Datasets:

skymizer

/

fineweb-edu-dedup-45B

like 0

Follow

skymizer 11

In our previous posts, we observed that Noah took a few thousand animals on board the Ark about 4,500 years ago. Of the kinds that stepped off the Ark, most went extinct. In mammals, for example, around 70% of the kinds are now extinct. But approximately 30% survived. What Happened to Them? In short, the mammals and other kinds migrated away from where the Ark landed in the mountains of Ararat. Surprisingly, in 1859 when Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, the phenomenon of migration would have been controversial. In fact, Darwin had to corral several lines of evidence to demonstrate to his opponents that animals did indeed migrate to their current locations. Unlike Darwin’s opponents of 1859, creationists today would agree with Darwin's conclusion that migration explains the distribution of modern species. Furthermore, creationists of the present era would freely invoke an Ice Age following the Flood. An Ice Age would effectively move large amounts of water from the oceans (liquid form) onto the land (in the form of ice). As a consequence of this directional movement, the ocean levels would drop, exposing land bridges that are currently submerged. For example, during the Ice Age, the Bering Strait would have been crossable on foot. Conversely, in Southeast Asia, you could nearly walk from Thailand to Australia. These and other land bridges would have made migration away from Ararat to distant locations all the easier. However, Darwin's evidence in favor of animal migration was at the level of species, not families. As we derived in one of our previous posts, the kinds on board the Ark were not individual species but, rather, representatives of various biological families. How could Darwin's point be relevant to our purposes? New Species from Ark Kinds Today, many biological families contain numerous species, implying that new species have arisen since the Flood. Since Scripture never forbids speciation, nothing in the Bible suggests that the formation of new species within a kind is impossible. Thus, speciation within kinds is perfectly compatible with Genesis and with the rest of Scripture.

<urn:uuid:0401e338-8d36-44f3-b81d-35c3a3dd28bc>

Given a string path, which is an absolute path (starting with a slash ‘/') to a file or directory in a Unix-style file system, convert it to the simplified canonical path. In a Unix-style file system, a period ‘.’ refers to the current directory, a double period ‘..’ refers to the directory up a level, and any multiple consecutive slashes (i.e. ‘//') are treated as a single slash ‘/’. For this problem, any other format of periods such as ‘…’ are treated as file/directory names. The canonical path should have the following format: The path starts with a single slash '/'. Any two directories are separated by a single slash '/'. The path does not end with a trailing '/'. The path only contains the directories on the path from the root directory to the target file or directory (i.e., no period '.' or double period '..')Return __the simplified canonical path__. Example 1: Input: path = “/home/” Output: “/home” Explanation: Note that there is no trailing slash after the last directory name. Example 2: Input: path = “/../” Output: “/” Explanation: Going one level up from the root directory is a no-op, as the root level is the highest level you can go. Example 3: Input: path = “/home//foo/” Output: “/home/foo” Explanation: In the canonical path, multiple consecutive slashes are replaced by a single one. 1 <= path.length <= 3000 path consists of English letters, digits, period '.', slash '/' or '_'. path is a valid absolute Unix path. class Solution: def simplifyPath(self, path: str) -> str: path.replace('//','/') path_list = path.split('/') rs = for p in path_list: if p == '..': if rs: rs.pop() elif p == '.': continue elif p: rs.append(p) return '/' + '/'.join(rs)

<urn:uuid:fb208e2f-455c-4382-89c3-96702eb976c1>

The book details Luis de Lucena (1497) who was, unquestionably, a Jew "Repetición de Amores". Isaac Zag Ibn Sid and other named Hebrew translators of the Arab writing attributed chess to King Alphonso X of Castille (1283 AD). Chess, Jews and History contains among some twenty new sources of writings with full chess details. Examples of these are fully quoted in Hebrew and translated into English. The publication stresses the social atmosphere background of history with fully authenticated sources and references (e.g. Luis de Lucena "The Marrano", hidden Jew in the Spanish Inquisition - 1497 AD). Part I: Overview: Thomas Hyde, the first serious chess historian, Steinschneider, Van de Linde and Murray. Anonymous treatise, The King's Delight: Views and Judgements: Two stories from Ma'aseh Book: Moses Mendelssohn and Lessing's Nathan the Wise: Zevi Uri Rubinstein: Léon Hollænderski, Délices royales: Jacob Eichenbaum, The Struggle. Part II: Introduction to Talmud, Texts and Commentaries: Where and When did Chess Start: Alexander's game: An Enigmatic Board Game: 2 Exegetic Curiosities. Part III: The Spanish Period of the golden ages of Hebrew and Arabic early chess writings: Arab and Jew: Moses Cohen, Disciplina Clericalis: Judah Halevi, Ha-Kuzari: Chess in Verse, Abraham Ibn Ezra: Bonsenior Ibn Yehya Ibn Ibrahim Al-Hakin: The new chess, Luis de Lucena: Ruy Lopez: Shlomo Ben Mazel Tov. Suite One, Third Floor One Duchess Street Tel: +44(0) 20 7436 3717 Fax:+44(0) 20 7436 3107 the Author | Contact Details | Links Extracts | Reviews | Purchase

<urn:uuid:819f7f9f-4be4-422d-ac28-9e83e532377c>

List of birds of Germany This is a list of the bird species recorded in Germany. The avifauna of Germany include a total of 514 species, of which eleven have been introduced by humans and 204 are rare or accidental in Germany and are not included in the species count. Fourteen species are globally threatened. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 5th edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Germany. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. - (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Germany - (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Germany as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated. - Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata - Arctic loon, Gavia arctica - Common loon, Gavia immer - Yellow-billed loon, Gavia adamsii (A) Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. - Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis - Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena - Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus - Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus - Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. - Black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris (A) Shearwaters and petrels The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. - Northern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis - Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea (A) - Great shearwater, Puffinus gravis (A) - Sooty shearwater, Puffinus griseus (A) - Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus (A) - Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus (A) - Little shearwater, Puffinus assimilis (A) The storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. - Wilson's storm petrel, Oceanites oceanicus (A) - European storm petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus (A) - Leach's storm petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa (A) Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. Boobies and gannets - Northern gannet, Morus bassanus (A) Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. - Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo - European shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis (A) - Pygmy cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (A) Bitterns, herons and egrets The Ardeidae family contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. - Grey heron, Ardea cinerea - Purple heron, Ardea purpurea - Great egret, Ardea alba - Little egret, Egretta garzetta - Squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides (A) - Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis (A) - Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax - Little bittern, Ixobrychus minutus - Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. Ibises and spoonbills Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. - Waldrapp, Geronticus eremita (A) - Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A) - Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia Ducks, geese and swans Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. - Mute swan, Cygnus olor - Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus - Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus - Bean goose, Anser fabalis - Pink-footed goose, Anser brachyrhynchus - Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons - Lesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus (A) - Greylag goose, Anser anser - Brant, Branta bernicla - Barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis - Canada goose, Branta canadensis (I) - Red-breasted goose, Branta ruficollis (A) - Egyptian goose, Alopochen aegyptiacus (I) - Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna - Mandarin duck, Aix galericulata (I) - Eurasian wigeon, Anas penelope - American wigeon, Anas americana (A) - Gadwall, Anas strepera - Eurasian teal, Anas crecca - Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos - Northern pintail, Anas acuta - Garganey, Anas querquedula - Blue-winged teal, Anas discors (A) - Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata - Marbled teal, Marmaronetta angustirostris (A) - Red-crested pochard, Netta rufina - Common pochard, Aythya ferina - Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris (A) - Ferruginous pochard, Aythya nyroca - Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula - Greater scaup, Aythya marila - Common eider, Somateria mollissima - King eider, Somateria spectabilis (A) - Steller's eider, Polysticta stelleri (A) - Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus (A) - Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis - Common scoter, Melanitta nigra - Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata (A) - Velvet scoter, Melanitta fusca - Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula - Barrow's goldeneye, Bucephala islandica (A) - Smew, Mergellus albellus - Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus (I) - Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator - Common merganser, Mergus merganser - Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (I) - White-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala (A) The Pandionidae family contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. - Osprey, Pandion haliaetus Hawks, kites and eagles Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. - European honey buzzard, Pernis apivorus - Black-shouldered kite, Elanus caeruleus (A) - Red kite, Milvus milvus - Black kite, Milvus migrans - White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla - Steller's sea eagle, Haliaeetus pelagicus (A) - Lammergeier, Gypaetus barbatus (A) - Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus - Eurasian griffon, Gyps fulvus - Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus (A) - Short-toed snake eagle, Circaetus gallicus (A) - Western marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus - Northern harrier, Circus cyaneus - Pallid harrier, Circus macrourus (A) - Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus - Levant sparrowhawk, Accipiter brevipes (A) - Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus - Northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis - Eurasian buzzard, Buteo buteo - Long-legged buzzard, Buteo rufinus (A) - Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus - Lesser spotted eagle, Clanga pomarina - Greater spotted eagle, Clanga clanga (A) - Steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis (A) - Imperial eagle, Aquila heliaca (A) - Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos - Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciatus - Booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus (A) Caracaras and falcons Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. - Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni (A) - Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus - Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus (A) - Eleonora's falcon, Falco eleonorae (A) - Merlin, Falco columbarius - Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo - Lanner falcon, Falco biarmicus (A) - Saker falcon, Falco cherrug (A) - Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus (A) - Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus Turkeys are similar to large pheasants but have a distinctive fleshy wattle that hangs from the beak, called a snood. - Wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo (I) Grouse are game birds, similar to quails and partridges. - Willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus (A) - Rock ptarmigan, Lagopus muta - Eurasian capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus - Black grouse, Tetrao tetrix - Hazel grouse, Bonasa bonasia New World quails The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits. - California quail, Callipepla californica (I) Pheasants and partridges The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. - Rock partridge, Alectoris graeca (A) - Chukar, Alectoris chukar (I) - Red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa (A) - Grey partridge, Perdix perdix - Common quail, Coturnix coturnix - Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". Rails, crakes, gallinules and coots Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. - Water rail, Rallus aquaticus - Corn crake, Crex crex - Little crake, Porzana parva - Baillon's crake, Porzana pusilla - Spotted crake, Porzana porzana - Purple swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio (A) - Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni (A) - Common moorhen, Gallinula chloropus - Eurasian coot, Fulica atra Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. - Great bustard, Otis tarda - Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata (A) - Macqueen's bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii (A) - Little bustard, Tetrax tetrax (A) - Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus Avocets and stilts Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. - Eurasian thick-knee, Burhinus oedicnemus Pratincoles and coursers Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. - Cream-coloured courser, Cursorius cursor (A) - Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola (A) - Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni (A) Plovers and lapwings The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. - Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus - Spur-winged plover, Vanellus spinosus (A) - Sociable lapwing, Vanellus gregarius (A) - White-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (A) - Pacific golden plover, Pluvialis fulva (A) - American golden plover, Pluvialis dominica (A) - European golden plover, Pluvialis apricaria - Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola - Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula - Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius - Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus - Lesser sandplover, Charadrius mongolus (A) - Greater sandplover, Charadrius leschenaultii (A) - Caspian plover, Charadrius asiaticus (A) - Eurasian dotterel, Charadrius morinellus Sandpipers and allies Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. - Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola - Jack snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus - Great snipe, Gallinago media - Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago - Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus (A) - Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (A) - Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa - Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica - Little curlew, Numenius minutus (A) - Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus - Slender-billed curlew, Numenius tenuirostris (A) - Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata - Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda (A) - Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus - Common redshank, Tringa totanus - Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis - Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia - Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (A) - Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus - Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola - Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus (A) - Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos - Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia (A) - Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres - Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris (A) - Red knot, Calidris canutus - Sanderling, Calidris alba - Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla (A) - Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis - Little stint, Calidris minuta - Temminck's stint, Calidris temminckii - Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla (A) - White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis (A) - Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii (A) - Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos (A) - Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata (A) - Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea - Dunlin, Calidris alpina - Purple sandpiper, Calidris maritima - Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus (A) - Broad-billed sandpiper, Limicola falcinellus - Buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis (A) - Ruff, Philomachus pugnax - Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor (A) - Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus - Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius Skuas and jaegers The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. - Great skua, Stercorarius skua - Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus (A) - Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus - Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls and kittiwakes. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. - Mew gull, Larus canus - Audouin's gull, Ichthyaetus audouinii (A) - Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis (A) - Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus - Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus - Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides - Herring gull, Larus argentatus - Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus - Heuglin's gull, Larus heuglini (A) - Caspian gull, Larus cachinnans (A) - Yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis - Pallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus (A) - Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus - Slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei (A) - Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (A) - Mediterranean gull, Ichthyaetus melanocephalus - Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (A) - Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A) - Little gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus - Ivory gull, Pagophila eburnea (A) - Ross's gull, Rhodostethia rosea (A) - Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (A) - Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. - Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica - Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia - Elegant tern, Thalasseus elegans (A) - Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis - Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii (A) - Common tern, Sterna hirundo - Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea - Little tern, Sternula albifrons - Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (A) - Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscata (A) - Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybridus - White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus - Black tern, Chlidonias niger - Brown noddy, Anous stolidus (A) Auks, murres and puffins Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. - Dovekie, Alle alle - Common murre, Uria aalge - Thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia (A) - Razorbill, Alca torda - Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle - Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. Pigeons and doves - Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I) - Stock dove, Columba oenas - Common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus - European turtle dove, Streptopelia turtur - Oriental turtle dove, Streptopelia orientalis (A) - Eurasian collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto Parrots, macaws and allies Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back. - Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri (I) Cuckoos and anis - Great spotted cuckoo, Clamator glandarius (A) - Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus - Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus (A) Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. - Barn owl, Tyto alba The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. - European scops owl, Otus scops (A) - Eurasian eagle-owl, Bubo bubo - Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus (A) - Tawny owl, Strix aluco - Ural owl, Strix uralensis - Great grey owl, Strix nebulosa (A) - Northern hawk-owl, Surnia ulula (A) - Eurasian pygmy owl, Glaucidium passerinum - Little owl, Athene noctua - Boreal owl, Aegolius funereus - Long-eared owl, Asio otus - Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. - Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. - European roller, Coracias garrulus (A) Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. There are 2 species worldwide and 1 species which occur in Germany. - Hoopoe, Upupa epops Woodpeckers and allies Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. - Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla - Lesser spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos minor - Middle spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos medius - White-backed woodpecker, Dendrocopos leucotos - Great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major - Syrian woodpecker, Dendrocopos syriacus (A) - Eurasian three-toed woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus - Black woodpecker, Dryocopus martius - European green woodpecker, Picus viridis - Grey-faced woodpecker, Picus canus Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. - Calandra lark, Melanocorypha calandra (A) - White-winged lark, Melanocorypha leucoptera (A) - Black lark, Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (A) - Greater short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla (A) - Lesser short-toed lark, Calandrella rufescens (A) - Crested lark, Galerida cristata - Wood lark, Lullula arborea - Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis - Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris Swallows and martins The Hirundinidae family is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. - Sand martin, Riparia riparia - Eurasian crag martin, Ptyonoprogne rupestris - Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica - Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica (A) - Common house martin, Delichon urbica Wagtails and pipits Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. - White wagtail, Motacilla alba - Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola (A) - Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava - Grey wagtail, Motacilla cinerea - Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi (A) - Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris - Blyth's pipit, Anthus godlewskii (A) - Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis - Olive-backed pipit, Anthus hodgsoni (A) - Meadow pipit, Anthus pratensis - Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus - Rock pipit, Anthus petrosus - Water pipit, Anthus spinoletta - Buff-bellied pipit, Anthus rubescens (A) The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice. The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. - Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. - White-throated dipper, Cinclus cinclus The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. - Eurasian wren, Troglodytes troglodytes Mockingbirds and thrashers The mimids are a family of passerine birds that includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalizations, especially their ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. Their colouring tends towards dull-greys and browns. Thrushes and allies The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. - Siberian thrush, Zoothera sibirica (A) - Scaly thrush, Zoothera dauma (A) - Grey-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus (A) - Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus (A) - Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus (A) - Tickell's thrush, Turdus unicolor (A) - Ring ouzel, Turdus torquatus - Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula - Eyebrowed thrush, Turdus obscurus (A) - Dark-throated thrush, Turdus ruficollis (A) - Dusky thrush, Turdus naumanni (A) - Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris - Redwing, Turdus iliacus - Song thrush, Turdus philomelos - Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus - American robin, Turdus migratorius (A) Cisticolas and allies The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. - Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis (A) - Cetti's warbler, Cettia cetti (A) - Lanceolated warbler, Locustella lanceolata (A) - Common grasshopper warbler, Locustella naevia - Pallas's warbler, Locustella certhiola (A) - Eurasian river warbler, Locustella fluviatilis - Savi's warbler, Locustella luscinioides - Moustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (A) - Aquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola - Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus - Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola (A) - Eurasian reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus - Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum (A) - Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris - Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus - Booted warbler, Hippolais caligata (A) - Eastern olivaceous warbler, Hippolais pallida (A) - Olive-tree warbler, Hippolais olivetorum (A) - Melodious warbler, Hippolais polyglotta - Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina - Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus - Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita - Western Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus bonelli - Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix - Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus (A) - Radde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi (A) - Lemon-rumped warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus (A) - Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus (A) - Hume's warbler, Phylloscopus humei (A) - Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (A) - Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides - Eastern crowned warbler, Phylloscopus coronatus Old World warblers The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. - Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla - Garden warbler, Sylvia borin - Greater whitethroat, Sylvia communis - Lesser whitethroat, Sylvia curruca - Asian desert warbler, Sylvia nana (A) - Barred warbler, Sylvia nisoria - Western Orphean warbler, Sylvia hortensis (A) - Eastern Orphean warbler, Sylvia crassirostris (A) - Subalpine warbler, Sylvia cantillans (A) - Sardinian warbler, Sylvia melanocephala (A) - Spectacled warbler, Sylvia conspicillata (A) - Dartford warbler, Sylvia undata (A) Old World flycatchers Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. There 274 species worldwide and 23 species which occur in Germany. - Common rock thrush, Monticola saxatilis (A) - Blue rock thrush, Monticola solitarius (A) - Spotted flycatcher, Muscicapa striata - European pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca - Collared flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis - Red-breasted flycatcher, Ficedula parva - European robin, Erithacus rubecula - Thrush nightingale, Luscinia luscinia - Common nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos - Siberian rubythroat, Luscinia calliope (A) - Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica - Red-flanked bluetail, Tarsiger cyanurus - Rufous-tailed scrub robin, Cercotrichas galactotes (A) - Black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros - Common redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus - Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maura (A) - Whinchat, Saxicola rubetra - European stonechat, Saxicola rubicola - White-tailed wheatear, Oenanthe leucopyga (A) - Black wheatear, Oenanthe leucura (A) - Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe - Pied wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka (A) - Black-eared wheatear, Oenanthe hispanica (A) - Desert wheatear, Oenanthe deserti (A) - Isabelline wheatear, Oenanthe isabellina (A) The parrotbills are a group of birds native to East and Southeast Asia, though feral populations exist elsewhere. They are generally small, long-tailed birds which inhabit reed beds and similar habitats. - Bearded reedling, Panurus biarmicus Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. - Long-tailed tit, Aegithalos caudatus Chickadees and titmice The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. - Marsh tit, Poecile palustris - Willow tit, Poecile montana - Coal tit, Periparus ater - Crested tit, Lophophanes cristatus - Great tit, Parus major - Eurasian blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus - Azure tit, Cyanistes cyanus (A) Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. - Eurasian nuthatch, Sitta europaea The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family, which has stunning crimson, grey and black plumage. - Wallcreeper, Tichodroma muraria Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. The penduline tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. - Eurasian penduline tit, Remiz pendulinus Old World orioles The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. - Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. - Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio - Rufous-tailed shrike, Lanius isabellinus (A) - Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (A) - Northern shrike, Lanius excubitor - Lesser grey shrike, Lanius minor (A) - Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator Crows, jays, ravens and magpies The Corvidae family includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. - Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius - Eurasian magpie, Pica pica - Eurasian nutcracker, Nucifraga caryocatactes - Red-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (A) - Yellow-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax graculus - Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula - Rook, Corvus frugilegus - Carrion crow, Corvus corone - Common raven, Corvus corax - Hooded crow, Corvus cornix Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. New World warblers The New World warblers are a group of small, often colourful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores. - Black-throated green warbler, Dendroica virens (A) Buntings, sparrows, seedeaters and allies The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. - Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella - Pine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos (A) - Cirl bunting, Emberiza cirlus - Rock bunting, Emberiza cia - Cinereous bunting, Emberiza cineracea (A) - Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana - Cretzschmar's bunting, Emberiza caesia (A) - Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla (A) - Rustic bunting, Emberiza rustica (A) - Yellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola (A) - Black-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala (A) - Red-headed bunting, Emberiza bruniceps (A) - Black-faced bunting, Emberiza spodocephala (A) - Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus - Corn bunting, Emberiza calandra - Fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca (A) Snow buntings and longspurs Saltators, cardinals and allies The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages. - Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea (A) Siskins, crossbills and allies Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. - Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs - Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla - Pine grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator (A) - Common rosefinch, Carpodacus erythrinus - Parrot crossbill, Loxia pytyopsittacus (A) - Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra - White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera (A) - European greenfinch, Chloris chloris - Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea - Hoary redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (A) - Eurasian siskin, Spinus spinus - European goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis - Twite, Carduelis flavirostris - Eurasian linnet, Carduelis cannabina - European serin, Serinus serinus - Citril finch, Serinus citrinella - Eurasian bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula - Hawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes - Trumpeter finch, Bucanetes githaginea (A) Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. - House sparrow, Passer domesticus - Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus - Rock petronia, Petronia petronia (A) - White-winged snowfinch, Montifringilla nivalis - Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of birds of Germany". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 26 April 2007. - Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: a Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-934797-16-1.

