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Épiais

Épiais (French pronunciation: ​[epjɛ]) is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France. Population See also Communes of the Loir-et-Cher department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89piais

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Castelnuovo della Daunia

Castelnuovo della Daunia (until 1863 just called "Castelnuovo") is an Italian municipality (comune) with 1365 inhabitants (December 31, 2018) in the province of Foggia in Puglia, Italy. The municipality is located approximately 38 kilometers northwest away from Foggia and it borders directly on the province of Campobasso (Molise). The town is known for its good air quality and mineral water from the La Cavallina spring. Years ago, the water was used to be sold all over Italy. History The municipality was founded by the Schiavone, Furthermore, it was settled by a maturity of slavs. The palazzo baronale, the current place of the town hall, was built in the 11th century. The place received the name "Castelnuovo" during the 15th century. Numerous Albanians - who fled from the Turkish massacres in their hometown - immigrated to Castelnuovo between 1468 and 1476. This led to an intolerance towards the refugees which made it difficult for them to live together.On 18 April 1863, the town council decided to give the place a surname in order to distinguish the municipality from the other municipalities with the same name. The new name "Castelnuovo della Daunia" emphasizes the belonging to the Monti Dauni mountain range. Places Politics Since 27 May 2014, the mayor from Castelnuovo della Daunia is Guerino De Luca. Problems Castelnuovo della Daunia faces two major problems. Emigration Like many other smaller municipalities in Italy, Castelnuovo della Daunia also has to deal with the consequences of the population's emigration from the village. In 1951, the town had a population of over 3600 inhabitants. In 2016 it reached a total of approximately 1400 inhabitants. A reason therefor include a lack of future perspectives, especially for young people. Ruins & Public funds In the past few years, the place had increased media coverage when various grievances were uncovered. On 28 September 2015, the Italian journal "Fatto Quotidiano" reported that Castelnuovo della Daunia has a high negative record of ruins. In addition, the journal reported the waste of public funds. About ten million euro were spent on the construction of the infrastructure and buildings which never were commissioned. It includes a prison, an amphitheater and an entire holiday complex with several vacation homes. Moreover, the Italian satirical show "Striscia la Noteia" targeted therefor the municipality several times.In an interview, the mayor Guerino De Luca denied that Castelnuovo della Daunia was a "village of waste". He stated that the construction of the prison was commissioned by the Italian Ministry of Justice and that the failed planning of them were the reason for the lack of success. According to him, the local government of Castelnuovo della Daunia was not involved. In addition to that, he referred to the public investments that were working well for years like the local thermal facility. Websites Official website from Castelnuovo della Daunia Castelnuovo della Daunia - Collection of Images, videos and more. Location on the world map Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelnuovo_della_Daunia

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Wittes

Wittes (French pronunciation: ​[wit]; West Flemish: Witteke) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France. Geography Wittes is located 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Saint-Omer, at the N43 and D197 road junction and on the banks of the small river Melde, a tributary of the Lys. Population Places of interest The church of St.Omer, dating from the nineteenth century. See also Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department References External links Official commune website (in French)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittes

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Marinette

Marinette may refer to: Places Marinette, Arizona, a ghost town in Maricopa County, U.S. Marinette, Nova Scotia, a community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in Canada Marinette, Wisconsin, a city in Wisconsin bordering Michigan, U.S. Marinette County, Wisconsin, the county in the northeast corner of Wisconsin, U.S. Other uses Marinette (Vodou), a cruel and vicious loa (spirit) in Haitian Vodou Marinette Dupain-Cheng, a character in the French animated series Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir Marinette Pichon (born in 1975), a French football player Marinette Yacht (1954–1991), a line of motor yachts built by Aluminum Cruisers Inc. USS Marinette (YTB-791), a 1967 United States Navy harbor tug See also La Marinete, one of the IAI Dagger squadrons in the Argentine air forces in the Falklands War Marionette (disambiguation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinette

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Sơn Tây, Hanoi

Sơn Tây (listen) is a district-level town ("thị xã") in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. It was the capital of Sơn Tây province before merging with Hà Đông province to form Hà Tây province in 1965. Sơn Tây lies 35 km west of the capital Hanoi. It had a city status in Hà Tây province. However, when Hà Tây was absorbed into Hanoi, Sơn Tây was demoted from a city to a town.It is often referred to as “soldier town” due to the proliferation of army barracks and military institutions that surrounds the town, including the Vietnamese People's Army Infantry Academy. Sơn Tây's future is seen as being very much that of a satellite city of Hanoi and as a result there are plans to relocate universities and other public facilities to Sơn Tây where land is cheaper and more plentiful. The government has planned to complete this project by duplicating the main Hanoi—Sơn Tây carriageway which is expected to be completed in 2009. History Sơn Tây is known for its thousand year old villages, such as Đường Lâm which retains a collection of vernacular architecture with buildings and temples built using laterite bricks. Và Temple, or Đông Cung, dedicated to Tản Viên, is located on a hill covered with ironwood trees in Vân Giã hamlet, Trung Hưng commune. Phạm Văn Đổng, a general, was from Sơn Tây. Climate Administrative Divisions The town of Sơn Tây occupies most of the district, and is subdivided in wards. Eight wards form the urban core, while Xuân Khanh, to the west, is a distant ward, discontinuous with the central area. The district also includes six rural communes: Cổ Đông, Đường Lâm, Kim Sơn, Sơn Đông, Thanh Mỹ, and Xuân Sơn. See also Sơn Tây Campaign Operation Ivory Coast References External links Duong Lam village travel guide and tips Cổng thông tin Người Sơn Tây Diễn đàn Người Sơn Tây Hanoi province and its subdivisions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y,_Hanoi

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Aberbargoed

Aberbargoed is a town in the County Borough of Caerphilly, Wales. Aberbargoed once contained the largest ever colliery waste tip in Europe, although this has now been reclaimed and turned into a country park. The town is within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. Toponymy Aber refers to a "confluence" or "mouth" of a river and bargod is a "border". Mining Coal mining operations in Bargoed Colliery started in 1897 when the Powell Duffryn Steam Coal Company started to sink the shaft. In 1901, the "Ras Las" nine-foot seam was discovered at a depth of 625 yards. The north and south shafts were completed. In November 1903, Sir Alfred Thomas, M.P. for East Glamorgan, started the engines to raise the first four trams of coal. By 1910, the pit was employing 1,943 miners and was the largest coal mine in the Rhymney Valley. On 10 December 1908, it broke the world record for production when a ten-hour shift produced 3,562 tons of coal. It further broke its own record on 23 April 1909 when 4,020 tons were raised in a ten-hour shift. Bargoed Colliery closed on 4 June 1977. By this time, only 360 men were employed there. Population The population of Pont Aberbargoed was 351 in the census of 1851. Aberbargoed reached a peak in 1961 of 5,157, and had dropped to 3,882 according to the 1991 Census. Modern Day The coal-mining waste tip that lay between Bargoed and Aberbargoed once towered to a height of 400 feet in the 1970s. The local school had a Plant a tree in '73 campaign in an attempt to make it more pleasurable on the eye. The tip has now been levelled and the area has been reclaimed with walkways. The colliery has gone and is now home to an ambulance station and various small industries. There are also developments with a new retail outlet in the area where the tip once stood. The large tip at Bedwellty is still there, but has been grassed over and now looks much like the surrounding countryside. Aberbargoed now has an extensive area of grasslands that are protected due to the finding of the rare marsh fritillary butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia in the marshy area north of where Bedwellty School once stood. Recently the A469 Bargoed bypass was constructed through the park. Notable people Sir Harold Josiah Finch, politician Geoff Eales, jazz pianist and composer, was born in Aberbargoed Luke Evans, actor and singer Listed on the War Memorial in the middle of the village is the name of Glyndwr Michael. His body, given the fictional name of "Major William Martin", was used in "Operation Mincemeat", a deception operation by British intelligence agencies during World War II to disguise the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily. References Bibliography James, Paul (2002). The History of Bargoed, Gilfach and Aberbargoed in Photographs, Vol. 3. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-64-6. Gelligaer Historical Society (1972). Gelligaer. Gelligaer Historical Society. External links Aberbargoed Electoral Ward Web Page NHS Wales's Aberbargoed Hospital Web Page Web Page of Aberbargoed Grasslands Conservation Area Welsh Coal Mines - all the pits, all the histories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberbargoed

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Manokotak, Alaska

Manokotak (Central Yupik: Manuquutaq) is a city in Dillingham Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 442, up from 399 in 2000. Geography Manokotak is located at 58°58′52″N 159°3′21″W (58.981087, -159.055808).According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.1 square miles (96.2 km2), of which 35.8 square miles (92.6 km2) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), or 3.79%, is water. Demographics Manokotak first appeared on the 1950 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1970. As of the Census' 2018 American Community Survey, there were 824 people and 152 households residing in the village. The population density was 11.3 people per square mile. There were 249 housing units with a median value of $70,000 per housing unit. The racial makeup of the city was about 70% native, 16% white, and 4% Asian.There were 93 households, out of which 55.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.2% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.29 and the average family size was 4.92. In the village the age distribution of the population shows 44.4% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 15.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $30,357. Males had a median income of $13,125 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,294. About 32.5% of families and 35.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Notable people Thomas O. Madole, Village Public Safety Officer (VPSO) that was murdered in the line of duty by Manokotak resident Leroy B. Dick, Jr. The murder of Officer Madole led to significant changes in Alaska's VPSO program, including the passage of legislation to allow VPSOs to carry firearms. Don Page (born 1948), theoretical physicist, grew up in Manokotak where his parents taught elementary school Education The Manokotak "Nunaniq" School of the Southwest Region School District serves the village. Health Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manokotak,_Alaska

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Bourguébus

Bourguébus (French pronunciation: ​[buʁɡeby]) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. Population See also Communes of the Calvados department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgu%C3%A9bus

