Conquest it was a high sandy heath with a notable pond: Sherewater Pond, on the borders of Pyrford and Chertsey parishes, was an extensive mere on the high Bagshot Sand, drained and planted at the time of its enclosure, 29 September 1815. On enclosure it was allocated into private hands from public common land; a farm was created. John Aubrey then Edward Brayley, confused Sherewater with a pond by the Guildford road (A3) on Wisley Common, drained by Peter King, 7th Baron King, the Whig politician and writer, rather earlier. Sherewater Pond is marked on John Rocque's map (an 18th-century cartographer).
Boundaries
Sheerwater's farm became divided from Woodham by the Basingstoke Canal in about 1790 and from Pyrford by the South West Main Line in about 1838. Sherewater or Sheerwater Farm was approximately where the pond stood in 1911, just north of the railway.To the east the area is bounded by the straight road, Sheerwater Road, and to the west the boundary is Monument Road.
Sheerwater is a linear settlement. Albert Drive is the through road of the neighbourhood. Elevations range between 35m above sea level in the central area and 30m at Sheerwater Bridge on the eastern boundary.
The Basingstoke Canal and the Rive Ditch are the only water features in the neighbourhood. There is just one lock on the Sheerwater section of the canal, just west of Sheerwater Road. The Rive Ditch enters Sheerwater at Monument Road and leaves at Sheerwater Road, it roughly follows the path of Albert Drive but has been routed completely underground since the area was developed in the 1950s.
Transformation by planned development
Sheerwater was designed as a new neighbourhood by the London County Council and approved by the local Urban District Council, allowing nearly 1,300 homes to be built in the early 1950s and over 5,000 people to settle in the neighbourhood.
In April 2017 Woking Borough Council approved the first phase of the redevelopment of the central part of Sheerwater. The first phase will comprise the construction of a leisure centre in the grounds of the Bishop David Brown School and the construction of a number of new homes on the land currently occupied by the athletics track.
Amenities
Dartmouth Avenue is the main parade of shops which include two convenience stores, several fast food outlets, a cafe, a post office, a pharmacy and a glass/glazing business.A large Asda superstore opened on Albert Drive in October 2014.
There is a church, St Michael's, on Dartmouth Avenue. It is shared by Methodist and Church of England congregations. There was also a Catholic church situated between Albert Drive and Dartmouth Avenue, but this closed in 1995. A small mosque opened in June 2017, also on Dartmouth Avenue.
Sheerwater had one pub, The Birch and Pines. This closed in April 2017.
Bishop David Brown School is a secondary school supported by the Anglican community in Sheerwater. Notable former Sheerwater residents and pupils were Paul Weller, Bruce Foxton and Rick Buckler who together with other pupils of the then Sheerwater Comprehensive School formed The Jam.
There is an allotment between Albert Drive and the South West Main Line.
There are no listed buildings in the neighbourhood.
Sport and leisure
Sheerwater Recreation Ground was created as part of the development of the area by London County Council in the 1950s. Ownership was transferred to the Urban District Council of Woking (now Woking Borough Council) on 26 September 1961 with the covenant that the land be used only as a recreation ground, children's playground or public open space. Part of the area is now an international size oval running track, home to Woking Athletics Club.Sheerwater has a Non-League football club Sheerwater F.C. who play on the Sheerwater Recreation Ground.
Sheerwater has a Scout group and a Gardening Association.The towpath of the Basingstoke canal is on the Sheerwater side, which provides a traffic-free pedestrian and cycle route to Woking town centre in one direction and to West Byfleet in the other.
Local band
Three teenage residents formed the band The Jam in the 1970s while attending Sheerwater's secondary school including Paul Weller – the remainder of the band he led also attended the school.
Economy
The Kingswey Business Park has been split into Optimum and Genesis Parks and others. Equally Woking Business Park adjoins the Oriental Road part of central Woking, at the north of Maybury and these fall within the neat boundaries of the Sheerwater suburb. Their businesses generally simplify their address to the post town of Woking, which has significant trade, distribution, professional services, scientific research and industry in medium-size business parks.
Local government
Sheerwater was a ward of Woking Borough Council, electing a councillor in 2001; this was replaced before the 2011 census by Sheerwater and Maybury, electing one councillor, like most wards of the borough. The current councillor is of the Labour Party, Tahir Aziz, shared with Maybury. He is the only Labour councillor in the borough.