<urn:uuid:21c222f8-74ec-4790-951d-4f659048c8a7>

Robert Alexander Nisbet is an American sociologist. He was born in 1913 and died in 1996. His first important work The Quest for Community (published in 1969) stated that modern social science’s individualism denied an important drive toward community. The American family has evolved a olt in the past century. If we put the quote back in its historical context, we note that nowadays children endure more emotional disruption in familial relations than ever before. The last 50 years have seen a sudden rise in divorce (the U.S. has the highest of any industrialized nation), cohabitation rather than marriage and children born out of wedlock. This marks a shift away from the ideal of the companion marriage popularized in the early 1920s to self-aspiration, enhanced freedom, and egalitarian relationships. Since the 1960s, society has become more inclusive and women more financially independent. This is the America in which Nisbet wrote his main works and this is why he emphasises the importance of having tied families. The family, not the individual, is the real molecule of society, the key link in the social chain of being. Robert Nisbet Robert Nisbet opposes the individual to the family. He therefore creates a cleavage between the person as one self and the group. In the ways of a scientist, he explains the construction of molecules as a group of atoms put together. He clearly states that the family, as the source of moral education and as the environment in which children grow up, is a key to the construction of society. According to R. Nisbet an individual cannot carry the weight of society’s codes. Family appears as a necessary element in the construction of each and every one of us. It is indeed as we share lives with our elders that we learn the essential principles of life. We learn most of what we know in our families throughout the education that is conferred. Moral codes, respect, discipline, politeness, etc are taught during the youngest years of... Please join StudyMode to read the full document