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Dinosaur

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 245 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is a subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs—birds—and the extinct non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds. Dinosaurs are varied from taxonomic, morphological and ecological standpoints. Birds, at over 10,700 living species, are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates. Using fossil evidence, paleontologists have identified over 900 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species (birds) and fossil remains. Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds were recognized as dinosaurs, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold-blooded. Most research conducted since the 1970s, however, has indicated that dinosaurs were active animals with elevated metabolisms and numerous adaptations for social interaction. Some were herbivorous, others carnivorous. Evidence suggests that all dinosaurs were egg-laying, and that nest-building was a trait shared by many dinosaurs, both avian and non-avian. While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal, many extinct groups included quadrupedal species, and some were able to shift between these stances. Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines. While the dinosaurs' modern-day surviving avian lineage (birds) are generally small due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs (non-avian and avian) were large-bodied—the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters (130 feet) and heights of 18 m (59 ft) and were the largest land animals of all time. The misconception that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is based in part on preservation bias, as large, sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized. Many dinosaurs were quite small, some measuring about 50 centimeters (20 inches) in length. The first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early 19th century, with the name "dinosaur" (meaning "terrible lizard") being coined by Sir Richard Owen in 1842 to refer to these "great fossil lizards". Since then, mounted fossil dinosaur skeletons have been major attractions at museums worldwide, and dinosaurs have become an enduring part of popular culture. The large sizes of some dinosaurs, as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature, have ensured their regular appearance in best-selling books and films, such as Jurassic Park. Persistent public enthusiasm for the animals has resulted in significant funding for dinosaur science, and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media. Definition Under phylogenetic nomenclature, dinosaurs are usually defined as the group consisting of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Triceratops and modern birds (Neornithes), and all its descendants. It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined with respect to the MRCA of Megalosaurus and Iguanodon, because these were two of the three genera cited by Richard Owen when he recognized the Dinosauria. Both definitions result in the same set of animals being defined as dinosaurs: "Dinosauria = Ornithischia + Saurischia". This definition includes major groups such as ankylosaurians (armored herbivorous quadrupeds), stegosaurians (plated herbivorous quadrupeds), ceratopsians (bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores with neck frills), pachycephalosaurians (bipedal herbivores with thick skulls), ornithopods (bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores including "duck-bills"), theropods (mostly bipedal carnivores and birds), and sauropodomorphs (mostly large herbivorous quadrupeds with long necks and tails).Birds are the sole surviving dinosaurs. In traditional taxonomy, birds were considered a separate class that had evolved from dinosaurs, a distinct superorder. However, a majority of contemporary paleontologists concerned with dinosaurs reject the traditional style of classification in favor of phylogenetic taxonomy; this approach requires that, for a group to be natural, all descendants of members of the group must be included in the group. Birds belong to the dinosaur subgroup Maniraptora, which are coelurosaurs, which are theropods, which are saurischians.Research by Matthew G. Baron, David B. Norman, and Paul M. Barrett in 2017 suggested a radical revision of dinosaurian systematics. Phylogenetic analysis by Baron et al. recovered the Ornithischia as being closer to the Theropoda than the Sauropodomorpha, as opposed to the traditional union of theropods with sauropodomorphs. This would cause sauropods and kin to fall outside traditional dinosaurs, so they re-defined Dinosauria as the last common ancestor of Triceratops horridus, Passer domesticus and Diplodocus carnegii, and all of its descendants, to ensure that sauropods and kin remain included as dinosaurs. They also resurrected the clade Ornithoscelida to refer to the group containing Ornithischia and Theropoda. General description Using one of the above definitions, dinosaurs can be generally described as archosaurs with hind limbs held erect beneath the body. Other prehistoric animals, including pterosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and Dimetrodon, while often popularly conceived of as dinosaurs, are not taxonomically classified as dinosaurs. Pterosaurs are distantly related to dinosaurs, being members of the clade Ornithodira. The other groups mentioned are, like dinosaurs and pterosaurs, members of Sauropsida (the reptile and bird clade), except Dimetrodon (which is a synapsid). None of them had the erect hind limb posture characteristic of true dinosaurs.Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era, especially the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Other groups of animals were restricted in size and niches; mammals, for example, rarely exceeded the size of a domestic cat, and were generally rodent-sized carnivores of small prey. They have always been recognized as an extremely varied group of animals; over 900 non-avian dinosaur genera have been identified with certainty as of 2018, and the total number of genera preserved in the fossil record has been estimated at around 1850, nearly 75% of which remain to be discovered, and 1124 species by 2016. A 1995 study predicted that about 3,400 dinosaur genera ever existed, including many that would not have been preserved in the fossil record.In 2016, the estimated number of dinosaur species that existed in the Mesozoic was 1,543–2,468. In 2021, the number of modern-day birds (avian dinosaurs) was estimated to be at 10,806 species. Some are herbivorous, others carnivorous, including seed-eaters, fish-eaters, insectivores, and omnivores. While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal (as are all modern birds), some prehistoric species were quadrupeds, and others, such as Anchisaurus and Iguanodon, could walk just as easily on two or four legs. Cranial modifications like horns and crests are common dinosaurian traits, and some extinct species had bony armor. Although known for large size, many Mesozoic dinosaurs were human-sized or smaller, and modern birds are generally small in size. Dinosaurs today inhabit every continent, and fossils show that they had achieved global distribution by at least the Early Jurassic epoch. Modern birds inhabit most available habitats, from terrestrial to marine, and there is evidence that some non-avian dinosaurs (such as Microraptor) could fly or at least glide, and others, such as spinosaurids, had semiaquatic habits. Distinguishing anatomical features While recent discoveries have made it more difficult to present a universally agreed-upon list of their distinguishing features, nearly all dinosaurs discovered so far share certain modifications to the ancestral archosaurian skeleton, or are clearly descendants of older dinosaurs showing these modifications. Although some later groups of dinosaurs featured further modified versions of these traits, they are considered typical for Dinosauria; the earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants. Such modifications, originating in the most recent common ancestor of a certain taxonomic group, are called the synapomorphies of such a group. A detailed assessment of archosaur interrelations by Sterling Nesbitt confirmed or found the following twelve unambiguous synapomorphies, some previously known: In the skull, a supratemporal fossa (excavation) is present in front of the supratemporal fenestra, the main opening in the rear skull roof Epipophyses, obliquely backward-pointing processes on the rear top corners of the anterior (front) neck vertebrae behind the atlas and axis, the first two neck vertebrae Apex of a deltopectoral crest (a projection on which the deltopectoral muscles attach) located at or more than 30% down the length of the humerus (upper arm bone) Radius, a lower arm bone, shorter than 80% of humerus length Fourth trochanter (projection where the caudofemoralis muscle attaches on the inner rear shaft) on the femur (thigh bone) is a sharp flange Fourth trochanter asymmetrical, with distal, lower, margin forming a steeper angle to the shaft On the astragalus and calcaneum, upper ankle bones, the proximal articular facet, the top connecting surface, for the fibula occupies less than 30% of the transverse width of the element Exoccipitals (bones at the back of the skull) do not meet along the midline on the floor of the endocranial cavity, the inner space of the braincase In the pelvis, the proximal articular surfaces of the ischium with the ilium and the pubis are separated by a large concave surface (on the upper side of the ischium a part of the open hip joint is located between the contacts with the pubic bone and the ilium) Cnemial crest on the tibia (protruding part of the top surface of the shinbone) arcs anterolaterally (curves to the front and the outer side) Distinct proximodistally oriented (vertical) ridge present on the posterior face of the distal end of the tibia (the rear surface of the lower end of the shinbone) Concave articular surface for the fibula of the calcaneum (the top surface of the calcaneum, where it touches the fibula, has a hollow profile)Nesbitt found a number of further potential synapomorphies and discounted a number of synapomorphies previously suggested. Some of these are also present in silesaurids, which Nesbitt recovered as a sister group to Dinosauria, including a large anterior trochanter, metatarsals II and IV of subequal length, reduced contact between ischium and pubis, the presence of a cnemial crest on the tibia and of an ascending process on the astragalus, and many others. A variety of other skeletal features are shared by dinosaurs. However, because they either are common to other groups of archosaurs or were not present in all early dinosaurs, these features are not considered to be synapomorphies. For example, as diapsids, dinosaurs ancestrally had two pairs of Infratemporal fenestrae (openings in the skull behind the eyes), and as members of the diapsid group Archosauria, had additional openings in the snout and lower jaw. Additionally, several characteristics once thought to be synapomorphies are now known to have appeared before dinosaurs, or were absent in the earliest dinosaurs and independently evolved by different dinosaur groups. These include an elongated scapula, or shoulder blade; a sacrum composed of three or more fused vertebrae (three are found in some other archosaurs, but only two are found in Herrerasaurus); and a perforate acetabulum, or hip socket, with a hole at the center of its inside surface (closed in Saturnalia tupiniquim, for example). Another difficulty of determining distinctly dinosaurian features is that early dinosaurs and other archosaurs from the Late Triassic epoch are often poorly known and were similar in many ways; these animals have sometimes been misidentified in the literature.Dinosaurs stand with their hind limbs erect in a manner similar to most modern mammals, but distinct from most other reptiles, whose limbs sprawl out to either side. This posture is due to the development of a laterally facing recess in the pelvis (usually an open socket) and a corresponding inwardly facing distinct head on the femur. Their erect posture enabled early dinosaurs to breathe easily while moving, which likely permitted stamina and activity levels that surpassed those of "sprawling" reptiles. Erect limbs probably also helped support the evolution of large size by reducing bending stresses on limbs. Some non-dinosaurian archosaurs, including rauisuchians, also had erect limbs but achieved this by a "pillar-erect" configuration of the hip joint, where instead of having a projection from the femur insert on a socket on the hip, the upper pelvic bone was rotated to form an overhanging shelf. History of study Pre-scientific history Dinosaur fossils have been known for millennia, although their true nature was not recognized. The Chinese considered them to be dragon bones and documented them as such. For example, Huayang Guo Zhi (華陽國志), a gazetteer compiled by Chang Qu (常璩) during the Western Jin Dynasty (265–316), reported the discovery of dragon bones at Wucheng in Sichuan Province. Villagers in central China have long unearthed fossilized "dragon bones" for use in traditional medicines. In Europe, dinosaur fossils were generally believed to be the remains of giants and other biblical creatures. Early dinosaur research Scholarly descriptions of what would now be recognized as dinosaur bones first appeared in the late 17th century in England. Part of a bone, now known to have been the femur of a Megalosaurus, was recovered from a limestone quarry at Cornwell near Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, in 1676. The fragment was sent to Robert Plot, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and first curator of the Ashmolean Museum, who published a description in his The Natural History of Oxford-shire (1677). He correctly identified the bone as the lower extremity of the femur of a large animal, and recognized that it was too large to belong to any known species. He, therefore, concluded it to be the femur of a huge human, perhaps a Titan or another type of giant featured in legends. Edward Lhuyd, a friend of Sir Isaac Newton, published Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia (1699), the first scientific treatment of what would now be recognized as a dinosaur when he described and named a sauropod tooth, "Rutellum impicatum", that had been found in Caswell, near Witney, Oxfordshire. Between 1815 and 1824, the Rev William Buckland, the first Reader of Geology at the University of Oxford, collected more fossilized bones of Megalosaurus and became the first person to describe a non-avian dinosaur in a scientific journal. The second non-avian dinosaur genus to be identified, Iguanodon, was discovered in 1822 by Mary Ann Mantell – the wife of English geologist Gideon Mantell. Gideon Mantell recognized similarities between his fossils and the bones of modern iguanas. He published his findings in 1825.The study of these "great fossil lizards" soon became of great interest to European and American scientists, and in 1842 the English paleontologist Sir Richard Owen coined the term "dinosaur", using it to refer to the "distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" that were then being recognized in England and around the world. The term is derived from Ancient Greek δεινός (deinos) 'terrible, potent or fearfully great', and σαῦρος (sauros) 'lizard or reptile'. Though the taxonomic name has often been interpreted as a reference to dinosaurs' teeth, claws, and other fearsome characteristics, Owen intended it also to evoke their size and majesty. Owen recognized that the remains that had been found so far, Iguanodon, Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, shared distinctive features, and so decided to present them as a distinct taxonomic group. As clarified by British geologist and historian Hugh Torrens, Owen had given a presentation about fossil reptiles to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1841, but reports of the time show that Owen did not mention the word "dinosaur", nor recognize dinosaurs as a distinct group of reptiles in his address. He introduced the Dinosauria only in the revised text version of his talk published in April of 1842. With the backing of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, Owen established the Natural History Museum, London, to display the national collection of dinosaur fossils and other biological and geological exhibits. Discoveries in North America In 1858, William Parker Foulke discovered the first known American dinosaur, in marl pits in the small town of Haddonfield, New Jersey. (Although fossils had been found before, their nature had not been correctly discerned.) The creature was named Hadrosaurus foulkii. It was an extremely important find: Hadrosaurus was one of the first nearly complete dinosaur skeletons found (the first was in 1834, in Maidstone, England), and it was clearly a bipedal creature. This was a revolutionary discovery as, until that point, most scientists had believed dinosaurs walked on four feet, like other lizards. Foulke's discoveries sparked a wave of interests in dinosaurs in the United States, known as dinosaur mania.Dinosaur mania was exemplified by the fierce rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, both of whom raced to be the first to find new dinosaurs in what came to be known as the Bone Wars. This fight between the two scientists lasted for over 30 years, ending in 1897 when Cope died after spending his entire fortune on the dinosaur hunt. Many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to the pair's rough methods: for example, their diggers often used dynamite to unearth bones. Modern paleontologists would find such methods crude and unacceptable, since blasting easily destroys fossil and stratigraphic evidence. Despite their unrefined methods, the contributions of Cope and Marsh to paleontology were vast: Marsh unearthed 86 new species of dinosaur and Cope discovered 56, a total of 142 new species. Cope's collection is now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, while Marsh's is at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University. "Dinosaur renaissance" and beyond World War II caused a pause in palaeontological research; after the war, research attention was also diverted increasingly to fossil mammals rather than dinosaurs, which were seen as sluggish and cold-blooded. At the end of the 1960s, however, the field of dinosaur research experienced a surge in activity that remains ongoing. Several seminal studies led to this activity. First, John Ostrom discovered the bird-like dromaeosaurid theropod Deinonychus and described it in 1969. Its anatomy indicated that it was an active predator that was likely warm-blooded, in marked contrast to the then-prevailing image of dinosaurs. Concurrently, Robert T. Bakker published a series of studies that likewise argued for active lifestyles in dinosaurs based on anatomical and ecological evidence (see § Physiology), which were subsequently summarized in his 1986 book The Dinosaur Heresies. New revelations were supported by an increase in dinosaur discoveries. Major new dinosaur discoveries have been made by paleontologists working in previously unexplored regions, including India, South America, Madagascar, Antarctica, and most significantly China. Across theropods, sauropodomorphs, and ornithischians, the number of named genera began to increase exponentially in the 1990s. As of 2008, over 30 new species of dinosaurs were named each year. At least sauropodomorphs experienced a further increase in the number of named species in the 2010s, with an average of 9.3 new species having been named each year between 2009 and 2020. As a consequence, more sauropodomorphs were named between 1990 and 2020 than in all previous years combined. These new localities also led to improvements in overall specimen quality, with new species being increasingly named not on scrappy fossils but on more complete skeletons, sometimes from multiple individuals. Better specimens also led to new species being invalidated less frequently. Asian localities have produced the most complete theropod specimens, while North American localities have produced the most complete sauropodomorph specimens.Prior to the dinosaur renaissance, dinosaurs were mostly classified using the traditional rank-based system of Linnaean taxonomy. The renaissance was also accompanied by the increasingly widespread application of cladistics, a more objective method of classification based on ancestry and shared traits, which has proved tremendously useful in the study of dinosaur systematics and evolution. Cladistic analysis, among other techniques, helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record. Reference books summarizing the state of dinosaur research, such as David B. Weishampel and colleagues' The Dinosauria, made knowledge more accessible and spurred further interest in dinosaur research. The release of the first and second editions of The Dinosauria in 1990 and 2004, and of a review paper by Paul Sereno in 1998, were accompanied by increases in the number of published phylogenetic trees for dinosaurs. Soft tissue and molecular preservation Dinosaur fossils are not limited to bones, but also include imprints or mineralized remains of skin coverings, organs, and other tissues. Of these, skin coverings based on keratin proteins are most easily preserved because of their cross-linked, hydrophobic molecular structure. Fossils of keratin-based skin coverings or bony skin coverings are known from most major groups of dinosaurs. Dinosaur fossils with scaly skin impressions have been found since the 19th century. Samuel Beckles discovered a sauropod forelimb with preserved skin in 1852 that was incorrectly attributed to a crocodile; it was correctly attributed by Marsh in 1888 and subject to further study by Reginald Hooley in 1917. Among ornithischians, in 1884 Jacob Wortman found skin impressions on the first known specimen of Edmontosaurus annectens, which were largely destroyed during the specimen's excavation. Owen and Hooley subsequently described skin impressions of Hypsilophodon and Iguanodon in 1885 and 1917. Since then, scale impressions have been most frequently found among hadrosaurids, where the impressions are known from nearly the entire body across multiple specimens. Starting from the 1990s, major discoveries of exceptionally preserved fossils in deposits known as conservation Lagerstätten contributed to research on dinosaur soft tissues. Chiefly among these were the rocks that produced the Jehol (Early Cretaceous) and Yanliao (Mid-to-Late Jurassic) biotas of northeastern China, from which hundreds of dinosaur specimens bearing impressions of feather-like structures (both closely related to birds and otherwise, see § Origin of birds) have been described by Xing Xu and colleagues. In living reptiles and mammals, pigment-storing cellular structures known as melanosomes are partially responsible for producing colouration. Both chemical traces of melanin and characteristically-shaped melanosomes have been reported from feathers and scales of Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs, including both theropods and ornithischians. This has enabled multiple full-body reconstructions of dinosaur colouration, such as for Sinosauropteryx and Psittacosaurus by Jakob Vinther and colleagues, and similar techniques have also been extended to dinosaur fossils from other localities. (However, some researchers have also suggested that fossilized melanosomes represent bacterial remains.) Stomach contents in some Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs closely related to birds have also provided indirect indications of diet and digestive system anatomy (e.g., crops). More concrete evidence of internal anatomy has been reported in Scipionyx from the Pietraroja Plattenkalk of Italy. It preserves portions of the intestines, colon, liver, muscles, and windpipe. Concurrently, a line of work led by Mary Higby Schweitzer, Jack Horner, and colleagues reported various occurrences of preserved soft tissues and proteins within dinosaur bone fossils. Various mineralized structures that likely represented red blood cells and collagen fibres had been found by Schweitzer and others in tyrannosaurid bones as early as 1991. However, in 2005, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that a femur of Tyrannosaurus preserved soft, flexible tissue within, including blood vessels, bone matrix, and connective tissue (bone fibers) that had retained their microscopic structure. This discovery suggested that original soft tissues could be preserved over geological time, with multiple mechanisms having been proposed. Later, in 2009, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that a Brachylophosaurus femur preserved similar microstructures, and immunohistochemical techniques (based on antibody binding) demonstrated the presence of proteins such as collagen, elastin, and laminin. Both specimens yielded collagen protein sequences that were viable for molecular phylogenetic analyses, which grouped them with birds as would be expected. The extraction of fragmentary DNA has also been reported for both of these fossils, along with a specimen of Hypacrosaurus. In 2015, Sergio Bertazzo and colleagues reported the preservation of collagen fibres and red blood cells in eight Cretaceous dinosaur specimens that did not show any signs of exceptional preservation, indicating that soft tissue may be preserved more commonly than previously thought. Suggestions that these structures represent bacterial biofilms have been rejected, but cross-contamination remains a possibility that is difficult to detect. Evolutionary history Origins and early evolution Dinosaurs diverged from their archosaur ancestors during the Middle to Late Triassic epochs, roughly 20 million years after the devastating Permian–Triassic extinction event wiped out an estimated 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species approximately 252 million years ago. The oldest dinosaur fossils known from substantial remains date to the Carnian epoch of the Triassic period and have been found primarily in the Ischigualasto and Santa Maria Formations of Argentina, and the Pebbly Arkose Formation of Zimbabwe.The Ischigualasto Formation (radiometrically dated at 231-230 million years old) has produced the early saurischian Eoraptor, originally considered a member of the Herrerasauridae but now considered to be an early sauropodomorph, along with the herrerasaurids Herrerasaurus and Sanjuansaurus, and the sauropodomorphs Chromogisaurus, Eodromaeus, and Panphagia. Eoraptor's likely resemblance to the common ancestor of all dinosaurs suggests that the first dinosaurs would have been small, bipedal predators. The Santa Maria Formation (radiometrically dated to be older, at 233.23 million years old) has produced the herrerasaurids Gnathovorax and Staurikosaurus, along with the sauropodomorphs Bagualosaurus, Buriolestes, Guaibasaurus, Macrocollum, Nhandumirim, Pampadromaeus, Saturnalia, and Unaysaurus. The Pebbly Arkose Formation, which is of uncertain age but was likely comparable to the other two, has produced the sauropodomorph Mbiresaurus, along with an unnamed herrerasaurid.Less well-preserved remains of the sauropodomorphs Jaklapallisaurus and Nambalia, along with the early saurischian Alwalkeria, are known from the Upper Maleri and Lower Maleri Formations of India. The Carnian-aged Chañares Formation of Argentina preserves primitive, dinosaur-like ornithodirans such as Lagosuchus and Lagerpeton in Argentina, making it another important site for understanding dinosaur evolution. These ornithodirans support the model of early dinosaurs as small, bipedal predators. Dinosaurs may have appeared as early as the Anisian epoch of the Triassic, approximately 245 million years ago, which is the age of Nyasasaurus from the Manda Formation of Tanzania. However, its known fossils are too fragmentary to identify it as a dinosaur or only a close relative. The referral of the Manda Formation to the Anisian is also uncertain. Regardless, dinosaurs existed alongside non-dinosaurian ornithodirans for a period of time, with estimates ranging from 5–10 million years to 21 million years.When dinosaurs appeared, they were not the dominant terrestrial animals. The terrestrial habitats were occupied by various types of archosauromorphs and therapsids, like cynodonts and rhynchosaurs. Their main competitors were the pseudosuchians, such as aetosaurs, ornithosuchids and rauisuchians, which were more successful than the dinosaurs. Most of these other animals became extinct in the Triassic, in one of two events. First, at about 215 million years ago, a variety of basal archosauromorphs, including the protorosaurs, became extinct. This was followed by the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (about 201 million years ago), that saw the end of most of the other groups of early archosaurs, like aetosaurs, ornithosuchids, phytosaurs, and rauisuchians. Rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts survived (at least in some areas) at least as late as early –mid Norian and late Norian or earliest Rhaetian stages, respectively, and the exact date of their extinction is uncertain. These losses left behind a land fauna of crocodylomorphs, dinosaurs, mammals, pterosaurians, and turtles. The first few lines of early dinosaurs diversified through the Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic, possibly by occupying the niches of the groups that became extinct. Also notably, there was a heightened rate of extinction during the Carnian pluvial event. Evolution and paleobiogeography Dinosaur evolution after the Triassic followed changes in vegetation and the location of continents. In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, the continents were connected as the single landmass Pangaea, and there was a worldwide dinosaur fauna mostly composed of coelophysoid carnivores and early sauropodomorph herbivores. Gymnosperm plants (particularly conifers), a potential food source, radiated in the Late Triassic. Early sauropodomorphs did not have sophisticated mechanisms for processing food in the mouth, and so must have employed other means of breaking down food farther along the digestive tract. The general homogeneity of dinosaurian faunas continued into the Middle and Late Jurassic, where most localities had predators consisting of ceratosaurians, megalosauroids, and allosauroids, and herbivores consisting of stegosaurian ornithischians and large sauropods. Examples of this include the Morrison Formation of North America and Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania. Dinosaurs in China show some differences, with specialized metriacanthosaurid theropods and unusual, long-necked sauropods like Mamenchisaurus. Ankylosaurians and ornithopods were also becoming more common, but primitive sauropodomorphs had become extinct. Conifers and pteridophytes were the most common plants. Sauropods, like earlier sauropodomorphs, were not oral processors, but ornithischians were evolving various means of dealing with food in the mouth, including potential cheek-like organs to keep food in the mouth, and jaw motions to grind food. Another notable evolutionary event of the Jurassic was the appearance of true birds, descended from maniraptoran coelurosaurians.By the Early Cretaceous and the ongoing breakup of Pangaea, dinosaurs were becoming strongly differentiated by landmass. The earliest part of this time saw the spread of ankylosaurians, iguanodontians, and brachiosaurids through Europe, North America, and northern Africa. These were later supplemented or replaced in Africa by large spinosaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods, and rebbachisaurid and titanosaurian sauropods, also found in South America. In Asia, maniraptoran coelurosaurians like dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and oviraptorosaurians became the common theropods, and ankylosaurids and early ceratopsians like Psittacosaurus became important herbivores. Meanwhile, Australia was home to a fauna of basal ankylosaurians, hypsilophodonts, and iguanodontians. The stegosaurians appear to have gone extinct at some point in the late Early Cretaceous or early Late Cretaceous. A major change in the Early Cretaceous, which would be amplified in the Late Cretaceous, was the evolution of flowering plants. At the same time, several groups of dinosaurian herbivores evolved more sophisticated ways to orally process food. Ceratopsians developed a method of slicing with teeth stacked on each other in batteries, and iguanodontians refined a method of grinding with dental batteries, taken to its extreme in hadrosaurids. Some sauropods also evolved tooth batteries, best exemplified by the rebbachisaurid Nigersaurus.There were three general dinosaur faunas in the Late Cretaceous. In the northern continents of North America and Asia, the major theropods were tyrannosaurids and various types of smaller maniraptoran theropods, with a predominantly ornithischian herbivore assemblage of hadrosaurids, ceratopsians, ankylosaurids, and pachycephalosaurians. In the southern continents that had made up the now-splitting supercontinent Gondwana, abelisaurids were the common theropods, and titanosaurian sauropods the common herbivores. Finally, in Europe, dromaeosaurids, rhabdodontid iguanodontians, nodosaurid ankylosaurians, and titanosaurian sauropods were prevalent. Flowering plants were greatly radiating, with the first grasses appearing by the end of the Cretaceous. Grinding hadrosaurids and shearing ceratopsians became very diverse across North America and Asia. Theropods were also radiating as herbivores or omnivores, with therizinosaurians and ornithomimosaurians becoming common.The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous, caused the extinction of all dinosaur groups except for the neornithine birds. Some other diapsid groups, including crocodilians, dyrosaurs, sebecosuchians, turtles, lizards, snakes, sphenodontians, and choristoderans, also survived the event.The surviving lineages of neornithine birds, including the ancestors of modern ratites, ducks and chickens, and a variety of waterbirds, diversified rapidly at the beginning of the Paleogene period, entering ecological niches left vacant by the extinction of Mesozoic dinosaur groups such as the arboreal enantiornithines, aquatic hesperornithines, and even the larger terrestrial theropods (in the form of Gastornis, eogruiids, bathornithids, ratites, geranoidids, mihirungs, and "terror birds"). It is often stated that mammals out-competed the neornithines for dominance of most terrestrial niches but many of these groups co-existed with rich mammalian faunas for most of the Cenozoic Era. Terror birds and bathornithids occupied carnivorous guilds alongside predatory mammals, and ratites are still fairly successful as mid-sized herbivores; eogruiids similarly lasted from the Eocene to Pliocene, becoming extinct only very recently after over 20 million years of co-existence with many mammal groups. Classification Dinosaurs belong to a group known as archosaurs, which also includes modern crocodilians. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodilians sprawl out to either side.Collectively, dinosaurs as a clade are divided into two primary branches, Saurischia and Ornithischia. Saurischia includes those taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with birds than with Ornithischia, while Ornithischia includes all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with Triceratops than with Saurischia. Anatomically, these two groups can be distinguished most noticeably by their pelvic structure. Early saurischians—"lizard-hipped", from the Greek sauros (σαῦρος) meaning "lizard" and ischion (ἰσχίον) meaning "hip joint"—retained the hip structure of their ancestors, with a pubis bone directed cranially, or forward. This basic form was modified by rotating the pubis backward to varying degrees in several groups (Herrerasaurus, therizinosauroids, dromaeosaurids, and birds). Saurischia includes the theropods (exclusively bipedal and with a wide variety of diets) and sauropodomorphs (long-necked herbivores which include advanced, quadrupedal groups).By contrast, ornithischians—"bird-hipped", from the Greek ornitheios (ὀρνίθειος) meaning "of a bird" and ischion (ἰσχίον) meaning "hip joint"—had a pelvis that superficially resembled a bird's pelvis: the pubic bone was oriented caudally (rear-pointing). Unlike birds, the ornithischian pubis also usually had an additional forward-pointing process. Ornithischia includes a variety of species that were primarily herbivores. Despite the terms "bird hip" (Ornithischia) and "lizard hip" (Saurischia), birds are not part of Ornithischia. Birds instead belong to Saurischia, the “lizard-hipped” dinosaurs—birds evolved from earlier dinosaurs with "lizard hips". Taxonomy The following is a simplified classification of dinosaur groups based on their evolutionary relationships, and those of the main dinosaur groups Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia, compiled by Justin Tweet. Further details and other hypotheses of classification may be found on individual articles. Dinosauria†Ornithischia ("bird-hipped"; diverse bipedal and quadrupedal herbivores)†Heterodontosauridae (small herbivores/omnivores with prominent canine-like teeth)†Genasauria ("cheeked lizards")†Thyreophora (armored dinosaurs; bipeds and quadrupeds)†Eurypoda (heavy, quadrupedal thyreophorans)†Stegosauria (spikes and plates as primary armor)†Huayangosauridae (small stegosaurs with flank osteoderms and tail clubs) †Stegosauridae (large stegosaurs)†Ankylosauria (scutes as primary armor)†Parankylosauria (small, southern ankylosaurs with macuahuitl-like tails) †Nodosauridae (mostly spiky, club-less ankylosaurs) †Ankylosauridae (characterized by flat scutes)†Ankylosaurinae (club-tailed ankylosaurids)†Neornithischia ("new ornithischians")†Cerapoda ("horned feet")†Marginocephalia (characterized by a cranial growth)†Pachycephalosauria (bipeds with domed or knobby growth on skulls) †Ceratopsia (bipeds and quadrupeds; many had neck frills and horns)†Chaoyangsauridae (small, frill-less basal ceratopsians) †Neoceratopsia ("new ceratopsians")†Leptoceratopsidae (little to no frills, hornless, with robust jaws) †Protoceratopsidae (basal ceratopsians with small frills and stubby horns)†Ceratopsoidea (large-horned ceratopsians)†Ceratopsidae (large, elaborately ornamented ceratopsians)†Chasmosaurinae (ceratopsids with enlarged brow horns) †Centrosaurinae (ceratopsids mostly characterized by frill and nasal ornamentation)†Nasutoceratopsini (centrosaurines with enlarged nasal cavities) †Centrosaurini (centrosaurines with enlarged nasal horns) †Pachyrhinosaurini (mostly had nasal bosses instead of horns)†Ornithopoda (various sizes; bipeds and quadrupeds; evolved a method of chewing using skull flexibility and numerous teeth)†Jeholosauridae (small Asian neornithischians) †Thescelosauridae ("wondrous lizards")†Orodrominae (burrowers) †Thescelosaurinae (large thescelosaurids)†Iguanodontia ("iguana teeth"; advanced ornithopods)†Elasmaria (mostly southern ornithopods with mineralized plates along the ribs; may be thescelosaurids) †Rhabdodontomorpha (with distinctive dentition)†Rhabdodontidae (European rhabdodontomorphs)†Dryosauridae (mid-sized, small headed)†Ankylopollexia (early members mid-sized, stocky)†Styracosterna ("spiked sterna")†Hadrosauriformes (ancestrally had a thumb spike; large quadrupedal herbivores, with teeth merged into dental batteries)†Hadrosauromorpha (hadrosaurids and their closest relatives)†Hadrosauridae ("duck-billed dinosaurs"; often with crests)†Saurolophinae (hadrosaurids with solid, small, no crests)†Brachylophosaurini (short-crested) †Kritosaurini (enlarged, solid nasal crests) †Saurolophini (small, spike-like crests) †Edmontosaurini (flat-headed saurolophines)†Lambeosaurinae (hadrosaurids often with hollow crests)†Aralosaurini (solid-crested) †Tsintaosaurini (vertical, tube-like crests) †Parasaurolophini (long, backwards-arcing crests) †Lambeosaurini (usually rounded crests)Saurischia†Herrerasauridae (early bipedal carnivores)†Sauropodomorpha (herbivores with small heads, long necks, and long tails)†Unaysauridae (primitive, strictly bipedal "prosauropods") †Plateosauria (diverse; bipeds and quadrupeds)†Massospondylidae (long-necked, primitive sauropodomorphs) †Riojasauridae (large, primitive sauropodomorphs)†Sauropodiformes (heavy, bipeds and quadrupeds)†Sauropoda (very large and heavy; quadrupedal)†Lessemsauridae (gigantic yet lacking several weight-saving adaptations) †Gravisauria ("heavy lizards")†Eusauropoda ("true sauropods")†Turiasauria (often large, widespread sauropods) †Neosauropoda ("new sauropods"; columnar limbs)†Diplodocoidea (skulls and tails elongated; teeth typically narrow and pencil-like)†Rebbachisauridae (short-necked, low-browsing diplodocoids often with high backs) †Flagellicaudata (whip-tailed)†Dicraeosauridae (small, short-necked diplodocoids with enlarged cervical and dorsal vertebrae) †Diplodocidae (extremely long-necked)†Apatosaurinae (robust cervical vertebrae) †Diplodocinae (long, thin necks)†Macronaria (boxy skulls; spoon- or pencil-shaped teeth)†Titanosauriformes ("titan lizard forms")†Brachiosauridae (long-necked, long-armed macronarians) †Somphospondyli ("porous vertebrae")†Euhelopodidae (stocky, mostly Asian) †Titanosauria (diverse; stocky, with wide hips; most common in the Late Cretaceous of southern continents)Theropoda (carnivorous)Neotheropoda ("new theropods")†Coelophysoidea (early theropods; includes Coelophysis and close relatives) †"Dilophosaur-grade neotheropods" (larger kink-snouted dinosaurs) Averostra ("bird snouts")†Ceratosauria (generally elaborately horned carnivores that existed from the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods, originally included Coelophysoidea)†Ceratosauridae (ceratosaurs with large teeth) †Abelisauroidea (ceratosaurs exemplified by reduced arms and hands)†Abelisauridae (large abelisauroids with short arms and oftentimes elaborate facial ornamentation) †Noasauridae (diverse, generally light theropods; may include several obscure taxa)†Elaphrosaurinae (bird-like; omnivorous as juveniles but herbivorous as adults) †Noasaurinae (small carnivores)Tetanurae (stiff-tailed dinosaurs)†Megalosauroidea (early group of large carnivores)†Piatnitzkysauridae (small basal megalosauroids endemic to the Americas) †Megalosauridae (large megalosauroids with powerful arms and hands) †Spinosauridae (crocodile-like, semiaquatic carnivores)Avetheropoda ("bird theropods")†Megaraptora (theropods with large hand claws; either carnosaurs or coelurosaurs, potentially tyrannosauroids) †Carnosauria (large meat-eating dinosaurs; megalosauroids sometimes included)†Metriacanthosauridae (primitive Asian allosauroids) †Allosauridae (Allosaurus and its very closest relatives) †Carcharodontosauria (robust allosauroids)†Carcharodontosauridae (includes some of the largest purely terrestrial carnivores) †Neovenatoridae ("new hunters"; may include megaraptorans)Coelurosauria (feathered theropods, with a range of body sizes and niches)†"Nexus of basal coelurosaurs" (used by Tweet to denote well-known taxa with unstable positions at the base of Coelurosauria) Tyrannoraptora ("tyrant thieves")†Compsognathidae (small early coelurosaurs with short forelimbs) †Tyrannosauroidea (mostly large, primitive coelurosaurs)†Proceratosauridae (tyrannosauroids with head crests) †Tyrannosauridae (Tyrannosaurus and close relatives)Maniraptoriformes (bird-like dinosaurs)†Ornithomimosauria (small-headed, mostly toothless, omnivorous or possible herbivores)†Ornithomimidae (very ostrich-like dinosaurs)Maniraptora (dinosaurs with pennaceous feathers)†Alvarezsauroidea (small hunters with reduced forelimbs)†Alvarezsauridae (insectivores with only one enlarged digit)†Therizinosauria (tall, long-necked theropods; omnivores and herbivores)†Therizinosauroidea (larger therizinosaurs)†Therizinosauridae (sloth-like herbivores, often with enlarged claws)†Oviraptorosauria (omnivorous, beaked dinosaurs)†Caudipteridae (bird-like, basal oviraptorosaurs) †Caenagnathoidea (cassowary-like oviraptorosaurs)†Caenagnathidae (toothless oviraptorosaurs known from North America and Asia) †Oviraptoridae (characterized by two bony projections at the back of the mouth; exclusive to Asia)Paraves (avialans and their closest relatives)†Scansoriopterygidae (small tree-climbing theropods with membranous wings) †Deinonychosauria (toe-clawed dinosaurs; may not form a natural group)†Archaeopterygidae (small, winged theropods or primitive birds) †Troodontidae (omnivores; enlarged brain cavities) †Dromaeosauridae ("raptors")†Microraptoria (characterized by large wings on both the arms and legs; may have been capable of powered flight) †Eudromaeosauria (hunters with greatly enlarged sickle claws)†Unenlagiidae (piscivores; may be dromaeosaurids)†Halszkaraptorinae (duck-like; potentially semiaquatic) †Unenlagiinae (long-snouted)Avialae (modern birds and extinct relatives) Timeline of major groups Timeline of major dinosaur groups per Holtz (2007). Paleobiology Knowledge about dinosaurs is derived from a variety of fossil and non-fossil records, including fossilized bones, feces, trackways, gastroliths, feathers, impressions of skin, internal organs and other soft tissues. Many fields of study contribute to our understanding of dinosaurs, including physics (especially biomechanics), chemistry, biology, and the Earth sciences (of which paleontology is a sub-discipline). Two topics of particular interest and study have been dinosaur size and behavior. Size Current evidence suggests that dinosaur average size varied through the Triassic, Early Jurassic, Late Jurassic and Cretaceous. Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic, most often fall into the 100 to 1000 kg (220 to 2200 lb) category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on order of magnitude, whereas recent predatory carnivoran mammals peak in the 10 to 100 kg (22 to 220 lb) category. The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between 1 and 10 metric tons (1.1 and 11.0 short tons). This contrasts sharply with the average size of Cenozoic mammals, estimated by the National Museum of Natural History as about 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb).The sauropods were the largest and heaviest dinosaurs. For much of the dinosaur era, the smallest sauropods were larger than anything else in their habitat, and the largest was an order of magnitude more massive than anything else that has since walked the Earth. Giant prehistoric mammals such as Paraceratherium (the largest land mammal ever) were dwarfed by the giant sauropods, and only modern whales approach or surpass them in size. There are several proposed advantages for the large size of sauropods, including protection from predation, reduction of energy use, and longevity, but it may be that the most important advantage was dietary. Large animals are more efficient at digestion than small animals, because food spends more time in their digestive systems. This also permits them to subsist on food with lower nutritive value than smaller animals. Sauropod remains are mostly found in rock formations interpreted as dry or seasonally dry, and the ability to eat large quantities of low-nutrient browse would have been advantageous in such environments. Largest and smallest Scientists will probably never be certain of the largest and smallest dinosaurs to have ever existed. This is because only a tiny percentage of animals were ever fossilized and most of these remain buried in the earth. Few of the specimens that are recovered are complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rare. Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is an inexact art, and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork. The tallest and heaviest dinosaur known from good skeletons is Giraffatitan brancai (previously classified as a species of Brachiosaurus). Its remains were discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912. Bones from several similar-sized individuals were incorporated into the skeleton now mounted and on display at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin; this mount is 12 meters (39 ft) tall and 21.8 to 22.5 meters (72 to 74 ft) long, and would have belonged to an animal that weighed between 30000 and 60000 kilograms (70000 and 130000 lb). The longest complete dinosaur is the 27 meters (89 ft) long Diplodocus, which was discovered in Wyoming in the United States and displayed in Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1907. The longest dinosaur known from good fossil material is Patagotitan: the skeleton mount in the American Museum of Natural History in New York is 37 meters (121 ft) long. The Museo Municipal Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina, has an Argentinosaurus reconstructed skeleton mount that is 39.7 meters (130 ft) long. There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 80000 to 100000 kilograms (90 to 110 short tons) and reached lengths of 30 to 40 meters (98 to 131 ft); some of the longest were the 33.5-meter (110 ft) long Diplodocus hallorum (formerly Seismosaurus), the 33-to-34-meter (108 to 112 ft) long Supersaurus, and 37-meter (121 ft) long Patagotitan; and the tallest, the 18-meter (59 ft) tall Sauroposeidon, which could have reached a sixth-floor window. The heaviest and longest dinosaur may have been Maraapunisaurus, known only from a now lost partial vertebral neural arch described in 1878. Extrapolating from the illustration of this bone, the animal may have been 58 meters (190 ft) long and weighed 122400 kg (270000 lb). However, as no further evidence of sauropods of this size has been found, and the discoverer, Cope, had made typographic errors before, it is likely to have been an extreme overestimation.The largest carnivorous dinosaur was Spinosaurus, reaching a length of 12.6 to 18 meters (41 to 59 ft), and weighing 7 to 20.9 metric tons (7.7 to 23.0 short tons). Other large carnivorous theropods included Giganotosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. Therizinosaurus and Deinocheirus were among the tallest of the theropods. The largest ornithischian dinosaur was probably the hadrosaurid Shantungosaurus giganteus which measured 16.6 meters (54 ft). The largest individuals may have weighed as much as 16 metric tons (18 short tons).The smallest dinosaur known is the bee hummingbird, with a length of only 5 centimeters (2.0 in) and mass of around 1.8 g (0.063 oz). The smallest known non-avialan dinosaurs were about the size of pigeons and were those theropods most closely related to birds. For example, Anchiornis huxleyi is currently the smallest non-avialan dinosaur described from an adult specimen, with an estimated weight of 110 g (3.9 oz) and a total skeletal length of 34 centimeters (1.12 ft). The smallest herbivorous non-avialan dinosaurs included Microceratus and Wannanosaurus, at about 60 centimeters (2.0 ft) long each. Behavior Many modern birds are highly social, often found living in flocks. There is general agreement that some behaviors that are common in birds, as well as in crocodiles (closest living relatives of birds), were also common among extinct dinosaur groups. Interpretations of behavior in fossil species are generally based on the pose of skeletons and their habitat, computer simulations of their biomechanics, and comparisons with modern animals in similar ecological niches.The first potential evidence for herding or flocking as a widespread behavior common to many dinosaur groups in addition to birds was the 1878 discovery of 31 Iguanodon, ornithischians that were then thought to have perished together in Bernissart, Belgium, after they fell into a deep, flooded sinkhole and drowned. Other mass-death sites have been discovered subsequently. Those, along with multiple trackways, suggest that gregarious behavior was common in many early dinosaur species. Trackways of hundreds or even thousands of herbivores indicate that duck-billed (hadrosaurids) may have moved in great herds, like the American bison or the African springbok. Sauropod tracks document that these animals traveled in groups composed of several different species, at least in Oxfordshire, England, although there is no evidence for specific herd structures. Congregating into herds may have evolved for defense, for migratory purposes, or to provide protection for young. There is evidence that many types of slow-growing dinosaurs, including various theropods, sauropods, ankylosaurians, ornithopods, and ceratopsians, formed aggregations of immature individuals. One example is a site in Inner Mongolia that has yielded remains of over 20 Sinornithomimus, from one to seven years old. This assemblage is interpreted as a social group that was trapped in mud. The interpretation of dinosaurs as gregarious has also extended to depicting carnivorous theropods as pack hunters working together to bring down large prey. However, this lifestyle is uncommon among modern birds, crocodiles, and other reptiles, and the taphonomic evidence suggesting mammal-like pack hunting in such theropods as Deinonychus and Allosaurus can also be interpreted as the results of fatal disputes between feeding animals, as is seen in many modern diapsid predators. The crests and frills of some dinosaurs, like the marginocephalians, theropods and lambeosaurines, may have been too fragile to be used for active defense, and so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays, though little is known about dinosaur mating and territorialism. Head wounds from bites suggest that theropods, at least, engaged in active aggressive confrontations.From a behavioral standpoint, one of the most valuable dinosaur fossils was discovered in the Gobi Desert in 1971. It included a Velociraptor attacking a Protoceratops, providing evidence that dinosaurs did indeed attack each other. Additional evidence for attacking live prey is the partially healed tail of an Edmontosaurus, a hadrosaurid dinosaur; the tail is damaged in such a way that shows the animal was bitten by a tyrannosaur but survived. Cannibalism amongst some species of dinosaurs was confirmed by tooth marks found in Madagascar in 2003, involving the theropod Majungasaurus.Comparisons between the scleral rings of dinosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of dinosaurs. Although it has been suggested that most dinosaurs were active during the day, these comparisons have shown that small predatory dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids, Juravenator, and Megapnosaurus were likely nocturnal. Large and medium-sized herbivorous and omnivorous dinosaurs such as ceratopsians, sauropodomorphs, hadrosaurids, ornithomimosaurs may have been cathemeral, active during short intervals throughout the day, although the small ornithischian Agilisaurus was inferred to be diurnal.Based on fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as Oryctodromeus, some ornithischian species seem to have led a partially fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. Many modern birds are arboreal (tree climbing), and this was also true of many Mesozoic birds, especially the enantiornithines. While some early bird-like species may have already been arboreal as well (including dromaeosaurids) such as Microraptor) most non-avialan dinosaurs seem to have relied on land-based locomotion. A good understanding of how dinosaurs moved on the ground is key to models of dinosaur behavior; the science of biomechanics, pioneered by Robert McNeill Alexander, has provided significant insight in this area. For example, studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have investigated how fast dinosaurs could run, whether diplodocids could create sonic booms via whip-like tail snapping, and whether sauropods could float. Communication Modern birds are known to communicate using visual and auditory signals, and the wide diversity of visual display structures among fossil dinosaur groups, such as horns, frills, crests, sails, and feathers, suggests that visual communication has always been important in dinosaur biology. Reconstruction of the plumage color of Anchiornis, suggest the importance of color in visual communication in non-avian dinosaurs. Vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs is less certain. In birds, the larynx plays no role in sound production. Instead they vocalize with a novel organ called the syrinx, located further down the trachea. The earliest remains of a syrinx was found in a specimen of the duck-like Vegavis iaai dated 69 –66 million years ago, and this organ is unlikely to have existed in non-avian dinosaurs. Paleontologist Phil Senter has suggested that since non-avian dinosaurs did not have a syrinx, and their next closest living relatives, crocodilians, use the larynx, they could not vocalize as the common ancestor would have been mute. He states that they mostly on visual displays and possibly non-vocal acoustic sounds like hissing, jaw grinding or clapping, splashing and wing beating (possible in winged maniraptoran dinosaurs). Other researchers have countered that vocalizations also exist in turtles, the closest relatives of archosaurs, suggesting that the trait is ancestral to their lineage. In addition, vocal communication in dinosaurs is indicated by the development of advanced hearing in nearly all major groups. Hence the syrinx may have supplemented and then replaced the larynx as a vocal organ rather than there being a "silent period" in bird evolution.In 2023, a fossilized larynx was described from a specimen of the ankylosaurid Pinacosaurus. The structure was composed of cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, similar to those of non-avian reptiles. However, the mobile cricoid-arytenoid joint and long arytenoid cartilages would have allowed for air-flow control similar to that of birds, and thus could have made bird-like vocalizations. In addition, the cartilages were ossified, implying that laryngeal ossification is a feature of some non-avian dinosaurs. A 2016 study concludes that some dinosaurs may have produced closed mouth vocalizations like cooing, hooting and booming. These occur in both reptiles and birds and involve inflating the esophagus or tracheal pouches. Such vocalizations evolved independently in extant archosaurs numerous times, following increases in body size. The crests of some hadrosaurids and the nasal chambers of ankylosaurids have been suggested to have functioned in acoustic resonance. Reproductive biology All dinosaurs laid amniotic eggs. Dinosaur eggs were usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some species of modern bird have no nests; the cliff-nesting common guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock, and male emperor penguins keep eggs between their body and feet. Primitive birds and many non-avialan dinosaurs often lay eggs in communal nests, with males primarily incubating the eggs. While modern birds have only one functional oviduct and lay one egg at a time, more primitive birds and dinosaurs had two oviducts, like crocodiles. Some non-avialan dinosaurs, such as Troodon, exhibited iterative laying, where the adult might lay a pair of eggs every one or two days, and then ensured simultaneous hatching by delaying brooding until all eggs were laid.When laying eggs, females grow a special type of bone between the hard outer bone and the marrow of their limbs. This medullary bone, which is rich in calcium, is used to make eggshells. A discovery of features in a Tyrannosaurus skeleton provided evidence of medullary bone in extinct dinosaurs and, for the first time, allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a fossil dinosaur specimen. Further research has found medullary bone in the carnosaur Allosaurus and the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Because the line of dinosaurs that includes Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus diverged from the line that led to Tenontosaurus very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, this suggests that the production of medullary tissue is a general characteristic of all dinosaurs. Another widespread trait among modern birds (but see below in regards to fossil groups and extant megapodes) is parental care for young after hatching. Jack Horner's 1978 discovery of a Maiasaura ("good mother lizard") nesting ground in Montana demonstrated that parental care continued long after birth among ornithopods. A specimen of the oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae was discovered in a chicken-like brooding position in 1993, which may indicate that they had begun using an insulating layer of feathers to keep the eggs warm. An embryo of the basal sauropodomorph Massospondylus was found without teeth, indicating that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaurs. Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the Isle of Skye in northwestern Scotland.However, there is ample evidence of precociality or superprecociality among many dinosaur species, particularly theropods. For instance, non-ornithuromorph birds have been abundantly demonstrated to have had slow growth rates, megapode-like egg burying behavior and the ability to fly soon after birth. Both Tyrannosaurus and Troodon had juveniles with clear superprecociality and likely occupying different ecological niches than the adults. Superprecociality has been inferred for sauropods.Genital structures are unlikely to fossilize as they lack scales that may allow preservation via pigmentation or residual calcium phosphate salts. In 2021, the best preserved specimen of a dinosaur's cloacal vent exterior was described for Psittacosaurus, demonstrating lateral swellings similar to crocodylian musk glands used in social displays by both sexes and pigmented regions which could also reflect a signalling function. However, this specimen on its own does not offer enough information to determine whether this dinosaur had sexual signalling functions; it only supports the possibility. Cloacal visual signalling can occur in either males or females in living birds, making it unlikely to be useful to determine sex for extinct dinosaurs. Physiology Because both modern crocodilians and birds have four-chambered hearts (albeit modified in crocodilians), it is likely that this is a trait shared by all archosaurs, including all dinosaurs. While all modern birds have high metabolisms and are endothermic ("warm-blooded"), a vigorous debate has been ongoing since the 1960s regarding how far back in the dinosaur lineage this trait extended. Various researchers have supported dinosaurs as being endothermic, ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), or somewhere in between. An emerging consensus among researchers is that, while different lineages of dinosaurs would have had different metabolisms, most of them had higher metabolic rates than other reptiles but lower than living birds and mammals, which is termed mesothermy by some. Evidence from crocodiles and their extinct relatives suggests that such elevated metabolisms could have developed in the earliest archosaurs, which were the common ancestors of dinosaurs and crocodiles. After non-avian dinosaurs were discovered, paleontologists first posited that they were ectothermic. This was used to imply that the ancient dinosaurs were relatively slow, sluggish organisms, even though many modern reptiles are fast and light-footed despite relying on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature. The idea of dinosaurs as ectothermic remained a prevalent view until Robert T. Bakker, an early proponent of dinosaur endothermy, published an influential paper on the topic in 1968. Bakker specifically used anatomical and ecological evidence to argue that sauropods, which had hitherto been depicted as sprawling aquatic animals with their tails dragging on the ground, were endotherms that lived vigorous, terrestrial lives. In 1972, Bakker expanded on his arguments based on energy requirements and predator-prey ratios. This was one of the seminal results that led to the dinosaur renaissance.One of the greatest contributions to the modern understanding of dinosaur physiology has been paleohistology, the study of microscopic tissue structure in dinosaurs. From the 1960s forward, Armand de Ricqlès suggested that the presence of fibrolamellar bone—bony tissue with an irregular, fibrous texture and filled with blood vessels—was indicative of consistently fast growth and therefore endothermy. Fibrolamellar bone was common in both dinosaurs and pterosaurs, though not universally present. This has led to a significant body of work in reconstructing growth curves and modeling the evolution of growth rates across various dinosaur lineages, which has suggested overall that dinosaurs grew faster than living reptiles. Other lines of evidence suggesting endothermy include the presence of feathers and other types of body coverings in many lineages (see § Feathers); more consistent ratios of the isotope oxygen-18 in bony tissue compared to ectotherms, particularly as latitude and thus air temperature varied, which suggests stable internal temperatures (although these ratios can be altered during fossilization); and the discovery of polar dinosaurs, which lived in Australia, Antarctica, and Alaska when these places would have had cool, temperate climates. In saurischian dinosaurs, higher metabolisms were supported by the evolution of the avian respiratory system, characterized by an extensive system of air sacs that extended the lungs and invaded many of the bones in the skeleton, making them hollow. Such respiratory systems, which may have appeared in the earliest saurischians, would have provided them with more oxygen compared to a mammal of similar size, while also having a larger resting tidal volume and requiring a lower breathing frequency, which would have allowed them to sustain higher activity levels. The rapid airflow would also have been an effective cooling mechanism, which in conjunction with a lower metabolic rate would have prevented large sauropods from overheating. These traits may have enabled sauropods to grow quickly to gigantic sizes. Sauropods may also have benefitted from their size—their small surface area to volume ratio meant that they would have been able to thermoregulate more easily, a phenomenon termed gigantothermy.Like other reptiles, dinosaurs are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous wastes from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia via the ureters into the intestine. This would have helped them to conserve water. In most living species, uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, at least some modern birds (such as hummingbirds) can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the cloaca. In addition, many species regurgitate pellets, and fossil pellets are known as early as the Jurassic from Anchiornis.The size and shape of the brain can be partly reconstructed based on the surrounding bones. In 1896, Marsh calculated ratios between brain weight and body weight of seven species of dinosaurs, showing that the brain of dinosaurs was proportionally smaller than in today's crocodiles, and that the brain of Stegosaurus was smaller than in any living land vertebrate. This contributed to the widespread public notion of dinosaurs as being sluggish and extraordinarily stupid. Harry Jerison, in 1973, showed that proportionally smaller brains are expected at larger body sizes, and that brain size in dinosaurs was not smaller than expected when compared to living reptiles. Later research showed that relative brain size progressively increased during the evolution of theropods, with the highest intelligence – comparable to that of modern birds – calculated for the troodontid Troodon. Origin of birds The possibility that dinosaurs were the ancestors of birds was first suggested in 1868 by Thomas Henry Huxley. After the work of Gerhard Heilmann in the early 20th century, the theory of birds as dinosaur descendants was abandoned in favor of the idea of them being descendants of generalized thecodonts, with the key piece of evidence being the supposed lack of clavicles in dinosaurs. However, as later discoveries showed, clavicles (or a single fused wishbone, which derived from separate clavicles) were not actually absent; they had been found as early as 1924 in Oviraptor, but misidentified as an interclavicle. In the 1970s, Ostrom revived the dinosaur–bird theory, which gained momentum in the coming decades with the advent of cladistic analysis, and a great increase in the discovery of small theropods and early birds. Of particular note have been the fossils of the Jehol Biota, where a variety of theropods and early birds have been found, often with feathers of some type. Birds share over a hundred distinct anatomical features with theropod dinosaurs, which are now generally accepted to have been their closest ancient relatives. They are most closely allied with maniraptoran coelurosaurs. A minority of scientists, most notably Alan Feduccia and Larry Martin, have proposed other evolutionary paths, including revised versions of Heilmann's basal archosaur proposal, or that maniraptoran theropods are the ancestors of birds but themselves are not dinosaurs, only convergent with dinosaurs. Feathers Feathers are one of the most recognizable characteristics of modern birds, and a trait that was also shared by several non-avian dinosaurs. Based on the current distribution of fossil evidence, it appears that feathers were an ancestral dinosaurian trait, though one that may have been selectively lost in some species. Direct fossil evidence of feathers or feather-like structures has been discovered in a diverse array of species in many non-avian dinosaur groups, both among saurischians and ornithischians. Simple, branched, feather-like structures are known from heterodontosaurids, primitive neornithischians, and theropods, and primitive ceratopsians. Evidence for true, vaned feathers similar to the flight feathers of modern birds has been found only in the theropod subgroup Maniraptora, which includes oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and birds. Feather-like structures known as pycnofibres have also been found in pterosaurs.However, researchers do not agree regarding whether these structures share a common origin between lineages (i.e., they are homologous), or if they were the result of widespread experimentation with skin coverings among ornithodirans. If the former is the case, filaments may have been common in the ornithodiran lineage and evolved before the appearance of dinosaurs themselves. Research into the genetics of American alligators has revealed that crocodylian scutes do possess feather-keratins during embryonic development, but these keratins are not expressed by the animals before hatching. The description of feathered dinosaurs has not been without controversy in general; perhaps the most vocal critics have been Alan Feduccia and Theagarten Lingham-Soliar, who have proposed that some purported feather-like fossils are the result of the decomposition of collagenous fiber that underlaid the dinosaurs' skin, and that maniraptoran dinosaurs with vaned feathers were not actually dinosaurs, but convergent with dinosaurs. However, their views have for the most part not been accepted by other researchers, to the point that the scientific nature of Feduccia's proposals has been questioned.Archaeopteryx was the first fossil found that revealed a potential connection between dinosaurs and birds. It is considered a transitional fossil, in that it displays features of both groups. Brought to light just two years after Charles Darwin's seminal On the Origin of Species (1859), its discovery spurred the nascent debate between proponents of evolutionary biology and creationism. This early bird is so dinosaur-like that, without a clear impression of feathers in the surrounding rock, at least one specimen was mistaken for the small theropod Compsognathus. Since the 1990s, a number of additional feathered dinosaurs have been found, providing even stronger evidence of the close relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. Many of these specimens were unearthed in the lagerstätten of the Jehol Biota. If feather-like structures were indeed widely present among non-avian dinosaurs, the lack of abundant fossil evidence for them may be due to the fact that delicate features like skin and feathers are seldom preserved by fossilization and thus often absent from the fossil record. Skeleton Because feathers are often associated with birds, feathered dinosaurs are often touted as the missing link between birds and dinosaurs. However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent another important line of evidence for paleontologists. Areas of the skeleton with important similarities include the neck, pubis, wrist (semi-lunate carpal), arm and pectoral girdle, furcula (wishbone), and breast bone. Comparison of bird and dinosaur skeletons through cladistic analysis strengthens the case for the link. Soft anatomy Large meat-eating dinosaurs had a complex system of air sacs similar to those found in modern birds, according to a 2005 investigation led by Patrick M. O'Connor. The lungs of theropod dinosaurs (carnivores that walked on two legs and had bird-like feet) likely pumped air into hollow sacs in their skeletons, as is the case in birds. "What was once formally considered unique to birds was present in some form in the ancestors of birds", O'Connor said. In 2008, scientists described Aerosteon riocoloradensis, the skeleton of which supplies the strongest evidence to date of a dinosaur with a bird-like breathing system. CT scanning of Aerosteon's fossil bones revealed evidence for the existence of air sacs within the animal's body cavity. Behavioral evidence Fossils of the troodonts Mei and Sinornithoides demonstrate that some dinosaurs slept with their heads tucked under their arms. This behavior, which may have helped to keep the head warm, is also characteristic of modern birds. Several deinonychosaur and oviraptorosaur specimens have also been found preserved on top of their nests, likely brooding in a bird-like manner. The ratio between egg volume and body mass of adults among these dinosaurs suggest that the eggs were primarily brooded by the male, and that the young were highly precocial, similar to many modern ground-dwelling birds.Some dinosaurs are known to have used gizzard stones like modern birds. These stones are swallowed by animals to aid digestion and break down food and hard fibers once they enter the stomach. When found in association with fossils, gizzard stones are called gastroliths. Extinction of major groups All non-avian dinosaurs and most lineages of birds became extinct in a mass extinction event, called the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Above the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, which has been dated to 66.038 ± 0.025 million years ago, fossils of non-avian dinosaurs disappear abruptly; the absence of dinosaur fossils was historically used to assign rocks to the ensuing Cenozoic. The nature of the event that caused this mass extinction has been extensively studied since the 1970s, leading to the development of two mechanisms that are thought to have played major roles: an extraterrestrial impact event in the Yucatán Peninsula, along with flood basalt volcanism in India. However, the specific mechanisms of the extinction event and the extent of its effects on dinosaurs are still areas of ongoing research. Alongside dinosaurs, many other groups of animals became extinct: pterosaurs, marine reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, several groups of mammals, ammonites (nautilus-like mollusks), rudists (reef-building bivalves), and various groups of marine plankton. In all, approximately 47% of genera and 76% of species on Earth became extinct during the K-Pg extinction event. The relatively large size of most dinosaurs and the low diversity of small-bodied dinosaur species at the end of the Cretaceous may have contributed to their extinction; the extinction of the bird lineages that did not survive may also have been caused by a dependence on forest habitats or a lack of adaptations to eating seeds for survival. Pre-extinction diversity Just before the K-Pg extinction event, the number of non-avian dinosaur species that existed globally has been estimated at between 628 and 1078. It remains uncertain whether the diversity of dinosaurs was in gradual decline before the K-Pg extinction event, or whether dinosaurs were actually thriving prior to the extinction. Rock formations from the Maastrichtian epoch, which directly preceded the extinction, have been found to have lower diversity than the preceding Campanian epoch, which led to the prevailing view of a long-term decline in diversity. However, these comparisons did not account either for varying preservation potential between rock units or for different extents of exploration and excavation. In 1984, Dale Russell carried out an analysis to account for these biases, and found no evidence of a decline; another analysis by David Fastovsky and colleagues in 2004 even showed that dinosaur diversity continually increased until the extinction, but this analysis has been rebutted. Since then, different approaches based on statistics and mathematical models have variously supported either a sudden extinction or a gradual decline. End-Cretaceous trends in diversity may have varied between dinosaur lineages: it has been suggested that sauropods were not in decline, while ornithischians and theropods were in decline. Impact event The bolide impact hypothesis, first brought to wide attention in 1980 by Walter Alvarez, Luis Alvarez, and colleagues, attributes the K-Pg extinction event to a bolide (extraterrestrial projectile) impact. Alvarez and colleagues proposed that a sudden increase in iridium levels, recorded around the world in rock deposits at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, was direct evidence of the impact. Shocked quartz, indicative of a strong shockwave emanating from an impact, was also found worldwide. The actual impact site remained elusive until a crater measuring 180 km (110 mi) wide was discovered in the Yucatán Peninsula of southeastern Mexico, and was publicized in a 1991 paper by Alan Hildebrand and colleagues. Now, the bulk of the evidence suggests that a bolide 5 to 15 kilometers (3 to 9+1⁄2 miles) wide impacted the Yucatán Peninsula 66 million years ago, forming this crater and creating a "kill mechanism" that triggered the extinction event.Within hours, the Chicxulub impact would have created immediate effects such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and a global firestorm that likely killed unsheltered animals and started wildfires. However, it would also have had longer-term consequences for the environment. Within days, sulfate aerosols released from rocks at the impact site would have contributed to acid rain and ocean acidification. Soot aerosols are thought to have spread around the world over the ensuing months and years; they would have cooled the surface of the Earth by reflecting thermal radiation, and greatly slowed photosynthesis by blocking out sunlight, thus creating an impact winter. (This role was ascribed to sulfate aerosols until experiments demonstrated otherwise.) The cessation of photosynthesis would have led to the collapse of food webs depending on leafy plants, which included all dinosaurs save for grain-eating birds. Deccan Traps At the time of the K-Pg extinction, the Deccan Traps flood basalts of India were actively erupting. The eruptions can be separated into three phases around the K-Pg boundary, two prior to the boundary and one after. The second phase, which occurred very close to the boundary, would have extruded 70 to 80% of the volume of these eruptions in intermittent pulses that occurred around 100,000 years apart. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide would have been released by this volcanic activity, resulting in climate change through temperature perturbations of roughly 3 °C (5.4 °F) but possibly as high as 7 °C (13 °F). Like the Chicxulub impact, the eruptions may also have released sulfate aerosols, which would have caused acid rain and global cooling. However, due to large error margins in the dating of the eruptions, the role of the Deccan Traps in the K-Pg extinction remains unclear.Before 2000, arguments that the Deccan Traps eruptions—as opposed to the Chicxulub impact—caused the extinction were usually linked to the view that the extinction was gradual. Prior to the discovery of the Chicxulub crater, the Deccan Traps were used to explain the global iridium layer; even after the crater's discovery, the impact was still thought to only have had a regional, not global, effect on the extinction event. In response, Luis Alvarez rejected volcanic activity as an explanation for the iridium layer and the extinction as a whole. Since then, however, most researchers have adopted a more moderate position, which identifies the Chicxulub impact as the primary progenitor of the extinction while also recognizing that the Deccan Traps may also have played a role. Walter Alvarez himself has acknowledged that the Deccan Traps and other ecological factors may have contributed to the extinctions in addition to the Chicxulub impact. Some estimates have placed the start of the second phase in the Deccan Traps eruptions within 50,000 years after the Chicxulub impact. Combined with mathematical modelling of the seismic waves that would have been generated by the impact, this has led to the suggestion that the Chicxulub impact may have triggered these eruptions by increasing the permeability of the mantle plume underlying the Deccan Traps.Whether the Deccan Traps were a major cause of the extinction, on par with the Chicxulub impact, remains uncertain. Proponents consider the climatic impact of the sulfur dioxide released to have been on par with the Chicxulub impact, and also note the role of flood basalt volcanism in other mass extinctions like the Permian-Triassic extinction event. They consider the Chicxulub impact to have worsened the ongoing climate change caused by the eruptions. Meanwhile, detractors point out the sudden nature of the extinction and that other pulses in Deccan Traps activity of comparable magnitude did not appear to have caused extinctions. They also contend that the causes of different mass extinctions should be assessed separately. In 2020, Alfio Chiarenza and colleagues suggested that the Deccan Traps may even have had the opposite effect: they suggested that the long-term warming caused by its carbon dioxide emissions may have dampened the impact winter from the Chicxulub impact. Possible Paleocene survivors Non-avian dinosaur remains have occasionally been found above the K-Pg boundary. In 2000, Spencer Lucas and colleagues reported the discovery of a single hadrosaur right femur in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico, and described it as evidence of Paleocene dinosaurs. The rock unit in which the bone was discovered has been dated to the early Paleocene epoch, approximately 64.8 million years ago. If the bone was not re-deposited by weathering action, it would provide evidence that some dinosaur populations survived at least half a million years into the Cenozoic. Other evidence includes the presence of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft) above the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, representing 40,000 years of elapsed time. This has been used to support the view that the K-Pg extinction was gradual. However, these supposed Paleocene dinosaurs are considered by many other researchers to be reworked, that is, washed out of their original locations and then re-buried in younger sediments. The age estimates have also been considered unreliable. Cultural depictions By human standards, dinosaurs were creatures of fantastic appearance and often enormous size. As such, they have captured the popular imagination and become an enduring part of human culture. The entry of the word "dinosaur" into the common vernacular reflects the animals' cultural importance: in English, "dinosaur" is commonly used to describe anything that is impractically large, obsolete, or bound for extinction.Public enthusiasm for dinosaurs first developed in Victorian England, where in 1854, three decades after the first scientific descriptions of dinosaur remains, a menagerie of lifelike dinosaur sculptures was unveiled in London's Crystal Palace Park. The Crystal Palace dinosaurs proved so popular that a strong market in smaller replicas soon developed. In subsequent decades, dinosaur exhibits opened at parks and museums around the world, ensuring that successive generations would be introduced to the animals in an immersive and exciting way. The enduring popularity of dinosaurs, in its turn, has resulted in significant public funding for dinosaur science, and has frequently spurred new discoveries. In the United States, for example, the competition between museums for public attention led directly to the Bone Wars of the 1880s and 1890s, during which a pair of feuding paleontologists made enormous scientific contributions.The popular preoccupation with dinosaurs has ensured their appearance in literature, film, and other media. Beginning in 1852 with a passing mention in Charles Dickens' Bleak House, dinosaurs have been featured in large numbers of fictional works. Jules Verne's 1864 novel Journey to the Center of the Earth, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 book The Lost World, the 1914 animated film Gertie the Dinosaur (featuring the first animated dinosaur), the iconic 1933 film King Kong, the 1954 Godzilla and its many sequels, the best-selling 1990 novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton and its 1993 film adaptation are just a few notable examples of dinosaur appearances in fiction. Authors of general-interest non-fiction works about dinosaurs, including some prominent paleontologists, have often sought to use the animals as a way to educate readers about science in general. Dinosaurs are ubiquitous in advertising; numerous companies have referenced dinosaurs in printed or televised advertisements, either in order to sell their own products or in order to characterize their rivals as slow-moving, dim-witted, or obsolete. See also Dinosaur diet and feeding Evolutionary history of life Lists of dinosaur-bearing stratigraphic units List of dinosaur genera List of bird genera List of birds List of informally named dinosaurs List of films featuring dinosaurs Further reading University of Southampton (September 29, 2021). "Two New Species of Large Predatory Dinosaur With Crocodile-Like Skulls Discovered on Isle of Wight". SciTechDaily. Zhou, Zhonghe (October 2004). "The origin and early evolution of birds: discoveries, disputes, and perspectives from fossil evidence" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. 91 (10): 455–471. Bibcode:2004NW.....91..455Z. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0570-4. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 15365634. S2CID 3329625. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2019. Paul, Gregory S. (2002). Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6763-7. LCCN 2001000242. OCLC 1088130487.. Stewart, Tabori & Chang (1997). The Humongous Book of Dinosaurs. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 978-1-55670-596-0. LCCN 97000398. OCLC 1037269801. Sternberg, Charles Mortram (1966) [Original edition published by E. Cloutier, printer to the King, 1946]. Canadian Dinosaurs. Geological Series. Vol. 54 (2nd ed.). Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. LCCN gs46000214. OCLC 1032865683. Notes Bibliography == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur

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Cobridge

Cobridge is an area of Stoke-on-Trent, in the City of Stoke-on-Trent district, in the county of Staffordshire, England. Cobridge was marked on the 1775 Yates map as 'Cow Bridge' and was recorded in Ward records (1843) as Cobridge Gate.Cobridge has a car dealer centre (Holdcroft Honda Cobridge) on Sneyd Street, a community centre and a C of E church called Christ Church on Emery Street which is Grade II listed.Cobridge once had a railway station on the Potteries Loop Line.There was once an old school house in Cobridge, at the bottom of Sneyd Street and demolished in 1897. A Victorian school once stood adjacent to Christ Church on the corner of Emery and Mawdesley Streets. The old Granville school was replaced by the new Forest Park school. St. Peter's Catholic school still exists in the area.Cobridge was the location of the Athletic Ground, now the site of a sheltered housing and nursing home complex. Circa 1870, it had a population of 3,378 as recorded in the Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales.The Headquarters of the Air Training Corps 388 (City of Stoke-on-Trent) Squadron are at the RFCA Centre, Martin Leake House, Waterloo Road. References External links Cobridge Station at thepotteries.org Images for SJ8748 at Geograph Britain and Ireland Cobridge - 'the changing face of Cobridge' at thepotteries.org Cobridge streets at thepotteries.org Cobridge, Staffordshire at the FamilySearch Research Wiki Christ Church, Cobridge at Hanley Team Ministry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobridge

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Brie

Brie (; French: [bʁi]) is a soft cow's-milk cheese named after Brie, the French region from which it originated (roughly corresponding to the modern département of Seine-et-Marne). It is pale in color with a slight grayish tinge under a rind of white mould. The rind is typically eaten, with its flavor depending largely upon the ingredients used and its manufacturing environment. It is similar to Camembert, which is native to a different region of France. Brie typically contains between 60% and 75% butterfat, slightly higher than Camembert."Brie" is a style of cheese, and is not in itself a protected name, although some regional bries are protected. Production Brie may be produced from whole or semi-skimmed milk. The curd is obtained by adding rennet to raw milk and warming it to a maximum temperature of 37 °C (98.6 °F). The cheese is then cast into moulds, sometimes with a traditional perforated ladle called a pelle à brie. The 20 cm (8 in) mold is filled with several thin layers of cheese and drained for approximately 18 hours. The cheese is then taken out of the moulds, salted, inoculated with cheese culture (Penicillium candidum, Penicillium camemberti, or Brevibacterium linens), and aged in a controlled environment for at least four or five weeks. If left to mature for longer, typically several months to a year, the cheese becomes stronger in flavour and taste, the pâte drier and darker, and the rind also darker and crumbly, and it is called Brie noir (French for 'black brie'). Overripe brie contains an unpleasantly excessive amount of ammonia, produced by the same microorganisms required for ripening. Nutrition A thirty-gram serving of brie contains 101 calories (420 kJ) and 8.4 grams of fat, of which 5.26 grams are saturated fat. Brie is a good source of protein; a serving of brie can provide 5 to 6 grams of protein. Brie contains a good amount of both vitamin B12 and vitamin B2. Varieties There are now many varieties of brie made all over the world, including plain brie, herbed varieties, double and triple brie and versions of brie made with other types of milk. Indeed, although brie is a French cheese, it is possible to obtain Somerset and Wisconsin brie. The French government officially certifies only two types of brie, Brie de Meaux and Brie de Melun. Some varieties of brie cheese are smoked. Brie de Meaux Brie de Meaux is an unpasteurized round cheese with a diameter of 36 to 37 cm (14 to 15 in), and a weight of about 2.8 kg (6.2 lb). Manufactured in the town of Meaux in the Brie region of northern France since the 8th century, it was originally known as the "Queen's Cheese", or, after the French Revolution, the "Queen of Cheeses," and was eaten by all social classes. It was granted the protection of Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) status in 1980. It is produced primarily in the eastern part of the Parisian basin. Brie de Melun Brie de Melun has an average weight of 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb) and a diameter of 27 cm (11 in), smaller than Brie de Meaux. It has a stronger flavour and more pungent smell. It is made with unpasteurised milk. Brie de Melun is also available in the form of "Old Brie" or black brie. It was granted the protection of AOC status in 1980. French non-AOC bries The following French bries do not have AOC certification: Brie de Montereau, Île-de-France, Brie de Nangis, Brie de Provins, Brie noir, Brie fermier, Brie d'Isigny, Brie de Melun bleu, Brie petit moulé, Brie laitier Coulommiers. International bries Australia: King Island Dairy, on King Island between Victoria and Tasmania, produces a range of cheeses sold as "brie", as does Jindi Cheese in Victoria and High Valley Mudgee Cheese Co in Mudgee, NSW.UK: Cornish Brie; Somerset Brie; Baron Bigod (made in Suffolk); Cenarth Brie (made in Wales); Morangie Brie (made in the Highlands, Scotland); Connage Clava Brie (made in Scotland). US: The Marin French Cheese Company in California has made an unaged cheese since 1865 described as "fresh brie". Kolb-Lena, a Savencia Fromage & Dairy plant in Illinois has made Brie- and Camembert-style cheese since early 1900. Today still producing Brie under the brands: Alouette, Delice de France or award-winning soft cheese under Dorothy's. Brazil: Brazilian "brie" is made in the dairy region located in the Southern area of Minas Gerais state (bordering São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states) and Southeast Minas Gerais (bordering Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo states). Ireland: Ireland produces various "brie" cheeses such as Wicklow Bán Brie, St. Killian Brie, and The Little Milk Company's Organic Irish Brie.New Zealand has many brie-style cheeses. They vary from the huge Mainland brand with Creamy, Double Cream, and Blue varieties to craft cheesemakers such as Grinning Gecko. Serving Brie is produced as a wheel; a segment, or a whole wheel, may be bought. The white rind is edible. The cheese is ready to eat when the outside is firm, and the inside is slightly bouncy and resilient. Underripe Brie is stiff to the touch; overripe Brie is creamier and almost runny. The cheese is sometimes served baked. Storage Brie, like Camembert, is a soft cheese. Its softness allows the rapid widespread growth of bacteria and moulds if the cheese is not stored correctly. It is recommended that soft cheeses such as brie be kept refrigerated. The optimal storage temperature for brie is 4 °C (39 °F) or even lower. The cheese should be kept in a tightly sealed container, tightly wrapped wax paper or plastic wrap to avoid contact with moisture and food-spoilage bacteria which will reduce the shelf life and freshness of the product. Cheese producers specify a "best before date", and say that the quality of the cheese will degrade beyond then. Cheese with blue or green mould may not be safe to eat; the mould may also have spread invisibly to apparently unaffected parts. Comparison with Camembert Camembert is a similar soft cheese that is also made from cow's milk. Camembert is a much more recently developed cheese and is based on Brie. However, there are differences such as its origin, typical market shape, size, and flavour. Brie originates from the Île-de-France while Camembert comes from Normandy. Traditionally, brie was produced in large wheels, 23 to 37 cm (9 to 14.5 in) in diameter, and thus ripened more slowly than the smaller Camembert cheeses. When sold, brie segments typically have been cut from the larger wheels (although some brie is sold as small, flat cylinders), and therefore its sides are not covered by the rind. By contrast, Camembert is ripened as a small round cheese 10 cm (4 in) in diameter by about 3 cm (1.25 in) thick and fully covered by rind. This ratio change between rind and paste makes Camembert slightly stronger when compared to a brie ripened for the same amount of time. Once the rind is cut on Camembert, the cheese typically has a more pungent aroma than does brie. In terms of taste, Camembert has a stronger, slightly sour, and sometimes chalky taste. The texture of Camembert is softer than that of brie, and if warmed, Camembert will become creamier, whereas brie warms without losing as much structure. See also Neufchâtel cheese List of cheeses == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brie

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Bellefontaine

Bellefontaine or "belle fontaine" is the name of several places throughout the world. The name is French for "beautiful fountain". Populated places In FranceBellefontaine, Jura, in the department of Jura Bellefontaine, Manche, in the department of Manche Bellefontaine, Martinique, in the overseas department of Martinique Bellefontaine, Val-d'Oise, in the department of Val-d'Oise Bellefontaine, Vosges, in the department of VosgesIn the United StatesBelle Fontaine, Alabama, a census-designated place Bellefontaine, Mississippi, an unincorporated community Bellefontaine, Missouri, an unincorporated community Bellefontaine, Ohio, a cityElsewhereBelle Fontaine, Ouest, Haiti Bellefontaine, in Bièvre, Belgium Bellefontaine, Wallonia, in Tintigny, Belgium Cemeteries Bellefontaine Cemetery, in St. Louis, Missouri Forts Fort Belle Fontaine County Park, in St. Louis, Missouri Fort Bellefontaine, a historic site in Missouri, United States Train stations Bellefontaine metro station in Toulouse Other Bellefontaine mansion in Lenox, Massachusetts designed by Carrere and Hastings See also Bellfountain (disambiguation) == External links ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellefontaine

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Hahn

Hahn may refer to: Places Hahn (crater), on the Moon Hahn (Holzhausen), a hill in Hesse, Germany Hahn, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality in Germany Hahn Air Base, a former frontline NATO facility near Hahn Frankfurt–Hahn Airport Hahn, Texas, U.S. Businesses The Hahn Company, a defunct American shopping center owner and developer Hahn Air, a German airline Hahn Group, a German industrial company Hahn Brewery, a brewery in Sydney, Australia Hahn Fire Apparatus, a defunct American manufacturer of fire engines and buses People Hahn (surname), a German surname (including a list of people with the name) Ida, Countess von Hahn-Hahn (1805–1880), German author von Hahn, the name of the German-Baltic-Russian noble family Other uses Hahn series, a mathematical formal infinite series Hahn–Banach theorem, theory in functional analysis See also All pages with titles containing Hahn Han (disambiguation) Hann (disambiguation) Hahne

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn

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Lyons-la-Forêt

Lyons-la-Forêt (French pronunciation: ​[ljɔ̃s la fɔʁɛ]) is a commune of the Eure department, Normandy, in northwest France. Lyons-la-Forêt has distinctive historical geography, and architecture, and contemporary culture, as a consequence of the Forest of Lyons, and its bocage, and of the adjacent Pays de Bray. Geography Lyons-la-Forêt is located 34 km (21 mi) from Rouen and 28 km (17 mi) from Gisors. Former name: Saint-Denis-en-Lyons. Lyons was originally the name of the forest Licontio-/Ligontio-, based probably on the Celtic root lic/lig, that is also found in the name of the stream: la Lieure Licoris /Ligoris. Same root as the river Loire < Liger and -ley in Beverley (Yorkshire) from Celtic *bibro *licos > Old English beofor beaver, *licc stream. History An early mention of a ducal residence in Lyons can be found in 936, when William I, Duke of Normandy used to stay. The castle of Lyons-la-Forêt was constructed at the start of the 12th century by Henry I of England, also known as "Henri Beauclerc". He died there in 1135, supposedly from "a surfeit of lampreys".The town and the castle were occupied by King Philip II Augustus of France in 1193 but the following year, Richard I of England, back from captivity, obtained the restitution of Lyons; the king of England and Duke of Normandy stayed frequently until 1198. In 1202, Philip II Augustus re-conquered the city, and after him, several French kings were attracted by the Lyons forest and the good hunting grounds. From 1359 to 1398, the castellan domain of Lyons was part of Blanche de Navarre's dower after she became the widow of King Philip VI of France. In 1403–1422, it was the dower of Isabeau de Bavière, wife of King Charles. In 1419, in the course of the Hundred Years' War, the English took Lyons.During the Second World War, the area was used for parachute drops of agents F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas and André Dewavrin. Population Gallery Sights Gallo-Roman theatre (private property) Castle of Henry I of England (private property) Covered market place (18th century) Church Saint-Denis (12th and 18th centuries) Town hall (17th century) Houses built in typical Normandy style (17th and 18th centuries) The forest is 10,700 hectares, the largest state forest in Normandy and one of the largest Beech forests in Europe. It is renowned for the "cathedral-like" straightness and height of its trees' trunks. One of its characteristics is its numerous open spaces and clearings among which lie small villages and hamlets. This makes a transition between the Vexin plateau and the Andelle valley. Personalities Henry I of England died on 1 December 1135 of food poisoning from eating "a surfeit of lampreys" (of which he was excessively fond) at Lyons-la-Forêt (then Saint-Denis-en-Lyons). The mucus and serum of several lamprey species, including the Caspian lamprey (Caspiomyzon wagneri), river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis and L. planeri), and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), are known to be toxic and require thorough cleaning before cooking and consumption. Lyons-la-Forêt was the birthplace of Enguerrand de Marigny (1260–1315), chamberlain and minister of Philip IV the Fair. It was also the birthplace of Isaac de Benserade, French poet (1612–1691), who was one of the first intellectuals in France to evoke female homosexuality in a theater play. Maurice Ravel stayed in Lyons many times from 1917 to 1922. He wrote music including Le Tombeau de Couperin in Le Fresne, one of the old mansions of Lyons-la-Forêt. Monique de La Bruchollerie (1915 – 1972), the classical concert pianist, lived there all her life with her family. Gérard Souzay (1918 – 2004), the French baritone, lived there for a while during the Second World War, at la Fontaineresse, on the banks of the Lieure. Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann (1879 – 1933) was a renowned French designer of furniture and interiors. His house is described in several publications concerning his life and work. The artist Paul-Émile Pissarro (the youngest son of Camille Pissarro) lived here for some years from 1922, when he bought a house and had the garden designed by his godfather, Claude Monet. See also Communes of the Eure department References External links Aerial pictures of Lyons-la-Forêt Pictures – Some of the town's cultural traits.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons-la-For%C3%AAt

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Saint-Erblon

Saint-Erblon may refer to: Saint-Erblon, Ille-et-Vilaine Saint-Erblon, Mayenne

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Erblon

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Pommerby

Pommerby is a municipality in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommerby

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Pierreval

Pierreval (French pronunciation: ​[pjɛʁval]) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. Geography A small farming village situated some 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Rouen at the junction of the D15 and the D122 roads. The A28 autoroute forms the northwest border of the commune. Population Places of interest The church of St.Martin, dating from the thirteenth century. People Marie Juliette Louvet, grandmother of prince Rainier III of Monaco, was born here in 1867. See also Communes of the Seine-Maritime department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierreval

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Coutarnoux

Coutarnoux (French pronunciation: ​[kutaʁnu]) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. The oldest known form of its name is Curtis Arnulfi, "the enclosure belonging to a (Frankish or other German) man named Arnwulf" who invaded Gaul in the 4th to 6th centuries. See also Communes of the Yonne department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coutarnoux

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Merkendorf

Merkendorf may refer to the following places: Merkendorf, Bavaria, a town in Bavaria, Germany Merkendorf, Thuringia, a municipality in Thuringia, Germany Merkendorf, Austria, a municipality in Styria, Austria Merkendorf (Schollach), a village in the municipality of Schollach, Lower Austria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkendorf

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Independencia

Independencia is the Spanish word for independence. It may refer to: Places Independencia, Chile Independencia Province, Dominican Republic La Independencia, Chiapas, Mexico Independencia, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico Independencia, Paraguay Villa Independencia, original name of Fray Bentos, Uruguay Independencia District (disambiguation) Independencia Municipality (disambiguation) Ships Chilean corvette Independencia (1818) Independencia (1843), Yucetechan naval schooner in the Naval Battle of Campeche Independencia (Peruvian ship) (1865), Peruvian ironclad, wrecked and blew up in 1879 during the War of the Pacific Independencia (1874), ironclad for Brazil whose bungled launch led to bankruptcy of J & W Dudgeon shipbuilders Independencia (1874), provisional name of HMS Neptune (1874) ARA Independencia (1891), Argentine coastal ship ARA Independencia (1958), Argentine aircraft carrier USCGC Icarus (WPC-110) (1932), transferred to the Navy of the Dominican Republic and renamed Independencia P163 Independencia, an Oaxaca-class patrol vessel of the Mexican Navy Independência, a Niterói-class frigate in the Brazilian Navy Other uses Independencia (film), a 2009 Filipino film Independencia (Line C Buenos Aires Underground), a metro station in Argentina Independencia (Line E Buenos Aires Underground), a metro station in Argentina Independencia metro station (Guadalajara), a metro station in Guadalajara, Mexico Independence (short film), a 1997 Paraguayan short film La Independencia, 1966 album by Argentine singer Jorge Cafrune See also Independência (disambiguation), Portuguese for "independence" Independencia Department (disambiguation) Independencia, Cochabamba or Ayopaya, a town in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia Independence (disambiguation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independencia

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Preston

Preston or Prestons may refer to: Places England Preston, Lancashire, an urban settlement The City of Preston, Lancashire, a borough and non-metropolitan district which contains the settlement County Borough of Preston, a local government district containing the settlement from 1835 to 1974 Preston (UK Parliament constituency) Preston railway station in Preston, Lancashire The PR postcode area, also known as the Preston postcode area Preston Urban Area, the conurbation with Preston at its core Preston, Devon (in Paignton) Preston, Teignbridge, in Kingsteignton parish Preston, Dorset Preston, East Riding of Yorkshire, near Kingston upon Hull Preston, Brighton, East Sussex Preston, Cotswold, Gloucestershire Preston, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire Preston, Hertfordshire Preston, London, near Wembley Preston (ward) Preston, Northumberland, the location of Preston Tower Preston, Rutland Preston, Shropshire, in Upton Magna parish Preston, Somerset, in Stogumber parish Preston, Tyne and Wear Preston, Aldbourne and Ramsbury, Wiltshire Preston, Lyneham, Wiltshire Preston Bagot, Warwickshire Preston Bissett, Buckinghamshire Preston Brook, Cheshire Preston Candover, Hampshire Preston Capes, Northamptonshire Preston Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire Preston Deanery, Northamptonshire Preston Gubbals, Shropshire Preston-le-Skerne, County Durham Preston-next-Faversham, Kent Preston-next-Wingham, Dover, Kent; better known as Preston Preston on Stour, Warwickshire Preston-on-Tees, Eaglescliffe, County Durham Preston on the Hill, Cheshire Preston on Wye, Herefordshire Preston Plucknett, Somerset Preston St Mary, Suffolk Preston-under-Scar, North Yorkshire Preston upon the Weald Moors, Shropshire Preston Wynne, Herefordshire Great Preston, West Yorkshire Long Preston, North Yorkshire Australia Preston, Victoria City of Preston (Victoria) Electoral district of Preston Preston, Queensland, Toowoomba and Lockyer Valley regions Preston, Queensland (Whitsunday Region) Preston, Tasmania South Preston, Tasmania Prestons, New South Wales Canada Preston, Nova Scotia East Preston, Nova Scotia North Preston Preston (electoral district) Preston, Ontario Cuba Guatemala, Cuba, also known as Preston, in the Holguín Province Scotland Preston, East Linton, East Lothian Preston, Prestonpans, East Lothian Preston, Scottish Borders, near Duns Preston Island, reclaimed land in the Firth of Forth Prestonkirk or Preston, near East Linton, East Lothian Preston Mill, a watermill near East Linton, East Lothian United States Preston, Alabama, see List of places in Alabama: N–R#P Preston, Arkansas, see List of places in Arkansas: P Preston, California Preston, Colorado Preston, Connecticut Preston, Georgia Preston, Idaho Preston, Illinois Preston, Indiana Preston, Iowa Preston, Kansas Preston, Kentucky Preston, Maryland Preston, Michigan Preston, Minnesota Preston, Mississippi Preston, Missouri (in Hickory County) Preston, Jasper County, Missouri Preston, Nebraska Preston, Nevada Preston, New York Preston, North Carolina Preston, Oklahoma Preston, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, see List of places in Pennsylvania: Pl–Q Preston, McKean County, Pennsylvania, see List of places in Pennsylvania: Pl–Q Preston, South Dakota, a ghost town Preston, Texas (in Grayson County) Preston, Wharton County, Texas Preston, Virginia Preston, Washington Preston, West Virginia Preston County, West Virginia Preston, Adams County, Wisconsin, a town Preston, Grant County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community Preston, Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, a town Preston Road, important thoroughfare to the history and growth of Dallas, Texas, built over a historically important cattle trail Outer space 3792 Preston, an asteroid People Preston (singer) (born 1982), British singer List of people with given name Preston List of people with surname Preston Fictional characters Becky Preston, from the Shiloh movies Bill S. Preston Esq., one half of Bill and Ted, played by Alex Winter Dara Lynn Preston, from the Shiloh movies Dick Preston, The New Dick Van Dyke Show Marty Preston, from the Shiloh movies Preston Northwest from Gravity Falls Sergeant Preston of the Yukon Dr. Preston Burke, from Grey's Anatomy Preston, the robot dog in the Wallace and Gromit film A Close Shave Preston (played by Colin Hanks), Carl Denham's assistant in King Kong (2005 film) Preston, a medical student and former guard's apprentice in the Tiffany Aching subseries of Discworld Cleric John Preston (played by Christian Bale) in Equilibrium (film) Preston "Bodie" Broadus, a character from The Wire, played by J.D. Williams Preston Meyers, main character from Can't Hardly Wait, played by Ethan Embry Preston Winthrop from MySims Agents John James Preston, the full name of Mr. Big (Sex and the City), Carrie Bradshaw's love interest in the Sex and the City television series and ensuing films Preston Tien, a character from Power Rangers Ninja Steel Preston Garvey, a character in Fallout 4 Ships Preston (ship), multiple ships HMS Preston, multiple ships USS Preston, multiple ships WT Preston, a stern wheel snagboat operated by the US Army Corps of Engineers Schools Preston University (United States), controversial unaccredited institution Preston University (Pakistan), private university in Pakistan Preston College, further education college in Preston, Lancashire, England Preston High School (disambiguation), several schools Other HM Prison Preston, a prison in England Preston baronets, baronetcies created for persons with the surname Preston Preston Car Company, a Canadian railway equipment builder Preston station (Houston), Houston, Texas Preston (speedway), a British speedway team Preston North End F.C., an English football club Preston Grasshoppers R.F.C., an English rugby football club Preston Street (disambiguation), several streets Preston Road tube station, a London Underground station Prestons Prestons, New South Wales, Australia Prestons, New Zealand Prestons Station, Kentucky, United States See also City of Preston (disambiguation) Justice Preston (disambiguation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston

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Méon

Méon (French pronunciation: [meɔ̃] (listen)) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Noyant-Villages. See also Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9on

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Saint Peter Basseterre Parish

Saint Peter Basseterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is located on the main island of Saint Kitts and the parish capital is Monkey Hill. Land The parish's 8 square miles (21 km2) consists of forest-covered rugged hills and mountains in the North west and interior, climaxing at the near 3,000 ft (910 m) Olivee's Mountain. Another notable feature is Monkey Hill, which rises to over 1,000 ft (300 m) above sea level. It lies just South-East of Olivee's Mountain. The ridge of hills in the North continues Eastward to the Canada hills before breaking to the Conaree Hills. South of this Northern ridge lies the flat and fertile Basseterre Valley, home to the Monkey Hill Village and most of the other settlements of the parish. It is also home to many peasant farms and also the Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport, which serves the island. The coastline is marked by a 6-mile (9.7 km) long continuous strip of sand that stretches from Saint Mary Cayon, into Saint Peter Basseterre and eventually into Saint George Basseterre, the sands lightening in hue as one descends southward. Notable areas along the stretch are Barker's Point and Conaree Beach. The beaches of Saint Peter Basseterre are used by Leatherback turtles to lay their eggs and have large reef formations offshore. Villages Capital – Monkey Hill Other Villages: Bayford's Canada Conaree John England Village La Fontaine Morgan Heights New Road Saint Peter's Ogee's Parry's StapletonThe parish capital is Monkey Hill and is located in the center of the parish. Other villages located in the central area are New Road, St. Peter's, Parry's, Ogee's, Stapleton, Bayford's and John England Village. Also, Conaree is near the seashore. The fertile lands are in the central area and also on the hillsides of the South East Range mountains. Economy Saint Peter's parish's economy is highly industrial. The Canada Estate area is home to the island's quarry site, and many subsidiary industries which manufacture blocks and ready-mixed concrete. Many of the island's trucking and heavy-equipment services are also headquartered there. The parish is also home to the island's waste disposal area, located North of the village of Conaree. The parish is also home to the island's airport, the larger of the two in the federation. Near the village of Conaree also lies two of the island's best-kept sporting facilities, used for cricket and football. The Conaree area was once home to many small inns, which hugged Conaree beach, though many have been deserted. It also once housed a gospel radio station but it was moved to Nevis in 1990. Agriculture dominates the Basseterre Valley, and peasant farmers rear livestock and grow various fruits and vegetables for local consumption on their small holdings. Tourism is not a particularly key industry in the parish, though it is home to the White House Inn and the ruins of the Château de la Montagne at La Fontaine, once the elaborate and lavish home of St.Kitts' famous former French governor, Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy. Ports The parish is home to the Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport, which serves the island of Saint Kitts, and is often credited as being the finest mid-sized airport in the Caribbean. There are no seaports in the parish due to the harsh Atlantic waves along the coast and the many dangerous reef formations. Community festivals There is but one community festival: the St. Peter's Fest, which is celebrated in October. Many persons from outlying villages such as Monkey Hill and Ogee's watches the splendour in this riveting festival. This festival features calypso shows, queen shows, parties, street jam sessions and late night limes (hang outs). == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_Basseterre_Parish