At Surrey County Council, one of the 81 representatives represents the area within the Woking North division.
Demography
In 2001 Sheerwater's population was 3,522 living in 1,420 households.
The United Kingdom Census 2011, reflecting the local authority's expansion of the ward, at its most detailed reporting level split a new version of Sheerwater in two between local authority 'super output areas' 004E and 004F, the north-west and south-east respectively. The new definition excludes Arnold Road and Eve Road as well as cul-de-sacs next to these, instead being placed within Maybury's super output area.
Sheerwater is an ethnically diverse area, with around 57% in 004E and 52% in 004F coming from a White British background. The proportion of households in the two divisions of Sheerwater who owned their home outright was 10% above and 23% below the national average respectively. The proportion who owned their home with a loan was within 3% of the national average in both areas. The data showed in the second area a higher proportion than average of rented residential property and of social housing relative to the Surrey and national averages.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheerwater | area |
a1286ecd-047c-4a92-930a-e5fe65a36d95 | Fresnay-le-Long | Fresnay-le-Long (French pronunciation: [fʁɛnɛ lə lɔ̃]) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.
Geography
A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 22 miles (35 km) south of Dieppe, at the junction of the D99 and the D25 roads.
Population
Places of interest
The twelfth century church of St.Nicolas.
The chapel de la Passion-du-Sauveur, dating from the sixteenth century.
See also
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnay-le-Long | area |
0ae41e82-3c64-4cde-959a-0a203ce35021 | Olmscheid | Olmscheid is a municipality in the district of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmscheid | area |
91dfd3fd-502c-4fdd-a822-b602f8a47d98 | Orschwiller | Orschwiller (French pronunciation: [ɔʁʃvilɛʁ] (listen); German: Orschweiler) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.The Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg is located in the commune.
See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orschwiller | area |
606d4681-aa8d-4b22-bc2e-1a1234649448 | Buxières-lès-Clefmont | Buxières-lès-Clefmont is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in northeastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Haute-Marne department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxi%C3%A8res-l%C3%A8s-Clefmont | area |
4c297c7e-3730-4d05-aa87-b9e1eb821c82 | Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac | Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ sylpis də kɔɲak], literally Saint-Sulpice of Cognac) is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.
Population
Its inhabitants are known as San Sulpicians or Sulpicians.
Climate
Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac, as the whole region of Cognac, is located west of the department of Charente and has a marine climate.
See also
Communes of the Charente department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac | area |
4ed26c7d-034e-42d2-b322-63f313fdaa5e | Puebla de Guzmán | Puebla de Guzmán is a town and a municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 3,109 inhabitants.
Notable people
Pablo Oliveira, footballer
References
External links
Puebla de Guzmán - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla_de_Guzm%C3%A1n | area |
66eab562-6f73-4625-b7bf-67a8ba6bbbd8 | Saint-Loup-de-Varennes | Saint-Loup-de-Varennes (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ lu də vaʁɛn], literally Saint-Loup of Varennes) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
The commune is home to the world's oldest surviving image in the world, View from the Window at Le Gras. The image was first taken in 1827.
Geography
It is 6 km (3.7 mi) south of the centre of Chalon-sur-Saône.
Historical significance
Nicéphore Niépce, the inventor of photography, lived in Saint-Loup-de-Varennes, where he died in 1833.
Most or all of his photographs, including one taken in 1827 and now the oldest known surviving camera photograph, were made at Le Gras, his ancestral family estate in this village.
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
References
Niépce website (in French)
== External links == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Loup-de-Varennes | area |
18772c9a-3355-4b48-96c9-4646aae70736 | Mataram | Mataram may refer to:
Mataram Kingdom (716–1016), a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Java
Mataram Sultanate (c. 1586–1755), a Javanese Islamic kingdom which later was a protectorate of Dutch East Indies
House of Mataram, dynasty or family that occupies the throne of the Mataram Sultanate
Mataram (city), a city on the Indonesian island of Lombok, the capital of West Nusa Tenggara province
See also
Selaparang Airport, alternatively Mataram Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram | area |
50805d5f-990b-404e-9462-bd49b6dc00e6 | Villanueva de los Castillejos | Villanueva de los Castillejos is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2008 census, the municipality had a population of 2783 inhabitants.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanueva_de_los_Castillejos | area |