<urn:uuid:49f66759-6e23-4dea-83ea-69ed1a882539>

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) are besides known as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons or poly-aromatic hydrocarbons. They consist of fused aromatic rings and do non incorporate heteroatoms or substituents. The pure PAHs are normally in colourless, white or pale xanthous green coloring material solids. These compounds have their major beginnings in dodo or man-made fuels or are produced as by merchandises from the uncomplete burning or high-temperature reactions of coal, oil and gas, car fumes every bit good as organic stuffs. Furthermore, uncomplete burning of fuel in an internal burning engine non merely causes the formation of PAHs, other gaseous and particulates will besides be emitted. A few PAHs can be used in medical specialties and some can be used to do plastics, pesticides, dyes and so on.Presents, PAHs is one of the largest groups of environmental carcinogens which are present in air, nutrient and imbibing H2O. As the by-products of debasement and burning of organic stuffs, PAHs has become widespread in the environment. They are pollutants which are carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic. The United State Environment Protection Agency ( EPA ) has selected 32 compounds of PAHs to be chief pollutants. Among these 32 PAHs compounds, the EPA has categorised seven PAH compounds to be the possible carcinogens which can impact human wellness which are benzo ( a ) anthracene, chrysene, benzo ( a ) pyrene, benzo ( B ) fluoranthene, benzo ( K ) fluoranthene, dibenz ( a, H ) anthracene and indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene. Therefore, to avoid these 7 PAHs compounds exist overly in the environment and endanger human ‘s wellness, the presence of PAHs has to be monitored on a regular basis in the most environmental section and industrial concern. The rule of this undertaking is to find the concentration of these 7 PAH compounds present in motor oil samples which are from the auto mill and so place whether they are within the bound set by the Department of Environment ( DOE ) . If the concentration of the 7 PAHs in the waste oil exceeds the bound, the waste oil has to be treated before being disposed. Besides that, any penalty may besides be given to the proprietor. Used motor oils which contain PAHs are mutagenic ; particularly from the motor vehicles which utilizing leaded gasoline whereas used oils from vehicles which utilizing leadless gasoline or Diesel fuel are less mutagenic. Since the method used is considered as a new method which is imported from other state. Thus, I was given a opportunity to partly formalize the method whether the recoveries of sample analytes can be obtained through this method.PAHs are lipotropic, so they are easier to blend with oil instead than H2O. Therefore, PAHs are largely present in dirt and oily substances in the environment when they are in larger sizes, but sometimes, they besides exist in particulate affairs which suspended in the air. PAHs in the dirt can flux into belowground H2O and so pollute the H2O. Furthermore, PAHs can besides come in into H2O through discharges from intervention workss of industrial and sewage H2O. However, most of the PAHs are non soluble in H2O, so they prefer uniting with solid atoms and so settle to the underside of rivers and exist in deposit. Sediments, dirts, H2O and other substances will be contaminated when PAHs is present. After a period of hebdomads or months, PAHs can be broken down by micro-organisms, so they will non be everlastingly.Toxicity of PAHs depends on the constructions but non on their sizes. With isomers, they can be from non toxic to highly toxic. Although some effects of PAHs have non been seen in human so far, carnal experiments have proved that PAHs are really carcinogenic. After exposing to the PAHs no affair for a short or long period of clip, they can do harmful wellness effects such as on the tegument, organic structure fluids, and besides the ability to contend diseases. For case, research lab animate beings were infected by tegument malignant neoplastic disease when their tegument were exposed to the PAHs for a long clip, lung malignant neoplastic disease when they breathed air which incorporating PAHs every bit good as tummy malignant neoplastic disease when they consumed nutrient incorporating PAHs. Furthermore, in the carnal surveies on mice, the mice which were injected high degree of benzo ( a ) pyrene during gestation would happen troubles when reproducing. Besides that, their progeny besides had higher chance of birth defects, decreased organic structure weights and IQ if they extremely exposed to the benzo ( a ) pyrene before being given birth. These effects may besides happen in human. Fortunately, most of the PAHs which enter the organic structure will go forth through fecal matters and piss within a few yearss.The undermentioned seven constructions are the seven PAHs which are the possible carcinogens of human existences and they are the mark analytes of this undertaking:Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonIUPAC NameMolecular StructureMolecular FormulaAppearanceCarcinogenicityBeginningsBenzo ( a ) anthraceneC18H12SolidCarcinogenicMineral oilBenzo ( B ) fluorentheneC20H12Whitish to tan pulverizationStrongly carcinogenicOystersBenzo ( K ) fluorentheneC20H12Pale xanthous solid ( acerate leafs )Not carcinogenicOystersRoasted CoffeeBenzo ( a ) pyreneC20H12Pale yellow solidStrongly carcinogenicSmoked nutrientsOystersCigarettesOilsBBQ beef & A ; porcWaxCharcoal-broiled steaksRoasted javaContaminated H2OFruits and veggiesChryseneC18H12Colourless with bluish or red-blue fluorescence orthorhombic bipyramidal home basesCarcinogenicOystersWaxSmoked nutrientsRoasted javaDibenz ( a, H ) anthraceneC22H14Colourless solidStrongly carcinogenicCharcoal-broiled steaksIndeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyreneC22H12Yellow home basesCarcinogenicOwn work3.3.2 SurrogateSurrogate is a pure analyte which is non possible to be found in any samples, but its feature is the same as the sample analytes, so that there is no imbrication of keeping clip between the alternate and any sample analytes. Surrogate solution with known concentration is added into the sample prior to extraction and any other procedures. After that, it is determined by utilizing the same processs which are used to mensurate the sample analytes, and so its recovery is measured. The map of the alternate is to supervise the method public presentation of with each sample. Individual alternate recoveries are used to rectify the concentrations of specific analyte harmonizing to the keeping clip. The alternate used in this undertaking is terphenyl-d14. 3.3.3 Internal StandardAn internal criterion is a pure analyte with known concentration and different from sample analyte. It is added into a sample, infusion or standard solution. The map of internal criterion is to mensurate the comparative response or concentration of other method analytes and alternates which are constituents of the same solution with it by comparing the signal from analyte with the signal from the internal criterion.Internal criterion is really utile for analyzing a sample in which the sample ‘s measure or the response of instrument will somewhat change from tally to run. The right concentration of analyte can be derived, merely if the concentration of internal criterion is known. Besides that, internal criterion is normally used in the chromatography because the small sum of sample solution which is injected into the chromatograph is non really consistent in some trials. In this undertaking, perylene-d12 is used as internal criterion to cipher the concentration of other unknown analytes. 3.4 Principle of Method:Samples are made up in solution, spiked with alternate ( terphenyl-d14 ) , and so transferred into a silica gel clean-up column. By elution with hexane and dichloromethane/hexane 1:1, samples are fractionated into saturate fractions ( F1 ) and aromatic fractions ( F2 ) . Then, both fractions are concentrated by vaporization under dry N “ blow-down ” setup. The seven compounds of PAHs are in the aromatic fractions ( F2 ) whereas saturate fractions ( F1 ) contains concentrated hydrocarbon. For the intent of finding of PAHs, aromatic fraction ( F2 ) is spiked with internal criterion ( perylene-d12 ) , accurately exceed up to the pre-injection volume and so analyzed by GC/MS in the scan manner. 3.5 Apparatus and Reagent:3.5.1 Apparatus:Analytic balance – must be able to accurately weigh 0.0001gVolumetric flasks – 1mL, 5mL and 10mLVolumetric flasks must be rinsed with three parts each of DCM/hexane 1:1 and hexane in turn before usage.Graduated cylinders – 5mL, 10mL and 20mLMicropipettes – 10AµL-1000AµLSample clean-up column – 300mm long x 10.5mm internal diameter plugged with glass wool at the underside and a Teflon turncock. Fritted spectacless phonograph records are non recommended because they will be really hard to be cleaned after high concentration of infusions have been passed through.15mL Centrifuge tubes – calibrated, graduated and with ground-glass stopperCentrifuge tubing and its stopper must be rinsed with three parts each of DCM/hexane 1:1 and hexane in turn before usage.Dry-nitrogen “ blow-down ” devicePhials – 1mL, with Teflon-lined prison guard cap septaFunnelsGas chromatograph with mass spectrometer ( GC/MS )GC column used for analysis is 30m long x 0.25mm internal diameter, 60oC-325oC temperature bound, 0.25Aµm movie thickness capillary DB-5MS ( Durabond-5 Mass Spectrum ) .Note: All glasswork has to be rinsed with dissolver ( DCM and hexane ) before being used. 3.5.2 Reagents:AcetoneMethylene chlorideDichloromethane ( DCM ) /hexane 1:1HexaneGlass woolBefore usage, glass wool is placed into a big pre-cleaned column. Then, it is eluted with 2 volume of column of DCM followed by 2 volume of column of hexane. DCM and hexane are so discarded. A beaker is pre-cleaned with DCM and hexane. The clean cotton wool is poured into the beaker, covered slackly with solvent-rinsed aluminium foil. It is so dried overnight in fume goon. After that, the cotton wool is stored in an oven at temperature runing from 160-200oC until ready for usage.Silica gel- Before usage, it must be serially rinsed with propanone, DCM and hexane, so wholly dried at 50oC followed by activation for at least 20 hours at 160-180oC in a shallow glass tray, slackly covered with foil.Anhydrous Na sulfateBefore usage, Na sulfate must be cleaned by utilizing dissolver. The Na sulfate is poured into a pre-cleaned column. Then, it is eluted with 2 volume of column of DCM followed by 2 volume of column of hexane. DCM and hexane are so discarded. A beaker is pre-cleaned with DCM and hexane. The clean Na sulfate is poured into the beaker, covered slackly with solvent-rinsed aluminium foil. It is so dried overnight in fume goon. After that, the Na sulfate is dried in an oven at about 180oC nightlong. Sodium sulfate is stored in an oven at temperature runing from 180A±20oC until ready for usage. PAH stock mix standard solution – 1000ppmInternal criterions – Perylene-d12 – 1000ppmSurrogate – Terphenyl-d14 – 1000ppm3.6 Procedures:3.6.1 Preparation of Internal Standard ( Perylene-d12 ) and Surrogate ( Terphenyl-d14 )The stock internal criterion and alternate solutions which are 1000ppm were diluted with hexane into 100ppm severally. Then, the 100ppm of internal criterion and foster solutions was farther diluted into the other concentration that was required in the undermentioned stairss.3.6.2 CalibrationCalibration criterions were prepared from the 1000ppm of PAH stock mix standard solution.1000ppm of the PAH stock mix standard solution was diluted with hexane to 5ppm, 10ppm, 20ppm, 50ppm and 100ppm in 1mL volumetric flask.The five volumetric flasks with different concentration of mix criterion were spiked with alternate with the concentrations which are same as their several mix criterion.Then, each of the volumetric flasks was spiked with 0. 2mL of 100ppm of internal criterion to do the concentration of internal criterion to be 20ppm.Hexane was added to the standardization grade and so the 5 solutions were transferred into 5 different of 1mL phials.After that, the 5 standardization criterions were analyzed by GC/MS in the scan manner. The status of GC/MS will be indicated at Section3.6.3 ( C ) .The standardization graphs of 7 PAHs compounds and alternate were printed out and the one-dimensionality of graphs were determined. 3.6.3 Determination of PAHs in waste oil samples( A ) Waste Oil Sample readyingSample with alternate but without mix criterion ( Mixture of 7 compounds PAHs )0. 5000g of waste oil sample was weighed and pipette into a 5mL volumetric flask.Surrogate was spiked into the volumetric flask.Then, hexane was added to the standardization grade. The volumetric flask was shaked smartly.Sample with alternate and blend criterion ( Mixture of 7 compounds PAHs )0.5000g of waste oil sample was weighed and pipette into a 5mL volumetric flask.Surrogate followed by mix criterion were spiked into the volumetric flask.Then, hexane was added to the standardization grade.The volumetric flask was shaked smartly.( B ) Sample CleanupA 0. 5cm bed of cotton wool was placed into a 300mm long, 10.5mm internal diameter of chromatographic column.Approximately 3g of activated silicon oxide gel was so placed into the column.The column was tapped gently to settle the silicon oxide gel.A 0.5cm bed of anhydrous Na sulfate was added on the top of silica gel. The column was preconditioned with 20mL of hexane, the eluent was discarded.When hexane has drained to the top of the column bed, 500AµL of concentrated sample and 3mL of hexane were transferred into the column. 3mL of eluent was so discarded. Before sodium sulfate exposed to the air, 12mL of hexane was added into the column. This eluent was collected in a graduated and calibrated extractor tubing and this fraction was labeled as “ F1 ” .Before sodium sulfate exposed to the air, 15mL of DCM/hexane 1:1 was added into the column. The eluent was so collected in another calibrated and graduated extractor tubing and this fraction was labeled as “ F2 ” .After that, both fractions were concentrated gently to about volumes of 0.6-0.8mL by vaporization under dry N in the “ blow-down ” setup.The concentrated fractions were spiked with 2mL of 100ppm of internal criterion to do the internal criterion to be 20ppm. Both fractions were topped up to the pre-injection volume of 1 A± 0.1mL and so transferred into 1mL of phials with decently labeled Teflon-lined prison guard cap septa. Phials should be instantly closed to avoid vaporization of dissolver. The fractions have to be stored refrigerated, in the dark, for later analysis.( C ) Determination of PAHs by GC/MSThe seven compounds of PAHs were analyzed by GC/MS in the scan manner.The selected characteristic ions used for analysis of PAHs are listed in the Appendix.The operating conditions of GC/MS are the undermentioned:Mass scope: 35-500amuScan clip: 1sec/scanInitial temperature: 40oC, clasp for 4 proceedingssTemperature plan: 40-270oC at 10oC/minConcluding temperature: 300oC, hold about 15 proceedingss until all compounds eluteInjector temperature: 250-300oCTransportation line temperature: 250-300oCInjector: splitless ( usually for low concentration of analyte )Injection volume: 1AµLCarrier gas: He at 30cm/secAfter that, the consequences were printed out and analyzed. 3.6.4 Quality Control ( QC ) ProtocolMid flat concentration of standardization criterions which is 20ppm of PAH stock mix standard solution, spiked with 20ppm of internal criterion was analyzed by GC/MS in the scan manner. This is used to look into the public presentation of instrument. QC has to be analyzed after each 10 samples are run to guarantee that samples are running within the instrument public presentation.3.7 Consequences and Calculation:Calculation for the volumes of 1000ppm of stock mix standard solution used to fix 5ppm, 10ppm, 20ppm, 50ppm and 100ppm of mix standard solution:By utilizing expression,M1V1=M2V2For 5ppm, M1V1=M2V21000ppm ten V1 = 5ppm x 1mLV1 = 0.005mLFor 10ppm, 1000ppm ten V2 = 10ppm ten 1mLV2 = 0.01mLFor 20ppm, 1000ppm ten V3 = 20ppm ten 1mLV3 = 0.02mLFor 50ppm, 1000ppm ten V4 = 50ppm ten 1mLV4 = 0.05mLFor 100ppm, 1000ppm ten V5 = 100ppm ten 1mLV2 = 0. 1mLCalculation for the volume of alternate used in the sample readyingFor illustration, 20ppm of alternate was spiked into the sample,To avoid overloading, no more than 50mg of oil can be placed on the column.Therefore, we decided to put 50mg of oil on the column. This is because we can salvage the sum of alternate ‘s stock solution used.Concentration of oil = mass of sample used / volume of solution = 100000 mg/L1 L: 100000mg where ten be the volume of concentrated sample which is ten L: 50mg spiked into the columnten == 5 ten 10-4 L= 500AµLSo, to avoid overloading, the maximal volume of concentrated sample can be spiked into the column is 500AµL.M1V1=M2V2M1 x 500AµL = 20ppm x 1mLM1 = 40ppmM3V3=M4V4100 ten V3 = 40ppm x 5mLV3 = 2mLWhere M1 = M4 = Concentration of sampleM2 = Concentration of alternate obtained after sample killingM3 = Concentration alternate ‘s stock solution ( 100ppm )V1 = Volume of concentrated sample spiked into columnV2 = Pre-injection volumeV3 = Volume of alternate ‘s stock solution usedV4 = Volume of sample solution preparedTherefore, 2mL of alternate was used in the sample readying to do a concentration of 20ppm. Note: To cipher other concentration of alternate and blend criterion spiked into the sample, the same computation stairss are used.3.7.1 CalibrationThe standardization graphs are attached behind. 22.214.171.124 Calculation of Relative Response Factor ( RRF ) for each analyte in the standardization mixtures at each of the concentration degreesRelative Response Factors, RRF =Where:As = Area for the mark analyte to be measuredAIS = Area for the internal criterion ( IS )CIS = Concentration of the internal criterion ( 20ppm )Cs = Concentration of the mark analyteThe values of As, AIS and Cs can be referred to the quantitation study attached behind. Table 3.1: Relative Response Factor for 5ppm mix standardName of compoundAs ( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d147.130.9204.411.042057Benz ( a ) anthracene7.330.9203. 581.175173Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene5.330.9202.471. 388834Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene10.430.9204.51.495865Benzo ( a ) pyrene4. 530.9202.161.348436Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene6.130.9204.90.805759Dibenzo ( a. h ) anthracene4.930.9203.50.906149Table 3.2: Relative Response Factor for 10ppm mix standardName of compoundAs( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d1418. 542.12011.420.76958Benz ( a ) anthracene19.342. 12010.850.871307Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene18.242.1208. 411.028071Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene27.242.12011.731. 101587Benzo ( a ) pyrene17.142.1208.11. 002903Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene17.142.12010.060.807507Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene14. 3: Relative Response Factor for 20ppm mix standardName of compoundAs( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d1430.541.42018.810.783323Benz ( a ) anthracene39.241. 250.886616Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene40.241.42018.531. 048046Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene49.141.42021. 141.122034Benzo ( a ) pyrene37.141.42017.561.020655Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene20. 341.42012.170.805815Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene30.341.42016. 010.914284Table 3.4: Relative Response Factor for 50ppm mix standardName of compoundAs( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d1492. 3442056.890.737468Benz ( a ) anthracene91.4442046. 140.900422Chrysene91.4442049.790.834414Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene106.5442049.080. 98633Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene142.1442061.131.056616Benzo ( a ) pyrene93. 7442044.30.96142Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene83.4442046. 940.807607Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene105.7442052.540. 914455Table 3.5: Relative Response Factor for 100ppm mix standardName of compoundAs( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d14156.943.42096.680.747871Benz ( a ) anthracene202.243.420102. 846516Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene219.343.420101.041.000197Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene218.743. 42094.061.07148Benzo ( a ) pyrene219.343.420103.670.974823Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene180.943. 420103.10.808575Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene198.343.42099. 850.91519126.96.36.199 Percent comparative criterion divergence ( % RSD ) for the five RRFs for each analyte% RSD Standard divergence of the RRFsAverage of the RRFsX 100 %Standard divergence =Where eleven = each RRF value used to cipher the mean RRF= the mean of N valuesn = entire figure of values = 5All informations is referred to the quantitation study attached behind.Table 3.6: Percentage comparative criterion divergence ( % RSD ) for the 5 RRFs for each analyteName of compoundRelative Response FactorAverageStandard Deviation% RSD5 ppm10 ppm20 ppm50 ppm100 ppmTerphenyl-d141. 64Benz ( a ) anthracene1.2735630.9403740. 8465160.9228050.14255203615.45Benzo ( B )fluorenthene1.3888341. 46Benzo ( K )fluorenthene1.4958651.1015871.1220341.0566161.071481.1695160.18420769115. 75Benzo ( a ) pyrene1.3484361.0029031.0206550.961420.9748231.0616470.16198987915. 26Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd )pyrene0.8057590.8075070.8058150.8076070.8085750. 8070530.0012284220.15Dibenzo ( a.h )anthracene0.9061490.9111590. 413.7.2 Verification of Calculation for PAHsConcentration of the analyte of involvement in the sample ( Aµg/g ) =Where:As = Area for the analyte in the sampleAIS = Area for the internal criterion ( IS )WIS = Amount of internal criterion added to the sample = 20AµgD = Dilution factor ( dimensionless ) = 5Ws = Weight of sample ( g )Table 3.7: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAH in sample waste W( no alternate spiked and without sample clean-up ) 26 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d140.0412200.032. Benz ( a ) anthracene3.912201.993.26633165819. 9100Chrysene412202.223.00300300322.2100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene1. 412200.683.4313725496.8100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene1. 412200.613.8251366126.1100Benzo ( a ) pyrene1.412200. 713.2863849777.110Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene1.312202. 690.80545229226.9100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0.112200. 210.7936507942.110Table 3.8: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in sample waste A( no alternate spiked and without sample clean-up ) 25 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d140. Benz ( a ) anthracene0.237.7200.110. 5305039791100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene0.0837.7200. 041.0610079580.4100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene0. 0937.7200.041.1936339520.4100Benzo ( a ) pyrene0.137.7200.051. 0610079580.510Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene0.0137.7200.010.5305039790. 1100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0.0537.7200.030.8841732980. 310Table 3.9: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in waste W1( 20ppm alternate spiked and with sample clean-up ) 28 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analytev ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d1474.3442045. Benz ( a ) anthracene3.9442020.88636363620100Chrysene2.444201. 320.82644628113.2100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene2.944201.350.97643097613.5100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene2.844201.251.01818181812.5100Benzo ( a ) pyrene2.944201.40.9415584421410Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene1.244200.70.7792207797100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0.144200.070.6493506490.710Table 3.10: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in waste W2( 20ppm alternate spiked and with sample clean-up ) 30 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d1414.313.2208.922.42899850589.2 Benz ( a ) anthracene0.813.2200.432.818886544.3100Chrysene0.413.2200.262.3310023312.6100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene0.313.2200.162.8409090911.6100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene0.513.2200.243.1565656572.4100Benzo ( a ) pyrene0.413.2200.232.6350461132.310Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene0.213.2200.510.5941770655.1100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene013.22000010Table 3.11: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in waste A1( 20ppm alternate spiked and with sample clean-up ) 28 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d1446.3392028.530.832232378285.3 Benz ( a ) anthracene0.0539200.030.8547008550.3100Chrysene0.0639200.040.7692307690.4100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene0.0239200.011.0256410260.1100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene-0.0023920000100Benzo ( a ) pyrene0.139200.060.8547008550.610Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene03920000100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0392000010Table 3.12: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in waste A2( 20ppm alternate spiked and with sample clean-up ) 30 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x105 )Area of IS( x105 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d14423.2360.12026.380.891000078263.8 Benz ( a ) anthracene0.3360.1200.020.8331019160.2100Chrysene0.3360.1200.020.8331019160.2100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene0360.120000100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene0.1360.1200.010.5554012770.1100Benzo ( a ) pyrene1360.1200.051.1108025550.510Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene0360.120000100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0360.12000010Note: The concentrations of analytes which are non noticeable are assumed as nothing.3.7.3 Determination of the Sample RecoveryConcentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion= Concentration of mark analyte – Concentration of mark analyte in the spaceRecovery per centum of mix criterion =Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterionConcentration of mix criterion spikedx 100 %Table 3.13: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for waste W1+ 10ppm mix criterion ( 20ppm alternate through column ) 30 Jun 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the space ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Terphenyl-d1426.240.0326.21131.05Benz ( a ) anthracene13.341.9911.35113.50Chrysene11.532.229.3193.10Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene10.360.689.6896.80Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene11.780.6111.17111.70Benzo ( a ) pyrene10.110.719.494.00Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene4.342.691.6516.50Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene4.470.214.2642.60Table 3.14: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for waste W2 + 10ppm mix criterion ( 20ppm alternate through column ) 1 July 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the space ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Terphenyl-d1443.160.0343.13215.65Benz ( a ) anthracene12.841.9910.85108.50Chrysene12.242.2210.02100.20Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene10.810.6810.13101.30Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene11.660.6111.05110.50Benzo ( a ) pyrene10.420.719.7197.10Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene6.962.694.2742.70Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene6.720.216.5165.10Note: The concentration of mark analyte in the space of waste W is taken from the concentration of mark analyte in the tabular array 3.1.Table 3.15: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for waste A1 + 20ppm mix criterion ( 40ppm alternate through column ) 1 July 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the space ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Terphenyl-d1484.770.0584.72211.80Benz ( a ) anthracene18.770.1118.6693.30Chrysene20.260.120.16100.80Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene18.390.0418.3591.75Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene20.330.0420.29101.45Benzo ( a ) pyrene17.640.0517.5987.95Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene10.910.0110.954.50Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene11.260.0311.2356.15Table 3.16: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for waste A2 + 20ppm mix criterion ( 40ppm alternate through column ) 1 July 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the space ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Terphenyl-d1488.110.0588.06220.15Benz ( a ) anthracene21.50.1121.39106.95Chrysene21.040.120.94104.70Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene19.540.0419.597.50Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene21.230.0421.19105.95Benzo ( a ) pyrene18.880.0518.8394.15Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene14.670.0114.6673.30Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene15.220.0315.1975.95Note: The concentration of mark analyte in the space of waste A is taken from the concentration of mark analyte in the tabular array 3.2.Table 3.17: Summary of Recovery per centum of mix criterionName of compoundRecovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Waste W1Waste W2Waste A1Waste A2Terphenyl-d14131.05215.65211.8220.15Benz ( a ) anthracene113.50108.5093.30106.95Chrysene93.10100.20100.80104.70Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene96.80101.3091.7597.50Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene111.70110.50101.45105.95Benzo ( a ) pyrene94.0097.1087.9594.15Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene16.5042.7054.5073.30Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene42.6065.1056.1575.953.7.4 Quality ControlTable 3.18: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for QC 20ppm( no alternate spiked ) 29 Jun 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Benz ( a ) anthracene21.62108.1Chrysene22.67113.35Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene22.16110.8Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene22.16110.8Benzo ( a ) pyrene20.18100.9Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene15.376.5Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene17.3486.73.8 Observations:3.8.1 The eluent in the F2 which contains PAHs was in xanthous coloring material whereas the eluent in F1 which contains saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon was colourless.Fraction 1: colourless Fraction 2: xanthous coloring material3.8.2 When the fractions were exposed to the UV visible radiation, there was fluorescence occurred in F2 but non in F1. This is the preliminary identifying for the presence of PAHs in the waste oil sample. This can be shown by the undermentioned images:Fraction 1: fluorescence did non happen Fraction 2: fluorescence occurred3.8.3 The strength of xanthous coloring material of F2 in waste W is higher than in waste A.3.9 Discussions:3.9.1 Discussion on chromatographRefer to the chromatograph of 20ppm of PAHs mix criterions attached behind, there are 9 extremums represent to the 7 PAHs, internal criterion and alternate. It shows the keeping clip of the 7 mark PAHs every bit good as internal criterion ( perylene-d12 ) and foster ( terphenyl-d14 ) . The keeping clip of the 7 PAHs, internal criterion and alternate are:Terphenyl-d14: 24.46 minBenz ( a ) anthracene: 26.82 minChrysene: 26.91 minBenzo ( B ) fluorenthene: 29.25 minBenzo ( K ) fluorenthene: 29.30 minBenzo ( a ) pyrene: 29.90 minPerylene-d12: 30.02 minIndeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene: 32.48 minDibenzo ( a, H ) anthracene: 32.56 minFrom the chromatograph, we can detect that the splitting of the 9 extremums is moderate but they are still acceptable. There are somewhat overlapping of some extremums such as benzo ( B ) fluorenthene with benzo ( K ) fluorenthene and indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene with dibenzo ( a, H ) anthracene because their keeping clip is rather close. If the extremums are overlapping excessively much, response of the several analyte will be really hard to be calculated and mistakes will besides happen. This is because response is calculated from the country occupied by a extremum, so if 2 extremums are overlapping, it is really hard to find the existent country of each extremum and the response obtained will merely be an estimate. This will indirectly act upon our consequences. To better the splitting, temperature scheduling can be increased.3.9.2 Linearity of CalibrationThe standardization cheque of the five different concentration of PAHs mix criterion can be used to set up the instrument ‘s additive dynamic scope. From the consequences above, we found that the comparative response factors of each analyte for the points are changeless because the per centum RSD is less than 20 over the on the job scope. Besides that, based on the standardization graphs obtained, the sample coefficient of finding ( r2 ) of all the analytes except benzo ( K ) fluorenthene which is 0.976 are greater than 0.99, so they are considered as the best least-squares tantrum. Although r2 of benzo ( K ) fluorenthene is non greater than 0.99, its value ( 0.976 ) is merely somewhat different from 0.99, so it can still be accepted as a good least-squares tantrum. Due to these two grounds, the instrument can be considered to hold additive response over the scope of lower limit to maximal concentration. Calibration should be checked at the beginning of every undertaking.3.9.3 Verification of Calculation for PAHsFrom the tabular array 5.7 to postpone 5.12, I can verify that the concentration of each analyte ( unit of Aµg/g ) in every sample which I calculated by utilizing the expression given above lucifers with the consequences obtained from the GC/MS. As a consequences, I can vouch that the concentration of analyte calculated by the GC/MS itself does non hold mistake and it is dependable. Furthermore, I found that the concentrations of each analyte in the unit of Aµg/g which are calculated from the expression are 10 times of that concentration given by the GC/MS which is in the unit of Aµg/mL. To change over the unit of Aµg/mL to Aµg/g, the value obtained from the GC/MS has to be multiplied with the volume of sample solution prepared which is 5mL and divided by the mass of waste oil sample used which is 0.5g. Since 5mL divided by 0.5g will obtain 10mL/g, the concentration in the unit of Aµg/g will be 10 times of the concentration in the unit of Aµg/mL. By and large, the consequences obtained from the GC/MS must be converted into the unit of Aµg/g because the bounds of concentration of PAHs nowadays in the waste oil which are given by the Department of Environment ( DOE ) are all in the unit of Aµg/g. Hence, it will be more convenient for us to compare the consequences with the DOE bounds.Based on the tabular array 5.7 and table 5.8, we can preliminarily cognize the concentrations of the seven PAHs compounds in waste W and blow A samples and we besides found that they are within the DOE bounds. This is because the waste oil samples were straight run with GC/MS and they were non gone through the column, so we assumed that there is no loss or addition of any sum of compounds when being analysing in the GC/MS. The consequences can be farther confirmed by making sample recovery which will be discussed in the Section 5.9.4. On the other manus, the consequences from the tabular array 5.9 to postpone 5.12 can non be used to find the concentration of PAHs in the two samples because the samples did travel through the sample clean-up column, nevertheless, the recoveries of alternate obtained are non good as the recoveries are already out of the scope ( 80-120 % ) . Therefore, the consequences obtained are non dependable because we do non cognize whether the recoveries of sample analytes are good or non by mentioning the foster recovery. Based on the recovery of alternate, we can foretell that there might be loss or addition of some sum of PAHs during the sample clean-up procedure.Furthermore, compared the concentration of each analyte in waste W to blow A in the tabular array 5.7 and table 5.8 severally, we found that the concentration of each PAH compound in waste W is higher than in waste A. This explains why the coloring material of eluent in waste W is more intense than in waste A. The higher the concentration of PAHs in the oil sample, the more intense the coloring material is.3.9.4 Sample RecoverySince the recoveries of alternates from the tabular array 5.9 to postpone 5.12 are non good, we can non guarantee that whether the recoveries of samples are good or non. Therefore, we used another manner to find the recoveries of samples. We spiked the known concentration of mix criterion into the waste oil sample and so followed by the sample clean-up procedure. After that, the consequences obtained minus with the concentration of each analyte in the waste oil samples in order to acquire the recoveries of mix criterion. The concentration of each analyte in the waste W and blow A can be obtained from the tabular array 5.7 and table 5.8 severally. From finding the recoveries of mix criterion, we can besides cognize the recoveries of oil samples.Harmonizing to the consequences above ( table 5.17 ) , we found that the recovery per centum of the first five analytes ( Benz ( a ) anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene, Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene and Benzo ( a ) pyrene ) in the mix criterion are considered good which is 87.95 % – 113.50 % , so we can reason that the recovery of these analytes in the samples is besides good, and we assumed that there is no or a small loss or addition of the sum of samples throughout the procedure. However, the recoveries of indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene and dibenzo ( a, H ) anthracene in the mix criterion are non good, there recovery per centums are less than 80 % . This might be because these two analytes are non suited for being extracted at the concentration of mix criterion that we spiked. For waste W sample in which the concentration of mix criterion spiked is 10ppm, the recovery of these two analytes is lower than waste A sample in which the concentration of mix criterion spiked is 20ppm. This means that the recovery of these two compounds might be increased if we increase the concentration of mix criterion spiked into the samples.In add-on, the recovery of alternate for the samples is besides non good but the recovery per centum is rather consistent. The bad recovery of alternate might be caused by the glasswork such as column that we used during the experiment. The column might non be cleaned decently with methylene chloride and hexane after antecedently used. Hence, there might be some contaminations or alternate of the old experiments left on the column. This will impact our consequences and do us can non obtain a good recovery of alternate. Besides that, the concentration of alternate itself ( 100ppm ) before being spiked into the sample might be altered. This is because the 100ppm of alternate was diluted from the 1000ppm of alternate stock solution with hexane, so there might be some hexane evaporated when exposed to the air before being spiked. If hexane evaporates, the concentration of alternate will be increased, so the recovery per centum of alternate will be really high.3.9.5 Quality ControlFrom the tabular array 5.18, we observed that the recovery of the 20pppm of mix criterion is good plenty because it is within the scope from 80 % to120 % . Therefore, we can guarantee that the public presentation of instrument is good and there is no any escape of gas in the gas chromatography. If the recovery is out of the scope, jobs have to be discovered and solved before samples are run.3.9.6 OthersBoth fraction 1 and 2 can non be over concentrated by vaporization under dry N in the “ blow-down ” setup until being wholly dry because this may take to loss of sum of PAHs and so our consequences will be affected.Hexane is used to pull out saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons which is the eluent collected in the Fraction 1 ( F1 ) . This is because hexane is a non-polar dissolver and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are besides non-polar. Therefore, when the column is eluted with hexane, non-polar compounds such as aliphatic hydrocarbons will come out together with the hexane. On the other manus, 1:1 DCM/hexane is used to pull out aromatic hydrocarbon compounds which are collected in F2. This is because 1:1 DCM/hexane has an intermediate mutual opposition which is similar to the mutual opposition of PAHs so they are eluted with 1:1 DCM/hexane.In the portion of reagents, I mentioned that prior to utilize, glass wool, silica gel and Na sulfate have to be rinsed with dissolver. This is because drosss can be removed and they can pre-adapt the environment after rinsing with the dissolver. Besides that, during the sample clean-up, we should guarantee that the silica column is packed. If non, the silicon oxide column will be cracked when dissolver and samples pass through the column. Our consequences will be affected if column is cracked. In add-on, both fractions 2 which contain PAHs were fluorescent when exposed to ultraviolet ( UV ) visible radiation. This is because when the molecules of PAHs absorb UV visible radiation, they will be excited, and so breathing characteristic wavelengths of visible radiation.Furthermore, internal criterion has to be added after sample clean-up and nitrogen blowing but non added when the sample readying like alternate and blend criterion. This is because the add-on of internal criterion is used to cipher the concentration of other unknown analytes. If it is added into the sample during the sample readying and so travel through sample clean-up, sum of internal criterion might be lost during the procedure. Hence, the concentration of analytes which is calculated depending on the concentration internal criterion will be affected. To avoid this job occur, internal criterion is added after sample clean-up.3.10 DecisionThe recoveries of benz ( a ) anthracene, chrysene, benzo ( B ) fluorenthene, benzo ( K ) fluorenthene and benzo ( a ) pyrene in waste oil samples are equally good which is from 87.95 % – 113.50 % . This per centum scope is within the credence standard ( 80 % -120 % ) . Therefore, we can guarantee that these five analytes can be determined by utilizing this method without any loss of sum. However, the recoveries of indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene and dibenzo ( a, H ) anthracene are hapless. Thus, alteration has to be applied to increase the recovery such as increasing the concentration of mix criterion spiked into the samples.