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Sahand

Sahand (Persian: سهند), is a massive, heavily eroded stratovolcano in East Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran. At 3,707 m (12,162 ft), it is the highest mountain in the province of East Azarbaijan. Sahand is one of the highest mountains in Iranian Azerbaijan, in addition to being an important dormant volcano in the country. The Sahand mountains are directly south of Tabriz, the highest peak of which is Kamal at an elevation of 3,707 m (12,162 ft). Approximately 17 peaks can be accounted for as being over 3,000 m (9,843 ft) in height. Due to the presence of a variety of flora and fauna, the Sahand mountains are known as the bride of mountains in Iran.The absolute dating of Sahand rocks indicates that this volcano has been sporadically active from 12 million years ago up to almost 0.14 million years ago. Sahand is made chiefly of dacite and associated felsic rocks. Winter sports Sahand Ski Resort is on the northern foothills of the mountain and near the city of Tabriz. In the complex the Sahand Skiing Stadium has a 1200 meters length ski area and skiing and snowboarding is practiced in the resort. The snow sculpture competition, which runs once a year at mid-winter in the stadium, is a famous entertainment that attracts spectators and competitors from all over the country. See also List of volcanoes in Iran Sahand University of Technology List of Ultras of West Asia Kandovan rock dwellings References "Sahand". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahand

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Badevel

Badevel (French pronunciation: ​[badvɛl]) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. Population See also Communes of the Doubs department References External links Pays de Montbéliard Web site (in French)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badevel

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Cheney

Cheney often refers to: Cheney (surname), people with the name C. R. Cheney (1906-1987), English historian Dick Cheney (born 1941), 46th vice president of the United States Liz Cheney (born 1966), American attorney and Wyoming conservative politician, daughter of Dick Cheney Mary Cheney (born 1969), younger daughter of Dick CheneyCheney may also refer to: Places Canada Cheney, Ontario, a community in the city of Clarence-Rockland United States Cheney, Kansas Cheney, Missouri Cheney, Nebraska Cheney, Washington Buildings Cheney School, Oxford, United Kingdom Cheney Stadium, Tacoma, Washington See also Cheyney (disambiguation) Chaney (disambiguation) Chanay, a commune in the French département of Ain Cheny, a commune of the Yonne département in France

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheney

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Fretterode

Fretterode is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. It is part of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Hanstein-Rusteberg. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretterode

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Termes-d'Armagnac

Termes-d'Armagnac (French pronunciation: ​[tɛʁm daʁmaɲak], Termes of Armagnac; Gascon: Tèrmis d'Armanhac) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France. Geography Population Notable people Thibault d'Armagnac (1405-1457), companion of Joan of Arc See also Communes of the Gers department Château de Thibault de Termes == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termes-d%27Armagnac

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Trézilidé

Trézilidé (French pronunciation: ​[tʁezilide]; Breton: Trezilide) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France. Population Inhabitants of Trézilidé are called Trézilidéens in French. See also Communes of the Finistère department References External links Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Mayors of Finistère Association (in French)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9zilid%C3%A9

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Josephine

Josephine may refer to: People Josephine (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name) Josephine (singer), a Greek pop singer Places Josephine, Texas, United States Mount Josephine (disambiguation) Josephine County, Oregon, a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon Film and music Josephine (2001 film), an English-language Croatian film directed by Rajko Grlić Joséphine (2013 film), a French film directed by Agnès Obadia Josephine (album), album by Magnolia Electric Co. Songs "Josephine" (Wayne King song), a 1951 song, recorded by many artists including Les Paul and Ray Charles "My Girl Josephine", by Fats Domino, also known as "Josephine" and "Hello Josephine", recorded by many artists Josephine (Too Many Secrets)", a song by Jon English, 1982 "Josephine" (Chris Rea song), a 1985 song "Josephine" (Terrorvision song), a 1998 song "Yes Tonight Josephine", a 1957 song by Johnnie Ray "Josephine", a 1955 song from the musical Silk Stockings, recorded by Gretchen Wyler, and covered by Pearl Bailey in 1959 "Josephine", a 1965 song by Shawn Elliott "Josephine", a 1966 song by Dino, Desi & Billy "Josephine", a 1976 song by String Driven Thing "Josephine", a 1991 song by The Magnetic Fields from the album Distant Plastic Trees "Josephine", a 1996 song by The Wallflowers from the album Bringing Down the Horse "Josephine", a 1999 song by Tori Amos from the album To Venus and Back "Josephine", a 2019 song by Mcfly from the album The Lost Songs Other uses Operation Josephine B, a 1941 attack on an electricity substation in German-occupied France Hurricane Josephine, several hurricanes Josephine Mutzenbacher, an erotic novel from 1906 See also "Goodnight Sweet Josephine", a song by The Yardbirds "Yes Tonight Josephine", a single by Johnnie Ray Josephines Josefina (disambiguation) Josephina (disambiguation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine

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Felsham

Felsham is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. In 2005 its population was 420. History The origin of the name "Felsham" is not clear, but one theory gives its meaning as Faela or "pleasant enclosure". Felsham was listed as Fealsham in the Domesday Book of 1086. Church The church of St Peter serves the parish of Felsham. The present church was largely built in the 14th and 15th century and has an impressive north porch. The interior was unsympathetically renovated during the 19th century. Village life The village is home to the Six Bells public house. Parts of the present building date from the 16th century, though it was largely rebuilt in the 19th and 20th centuries. Felsham was also the home of the Mudlen End Studio, which produced ceramic models of mainly cottages and dwellings from the local area. References External links Village website Felsham & Gedding History Group Felsham history The walker's guide to Felsham Mudlen End Studio Collection Media related to Felsham at Wikimedia Commons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsham

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Neukirch/Lausitz

Neukirch/Lausitz (German) or Wjazońca (Upper Sorbian) is a municipality in Upper Lusatia in the district of Bautzen, in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany. It belongs to the district of Bautzen and is situated in several valleys of the mountain region Lausitzer Bergland, near the hill "Valtenberg" that reaches about 587 metres. It has about 5,066 inhabitants (December 2015) in an area of 21.32 km², a population density of 240 per km². The German name Lausitz means Lusatia. Geography and history At the Valtenberg there is the source of the river Wesenitz. Nearby communities are Doberschau-Gaußig, Wilthen, Steinigtwolmsdorf and Schmölln-Putzkau in the district of Bautzen and Hohwald in the district of Saxon Switzerland The distance to the biggest towns of the region is 15 km to Bautzen and 12 km to the city of Bischofswerda. Neukirch was first mentioned in writing in 1222. The Battle of Bautzen in 1813 between the French and the Russian army took place nearby. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neukirch/Lausitz

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Baulne

Baulne (French pronunciation: [boln] (listen)) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. Inhabitants of Baulne are known as Baulnois. Origin of the village name The origin of the name Baulne is unknown. It was created under the same name as it is today. Geographical situation Baulne is 52 km (32 mi) south of Paris Notre Dame, kilometre zero for the roads in France, 17 km (11 mi) south east of Évry, 16 km (10 mi) north east of Étampes, 1 km (1 mi) north of La Ferté-Alais, 13 km (8 mi) south east of Arpajon, 13 km (8 mi) north west of Milly-la-Forêt, 16 km (10 mi) south east of Corbeil-Essonnes, 18 km (11 mi) south east of Montlhéry, 26 km (16 mi) south east of Palaiseau, 56 km (35 mi) east of Dourdan. It is 107 km (66 mi) away from its former homonym Baulne-en-Brie in the department of Aisne. See also Communes of the Essonne department References External links Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Mayors of Essonne Association (in French)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baulne

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Royan

Royan (French pronunciation: ​[ʁwajɑ̃]; locally [ʁwejɑ̃] in the Saintongeais dialect; Occitan: Roian) is a commune and town in the south-west of France, in the department of Charente-Maritime in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its inhabitants are known as Royannais and Royannaises. Capital of the Côte de Beauté, Royan is one of the main French Atlantic coastal resort towns, and has five beaches, a marina for over 1,000 boats, and an active fishing port. As of 2013, the population of the greater urban area was 48,982. The town had 18,393 inhabitants in 2015. Royan is located on the peninsula of Arvert, at the mouth of the Gironde estuary on its eastern shore. Royan was once of strategic importance, coveted in particular by the Visigoths and the Vikings. During the Reformation the city became a Protestant stronghold, and was besieged and destroyed by King Louis XIII of France (ruled 1610–43). During the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830), and especially during the Second Empire (1852–1870), Royan was celebrated for its sea baths. It attracted many artists during the Roaring Twenties. Allied bombing between September 1944 and April 1945 destroyed the town. Known then as the "martyred city", it was declared a "Laboratory of research on urbanism", and it is now a showcase of the Modernist architecture of the 1950s. It was classified as a Town of Art and History (Ville d'Art et d'Histoire) in 2010. Royan today is a tourist and cultural hub, with some 90,000 visitors each summer season. Geography Royan is a seaside resort town situated in the west of the department of Charente-Maritime, in the former province of Saintonge. It lies near the Atlantic coast on the eastern shore of the mouth of the Gironde, Europe's largest estuary. Along the coastline of the commune, limestone cliffs alternate with the five beaches known locally as conches. Geology The town of Royan is built on a calcareous rock plateau dating from the Cretaceous Period (c. 150 million years ago). It is bounded by the Pousseau marshes to the north and the Pontaillac marshes to the west. The estuary, the cliffs and the conches were shaped approximately 66 million years ago by the folding of limestone layers as the Alps and the Pyrenees formed. Transport Road Royan is approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi) from the administrative capital (prefecture) of the department, La Rochelle, by departmental road D 733 and national road (Route nationale, RN) 137. It is 98 km (61 mi) from Bordeaux by departmental road D 730 and the A10 freeway, and 507 km (315 mi) from Paris. Between Royan and the town of Saintes, the historic capital of Saintonge and an important centre of art and history, travel time on the RN 150 is just under half an hour. Train Royan SNCF railway station is the terminus of a line connecting the town to Saintes, Angoulême, and Niort (for the high-speed TGV rail link to Bordeaux and Paris). Across the Gironde estuary, the station of La Pointe-de-Grave at Le Verdon-sur-Mer connects through the Médoc region to Bordeaux-Saint-Jean station. Airports The conurbation of Royan does not have its own airport. 30 km (19 mi) away, Rochefort-Saint-Agnant Airport offers flights to several European destinations, including the British Isles. La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport is 70 km (43 mi) away. 100 km (62 mi) to the south, Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport provides international connections. Ferry A ferry provides bicycle, car and lorry transport across the Gironde estuary to Le Verdon-sur-Mer in the Medoc region. The crossing takes about 30 minutes. Climate The climate is oceanic: rainfall is relatively moderate in autumn and in winter and the winters are mild. Sea breezes keep summer temperatures moderate. Two winds, the north-westerly noroît and the south-westerly suroît, blow in from the ocean and along the coast of the department. The very high average insolation of 2,250 hours a year is comparable to the French Riviera. Charente-Maritime was the department most affected by Cyclone Martin on 27 December 1999. Winds speeds of up to 198 kilometres per hour (123 mph) were recorded on the island of Oléron, and 194 kilometres per hour (121 mph) in Royan, with severe damage to local buildings, woodland and harbour facilities. History Prehistory and antiquity The site of Royan has been occupied since prehistoric times, as evidenced by archaeological finds of knapped flint. The Santones, a Celtic people, were early arrivals on the peninsula of Arvert. The Romans developed vineyards, oyster farming, and the saltern technique for salt production. The poet Tibullus celebrates the coast after the victory of his patron, the general Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and the poet Ausonius built a villa here. The Visigoths arrived in Saintes in 418. In 419, defensive walls were built around Royan. Gregory of Tours mentions the usurpation of the church of Royan by the Arian Visigoths. In the summer of 844, the Vikings came up the Gironde, plundering everything in their path. Middle Ages At the beginning of the 11th century, a precarious peace returned to the peninsula. Small fiefdoms and abbeys emerged. Between 1050 and 1075, the Prieuré de Saint-Vivien de Saintes built the Saint Pierre priory on the Saint-Pierre plateau, two kilometres from Royan and a small settlement grew there. In 1092, the Grande-Sauve Abbey built the Saint Nicolas priory nearby, on the Foncillon rock on the coast. A small castle in Royan protected the beach of Grande Conche, used as a harbour. Harbour activity was significant by the end of the 11th century, and many vessels used the Gironde estuary as a stopping point while waiting for favourable winds or currents. The Lord of Didonne took advantage of this to impose a tax on any boat mooring at the foot of the castle. In 1137, Eleanor of Aquitaine married King Louis VII of France. Royan became part of the Duchy of Aquitaine, under direct royal control. In 1152, the marriage was annulled and Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet, who became King Henry II of England in 1154. Royan passed into English control. The English king strengthened the town's defences with robust bulwarks and a solid keep. The various taxes paid by ships in the 13th century were codified by the Lords of Royan in 1232 as the Custom of Royan (Coutume de Royan). On May 20, 1242, King Henry III of England, at war with King Louis IX of France (Saint Louis), landed at Royan with 300 knights. Although defeated at Taillebourg, under the Treaty of Paris (1259) the English retained control of the south of Saintonge, and with it the town of Royan. In 1355, during the Hundred Years' War, the Black Prince, heir to the throne of England, occupied Saintonge and further strengthened Royan's defences. Royan became a large town, administered by twelve magistrates (échevins) and twelve councillors. In 1451, at the end of the Hundred Years' War, the region had become definitively French but the town was in ruins. In 1458, Marie de Valois (1444–1473), natural daughter of King Charles VII of France and his mistress Agnès Sorel, married Olivier de Coëtivy, Count of Taillebourg. She brought a dowry of 12,000 écus and the fiefdoms, or châtellenies, of Royan and Mornac. In 1501, by his marriage to Louise de Coëtivy, Charles de la Trémoille became Baron of Royan. Commerce developed in the town, but access was made difficult by the town's fortifications. From the beginning of the 16th century, a new quarter developed along the beachfront. During the French Wars of Religion in the 16th century, many of the great captains of the time fought beneath the walls of the citadel, among them Henri de Navarre, who would become King Henry III of Navarre and then King Henry IV of France, and Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme, later a prior of Saint-Pierre-de-Royan). In 1592, Henry IV made the town a marquisate, granted to Gilbert de la Trémoille. At the beginning of the 17th century, Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, the first Duke of Épernon, considered Royan "one of better places of its size in France". After the signing of the Edict of Nantes in 1598, it became a Protestant stronghold. The town was besieged a first time in 1622 by King Louis XIII of France, but resisted. A second siege in 1623 caused great hardship. Many inhabitants abandoned the city and were banned from returning. The garrison was forced to surrender. In 1631, Cardinal Richelieu ordered the levelling of the town; the citadel was dismantled, and the ditches were filled in. The city, which no longer had a church, was associated with the rural parish of Saint Pierre. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, a majority of the population emigrated, many people going to the Dutch Republic. Persecution continued under King Louis XV. A great storm in 1735 destroyed the harbour embankment, and navigation was not restored until the 19th century. French Revolution On 22 December 1789, the National Constituent Assembly set up in the early stages of the French Revolution voted for the administrative division of France into departments in place of the former provinces. The department of Charente-Inférieure was created on 4 March 1790 with the entry into force of this law. Each department was subdivided into districts, and each district into cantons. Royan became the administrative centre of its canton. Royan elected a city council at that time, chaired by Daniel Renaud, a Protestant, and mayor Nicolas-Thérese Vallet of Salignac. On July 12, 1790, the National Constituent Assembly passed a law, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which subordinated the Catholic Church to the government. The priests of the parishes of Royan, Vaux and Saint-Sulpice refused to take an obligatory oath of allegiance to France under this law, so joining the group of "refractory priests" (prêtres réfractaires) condemned to deportation. Throughout the country, church properties were seized. In Royan, the 1622 convent of the Récollets, set in grounds of 33 hectares (82 acres), was put up for sale. It was bought on 25 February 1791, and then demolished, by shipowner Jean Boisseau. As elsewhere, economic crisis caused growing dissatisfaction in Royan. To counter this, patriotic clubs were formed. On 14 July 1790, on the occasion of the first Festival of the Federation (Fête de la Fédération celebrations the French Revolution, a ceremony was organized in the church of Saint Pierre for the swearing of the solemn oath to the coming first French Constitution, adopted in 1791. At the end of November 1790, mayor Nicolas-Thérese Vallet of Salignac was removed from office and was replaced by François d' Aulnis de Puiraveaux. In 1791, Daniel Renaud was elected mayor of the commune. In May 1791, the pro-republican, anti-royalist Society of the Friends of the Constitution established a branch in Royan. In general terms, however, the Reign of Terror (la Terreur) after the creation of the First French Republic had little impact in the area, and few of the local nobles were affected. Seaside resort Work to pave the town's streets began in 1816, and was finally completed in 1826. In July 1819, mayor Raymond Labarthe signed the first order regulating sea bathing. This forbade nude bathing at beaches neighbouring houses, and reserved Foncillon beach for women. In 1820, it was forbidden "to wash pigs, horses and other cattle in the sea as we have baths". In 1836, a staircase was cut out of the rock to facilitate the landing of passengers from boats. By 1845, civil engineering works by the engineer Botton incorporated the Foncillon cliff into Royan's port. In 1847, the engineer Lessore built the town's first casino. The first street lights were installed in 1854, during a time of considerable development in the town under the Second Empire (1852–1870). Between 1850 and 1870, tourist numbers increased from 9,000 to 10,000, and the population from 3,329 to 4,500. Destruction During World War II, two German forts defended the Gironde estuary: Gironde Mündung Nord (to the north, at Royan) and Gironde Mündung Süd (to the south, at La Pointe de Grave). These constituted one of the last pockets of Third Reich resistance along the Atlantic coast of France, well after the liberation of the rest of the country. A force of some 350 heavy bombers of the Royal Air Force (RAF) bombed Royan in two raids conducted in the early hours of 5 January 1945, destroying the town. Four Lancaster heavy bombers were shot down; no aircrew survived. Two other bombers also crashed after colliding. The raid was ordered by Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), which had been told that the only people left in Royan were Germans and collaborators. Responsibility for this raid is generally attributed to General de Larminat of the Free French Forces.The Allied operation against the German forces on the island of Oléron and at the mouth of the Gironde estuary began with a general naval bombardment on 15 April 1945, some 10 months after D-Day. For five days, the American naval task force assisted the French ground forces with naval bombardment and aerial reconnaissance in the assault on Royan and the Pointe de Grave area at the mouth of the Gironde. American B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator aircraft carried out aerial bombing missions, including extensive and pioneering use of napalm, finishing the destruction of 5 January.The first bombing raids killed over 1,000 civilians and only 23 German soldiers. When the Americans returned later and used napalm, they destroyed the entire town and killed another 1,700 civilians.Blandford writes, "There was a Free French commander with the U.S. Seventh Army outside Royan, who was not informed until too late. The message was in French and the American signalman could not understand it. It took four hours to get it translated". Howard Zinn, author of A People's History of the United States, was one of many bombardiers who participated in the World War II attacks on Royan. He later wrote of the bombardment. . Royan today The town was rebuilt as part of an urban development programme in the 1950s, and is representative of the Modernist architecture of the period. Population The men of Royan are known as Royannais, and its women as Royannaises. International Relations Royan is twinned with: Balingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Gosport, Hampshire, United Kingdom Nafplion (Ναύπλιο), Peloponnese, Greece Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Canada Sights Church of Notre-Dame (église Notre-Dame) Royan's 1877 neo-Gothic church, on what is now the Square Charles de Gaulle, was destroyed when Royan was bombed on January 5, 1945. After the war a new church was built, bigger, architecturally ambitious and spectacular, and drawing its aesthetic inspiration from the large Gothic cathedrals. Notre-Dame de Royan, completed in 1958 and built entirely of reinforced concrete by architects Guillaume Gillet and Marc Hébrard and engineers Bernard Lafaille, René Sarger and Ou Tseng, is considered a masterpiece of contemporary architecture. The church took three years to build. The elliptical nave is 45 metres long by 22 metres wide (148 ft × 72 ft) and has a seating capacity for some 2000 people. It is flanked by an ambulatory, and a gallery three metres above the floor. The gallery is lit by rhombus-shaped stained glass representing the Stations of the Cross. The building's structure alternates prestressed V-shaped reinforced concrete elements made using the Lafaille process, named for its inventor, French engineer Bernard Lafaille, with huge windows, made by master glazier Henri Martin-Granel and covering a total area of 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft). The church was classified as a historical monument in 1988. Convention Centre (Palais des congrès) The Palais des congrès was built in 1957 by Bordeaux architect Claude Ferret. Its design is based on cubic geometry, relieved by the oblique lines of external staircases and by the subtle interweaving of convex inner walls. A glass wall opens a broad outlook onto the Gironde estuary, and the building was later extended with gardens under a transparent cube. It was classified as a historical monument in 2004. Central Market (Marché central) Built in 1955 by architects Louis Simon and Andre Morisseau and engineer René Sarger, the Marché central de Royan is a round concrete shell with walls 8 centimetres (3 in) thick. It rests on thirteen peripheral support-points, and has no internal pillars. The structure is 52.4 metres (171.9 ft) in diameter, with a central height of 10.5 metres (34.4 ft). It served as the model for the market in Nanterre and for the Centre of New Industries and Technologies (CNIT) in the La Défense neighbourhood of Paris. Education Royan's language university, CAREL (Centre Audiovisuel de Royan pour l'Étude des Langues), attracts language students, and foreign students from some 80 countries. Its facilities include twenty soundproof audiovisual rooms, four language laboratories, an auditorium, a library, a television studio and a self-service cafeteria. It prepares students to sit language examinations, including the Diplôme approfondi de langue française (DALF), the Diplôme d'études en langue française (DELF), the Test de connaissance du français (TCF), and the Test de français international (TFI). Junior high schools (collèges) include the Collège Émile Zola, Collège Henry Dunant and Collège Sainte-Marie. Senior high schools (lycées) include the Lycée de l'Atlantique and the Lycée de Cordouan. Sports The main stadium of the city is the Stade d'honneur, near the railway station. Royan has numerous other sports facilities, including two swimming pools, of which one, at Foncillon, is an outdoor seawater pool open in the summer months; several gymnasiums; a sports hall; several tennis courts; a Basque pelota wall; a rugby ground; and a golf course. The commune also has a surf-club, based near Pontaillac beach, and a karting circuit (KFM - Circuit of the côte de beauté). Nearby, La Palmyre, in the commune of Les Mathes, has a racecourse, a riding school and an 18-hole golf course. On 18–24 June 2017, the World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) World Championships of Beach Ultimate were held in Royan. Personalities Born in the commune of Royan: Hadrien David (born 2004), racing driver Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, (c. 1558–1628), merchant, explorer and colonizer Marie Léopold-Lacour (1859-1942), feminist, journalist, writer Eugène Pelletan (1813–84), writer, journalist and politician Jeanne Pelisson-Mallet (1873–1961), painterFamous residents: Pablo Picasso Leon Trotsky Émile Zola See also Communes of the Charente-Maritime department References External links Official website (in French) Tourist office website Royan information (in French) Vidéorama touristique sur Royan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royan

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Carroll County

Carroll County may refer to Carroll County, Arkansas Carroll County, Georgia Carroll County, Illinois Carroll County, Indiana Carroll County, Iowa Carroll County, Kentucky Carroll County, Maryland Carroll County, Mississippi Carroll County, Missouri Carroll County, New Hampshire Carroll County, Ohio Carroll County, Tennessee Carroll County, Virginia See also "The Carroll County Accident", a 1968 country and western song written by Bob Ferguson and recorded by Porter Wagoner East Carroll Parish, Louisiana West Carroll Parish, Louisiana Carroll County Airport (disambiguation) Carroll County Courthouse (disambiguation) Carroll County High School (disambiguation) Carroll County Public Schools (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Carroll County

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County

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Marienrachdorf

Marienrachdorf is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography Marienrachdorf lies 4 km northwest of Selters. The community belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Selters, a kind of collective municipality. History In 1190, Marienrachdorf had its first documentary mention as Rachdorf. In 1972, in the course of municipal restructuring, the Verbandsgemeinde of Selters was founded, to which Marienrachdorf belongs. Politics The municipal council is made up of 12 council members, as well as the honorary and presiding mayor (Ortsbürgermeister), who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 13 June 2004. Apportionment of seats on Council: Clubs Kirchenchor Cäcilia (church choir) Musikverein 1977 Marienrachdorf e.V. (music) Angelsportverein Marienrachdorf (angling) Gymnastikverein (women's gymnastics) Sportverein Marienrachdorf e.V. 1921 (sport) Dartclub Florida Economy and infrastructure Northwest of the community runs Bundesstraße 413, leading from Bendorf to Hachenburg. The nearest Autobahn interchange is Dierdorf on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt). The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line. References External links Marienrachdorf (in German) Verbandsgemeinde of Selters (in German)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienrachdorf

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Burie

Burie (French pronunciation: ​[byʁi]) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. Population See also Communes of the Charente-Maritime department References External links Media related to Burie at Wikimedia Commons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burie

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Union Springs

Union Springs is the name of two places in the United States of America: Union Springs, Alabama Union Springs, New York

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Springs

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Montecassiano

Montecassiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Macerata in the Italian region Marche, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Ancona and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Macerata. The municipality of Montecassiano contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Sant'Egidio, Sambucheto, Vallecascia, and Vissani. Montecassiano borders the following municipalities: Appignano, Macerata, Montefano, Recanati. It is a member of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy") association. Main sights Sights in the town include: Palazzo dei Priori (13th century) Church of San Marco (14th century) Collegiate church of Santa Maria della Misericordia (12th century) Collegiate church Santa Maria Assunta Oratory of San Nicolò (13th century) References External links Official website

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecassiano

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La Roche-Maurice

La Roche-Maurice (French pronunciation: ​[la ʁɔʃ moʁis]; Breton: Ar Roc'h-Morvan) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France. Population Inhabitants of La Roche-Maurice are called in French Rochois. International relations La Roche Maurice's twin town is Bishopsteignton, a village between Newton Abbot and Teignmouth in Devon, England. See also Communes of the Finistère department La Roche-Maurice Parish close List of the works of the Maître de Thégonnec References External links Official website Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Mayors of Finistère Association (in French)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roche-Maurice

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Emberton

Emberton is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority area of the City of Milton Keynes, in Buckinghamshire, England. The village is near the borders with Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire, just to the south of Olney, 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Newport Pagnell, and 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Central Milton Keynes. The parish of Emberton was formed from three villages that were annexed together for ecclesiastical purposes in 1650: Petsoe, Ekeney and Emberton. Today nothing remains of Ekeney and Petsoe only exists as a hamlet called Petsoe End.The village name is an Old English word and means Eanbeorht's Farm. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the village was called Ambretone; in manorial records of 1227 it was Emberdestone, and by the fourteenth century it was Embirtone.In the twelfth century, the manor was owned by the Paynel (sic) family of Newport Pagnell. The parish church is dedicated to All Saints.Although there are no shops in the village, there is a village pub called the Bell and Bear on the site of the old Bell Inn. The former Bear Inn was previously situated near Petsoe where the A509 now runs. Clock tower At the heart of the village is a clock tower, which was restored in 1972 and then renovated with the help of a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. This poem is engraved on a panel below the clock: Nearby geographic features Hollington Wood, a small patch of ancient woodland, lies about a mile south-east of Emberton. The Milton Keynes Wind Farm is located 2 miles east of Emberton. There is also an 18ha solar farm at Rectory Farm, Petsoe Notable people Dan Wheldon (1978–2011), one of the biggest names in American motorsport, hailed from Emberton. Though relatively unknown in his native Britain, Wheldon became a star in the United States after winning both the IndyCar championship and the Indy 500 in 2005 and 2011. He was killed in a high-speed crash involving 15 cars in the 2011 IndyCar season finale held in Las Vegas. Emberton Country Park Emberton Country Park is a 200-acre (81 ha; 0.81 km2) Country park on the river Great Ouse. The original gravel works site where the modern park is located was transformed by Milton Keynes City Council in 1965 into a country park and is the only one in the Milton Keynes UA to be designated as such, and one of five in Buckinghamshire.There are five lakes and a (touring) caravan park within the park area. Notes References External links Emberton Country Park (Milton Keynes Council) Media related to Emberton at Wikimedia Commons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emberton

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Palanpur

Palanpur (Gujarati: પાલનપુર Pālanpur) is a city and a municipality of Banaskantha district in the Indian state of Gujarat. Palanpur is the administrative headquarters of Banaskantha district. Palanpur is the ancestral home to an industry of Indian diamond merchants. Etymology Palanpur in early times is said to have been called Prahladana Patan or Prahaladanapura after its founder Prahladana, mentioned in Jain texts. It was afterwards re-peopled by Palansi Chauhan from whom it took its modern name. Others say that it was founded by Pal Parmar whose brother Jagadev founded nearby Jagana village.According to Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia, the name Pālanpur is derived from Pālhaṇapura, mentioned in a Chaulukya-era inscription.: 71–2 History The Jain texts mentions that Prahladana, brother of Paramara Dharavarsha of Abu, founded Prahladanapur in 1218 and built Prahladana-vihara dedicated to Pallaviya Parshwanatha. The town was re-peopled ruled by Chauhans around thirteenth century. At the start of the seventeenth century, the Palanpur State was taken over by Jhalori dynasty of the Pashtun Lohani tribe which was founded in 1373 and ruled from Jalore (Rajasthan). The dynasty came into historical prominence during the period of instability that followed the demise of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in the early 18th century. It was overrun soon afterwards by the Marathas; the Lohanis followed the trend of seeking recourse in the British East India Company against them and finally entered the subsidiary alliance system in 1817, along with all other neighbouring states, becoming a British protectorate. After independence of India in 1947, Palanpur State was dissolved in 1949 and merged with Union of India as a part of Bombay State. Subsequently, Palanpur became the capital of Banaskantha district of Gujarat. Geography and climate Palanpur is located at 24.10°N 72.25°E / 24.10; 72.25. It has an average elevation of 209 metres (685 ft). Demographics In the 2011 census of India, Palanpur had a population of 141,592. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Palanpur has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 94%, and female literacy is 78%. In Palanpur, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Places of interest In 1750 (Samvat 1806), Bahadur Khan built a brick and mortar city-wall, the Nagarkot of Palanpur. It was 3 miles round, 17 to 20 feet high and 6 feet broad with seven bastioned gateways, and, at the corners, round towers armed with guns. The gateways of the city-walls were Delhi Darwaja, Gathaman Darwaja, Malan Darwaja, Mira Darwaja, Virbai Darwaja, Salempura Darwaja, Sadarpur Darwaja or Shimla Darwaja. Only Mira Darwaja survives today. Sher Muhammad Khan attended the coronation ceremony of King George V in Delhi in 1910 and built a club named after him in 1913. In 1918, his successor Tale Muhammad Khan constructed Kirti Stambh, a 22-metre tower near the railway station commemorating the gallantry of his father and the history of town and his dynasty. He also built Balaram Palace between 1922 and 1936 and later Jorawar Palace (Currently used as Judicial Court) also. In 1939, he also built Shashivan, formerly Jahanara Baug, a garden to commemorate his second marriage with a daughter of an Australian businessman. The old marketplaces are Nani Bazar, Moti Bazar and Dhalvas. Apart from Shahshivan, Chaman Bag is a major public garden in the town. Early Jhalori ruler Malik Mujahid Khan built Mansarovar, a lake dedicated to his queen Manbai Jadeja, in 1628. Mithi Vav Mithi Vav, a stepwell is the oldest surviving monument of town. It is situated in the eastern part of the town. The five storey stepwell can be entered from the west. Based on its architectural style, it is believed that it is constructed in late medieval period but the sculptures embedded in the walls may belong to earlier period. The sculptures include that of Ganesha, Shiva, Apsaras, dancing figures, worshiping couples and floral or geometrical patterns. A worn out inscription found on one sculpture embedded in left wall can not read clearly but the year Samvat 1320 ( 1263 AD) can made out. Temples Palanpur has several temples dedicated to Hinduism and Jainism. Hindu TemplesThe Chaulukya dynasty ruler Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anhilwad Patan is believed to be born in Palanpur. His mother Meenaldevi built Pataleshwar Temple dedicated to Shiva. Other Hindu temples are Lakshman Tekri temple, Mota Ramji Mandir, Ambaji Mata Mandir. Jain TemplesKirti Stambh : The 22m(72 feet) high Tower of Fame was built by a wealthy Jain merchant in the 12 century A.D. and is dedicated to Adinathji (Rishabhnatha), the first of the Tirthankaras. The tower is decorated with Jain Pantheons. Motu Derasar : The Pallaviya Parshwanath Temple, also known as Mota Derasar, was built by King Prahaladan which is dedicated to Parshwanath, 23rd tirthankar. Nanu Derasar Economy Dairy, textile, diamond polishing and marble are major industries of Palanpur. Banas Dairy is one of the largest dairy in the state. The diamond polishing and evaluation industry across India and abroad is dominated by Palanpuri Jain diaspora. Palanpuri Ittars are popular for their fragrance and earned the nickname 'city of flowers' to the town. Education and culture During rule of Jhalori Nawabs, Palanpur became well known for Gujarati Ghazals and poetry. Combination Samosas and Kari are popular snack in the town. Palanpur is an educational hub of Banaskantha. Major schools include Silver Bells English medium school (c.b.s.e),Vividhlakshi Vidyamandir, Shri Ram Vidhyalaya, Aadarsh Vidhyasankool, Matrushree RV Bhatol Eng Med School, M B Karnavat School, K K Gothi Highschool. Palanpur also have various colleges: Banas Medical College, Palanpur Government Engineering College, G D Modi College of Arts, C. L. Parikh College of Commerce, R. R. Mehta College of Science. Apart from these, there are two B.C.A. colleges, B.Ed. colleges, Girls Arts college. Notable people Several notable persons hails from Palanpur: Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri, Indian scholar of Islam Bharat Shah, a diamond merchant, Hindi film financier and B. K. Gadhvi, politician Haribhai P. Chaudhary, politician Chandrakant Bakshi, (1932–2006), Gujarati author. Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer Pranav Mistry, computer scientist and the inventor Rohit Jivanlal Parikh, mathematician, logician and philosopher Mehul Choksi, fugitive Indian-born businessmanPalanpur is a native of the Palanpuri diamond merchants in Surat and Belgium. Transport The town being the headquarters of Banaskantha district is well-connected by road and rail. Rail Palanpur Railway Station, on the Agra-Jaipur-Ahmedabad mainline, comes under the administrative control of Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It has direct rail links on the broad gauge to the cities of Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Mysore, Bangalore, Pune, Mumbai, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Delhi, Dehradun, Muzaffarpur, Bareilly and Jammu. It is connected to most of the cities and towns in Gujarat such as Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodra, Bhuj, Rajkot, Jamnagar and Porbandar. Indian Railways’ proposal to double the broad gauge line between Palanpur and Samakhiali has received government backing. The doubling will benefit the districts of Kutch, Patan and Banaskantha in the state of Gujarat. Road National Highway 27 connecting Beawar in Rajasthan with Radhanpur in Gujarat passes through Deesa-Palanpur, thus connecting it with the cities of (Sirohi), (Udaipur) and (Pali). State Highways SH 712, SH 132 pass through Palanpur and connect it with nearby towns in Gujarat. State Highway SH 41 connects it with Mehsana & Ahmedabad. Air The nearest Airport is the Deesa Airport, originally built to serve the princely state of Palanpur. It is just 26 km from Palanpur city. The nearest International Airport is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad which is 139 km far from Palanpur. Surrounding Cites Gallery Nearby places of interest Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary, a reserve forest sprawling over 180 km2 is located in Jessore is about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) away. Rani ki vav, Patan Sun Temple, Modhera Dantiwada Dam Balaram Palace Resort Kedarnath Mahadev Temple, located in Jessore, about 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Palanpur and Balaram Mahadev temple, located about 14 km from the town are major temples dedicated to Shiva. A temple of Dharmata, who is a patron goddess of Sundhiya family is situated near Balaram Mahadev Temple. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanpur

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Rubécourt-et-Lamécourt

Rubécourt-et-Lamécourt (French pronunciation: ​[ʁybekuʁ e lamekuʁ]) is a former commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune Bazeilles. Population See also Communes of the Ardennes department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9court-et-Lam%C3%A9court

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Orotelli

Orotelli (Sardinian: Oroteddi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) north of Cagliari and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Nuoro. Orotelli borders the following municipalities: Bono, Bottidda, Illorai, Oniferi, Orani. History Human presence in the area is testified as early as the Nuragic period. In the Middle Ages it was part of the Giudicato of Torres and then of that of Arborea, until falling to the Aragonese. Main sights Parish church of San Giovanni Battista (1116), originally in Romanesque style. It has a 14th-century bell tower with a bas-relief decoration including figures and arcane symbols. Several nuraghes and Giants' graves == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orotelli

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Odieta

Odieta is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain. References External links ODIETA in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) (in Spanish)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odieta

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Oncino

Oncino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Turin and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 93 and an area of 48.6 square kilometres (18.8 sq mi).The municipality of Oncino contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Villa, Ruata, Ruera, Serre, Saret, Sant'Ilario, Arlongo, Paschie', Tirolo, Bigorie, Chiotti, and Porcili. Oncino borders the following municipalities: Casteldelfino, Crissolo, Ostana, Paesana, Pontechianale, and Sampeyre. Demographic evolution == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncino

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Leutenthal

Leutenthal is a village and a former municipality in the Weimarer Land district of Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the municipality Ilmtal-Weinstraße. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leutenthal

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Higueras

Higueras is a Spanish municipality in the comarca of Alto Palancia, in the Province of Castellón, Valencian Community. In 2015, the population was 91. History The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Torre de la Higuera. Geography The municipality, part of the judicial district of Segorbe, borders with Caudiel, Montán, Pavías and Torralba del Pinar. The town has an elevation of 2,201 feet (671 m). Demographics References External links Media related to Higueras at Wikimedia Commons (in Spanish) Higueras official website

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higueras

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Loma Linda, California

Loma Linda (Spanish for "Beautiful Hill") is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States, that was incorporated in 1970. The population was 24,791 at the 2020 census, up from 23,261 at the 2010 census.: 26  The central area of the city was originally known as Mound City, while its eastern half was originally the unincorporated community of Bryn Mawr. History The Tongva village of Wa’aachnga, or as the Spanish referred to it as the Guachama Rancheria, was located at what is now Loma Linda. The rancheria was later occupied by the Cahuilla and Serrano after it was established as a mission outpost for Mission San Gabriel in the early 1800s.In the late 1800s, Loma Linda began as a development of tourist halls called Mound City, as encouraged by railroad companies. Shops and cottages were built, but the project would later fail. During the late 1890s, a group of businessmen and physicians from Los Angeles bought the Mound City Hotel and reopened it as a convalescent home and health resort. They called it Loma Linda, meaning 'beautiful hill' in Spanish.In 1905 Seventh-day Adventists John Burden and Ellen G. White purchased the Loma Linda Hotel and property and reopened it as the Loma Linda Sanitarium. In February 1906, The Loma Linda College of Evangelists (now Loma Linda University) was established.In 1969, San Timoteo Creek overflowed its banks, inundating two-thirds of Loma Linda. Many of the bridges over the creek washed away, and Loma Linda Academy was completely flooded. In 2010, the creek again flooded parts of Loma Linda.The city was incorporated in 1970. Geography Loma Linda is located in southwestern San Bernardino County and is considered part of the Inland Empire. It is bordered on the north by the city of San Bernardino, on the east by Redlands, on the west by Colton, and on the south by Riverside County. An area of unincorporated territory in Riverside County separates Loma Linda from the city of Moreno Valley to the south. The remnants of Bryn Mawr, an unincorporated community formerly located between Loma Linda and Redlands, were annexed by the city in 2008. Loma Linda is in the southern San Bernardino Valley. The southern third of the city is known as the South Hills; this rugged and hilly area at the northwestern end of the Badlands is a city-owned open space reserve protected by a local initiative. San Timoteo Creek flows from southeast to northwest through the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.5 square miles (19 km2), 99.99% of it land. Water contamination and air pollution Ground water near Loma Linda is contaminated by a plume of the chemical perchlorate which was used in the manufacturing of solid rocket fuel. This chemical was also formerly (decades ago and in very small amounts) prescribed by physicians to control the overactive thyroid glands of certain patients. A nearby plant operated by Lockheed Aerospace has been implicated in the improper disposal of the rocket fuel ingredient, which leached into the ground water northeast of Loma Linda. Loma Linda's municipal water supply, nevertheless, has been unaffected by the plume, primarily because Lockheed Martin installed a $19 million treatment plant in 2010 to remove both perchlorate and trichloroethylene from water after pumping it from the aquifer. Demographics 2010 At the 2010 Census, Loma Linda had a population of 23,261. The population density was 3,094.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,194.7/km2). The racial makeup of Loma Linda was 47.8% White (11,122 people; 37.0% Non-Hispanic White); 8.7% African American (2,032 people); 0.4% Native American (97 people); 28.3% Asian (6,589 people); 0.7% Pacific Islander (154 people); 8.7% from other races (2,022 people); and 5.4% from two or more races (1,245 people). Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5,171 people (22.2%).The census reported that 22,457 people (96.5% of the population) lived in households, 562 (2.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 242 (1.0%) were institutionalized. There were 8,764 households, 2,650 (30.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,832 (43.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,190 (13.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 461 (5.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 351 (4.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 46 (0.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships, while 2,453 households (28.0%) were one person and 837 (9.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.56. There were 5,483 families (62.6% of households); the average family size was 3.18. The age distribution was 4,859 people (20.9%) under the age of 18, 2,642 people (11.4%) aged 18 to 24, 7,463 people (32.1%) aged 25 to 44, 5,056 people (21.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,241 people (13.9%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 33.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.9 males. There were 9,649 housing units at an average density of 1,283.6 per square mile, of the occupied units 3,432 (39.2%) were owner-occupied and 5,332 (60.8%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.9%. 9,496 people (40.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 12,961 people (55.7%) lived in rental housing units. 2000 At the 2000 Census, there were 18,681 people in 7,536 households, including 4,498 families, in the city. The population density was 2,541.7 inhabitants per square mile (981.4/km2). There were 8,084 housing units at an average density of 1,099.9 per square mile (424.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 54.2% White, 7.2% African American, 0.5% Native American, 24.4% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 7.5% from other races, and 6.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.3%.: 96  Of the 7,536 households 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. Of all households 31.2% were one person and 10.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 3.1.The age distribution was 21.9% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males. The median household income was $38,204 and the median family income was $45,774. Males had a median income of $36,086 versus $35,096 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,189. About 12.9% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.6% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over. Whether or not these poverty statistics include unemployed full-time students is not known. Longevity Residents in Loma Linda have one of the highest rates of longevity in the United States. Writer Dan Buettner has labeled Loma Linda a Blue Zone, an area where the longevity is appreciably higher than the national average and a substantial proportion of the population lives past 100 years. Buettner's 2008 book, The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer From the People Who've Lived the Longest, attributes Loma Linda's longevity rate to Adventist cultural health and diet practices. The city strictly controls the sale of alcohol and has banned public smoking. The church-owned grocery store does not sell meat. Government Loma Linda uses the council-manager form of government, and the City Council is composed of Mayor Rhodes Rigsby, Phill Dupper, Ovidiu Popescu, Ron Dailey, and pro tempore John Lenart.Police services are provided by the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Office. State and federal representation In the California State Legislature, Loma Linda is in the 23rd Senate District, represented by Republican Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh, and in the 40th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Pilar Schiavo.In the United States House of Representatives, Loma Linda is in California's 23rd congressional district, represented by Republican Jay Obernolte. Education The city of Loma Linda forms part of the Redlands Unified School District, with Bryn Mawr Elementary School being situated within Loma Linda city limits. However, the western edge of the city is served by the Colton Unified School District. Also located in the city are Loma Linda Academy, a K-12 school, and Loma Linda University (LLU), a health-sciences higher-learning institution, both run by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Notable firsts at Loma Linda University's medical center include the first baboon-to-human heart transplant and the first split-brain surgery. Sister cities Loma Linda is twinned with Manipal, India, and Libertador San Martin, Argentina, as its sister cities. In popular culture Loma Linda University Medical Center is featured in Venom ER, an Animal Planet program focusing on snakebite treatment at the hospital. Former Loma Linda resident and heart surgeon Ellsworth Wareham was featured in the 2009 documentary film How to Live Forever. Seventh-day Adventist influence Nearly half of the city's residents are members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, a Protestant denomination founded in 1863 that observes Sabbath from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday. In 1904, Seventh-day Adventist church guided by the visions of prophet Ellen G. White purchased a failed resort in the city to create a sanitarium and nursing school. In 1909, the church opened a school of medicine that eventually became Loma Linda University Medical Center. The Loma Linda Foods company was founded in Loma Linda in 1905 by the Seventh-day Adventists.Seventh-day Adventist institutions in the city include the Loma Linda University Church and the Loma Linda Academy. Because many members of the Adventist faith are vegetarians, there are many vegetarian options in Loma Linda restaurants and vegetarian restaurants in the downtown area. The Loma Linda Market grocery store does not sell any red meat, poultry, or seafood.The city is a Blue Zone, where residents live longer than average, and this is attributed to the healthy lifestyle of the many Adventist residents in Loma Linda. Notable people Baby Fae, first infant xenotransplant subject Brent Mayne, former catcher for the Kansas City Royals and San Francisco Giants. Matthew Modine, actor best known for his role in Full Metal Jacket Don Vesco, motorcycle racer in Motorsports Hall of Fame of America Loree Sutton, retired United States Army general and candidate in the 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary Ellsworth Wareham, centenarian former surgeon and World War II veteran. References External links Official website

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Linda,_California

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Cerro Largo

Cerro Largo may refer to: Cerro Largo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Cerro Largo, Herrera, Panama Cerro Largo Department, Uruguay Cerro Largo F.C., Uruguay See also All pages with titles containing Cerro Largo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Largo

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Bad Sülze

Bad Sülze (German: [baːt ˈzʏlt͡sə] (listen), until 1927 Sülze) is a town in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is situated on the river Recknitz, 35 km southwest of Stralsund, and 35 km east of Rostock. Nearby geographical features include a group of three lakes called Torfkuhlen Bad Sülze. Excavations on the Redderstorfer corridor have shown that a settlement in the area of the present town existed from the Neolithic to Bronze Age and, later, from the Slavic times to the Middle Ages. Bad Sülze is known for its spas and may be the oldest brine and moorbath in northern Germany. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_S%C3%BClze

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Rothwell

Rothwell may refer to: Places Australia Rothwell, Queensland, Australia Canada Rothwell, New Brunswick, Canada United Kingdom Rothwell, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom Rothwell, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom Rothwell, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom Rothwell (ward) People with the surname Annie Rothwell (1837–1927), Canadian novelist and poet Ben Rothwell (born 1981), American professional mixed martial arts fighter Ben Rothwell (boxer) (1902–1979), American boxer Caroline Rothwell (born 1967), English-Australian sculptor Charlotte Rothwell, British actress Edward Rothwell (c. 1844–1892), English-born Newfoundland merchant and politician Evelyn Rothwell (1911–2008) (Lady Barbirolli), oboist; wife of Sir John Barbirolli, orchestral conductor Frank Rothwell (born 1936), Irish weightlifter Geoff Rothwell (1920–2017), British bomber pilot Harry Rothwell, former Canadian football player Herbert Rothwell (born 1880), English footballer Jarred Rothwell, South African Muay Thai boxer Jerry Rothwell, British filmmaker Joe Rothwell (born 1995), English professional footballer Michael Rothwell (actor) (1936–2009), British actor Michael Rothwell (sailor) (born 1953), American sailor Naomi D. Rothwell (1917–2000), American statistician and halfway house director Dame Nancy Rothwell (born 1955), British scientist and vice-chancellor of the University of Manchester Nicolas Rothwell, Australian journalist and author Peter Rothwell (1920–2010), English WWII pilot Richard Pennefather Rothwell (1836–1901), Canadian-American civil, mechanical and mining engineer Richard Rothwell (painter) (1800–1868), Irish portrait and genre painter Sir Richard Rothwell, 1st Baronet (c. 1628–1694), English Member of Parliament Walter Henry Rothwell (1872–1927), English conductor Talbot Rothwell (1916–1981), English screenwriter William J. Rothwell (born 1951), American workplace researcher See also Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell, early 19th-century English engineering company Ruthwell, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothwell

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Cova Lima Municipality

Cova Lima (Portuguese: Município Cova Lima, Tetum: Munisípiu Kovalima) is a municipality of East Timor, in the Southwest part of the country. It has a population of 59,455 (Census 2010) and an area of 1,230 km2. The capital of the municipality is Suai, which lies 136 km from Dili, the national capital. Etymology There are two different explanations for the municipality's name. First, it could be derived from koba (a basket used for ritual acts) and lima, the Tetum word for 'five'. The combination is said to represent either the five mythical daughters of the Liurai (traditional title of a Timorese ruler) of Fohorem Nutetu,: 5  or five kingdoms consisting of Fatumea, Dakolo, Lookeu, Sisi and Maudemi.According to a second explanation, the English language name of the municipality is said to be a Portuguese approximation of the words kaua lima or portmanteau Kaualima, which means 'five crows' in Tetum.It has been asserted that the Portuguese version of the name, perhaps intentionally, has a symbolically derogatory meaning, namely 'Five Graves' or 'Five Holes', as the Portuguese word cova means 'grave' or 'hole'. According to that assertion, the Portuguese version may also be a "... form of cultural and mind de-colonization ..." [sic - colonization] of the local name. Geography Cova Lima borders the Timor Sea to the south, the municipalities of Bobonaro to the north, Ainaro to the east, and the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara to the west. Administrative posts The administrative posts of Cova Lima are Fatululic, Fatumean, Fohorem, Zumalai, Maucatar, Suai, and Tilomar. References Notes Bibliography External links Media related to Cova Lima (Municipality) at Wikimedia Commons Cova Lima Municipality – official site (in Tetum with some content in English) Cova Lima Municipality – information page on Ministry of State Administration site (in Portuguese and Tetum)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cova_Lima_Municipality

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Rufus

Rufus is a masculine given name, a surname, an Ancient Roman cognomen and a nickname (from Latin rufus, "red"). Notable people with the name include: Given name Politicians Marcus Caelius Rufus, (28 May 82 BC – after 48 BC), orator and politician in the late Roman Republic Rufus Ada George (born 1940), Nigerian politician Rufus Aladesanmi III (born 1945), Yoruban king Rufus Applegarth (1844–1921), American lawyer and politician Rufus A. Ayers (1849–1926), American lawyer, businessman, and politician Rufus Barringer (1821–1895), American lawyer, politician, and military general Rufus Blodgett (1834–1910), American politician and railroad superintendent Rufus Bousquet (born 1958), Saint Lucian politician Rufus E. Brown (1854–1920), Vermont attorney, farmer, and politician Rufus Bullock (1834–1907), American politician Rufus Carter (1866–1932), Canadian farmer and political figure Rufus Cheney Jr., member of the Wisconsin State Assembly during the 1850 session Rufus W. Cobb (1829–1913), American politician Rufus Curry (1859–1934), Canadian manufacturer and politician Rufus Davis (born 1964), mayor of Camilla, Georgia Rufus B. Dodge Jr. (1861–1935), American lawyer and politician Rufus A. Doughton (1857–1946), American politician Rufus Easton (1774–1834), American lawyer and politician Rufus L. Edmisten (born 1941), American politician and lawyer Rufus Elefante (1903–1994), American politician from Utica, New York Rufus Nelson England (1851–1911), Canadian merchant and political figure Rufus S. Frost (1826–1894), American politician Rufus King Garland Jr. (1830–1886), American politician Rufus K. Goodenow (1790–1863), American politician Rufus Hardy (representative) (1855–1943), American politician Rufus Erastus Hart (1812–1891), American politician and lawyer Rufus Henderson (1779–1847), Canadian physician, merchant and political figure Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading (1860–1935), English politician and jurist Rufus King (1755–1827), pre-Civil War US politician Rufus H. King (1820–1890), American politician Rufus E. Lester (1837–1906), American politician Rufus Anderson Lyman (1842–1910), lawyer and politician in the Kingdom of Hawaii Rufus Mallory (1831–1914), American educator, lawyer, and politician Rufus P. Manson (1830–1897), American politician Rufus McIntire (1784–1866), American lawyer, military officer, congressman, and land surveyor Rufus Wheeler Peckham (1809–1873), American judge and congressman Rufus W. Peckham (1838–1909), American jurist Rufus Ferrand Pelletier (1824–?), American postmaster and politician Rufus Phillips (1929–2021), American intelligence officer Rufus Henry Pope (1857–1944), Canadian politician Rufus King Polk (1866–1902), American politician Rufus Pollock (born 1980), English economist Rufus P. Ranney (1813–1891), American politician Rufus Rodriguez (born 1953), Filipino politician Rufus Smith (1766–1844), Canadian physician and politician Rufus P. Spalding (1798–1886), American politician, lawyer and judge Religious figures Rufus (biblical figure), a first-century Christian mentioned in Mark 15:21 Rufus Anderson (1796–1880), American minister Rufus Babcock (1798–1895), American clergyman and academic Rufus Brome (born 1935), Bishop of Barbados Rufus Hollis Gause (1925–2015), American theologian Rufus Halley (c. 1944–2001), Roman Catholic missionary in the Philippines Rufus K. Hardy (1878–1945), leader and missionary in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Rufus Phineas Stebbins (1810–1885), American clergyman Sportsmen Rufus Alexander (born 1983), American football player Rufus Bess (born 1956), American football player Rufus Brevett (born 1969), English football player Rufus Brown (born 1980), American football player Rufus Crawford (born 1955), Canadian Football League player Rufus Deal (1917–2005), American football player Rufus French (born 1978), American football player Rufus Gilbert (1885–1962), American football, basketball, and baseball player and coach Rufus Granderson (1936–2015), American football player Rufus Guthrie (1942–2000), American football player Rufus Mayes (1947–1990), American football player Rufus Meadows (1907–1970), American baseball player Rufus B. Nalley (1870–1902), football, baseball, and track and field player Rufus Porter (American football) (born 1965), American football player Rufus Sisson (1890–1977), American basketball player Rufus Skillern (born 1982), Canadian football player Rufus Smith (baseball) (1905–1984), American baseball player Performers Rufus Beck (born 1957), German theater, film, and voice actor Rufus Cappadocia, Canadian-American cellist Rufus Carl Gordon, Jr. (1932-2010), commonly known as Carl Gordon, American actor Rufus Harley (1936–2006), American jazz musician Rufus Hound (born 1979), British comedian Rufus Arthur Johnson (born 1976), better known as Bizarre, American rapper Rufus Jones (actor) (born 1975), English actor, comedian and writer Rufus "Speedy" Jones (1936–1990), American jazz drummer Rufus Payne (1883–1939), American blues musician known as Tee Tot Rufus Reid (born 1944), American jazz bassist, educator, and composer Rufus Sewell (born 1967), British actor Rufus C. Somerby (1832–1903), American entertainer, showman, and panoramist Rufus Tiger Taylor (born 1991), English musician Rufus Thibodeaux (1934–2005), American Cajun fiddler Rufus Thomas (1917–2001), American singer Rufus P. Turner (1907–1982), American electronics author Rufus Wainwright (born 1973), Canadian-American singer-songwriter Rufus Waller, better known as Scola, a member of Dru Hill, American singer and musician Others Rufus Travis Amis (1912–2007), American entrepreneur Rufus William Bailey (1793–1863), American academic Rufus Black (born 1969), Vice-Chancellor of the University of Tasmania Rufus Bowen (1947–1978), American professor of mathematics Rufus S. Bratton (1892–1958), American intelligence officer Rufus Columbus Burleson (1823–1901), American academic Rufus T. Bush (1840–1890), American businessman, oil refining industrialist, and yachtsman Rufus Choate (1799–1859), American lawyer and orator Rufus Early Clement (1900–1967), American academic Rufus Cole (1872–1966), American medical doctor Rufus Cowles Crampton (1828–1888), American educator Rufus Dawes (1838–1899), American military officer Rufus C. Dawes (1867–1940), American businessman Rufus Dayglo, English comics artist Rufus of Ephesus, 1st-century Greco-Roman physician and anatomist Rufus Estes (b. 1857 - d.1939), an American chef aboard luxury railway Pullman Company J. Rufus Fears (1945–2012), American historian, scholar, teacher and author Rufus Fitzgerald (1890–1966), American academic at the University of Pittsburgh Rufus Flint (c. 1865 – c. 1895), American Nicaraguan professor of English and mathematics Rufus Edward Foster (1871–1942), American jurist Rufus Franklin (1916–1975), American criminal Rufus Henry Gilbert (1832–1885), American surgeon and inventor Rufus Wilmot Griswold (1815–1857), American anthologist, editor, poet, and critic Rufus Hannah (1954–2017), aka "Rufus the Stunt Bum", of Bumfights fame Rufus Carrollton Harris (1897–1988), American academic Rufus D. Hayes (1913–2002), American attorney, judge, and businessman Rufus G. Herring (1921–1996), American military officer and Medal of Honor winner Rufus Hessberg, American doctor and aeromedical scientist Rufus C. Holman (1877–1959), American politician and businessman Rufus K. Howell (1820–1890), Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court Rufus Hussey (1919–1994), American slingshot marksman Rufus Ingalls (1818–1893), American military general Rufus Henry Ingram (1834–?), American bushwhacker Rufus Isaacs (game theorist) (1914–1981), American mathematician Rufus Zenas Johnston (1874–1959), American military officer and Medal of Honor winner Rufus Jones (writer) (1863–1948), American writer, philosopher and Quaker Rufus R. Jones (1933–1993), American wrestler Rufus Keppel, 10th Earl of Albemarle (born 1965), product designer and founder of a men's-shirt company Rufus King (general) (1814–1876), American newspaper editor, educator, diplomat, and military general Rufus King (writer) (1893–1966), American author of crime novels Rufus King Jr. (1838–1900), American military officer Rufus B. von KleinSmid (1875–1964), American academic Rufus Osgood Mason (1830–1903), American physician, teacher, and researcher in parapsychology and hypnotherapy Rufus May (born 1968?), British clinical psychologist Rufus McCain (1903–1940), American prisoner at Alcatraz Rufus Naylor (1882–1939), Australian sporting entrepreneur and gambler Rufus Norris (born 1965), British theatre director Rufus Palmer (1828–1873), Canadian physician and political figure Rufus Porter (painter) (1792–1884), American painter, inventor, and founder of Scientific American magazine Rufus Putnam (1738–1824), American military officer Rufus N. Rhodes (1856–1910), American newspaper editor Rufus G. Russell (1823–1896), American architect Rufus Sage (1817–1893), American writer, journalist and mountain man Rufus Saxton (1824–1908), American military general Rufus Stephenson (1835–1901), Canadian newspaper editor and political figure Rufus Stokes (1922–1986), American inventorRufus B. Tebbetts (1828–?), American settler Rufus of Thebes, bishop of Thebes in Greece, referenced in Romans 16:13 Rufus Welch (1800–1856), American circus impresario Rufus Corbin Wood (1818–1885), sheriff of Norfolk County, Massachusetts Rufus Yerxa (born 1951), American Deputy Director-General of the World Trade Organization Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum (1849–1925), American illustrator, journalist and author Surname Alexis Rufus (born 1979), English Muay Thai kickboxer Anneli Rufus, American journalist Geoffrey Rufus (died 1141), English Bishop and Lord Chancellor Milan Rúfus (1928–2009), Slovak poet and writer Richard Rufus (born 1975), English football player Cognomen or nickname Rufus (born 1942), stage name of Italian-French actor Jacques Narcy Rufus (Roman cognomen), list of people who had one of the most common of the ancient Roman cognomina King William II of England (1050s–1100), called "William Rufus" Alan Rufus (c. 1040–1089), companion of William the Conqueror Richard Rufus of Cornwall (died 1260), English scholastic philosopher and theologian Roger Squires, crossword compiler nicknamed Rufus Animals Rufus the Hawk, a bird used to keep pigeons away from the tennis grass courts at Wimbledon Fictional characters Rufus (Street Fighter), one of four new fighters in Street Fighter IV Rufus the Bobcat, the mascot for Ohio University Rufus, a naked mole rat from Disney's TV show Kim Possible; see List of Kim Possible characters Rufus Carlin, a main character in the 2016 NBC show Timeless Rufus Moffat, title character of the book Rufus M. by Eleanor Estes Rufus Ruffcut, from Hanna-Barbera's TV show Wacky Races Rufus Scrimgeour, from the Harry Potter universe; see Ministry of Magic Rufus Shinra, from the Final Fantasy VII video games; see Characters of the Final Fantasy VII series Rufus Turner, from the American television drama Supernatural; see List of Supernatural characters Rufus XIV, King of Rubovia, in the 1955 British children's television series A Rubovian Legend Rufus, from the film The Rescuers Rufus, the forgotten 13th apostle in the film Dogma, played by Chris Rock Rufus, protagonist of the children's cartoon series The Dreamstone Rufus, time traveler in the films Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure and Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey, played by George Carlin Rufus, time traveler in the television Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1992 TV series), an adaptation of the above film, played by Rick Overton Rufus Humphrey, a character in Gossip Girl Rufus, a character in the movie Kill Bill: Volume 2, played by Samuel L. Jackson Rufus T. Firefly, a character in the 1933 film Duck Soup, played by Groucho Marx See also Saint Rufus (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Rufus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus

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Zevenhuizen

Zevenhuizen is a common name for places in the Netherlands, meaning seven houses. Hamlets Zevenhuizen, Bunschoten, hamlet in Bunschoten, Utrecht Zevenhuizen, Eemsmond, hamlet in Eemsmond, Groningen Zevenhuizen, Franekeradeel, hamlet in Franekeradeel, Friesland Zevenhuizen, Heeze-Leende, hamlet in Heeze-Leende, North Brabant Zevenhuizen, Kaag en Braassem, hamlet in Kaag en Braassem, South Holland Zevenhuizen, Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland, hamlet in Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland, Friesland Zevenhuizen, Maasdriel, hamlet in Maasdriel, Gelderland Zevenhuizen, Moerdijk, hamlet in Moerdijk, North Brabant Zevenhuizen, Ten Boer (Zevenhuisjes), hamlet in Ten Boer, Groningen Zevenhuizen, Texel, hamlet in Texel, North Holland Zevenhuizen, Tytsjerksteradiel, hamlet in Tytsjerksteradiel, Friesland Zevenhuizen, Werkendam, hamlet in Werkendam, North Brabant Street Zevenhuizen, Heiloo, village in Heiloo, North Holland Quarters Zevenhuizen, Apeldoorn, quarter in Apeldoorn, Gelderland Villages Zevenhuizen, Leek, village in Leek, Groningen Zevenhuizen, Zuidplas, village in Zuidplas, South Holland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevenhuizen

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Fosciandora

Fosciandora (Italian pronunciation: [foʃˈʃandora]) is a comune (municipality) of 670 inhabitants in the Province of Lucca in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Florence and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Lucca. Fosciandora borders the following municipalities: Barga, Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, Gallicano, Pieve Fosciana, Pievepelago. It was annexed by Lucca in the thirteenth century. Gallery == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosciandora

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Hahn bei Marienberg

Hahn bei Marienberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography The community lies in the Westerwald between Limburg und Siegen. The river Nister, which is part of the Sieg drainage basin, flows east to west through the municipal area. Hahn bei Marienberg belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Bad Marienberg, a kind of collective municipality. Its seat is in the like-named town. History In the 9th century, Hahn bei Marienberg had its first documentary mention. Politics The municipal council is made up of 10 council members who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 7 June 2009. Economy and infrastructure South of the community runs Bundesstraße 255, leading from Montabaur to Herborn. The nearest Autobahn interchange is Montabaur on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt), some 22 km away. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line. References External links Hahn bei Marienberg in the collective municipality’s Web pages (in German)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn_bei_Marienberg

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Walnut Grove

Walnut Grove may refer to: Canada Walnut Grove, Langley, British Columbia United States Walnut Grove, Alabama Walnut Grove, Arizona Walnut Grove, Arkansas (disambiguation) Walnut Grove, California Walnut Grove Chinese-American Historic District, Walnut Grove, CA, listed on the NRHP in Sacramento County, California Walnut Grove Commercial/Residential Historic District, Walnut Grove, CA, listed on the NRHP in Sacramento County, California Walnut Grove Japanese-American Historic District, Walnut Grove, CA, listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove (Waterford, Connecticut), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove, Georgia Walnut Grove, McDonough County, Illinois, an unincorporated community in McDonough County Walnut Grove, Putnam County, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Putnam County Altona, Illinois, a village in Knox County formerly known as Walnut Grove Walnut Grove, Hamilton County, Indiana Walnut Grove, Warren County, Indiana Walnut Grove, Iowa, a community in Iowa Walnut Grove, Kansas Walnut Grove (Clarksville, Maryland), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove (Cheneyville, Louisiana), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove (Mer Rouge, Louisiana), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove, Minnesota (home of Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of Little House on the Prairie) Walnut Grove, Mississippi Walnut Grove, Missouri Walnut Grove (Tar Heel, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove, Ohio Walnut Grove, Pennsylvania, on Pennsylvania Route 849 Walnut Grove, South Carolina Walnut Grove Plantation, Spartanburg, SC, listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove, Hardin County, Tennessee, an unincorporated community Walnut Grove, Sumner County, Tennessee, an unincorporated community Walnut Grove (Gallatin, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove (Mount Pleasant, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove, Collin County, Texas Walnut Grove, Smith County, Texas Walnut Grove (Bristol, Virginia), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove (Spotsylvania County, Virginia), listed on the NRHP Walnut Grove, Virginia, the location of NRHP-listed Cyrus McCormick Farm Walnut Grove, Washington Walnut Grove (Union, West Virginia), listed on the NRHP See also Walnut Grove Farm (disambiguation) Walnut Grove School (disambiguation) Walnut Grove School District (disambiguation) Walnut Grove Township (disambiguation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Grove

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Hansford County, Texas

Hansford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,285. Its county seat is Spearman. The county was created in 1876 and organized in 1889. It is named for John M. Hansford, a Texas state congressman and judge. History Native Americans In 1873, English brothers James Hamilton Cator and Arthur J. L. (Bob) Cator were sent by their father, British naval officer Captain John Bertie Cator, to Kansas in search of financial opportunity. The brothers soon found their true calling as buffalo hunters and established an outpost along the North Palo Duro Creek. They named this camp Zulu, and it soon became known as Zulu Stockade.The depletion of the buffalo herds led in part to the ongoing conflict between Indians and settlers. The Second Battle of Adobe Walls took place in neighboring Hutchinson County in 1874 and led to the Red River War of 1874–1875. A group of buffalo hunters attempted a revitalization of Fort Adobe. The Comanches, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa saw the fort and the decimation of the buffalo herd as threats to their existence. Comanche medicine man Isa-tai prophesied a victory and immunity to the white man's bullets in battle. Quanah Parker lead several hundred in a raid on the fort. The buffalo hunters were able to force the Indians into retreat. The Red River War of 1874-1875 was a United States Army campaign to force the removal of Indians in Texas and their relocation to reservations, to open the region to white settlers. Establishment and growth The Texas Legislature formed Hansford County in 1876 from Young and Bexar Counties. The county was organized in 1889. The town of Hansford became the first county seat.Early large ranches in Hansford County were spread in neighboring counties, as well. By 1890, only 23 ranches were in operation in the county. In November 1876, Kansan Thomas Sherman Bugbee established the Quarter Circle T Ranch. The Scissors Ranch was begun in 1878 by William E. Anderson at the Adobe Walls site. The ranch was named after the brand, which looked like a pair of scissors. Coloradan Richard E. McNalty moved to Texas and began the Turkey Track Ranch, which he sold to Charles Wood and Jack Snider in 1881. Scotland- born James M. Coburn formed the Hansford Land and Cattle Company. The Quarter Circle T Ranch and Scissors Ranch were sold to Coburn in 1882. Coburn acquired the Turkey Track Ranch in 1883.In 1887, Hansford became a stage stop on the old Tascosa-Dodge City Trail.In 1909, Anders L. Mordt began to bring in Norwegian farmers to settle the northern part of the county, centering on a rural community they named Oslo.By 1920, 221 farms and ranches had been established in the county. The same year, the North Texas and Santa Fe Railway built into Spearman. By 1929, Spearman became the county seat. Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railway built southward in the 1920s leading to Gruver, becoming the second-largest town in the county. In 1931, the Santa Fe Railroad connected with the Rock Island, joining Morse.The county began to be connected by highways and farm roads, from the 1920s through the 1940s. Oil was discovered in Hansford County in 1937. By the end of 1974, 38,279,469 barrels (6,085,949.2 m3) had been extracted from county lands since 1937. By the 1980s, Hansford County had a diversified economy based on agriculture, oil, and transportation. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 920 square miles (2,400 km2), of which 920 square miles (2,400 km2) are land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) (0.06%) is covered by water. Major highways State Highway 15 State Highway 51 State Highway 136 State Highway 207 Adjacent counties Texas County, Oklahoma (north) Ochiltree County (east) Roberts County (southeast) Hutchinson County (south) Sherman County (west) Demographics Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. As of the census of 2000, 5,369 people, 2,005 households, and 1,489 families resided in the county. The population density was 6 people per square mile (2.3 people/km2). The 2,329 housing units averaged 2 units per square mile (0.77/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 79.88% White, 0.04% African American, 0.75% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 17.47% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. About 31.48% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. In ancestry, 15.6% were of German, 8.4% were of English, 8.2% were of Irish, 6.0% were of American, 3.2% were of Dutch, and 2.3% were of Norwegian. Of the 2,005 households, 36.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.00% were married couples living together, 5.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.70% were not families. About 24.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.14. In the county, the population was distributed as 29.30% under the age of 18, 6.80% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 22.30% from 45 to 64, and 15.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.40 males. The median income for a household in the county was $35,438, and for a family was $40,281. Males had a median income of $29,022 versus $17,668 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,408. About 12.00% of families and 16.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.60% of those under age 18 and 15.00% of those age 65 or over. Communities Cities Gruver Spearman (county seat) Census-designated place Morse Politics See also Dry counties List of museums in the Texas Panhandle Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Hansford County References External links Hansford County government’s website Hansford County from the Handbook of Texas Online Lucky Lindbergh's 1934 Landing in Hansford County Tx Hansford County Profile from the Texas Association of Counties