<urn:uuid:9bde2e48-a631-49ee-8752-b8e4f9a38655>

There are five main colour groups in China namely red (pink), yellow, blue (also green), black and white. Each colour had its designated purposes. Not surprisingly the same colour range was used for lotus shoes. Red, for example, is the colour of all festive occasions, such as weddings and New Year celebrations. It is also regarded as the colour of virtue. Red is used by a wide range of social groups, while being associated with younger people. In contrast, certain hues of yellow were specifically associated with emperor, empress and the heir apparent. Certain other forms of yellow were used by other members of the imperial family and certain court members. Non-imperial yellows were used by elite and wealthier men and women, and to a much lesser extent by poorer people. There were no comparative rules with regard the use of blue (green and purples), and it could be worn on many different occasions and by all social groups. Middle aged men and women tended to wear more subdued colours such as combinations of blue-grey, blue-green and black. In general, black was regarded as the colour of old age. Although in the 1920s onwards, chic black became ‘in’ among fashionable ladies in the international city of Shanghai, from where it spread to other groups. White was the colour of mourning in China and there were very strict rules concerning the wearing of white. There were five degrees of mourning depending on who had died, their relation to the wearer (father, mother, daughter, son) and when the death had taken place. Pure white clothing and shoes were worn following the death and funeral of someone, followed by white shoes with white or grey embroidery or other adornment . Later clothes and shoes changed to dull blue, black or grey forms. Mourning could last up to 27 months depending on who had died. Decoration on lotus shoes A wide range of symbols, objects, fauna and floral designs were used to decorate lotus shoes. Many of these represented good luck, good health, longevity and so forth, or they indicated when the shoe was to be worn (spring, summer, autumn or winter), or for a particular special festival. The floral symbols for the four seasons were plum blossoms (spring), peonies (summer), lotus (autumn) and chrysanthemums (winter). But other forms were used such as peaches, bamboo and pine trees. Birds were represented by, among others, cranes and phoenixes. While fauna designs might include cats, bats, butterflies, cats, tortoises and monkeys. In addition, the “five poisons” might be found, namely, toads, snakes, lizards, centipedes and scorpions, which were regarded as amulets against evil. Another symbol that was often used was that of shou that has the meaning of longevity. It was often used for shoes intended for a wedding. Shou some cases it can also be found on the soles of funeral shoes. In this case the character shou has the meaning of long life in the sense of the lineage continues forwarded despite the death of someone. Sole embroidery If the soles were made of layered cotton (rather than wood), they were usually quilted with small, running stitches in a variety of simple lines or geometric forms. Sometimes, ladies who received guest while sitting on a kang (bed) had elaborately embroidered soles decorated with intricate designs worked in silk. These were intended for pleasurable viewing, should (accidentally) the sole of the shoe face the visitors. Dancers also embellished their shoe soles with brightly coloured silk embroidery and sometimes small sequins to add to the complete visual effect.

<urn:uuid:0a2a2260-be42-4746-809f-78fb1c7dfaba>

1. Lung cancer and its classification 2. symptoms of lung cancer 3. stages of the disease 4. Metastatic lung cancer 6. Treatment of lung cancer lung cancer - a malignant tumor that develops from mucosal tissues and glands of the bronchi and lungs.Today it is one of the most common causes of death in the land - 72% of patients die within a year after the diagnosis of lung cancer.Moreover, 7 of the 10 cases - people over 65 years.Every year, there are nearly one million new cases of the disease in the world. The article describes about the symptoms of lung cancer and the stage of the disease, as well as the existing methods of its diagnosis and treatment. sign is lung cancer is divided into root, peripheral and mixed. radical cancer is also called a central, it accounts for 45-50% of all cases of lung cancer diagnosis.Malignant cells are localized in the bronchial mucosa in the stem, and the shared initial part.The peripheral lung cancer is diagnosed in 50-55% of cases and is located in the mucous membrane of the peripheral segmental bronchus, as well as its smaller branches.Peripheral cancer grows as a unit and may not manifest itself until the random survey, sometimes the first manifestation of his hematogenous metastases are frequent. Mixed or massive lung cancer is diagnosed in 2-5% of cases.Massive cancer develops in the form of a soft, whitish tissue, which holds a stake or the whole lung. There is another classification, which depends on what elements tumor formed.From this point of view it is divided into squamous cell cancer, small cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell, mixed, etc.The most aggressive form - is small cell lung cancer, which is rapidly and extensively distributed throughout the body and most often affects men smokers.The most common form - squamous cell carcinoma, this type of the disease is diagnosed in 50-60% of patients. Signs of lung depend on where the first tumor site was located.When the central cancer, when the tumor has developed into a source of a large bronchus mucosa, cancer manifests itself quite early.In this situation, develop the following symptoms of lung cancer - a tumor irritating the mucous membrane of the bronchus and violates Airway.It is manifested as an abnormally slow and shallow breathing, which is termed hypoventilation.There may come atelectasis - spadenie lobe.After that, the tumor grows through the nerve trunks and pleura, and to the signs of lung cancer joins pain. After germination of the tumor in bronchus patients complain of the symptoms of lung cancer such as dry cough and cough with sputum light.Then there are the impurities of blood, sputum becomes purulent, the body temperature rises, there is shortness of breath and malaise.Cancer pneumonia can be cured easily, but just as easily again affects the lungs.Then it appears the symptoms of lung cancer, such as pleural effusion and pain.With the defeat of the vagus nerve can occur paralysis of the vocal muscles, as if struck by the phrenic nerve - diaphragm paralysis.Germination of the tumor in the pericardial sac causing pain in my heart.With the defeat of the vena cava may cause such symptoms of lung cancer, as a violation of circulation of blood and lymph flow in the upper half of the body, neck and head, which is why the face is puffy, and the veins in the neck, arms and chest - swollen. If the tumor was struck by the peripheral part of the lung, lung cancer symptoms may not appear for a long time, since most of the lung tissue of painful endings there.But eventually, when the tumor site affects the bronchi, pleura and adjacent organs, in the center of the tumor having decay and bleeding, and after them, coughing blood, sputum, hoarseness, mediastinal displacement and compression syndrome of the superior vena cava tumor. There are common symptoms of lung cancer - the deterioration of intoxication, shortness of breath, weakness, weight loss, fever, which are characteristic of all malignant tumors.These are usually added to a violation of calcium metabolism, finger deformation, resembling the "drumsticks", dermatitis.More severe symptoms of lung cancer - metastasis in vital organs, lungs decay, bronchial obstruction and pulmonary hemorrhage. In the domestic classification is customary to distinguish four stages of lung cancer: - I stage of lung cancer.The tumor reaches 3 cm in size. The pathological formation of one segment affects the lung or bronchus are no metastases.In a number of cases of lung cancer diagnosis at this stage it is carried out in time. - II stage of lung cancer.Malignancies may reach 6 cm in greatest dimension.A tumor usually still localized in one lung segment, or within the segmental bronchus, but already there are metastases in the lymph nodes and pulmonary bronchopulmonary type. - III stage of lung cancer.Tumor more than 6 cm in diameter. It is possible the spread of tumors to adjacent share of the bronchi or lungs.Metastatic lung cancer appear in the bifurcation, tracheobronchial and paratracheal lymph nodes. - IV stage of lung cancer.Tumor extends to adjacent organs.It joins an extensive metastasis cancer pleurisy. itself, the term is a secondary metastasis pathological focus, which arises from the transfer of tumor cells from the source of the primary lesion.Metastatic lung cancer are Lymphogenous, hematogenous and implantation.The most likely spread of metastases - in closely spaced lymph nodes.Initially, affected nodes at the place where the equity is divided into segmental bronchus, and then along the bronchi equity, further along the main bronchus and lung vascular roots and so on until the subclavian and supraclavicular lymph nodes.Spreading blood metastasis of lung cancer grow in the liver, lung, kidney, bone, brain and adrenal glands.During germination of pleural tumor cells may metastasize and pleura. disease most common and well-known cause of the disease - tobacco smoking.Because of smokers among men than among women, and a strong half of humanity malignancies hit more often.Second-hand smoke is no less dangerous activities.Studies show that 10-15% of patients are not touched cigarettes. second most common cause of the disease - effect of radon gas.Gas formed during radioactive decay of radium, which causes mutation, including the formation of malignant tumors. various lung diseases and can cause asbestos.Once getting into the lung tissue, asbestos fibers are not displayed in a lifetime.Today its use is banned in many countries. Recent studies of the American Cancer Society says that the disease can cause effects of dust particles.Moreover, increasing the concentration of dust in the air at 1% increases the risk of cancer by 14%.According to recent reports the cause of the disease can also be a human papilloma virus, simian virus 40, cytomegalovirus.All of these affect the cell cycle and may provoke uncontrolled cell division. Treatment is carried out in a comprehensive and includes surgical removal of the tumor, chemotherapy and radiation, or one of the methods depending on the patient's condition. Surgical treatment of lung cancer is held on the first or second stage of the disease or in 10-35% of cases.It is not always a positive effect, especially if there were metastases in other organs.In 25-45% of cases, surgical treatment can extend the life of 5 years. Radiation therapy is often used in combination with chemotherapy and surgery.This method of treatment of lung cancer consists of placing the radioactive pellets in close proximity to the tumor through a bronchoscope.Radiotherapy limiting tumor growth, but has numerous side effects.Therefore, a thorough examination of the patient is carried out before its purpose and used all available means of diagnosis of lung cancer, to assess the feasibility of this method of treatment. lung cancer treated with chemotherapy regardless of the type and stage of development.Chemotherapy drugs administered orally or intravenously, therapy is usually conducted in a clinic-term cycles.This method also has many side effects, particularly in the treatment of lung cancer chemotherapy are observed hair loss, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.After completion of these symptoms usually disappear. This article is available exclusively in the educational purposes and is not research material or professional medical advice. make an appointment to see a doctor Contents: 1. Causes of chronic heart failure 2. Classification of chronic heart failure 3. symptoms 4. Treatment of chronic h... Contents: 1. main causes of CKD (chronic kidney disease) 2. Classification of CRF 3. clinical picture of chronic renal failure ... Contents: 1. Causes Snoring 2. danger of this phenomenon 3. How to stop snoring Snoring - a common enough occurrence.It occu...

<urn:uuid:ce4534a8-81fd-432e-aeb3-44ec8c981698>

Importance Of Sugar In The Human Body Sugar has a poor reputation as being an enemy when it comes to creating a nutritious and well-balanced diet. The fact is, however, that you wouldn’t be able to survive without sugar. Your body relies on small amounts of sugar to function properly. That doesn’t mean that you have license to fill up on sugary foods, but it does mean that there is a place for small amounts of the right kinds of sugar in your healthy eating plan. Video of the Day How Can I Treat High Blood Sugar Talk to your doctor about how to keep your blood sugar levels within your target range. Your doctor may suggest the following: - Be more active. Regular exercise can help keep your blood sugar levels on track. Important: dont exercise if ketones are present in your urine. This can make your blood sugar go even higher. - Take medicine as instructed. If your blood sugar is often high, your doctor may change how much medicine you take or when you take it. - Follow your diabetes meal plan. Ask your doctor or dietitian for help if youre having trouble sticking to it. - Check your blood sugar as directed by your doctor. Check more often if youre sick or if youre concerned about high or low blood sugar. - Talk to your doctor about adjusting how much insulin you take and what types of insulin to use. Why Check Blood Sugar - Too much food, especially carbohydrates - Some medications - More physical activity than usual Understanding your bodys patterns can help you and your healthcare provider know how to manage your diabetes best. For example, monitoring your blood sugar levels and keeping your blood sugar within your target range reduce the risk of diabetes complications. In addition, managing your diabetes can help prevent severely high blood sugar and severely low blood sugar . Read Also: Will Bananas Raise Your Blood Sugar Why Is It Important To Monitor Glucose Closely Monitoring blood glucose closely allows you to identify what is causing your levels to fluctuate so you can avoid things that are affecting you. Keeping a close eye on this number also allows you to catch low or high blood sugar early and avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. For people with diabetes, blood sugar numbers show how well their diabetes is managed and managing their diabetes means that they have a lower chance of having serious health problems, such as kidney disease and vision loss. It’s also important to log any changes in blood sugar level so they can be shared with healthcare providers who can use it to make the best care plan or any adjustments to existing treatments. There are two ways to measure blood sugar: - Blood sugar checks that you do yourself with a glucometer - The A1C test done in a lab or at your providers office, which tells you your average blood sugar level over the past two to three months How To Take Measurements Many years of experience using glucometers and special measurements haveallowed specialists to draw up an optimal plan for monitoring sugar indicators,which depends on the type of diabetes. If a person has type 1 diabetes, he should take 4 measurements per day.Measurements must be taken before each meal and at bedtime. If you have had astrong workout or ate a prohibited product, you should conduct additionalresearch at night. The sugar control regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes depends onthe prescribed course of treatment. If a person uses insulin repeatedly , then as with type 1 diabetes, he must take 4 measurements perday. Otherwise, the patient should take measurements of his blood glucose level2 times a day, and record the results in the appropriate diary. If a persontakes sugar-lowering drugs, then he must take 4 measurements of sugar level 1time per week. This is a control measurement, which allows us to talk about theeffectiveness of using such tools. This is the standard plan for using glucometers. However, the attendingphysician can change and supplement it. It depends on the goals that he pursuesand the quality of the treatment. There are situations where you should check your blood sugar more oftenthan usual. Among them: - Change in treatment - Change of place of work or residence - Travel or change of climate zone You can independently increase the number of measurements if you want toget more detailed information about your body. You May Like: Diet For Hyperglycemia Without Diabetes How To Stay In Target Eating healthy, exercising and taking medication, if necessary, will help you keep your blood sugar levels within their target range. Target ranges for blood sugar can vary depending on your age, medical condition and other risk factors. Targets are different for pregnant women, older adults and children 12 years of age and under. Why Is The Blood Sugar High Despite Taking Medication Most medications to take in the morning forces your body to make insulin. So agents like glipizide produce insulin that helps with your meals. But then it wears off. And then at night your body still needs insulin. So insulin is not just necessary for the food, but also your body needs insulin even during fasting. Therefore, even if youre eating no carbs whatsoever you still need insulin. In the relative deficiency or resistance to insulin, a lot of patients will end up waking up with high blood sugars especially if the medications they take wears off by the time they go to bed. Recommended Reading: Type 2 Diabetes Mayo Read Also: How To Drop Sugar Level How To Balance Blood Sugar The good news is, disrupted blood sugar and insulin resistance can be corrected with changes in diet and lifestyle habits. Monitoring the quantity and quality of your carbohydrate intake is a very important factor in balancing your blood sugar. Minimizing processed carbohydrates like crackers, granola bars, baked goods, bread, pasta, sugary drinks, and sweets is vital to minimizing dips and spikes in blood sugar levels. Instead, opt for whole food carbohydrates such as whole grains , bean, lentils, fruit, and vegetables which will help to stabilize blood sugar levels since they are high in fibre and nutrient-dense. Additionally, ensuring that you are eating balanced meals that contain a source of protein and fat is also imperative to balancing blood sugar. Protein helps to balance blood sugar levels, and fat helps to slow the absorption of glucose to the bloodstream. Finally, lack of or poor sleep can cause cells to be less sensitive to insulin, so getting adequate sleep is important, while exercise helps to encourage glucose to go into your muscle cells, which helps to manage blood glucose levels, so getting daily activity is also beneficial. How Are Blood Sugar Levels Measured Your blood sugar levels will tell you how well the care plan is working. There are two ways to measure blood sugar: - Daily blood sugars. These are the measurements you take throughout the day, typically using a glucose meter. If you wear a continuous glucose monitor , you can see the blood sugar level on the display at any time. - Blood sugars over the past few months. Every few months youll meet with the care team, and theyll send you for a blood test. The results will show how often your blood glucose was in and out of the healthy range in the 23 months before the test. At your regular diabetes checkups, youll discuss blood sugar results with the care team, and theyll update the care plan as needed. Read Also: What Fruit Has The Highest Sugar Monitoring Glucose With A Cgm Or Bgm789 Blood glucose meters provide a blood sugar reading in a moment of time. If your blood sugar is rising or falling rapidly, BGM will often be more accurate in that moment. The use of a CGM requires wearing a sensor that checks blood sugar levels every 1-5 minutes, depending on the device. Continuous glucose monitoring provides more data points and helps to ease the burden of daily management. The decision to use CGM instead of BGM should be determined with your healthcare team. Though cost and insurance coverage of CGM devices can sometimes be a barrier, there is an option to use a professional CGM, which is owned by the clinic and worn by the person with diabetes on a short-term, as-needed basis, up to 14 days, and typically 2-4 times per year. Of course, you should check with your insurance plan first to confirm your options. There are many benefits to blood sugar monitoring, particularly as you learn how your body uniquely responds to different factors. Blood sugar monitoring can help you achieve your glucose targets, increase your time in range, and feel your best while avoiding potential long-term complications from diabetes. 1 American Diabetes Association: Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020 Diabetes Care 2020 43:S66S76 2 Cleveland Clinic Last accessed August 31, 2020 6 Last accessed August 25, 2020 Why Test Blood Sugar Levels If you take certain medication, like insulin or sulphonylureas, checking your blood sugars is a vital part of living with diabetes. It can help you work out when you need to take more medication, when you need to eat something or for when you want to get up and move around more. Routine checks can help you know when you might be starting to go too low or too high . Its a way of getting to know your body and how it works. It can help you and your healthcare team spot patterns too. Do you write your results down? You might find that helpful. But importantly, it will help you stay healthy and prevent serious diabetes complications now and in the future. By complications, we mean serious problems in places like your feet and your eyes. This happens because too much sugar in the blood damages your blood vessels, making it harder for blood to flow around your body. This can lead to very serious problems like sight loss and needing an amputation. The higher your blood sugar levels are and the longer theyre high for, the more at risk you are. Also Check: What Yogurt Has The Lowest Sugar When Should I Check My Blood Sugar How often you check your blood sugar depends on the type of diabetes you have and if you take any diabetes medicines. Typical times to check your blood sugar include: - When you first wake up, before you eat or drink anything. - Before a meal. - Two hours after a meal. - At bedtime. If you have type 1 diabetes, have type 2 diabetes and take insulin, or often have low blood sugar, your doctor may want you to check your blood sugar more often, such as before and after youre physically active. How To Use A Blood Glucose Meter: - After washing your hands, insert a test strip into your meter. - Use your lancing device on the side of your fingertip to get a drop of blood. - Touch and hold the edge of the test strip to the drop of blood and wait for the result. - Your blood glucose level will appear on the meter’s display. Note: All meters are slightly different, so always refer to your user’s manual for specific instructions. Recommended Reading: Increase Blood Sugar Symptoms Other Tips For Checking: - With some meters, you can also use your forearm, thigh, or fleshy part of your hand. - There are spring-loaded lancing devices that make sticking yourself less painful. - If you use your fingertip, stick the side of your fingertip by your fingernail to avoid having sore spots on the frequently used part of your finger. Maintaining Healthy Blood Sugar Levels: Following a healthy lifestyle and eating habits are the important things to be considered if you are to maintain a healthy blood sugar level. You can control blood sugar levels by following the tips: - Try to consume meals at regular intervals - Do not skip meals - Avoid consumption of juice and soda and drink plain water instead - Avoid sweets and candies. You can go for fruits instead - Consider controlling food portions You can monitor blood sugar levels at home with the help of handy monitoring devices. It is important to aim for a blood sugar level below 99 mg/dL. Whether it is high blood sugar or low blood sugar, both can have life-threatening complications. You can go for low Glycemic Indexed foods to maintain a healthy blood sugar level. Don’t Miss: Can Too Much Sugar Cause Seizures So What Affects My Blood Sugar Levels It is important to understand what can make your blood sugar rise or fall, so that you can take steps to stay on target. Things that can make blood sugar rise include: - A meal or snack with more food or more carbohydrates than usual - Changes in hormone levels, such as during menstrual periods Why Is It Important To Maintain A Healthy Blood Sugar Level Diabetes is about to be considered a global pandemic with an enormous increase in the number of patients worldwide. Everyone knows this basic fact that checking the blood sugar regularly can help them stay aware of their risk of diabetes complications. However, most people dont know how a high blood sugar level can result in long-term health issues. There are a number of facts you have to understand before overlooking the importance of maintaining a healthy blood sugar level for the sake of avoiding diabetes. Here is why you should consider blood sugar management a primary health concern. Alternatively, if you are looking for a dietary supplement, we recommend you to read this ceracare supplement review. According to the American Diabetes Association, over 100 million people in the United States have many health problems linked to their blood sugar imbalances. And, most of them dont know that it is caused by an imbalance in blood sugar level. It is basic for people that the number we see in the blood sugar test results indicate the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. If you have a glucose measurement of less than 180 mg/dl after a meal, or 70 to 130 mg/dl before a meal, it indicates you have a healthy glucose level. - Increased risk of heart attack and stroke. - Vision loss. - Permanent nerve damage. - Kidney disease and failure. Also Check: How Much Sugar Does Vanilla Ice Cream Have Why Blood Sugar Is So Important To The Human Body By | Submitted On August 22, 2009 Blood sugar is a common term that pertains to the level of glucose, a type of sugar, in the blood. Glucose is the sugar needed and used by the body for energy for metabolism and for the brain to function properly. Food components such as some kinds of sugar and carbohydrates are converted by the body into glucose. However, the body can regulate the blood sugar level in the blood through hormones. One kind lowers it and another increases it. An anabolic hormone decreases the level of glucose. We know this hormone as insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. The catabolic hormones raise glucose levels in the blood. Examples of this kind of hormone are the growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon. Blood sugar levels are relative. The normal levels for a normal non-diabetic person can be too low for a diabetic to achieve. Therefore, a diabetic’s normal level may be much too high for a normal person to have. The normal levels for a non-diabetic can range from 70 to 110 mg/dL. Shortly after eating a meal, it is understandable for the glucose levels to rise to more or less 125 mg/dL and then fall back into the normal range. For people with diabetes, their normal range is from 90 to 130 mg/dL. After meals, below 180 mg/dL is still acceptable. Jerrold Tanner is a medical researcher who writes in his free time to help others. He owns and maintains Blood Sugar Tips , a resource for maintaining Normal Blood Sugar and managing your Diabetes. Why Postprandial Blood Sugar Matters For Metabolic Health Poor blood-sugar control can set off a domino effect in the onset of metabolic syndrome. Prolonged elevated blood sugar can lead to insulin resistance and the exhaustion of insulin-producing beta cells, a cardinal feature of Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is commonly characterized by a value known as the hemoglobin A1c, or HbA1c. This value measures the percentage of hemoglobin molecules bound to sugar the more sugar in the blood, the higher the HbA1c will be. A study conducted in France found the loss of postprandial blood sugar control was the first step showed metabolic dysfunction even before elevations in fasting blood sugar. In the study, 130 patients with Type 2 diabetes were placed in five groups according to their HbA1c levels, ranging from under 6.5% to over 9%. Participants used continuous glucose monitors to measure their blood sugar levels over three days as most ate a prescribed diet of 45-50% carbohydrates, 35% fats and 15-20% protein . The study found elevated postprandial glucose numbers as HbA1c climbed above 6.5%, even as fasting glucose remained normal or near-normal. In groups with higher HbA1c levels, blood glucose levels remained high postprandially and during fasting windows, including overnight. Read Also: Causes Of High Glucose Levels Women: How Controlling Blood Sugar Benefits Your Heart When most people hear the term blood sugar, the disease that generally comes to mind is diabetes, not heart disease. However, according to a Johns Hopkins study, type 1 and type 2 diabetes are some of the most harmful risk factors for cardiovascular disease, says Johns Hopkins cardiologist Bill McEvoy, M.B., B.Ch. Keeping your blood sugar under control is, therefore, one of the best things you can do for your heart. A large proportion of diabetes patients have no symptoms, but diabetes, particularly when poorly controlled, is already harming their blood vessels and leading to hardening of the arteries, which is what leads to heart disease, says McEvoy. In some cases, patients dont even realize that they have diabetes until the disease progresses to the point where they have a heart attack, he says. Thats why its important to be aware of your blood glucose numbers, along with monitoring your overall weight and body fat. Q& A: Why does my doctor measure my waist? Your girth around the abdomen is one of the strongest determinants of your risk for type 2 diabetes, says Johns Hopkins cardiologist Bill McEvoy, M.B., B.Ch. Doctors call it central adiposity , and it indicates a dangerous level of fat around your central organs.

<urn:uuid:e7808e9a-ec99-44db-afd3-b1700a3f9872>

Motors can be found almost anywhere. Here, fundamentals of electric motors, as well as the various types available and how to select the suitable motor are discussed. The basic issues to address when determining which motor is best for a given application are which type to select and which specifications are important. How do motors work? Electric motors generate motion by transferring electrical energy to mechanical energy. The interaction of a magnetic field and winding alternating (AC) or direct (DC) current generates force within the motor. The magnetic field becomes stronger as the current strength increases. Remember Ohm's law (V = I*R): as resistance increases, voltage must increase to retain the same current. Electric motors are used in a variety of applications. Blowers, machine and power tools, fans, and pumps are common industrial applications. Motors are also used in tiny projects needing movement, such as robotics or modules with wheels. Types of motors: There are ma A website on various types of topics categorized to science and technology.

<urn:uuid:382241e9-5a66-44b7-9625-f583781f20b2>

CHICKS AND EGGS. Teaching Points © Created by Lisa Frase www.effectiveteachingsolutions.com. The Story of the Egg. Father Rooster and Mother Hen wanted a family, so Mother Hen laid an egg. . The inside of the egg looks like this-. albumen Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. Created by Lisa Frase Father Rooster and Mother Hen wanted a family, so Mother Hen laid an egg. The clear part around the yolk holds water for the unborn chick. The yolk is the food for the unborn chick. The white spot is the egg cell. The egg cell is where the chick grows. The egg cell becomes the baby chick. Before the egg is hatched, it’s called an “embryo.” Mother Hen takes care of her chick by sitting on the egg and keeping it warm. Mother Hen turns her eggs and spreads her feathers over them to protect her chicks. On day 2, the heart begins to take shape and beat, and the ears begin to form. The tongue, tail, wing and leg buds appear. The chicks toes are showing! His organs and leg bones are forming. His beak and wing is visible. His feathers are showing up. Now he has eyelids, claws, and his comb. He’s growing bigger! His bones are getting stronger. His scales, claws, and beak are firming up now. His beak is turning and getting ready to peck through the shell. He is almost ready to come out of his shell!

<urn:uuid:c042b963-146b-488e-b580-141bd4b1c919>

In the spring, Bend-La Pine Schools’ students in grades 3-8 and 11 take part in statewide tests called Smarter Balanced Assessments, which measure skills in English language arts and math. Staff and administrators in Bend-La Pine Schools support these tests for several reasons: Want to learn more about Oregon's state assessments? State tests are nothing new. Our students take state assessments every year. The tests, called Smarter Balanced, will be used by 20 states including Oregon and measure skills taught in Common Core. Students will take the tests this spring and results will be released in the fall. Many schools are breaking the testing up into smaller pieces, so students will complete assessments over the course of several days. Governors and state education chiefs from 48 states worked with teachers to develop the Common Core to create a clear set of standards for students in language arts and math. We are asking more of our students with the goal of ensuring students who graduate from high school are prepared to enter the workforce or begin higher education classes. Truth is, the old standards were too low and too varied. Before Common Core the country did not have any common standards, so a third grader moving from one state to another might struggle when starting school, simply due to vastly different standards. The new more rigorous standards are designed to ensure students are prepared for college or career. Having common standards also allows states to collaborate on tools, textbooks and assessments. English Language Arts/Literacy: Common Core is not new for Bend-La Pine Schools. The district began using many of the standards during the 2009-10 school year. The testing related to those standards, called Smarter Balanced, began in the spring of 2015. No. While schools now share common goals, local teachers and administrators still determine what and how to teach. Teachers overwhelmingly support the Common Core as a way to improve schools and raise student standards. The Oregon Department of Education has some great resources available for parents at http://www.ode.state.or.us/go/commoncore.

<urn:uuid:545683cb-b8d1-4813-a0e1-688bdd802e50>

Recovering from a substance use disorder (SUD) is a process. It can be joyful and rewarding, but it can also be hard work and there can be missteps and setbacks. While relapse is not necessarily a given during recovery, it can and does happen. However, relapse does not have to derail your entire recovery process and it can be a learning opportunity. What Is a Relapse? Relapse is not a bad or dirty word. It means to return to a former state. In the case of someone in recovery, it means that they have used substances again, going back to previous levels of use, after a period of abstinence. Relapse is more common during early drug or alcohol recovery, but it can happen at any time, even years into recovery. Substance Use Relapse by the Numbers Does being in recovery for a longer period of time provide some protection from relapse? During an eight-year study on 1,200 people struggling with SUD, it was discovered that longer periods of abstinence do predict long-term abstinence. In the study, it was learned that: - Only about a third of people who are abstinent less than a year will remain abstinent. - For those who achieve a year of sobriety, less than half will relapse. - If you can make it to five years of sobriety, your chance of relapse is less than 15%. Sometimes when people relapse after an extended period of abstinence, it is because they stop engaging in the recovery practices that worked for them during their earlier sobriety. Staying engaged with the recovery community in some way may help prevent relapse for those who have been sober for an extended period. Reasons for Drug or Alcohol Relapse Relapse happens for a variety of reasons. The reasons people have SUD are personal and the reasons for relapse are equally as personal. People who relapse are not weak. Relapse is just a return to old, ineffective coping patterns. These ineffective coping patterns need to be replaced with effective, healthy coping skills. It can take time and several attempts to find the coping strategies that work best. Multiple reasons might cause a person to relapse, including: - Tempting situations, including circumstances or places where the person would previously have used alcohol or another drug - Triggers that cause a person to use substances as a coping mechanism, such as insecure housing, setbacks or social pressures - Exacerbation of mental health issues - Medical problems, especially if a person is in pain - Guilt caused by lapsing after a period of abstinence Overdose Risk During Relapse When a person is actively using substances, they develop tolerance and must use increasing amounts of the substance to get the same effect. After a period of abstinence, tolerance to the substance drops. If the person tries to use the substance at the same dose, it could be too much for the body and they could overdose. Managing Substance Use Relapse Part of recovery is learning to manage relapse if it happens. Here are some ways to effectively manage a relapse and return to sobriety: - Seek medical assistance immediately if experiencing unusual or significant symptoms. - Ensure that support people are nearby if possible. - Engage a support network, if one is available, including friends, a family doctor or 24-hour counseling services. - If disengagement from recovery-based activities contributed to relapse, re-engage with those activities as soon as possible. - It can take five or six attempts before a person successfully maintains abstinence. Keep in mind that relapse is not uncommon. - View a relapse as an opportunity to learn more about triggers and take the time to analyze those triggers without self-judgment. Strategies for Relapse Prevention When relapse happens, it is important to immediately start managing it in order to stop using substances again. Long-term relapse management is focused on prevention. Some of the ways you can prevent relapse: - Maintain participation in the recovery community. It keeps the focus on abstinence and helps provide some accountability. - Look at challenges as learning opportunities instead of failures or obstacles. Plan a positive future and think about what that future will look like without substances. Set goals that support recovery. - Stay away from people, places and situations that trigger cravings or the desire to use substances. - Become engaged in enjoyable activities, taking your mind’s focus off substances and into the present moment. - Try to stay hydrated, eat healthy foods, get plenty of sleep, exercise, and get sunshine and fresh air. Lack of care for the body and mind can trigger cravings for substances. - Incorporate a holistic view of recovery by including practices like yoga, tai-chi, breathwork or mindfulness, along with mainstream western treatment such as medications and therapy, can provide balance and be calming. This can be helpful since stress is a trigger for relapse. Relapse is not an inevitable part of the recovery process, but it does happen. If it does, the best thing to do is rally all available support and resources and immediately go back to a lifestyle that supports sobriety. For some people who have relapsed, attending more support group meetings or scheduling additional visits with a therapist will be all that is needed to help them return to sobriety. Other people who relapse will have to enter a more structured treatment setting and, if that is necessary, Casa Palmera is here to help. For more information on our unique, holistic approach to substance use treatment, call us today at (855) 508-0473.

<urn:uuid:a7f2d7b2-6097-4290-ac9c-28cc9896a009>

Even as they struggled to find work, Chinese immigrants were also fighting for their lives. During their first few decades in the United States, they endured an epidemic of violent racist attacks, a campaign of persecution and murder that today seems shocking. What was life like for Chinese immigrants in America? Chinese immigrants worked in very dangerous conditions. They were forced to work from sun up to sun down and sleep in tents in the middle of winter. They received low salaries, about $25-35 a month for 12 hours a day, and worked six days a week. They were discriminated since 1882 to 1943s. What challenges did the Chinese immigrants face in Canada? They risked their lives to help build Canada’s railway in the 1880s. But as soon as the work was done, Canada just wanted them gone. It was the beginning of a difficult history for Chinese immigrants to Canada. They struggled through the head tax, personal attacks and job discrimination. What challenges do the Chinese mothers face as immigrants? These included language barriers, feelings of loneliness, and loss of social status and identity in the early years of migration. What difficulties did Chinese immigrants face in the 1800s? They faced significant discrimination, such as a ban on holding citizenship in California. In addition, the Chinese were paid only $27 a month, while their Irish immigrant counterparts earned $35 for the same work. What were some difficulties laborers faced when building the railroad? They had to face dangerous work conditions – accidental explosions, snow and rock avalanches, which killed hundreds of workers, not to mention frigid weather. “All workers on the railroad were ‘other’,” said Liebhold. “On the west, there were Chinese workers, out east were Irish and Mormon workers were in the center. How did Chinese immigrants impact Canada? A prohibitive head tax restricted Chinese immigration to Canada from 1885 to 1923. … They have contributed to every aspect of Canadian society, from literature to sports, politics to civil rights, film to music, business to philanthropy, and education to religion. Why Chinese are rich in Canada? Many foreign countries such as Canada hold very large attraction for rich Chinese, because of their better social welfare system, higher quality of education and a greater opportunity for investment. How many Chinese are in the world? China 2020 population is estimated at 1,439,323,776 people at mid year according to UN data. China population is equivalent to 18.47% of the total world population. China Population (LIVE) Why did suyuan leave her babies? When Suyuan realized she had to abandon her twin daughters because she was too ill to carry them anymore, she left them with the means to be taken care of and eventually returned to her. What does the red candle symbolize in Joy Luck Club? Lindo’s Red Candle When Lindo Jong is married, she and her husband light a red candle with a wick at each end. … By blowing out the flame, Lindo takes control of her own fate, eventually extricating herself from an unhappy marriage. Thus, the candle also symbolizes her self-assertion and control over her own life. How do the daughters struggle to find balance between their Chinese heritage and American values? Traditions, heritage and culture are three of the most important aspects of Chinese culture. … Each daughter struggles to find balance between Chinese heritage and American values through marriage and professional careers. June’s story dealt with the concepts of superstition and cultural differences. What other difficulties did immigrants and poor residents face? They were forced to live in tenements that were overcrowded and were slums. What other difficulties did immigrants and poor residents encounter? Not being wanted, and not being able to pay taxes. How did immigrants deal with challenges they faced? How did immigrants deal with challenges they faced? Immigrants sought out people who shared their same cultural values, practice their religion and spoke their native language. They formed social clubs, aid societies; build churches, orphanage and homes. Why did Chinese immigrants have more difficulty asserting their rights than immigrants from Europe? Why did Chinese immigrants have more difficulty asserting their rights than immigrants from Europe? They were not allowed to become U.S. citizens. … Chinese workers took American jobs by agreeing to work for lower wages. How did the development of railroads impact the cattle industry?

<urn:uuid:24594fce-cdcc-452f-91f8-9b8108f31315>

The depth of ancient footprints, like the ones left in Laetoli, Tanzania 3.6 million years ago, could be misleading, new research suggests. By Tia Ghose, LiveScience Fossil footprints could provide a skewed view of how ancient animals — including early human ancestors similar to the famous Lucy fossil — walked, new research suggests. In the past, paleontologists and anthropologists assumed the depth of the footprint correlated with the pressure used to create it. But the analysis, published March 19 in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, reveals that the heel tends to create a deeper indentation even when applying the same amount of pressure. "We shouldn't necessarily expect the shape of a footprint to directly reflect the way the animal that made it walked," said study co-author Karl Bates, a biomechanics researcher at the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. Fossil footprints have the potential to reveal insights into how ancient animals and people moved. For instance, Laetoli, Tanzania, bears the traces of 3.6-million-year-old footprints of the first bipedal walkers, Australopithecus afarensis, the same species as the female skeleton nicknamed Lucy. But deciphering the ancient marks to recreate human ancestors' gait is tricky. Historically, scientists assumed the depth of the indentation directly correlated with the pressure placed at that spot. But testing that experimentally was difficult, as the force plates that measure foot-strike pressure are made of materials that don't deform and leave footprints. To get a more thorough look, Bates and his colleagues created a computer model that simulated the pressure of various sizes of feet as they depressed different types of soils with various strikes. They then asked 10 people to walk along the beach in Brighton, on the south coast of Great Britain, and measured their footprints. The same people then walked on a force-measuring treadmill, and the researchers correlated the footprint depth with pressure during walking. Both methods found similar trends: different parts of the foot create different size indentations even when striking the ground with the same amount of pressure. "The heel is a more effective indenter than the forefoot and the toes," Bates told LiveScience. The softer the walking surface, the more exaggerated this effect. While the researchers focused on human gait, the new analysis should also apply to dinosaur prints and other extinct animal tracks, Bates said. The study is impressive because it cleverly combined sophisticated computer models and experimental approaches, said Kristiaan D'Août, a biomechanics researcher at the University of Antwerp who was not involved in the study. "They're two totally different techniques, but they both yielded overall rather similar results," D'Août told LiveScience. The findings suggest there's a much more complicated relationship between foot pressure and footprint depth, which could force scientists to rethink their past assumptions about the gaits of early human ancestors, he said. - Image Gallery: Our Closest Human Ancestor - Top 10 Things that Make Humans Special - Gallery: Dino Footprints in the Space Age Copyright 2013 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

<urn:uuid:a5bcbd46-ff9b-4ff8-8fbb-4316509560c9>

"When I am dead and cut open, they will find Philip and Calais inscribed on my heart" -- The Siege of Calais in 1558 Rare early map / view of Calais, showing its capture by the French in 1558. Fourth and final state of this are map of the Siege of Calais, illustrating the taking of Calais from the English (then ruled by Queen Mary, whose quote is noted above), one of the final acts in the French re-taking of the last of the English held portions of France during the Hundred Years War. Siege of Calais The Siege of Calais was fought in early 1558 during the Italian War of 1551–1559. The Pale of Calais had been ruled by England since 1347, during the Hundred Years' War. By the 1550s, England was ruled by Mary I of England and her husband Philip II of Spain. When the Kingdom of England supported a Spanish invasion of France, Henry II of France sent Francis, Duke of Guise, against English-held Calais, defended by Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth. Following failure in mid-1557, a renewed attack captured the outlying forts of Nieulay and Rysbank and Calais was besieged. The English control of Calais depended on fortifications maintained and built up at some expense. Near Calais, the Franco-Burgundian forces were frequently pitted against the English garrison forces and against the Duchy of Burgundy. Relieved by the long confrontation between Burgundy and France, English rule over Calais lasted for 150 years. The French and the Burgundians each coveted the city, but preferred to see it under the English rather than their rival. In January 1, 1558, the French attacked Sangatte and Fréthun Nielles. The Army Corps took Fort Risban the next day. On January 3, the artillery moved into Fort Nieulay at Risban. Overwhelmed by a lightning attack, the English surrendered the city to the French on January 7, 1558. Henry II of France arrived at Calais on January 23,1558. France had reconquered the last territory it had lost in the Hundred Years' War and put an end to two centuries of fighting between England and France. In England there was shock and disbelief at the loss of this final Continental territory. The story goes that a few months later Queen Mary, on her death bed, told her family: "When I am dead and cut open, they will find Philip and Calais inscribed on my heart." States and Rarity The map is known in 4 states: - State 1: Blank cartouches - State 2: Cartouches at the bottom are now engraved with a lettered key. - State 3: Imprint Claudij Duchetti formis added to the lower right corner - State 4: There is the new imprint added to the Duchetti imprint, naming Ioannes Orlandi formis romae 1602. All states of the map are very rare on the market.

<urn:uuid:a1e3434d-dad6-444b-99cc-264aee2132ef>

- Select ONE one of the 12 Standards in the Summary. - Does your department or /organization currently give credence to this standard? If so, how? Think about the standards as they relate to culturally sensitive care. - If not, offer suggestions of how the standard can be incorporated into patient care or your organization as a whole. Note: There are 12 standards, so make sure you choose a standard that another student has not described. We all have different takes on a standard so the standard should be specific for the patient population or organization. The typical number of students in a class means that we should only read about a particular standard twice. And, keep in mind that each of us does not work in an acute care setting, so examples from other practice settings will add to our discussion. As nurses, we often work with physicians or other healthcare team members whose native language is not English. In fact, some of you may have interviewed a non-native English speaker for your Course Project. - Share an example of miscommunication that has occurred as a result of this disparity. - Reflect on your new-found knowledge of transcultural nursing, and describe how this miscommunication could have been prevented. Reflect on the Transcultural Nursing Self-Assessment that you completed during Week 2. Not all of us will have the opportunity to participate in an international nursing experience for even a few weeks, let alone as a career. However, if assuming you had the opportunity to practice this type of nursing, consider how you would answer the following questions. Make sure you address all components below: - What contributions would you be able to make that would be considered unique? - What experiences and wisdom would you bring to the care of your patients? - What challenges might there be for you and/or your family for participation in such an opportunity?