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansford_County,_Texas

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Rimon-et-Savel

Rimon-et-Savel (French pronunciation: ​[ʁimɔ̃ e savɛl]; Occitan: Rimont e Savèl) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Drôme department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimon-et-Savel

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Illmensee

Illmensee is a municipality of the district of Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. History Illmensee was mediatized to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1803, whose government assigned the township to the district of Pfullendorf. It was reassigned in 1843 to the district of Heiligenberg, which was dissolved in 1938 into the district of Überlingen. Illmensee expanded dramatically after World War II, particularly in the 1960s, when the municipality industrialized. In 1973, as part of that year's reform of Baden-Württemberg's administrative structure, the district of Überlingen was merged into a new one based at Sigmaringen. Geography The municipality (Gemeinde) of Illmensee is situated at the southeastern corner of the district of Sigmaringen, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Illmensee lies along Sigmaringen's border with the district of Ravensburg to the east and the Bodensee district to the south. The municipality is physically located in a depression formed by the Würm glaciation in the Upper Swabian hill country. The municipality's three lakes, the Illmensee itself, Ruschweiler, and the Volzer lakes, are glacial lakes that were also formed by the Würm glaciation. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 833 meters (2,733 ft) Normalnull (NN) to a low of 667 meters (2,188 ft) NN.The Federally-protected Ruschweiler and Volzer Lakes nature reserve is located in Illmensee's municipal area. Politics Illmensee has three boroughs (Ortsteile): Illmensee, Illwanger, and Ruschweiler. Coat of arms Illmensee's coat of arms depicts a white fish leaping over a yellow, three-pointed hill upon a field of red. The coat of arms was taken from the House of Irmensee, a noble family that went extinct in Switzerland in 1591. Transport Local public transport is provided by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau. The municipality has since 2009 been a member of the Bodensee-Oberschwaben Verkehrsverbund. References External links Official website (in German)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illmensee

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Saha District

Saha District is a gu in western Busan, South Korea. It has an area of 40.89 km², and a population of about 375,000. About a third of the area is forest land. Saha-gu became a gu of Busan in 1983. It is home to the Seunghak Campus of Dong-A University. Administrative divisions Saha-gu is divided into 8 legal dong, which all together comprise 16 administrative dong, as follows: Goejeong-dong (4 administrative dong) Dangni-dong Hadan-dong (2 administrative dong) Sinpyeong-dong (2 administrative dong) Jangnim-dong (2 administrative dong) Dadae-dong (2 administrative dong) Gupyeong-dong Gamcheon-dong (2 administrative dong) Sister cities Dongli, China See also Busan Geography of South Korea References External links Saha-gu-City of Busan (in English) Saha-gu website (in English)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saha_District

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Alzen

Alzen (French pronunciation: ​[alzɛ̃]; Occitan: Alzenh) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. Population Inhabitants of Alzen are called Alzenois. See also Communes of the Ariège department References External links Official site

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzen

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Mervent

Mervent (French pronunciation: ​[mɛʁvɑ̃]) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France. Places and monuments The Château de la Citardière The Old Castle ruins in the village, The church Saint-Medard The Mère river. The Mervent-Vouvant forest The Pierre-Brune recreation park The Natur’Zoo. The cave where Louis de Montfort (an 18th-century catholic priest) prayed Main sights See also Communes of the Vendée department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervent

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Argenton-Notre-Dame

Argenton-Notre-Dame (French pronunciation: ​[aʁʒɑ̃tɔ̃ nɔtʁə dam]) is a former commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France with a population of 215 (2018). On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Bierné-les-Villages. Population See also Communes of Mayenne == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenton-Notre-Dame

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Royston

Royston may refer to: Places Australia Royston, Queensland, a rural locality Canada Royston, British Columbia, a small hamlet England Royston, Hertfordshire, a town and civil parish, formerly partly in Cambridgeshire Royston, South Yorkshire, a suburban village, near Barnsley, and Wakefield Royston Vasey, a fictional town in the television series The League of Gentlemen Scotland Royston, Glasgow, a district of Glasgow, traditionally known as Garngad United States Royston, Georgia, a town Royston, Texas, a ghost town Surname Royston is an English Toponymic Surname, and comes from a place in South Yorkshire named Royston. People Royston Drenthe (born 1987), Dutch football player Royston Ellis (born 1941), English writer Royston Ffrench (born 1975), British jockey Royston Evans (1884–1977), Australian cricketer and soccer player, commonly known as Mac Evans Royston Gabe-Jones (1906–1965), Welsh cricketer Royston or Roy Goodacre (born 1967), British Microbiologist and Analytical Chemist Royston Nash, English conductor Royston Tan (born 1976), Singaporean film-maker Royston Vasey, real name of English comedian Roy 'Chubby' Brown Henry Royston (1819–1873), English cricketer Young Lea Royston (1819–1884), Confederate States Army colonel Ivor Royston, American physician and entrepreneur Brigadier General John Royston (1860–1942), South African-born British army officer Richard Royston (1601-1686), English bookseller and publisher Robert Royston (1918–2008), master landscape architect Shad Royston (born 1982), Australian rugby league player Royston Sagigi-Baira (born 1999), Australian singer and winner of Australian Idol in 2023 See also Royston crow, another name of the hooded crow Royston Town F.C., an English football club in Hertfordshire Craigroyston F.C., a Scottish football side Craigroyston Community High School

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royston

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Sõrandu

Sõrandu is a village in Järva Parish, Järva County in northern-central Estonia. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5randu

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Cazillac

Cazillac (French pronunciation: ​[kazijak]; Languedocien: Casilhac) is a former commune in the Lot department in south-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Le Vignon-en-Quercy. See also Communes of the Lot department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazillac

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Aste

Aste or ASTE may refer to: Aste (rapper) (born 1985), Finnish rapper Aste, Estonia, a borough in Kaarma Parish, Saare County, Estonia Aste village, Estonia, A village in Kaarma Parish, Saare County, Estonia Aste, India, a village in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India Aircraft & Systems Testing Establishment, a unit of the Indian Air Force Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment Succinylglutamate desuccinylase or AstE, an enzyme Association for Science Teacher Education, an affiliate of the National Science Teaching Association See also Aste-Béon, a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of France

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aste

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Kalol

Kalol may refer to several places in India: Kalol, Gandhinagar, a city in Gandhinagar district, Gujarat Kalol, Gandhinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) Kalol, Panchmahal, a town in Panchmahal district, Gujarat Kalol, Panchmahal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalol

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Giat

Giat (French pronunciation: ​[ʒja]; Occitan: Giac) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France. Geography The Chavanon (locally called la Ramade) flows southeastward through the south-western part of the commune. See also Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giat

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Ariano Irpino

Ariano Irpino (formerly Ariano di Puglia or simply Ariano) is an Italian city and municipality in the province of Avellino, in the Campania region. With a territory of 186.74 square kilometres (72.10 sq mi) and a population of 22,535 (2017), it is one of the largest settlements in the Irpinia historical district and the modern province. Located 264 kilometres (164 mi) east-southeast of Rome and 104 kilometres (65 mi) east-northeast of Naples, the comune was granted the official status of Città ("City") by a presidential decree of 1952, October 26; it has been recognized as an arts town, too. Geography Overview At an elevation of 788 metres (2,585 ft) above sea level, Ariano Irpino is centered between the Adriatic Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is 39 km east of Benevento, 51 km north-east of Avellino and 62 km south-west of Foggia. Formerly called just Ariano, it was built on three hills, and for that reason it is also known as Città del Tricolle ("City of the Three Knolls"). From the Norman era, but formally only since 1868 to 1930, it was known as Ariano di Puglia. Irpinia is the name given to the area of the Apennine Mountains between Campania and Apulia; the name stems from the Oscan word hirpus, meaning wolf. Ariano lies in the centre of a fertile but rugged district and has only a few buildings of historical importance, as it was devastated by earthquakes in 988, 1456 and 1732. Towering over the surrounding countryside, the town was a military position of some importance in the Middle Ages, and it still has a Catholic diocese and retains many public offices and utilities which serve all surrounding smaller towns too. However, many inhabitants reside in farms and still live on agriculture or craftsmanship. Ariano Irpino experiences a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb/Cfb in the Köppen climate classification), with moderate rain, occasional snow and quite rare hail. Surroundings The municipality borders Apice (BN), Castelfranco in Miscano (BN), Flumeri, Greci, Grottaminarda, Melito Irpino, Montecalvo Irpino, Monteleone di Puglia (FG), Savignano Irpino, Villanova del Battista and Zungoli. History The town is of ancient origin; archaeological evidence points to its continuous settlement from the Neolithic (c. 7th millennium BC) to around 900 BC at La Starza rock site. The foundation of the Roman vicus of Aequum Tuticum, not far from La Starza, was formerly credited to the Hirpini Samnites, although there is no evidence of this (except for the Samnitic Oscan word Tuticum, meaning "public"); in any case, it was only within the Roman Empire that the vicus became the crossroads of the Via Traiana and Via Herculia and Via Aemilia highways. However, soon later Aequum Tuticum dramatically declined following the onset of the barbarian invasions. As a result of this, the three hills started to be inhabited, a high and easily defendable place, and it is here that Ariano proper was born, a fortified city in a strategic position; however its ancient and formidable defensive walls are hardly recognizable today. In a secure place away from the invasions of the Goths and Byzantines, Ariano is a fortified town of the Lombards. Around 800 the Castle of Ariano was built to defend the city against the Byzantines which, although ruined, still proudly stands in the panoramic Villa comunale city park. Successively conquered by the Normans, in 1140 it was the place where the king Roger II of Sicily promulgated the Assizes of Ariano, the then-new constitution of the Kingdom of Sicily. This legal corpus would be adopted almost complete and with a few variations into the Constitutions of Melfi of the Emperor Frederick II. In the same venue Roger II minted the ducat, a coin that would last for seven centuries, until 1860. In 1255, Manfred, son of Frederick II, besieged the city, which resisted strongly thanks to its walls and the combative nature of its inhabitants. During the siege, a group of soldiers from Lucera pretended to be deserters from Manfred's army, and were welcomed into the town. During the night, they revealed their identity, sacking and destroying the city with fire, and killing or deporting many inhabitants. There is still a road marking the event, called La Carnale (The Carnage). More than ten years later, in 1266, Charles I of Anjou rebuilt the city and gave it two thorns of the crown of Christ, still conserved in a reliquary within the Museum of silverware, beside the town's Romanesque cathedral. All these events are commemorated every year (in August) in the Rievocazione Storica del Dono delle Sante Spine (Historical Reinvocation of the Gift of the Sacred Thorns) and the reproduction of the Incendio del Campanile (Belltower Burning), a pyrotechnic event that lights the main square of the city and the side of the cathedral. After the Capetian House of Anjou lost control of Sicily to Peter III of Aragon in the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the city passed to the Provençal family of Sabran from 1294 to 1413; and then into the hands of the Carafa family and the House of Gonzaga. Today are there still in the town buildings that belonged to the Spanish families that governed at the time. On 2 August 1545 the city rebelled against the feudal regime and became a Città Regia (city-state) dependent on the Viceroy of the Kingdom of Sicily. Culture Majolica Ariano is known for the production of majolica, a tin-glazed pottery. The first examples date from the 13th century under the Moorish influence of the Spanish, but Ariano Irpino ceramics became more refined around the 18th century, when the first amphorae and pitchers appear, often simple in the shape, but thinly elaborated. Today's production is even large, including flask, busts, cups, plates, figures, and amphorae. All pieces are splendidly decorated by the craftsmen of Ariano, and often have a fine and elaborate shape. Museums Today the town houses some museums: the City Museum and Ceramics Gallery the Archaeological Antiquarium, which displays artifacts from La Starza and Aequum Tuticum the Museum of Norman Civilization, with a numismatic section and a chamber of Medieval polearms the Catholic Diocesan Museum, with works of art from the diocese of Ariano-Lacedonia the Museum of Silverware, in the Cathedral, which displays two sacred thorns of the crown of Christ gifted to the town by King Charles I of Anjou in 1269 the Museum "Giuseppina Arcucci", at the Sister's of Holy Spirit's. Research activity In the town are located CESN (the European Centre of Norman Studies) and BioGeM (Biology and Molecular Genetics in the Mezzogiorno). Food Ariano Irpino's country-people produce food from traditional agriculture. Many shops and restaurants offer produce as bread, pasta, pizza, meat, cherries, Irpinia olive oil and Caciocchiato, a typical cheese. Dialect Ariano Irpino is home to the Arianese dialect, a variety of the Irpinian dialect. Health Saint Ottone Frangipane Hospital was built in 1972 as a utility for the Campanian health district No. 1, that includes 29 municipalities with a total population of 87,993. Actually an ancient Hospitalis pro Peregrinis et Infirmis, along with a pavilion for lepers, was founded thereabout in 1410, but it was relocated in 1731 in the neighboring St. Jacob Palace, where today is the Ceramics Museum's scientific and educational center. In the north-eastern outskirts of the town there is also the headquarters of MIR (Medicinal Investigational Research), a department of BioGeM University Consortium that is involved in medical and pharmaceutical research. Transport The SS90 national road connects the town to A16 (Naples-Bari motorway) Grottaminarda junction and A14 (Bologna-Taranto highway) Foggia junction. From Ariano Irpino railway station (located 6 km away from the town centre), daily trains reach Rome in 3h30, and Bari in 2 hours. The nearest airport is Naples-Capodichino airport, linked to Ariano Irpino by Air busses; these also reach the towns of Avellino, Benevento and Foggia. People Ottone Frangipane (1040-1127), saint Saint Elzéar of Sabran (1285-1323), Count of Ariano Hieronymus Angerianus (1470-1535), humanist Diomede Carafa (1492-1560), bishop and cardinal Pietro Paolo Parzanese (1809-1852), poet Ortensio Zecchino (b. 1943), academic and politician Luca Morelli (b. 1987), motorcycle racer See also Aequum Tuticum Assizes of Ariano BioGeM Ariano Irpino Cathedral Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia City Museum and Ceramics Gallery (Ariano Irpino) References External links Official website (in Italian) Città di Ariano (in Italian)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariano_Irpino

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La Vall d'Ebo

La Vall d'Ebo is a municipality in the province of Alicante and autonomous community of Valencia, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 32.4 square kilometres (12.5 sq mi) and as of 2011 had a population of 284 people. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vall_d%27Ebo

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Mont

Mont may refer to: Places Mont., an abbreviation for Montana, a U.S. state Mont, Belgium (disambiguation), several places in Belgium Mont, Hautes-Pyrénées, a commune in France Mont, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a commune in France Mont, Saône-et-Loire, a commune in France Other uses Mont (food), a category of Burmese snacks and desserts Mont (surname) Mont., botanical author abbreviation of Camille Montagne (1784-1866), French military physician and botanist Seawise Giant, the largest ship in the world, later renamed MV Mont for her final journey Menthu or Mont, a deity in Egyptian mythology M.O.N.T, South Korean boy group See also Le Mont (disambiguation) Monts (disambiguation) Monte (disambiguation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont

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Saisy

Saisy (French pronunciation: ​[sɛzi]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Geography Saisy is located 28 km (17 mi) from Beaune, 37 km (23 mi) from Chalon-sur-Saône and 21 km (13 mi) from Autun. An aerial view of Saisy (le Bourg) from geoportail.fr. The Chalon-Autun-Beaune triangle is known for its scenery, cuisine and wines. It is gradually becoming a popular place for second home owners from Paris, Holland and increasingly the UK and the US.There are views across the countryside from every part of the commune, yet busy towns and cities, not least Dijon and Lyon, are on the doorstep. Saisy le Bourg is 5 km (3.1 mi) from Épinac and 6 km (3.7 mi) from Nolay, the birthplace of Lazare Carnot in the Côte-d'Or département. The commune of Saisy is composed of five hamlets, le Bourg where the town hall, the church and the school are situated, Sivry, le Vesvre de Saisy, la Forêt de Saisy and Changey. History There are two important monuments at Saisy le Bourg; the twelfth century Church and the Statue of the Madonna. In the year 2000 two signs were added to the RD 973 indicating "Église Romane du XII eme". The choir stalls, the bell tower and the apse are 12th century. The apse is built entirely out of local stone and vaults support the roof in roofing stones. The statue of the Madonna commands a view across the valley and was erected to commemorate the 50th anniversary of a miracle at Lourdes on 8 September 1884. Local school children traditionally visited the monument on The Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary on 15 August but the last procession was in the 1960s. Latterly the statue also became a war memorial. Demographics Highlights The twelfth century church opposite the town hall is classified by the l'Architecte de Batiments de France. This affords protection to the houses in le Bourg, with planning permission requiring their approval as well as the local maire. Horse-riding is available nearby and there are public swimming pools within a short distance. In the summer months camp sites at Épinac, Arnay le Duc and Nolay offer swimming in the lakes. There are many chateaux locally which are well worth a visit, especially the Chateau De La Rochepot which is perched on the hillside just off the D973 to Beaune. The Hospices de Beaune is one of the most famous places in Burgundy and its roof is the signature of the Dukes of Burgundy. There are a multitude of excursions, hikes and walks, in almost the whole of the commune. The Morvan National Park, the equivalent of a rich man's Lake District in the UK, was the base for the French Resistance in the Second World War and is a short drive away. You can also use the area as a base for skiing holidays to the Jura (1 hour away) or Chamonix (2 hours away). Excellent vineyards of the Côte-d'Or and the Côte Chalonnaise are just nearby. There are 68 million bottles of wine produced from the appellation contrôlée areas of the Côte-d'Or département. Wine tasting is a popular pastime with degustation available at numerous caves in the area. If you're an oenophile you won't be disappointed. Wine tasting is a highlight of the area and the history of wine in this region is a rich one. The vineyards, many of which are near the D973, read like a who's who of both red and white wine: Pommard, Volnay, Gevrey-Chambertin, Nuits-Saint-Georges, Clos de Vougeot, Pernand-Vergelesses, Ladoix-Serrigny, Aloxe-Corton, Savigny-lès-Beaune, Chorey-lès-Beaune, Beaune, Corton-Charlemagne, Saint Romain, Monthélie, Auxey-Duresses, Meursault, Montrachet, Saint-Aubin, Puligny-Montrachet, Chassagne-Montrachet, Santenay, Bouzeron, Rully, Mercurey, Givry, Buxy, and Montagny. Transportation Saisy is about 400 miles (644 km) from Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer and can be reached by motorway via Paris or Rheims, with the last half an hour from Beaune via the route des Grands Crus and the vineyards of the Côte and Hautes Côte de Beaune. The French motorway system is second to none and Switzerland, Germany and even Italy are all within a few hours drive. There are cheap flights from the UK to Lyon or Geneva which are only 2 hours drive from the commune. The TGV rail link passes close by and a 20-minute drive to Gare du Creusot TGV means you can park your car (free) at the station and take a day trip (or longer) to Paris or even London. Neighboring places The market towns of Épinac, Nolay and la Rochepot are within 3 miles each side of the commune where there are supermarkets, garages and restaurants. Highlights of the area north of Saisy include Beaune (of course), Clos de Vougeot, the 15th century Hôtel-Dieu, Beaune, medieval Chateau de la Rochepot is only 5 kilometres (3 mi)away. To the southwest, 20 minutes along the D973 from the commune of Saisy and the gateway to the Morvan National Park is the city of Autun. Even before it was conquered by Julius Cæsar, Autun was a bustling city. Through the centuries it has been renowned for its Roman ruins, the 12th Century Cathedral, its Romanesque sculptures, its Rolin Museum and its history. See also Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department References Gallery External links Burgundy Today The Morvan National Park

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saisy

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Bricqueville

Bricqueville (French pronunciation: [bʁikvil] (listen)) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. Population See also Communes of the Calvados department Bricqueville-la-Blouette Bricqueville-sur-Mer == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricqueville

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Untergruppenbach

Untergruppenbach (German: [ʊntɐˈɡʁʊpm̩bax] (listen)) is a municipality near Heilbronn, a city in the northern half of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. There are a total of 7,600 inhabitants living in six villages that form the municipality of Untergruppenbach. Approximately 5,100 live in Untergruppenbach, Donnbronn and Obergruppenbach. An additional 2,500 live in Unterheinriet, Oberheinriet and Vorhof. Untergruppenbach's name roughly means "below the 'Groppe' (a sort of small fish) stream", referring to a small stream that cuts across the valley in which Untergruppenbach and Obergruppenbach are located. The village is distinguished by Burg Stettenfels, a 16th-century castle/manor that stands out above the valley, from its lofty position atop a hill. History Untergruppenbach is first mentioned in the Monastery of Hirsau, where reference is made to a village settled by the Franconians in the 6th century. It was later named after a small fish, the Groppe or Koppe, which is mentioned as being present in a stream near the settlement. After some 700 years of independent rule, the village was sold to Ludwig II, Duke of Bavaria, from whence the orb in the village's coat of arms probably originates. In 1356 Burg Stettenfels is first mentioned. After a series of wars, in 1504 the castle came into the possession of the Dukes of Württemberg. Some years later it was sold to Wolff Philipp of Huernheim, who restored it. In 1551 the famous renaissance merchant-banker Fugger family, of Augsburg, came to own the castle. It is under Count Fugger that the castle received its current appearance. Although the area was unaffected by the Thirty Years' War, during which it was an area under Catholic rule, the plague year of 1635 seriously affected the population, with a significant death toll. In the following decades there were tensions between the inhabitants of the village, who were predominantly Protestant, and the village lords, who were Catholic. When Count Xavier Fugger attempted to build a Catholic church and a Capuchin monastery in 1735 the Duke of Wurttemberg intervened and sent troops to destroy the buildings. The tensions continued and apparently reached a breaking point in 1737, when there was a conflict between the villagers and the castle lord, which ended with violence and the death of two men, with several wounded. The Count fled with his son, and in the proceedings that followed they eventually sold their title to the castle to Duke Karl Eugen, and the village came under the jurisdiction of the Duchy of Wurttemberg. From the 17th century up to World War II the population of the municipality hardly changed, maintaining an average of 1,300. Only during the twentieth century did an immigration wave cause notable changes. The structure of the village has changed significantly. Up until the end of the 19th century the inhabitants were mainly farm workers or involved in craft making. In the late 1800s, with better roads, some of the inhabitants began to work in the quarries and factories of the nearby city of Heilbronn, at one point one of the leading paper manufacturers in Germany. In 1971 the villages of Heinriet were added to the municipality of Untergruppenbach. Untergruppenbach today Although the majority of Untergruppenbach's contemporary residents work in the district of Heilbronn, many are still employed within the municipality or in nearby villages. Viticulture plays a major part in contemporary Untergruppenbach, with the hill upon which Burg Stettenfels stands itself serving as a sloping vineyard. In terms of education, the municipality of Untergruppenbach counts a Hauptschule, two primary schools, two kindergartens, and a Volkshochschule amongst its educational institutions. There are four doctors and two dentists in the municipality, as well as a pharmacy. Amongst the groups represented in the local politics one can find the CDU (Christian Democratic Union), the SPD (German Socialist Party), the Green Party, and the UWG (Independent Voter Community). In the last municipal elections voter turnout was of 58.06%, with the town turning out mainly in favor of the CDU and the independents. The current mayor of Untergruppenbach is Joachim Weller. The municipality shares a strong sense of community, with a large number of leisure and sports associations, as well as a volunteer fire brigade. The municipality has a number of churches, amongst them the 100-year-old Johanneskirche. Protestants and Catholics make up the bulk of the community. The village youth in Untergruppenbach can partake in their own Jugendhaus, or Youth House, a property located in the center of town where they can go to meet and spend time together. For local amusement, Untergruppenbach has a fine municipal swimming pool with heated facilities, as well as the TSV sports center, where any number of physical activities can be practiced, amongst them tennis and soccer. Hikers can find particular enjoyment in the surrounding Swabian-Frankish forest, and activities can be scheduled at the Lutz Siegel Hut, which is located within the forest at a short distance from Burg Stettenfels. The castle has a biergarten located on its foreground, open-air during the summer and enclosed in the colder months. Access to the city of Heilbronn can be achieved easily by autobahn or regular roads. There is regular bus service to and from the city. Nearby villages include Flein, Abstatt, Ilsfeld, Beilstein, Löwenstein, Talheim, Brackenheim and Auenstein. Personalities Theodor Dipper (1903–1969), Protestant pastor and dean (born in Unterheinriet) Friedrich Spieser (1902–1987), politician and publisher, longtime owner and inhabitant of Stettenfels Castle Thomas Ring (1892–1983), painter, poet, astrologer, lived at Stettenfels Castle from 1962 to 1983 References External links Official website (in German)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untergruppenbach

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Sury-près-Léré

Sury-près-Léré (French pronunciation: ​[syʁi pʁɛ leʁe], literally Sury near Léré) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. Geography A farming area comprising the village and several hamlets situated by the banks of the Loire lateral canal about 36 miles (58 km) northeast of Bourges at the junction of the D152 and the D751 roads. The river Loire forms the eastern boundary of the commune. Population Sights The church of St.Jean-Baptiste, dating from the sixteenth century Two feudal mottes A watermill See also Communes of the Cher department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sury-pr%C3%A8s-L%C3%A9r%C3%A9

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Fonyód

Fonyód (German: Fonjod) is a town and holiday resort on the southern shore of Lake Balaton, in north-west Somogy, western Hungary, with over 4,700 residents. It is the seat of Fonyód District. History The first mention of Fonyód was in a letter of Saint Ladislaus from 1082, as the village Funoldi. In 1232, the village was included into the lands of the Tihany Abbey. Maps from the 14th century show Fonyód as an island (with Balaton being larger), with a castle. The castle was occupied and destroyed in 1575 during the Turkish invasion, with no one living in the village by 1580. After the Turkish occupation, Fonyód remained uninhabited until the 19th century. The construction of a railway around Lake Balaton greatly contributed to the village's development. By 1900, Fonyód had become a holiday resort, and by 1910 over a thousand visitors were arriving each year. Fonyód attained town status in 1989. Economy The town is famous for its mineral water which is bottled there under the name Fonyódi and is owned by the Croatian company, Jana (part of Agrokor).The electronics producer cms manufacturing (owned by the Austrian cms electronics) and the Italian electronics device producer Datalogic operate factories in the town. Notable people Csilla Molnár (1969–1986), beauty queen Ilona Győri (1929–2001), actress András Fodor (1929–1997), poet and essayist Twin towns – sister cities Fonyód is twinned with: Borsec, Romania Krotoszyn, Poland Leipheim, Germany Mettet, Belgium Nové Zámky, Slovakia Gallery See also Fonyód–Alsóbélatelep References External links Official website in Hungarian, English and German Street map (in Hungarian)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fony%C3%B3d

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Novelda

Novelda (Valencian pronunciation: [noˈvɛlda], locally [noˈvɛldɛ]; Spanish: [noˈβelda]) is a town located in the province of Alicante, Spain. As of 2009, it has a total population of 27,135 inhabitants. Novelda has important quarries and mines of marble, limestone, silica, clay and gypsum. It is a major centre of the marble industry. It was probably settled by Greeks, although it was controlled by Carthaginians and Romans. Some centuries later it was conquered from the Moors by a son of Ferdinand III of Castile. Places of tourist interest in Novelda include the monastery of Santa María Magdalena (dated from the 19th century), which has a church designed by a disciple of Antoni Gaudí, the Moorish castle of the Mola, with its unique triangular tower, and the Museum of Modernism. This is a well preserved art nouveau house with original artifacts from the 1920s. The house itself is a work of art. The House-Museum is located in a modernist building designed by Pedro Cerdan Martinez (1863-1947) and is now a centre for modernist research and promotion. There are also several natural and salty lakes to visit in the surroundings. Gallery: Santa María Magdalena Notable people Mario Gaspar, footballer Fernando Béjar (born 6 October 1980), former footballer See also Route of the Castles of Vinalopó References External links Novelda Landmarks (in English) Novelda Online (in Spanish) Museo Modernista (in Spanish)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelda

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Platte City, Missouri

Platte City is a city in and the county seat of Platte County, Missouri within the United States. The population was 4,691 at the 2010 census. The city is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. History Platte City was founded by Zadock "Zed" Martin and was incorporated as a city in September 1843. On December 16, 1861, Colonel W. James Morgan's Union Squad razed Platte City, including the courthouse. The Platte County Fair held annually just outside Platte City began in 1863 and is the oldest continuously operating fair west of the Mississippi River. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James planned a robbery of the Platte City bank, but it was never carried out due to his assassination by Robert Ford on the morning of the raid.On July 19, 1933 Bonnie and Clyde were ambushed by, and engaged in, a shootout with local authorities just south of Platte City at the Red Crown Tourist Court. The Frederick Krause Mansion and Platte County Courthouse are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Geography Platte City is located along the south side of the Platte River and the Platte Falls Conservation Area lies to the northeast along the flood plain. I-29 passes the east side of the city and Missouri Route 92 serves the city. Tracy lies on the north side of the river flood plain.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.65 square miles (9.45 km2), of which 3.61 square miles (9.35 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 4,691 people, 1,975 households, and 1,174 families living in the city. The population density was 1,299.4 inhabitants per square mile (501.7/km2). There were 2,214 housing units at an average density of 613.3 per square mile (236.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.9% White, 4.6% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.6% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.9% of the population. There were 1,975 households, of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.7% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age in the city was 35.2 years. 24.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.3% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 11.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.4% male and 49.6% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,866 people, 1,486 households, and 1,017 families living in the city. The population density was 1,147.2 inhabitants per square mile (442.9/km2). There were 1,569 housing units at an average density of 465.6 per square mile (179.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.08% White, 3.34% African American, 0.49% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 1.16% from other races, and 2.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.79% of the population. There were 1,486 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $46,379, and the median income for a family was $52,548. Males had a median income of $36,563 versus $26,169 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,288. About 4.8% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. Education Platte County R-3 School District operates three elementary schools, two middle schools and Platte County High School.Platte City has a public library, a branch of the Mid-Continent Public Library. Transportation Platte City is accessible via Interstate 29 at exit 18. References External links Platte City Historic maps of Platte City in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_City,_Missouri

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L'Aldea

L'Aldea is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Ebre in Catalonia, Spain. It was created in 1983 from parts of the municipality of Tortosa. It is situated on the left bank of the Ebre at the start of the delta. The town is served by the A-7 autopista and the N-340 road, and has a station on the RENFE railway line between Tarragona and Valencia. References Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan). External links Official website (in Catalan) Government data pages (in Catalan)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aldea

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Norwalk

Norwalk is the name of several places in the United States of America: Norwalk, California, a suburb of Los Angeles, and the largest and most populous city named Norwalk Norwalk, Connecticut, a city in southwestern Connecticut that contains several neighborhoods including Central Norwalk, East Norwalk, South Norwalk, and West Norwalk The Norwalk River running through southwestern Connecticut The Norwalk Harbor at the mouth of the river in southwestern Connecticut The Norwalk Islands in Long Island Sound off the coast of Connecticut Norwalk, Iowa, near Des Moines Norwalk, Michigan, in Brown Township Norwalk, Ohio Norwalk, WisconsinNorwalk may also refer to: Norwalk Community College in southwestern Connecticut Norwalk Hospital in southwestern Connecticut Norwalk Hydraulic Press, a juice-making machine invented by Norman W. Walker Norwalk virus, the type species of the Norovirus genus Norwalk Agreement, an agreement between FASB and IASB See also Norwalk station (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Norwalk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk

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Dürrwangen

Dürrwangen is a municipality in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrrwangen

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Nieulle-sur-Seudre

Nieulle-sur-Seudre (French pronunciation: ​[njœl syʁ sødʁ], literally Nieulle on Seudre) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. Population As of 2015, the population of Nieulle-sur-Seudre is 1,230. See also Communes of the Charente-Maritime department References External links Media related to Nieulle-sur-Seudre at Wikimedia Commons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieulle-sur-Seudre

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Carter Lake

Carter Lake may refer the following places: The city of Carter Lake, Iowa and Carter Lake (Iowa–Nebraska) the oxbow lake on the Iowa–Nebraska border for which the city is named Carter Lake (Colorado), a reservoir near Loveland, Colorado Carter Lake (Vancouver Island), a lake on British Columbia's Vancouver Island Carter Lake (Nova Scotia), a lake in Nova Scotia Carters Lake, a lake in Georgia (U.S. state)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Lake

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Weidhausen

Weidhausen bei Coburg (officially: Weidhausen b. Coburg) is a municipality in the southeastern portion of the Coburg district of Bavaria in Germany. Geography City Districts The municipality is divided into three districts: Weidhausen Neuensorg Trübenbach History and Coat of Arms The first documented mentions were Neuensorg in 1195, Trübenbach in 1289 and Weidhausen in 1225. Weidhausen was initially part of the Kloster monastery, later the Coburg principality, and then Bavaria in 1920. A manor was acquired by Georg von Erffa in Weidhausen in 1651. The two eagle wings in Weidhausen's coat of arms came from the crest of this family. The district of Trübenbach is represented in the coat of arms through the stream (using the 'bach' portion of its name, meaning 'stream' in German) with waves. The district of Neuensorg, whose residents were employed in forestry, were symbolized through the inclusion of wood cutting tools, the felling axe and the adze. The colors of gold and blue refer to the colors of Baron von Erffa. The colors of silver and red commemorate the membership of the community to the bishopric of Bamberg. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidhausen

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La Pobla de Mafumet

La Pobla de Mafumet is a small town in the comarca of the Tarragonès, in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia Autonomous Community, Spain. References External links Web page of the l'Ajuntament Government data pages (in Catalan)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pobla_de_Mafumet