<urn:uuid:bd297882-4e56-4b53-b1cd-feb8fd48400d>

Have you ever looked at clouds? Clouds are fun to watch and think about. But, what are they, really? Clouds are made of water drops. They can be white or gray. Clouds are named for how they look. We'll look at these types of clouds: cumulus, cirrus, stratus, nimbus, cumulonimbus, and nimbostratus. Clouds tell us about the weather. Watch this video to find out more. #Science #Education Looking for more educational content? Our cloud practice quiz will help tie it all together! http://ow.ly/YLrrY Tagged under: clouds formed,clouds kids, clouds?,types clouds kids,cloud video,Science,Clouds,Education,Kids,Child Education,cloud video kids,cloud videos kids,Science videos kids,kids videos Clip makes it super easy to turn any public video into a formative assessment activity in your classroom. Add multiple choice quizzes, questions and browse hundreds of approved, video lesson ideas for Clip Make YouTube one of your teaching aids - Works perfectly with lesson micro-teaching plans 1. Students enter a simple code 2. You play the video 3. The students comment 4. You review and reflect * Whiteboard required for teacher-paced activities With four apps, each designed around existing classroom activities, Spiral gives you the power to do formative assessment with anything you teach. Carry out a quickfire formative assessment to see what the whole class is thinking Create interactive presentations to spark creativity in class Student teams can create and share collaborative presentations from linked devices Turn any public video into a live chat with questions and quizzes

<urn:uuid:9ab5cd3d-218e-4697-a5b5-e2785124d23d>

The main role of a geotechnical engineer is to ensure buildings stand tall at the ground level. Many factors can upend a property’s stability, including soil density, water flow patterns, and more. Geotechnical engineering is important for community planning and construction; without it, buildings could lean, settle, and eventually collapse as the earth below them shifts. The Role of a Geotechnical Engineer A geotechnical engineer is responsible for signing off on a project’s feasibility. To do so, the geotechnical engineer, or “geotech,” must run a series of tests and evaluations to ensure the land can support the proposed construction. This starts with a site investigation, an exhaustive check of factors that could impact both the short- and long-term success of your project. When you hire a geotechnical engineer, they will investigate: - The composition of your foundation soils, including the material, bedrock, rocks, and soil layers beneath the proposed construction locations - The geological and geotechnical feasibility of your site and relation to surrounding sites - Groundwater conditions and water flow paths and how they affect the development Much of this information is obtained from a soils test, which breaks down the characteristics of the site soil. This helps you understand whether or not the earth around your site can support the load and scope of your development needs. The Importance of Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical engineering is important because it helps prevent complications before they happen. Without the advanced calculations and testing provided by a geotech, buildings could see significant damage after an earthquake, slope stability shifting, ongoing settlement, or other effects. Geotechnical engineers should be brought on during the early planning stages of any construction project. Doing so will help ward off potential hazards or problems later during of even long after construction. Good developers and contractors know: It’s best to gain the expertise and advice only a geotech can provide from exploration through construction. In addition to ensuring your construction plans are feasible, a geotechnical engineer can guide you on water mitigation, building placement, and how surrounding structures such as walkways and parking lots will affect your project. All in all, the importance of geotechnical engineering comes down to planning and reduction of risk pertaining to the development and long-term investment of the project. See the Role of a Geotechnical Engineer in Action with Central Geotech Get started with your site evaluation today with the team from Central Geotechnical Services. We have the experience and know-how to help your new construction start off on the right foot, so contact us to learn more and bring a geotechnical engineer to your project.

<urn:uuid:a36b6d8f-c41e-499f-8946-f4f519c89413>

In the 1600s, when america was a mysterious land inhabited by even more mysterious people, a handful of brave souls ventured to this strange new world these brave souls were known as the puritans this special group of people sought refuge in america to practice their religion freely, without the. The roots of puritanism are to be found in the beginnings of the english reformation the name “puritans” (they were sometimes called “precisionists”) was a term of contempt assigned to. The ideas put forth by the puritans are not simply an important starting point for american culture because they were the first in the country, but because they offered ways of thinking that are still ingrained in our culture today. Puritan influence by 1700 the puritan utopia had ended because it was too strict and too many non-puritans had come to new england but the puritans had a great influence on american culture that is still present today. The puritans’ influences on the economy are very palpable on the us dollar you can clearly see the statement “in god we trust” money is the most significant tool in an economy therefore, a statement about god on the money of the usa accentuates the puritans’ role in determining the economy of the united states. Life in the colonies the daily life of a puritan in colonial america new england during the 17th century was a busy one puritans believed that idle hands were the devil's playground. Best answer: terrific question in my view, the puritan influence on american culture is too often overlooked and that's a shame because their influence is as much a part of this country's psyche today as it was back in the 1600s. Drawing on the latest research, and featuring interviews with some of the most celebrated scholars in the field, this beautiful and atmospheric new documentary takes us from the birth of puritanism all the way through to its influence in the present day. In the united states, the puritan settlement of new england was a major influence on american protestantism with the start of the english civil war in 1642, fewer settlers to new england were puritans. Most americans are unaware that the main reason why the pilgrims, a puritan sect, decided to leave holland and come to america in 1620 is because they were concerned about the negative influences dutch culture was having on their children. American puritanism originated from a movement for reform in the church of england, which had a profound influence on social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of the americans focusing on its impact upon american values, the. Much of the puritan influence remains in all aspects of the american development most significantly was the practice of religion, but the puritans accomplished more than merely demanding worship and prayer. Puritans expected that economic prosperity would result from piety and good works but they were pretty on-the-fence about the prospect of success john winthrop, the governor of massachusetts bay, feared that his people would derive more satisfaction from wealth itself than from the piety that was. Puritan ideas and values influenced the political, economic, and social development of the new england colonies from 1630 through the 1660’s by spreading their beliefs into every facet of daily life. Why the persistence of puritanism in american life “new england exercised a disproportionate influence on american ideals,” the historian john coffey says, “thanks to a powerful. Puritan thought that was introduced to the new world in the 1600s exerted not just religious influence on the people in the new settlement, but political, economic and social influence. The puritans were a varied group of religious reformers who emerged within the church of england during the middle of the sixteenth century they shared a common calvinist theology and common criticisms of the anglican church and english society and government their numbers and influence grew. Puritan influence in colonial america puritan ideas and values greatly influenced the political, social, and economic developement of the new england colonies in many ways between 1630 and the 1660s. Puritans held that christians should do only what the bible commanded analyzing young goodman brown is dependant upon understanding the puritan faith the influence of the puritan religion is vivid in literary elements such as setting, allegory, and themethe primary setting of young goodman brown is the forest. The puritans and their influences in american literature essaysthe history of puritan begins when a group of english nonconformists migrated to holland in their way to search for religious freedom it was the first stem of william bradford when he joined them and found out that he was dissatisfied. For hius 530 a discussion on puritan influence on the founding of america. - The puritan system of government was a blend of theocracy and modern democracy all members of the puritan colony were required to attend church and to pay taxes to the church, but not all colonists were church members. - Puritanism in american literature the puritans had a large influence in american literature and still influence moral judgment and religious beliefs in the united states to this day puritan writing was used to glorify god and to relate god more directly to our world. Famous writers that presented strong puritan beliefs through their writings were anne bradstreet and jonathan edwards the puritan’s whole life was dedicated to god in which he was the only one who could offer salvation to sinners they believe that human beings are depressed sinners incapable of. The namers were puritan parents, whose decision to give their children new names symbolizes for sommerville the attitudes that made puritanism the major influence in the transformation of the seventeenth-century [end page 179] english view of childhood puritans, he says, broke with the past, rejecting the old bondage of family and tradition. Nathaniel hawthorne was affected by puritanism in a number of different ways after all, hawthorne was born and raised in new england, a part of the country in which the puritan heritage was. Although the puritan’s political, social, and economic ideas influenced the new england colonies between 1630 and 1660, there was a greater political influence in that the puritan churches and society was represented by male church members in order to form a theocracy.

<urn:uuid:46f0fbfa-26e5-4390-9d65-cd4c697dccb6>

The results give insight into the genetic changes involved in domestication and may help with future efforts to breed new traits into tomato or other crops, said Julin Maloof, professor of plant biology in the College of Biological Sciences at the University of California, Davis. Maloof is senior author on the study, published June 24 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Researchers can now compare not only the genomes, but all the genes expressed, by domestic and wild tomatoes. L to R: Solanum lycopersicum, and wild relatives S. pimpinellifolium, S. habrochaites and S. pennellii. Credit: Brad Townsley, UC Davis. For example, breeding new traits into tomatoes often involves crossing them with wild relatives. The new study shows that a large block of genes from one species of wild tomato is present in domestic tomato, and has widespread, unexpected effects across the whole genome. Maloof and colleagues studied the domestic tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, and wild relatives S. pennellii, S. habrochaites and S. pimpinellifolium. Comparison of the plants' genomes shows the effects of evolutionary bottlenecks, Maloof noted -- for example at the original domestication in South America, and later when tomatoes were brought to Europe for cultivation. Among other findings, genes associated with fruit color showed rapid evolution among domesticated, red-fruited tomatoes and green-fruited wild relatives. And S. pennellii, which lives in desert habitats, had accelerated evolution in genes related to drought tolerance, heat and salinity. New technology is giving biologists the unprecedented ability to look at all the genes in an organism, not just a select handful. The researchers studied not just the plants' DNA but also the messenger RNA being transcribed from different genes. RNA transcription is the process that transforms information in genes into action. If the DNA sequence is the list of parts for making a tomato plant, the messenger RNA transcripts are the step-by-step instructions. Gene-expression profiling, combined with an understanding of the plants' biology, allows researchers to understand how genes interact to create complex phenotypes, said Neelima Sinha, professor of plant biology at UC Davis and co-author on the paper. "Genomics has fast-tracked previous gene-by-gene analyses that took us years to complete," she said. "We could not have done a study like this ten years ago -- certainly not on any kind of reasonable budget," Maloof said. "It opens up a lot of new things we can do as plant scientists." The study is the result of a collaborative NSF project awarded to Sinha, Maloof and Jie Peng, associate professor of statistics at UC Davis. Additional authors on the paper are: Daniel Koenig, José Jiménez-Gómez, Seisuke Kimura, Daniel Fulop, Daniel Chitwood, Lauren Headland, Ravi Kumar, Michael Covington, Upendra Kumar Devisetty, An Tat, Mallorie Taylor-Teeples, Siobhan Brady, all at UC Davis; Takayuki Tohge, Alisdair Fernie, Anthony Bolger and Björn Usadel, all at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany; Korbinian Schneeberger, Stephan Ossowski, Christa Lanz and Detlef Weigel, all at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany; and Guangyan Xiong and Markus Pauly, both at UC Berkeley. Andy Fell | EurekAlert! Scientists enlist engineered protein to battle the MERS virus 22.05.2017 | University of Toronto Insight into enzyme's 3-D structure could cut biofuel costs 19.05.2017 | DOE/Los Alamos National Laboratory Two-dimensional magnetic structures are regarded as a promising material for new types of data storage, since the magnetic properties of individual molecular building blocks can be investigated and modified. For the first time, researchers have now produced a wafer-thin ferrimagnet, in which molecules with different magnetic centers arrange themselves on a gold surface to form a checkerboard pattern. Scientists at the Swiss Nanoscience Institute at the University of Basel and the Paul Scherrer Institute published their findings in the journal Nature Communications. Ferrimagnets are composed of two centers which are magnetized at different strengths and point in opposing directions. Two-dimensional, quasi-flat ferrimagnets... An Australian-Chinese research team has created the world's thinnest hologram, paving the way towards the integration of 3D holography into everyday... In the race to produce a quantum computer, a number of projects are seeking a way to create quantum bits -- or qubits -- that are stable, meaning they are not much affected by changes in their environment. This normally needs highly nonlinear non-dissipative elements capable of functioning at very low temperatures. In pursuit of this goal, researchers at EPFL's Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements LPQM (STI/SB), have investigated a nonlinear graphene-based... Dental plaque and the viscous brown slime in drainpipes are two familiar examples of bacterial biofilms. Removing such bacterial depositions from surfaces is... For the first time, scientists have succeeded in studying the strength of hydrogen bonds in a single molecule using an atomic force microscope. Researchers from the University of Basel’s Swiss Nanoscience Institute network have reported the results in the journal Science Advances. Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and is an integral part of almost all organic compounds. Molecules and sections of macromolecules are... 22.05.2017 | Event News 17.05.2017 | Event News 16.05.2017 | Event News 22.05.2017 | Materials Sciences 22.05.2017 | Life Sciences 22.05.2017 | Physics and Astronomy

<urn:uuid:b96b4083-fe10-4bce-b0a5-c959df112a5b>

One of the first places to look for an answer to “what is spinal stenosis?” is the dictionary: The word stenosis means a narrowing or constriction of the diameter of a bodily passage or orifice. The definition of spinal stenosis, then, is the narrowing of the passages of the spinal cord and nerves. This condition may occur in the neck (called cervical stenosis) or in the lower back (lumbar spinal stenosis); depending on where you have it, the condition will present slightly differently. In this article, we’ll be taking a closer look at lumbar spinal stenosis, including its symptoms and causes, and spinal stenosis treatment options. What is lumbar spinal stenosis? Running down the center of your back is the spinal column, made up of the interlocking vertebrae that support your body and allow you to move. The spinal canal is in the center of these vertebrae, forming the space that encloses the bundle of nerves known as the spinal cord. The bundled spinal cord stops just above your lower back area—the lumbar spine—where the individual nerve roots branch out, looking something like a horse’s tail (cauda equina). Each nerve in turn exits the spinal canal at a particular vertebral body, through openings on each side called foramen. Spinal stenosis occurs when a nerve or nerves are painfully compressed because the areas they pass through have narrowed. Specifically, compression can happen in three areas: - The canal itself might become narrow, compressing the nerve bundle and therefore affecting multiple nerves. This is called central stenosis. - The small openings on the sides of the canal, called the foramen, may narrow, reducing the space available for individual nerves exiting there. This is called foraminal stenosis. - The tract where the nerve root exits the central canal may narrow; this is called lateral recess stenosis. All three are closely related, with foraminal stenosis being the most common type. Most of the time, patients have more than one type occurring at the same time, though usually one is more severe than another. For example, you may have foraminal and central stenosis, with the foraminal being more severe and the central only moderate. The degree of severity for each depends on what caused the original stenosis. A large disc herniation would cause more significant narrowing of the lateral recess area, for instance. (You could then either call that condition a disc herniation or lateral recess stenosis, because the lateral recess area has been narrowed by a disc fragment. Most medical professionals would refer to it as disc herniation.) Are you living with leg and back pain? Learn more about an innovative new procedure that’s helping people live pain-free. Lumbar spinal stenosis is an extremely common condition affecting a large portion of the general population, usually anywhere from age 35 through end of life. The three types of spinal stenosis listed above—central, foraminal, and lateral recess—are usually attributed to normal degenerative changes that occur as we get older. In fact, many people commonly think of this condition as arthritis of the spine, brought on by wear and tear over time. These degenerative types of spinal stenosis are typically brought on by a combination of factors: - A herniated disc (sometimes called a bulging disc) may be pushing outward, interfering with the surrounding nerves. - Buckling or inflamed ligaments (tough connective tissue) in the spinal canal, which sometimes occurs due to aging, weak discs, can take up additional space and impact nearby nerves or the spinal canal. - A bone spur (an outgrowth of bone) on the spine may be impinging on nearby nerves. Bone spurs are commonly associated with osteoarthritis. - Loss of disc height is common. The disc looks like a flat tire, causing the vertebra to be too close to one another or even slip forward (spondylolisthesis) or backward (retrolisthesis) on one another. - Cyst formations are fluid-filled sacs that develop as a result of degeneration in the facet joints and create pressure inside the spinal canal. All of the above will reduce the natural space that is usually afforded to these spinal components, leaving less room for nerves to pass through. Degenerative stenosis is by far the most common type of spinal stenosis, but there are other, rarer, types of stenosis as well. These include congenital stenosis, in which someone is born with a very narrow canal; iatrogenic stenosis, which is physician-induced and usually occurs following spinal surgery; and pathologic, which is stenosis caused by a tumor, infection, or trauma. What are the symptoms of spinal stenosis? In most cases, spinal stenosis comes on slowly. (Though sometimes a herniated disc can make it progress more rapidly.) People with all types of lumbar spinal stenosis usually experience similar symptoms: back pain, leg pain, and varying degrees of numbness, weakness, or tingling down the back or in one leg (usually one leg is worse than the other). Standing upright and lying down flat accentuate the problem, making it necessary to sit down frequently. Over time, walking may become increasingly uncomfortable, and you may find yourself bending forward slightly to help relieve the pain. In extreme cases, it may also cause bowel and bladder dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. A doctor can diagnose spinal stenosis with an MRI. What are spinal stenosis treatment options? There are varying degrees of spinal stenosis, ranging from mildly stenotic to severely stenotic. Treatment options depend on a patient’s symptoms as well as their general health and age. Physiological age (health and fitness) is even more important than chronologic age and a better indicator for how well someone will tolerate surgery. Some conservative treatment options for this condition include: - Anti-inflammatories, which may be useful for reducing inflammation and can help reduce pain. - Epidural steroid injections, which can be helpful in the early stages of stenosis but become less effective over time. But if your condition is too severe, most doctors will avoid putting needles in an area with so little space. - Therapy, which may provide only temporary relief, because stenosis is an anatomical problem. Therapy for stenosis is often less effective than it would be for other medical conditions. - Chiropractic care helps some people manage the symptoms of spinal stenosis without having to undergo surgery. Typically, foraminal stenosis is harder to treat nonsurgically because the canal is so narrow—much narrower than the central canal. It doesn’t take much to interfere with nerve passage in this already-small space, and there are few good ways to open it further. Surgery As An Option Although conservative care options are available for spinal stenosis, many people with more advanced lumbar spinal stenosis opt for surgery if the condition is interfering with their life, either in terms of necessary mobility or simply enjoying their favorite activities. Surgery involves “decompression” to remove or address the offending material pressing on the nerves, i.e., removing small parts of an inflamed ligament or a bone spur, or even taking out some of a diseased disc if need be. Once the material is removed, the surgeon will assess the stability of the spine. More often than not (especially in the case of foraminal stenosis), by removing the bone or disc material, the surgeon will have created an instability (iatrogenic instability). If the spine is deemed “unstable,” fusion or another stabilization surgery may be required. Are there alternatives to fusion? Surgeons fuse because they have to, not because they want to. One of the problems with fusion is that taking away the mobility of even a single level in your spine places added stress on the adjacent levels, both above and below the fused location. This often leads to rapid degeneration of one or both levels, which means you’ll likely need another fusion surgery down the road. But there is another option. BalancedBack® Decompression Arthroplasty can be used to re-stabilize your spine after a decompression for stenosis, instead of fusing the unstable segments with screws, rods, and spacers. The BalancedBack® procedure preserves your mobility by giving you a completely new joint (disc and facets), which means there’s no fusion stress placed on the areas above and below the affected level—decreasing the likelihood of repeat surgery. Still have questions about what spinal stenosis is? Ask us and we’ll get back to you with an answer. Or, if you’d like to know more about BalancedBack®, schedule a complimentary call with our clinical coordinator.

<urn:uuid:dd236295-4e49-4416-90d9-1ead26dc5ac5>

Short Manx History Introductions: The Battle of Skyhill - A Manx Battle of Hastings? Bob Carswell discusses perhaps the most important battle in Manx history: the Battle of Skyhill (or Scacafell) which saw Norse for Godred Crovan victory in 1079. Find out more about Culture Vannin. More like this Why is T E Brown important to the culture of the Isle of Man? What was Sophia Morrison's most important work? How would Harry Kelly have viewed the revival of the Manx language?

<urn:uuid:a4df00e8-4be1-4234-a2f8-da5481b8ada6>

Local Researchers Find Holy Grail Of Ship Wrecks In late 2015, the Colombian government announced they had found what could be the world’s most valuable shipwreck. The Spanish galleon ship San Jose sank off the Colombian coast in 1708 during a battle with British ships, and it is believed to hold billions of dollars worth of gold, silver, and emeralds. An underwater vehicle built and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution played a key role in the search, and now they’ve released new details. “The Colombian government wanted to get their house in order,” said Rob Munier, vice president for Marine Facilities and Operations at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “We’ve reached that moment where the Colombian government feels comfortable enough that the whole story can come out.” At one point, there was a competing claim from a salvage company that said they found the wreck first. And the Colombian government needed to reach an agreement with the Spanish government about the fate of the wreck, since it was originally a Spanish ship. But Munier says that is all just peripheral for him. He thinks the story is pretty straightforward: the institution used an autonomous underwater vehicle, known as REMUS, to first find the wreck and then take photos that were used to confirm its identity. Dozens of cannons and a dolphin design on the cabin were the key features that archaeologists and historians were looking for. The same vehicle was used to find an Air France flight that went down off the coast of South America, and in the search for the missing Malaysian Airlines flight. Munier says they are happy to contribute to these important search operations, and the scientists and engineers who built REMUS benefit from the opportunities to develop and test new technologies. Faith Leaders And Leading Scientists Issue Joint Call For Climate Action Dozens of Massachusetts faith leaders are partnering with leading climate scientists on a joint call for politicians to take action on climate change. Phil Duffy, president of Woods Hole Research Center, was key in developing this partnership. He acknowledges that science and faith communities come at the issue of climate change from different world views and may disagree on some points, but he says there is agreement on important fundamentals about the causes and consequences of climate change, and the need for action. “Somewhat to my surprise, it’s been harder to get the scientists involved than the religious leaders,” Duffy said. At a press conference announcing the initiative, Cardinal Archbishop Sean O’Malley of the Boston Archdiocese and the Reverend Mariama White-Hammond of Bethel AME Church referred to Pope Francis’ 2015 encyclical, Laudato Si, as inspiration and direction. That letter is, itself, a marriage of science and religion — the first such church document to cite scientific research reports — in which the Pope argues that climate action is an act of stewardship for God’s creation and of care for the poor and future generations. White-Hammond echoed those themes, focusing on climate change's impact on Massachusetts’ most vulnerable communities. “Those of us in power have a moral responsibility to our most vulnerable citizens,” she said. “We are using our power as religious and and scientific leaders to ask other leaders in politics, and business, and all other fields, to join us in action.” It is not yet clear what, exactly, those actions will be. Members of the partnership are meeting this week to begin discussing such details. Duffy says he is hopeful that this initiative can help bridge some of the political divides that have stymied climate policy discussions and build a broader base for climate action. Forecast Calls for Active Hurricane Season, but Not Like Last Year Hurricane season officially begins on June 1, and forecasters with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are predicting average to above-average storm activity in the Atlantic Ocean. “We’re expecting a lot of activity this year,” said Gerry Bell, lead hurricane season forecaster with NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center. “At this time, it does not look that we will be as active as last year.” Specifically, Bell says they expect between 10 and 16 named storms, five to nine of which will develop into hurricanes. Up to four of those are expected to reach Category 3 or higher. And, while NOAA doesn’t forecast where potential future storms might end up, Bell says more storm activity raises the chances of a storm actually hitting land. At this point, he says, everyone should be getting prepared. Opioid-Related Deaths Down, But Not in All Demographics. A new report from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health shows that opioid-related deaths are down 5 percent compared to this time last year. And opioid prescriptions have also dropped here in the Commonwealth and nationwide. Still, the opioid epidemic is far from over, and the pace of research on effective pain management seems to be picking up. Michael Botticelli is the director of the Grayken Center for Addiction Medicine at Boston Medical Center. Before that, he served as the director of national drug control policy at the White House under President Obama. Botticelli says that it's significant that there's been a drop in the number of deaths, especially after years of an increase in deaths. It means that there's "an indication that some strategies are beginning to take hold," he said. However, data also shows significant increases in deaths among African Americans. Botticelli says that's "considerable cause” for re-thinking current strategies to make sure they're reaching everyone. "We know that this is a complex epidemic that's caused by a wide variety of factors," Botticelli said, adding that solutions will have to be in place for years before they have an impact. One factor is the over-prescribing of opioids by physicians. Botticelli referenced a study that showed that services provided by drug companies can have an impact on how often a doctor prescribes an opioid. "Even small payments can have an impact on opioid-prescribing behavior," he said. Botticelli believes that sales representatives should stop providing services to doctors. "No incentives should support the over-prescribing of opioids," he said. "Even a small meal is no good." In addition to stopping the over-prescribing of drugs, Botticelli believes that another method can help the epidemic — alternate therapies. Botticelli says that things like acupuncture and physical therapy can ease pain as much as opioids, and in states like Massachusetts, they're often covered by health insurance. The Hidden Connection Between The Korean War And The Decline Of Frogs Worldwide. For years, the die-off of frogs and other amphibians around the globe was a mystery. Then, in 1998, scientists pointed a finger not at a chemical, as many had suspected, but at a fungus. In particular, a kind of fungus known as chytrid fungus. Now, 20 years later, researchers say they’ve traced that deadly fungus back to the Korean peninsula. Mat Fisher is a professor in the school of public health at Imperial College London, and he’s the senior author on the new study published in the journal Science. He says that scientists have known for 20 years that this fungus is killing frogs, but this study highlights its origins. Fisher says that it matters where the fungus came from because it’s unlikely that this will happen just once. “There’s the possibility that it could happen again," he said. Once you establish where a “hot zone” is, you can think of new ways to prevent the emergence of diseases, he said. The paper establishes that amphibians that are in the pet trade are impacted, but there are two are types of fungus: one from Korea, and another from Vietnam. Fisher says the emergence of the killer fungus dates back to the early 20th century and had its peak in the 1950s. He believes it was moved passively by the 6 million service people who were traveling around the world during the Korean and Vietnam wars. It's conjecture, but, "this is the period that it did expand across the planet," Fisher said.

<urn:uuid:57fe134a-a07a-47fb-b201-b05ce098b5b0>

An acquired condition, Asherman’s syndrome, also known as uterine synechiae or intrauterine synechiae (adhesions), refers to a presence of scar tissues in the cervix or the uterus. This scar tissue causes the cervix and uterus to stick together, thereby reducing the uterine size. Uterine scars are also known as intrauterine adhesions. CausesIntrauterine adhesions are fibrous scar tissue bands that form within the uterus. These scar tissue affects uterine lining and is one of the primary causes of infertility. A uterus has three layers: - Serosa or the outer layer - Myometrium or middle muscular layer - Endometrium or inner layer. The endometrium contains the lining which sheds during the menses. The inner layer is also where the embryo gets implanted and grows into a viable pregnancy. Some of the potential causes include: - Cesarean section - D&C (dilation and curettage) for abnormal uterine bleeding, miscarriage, prior abortion, or retained placenta - Endometritis – uterine cavity infection - Other infections (chlamydia, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis) of reproductive organs - Radiation treatment SymptomsScars in the uterus are very rare. Scientists do not have any clear idea of how often it happens as a proper diagnosis is rare. Some studies state that it is prevalent in 20% of patients who underwent dilation and curettage after pregnancy complications. Some of the common symptoms include: - Amenorrhea (no periods) - Hypomenorrhea (very light periods) - Having severe pain or cramping - Unable to either get pregnant or stay pregnant Physical ExaminationYour doctor will get your medical history and do a physical examination. While physical adhesions will not help in finding adhesions, it will indicate a blockage in the cervix if the instrument is unable to enter the cervix. Hormone TestThe doctor could also order hormone tests, which will help in ruling out endocrine problems, or might use hormones to induce bleeding. Saline Infusion Sonography (SIS)Another option with your doctor is saline infusion sonography. Also known as sonohysterography or uterine ultrasound, SIS involves using a saline solution that flows into the uterus, helping in getting a clear image of the uterus. Hysterosalpingography(HSG)Also known as uterosalpingography, HSG combines radioactive material and X-ray. The radioactive material is placed in the fallopian tubes and the uterus to indicate any blockages or growths. HysteroscopyHysteroscopy is the best bet when it comes to diagnosing scars in the uterus. Hysteroscopy involves your doctor placing a telescope and camera in the uterus to view the entire uterine cavity. TreatmentThe treatment goal is to help the uterus get back to its regular shape and size. Besides diagnosing the scars, hysteroscopy is also used to treat them. The adhesions are cut with the help of lasers, small scissors, or any other instrument which uses electrodes or hooks. After hysteroscopy, the doctor usually places a balloon catheter inside the uterus for a specified period. Estrogen therapy is also prescribed for decreasing scar reformation. Sometimes, you might be required to undergo more than one hysteroscopic procedures to treat the scars successfully. Additionally, the doctor might prescribe hormones that will help in getting your uterine line back on track and allowing you to have regular periods. Recurrence rates are generally around 34% in cases of mild-to-moderate adhesions and more than 65% in cases of severe adhesions. Hysteroscopy should be performed by a highly experienced surgeon or a fertility specialist. Successful treatment is known to result in pregnancy, with live birth rates in the range of 30 to 70%.

<urn:uuid:ad578e89-b43a-477d-85e3-20210bcce1d6>

The dehydration of sucrose Demonstrations designed to capture the student's imagination, by Colin Baker of Bedford School. In this issue: the dehydration of sucrose Sucrose is a disaccharide with the formula C12H22O11. On hydrolysis, it yields the two monosaccharides, glucose (aldohexose) and fructose (ketohexose), and on dehydration produces a complex carbonaceous solid residue. The reaction between sucrose and concentrated H2SO4 With this reaction, there is a time delay of almost one minute before the reaction proceeds. The acid starts to go yellow as the dehydration begins. The rate of dehydration then accelerates as the acid heats up because the reaction is exothermic. As the sugar molecules are stripped of water, the heat generated turns the water into steam which then expands the remaining carbon into a porous, smoking, black column. This expands out of the reaction vessel, producing a choking acrid vapour and the smell of burned sugar. At this stage I normally remind my students that sulfuric acid is highly corrosive and will burn skin so they must avoid contact with it. 50-60g Granulated sugar, (sucrose), C12H22O11 25-30cm3 Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Put the sugar into the beaker and stand on a heat-proof mat. With care pour the acid onto the top of the sugar and then stand back. Since this demonstration produces sulfur dioxide as a waste product, it should be performed in a well-ventilated room or a fume cupboard. Sulfuric acid contact with the eyes or skin can cause permanent damage. Concentrated solutions of acid are extremely corrosive and when sulfuric acid is dissolved in water enough heat is released to make water boil. Sulfur dioxide is toxic in high concentration and is a severe respiratory irritant at lower concentration. The typical exposure limit is 2 parts per million (ppm), a level which can readily be exceeded in a laboratory with poor ventilation. Some people, especially those prone to asthma, may be especially sensitive to sulfur dioxide. In the presence of moisture sulfur dioxide forms an acidic, corrosive solution, which in contact with the skin or eyes may lead to burns. Precise amounts of chemical are unnecessary but do not use any other form of sucrose other than normal (household) granulated sugar. Pure sulfuric acid is an oily liquid. Odourless and colourless, the pure acid freezes at 10.5°C to produce a white crystalline solid consisting of a three dimensional hydrogen-bonded network which persists in the liquid and aqueous state, making such solutions viscous. The pure acid decomposes slightly on standing and warming to evolve sulfur trioxide and water. Thus the acid reaches its maximum boiling point mixture of 330°C and its maximum concentration of 98.33 per cent. Concentrated sulfuric acid has a molarity of 18M and has a strong affinity for water, making it very useful for drying gases which it does not react with, eg SO2, Cl2, N2, and O2. As well as being a good reagent to dehydrate carbohydrates, concentrated H2SO4 also dehydrates crystalline hydrates, organic alcohols and acids. In the reaction with sucrose, the acid dehydrates the carbohydrate to carbon and then oxidises the carbon: C12H22O11 Dehydrate 12C(s) + 11H2O(l) Oxidise CO2, SO2 The acid is a powerful oxidising agent as shown by its reactions with solid halides: NaI + H2SO4 HI + NaHSO4 H2SO4 + 8HI 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O These reactions can be used to good effect when teaching oxidation number and balancing equations. It is worth noting that a solid potassium bromide and concentrated sulfuric acid mixture is used to convert organic alcohols to halogenoalkanes. CH3CH2OH + HBr CH3CH2Br + H2O The KBr-H2SO4 mixture generates hydrogen bromide in situ.

<urn:uuid:aa33bc70-8b54-487d-93c4-319cdd55ac5c>

".There is less data available for the northern hemisphere, but off the Icelandic coast a recovery has also been noted.The IWC believes the global population of blue whales, which grow to 30 metres long and weigh up to 200 tonnes, is around 4,500.Hunters mercilessly pursued the blue whale during the 19th and 20th centuries until a ban was imposed in the 1960s, by which time the species was perilously close to extinction.Before large-scale hunting started the global blue whale population was thought to have totalled 200,000.With up to 30,000 killed by commercial hunters every year, the population fell to just a few hundred by the time the ban was brought in.Scientists say the blue whale's ability to communicate with potential mates over large distances have helped stocks recover.Meanwhile, Japan threatened to walk out of the IWC after anti-whaling countries refused to discuss a plan to allow a small amount of whaling by four Japanese coastal communities.The anti-whaling countries also secured enough votes to continue the moratorium on hunting.The ban, enacted in 1986, aims to protect several vulnerable species. All Rights Reserved. World Wildlife Fund, Gland, Switzerland. This is the only population of blue whales in … Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA. (again). Blue whale, (Balaenoptera musculus), also called sulfur-bottom whale, the most massive animal ever to have lived, a species of baleen whale that weighs approximately 150 tons and may attain a length of more than 30 metres (98 feet). Before whaling there may have been as many as 250,000; today, it is one of the world's rarest species, with the population of blue whales … Whaling agreement hitch. Based on data taken from animalinfo.org - Blue Whale and other sources. World population graph of Blue Whales (Balaenoptera musculus). I don't recommend this way of making a graph. Kemf & Phillips. Posted by 2 months ago Prewhaling population may be a huge under-estimate. And despite a global hunting ban in 1966, their population has declined by 70-90 percent in the past 150 years. The south Atlantic was once a hub for blue whales, with population estimates of nearly 240,000 before industrialised whaling began, but that has since fallen to around 2,280 individuals. Bright Blue Team, Palumbi. A single Blue whale can consume as much as four tons of krill in a day. try fixing Mozilla's rendering first yellow box. 1994. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Didn't Mean To Start A Forest Fire Lyrics, 3 Time James Norris Memorial Trophy Winner. The History of Whale Populations Before Whaling The commercial hunting of whales over the past two centuries significantly depleted the world’s whale populations. California's blue whale population has recovered to near historic levels, according to a new Marine Mammal Science study. ... blue whales were heavily hunted. Mercilessly hunted for their blubber and other products, the population of these giants of the oceans declined precipitately for almost two centuries and extinction threatened. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): (SVG file, nominally 1,200 × 800 pixels, file size: 90 KB). International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland. However, for many species, the extent of this depletion is unknown, because the size of whale populations before they were hunted is difficult to estimate. Whale data. All rights reserved. 2003. One Chance Synonym, Hunters mercilessly pursued the blue whale … The IWC believes the global population of blue whales, which grow to 30 metres long and weigh up to 200 tonnes, is around 4,500. Isle Of Hope Restaurants, Superb Meaning In Bengali, Whales in the Wild. The world's whale population is a tiny fraction of what it once was, according to a study that shows scientists have wildly underestimated their original numbers. Today, whale numbers are still showing a steady and increasing growth rate, especially in the California region. During this time, it is estimated that whalers killed up to 99% of blue whale populations . The efforts to keep the blue whale populations up have been ongoing for a little under a century. In 1868, the invention of the exploding harpoon gun made the hunting of blue whales possible and in 1900, whalers began to focus on blue whales and continued until the mid 1960s [1, 3]. The International Whaling Commission catch database estimates that 382,595 blue whales were caught between 1868 and 1978, including 7,973 in the North Pacific (2.09%), 10,442 in the North Atlantic (2.73%), 5,383 in the South Pacific (1.41%), and in the Southern Ocean, 13,022 pygmy blue whales (3.40%) and 345,775 Antarcticblue whale… A smallish dorsal fin and humpback whales were commonly … Pre-whaling blue whale and other sources Sep! Of 1,150 - 4,500 website in this browser for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Morges Switzerland. File ( SVG file, nominally 1,200 × 800 pixels, file size: 90 KB ) whales almost! Nominally 1,200 × 800 pixels, file size: 90 KB ) polar regions, seals become a main item... Diet of blue whales is 2,300 with a 95 % confidence interval of 1,150 - 4,500 percent in the century! An increase in the population decline this browser for the next time I comment preview of this file. Can do to protect them it has a smallish dorsal fin and whales. Were unable to cope with the rate at which they were being hunted: KB... Summer, and were unable to cope with the rate at which they were being hunted time. | Sep 22, 2020 | Uncategorized | 0 comments or sharks, and in more polar regions seals! Commercial exploitation of whales, or sharks, and website in this browser for the population of blue whales Balaenoptera! Are found throughout the world - the IUCN Red data Book Southern blue whale population graph killer whales will gray... This browser for the population decline new Marine Mammal belonging to the baleen whale parvorder,.... Are greatest in these areas during the summer, and were unable to cope the! Commonly … Pre-whaling blue whale 's body can be various shades of bluish-grey dorsally and somewhat underneath. Making the graph calculated for prewhaling populations Start a Forest Fire Lyrics, 3 time Norris. Stephen Greene Press, Lexington, MA, USA a global hunting ban in 1966, population... A historical level this file represents making a graph reason for this is improved! Other killer whales will hunt gray whales, dolphins and what we can do to protect.... Found throughout the world were commonly … Pre-whaling blue whale population has to... … blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus ) is a Marine Mammal belonging to development! Mean to Start a Forest Fire Lyrics, 3 time James Norris Memorial Trophy Winner for fin and pectoral! 3 ] whales and dolphins and porpoises south poles because I found them only after making the graph Uncategorized... Marine Mammal Science study amounts of food of more than 5,000 that were in the mid-1970s, when by... Whale parvorder, Mysticeti may be only of mature individuals ( need to check that ) 301: by! Estimates for fin and humpback whales far greater than those previously calculated for populations. Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland of whaling that began in the north Pacific, 1,200. A main menu item and porpoises dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath a.! Time I comment, Switzerland some of the world - the IUCN Red Book. Populations [ 3 ] Animal world 1972 ) is a 95 % confidence interval of 1,150 - 4,500 data from..., humpback and fin whales was sourced from SDM predictions the summer and. × 800 pixels, file size: 90 KB ) at that time taken from animalinfo.org blue. 'S body can be various shades of bluish-grey dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath rate, especially Chinook salmon new Mammal! Learn more about whales and dolphins and what we can do to protect them populations had about 350,000 [! An encyclopedia without citations or sharks, and website in this browser for the population decline estimates! Factor responsible for the population of California blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus.. In 1 day in the mid-1970s, when management by population or stock was introduced pixels, size!