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Rutherglen

Rutherglen (, Scots: Ruglen, Scottish Gaelic: An Ruadh-Ghleann) is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, immediately south-east of the city of Glasgow, three miles (five kilometres) from its centre and directly south of the River Clyde. Having previously existed as a separate Lanarkshire burgh, in 1975 Rutherglen lost its own local council and administratively became a component of the City of Glasgow District within the Strathclyde region (along with neighbouring Cambuslang). In 1996 the towns were reallocated to the South Lanarkshire council area. History Rutherglen received the status of Royal Burgh in 1126 by Royal Charter from King David I of Scotland, who reigned from 1124 to 1153. It gradually diminished in importance as neighbouring Glasgow grew in power and size. The masons who built Glasgow Cathedral are thought to have lodged in Rutherglen. In the 14th century Walter Stewart, father of King Robert II, was granted Farme Castle. This was located close to Farme Cross in the north of Rutherglen, and stood until the 1960s.Another castle, Rutherglen Castle, was occupied by an English garrison during the struggle between John Balliol and Robert Bruce for the Scottish crown. It was besieged by Robert the Bruce in 1309 and eventually came into Scottish possession in 1313. It was destroyed by Regent Murray after the Battle of Langside.Rutherglen was a centre of heavy industry, having a long coal mining tradition which died out by 1950. In the 18th century, barges carried coal from Rutherglen to Greenock almost ever day. A small shipyard, T.B. Seath & Co., was in operation on the Clyde at the northern edge of the town for several decades. The Clydebridge Steelworks, situated between Rutherglen and Cambuslang, began operating in the 1880s and employed thousands by the mid-20th century, but the workforce dwindled to a few dozen by the 20th century and now only refines steel produced elsewhere. J & J White Chemicals (later ACC Chrome & Chemicals) in Shawfield, which was in existence from 1820 to 1967, produced more than 70 per cent of the UK's chromate products including chromic acid, chromic oxide pigment, sodium and potassium chromate and dichromate. Today there is a significant legacy of soluble chromium (VI) waste in the area.The town seal's 19th-century Latin motto rendered by Professor George Gilbert Ramsay, "Ex fumo fama" ('fame from smoke') and the local saying from which it derived, "Let Ruglen's lums reek briskly", as well as the deliberately difficult to pronounce alternative "Ru’glen’s wee roond red lums reek briskly" (itself an adaptation of a Scotticism implying a smoking chimney signifying a prosperous, healthy and long life), all refer to the importance of industry and industriousness to the area. The traditional version of the seal itself contained depictions of the Virgin and Child supported by twin angels (earlier by priests with thistles) and a fishing boat and men in the background. Along with the addition of the motto, in the 1889 official version the boat had a water design added, became more prominent and was placed in a shield at front centre, flanked by the angels with a helmet and mantling above, and the Virgin Mary above that. Over a century later, a simplified version was produced in 1999 featuring only the boat, the motto and a crown to represent the historic Royal Burgh status (which by then no longer had any legal significance); in the early 21st century, this seal often appears on the local Christmas lights. The ship and crown appear on the similar South Lanarkshire coat of arms, with cinquefoil flowers representing Hamilton and a double-headed eagle for Lanark. Horse and cattle markets, including the regular Beltane Fair in May and St Luke's Fair in November (accompanied by the baking of sour cakes by locals) were also common and popular until the 20th century, and are the reason for the Main Street being unusually wide.Rutherglen is nowadays primarily a dormitory suburb of Glasgow. Etymology The name of Rutherglen, as well as its Scots name Ruglen, is perhaps from Scottish Gaelic An Ruadh-Ghleann 'the red valley'. The derivation may also however be Welsh, or Cumbric and mean "the valley of Rydderch". Rydderch – pronounced 'rutherch' – 'ruther' as in 'brother' and 'ch' as in 'loch' – was one of the most famous kings associated with the Welsh-speaking kingdom which centred on Dumbarton. Governance Westminster A separate constituency in the Parliament of Scotland from the late 16th century, Rutherglen was a parliamentary burgh represented in the UK Parliament as a component of Glasgow Burghs constituency from 1708 to 1832, and as a component of Kilmarnock Burghs from 1832 to 1918. In 1918, the Rutherglen constituency was created, which became Glasgow Rutherglen in 1983. In 2005, Scottish constituencies for the UK parliament were reviewed with many new seats introduced, and the town is now within the Rutherglen and Hamilton West constituency. Following the 2019 election, Margaret Ferrier is the local MP, replacing Gerard Killen of Scottish Labour who in 2017 had narrowly defeated incumbent Ferrier, herself originally elected in 2015. Ferrier was a Scottish National Party MP until an incident relating to a breach of the COVID-19 pandemic regulations in October 2020 – the SNP whip was withdrawn and she ignored calls to resign, continuing in office as an independent. Holyrood In 1999, the Scottish Parliamentary constituency of Glasgow Rutherglen was created, with the same boundaries as the then UK parliamentary constituency. In 2011, The constituency was redrawn and renamed simply Rutherglen (although it also encompasses Cambuslang and Blantyre). Following the 2016 elections, Clare Haughey (SNP) is the MSP for Rutherglen. The defeated incumbent James Kelly (Labour) was elected as a list MSP for the Glasgow region which includes Rutherglen due to the town's proximity to the city. All local representatives have strong personal ties to the area. South Lanarkshire Council Administratively, the historic town centre is within the Rutherglen Central and North ward of South Lanarkshire Council, which has a population of around 15,000. Taking another ward encompassing the southern parts of the town into consideration, its overall population was approximately 30,000 in 2016. With neighbouring Cambuslang's figures being very similar, the many services and amenities shared between the towns should provide for 60,000 residents, many assessed as living in economic hardship. South Lanarkshire Council election results detailing local wards: 1995, 1999; 2003; 2007; 2012; 2017. Transport Rutherglen Burgh is served by Rutherglen railway station (opened in 1849), with Croftfoot and Burnside stations closer to southern parts of the town. There are also numerous bus links into Glasgow city centre or other destinations such as Hamilton, East Kilbride, Govanhill and Dennistoun, all services either running directly along the Main Street (which has dedicated public transport lanes for peak times) or close to it via Mill Street / Glasgow Road (A730) to the west, Cambuslang Road (A724) to the north or Stonelaw Road / Farmeloan Road (A749) to the east. Glasgow Corporation Tramways operated routes in the area from the early 1900s until the late 1950s. Completion of the M74 Extension in 2011 meant that there is a six-lane motorway bisecting the northern part of the town, allowing easier access to places such as Glasgow Airport and the English border. Some years after the project was completed, studies show that pollution levels on Rutherglen's densely populated Main Street were still measured consistently at dangerously high levels, despite forecasts that traffic levels on urban streets in areas served by the motorway would reduce. Media The local newspaper is the Rutherglen Reformer (owned by Reach plc, with online content presented under the Daily Record banner). The local community radio station is CamGlen Radio. Geography The Royal Burgh of Rutherglen has expanded over the years and now encompasses many other neighbourhoods, the majority built after World War II on land which was either farms or rural estates.Since being granted Royal Burgh status by King David I in the 12th century, the town has grown considerably from its origins as little more than a single street, and although growth has been hampered to some extent by the proximity of the river to the north and the encroaching Glasgow urban sprawl to the west, it now covers a much larger area than the initial Burgh boundaries, although the aforementioned restrictions mean its administrative centre with the majority of facilities and the highest population density is concentrated at the north of its overall territory rather than towards the geographic centre (neighbouring Cambuslang has a similar issue: its town centre is in the far west of its territory, with its boundaries with Rutherglen and the river preventing any expansion in those directions). Historic areas such as Farme Cross, Bankhead and Gallowflat have changed greatly over the years and the village of Burnside (which falls under the Rutherglen boundary but has its own Community Council) also expanded to share a single suburban settlement with its larger neighbour. More recent post-war developments at Newfield and Burnhill within the older part of town, plus those on the peripheries including Blairbeth, Cathkin, Eastfield, Fernhill, Spittal and Springhall have given the town a frequently changing character. Other than some shopping areas and the large industrial estates in Farme Cross and Shawfield, the neighbourhoods referred to are residential in type; the 1922 book Rutherglen Lore indicates a deliberate intention for the historic Burgh area to be encircled to the south by residential suburbs, while all land to its north would be dedicated to industry, and that remains the case a century later. Burgh (Main Street) and Clincarthill The Burgh area includes the old heart of the Royal Burgh of Rutherglen around the ancient and unusually wide, tree-lined Main Street and its environs, which have been designated a conservation area since 2008. It features several religious establishments, various pubs, shops and restaurants, historic and modern civic buildings and community facilities, all within a dense network of housing, mainly tenements. In the 2000s, a webcam focused on the everyday activities at the western end of Main Street was recognised as having among the highest number of views in the world at the time for footage of its type, despite there being no obvious reason for this popularity; the webcam is no longer in operation, although later proposals were made by local civic figures to have another installed.The dominant architectural feature of the Main Street, on its north side, is the imposing Town Hall built in 1862 to a design by Charles Wilson. Having fallen into disrepair and disuse the Category A-listed building was refurbished and extended around 2005 and today is a venue for weddings, theatrical performances and exhibitions, while still providing some local services. Most of the other most important Rutherglen landmarks are in the immediate vicinity of the Town Hall. To its west is Rutherglen Old Parish Church, the fourth incarnation of the institution (which has had a building on the site since around 600 AD) constructed in 1902 to a J. J. Burnet design. Between the church and the town hall sits the ancient graveyard (13th century), the St Mary's bell tower (16th century) and its Kirk Port stone entrance (17th century). The mediaeval church was said to be the location where William Wallace completed a peace treaty between England and Scotland in 1297, and where John de Menteith subsequently agreed a pact to betray Wallace in 1305, events which are marked by plaques and commemorated annually by Scottish nationalists.On the corner of Main Street and Queen Street outside the church is a statue of Dr. James Gorman (1832–1899), a well-known local surgeon – this was erected in 1901 by public subscription due to his great standing in the area for his actions, including treating the injured after mining disasters. To the rear of the church is a Masonic Hall dating from 1897 and built to replace older premises on Cathcart Road – the group can trace their origins locally back to the 1760s. To the immediate east of the Town Hall is the burgh's public library constructed in 1907 to an Edwardian design by Sinclair & Ballantine (technically 'Post Office and Library', but the dedicated post office closed in 2005, with its replacement inside an existing shop further east along the Main Street). A Carnegie library, its main hall to the rear features a stained-glass dome in the roof and oak paneling in the interior. Its first librarian, who also lived in the upper floor, was William Ross Shearer, author of the 1922 book Rutherglen Lore which would come to be considered one of the most important references for the town's long history. The building was refurbished in the early 1990s and re-opened once again in 2010 following a further extensive refurbishment which included an expansion into the Post Office section. On the wide pavement outside the library is a replica of the town's mercat cross (the original stood nearby from the 12th to the 18th century), erected in 1926 as part of Rutherglen's octo-centenary celebrations, and in memory of a former provost of the burgh. It was earlier the site of the old 'Tollbooth and Gaol' (town hall and prison) which was constructed in the 1760s and demolished in the 1900s.Behind the library on King Street is the premises of the local branch of The Salvation Army whose brass band play regularly at the Old Parish Church and who have had a presence in the town since the 1880s; their hall stands roughly on the site of the mediaeval Rutherglen Castle, and replaced a wooden building initially used by the Rechabite Society. The local fire brigade (established 1892) was also based nearby, but since 1970 the local station has been at Cambuslang with other stations fairly close at Polmadie and Castlemilk. Directly across from the Town Hall is St Columbkille's Church, the current main building of which dates from 1940 (designed by Gillespie, Kidd & Coia), although the congregation was established in 1851 and there has been a documented Catholic presence in the local area since the 6th century. Behind the church are its older halls, previously serving as a school, which was rebuilt internally after a major fire in 2004. To the west of the church, hemmed in by tenements is the 1930s Vogue Cinema, which is the only surviving building of its type in the town, although it was converted to a bingo hall in the 1970s. Other buildings of note include the 128-foot (39-metre) spire of Rutherglen East Parish Church at Rutherglen Cross – the junction of Main Street, Farmeloan Road and Stonelaw Road – which was originally built in 1872 for a Reformed Presbyterian congregation, closed in 1981 and was converted into the 'Aspire Business Centre' in 2003. Its church halls became a facility used by local community organisations. After a new eastern section of Main Street was set out with the removal of old cottages beside the church (this would later be extended through the Gallowflat area), in 1914 a cinema, 'The Pavilion' was constructed there to a design by John Fairweather; later being refurbished in 1930 as 'Green’s Picturedrome', it closed in 1959 although was not demolished until the 1980s. A further small church (Rutherglen Congregational Church) was also built opposite the cinema; in the wake of the congregation moving on to new premises on Johnstone Drive (where they remain to this day), its halls were occupied from the late 1930s by the Rutherglen Repertory Theatre, established by Glaswegian actress Molly Urquhart who set up in the town for no particular reason apart from the venue being available. The halls are now apartments (having been the 'Clyde Club' until a 1990s fire) and the theatre company have their premises a few blocks south on Hamilton Road, with many of their performances held at the renovated Town Hall.Behind the East Church on King Street, once the location of one of the local Stonelaw coal mines in the 19th century, is the Rutherglen police station which was built in the mid-1950s; prior to this the local force, established as the Rutherglen Special Constabulary in 1848 (later part of Lanarkshire Constabulary, thereafter Strathclyde Police and today Police Scotland), had their premises and cells in the Tollbooth followed by the new Town Hall. The police station is adjacent to the former district Court and museum and was overlooked to the south by 'Royal Burgh House', an office block built in 1998, originally occupied by the local authority which subsequently relocated the services to East Kilbride and Cambuslang before the building was largely destroyed by a fire in 2022.Further west between King Street and High Street, the ornate Rutherglen Evangelistic Institute was completed in 1887 with input from local businessmen John White (Lord Overtoun) and Daniel Rodger (brother of the local MP Adam Keir Rodger) and played a significant role in supporting local members in military service during World War I, but had fallen out of use and been demolished by the 1940s, with only the later housekeeper's residence still remaining and modern apartments occupying the rest of the site; however, the adjacent three-storey Burgh Primary School building (1901) has been retained and was converted to a business centre. Across the street to the north is Glenburgh Nursery Centre, a modern dedicated council childcare facility for the town centre.In 2010, Burgh Primary moved from their 1901 building to new premises a few blocks east, still in the heart of town on Victoria Street, – this site was previously the location of the Macdonald School: built 1865, used in its later years as an annex for Rutherglen Academy, then as a nursery and community centre, demolished in the 2000s. The new school's mini sports pitch was once the site of the Rutherglen United Presbyterian Church from 1836 until the 1910s while on the opposite side of King Street sits the current Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster premises, next to a wynd leading to Main Street which has existed for several centuries. The Mitchell Arcade indoor shopping precinct on the south side of Main Street, built in the early 1970s in place of a block of older tenements on Mitchell Street and Stonelaw Road and a small cinema (the 'Grand Central') was given a makeover in 2014 and renamed the Rutherglen Exchange Shopping Centre; it has a rooftop car park and used to feature a daily market. A branch of Boots Chemist occupied a corner site both in the older buildings at Rutherglen Cross and when these were replaced, having a presence at the same location in the town for over a century. The land to the east on Stonelaw Road stood unused for several years until the local council housing office (later a business centre) was constructed there in the 1990s, while as of 2020 the land across the road once occupied by the 'Electric Palace Cinema' (later a billiards hall) has never been built upon.A short distance to the west of the Arcade, the contemporary Greenhill Court housing complex similarly replaced a street of tenements at Regent Street, as well as the Royal Burgh Bakery, home to Paterson's bakers (biscuits and oatcakes) from 1895 until 1971 when the factory became outdated and production moved to Livingston. At what is now the western end of Main Street (since it was shortened by the construction of the dual carriageway bypass first phase in the early 1970s), there are two public houses on its northern side; the 'Vogue Bar' has been present for some decades and is known as a base for local Celtic F.C. supporters; the 'Picture House' is a 2009 expansion of the equally venerable Linn O Dee establishment, taking inspiration for its name from another disappeared cinema, the 'Rio', which was demolished in 1971 to make way for the bypass. This extensive work on the road network in this part of the town also caused the destruction of the town's medical clinic (services were relocated to a new Health Centre on Stonelaw Road) and many other older residential and commercial buildings, and physically removed the war memorial and a church from the heart of the burgh (see Burnhill). Most of the pubs in Rutherglen are on the north side of the Main Street and to its west, a legacy of the Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913 when the south side of the street and other parts were declared 'dry areas' following local referendums on the issue. The Act was repealed in the 1970s, but it still drew comment in local media in 2012 when a textiles shop (previously the local co-operative society's headquarters) on the south side of Main Street opposite the Vogue and Picture House was to be converted into a new Wetherspoons pub ('An Ruadh-Ghleann', taking its name from the Gaelic version of Rutherglen).There is a high concentration of licensed premises in the vicinity, several with a continuous presence on the same spot since the mid-19th century and others which have been forced to relocate but carry the traditions of earlier versions including the three aforementioned hostelries on Main Street plus 'The Sportsman' on Glasgow Road, 'The Millcroft' and 'Wallace Bar' on the old section of Mill Street and the 'Cathkin Inn' two blocks further south, 'Harleys Sky Bar', 'Gormans' and 'The Burgh Bar' around Queen Street, 'Chapmans' at Rutherglen Cross and the 'Victoria Bar' a short distance further north, plus three dedicated off-sales and additional licensed grocers, and several other premises which were converted from bars to other uses in the early-21st century. As well as the clustering of pubs being explained by historic licensing arrangements, the proximity of Hampden Park and Celtic Park football stadiums also brings some occasional additional custom to the area, which to some extent also accounts for a high number of bookmakers around the Main Street. While redevelopment saw many of central Rutherglen's older tenements swept away, many of the others also fell into disrepair until work to maintain them was carried out by Rutherglen Housing Action Group, established in 1979. This later became the Rutherglen and Cambuslang Housing Association, based at the Aspire Centre and managing hundreds of properties in the area, although some like Greenhill Court are still managed directly by the local authority. Despite new projects being undertaken regularly by the organisation in the limited space available in the area, the shortage of homes available for rent became a major issue locally going into the 21st century. The town's current railway station opened in 1979 is the fourth such provision in the immediate area, with the first (1842–1879 and second (1879–1897) - on what are now the West Coast Main Line tracks which no longer offer a stop in Rutherglen - accessed from either side of Farmeloan Road. The third version (1892–1979) was further west and accessed off Queen Street; it was soon extended in 1896 to include the Glasgow Central Railway line (which is now the Argyle Line served by the current station) which increased the total number of platforms on various lines to twelve, but this gradually reduced until 1964 when the Beeching cuts resulted in the Glasgow Central extension closing, with only two at Queen Street remaining. On the opening of the Argyle Line and new station in 1979 the old station was abandoned, although its crumbling platforms are still visible and its entrance stairway and walkway is linked to its replacement. Located on an island platform and now directly under elevated M74 motorway, the current station is connected to the Burgh streets via a covered pedestrian overbridge, the main entrance to which on Victoria Street was decorated with murals themed on the history of the town in 2018. Beside this mural to the west is Reuther Hall, a community centre used by a retired ladies group among others, while to the east is the building previously used as the town Employment Exchange - it has been converted into business use, as has the Youth Employment Exchange on King Street, while the local JobCentre service is now based further south at Greenhill Road. Clincarthill Lying immediately to the south of the Burgh area between Greenhill Road and Johnstone Drive, Clincarthill rises high over the Main Street offering fine northern views. The area has a distinctive character of its own, with plenty of remaining old sandstone tenements, villas and terraced houses from the late 19th and early 20th century, some on the incline accessible only via footpaths. A pedestrian overbridge across the busy Mill Street dual carriageway links Clincarthill with the Bankhead neighbourhood to its west. There are several places of worship in the area: Minhaj-ul-Quran mosque (previously a Scout hall), Rutherglen Baptist Church (established 1889, built 1903) and Rutherglen United Free Church (established 1902, built 1935), while the town's JobCentre is built on the site of another (Greenhill Church). Adjacent to this is a vacant plot which was the location of Rutherglen Swimming Pool from 1967 until the 2005 but has lain empty since.There is also a Catholic primary school (St Columbkille's) in Clincarthill, built on the site of Bellevue House, a children's home run by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul from 1912 to 1961 which was discredited in the 2018 Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry.Rutherglen Primary Care Centre, the town's public health facility, is located on flatter land south of Clincarthill backing on to Overtoun Park (where another hill forms to the west) and built around 1999 to replace the Rutherglen Health Centre, which it itself had replaced the old clinic on Main Street that was bulldozed to allow construction of the Mill Street bypass road. Rutherglen Maternity Hospital stood adjacent from 1978 to 1998), but despite a good record of patient care and only 20 years in operation, it was closed and demolished to alleviate financial burdens in the local health board and concentrate a wider range of services over fewer sites. With the hospital constructed on reclaimed park land that had been an excavated part of a mine before being filled in, there was also concern that chromium contamination was present in the ground. The immediate area also features a number of old buildings, including a square block of red sandstone tenements and some grand villas. Farme Cross Farme Cross is one of the boundary areas of Rutherglen and is surrounded to the north by the River Clyde with Glasgow's Dalmarnock district on the opposite bank, the two sides being linked by iron road and rail bridges dating from the 1890s, while it is separated from the old Burgh area uphill to the south by 19th century railway tracks and a 21st century motorway. It originated as the Farme estate crown property which was passed through noble families for centuries. Centred around the Farme Castle, it became known for coal mining from the early 19th century under the control of estate owner James Farie, with other industries soon following. The roads through the territory (A724 and A749) meet to join two busy routes between eastern Glasgow to the north, Rutherglen to the south and Cambuslang (via Eastfield) to the east. It was served by Glasgow's tram network providing transport for the workforces, a role still performed by buses.There are several historic buildings and pieces of street art here, including a set of four carved standing stones ('Boundary Stones' by Richard Brown, 2001) installed in an area of open ground to commemorate the history of the Royal Burgh and its original boundary stones, some of which (dating back to the 18th and 19th century) are themselves still in situ, mostly at Farme Cross and in the southern parts of the town. Another monument ('Slipsteam' by Joseph Ingleby, 2001) alongside the river near Dalmarnock Bridge involves metallic cogged mouldings (featuring designs by local schoolchildren) placed on brick walls and emerging in loops from the ground, and recalls local industry on the Clyde and the contours of the river itself. Businesses at Farme Cross were once many and varied, with the energy to operate them supplied by a large power station just over the river, where the nearby Dalmarnock, Bridgeton and Parkhead districts also developed a similar strong industrial profile The industries included: the Farme Castle Colliery with two pits, associated row cottages and branch railway – its Newcomen atmospheric engine is on display at Summerlee Industrial Heritage Museum (Coatbridge) the Caledonian Pottery which was latterly operated by Hartley's Jams and was later the site of a small steel works; lying in the path of the new motorway construction, it was first subject to an excavation which uncovered the foundations of the original buildings for examination Scotia Bolt Works three dyeing works (Clyde Bank Works; David Millar & Co / Clydesdale Dye Works; Eastfield Dye Works which later became the Eastfield Chair Works) three tube/pipe works (Unicode; James Menzies and Co / Phoenix Tubeworks; and the adjacent James Eadie and Sons / Clydesdale Tube Works, both acquired by Stewarts & Lloyds) three wire rope works (John Todd & Son / Rutherglen Ropes; John Wilson & Son / Eastfield Ropery; and Clyde Patent Rope Works / Allan, Whyte and Co, acquired by British Ropes) the latter of which had a distinctive sandstone office with turret situated on the cross, demolished in the 1990s after falling into disrepair two paper mills (Eastfield Paper Mill near the river and the 'Old Farme' steading which has survived to the 21st century, and the larger Clyde Paper Mill off Cambuslang Road), Adam's Brickworks the Monogram bedding factory (previously used by the EKCO radio equipment company)By the 1970s, the vast majority of these industries had either severely contracted or in most cases closed altogether, causing severe employment difficulties for the area. The low-lying area was severely impacted by a flood in 1994, as had occurred previously in 1903, resulting in improved prevention measures being introduced. One of the firms which endured into the 21st century, Sanmex Chemicals, eventually left town in the 2010s after a merger with an Ayrshire-based rival. Another, the bottling and distribution arm of The Speyside distillery, had closed a few years earlier. Both sites were soon advertised as new investment opportunities.A Tesco superstore built in the early 21st century on some of the vacant former industrial land between the river and railway lines off Dalmarnock Road (specifically the Phoenix Tubeworks, which had been converted into a trading estate) was later extended to feature two fast-food restaurants. A small light industry development borders the superstore, and this mirrors the changes throughout Farme Cross, with the bustling but dirty factories of the past gradually being replaced by small workshops, business units and modern warehouses and depots, though in some cases with an intervening period of several years as derelict buildings, then cleared brownfield land awaiting development. Regeneration projects (controlled by the Clyde Gateway organisation) accelerated following the completion of the M74 Extension to the Glasgow Region Motorway network in 2011, with Junction 2 directly serving Farme Cross. This led to more ambitious plans being adopted for the area (as well as at Shawfield), including the Rutherglen Links environmentally friendly business park, the main building for which occupies a prominent location off Farmeloan Road, with further office pavilions further east towards the motorway junction.Various further commercial proposals have been put forward for the eastern part of this area, with disused depots levelled and a driving range under construction between 2020 and 2022.Despite its identity being dominated by heavy industry, there has always been a residential aspect to Farme Cross. The oldest surviving examples are the Terrace cottages, a cluster of four small streets built for local workers by the Glasgow Working Men's Investment and Building Society in the 1880s, the only co-operative housing of this kind in the town and built at angles off the main road, designated as a conservation area in the 1980s. Unusually, the two-storey buildings feature main doors at the front and the back to access flats on different levels - a similar design can be seen in the Colony houses at several locations in Edinburgh. Traditional tenements which once stood right on the cross in front of the terraces and opposite on Farmeloan Road were demolished in the mid-20th century, but some slightly newer sandstone tenements remain on the north side of Cambuslang Road and Dalmarnock Road, including a Category C-listed corner block which houses the area's sole public house at ground level (known as 'Tennents' for decades, with a small number of resident clientele, the business suffered as the passing trade from factory workers dwindled, changing hands several times in the early 21st century). The area facing this block, where British Ropes once had their turreted offices, was developed as the Lloyd Court apartment complex in the 2000s, the design of which resembles older styles. A small inter-war development of cottage flats around Montraive Street and grey concrete tenements at Barnflat Street and Baronald Street received new neighbours in the early 2000s with the building of around 100 houses at Farme Castle Court (this is actually slightly east of the actual location of Farme Castle). Rutherglen's Kingdom Hall (established in 1958, rebuilt in 2012) is located in Farme Cross on Baronald Street. Across the street is a playground and a small local community hall. The Farme Bowling Club on Cambuslang Road, which was linked to the nearby Clyde Paper Mill, closed its doors in 2006.The Cuningar Loop is an area of land south of the River Clyde near Farme Cross. An isolated meander of the river which was once a Glasgow sewage treatment facility, then infilled with rubble from the city's slum clearance programme before being abandoned to become overgrown, it has now been transformed into a woodland park connecting across the Clyde to the City of Glasgow (Dalmarnock) and the Commonwealth Games village development via a new footbridge. Shawfield The Shawfield district, the mostly northerly in the town and once a country estate before being converted into a chemicals facility by the White family, is still industrial in nature, but much of it abandoned in the early 21st century due to the collapse of heavy industry generally, and contamination from the Whites Chemical Works in particular. The Clyde Gateway projects aim to reinvest in this area and create new business parks and make the River Clyde accessible in Rutherglen again – the town's old port, once home of Thomas Seath shipbuilders which specialised in Clutha ferries and paddle steamers, is located here. Currently Shawfield Stadium (the former home of Clyde F.C.) hosts greyhound racing; although not immediately noticeable, the building has Art Deco features. Rutherglen Bridge at Shawfield is the oldest crossing between Rutherglen and Glasgow – specifically the Bridgeton district of the city which was named after the bridge when its construction accelerated industrial growth and trade in the previously agricultural area. Far more recently, a 'smartbridge' for pedestrians and cyclists was built to encourage links between the regenerating Shawfield area and Dalmarnock railway station, also in connection with the 2014 Commonwealth Games, several of the events for which were held nearby at the Emirates Arena. Wardlawhill, Gallowflat and Stonelaw Wardlawhill Lying across Stonelaw Road east of Clincarthill, the Wardlawhill area includes some older large houses and tenement buildings; a BBC Scotland report found that Wardlaw Drive, the hill's northern slope lined with tenements, ranked seventh among the steepest streets in Scotland. Adjacent to this street, placed at the top of stairs off Hamilton Road and partly built into the hill itself, is the Sri Sundara Ganapathy Hindu Temple (built 1882), previously Wardlawhill Parish Church – the congregation of which merged with the West Parish at Burnhill in 2007, the building being sold in 2010. The church halls across the road are still used by local youth groups such as the Boys Brigade.To the south, on the other side of the hill is the Rutherglen Academy building on Melrose Avenue (built 1886) which later became Stonelaw High School and was converted into apartments in 2001. Opposite the Academy is a small early 20th century apexed building, originally St Stephen's Episcopal Church, nowadays used as a Masonic Lodge since 1971, after the group's previous premises on Cathcart Street (dating from 1875, latterly also used by the neighbouring Toryglen chapter) were demolished for the Mill Street bypass project. The house system of Stonelaw High School used to be named from avenues in the area (Jedburgh, Dryburgh, Melrose and Kelso, taken from the Scottish Borders); however, at the start of the 2018 school year this theme changed to Scottish Islands: Arran, Bute and Skye. Gallowflat The Gallowflat area, known locally as East Main Street, features some 1920s cottage flats and tenement buildings, dating from the construction of an extension to the Main Street – although it may appear natural for the route to continue eastwards as it does today, historically Main Street (and King Street) terminated at Farmeloan Road until the project linking it to Cambuslang Road and removing traffic from Hamilton Road through Wardlawhill. A prominent landmark is a tree-covered ancient burial mound which had been used at one time as an icehouse in the grounds of the grand Gallowflat House (built 1760s, demolished 1910s) which was located at the eastern end of today's Reid Street. Gallowflat Public School (built 1908), later the annexe of Stonelaw High School from 1970 to 1998, was also in the area on Hamilton Road with most of its campus now largely replaced by housing and an elderly persons' care home aside from one derelict red sandstone block on McCallum Avenue. During the 28 years when the Academy and Gallowflat buildings were part of the same school, hundreds of teenage pupils would walk the 400 yards (350 metres) between them several times each day via the very steep Wardlaw Drive and other quiet residential streets. Stonelaw Stonelaw is the area south of Gallowflat and Wardlawhill and east of the Primary Care Centre, features of which include Rutherglen Bowling Club – having migrated south from its first (1868) site on Greenhill Road in 1902, the organisation then sold the adjoining land for construction of a church in 1907. The imposing red sandstone building which resulted is now known as Stonelaw Parish Church, though it too was built for a congregation relocating from the old part of town, in this case from their premises on King Street built in the 1830s. It was completed in 1912 – a refurbishment over a century later revealed a time capsule dating from the time of construction. A further modernisation in 2019 included modification of the main hall's pews, designed to accommodate far more parishioners than recent attendances, into a more flexible system.There are two other bowling clubs in the vicinity, also dating from the 1900/10s when that part of the town was being developed: Overtoun Park Bowling Club to the west and Templeton Bowling Club to the east – originally part of the recreation grounds for the James Templeton & Co textile company which had its main premises on Glasgow Green, the club long outlasted its parent firm and the rest of the grounds are nowadays Stonelaw High School's playing fields. A mansion house, Eastpark, stood next door to Templeton's (accessed from Buchanan Drive); it was converted to use a nursing home and has continued as part of the Abbeyfield care group, although the expansion and modernisation of the business led to the demolition of the old house, with only its conical sandstone gateposts remaining. Also at Buchanan Drive and on the east side of Stonelaw Road approaching Burnside is Woodburn Park, a valley-like wooded green space, previously a quarry. It takes its name from the adjacent Woodburn House which was home to the horticulture department of Langside College for over 60 years before being sold, demolished and replaced by houses and apartments in the 2010s.This neighbourhood has many features of the garden suburb, and is perhaps the most up-market place in Rutherglen, being home to many expensive properties. A development of distinctive quartered villas on Rosslyn Avenue / Dryburgh Avenue date from the 1910s, a few years after the houses at Wardlawhill and Clincarthill were completed as Rutherglen began to expand southwards.The new (1998) site of Stonelaw High School and its sports facilities off Calderwood Road are on the peripheries of the Stonelaw and Burnside areas and also close to Eastfield. Another local school, Calderwood Primary on Buchanan Drive, is sometimes labelled as being located in the Burnside neighbourhood, although its catchment areas are mainly Stonelaw, Eastfield, Gallowflat and the residential streets around Richmond Drive (mostly bungalows built in the 1930s) that, like the schools, do not fall under any single recognised neighbourhood. Eastfield A former mining community and country estate located off the main road between Rutherglen and Cambuslang, the area was developed for housing in the 1950s. Trinity High School (built in 1970, re-built in 2010) and its sports facilities including public swimming pool are located in Eastfield, which also has two public houses, both off Dukes Road.To the north of Eastfield and east of Farme Cross is the Clydebridge Steelworks, nowadays operating to a far lower capacity and with a fraction of workers than at its peak points in the mid-20th century when over 3,000 were employed there. Located within a meander of the River Clyde, it was largely inaccessible to civilians until 2011 when the M74 motorway extension was constructed through the middle of its extensive territory. In 2020, the corporation which owned the works announced development plans for the grounds, beginning with a hotel. Burnhill, Newfield and Bankhead Burnhill Burnhill, in the north-west of Rutherglen, directly borders the Glasgow district of Toryglen to its west (along with woodland at the Malls Mire) and the M74 motorway and West Coast Main Line railway tracks to the north, while its eastern side is close to the Main Street but separated from it by a busy dual carriageway bypass road (part of the A730), built in the early 1970s. Historically a small network of streets leading west from the Main Street area, becoming increasingly rural in character (Glasgow then expanded in several stages to occupy the countryside between its southern districts and Rutherglen) the construction of the bypass caused the destruction of the area's older buildings at Burnhill Street, Chapel Street, Mill Street and Glasgow Road and also physically isolated one of the town's main landmarks: the Munro United Free Church, whose Category B listed building dates from 1850. Established in 1836, its congregation merged with that of the original West Parish Church when their building nearby (located on Chapel Street, explaining its name) was demolished to build the road and new housing, and in turn this later became West & Wardlawhill Parish following union with another congregation at the other end of town, both having experienced dwindling membership. Rutherglen's war memorial – erected 1924, designed by Paul Gray with a bronze figure by sculptor George Henry Paulin which originally had a prominent location at the western end of the Main Street – was also left on the 'other' side of the road. The two parts of town are now connected via pedestrian underpasses which are prone to antisocial behaviour and occasional flooding. Deemed to be an area generally suffering from high levels of deprivation and associated issues, the 'Burnhill Action Group' based at the West Church is a community-led volunteer group working to improve the locality's environmental conditions, recreational opportunities and facilities. The neighbourhood is recognisable for its 'White Flats' housing scheme (two dozen separate 16-apartment blocks, cube-shaped but with sloping roofs, dating from the early 1970s and refurbished externally in 2019 at a cost of £1.6 million) that replaced a development of prefabs. It has a standalone pub at its centre, briefly known as the 'Burnhill Bar' but for most of its history named 'The Fairways' which took its name from the fact that the nearby land was once the open fields of Toryglen Golf Club (as well as Blackfaulds Farm) prior to residential use; it replaced a far older hostelry in the area, 'Ye Olde Inn', which had been demolished. There is also older (c. 1930) housing off Toryglen Road and Westmuir Place, and grass areas also feature heavily, especially around the mound of Burnhill itself where the Jenny Burn, flowing from Cathkin Braes via Spittal and Bankhead, passes underneath making its way towards the Clyde. Burnhill is home to the local branch of the South Lanarkshire Council youth club Universal Connections, and also the Celsius Stadium, home to Rutherglen Glencairn F.C.; completed in 2008, it replaced the club's 110-year-old Southcroft Park on the other side of the railway at Shawfield which had been subject to a compulsory purchase order for construction of the M74, although there was sufficient space to build a new social club for the Glens beside the motorway at the original location. The earlier Burnhill Sports Centre, next to the new football ground, was closed and demolished in 2017, although the adjacent municipal football pitches remain in use. Newfield Lying directly south of Burnhill, Newfield is a neighbourhood also adjoining Bankhead (Rutherglen) and Toryglen and King's Park (Glasgow) – the boundary with the city is difficult to observe from ground level as it involves houses backing onto one another right up to the border in most places; however, as it is a major administrative divide it is clearly marked on maps, with the street names also changing, e.g. Newfield Place becomes Ardnahoe Avenue. There are limited amenities including a pub, and small grassed areas are dotted around between the housing. The burn flowing through the area provided power to industries in times past, mostly on Cathcart Road, including the Avonbank, Westburn and Burnside weaving factories, the Cathkin Laundry (1894 to 2013), previously the site of a curling pond opened in 1881 (probably linked to the Carmunnock & Rutherglen Curling Club which still competes today, though not locally based) plant nurseries including Glenroyal – now a small social housing development – and the Cathkin Bakery, the production facility for Nairn's (oatcakes and biscuits) until 1978. There was a Newfield House and sawmill, although the largest mansion in the area in times past was Muirbank House – this is long gone, but a pair of cottages from the same era survive almost hidden in woodland amidst far newer housing. Falling almost entirely within the Newfield and Bankhead areas is a small modern (c. 2003) residential estate of Westhouse, which keeps the green theme from Glasgow and Rutherglen with gardens throughout. It was built in a former quarry, recalled in the names of the nearby street Quarryknowe and in the 'Old Quarry Bar' on Cathcart Road, although the pub (in one of the few tenement buildings to survive the redevelopment of this sector of the town) is located further east towards Main Street – favoured by Rangers F.C. supporters and themed on the club, it is also close to the local Orange Hall, the 20 District Club. Nearby (at today's Mill Court flats) was Farie Street School (built 1875), latterly re-titled as St Columbkille's RC Primary from 1957 until its new buildings opened in Clincarthill in 1969; The Farie Street building was demolished in 1971. Bankhead and Quigleys Bankhead is a neighbourhood located south-west of central Rutherglen, with its housing visibly of various ages owing to the burgh's expansion in stages during the 20th century. South of Newfield and directly bordering the Glasgow district of King's Park, much of its street grid shares the same design of 1930s grey pebble-dashed cottage flats. In addition to an eponymous primary school on Bankhead Road, there is a small row of shops on Wallace Street beside the Mill Street overbridge leading to Clincarthill, and more on Curtis Avenue approaching Toryglen including the 100 Acres pub – an adaptation of 'Hundred Acre Hill', the historic name of the high ground overlooking the area to the west. A further selection of convenience stores is located on Castlemilk Road in the south-west of the area, adjoining King's Park and some of its amenities including its main church. These are known locally as the 'State shops' after the State Cinema, later a bingo venue, which was sited there near to King's Park Avenue, a prominent local landmark from the 1930s until its demolition in the early 21st century. There was previously also a small public library which closed in 2010 (although named King's Park Library, it was on the east side of the road and thus administered by South Lanarkshire Council from 1996).One surviving feature of Bankhead's rural past is the premises of Mitchell's Farm (earlier known as Crosshill Farm) dating back to at least the mid-19th century, although its fields on a steep slope were converted into the Cityford housing development around 1990. The Bankhead coal mine was a short distance south-west of the farm. The southern end of Bankhead Road terminates at another cluster of small shops and Croftfoot railway station, with a pedestrian footpath leading to the Croftfoot neighbourhood of Glasgow, and the Spittal neighbourhood of Rutherglen. There is another footpath further west at Castlemilk Road, but vehicles cannot use these routes, instead having to travel around Spittal, a detour of 1+1⁄2 miles (2.5 kilometres) from Bankhead Road at Croftfoot Station, or via Menock Road, a detour of 1 mile (1.5 kilometres) from Castlemilk Road at King's Park Avenue, to reach the same point on the other side of the tracks. Once a private estate based around Bankhead House (owned by several generations of the Quigley family, many of whom were doctors), the land between Bankhead and Mill Street at Overtoun Park became a small housing estate in the early 1970s. The town's once-important corn mill from which the road name derives was located a short way east of Bankhead House, close to the Quigleys Community Hall of today – a fact commemorated nearby in a plaque placed on the old stone wall of the estate, also noting the completion of the upgrading of that section of the road in 1993 (Average Speed traffic cameras were installed there in 2018 to combat dangerous driving). The mill was powered from the Cityford Burn that flows through most of this side of Rutherglen and is visible here for some distance, running north then west to a small pond at Bankhead Road, known as the 'Paddy' (paddling pool), although this is somewhat overgrown and distended and is no longer popular with locals for this recreational purpose as it once was. Flooding in the area in 2004 resulted in extensive remediation works to prevent a repeat.The King's Park Hotel is located to the south of the neighbourhood off Mill Street, while Rutherglen Cemetery's main vehicle entrance, lodge house and Cross of Sacrifice is a short distance further south past the junction of King's Park Avenue (B762), a 1920s wide boulevard which runs westwards parallel to the railway tracks for 1.6 miles (2.6 km) into the heart of southern Glasgow at Mount Florida / Battlefield. Overtoun Park Rutherglen's main public park is close to the geographical centre of the town. Laid out on land donated to the Burgh in 1904 by Lord Overtoun, (whose White's Chemical Works also ruined much of the area by reckless dumping of their toxic byproduct). it was once the location of the annual Landemer Day fair and parade, now confined to the Main Street.The Category B listed fountain in the park was originally located on Main Street: it had been erected in 1897 to mark Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee but was moved to the park in 1911. The bandstand (1914, also Category B listed) was sited at the west side of the park until it was removed to be used at the 1988 Glasgow Garden Festival. It was re-sited on a grass area in the centre of the park, but later fell into some disrepair due to a lack of maintenance.The park's children's play area was extended in the 2010s, and the park's BMX tracks have been maintained, but football pitches were built upon and the tennis courts were turfed over; in 2020, proposals were made by Rutherglen Tennis Club to install covered courts at the same location, which would involve a portion of the land being transferred to a private company.Environmental charity Grow73 have their base beside Overtoun Park Bowling Club, and a Friends of Overtoun Park is also active. Burnside, High Crosshill and High Burnside Burnside is a village within the Rutherglen boundaries which expanded into a leafy commuter suburb. It is surrounded by several mid-20th century housing estates, in some cases modernised which are within Rutherglen but not considered to be parts of Burnside as they were built to provide homes for people from other areas of the town, and from Cambuslang, who needed to be re-housed. In contrast to affluent Burnside, parts of these estates are considered to be troubled by poverty and related issues, as asserted by several versions of the Scottish index of multiple deprivation.Centred mostly around Stonelaw Road, Burnside has its own set of shops, church, railway station and primary school. It is also home to a supermarket (once the site of a cinema) and hotel with a popular bar (East Kilbride Road). There is also a bowling green, and two sets of tennis courts (previously separate clubs, they are both now operated by Rutherglen LTC). Much of the traditional residential property was built in the early 1900s from blond and red sandstone. The local park, Stonelaw Woods, lies at the northern boundary of the village and takes its name from the demolished Stonelaw Tower (a castellated converted 18th-century coal mine winding engine house) that once stood to the east of Stonelaw Road near Greystone Avenue.High Crosshill is a quiet residential area of wide avenues built on a steep hill between Burnside and Overtoun Park, which has some views on Broomieknowe Road and includes Rutherglen Cemetery. High Burnside is also a residential area, consisting of high ground to the south of Burnside leading to Cathkin Braes with streets of older houses built in several eras. Some of its properties, particularly some of the oldest off Burnside Road, are very large. Spittal Spittal is a post-World War II community which is almost an exclave of the town, bordering the Glasgow areas of Croftfoot to the west and Castlemilk to the south with an area of open ground to the east; it is close to the King's Park Avenue / Bankhead neighbourhood within Rutherglen to the north, but disconnected from it by the Cathcart Circle Lines railway tracks. Built on a mound used as farmland (the farmhouse was located at the junction of Carrick Road and Bute Terrace), the estate was constructed in an oval pattern of streets, with its primary school built at the highest point in the centre (completed in 1955). A development of prefabs on the flatter land to the west were replaced by angular blocks of flats in the early 1970s (as also occurred at other locations including Burnhill, Bankhead and at North Halfway in nearby Cambuslang). A new community centre was built in the early 21st century, close to the older small wooden church. There are also local amenities such as shops – including Post Office – on Kyle Square and a pub-restaurant, 'The Croft', situated exactly on the local authority boundary at Croftfoot.Two small burns run on either side of Spittal's housing, bordered by grassed areas – one burn runs from Castlemilk Park and the other from further east via High Burnside, both originating on the north slopes of the Cathkin Braes; these waters converge north of Spittal, flowing north to Bankhead and on to Shawfield and the Clyde where it is marked as the Cityford Burn, but colloquially known as the Jenny Burn.In 2016, the area's recreation fields bordering Croftfoot, which had been bequeathed to the community 'in perpetuity' in the 1930s but had been allowed to fall into disrepair over a number of years, were subject to planning applications for new housing. The Croftfield Park development was completed about three years later. A replacement modern AstroTurf football field was added adjacent to the primary school in 2019, although this was several years after the original fields were abandoned and six years after the school itself was replaced (built on its original red blaes pitch), as the old buildings became the temporary home for Bankhead, St Mark's and Burnside Primaries while their facilities were also renewed. Just south of Spittal is Kirkriggs School, a Special educational needs facility which is under Glasgow City Council control. Blairbeth and Fernhill Blairbeth Blairbeth is a small 1950s local authority housing scheme of tenements and modest terraced houses, generally still with the same appearance as at the time of its construction. It was built around a former rural estate (the house, sited at the top of Kirkriggs Avenue, is long since demolished, as was the entrance lodge house to its north). The neighbourhood has some limited local amenities and small parks, as well as a school, St Mark's RC Primary – its associated church of the same name is located to the south of the housing at the edge of the neighbouring Fernhill area, which has no direct link to Blairbeth for vehicles. The designated non-denominational school for the locality is Spittal Primary, although some children attend Burnside Primary which is equally close. Also bordering High Crosshill and High Burnside, many of the hillside streets have views over Rutherglen and Glasgow. A large flat grass field to the west of the neighbourhood was popular in the summer months for informal sports , buts its size was greatly reduced by a junction re-alignment in 2016, connecting Croftfoot Road and Blairbeth Road - previously a staggered junction via Fernhill Road with single lanes causing considerable congestion at peak times - into a single crossroads with filter lanes, as part of the Cathkin Relief Road works. To the west of this road is the boundary with the city of Glasgow, denoted visually by the twin castellated stone gates of 'Buchanan Lodge', today a nursing home but historically the north-east entrance to the driveway leading to Castlemilk House; the mansion no longer exists, although most of the route through its lands (most of which are occupied by the various neighbourhoods of Castlemilk housing estate) is still present as tree-lined footpaths, managed under an award-winning conservation project. A section of the estate's old boundary wall is also visible near Blairbeth, although sections are crumbling and dangerous. Fernhill Fernhill is a housing estate originally built in the 1960s, which underwent a great deal of regeneration in the 2010s. It is home to an all-girls private school, the main building for which is the historic Fernhill mansion house. The area is bordered by the Castlemilk housing estate in Glasgow to the west, as well as by Blairbeth, High Burnside and Cathkin within Rutherglen. Fernhill Road bisects the estate and is where the rebuilt local amenities (convenience stores, community centre children's play area, 5-a-side football fields) are found. The estate also has two churches at either end and a decorative brick entrance wall off Burnside Road. The Cathkin Relief Road was completed in 2017 at a cost of £21 million to extend Mill Street from Spittal through the informal parkland between Fernhill and Blairbeth/High Burnside to connect with the existing Cathkin Bypass (A730) and alleviate traffic from other local routes including Fernhill Road. In 2019, Fernbrae Meadows was opened to the south of Fernhill; formerly Blairbeth Golf Course, the area is a 20 hectares of semi-natural, managed greenspace. Springhall and Cathkin Springhall Springhall is a self-contained 1960s local authority housing estate, mostly consisting of a compact network of maisonettes, and featuring a community centre and library dating back to the time of the scheme's construction but extensively upgraded between 2019 and 2021. Below the original library is a small set of local shops. There is also a catholic church and two local schools, St Anthony's RC Primary and Loch Primary, both rebuilt in the 2000s in a mirror image of one another and now share a playground. The schools' playing fields are located on the site of a former loch (Boultrie Loch) which was popular for curling and skating in winter. A stone sign welcomes visitors into the estate from the entrance off the A749 East Kilbride Road opposite a pub, 'The Braes' (previously the Cathkin Hotel). A short way further south on the Springhall side of the A749 is the unusual white castellated villa 'Elpalet', designed by the housebuilder John McDonald (whose companies constructed thousands of new homes in Glasgow in the 1930s, including hundreds in Burnside), to be his own residence. The property is now divided into apartments.A 13-storey tower block (the only building of such height in Rutherglen, although there are 10 towers of the same design in Cambuslang) looms over the centre of the neighbourhood; it was built on the site of the Springhall mansion house that once occupied the land, which came to public attention in the 1910s, first when suffragette Frances Gordon was imprisoned for attempting to set the house on fire, then soon afterwards when a contingent of Belgian refugees of World War I were invited to stay there; it was demolished in the 1940s. Adjacent to the tower is a sports pitch in a wire mesh pen. Cathkin High School, the secondary school affiliated to Loch Primary, is located nearby at the western side of the neighbouring estate of Whitlawburn – administratively this is part of Cambuslang, although shares some amenities with Springhall, with the schemes connected under the main road by a pedestrian underpass. A standalone pre-school facility, Springlaw ELC (intentionally named after both communities as a gesture of unity) was built on a piece of vacant land off Cruachan Road, opening in 2021. Cathkin Cathkin is the southernmost and highest part of Rutherglen, largely comprising a post-World War II estate which underwent a good deal of regeneration of its housing stock in the early 21st century. The estate borders the City of Glasgow (the Cathkin Braes Country Park) and the lands of Carmunnock, the civil parish in which it was historically located along with Fernhill and Spittal) and offers views over the Greater Glasgow valley. There is a small wooded area, Cathkin Woods, near the neighbourhood's eastern boundary with Whitlawburn. Limited amenities include a primary school with community facilities, and a church (located a short way into Fernhill and designed to serve both communities, as was the school) while local shops off Cathkin Bypass / Cuillins Road feature a supermarket, newsagent and betting shop. Like many parts of the town, a new stone and metal entrance sign welcomes visitors entering Cathkin from the bypass road. The grounds of the old Cathkin House mansion (built 1799, and a children's home in the later 20th century) now converted to apartments, offers views over Rutherglen and Glasgow beyond. The mansion is surrounded by small separate residential developments, primarily of large villas, which also enclose around the buildings of Mid Farm, one of the oldest surviving properties in the area. The ancient Burnside Road at that location no longer has a connection for vehicles with Cathkin Road (the B759) running between the A749 dual carriageway and Carmunnock village via Cathkin Braes Park and Cathkin Braes Golf Club). Education Loch Primary and Cathkin Primary are feeder schools for Cathkin High School (built in 1970, rebuilt in 2008), which is located at Whitlawburn just outside the Rutherglen boundaries and is primarily the secondary school for Cambuslang. Conversely, two schools located in Cambuslang (James Aiton and Park View) are feeders for Stonelaw High in Rutherglen, along with Bankhead, Burgh, Burnside, Calderwood and Spittal Primaries within the burgh. Trinity High (to which St Anthony's, St Mark's and St Columbkille's Primaries are affiliated) is the only Catholic secondary school for both towns, as is the case for Rutherglen High School, the local Additional Support Needs facility which shares a campus with Cathkin High.All council-run schools in the South Lanarkshire area were rebuilt between the late 1990s and 2010s. List of schools 2022–23 pupil roll in parentheses. Non-denominational Bankhead Primary School, Bankhead Road, Rutherglen, G73 2BQ (310) Burgh Primary School, 41 King Street, Rutherglen, G73 1JY (180) Burnside Primary School, Glenlui Avenue, Burnside, Rutherglen, G73 4JE (378) Calderwood Primary School, Buchanan Drive, Rutherglen G73 3PQ (435) Cathkin Primary School, Burnside Road, Rutherglen, G73 4AA (194) Loch Primary School, Lochaber Drive, Springhall, Rutherglen, G73 5HX (203) Spittal Primary School, Lochlea Road, Spittal, Rutherglen G73 4QJ (151) Stonelaw High School, 140 Calderwood Road, Rutherglen, G73 3BP (1248) Roman Catholic St Anthony's Primary School, Lochaber Drive, Springhall, Rutherglen, G73 5HX (161) St Columbkille's Primary School, Clincarthill Road, Rutherglen, G73 2LG (279) St Mark's Primary School, Kirkriggs Avenue, Blairbeth, Rutherglen, G73 4LY (158) Trinity High School, Glenside Drive, Eastfield, Rutherglen, G73 3LW (1186) Private schools Fernhill School, Fernbrae Avenue, Fernhill, Rutherglen, Glasgow, G73 4SG (230 – 5 to 18) Sport Football Rutherglen Glencairn compete in the West of Scotland League First Division. The club was formed in 1896 and has won the famous Scottish Junior Cup on four occasions (1901–02, 1918–19, 1926–27, 1938–39). Glencairn moved into a brand new stadium (New Southcroft Park, currently sponsored by Celsius Cooling and renamed as The Celsius Stadium) situated in the Burnhill area of Rutherglen in 2009 following the demolition of the old ground (Southcroft Park), where they had played for over 100 years. The Glencairn Venue building on Glasgow Road, which is on part of the old site – the rest now being under the M74 motorway – is owned by the football club, although the company operating in the building is a separate entity from the club. In 2008, Rutherglen Glencairn won the Central District League First Division with a record points total. The 2009–10 season saw Glencairn record back to back titles when they won the West Region Super League Division One at the first attempt. Clyde Football Club used to play in the area before moving to the former new town of Cumbernauld. The immediate area could be considered the cradle of Scottish football, with Hampden Park, the national stadium and home to Scotland's oldest football club Queen's Park being close by to the west as well as Cathkin Park, the home of the defunct Third Lanark and not far to the north, Celtic Park, the home of Celtic – all of which (apart from Clyde's former ground) are located in the City of Glasgow. In addition to men's amateur teams (such as Rutherglen AFC of the Scottish Amateur Football League), the town also had a women's football club, Rutherglen Ladies, which was formed in 1921 and played at a high level throughout the 20s and 30s. More recently Rutherglen Girls FC was founded in 2012 and features three age group teams plus a senior women's team competing in the SWFL, Central/South East Division. Notable people Several notable persons born between 1978 and 1998 are 'from' Rutherglen as per their birth certificate, but have only a tenuous link to the town due to being delivered at Rutherglen Maternity Hospital which operated between these years; many children born here would have grown up in Glasgow, East Kilbride or elsewhere. Artists, actors and media personalities Dave Anderson, actor, musician and playwright Janet Brown, actress and comedian, known for her impressions of Margaret Thatcher Steven Campbell, artist Andy Cameron, comedian Robbie Coltrane, actor and comedian Dougie Donnelly, sports TV presenter Gary Erskine, comic artist Jack Jester (born Lee Greig), professional wrestler, former ICW heavyweight champion Jayd Johnson, actor – one of her major roles in The Field of Blood (TV series) was adapted from novels (by Denise Mina) which are largely set in Rutherglen Scott Kyle, actor George Logan, Hinge and Bracket television comedy double act Mamie Baird (née Baird), journalist; married TV broadcaster Magnus Magnusson, their family home was in the town and was where children Jon Magnusson and TV news presenter Sally Magnusson grew up Alistair MacLean, television script writer, teacher at Gallowflat High School Tom McGrath, playwright and jazz pianist Matt McGinn, folk singer, born in the Calton but lived in Rutherglen for many years, wrote songs which mention Rutherglen such as "Ru'glen Jean" and "Rosy Anna" Edwin Morgan, poet Frank Quitely, (born Vincent Deighan), comic artist Richard Rankin, actor and comedian (born Richard Harris), starred in popular TV shows such as Burnistoun, Taggart and Outlander Audrey Tait, drummer for hip-hop band Hector Bizerk and rock band Franz Ferdinand Dougie Thomson, the bass guitarist for Supertramp from 1972 to 1988 Midge Ure of the band Ultravox Politicians Marie Cassidy, state pathologist for Ireland David Fleming, politician and judge Clare Haughey, SNP MSP (for Rutherglen) Ged Killen, Labour MP (for Rutherglen) John Mason, SNP MSP Baron Tommy McAvoy, Labour politician, House of Lords Life peer John Campbell White, also known as Baron Overtoun / Lord Overtoun, son of James White, also partner in the Whites firm. His successor William James Chrystal is mentioned in a plaque on Main Street for contributions towards the Old Parish Church. Sportspersons Steve Archibald, Scotland international footballer, clubs included Tottenham, Barcelona Archie Baird, footballer (Aberdeen) and World War II POW Alec Bennett (Celtic, Rangers and Scotland footballer) Bob Davidson, footballer (Dundee) Paul di Giacomo, footballer (Kilmarnock) Simon Donnelly, international footballer (Celtic) Stuart Dougal, football referee Jimmy Dunn, footballer (Leeds United) Scott Forrest, Commonwealth Games rugby international Allan Forsyth, footballer (Dundee United) Mary Gilchrist, chess player Tommy Grozier, footballer (Plymouth Argyle) Bobby Harvey footballer (Clyde) Brogan Hay, footballer (Glasgow City, Rangers) Drew Henry, snooker player Harry Haddock, international footballer (Clyde) Niall Hopper, footballer (Queen's Park) Archie Jackson, Australian cricketer Colin Jackson (Rangers and Scotland defender), born in Glasgow and raised in Aberdeen but lived in Rutherglen for most of his life Thomas Leather, Australian cricketer and Australian rules footballer Stevan McAleer, racing driver Collette McCallum, international footballer for Australia Amy McDonald, international women's footballer Jimmy McMenemy, Celtic and Scotland footballer (won 11 league titles and 7 Scottish Cups) Stephen McKeown, footballer (Partick Thistle) Brian McPhee, footballer (Airdrie) Bobby Murdoch, Celtic midfielder (one of the Lisbon Lions); in 2016 a plaque and display was unveiled at the Town Hall honouring his achievements Billy Murdoch, brother of Bobby, played for Kilmarnock John Moir, American basketball champion Jack Mowat, football referee, oversaw 12 domestic cup finals and the 1960 European Cup Final John Rae, international footballer (Third Lanark) Willie Robb, international footballer (Rangers) Peter Roney, footballer (Bristol Rovers) Steven Saunders, international footballer (Motherwell) Sandy Stewart, footballer (Airdrie) Dick Strang, footballer (Darlington) Alan Trouten, footballer Duncan Weir, Scotland international rugby union player, began career at Cambuslang Rugby Club Others John Dickson Covenanting field preacher and prisoner for 6 years on the Bass Rock William Gemmell Cochran, statistician Jonathan Saunders, fashion designer James White, lawyer and a partner in J & J White Chemicals (statue in Cathedral Square, Glasgow) References Bibliography Rutherglen Lore: Story of an Eight Hundred Year-old Royal Burgh, 1126-1926 by William Ross Shearer, printed in 1922 External links Media related to Rutherglen at Wikimedia Commons Rutherglen at Undiscovered Scotland Rutherglen at Gazetteer for Scotland Rutherglen: A historical perspective (1885) from the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland edited by Francis H. Groome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen

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Bordelum

Bordelum (North Frisian: Boorlem) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordelum

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Houston Lake, Missouri

Houston Lake is a city in Platte County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. The population was 235 at the 2010 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.14 square miles (0.36 km2), of which 0.11 square miles (0.28 km2) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) is water. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 235 people, 107 households, and 64 families living in the city. The population density was 2,136.4 inhabitants per square mile (824.9/km2). There were 119 housing units at an average density of 1,081.8 per square mile (417.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.0% White, 0.4% African American, 3.0% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population. There were 107 households, of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.2% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.77. The median age in the city was 51.4 years. 16.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 42% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.4% male and 53.6% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 284 people, 119 households, and 69 families living in the city. The population density was 2,055.1 inhabitants per square mile (793.5/km2). There were 123 housing units at an average density of 890.1 per square mile (343.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.83% White, 0.70% African American, 0.35% Asian, and 2.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.52% of the population. There were 119 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.5% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.69. In the city the population was spread out, with 18.7% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 35.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $53,750, and the median income for a family was $61,875. Males had a median income of $48,750 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,471. About 1.5% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Lake,_Missouri

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Biota

Biota may refer to: Biota (ecology), the plant and animal life of a region, see Biome Biota, genus and common name for a coniferous tree, Platycladus orientalis Biota, Cinco Villas, a municipality in Aragon, Spain Biota (band), a band from Colorado, USA Biota!, a proposed aquarium in London Biota (album), a 1982 album by Mnemonist Orchestra See also All pages with titles containing Biota

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota

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Diancey

Diancey (French pronunciation: ​[djɑ̃sɛ]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. Population See also Communes of the Côte-d'Or department == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diancey

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Höhbeck

Höhbeck is a municipality in the district Lüchow-Dannenberg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6hbeck

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Ugo

Ugo may refer to: Ugo (given name), including a list of people with the name Ugo, Akita, a town in Japan Ugo Province, an old province of Japan Ugo (retailer), a British chain of convenience stores UGO Networks, an American website company United Galactic Organization, a fictional entity in Space Patrol (1962 TV series) See also Hugo (disambiguation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo

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Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière

Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière (French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃ paʁdu la ʁivjɛʁ]; Occitan: Sent Pardon la Ribiera) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It forms part of the Parc naturel régional Périgord Limousin. Etymology The Occitan Sent Pardol is derived from Saint Pardulphus (Sanctus Pardulphus), la ribiera means 'the river', i.e. the Dronne. Geography Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière is surrounded by the following communes: Champs-Romain in the north. Saint-Saud-Lacoussière in the northeast. Milhac-de-Nontron in the southeast. Saint-Front-la-Rivière in the south. Sceau-Saint-Angel in the west. Nontron in the northwest. Savignac-de-Nontron in the northwest (the communes only touch at a single point).Besides the village center the commune of Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière comprises the following hamlets: Beaumont, Bon Ombre, Bordessoule, Bos-Brûlat, Brande, Brin, Chaumeille, Chez Bathe, Chez Boissard, Chez Boutard, Chez Neymard, Jamaye, La Briderie, La Dorie, La Font du Prince, La Grange, La Nanotte, La Plassade, Langlade, Lapeyronnie, Le Buisson, Le Châtenet, Le Clos, Le Couvent, Le Maine, Le Mandereau, Le Queyroi, Le Petit Villars, Les Batisses, Les Combes, Les Granges, Les Rebières, Les Roches, Lescure, Maliba, Négrecombe, Neuil, Noujarède, Puy d'Arnac, and Puypelat. The commune's territory is traversed roughly centrally by the River Dronne. The northern boundary to Champs-Romain is formed by the river, which is occupying a narrow canyon. After initially following a southwesterly direction it then swings to the south. Before reaching the village the valley widens. Alongside a ford over the river Saint-Pardoux was founded. A right tributary of the Dronne, the Ruisseau de Lachenaud, forms the western continuation of the northern boundary to Champs-Romain. Its course is directed to the southeast. Near the center of Saint-Pardoux the Dronne receives a left tributary, the Ruisseau de Chantres. The topographically lowest point in the commune with 132 meters above sea level is situated at the southern exit of the Dronne near Jamaye, the highest point with 332 meters above sea level near Bos Brûlat in the very northeastern corner. Geology The commune's territory is divided into two contrasting domains by two crossing fault lines (N 065 and N 160). To the north and east of these faults one encounters the Variscan basement rocks of the northwestern Massif Central, which also stand out topographically. The southern lowlands around the village center are occupied by sediments of the northern Aquitaine Basin. Along the border faults the basement rocks were raised relative to the sedimentary cover. The oldest unit of the basement rocks are Neoproterozoic mica schist of the Parautochthonous Mica schist Unit (PMU). They can be seen in the east near Chantres and Le Châtenet. They were intruded during the Pennsylvanian by the Saint-Mathieu Leucogranite. The leucogranite crops out in the upper reaches of the Dronne valley. To the north of the N 065-striking fault the basement rocks consist of Plagioclase-bearing paragneisses. In some places these are intruded by small granodiorite bodies belonging to the Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite or by leptynites of Ordovician age. The flat-lying sediments surrounding the village center are mainly of Jurassic age and comprise Lias as well as Dogger limestones. The Lias is composed of Hettangian (sandstones, coarse sandstones and conglomerates), Sinemurian (oolithic limestones, sometimes dolomitic) and Toarcian (claystones and grey marls). Near the border faults the Lias can be silicified. The Toarcian clays were once quarried by a (now redundant) tile factory. The Dogger consists of cryptocrystalline limestones, bioclastic limestones and oolithic limestones spanning the period Upper Bajocian and Bathonian. Close to the border faults crop out the so-called sidérolithique (iron-rich, reddish, clayey sands) and solidified, conglomeratic alluvial deposits. Both formations are most likely of Eocene age. All the aforementioned sedimentary units can be covered by colluvial gravels of Pleistocene age. In the Dronne valley gravelly terrasses belonging to the Mindel stage and the Würm stage can be observed. Limestone debris mantelling certain hill slopes is due to gelifraction processes during the last ice age. Worth mentioning are certain mineral occurrences like silver-bearing galena in the paragneisses or baryte mainly within the Lias. Occasional tourmaline can also be found in the paragneisses. Manganese (manganese dioxide) associated with nontronite was once mined near Le Mandereau. The Neuil mine, situated in the paragneisses, contains apart from galena and baryte the minerals chalcopyrite, gypsum, marcasite, pyrite, pyromorphite and sphalerite. History Between the 13th century and the French Revolution there was once a monastery in Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière. Hardly anything is left of it now, because most of its building stones were used in the construction of the village. The church goes back to the 17th and 18th centuries. It underwent extensive renovation during the 19th century with the steeple being completely rebuilt. The Château de Vaugoubert at the Dronne also goes back to the 17th century. From an even older castle only the round tower is left. Population The population of Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière has decreased continuously till 1999 (25% decrease), but seems to recover somewhat since then. Mayor The mayor of Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière is since 2001 Maurice Combeau, a pensioner who is not affiliated with any political party. Sights The church of Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière with its sun dial. The postcard museum. It has a vast collection of postcards from the Périgord dating back to the years 1898–1920. See also Communes of the Dordogne department References Sources Floc'h, J.-P. et al. Feuille Nontron. Carte géologique de la France à 1/50000. BRGM. Guillot, P.-L. et al. Feuille Thiviers. Carte géologique de la France à 1/50000. BRGM. External links Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière on the website of annuaire-mairie.fr

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivi%C3%A8re

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Pomarance

Pomarance is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Florence and about 60 km southeast of Pisa. Pomarance borders the following municipalities: Casole d'Elsa, Castelnuovo di Val di Cecina, Montecatini Val di Cecina, Monterotondo Marittimo, Monteverdi Marittimo, Radicondoli, Volterra. Pomarance was the hometown of three painters called Pomarancio after it. From 1968 to 1992 there was at San Dalmazio the static inverter plant of HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia. Today, there is a solar park. See also San Dalmazio, Pomarance References External links Official website

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomarance

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Moita dos Ferreiros

Moita dos Ferreiros is a civil parish in the municipality of Lourinhã, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 1,734, in an area of 24.83 km². == References ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moita_dos_Ferreiros

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Tuatapere

Tuatapere is a small rural town in Southland, New Zealand. It is the self declared "Sausage Capital of New Zealand". Tuatapere is located eight kilometres from the southern coast. The Waiau River flows through the town before reaching Te Waewae Bay, where it has its outflow into Foveaux Strait. The main local industries are forestry and farming. Tuatapere has a logging museum and is located on the Southern Scenic Route from Invercargill to Te Anau making it a well-travelled tourist stop. The Clifden Suspension Bridge and Clifden War Memorial are located near State Highway 99 outside Tuatapere. History First European settlers A group of Hungarians settled in Tuatapere, but were assimilated into the general population by the mid 20th century. Railway On 1 October 1909, a branch line railway from Invercargill was opened to Tuatapere and it became known as the Tuatapere Branch. On 20 October 1925, an extension was opened to Orawia, 14 kilometres to the north-east but the line continued to be known as the Tuatapere Branch and an engine depot was established in the town. It was used as the base for most operations on the line and the branch was operated as essentially two sections, one from Invercargill to Tuatapere and one from Tuatapere to Orawia. Until 1968, steam locomotives ran all trains to Tuatapere, but in June 1968, the line was dieselised, resulting in the closure of the Tuatapere engine depot. On 1 October 1970, a lack of traffic meant the line was truncated to Tuatapere, and it was further cut on 30 July 1976 when the section between Riverton and Tuatapere closed. Some relics from the railway have been preserved in Tuatapere, including structures in the station area such as the old station building and goods shed. 2009 Fiordland earthquake Tuatapere was one of the closest settlements to the 7.8 magnitude earthquake which occurred on 15 July 2009, the largest in New Zealand since 1931. Despite the earthquake's huge force, little damage was sustained and no injuries were reported. Demographics Tuatapere is described as a rural settlement by Statistics New Zealand. It covers 2.00 km2 (0.77 sq mi), and is part of the much larger Longwood Forest statistical area. Tuatapere had a population of 531 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 27 people (−4.8%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 48 people (−8.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 240 households. There were 273 males and 258 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.06 males per female, with 81 people (15.3%) aged under 15 years, 84 (15.8%) aged 15 to 29, 237 (44.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 138 (26.0%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 90.4% European/Pākehā, 19.2% Māori, 1.7% Pacific peoples, 2.3% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). Although some people objected to giving their religion, 52.5% had no religion, 32.8% were Christian, 0.6% were Hindu and 1.1% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 39 (8.7%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 162 (36.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 201 (44.7%) people were employed full-time, 57 (12.7%) were part-time, and 15 (3.3%) were unemployed. Longwood Forest Longwood Forest statistical area covers 2,198.43 km2 (848.82 sq mi) and also includes Clifden. It had an estimated population of 2,060 as of June 2022, with a population density of 0.9 people per km2. Longwood Forest had a population of 1,995 at the 2018 New Zealand census, unchanged since the 2013 census, and an increase of 48 people (2.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 801 households. There were 1,080 males and 918 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.18 males per female. The median age was 41.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 417 people (20.9%) aged under 15 years, 321 (16.1%) aged 15 to 29, 960 (48.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 294 (14.7%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 89.9% European/Pākehā, 12.8% Māori, 1.5% Pacific peoples, 4.4% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). The proportion of people born overseas was 10.4%, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people objected to giving their religion, 55.2% had no religion, 32.8% were Christian, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 180 (11.4%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 420 (26.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $31,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 171 people (10.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 879 (55.7%) people were employed full-time, 255 (16.2%) were part-time, and 48 (3.0%) were unemployed. Education Waiau Area School is a composite school for years 1 to 13 with a roll of 131 as of April 2023. The school first opened in 1910 as Tuatapere School providing primary education. It added secondary education in 1945, becoming Tuatapere District High, and later Waiau District High. In 1953 the school was rebuilt. The primary school split to become Tuatapere Primary in 1977, and the secondary school became Waiau Collage. The two schools merged again to form Tuatapere Community College in 2002, and this adopted the current name in 2012. References External links Media related to Tuatapere at Wikimedia Commons Tuatapere - On Natures Edge Tuatapere Hump Ridge Track

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