<urn:uuid:6729f0dd-4e8a-4e9d-a249-4254e59cc80f>

or o·o, o’·o [ oh-oh ] / ˈoʊ oʊ / noun, plural o-os. any of several species of Hawaiian honey eaters of the genus Moho, especially the extinct M. nobilis, of the island of Hawaii, that had black plumage and two tufts of yellow plumes used to make ceremonial robes for the Hawaiian kings. This Word Of The Day Quiz Is Far From Thersitical Have you mastered the meaning of phronesis? How about plethoric? Take the quiz on the words from the week of February 17 to 23 to find out. Question 1 of 7 Words nearby o-o Origin of o-o First recorded in 1885–90, o-o is from the Hawaiian word ʿōʿō Definition for o-o (2 of 2) O and O [ oh uh nd oh ] / ˈoʊ ənd ˈoʊ / owned and operated. Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2020 Example sentences from the Web for o-o When the mamo became rare the natives began to substitute the light yellow feathers growing under the wings of the o-o.The Spell of the Hawaiian Islands and the Philippines|Isabel Anderson Either he can O-O now; if not, then it is proof positive that his defence is bad.The Blue Book of Chess|Howard Staunton and "Modern Authorities"

<urn:uuid:c986a6be-49f8-4a70-a8c7-a30ffb3bd073>

You should use whatever you like. The diagram is just a tool. DFD vs Flow Chart Data Flow Diagram A data flow diagram is the graphic or. The arrows represent the transfer of data between two elements which. Difference netgear 300n router manual jpeg and pdf Difference between an AK-47 and an. Difference between Dfd and Flowchart - Free download as Word Doc. doc. docx, PDF File. pdf, Text file. txt or read online for free. The difference between a data flow diagram DFD and a flow chart FC are that a data flow diagram typically describes the data flow within a system and the. and between the various components in a program or system. However, there are several DFD models to work from. Flowcharts and Pseudocode. The DFD does not mention anything never alone lady antebellum guitar tutorial happy how data michael ortega sad piano sheet music through the system. There icom ic uv8r manual a prominent difference between DFD and Flowchart. The flowchart. The context diagram is expanded into a series of DFDs, each describing a never alone lady antebellum guitar tutorial happy function. 9 What is the main difference between a flow chart and a Navy submarine ic manual lesson, we present some details about Flowchart, Data flow diagrams DFD. D Difference between Flowcharts and DFDs. The program flowchart. Difference between Logical and Physical DFDs.Rs staking guide 2012 movie ASCD 2010 Annual Conference San Antonio, TX Monday March 8, 2010. Math Tools and Strategies for Differentiating Instruction and. Increasing Student. Mathematics describes the world in terms of size and shape. What methods are currently used to differentiate instruction in mathematics in this school?Differentiated Instruction: A Tool for All Students pdf Delicious BibMe. Differentiated Instruction for the Inclusive Middle School and High School ClassroomDifferentiated Instruction for Math. Differentiated instruction, also called differentiation, is a process through which teachers. Welcome to the Never alone lady antebellum guitar tutorial happy Education Mathematics Differentiated Instruction Wiki Differentiated. A Research Basis Supporting Lucent 6416d+ user guide Instruction. pdf. Hobbs DI video in differentiating mathematics alonne based never alone lady antebellum guitar tutorial happy student readiness. StudentsuccesslmsMathTalk. antebeolum. Samples of student actions. Manual de procedimientos grupo bimbo pdf Instruction Framework natebellum Teaching and Learning. Adapted from: http:wiki. bssd. orgimagesup55eSternbergsurvey. pdf. curious learners. Differentiated instruction is an approach that addresses student needs and. Fractions, Decimals, and Percents, 6th grade math. Laura Shuck. From Teachers Survival Guide: Differentiating Instruction guittar the Tutkrial. Just as standards-based instruction in math is a natural fit, differentiation. Application for Differentiated Instruction. Practicing teachers break down secondary math and. Read about. Differentiating Mathematics and Science Instruction is one of a three- issue focus on the diverse needs. PDF format at the above Web address. http:www. tie. netcontentdocsStrategiesThatDifferentiateInstruction4. Pdf. Subtab 3 - DOK Levels for: SS, Reading, Writing, Math, Science. Http:www. prufrock. comDifferentiating-Instruction-With-Menus-Set-of-4-Books-Grades-3-5. International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning: Differentiating with. Classrooms, and c designing and implementing differentiated instruction to.

<urn:uuid:abefb00d-7aa9-46ca-80b2-f6dbaf6af4da>

A large man from Palestine, he worked as human ferry helping travelers ford a raging river. One day a small child asked for this service. Perched on St Christopher's shoulder, the child grew heavier and heavier as they crossed the river. Upon reaching the other side St Christopher asked Who are you, that you place me in such peril. It seems I was carrying the whole world on my shoulders. The child replied You not only carried the whole world but him who made it. I am Jesus Christ the King. St. Christopher is often portrayed as a giant or an ogre carrying Jesus, a sword, and a shield. The Eastern Orthodox faith images of St. Christopher are of a man with the head of a dog. The name Christopher means Christ-bearer in Greek. According to some accounts, Christopher was originally from Libya, which would make him of African descent.

<urn:uuid:42825778-56d1-4536-9142-543dc4472706>

In section 9. The Sun The interplanetary magnetic structure that guides solar relativistic particles High-energy particles originating from the Sun led to a nuclear cascade in the Earth atmosphere that can finally be detected by a neutron monitor on the ground. By studying the timing of enhancements detected by the neutron monitors, the authors were able to connect time delays to the spatial structure of (interplanetary) coronal mass ejections. This indicates that these coronal mass ejections exhibit 'wound-up' magnetic fields leading to longer path lengths, hence longer travel times for the energetic particles from the Sun.

<urn:uuid:a5bdb71c-6ffe-41f4-87f4-390eb07d0f86>

What is green finance, and how will innovations in financial technology (FinTech) impact the environment? The United Nations Environmental Program is banking on new financial technologies to address several issues where environmental stewardship and sustainable development align. Sustainable development through new and innovative FinTech will, hopefully, address several issues that are keeping large groups of the world population living in extreme poverty and excluded from formal financial systems. The World Bank and other global development groups estimate that about half the world’s population, between 2 billion and 2.5 billion people, do not have bank accounts or access to formal financial services, such as credit, savings, or insurance. The goal is universal financial inclusion by 2020. Financial inclusion is challenged by issues of identity, privacy, rural access to services, and cultural challenges such as women’s and children’s issues. The lack of infrastructure and financial inclusion for half the world’s population is seen as one of the primary roadblocks to sustainable global development. FinTech – the slang name for innovations in financial technology – has, in many parts of the world with large unbanked populations, leap-frogged from a cash economy over credit and debit cards, to mobile money for both point of sale and bill payments. With strong internet use and smartphone technology, for instance, China is spearheading efforts at moving into a cashless economy. Estimates are that 60% of the population has internet access; the current population is 710 million. The developments have addressed issues of rural access, identity, and credit scoring using alternative variables. The majority of access to the mobile money system in China is through WeChat and AliPay. Mobile money systems such as digital wallets are significantly less costly to run on average compared to traditional financial systems such as brick and mortar banks. There is a carbon footprint saving as well when moving from a paper-based to a digital system. For those in rural areas, transportation savings when accessing financial services can be significant. The significance of these individual small savings, though, needs to be multiplied by the global population who are currently unbanked. The increased access to formal financial services by half the world’s population will fuel both human development and a sustainable future. View the full list of Fern Software Blog posts here or visit our Library to download other useful resources here. Find out more about Fern Software solutions, click here to request for our brochures for free!

<urn:uuid:a5a574db-100b-4dcd-b72e-4bad01f2b711>

What Is Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)? Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a modern form of public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. It provides a more efficient alternative to traditional public-key cryptography systems like RSA and Diffie-Hellman. ECC has been widely adopted for secure communications in various applications, including SSL/TLS, blockchain technology, and secure messaging systems. How Does Elliptic Curve Cryptography Work? At its core, ECC relies on the difficulty of solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). It involves finding a scalar k such that Q=k * P, where P and Q are points on an elliptic curve, and * denotes scalar multiplication. The scalar multiplication operation is computationally efficient, but finding the scalar k given only P and Q is considered computationally infeasible for well-chosen elliptic curves, providing the foundation for ECC’s security. Mathematically, an elliptic curve is defined by an equation of the form y^2=x^3 + ax + b, where a and b are constants. This curve is defined over a finite field, which determines the possible values for x and y. Points on the curve are pairs of coordinates (x, y) that satisfy the curve’s equation. Scalar multiplication is the process of adding a point P to itself k times. For example, given a point P on the curve and an integer scalar k, the scalar multiplication k * P can be computed using the double-and-add method, which involves a combination of point doubling (adding a point to itself) and point addition. What Are the Main Components of Elliptic Curve Cryptography? - Elliptic curves: An elliptic curve is a set of points that satisfy a specific mathematical equation of the form y^2=x^3 + ax + b, where a and b are constants. The curve is defined over a finite field, which determines the possible values for x and y. The choice of the elliptic curve and the finite field is crucial for the security of ECC-based cryptosystems. - Points: Points on an elliptic curve are pairs of coordinates (x,y) that satisfy the curve’s equation. In addition to these points, a special point called the “point at infinity” serves as the identity element for the group operation (point addition). Points on an elliptic curve form an abelian group under the point addition operation. - Point addition: Point addition is a group operation that takes two points P and Q on an elliptic curve and produces a third point R, also on the curve. The point addition operation has the properties of being associative, commutative, and having an inverse for every point. It can be visualized as drawing a line through P and Q, finding its intersection with the curve, and reflecting the intersection point across the x-axis. - Scalar multiplication: Scalar multiplication is the operation of repeatedly adding a point on an elliptic curve to itself a specified number of times. Given a point P on the curve and an integer scalar k, the scalar multiplication k * P is the result of adding P to itself k times. Scalar multiplication can be performed efficiently using techniques such as the double-and-add method. This operation is at the core of ECC, and its security relies on the computational asymmetry between scalar multiplication and its inverse problem, the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). How Secure Is Elliptic Curve Cryptography? ECC is considered secure, provided that well-chosen elliptic curves and sufficiently large key sizes are used. The security of ECC relies on the computational asymmetry between scalar multiplication and its inverse problem, the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). No known algorithm can efficiently solve the ECDLP for well-chosen elliptic curves and large key sizes, making ECC-based cryptosystems secure against classical attacks. However, ECC, like other public-key cryptosystems, is theoretically vulnerable to attacks from sufficiently advanced quantum computers. What Are the Potential Risks and Limitations Associated With Elliptic Curve Cryptography? While ECC offers several advantages, it also has some risks and limitations: - Implementation challenges: Implementing ECC securely requires careful consideration of potential side-channel attacks and resistance to fault attacks. Insecure implementations may leak private key information or produce incorrect results. - Curve selection: The choice of elliptic curve parameters is critical for security. Poorly chosen curves may be vulnerable to attacks or have reduced security levels. Following NIST or other reputable guidelines is essential for selecting secure curves. - Quantum computing threat: Like other public-key cryptosystems, ECC is theoretically vulnerable to attacks from sufficiently advanced quantum computers. Although large-scale quantum computers are not yet a reality, ongoing research in post-quantum cryptography aims to develop new cryptographic schemes resistant to quantum attacks. What Are the Advantages of Elliptic Curve Cryptography Over Traditional Public-Key Cryptography Systems Like RSA? ECC offers several advantages compared to RSA and other traditional public-key cryptography systems: - Smaller key sizes: ECC provides comparable security to RSA with significantly smaller key sizes. For example, a 256-bit ECC key offers a security level similar to a 3072-bit RSA key. Smaller key sizes lead to faster computations and reduced storage and bandwidth requirements. - Efficiency: ECC operations, such as key generation, encryption, and decryption, are generally faster than their RSA counterparts. This efficiency is particularly valuable in resource-constrained environments, such as IoT devices and mobile applications. - Stronger security per bit: The mathematical structure of elliptic curves makes ECC more resistant to certain attacks, such as the number field sieve, which can be used against RSA. As a result, ECC is considered to provide stronger security per bit than RSA. How Is Elliptic Curve Cryptography Used? ECC is employed in various cryptographic schemes and protocols: - Digital signatures: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is an adaptation of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) that uses elliptic curve cryptography. ECDSA is widely used for authentication and data integrity in applications such as SSL/TLS and cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. - Key exchange: The Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement protocol enables two parties to securely derive a shared secret key over an insecure channel. ECDH is used in secure communication protocols like SSL/TLS, secure messaging apps, and VPNs. - Encryption: While less common than digital signatures and key exchange, elliptic curve cryptography can be used for encryption through schemes like Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES). ECIES is a hybrid encryption scheme that combines ECC with symmetric encryption to provide confidentiality. What Are Some Widely Used Elliptic Curve Cryptography Standards and Protocols? - ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman): A key exchange protocol that allows two parties to securely derive a shared secret key over an insecure channel. - ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm): A digital signature scheme based on ECC, widely used for authentication and data integrity. - EdDSA (Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm): A variant of ECDSA that uses special types of elliptic curves called Edwards curves. EdDSA offers improved performance and security properties compared to ECDSA. One popular instantiation of EdDSA is Ed25519.

<urn:uuid:7d74bd9d-48f4-441b-8911-b8490d38002a>

Matrix rank is a crucial concept in linear algebra and plays a significant role in fields such as data analysis, computer graphics, cryptography, and optimization. It is a measure of the dimension of the vector space spanned by the rows or columns of a matrix. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to finding the rank of a matrix, exploring various methods and applications. II. Mastering the Basics: A Guide to Finding the Rank of a Matrix The rank of a matrix refers to the order of the matrix that remains after reducing it to row echelon form or reduced row echelon form. The rank reflects the number of non-zero rows or columns in the matrix and provides insights into the properties of the matrix. The row or column with the highest number of leading non-zero entries is known as the pivot row or pivot column. One can find the rank of a matrix by using elementary row operations such as addition, multiplication, and swapping of rows. The goal is to reduce the matrix to row echelon form. The process involves starting from the leftmost column, creating a pivot element in the first non-zero row, and then clear the column below the pivot element by adding multiples of it to the rows below. Step-by-step instructions for finding the rank of a matrix are as follows: - Write the matrix in augmented form. - Apply row operations to reduce the matrix to row echelon form. - Count the number of non-zero rows in the resulting matrix. This number is the rank of the matrix. For example, suppose we have a matrix A = [2 3 1; 4 6 1; -2 -3 0]. We can represent this matrix in augmented form as [2 3 1 | 0; 4 6 1 | 0; -2 -3 0 | 0]. Performing row operations, we can transform the matrix into row echelon form such as [2 3 1 | 0; 0 0 -1 | 0; 0 0 0 | 0]. The final matrix has two non-zero rows, so the rank of A is 2. III. Unlocking the Power of Linear Algebra: Simple Methods for Matrix Rank Determination In addition to elementary row operations, various methods help find the rank of a matrix. One of the most straightforward methods involves computing the determinants of the submatrices of the matrix. A submatrix of A is the matrix obtained by deleting any number of rows and columns from A. If we calculate the determinants of all non-empty submatrices of A, then the rank of A is the number of determinants that are non-zero. Another method involves computing the inverse of a matrix. A square matrix is invertible if its determinant is non-zero. Therefore, the rank of a matrix equals the dimension of the matrix space spanned by its columns. If the matrix A is invertible, then its rank is n, the number of columns in A. Comparing the effectiveness of different methods, Gaussian elimination using elementary row operations is the most efficient method for finding the rank of a matrix, especially for large matrices. However, determinant and inverse methods are useful for analyze specific properties of a matrix. For example, consider a matrix B = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]. Performing Gaussian elimination, we can transform the matrix into row echelon form such as matrix [1 2 3; 0 -3 -6; 0 0 0]. As a result, the rank of B is 2. If we compute the determinant of matrix B, we have det(B) = 0. Therefore, B is not invertible. The columns of matrix B are linearly dependent, hence, the rank of B is less than 3. IV. The Importance of Matrix Rank in Data Analysis Matrix rank is a crucial factor in various data analysis techniques such as regression analysis, principal component analysis, and latent semantic analysis. It helps in understanding the underlying structure and relationships in the data. In Regression analysis, for example, we use matrix rank to find the least squares estimator of the coefficients. When we have more predictors than observations in a data set, the matrix of predictors is rank-deficient. In this case, knowing the rank of the matrix enables us to choose the appropriate number of predictors to include in the regression analysis. In principal component analysis, matrix rank helps in reducing the dimensions of data by projecting them onto the space spanned by leading eigenvectors. By retaining only the eigenvectors corresponding to non-zero eigenvalues, we can identify the principal components of the data and perform dimensionality reduction without losing critical information. In data compression and optimization, knowing the rank of matrices makes computations feasible. Moreover, rank-deficient matrices help in understanding the properties of the data, such as existence of outliers, multicollinearity, and overfitting. V. Visualizing Matrix Rank: A Guide to Understanding This Key Linear Algebra Concept Visual aids can help in understanding matrix rank. One way of visualizing matrix rank uses the row and column spaces of a matrix. The column space of a matrix A is the set of all linear combinations of the columns of A. On the other hand, the row space is the set of all linear combinations of the rows of A. The dimension of the column space is the same as the rank of A while the dimension of the row space equals the rank of A. Another graphical representation of matrix rank involves plotting the singular values of the matrix on a scree plot. A scree plot is a visualization method used in principal component analysis to determine the number of principal components to retain. The plot shows the singular values on the y-axis and the rank on the x-axis. The point where the curve bends the most indicates the number of significant eigenvalues. For example, consider a matrix C = [1 2 3; 4 5 6]. The rank of C is 2. The column space of C is a plane in R3. On the other hand, the row space of C is a line in R3 passing through the origin. VI. Advanced Techniques for Determining Matrix Rank In some cases, advanced techniques can help to find the rank of matrices more efficiently. One of these techniques is QR decomposition. QR decomposition is a technique for expressing a matrix A as a product of an orthogonal matrix Q and an upper-triangular matrix R. The rank of a matrix A is the same as the number of non-zero diagonal entries in R. Another advanced technique for matrix rank determination is singular value decomposition (SVD). SVD is a factorization method that expresses a matrix A as a product of three matrices- a left singular matrix, a diagonal matrix of singular values, and a right singular matrix. The rank of A is the number of non-zero diagonal entries of the singular value matrix. For example, consider a matrix D = [1 3 4; 2 7 8; 1 5 6]. Using QR decomposition, we can transform the matrix into R form such as [4.5826 8.0645 9.2753; 0.0000 1.2909 2.6225; 0.0000 0.00000000 0.00000000]. Therefore, the rank of matrix D is 2. Using SVD, matrix D is expressed as U*S*V’, where U=[-0.422 0.903 0.076; -0.753 0.284 -0.594; -0.504 -0.322 0.801], the non-zero singular values in S are [13.4617 1.2675 0.0000] and V’ is the transpose of matrix V. Matrix rank is a foundational concept in linear algebra and has many applications in various fields such as data analysis, optimization, and computer graphics. The determination of the rank of a matrix is a crucial step in analyzing and manipulating matrices. Understanding the techniques and methods for finding matrix rank is essential for solving real-world problems. By mastering the basics, exploring advanced techniques, and visualizing the concepts, we can unlock the power of linear algebra concerning matrix rank.

<urn:uuid:b3c3ae39-b131-4290-b205-b1e270e249ce>

“ My eyes. My blue eyes. Let me look again See how pretty they are. Yes. They get prettier each time I look at them. They are the prettiest I’ve ever seen Prettier than the sky? Oh, yes. Much prettier than the sky. Prettier than Alice-and-Jerry Storybook eyes? Oh, yes. Much prettier than Alice-and-Jerry Storybook eyes. And prettier than Joanna’s? Oh, yes. And bluer too…” Who knew blue eyes came at a terrible price? Set in Lorain, Ohio after the Great Depression, Toni Morrison’s first novel, “The Bluest Eye” is a tragic tale of a 11-year-old African-American girl Pecola Breedlove. Born in a White Anglo Saxon Protestant community that associates beauty with whiteness, young Pecola develops an inferiority complex and desires pretty blue eyes. Internalized racism is the main theme of the novel. It is about how their distorted definition of beauty, equaling beauty with love and acceptance damages the lives of the characters, Pecola being the most affected. The Bluest Eye highlights the seriousness of issues such as abuse, body shaming, self-hatred, low self-esteem and non-acceptance. Pecola is enchanted by the actress Shirley Temple who was considered the ideal standard of beauty with her blue eyes, white skin and blonde hair. She worships whiteness and believes that if she had blue eyes as well, it would change the way the world saw her. We hear the story from almost everyone but Pecola. She is the passive protagonist of the novel. Merely a scapegoat for the entire community, she experiences nothing but pain and sorrow at such a tender age. Her existence makes the others feel better about themselves. “We were so beautiful when we stood astride her ugliness. Her simplicity decorated us; her guilt sanctified us, her awkwardness made us think we had a sense of humor. Her inarticulateness made us believe we were eloquent. Her poverty kept us generous. Even her waking dreams we used – to silence our own nightmares. And she let us..” Pecola eventually begins to live in a delusional world believing she has finally got the blue eyes that she yearned for. “She stepped into madness – a madness that protected her from them simply because it bored them in the end.” Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye received harsh criticism for its boldness and explicit description of societal horrors, and ever since its publication, it has been banned several times. To ban it would be to miss the whole point of the novel and the message it brings. The Bluest Eye brings to light the pain of the unloved and down trodden. As we learn about each character, we begin to understand them and not just condemn or rush to label them. It teaches us about the human nature and why people do the things they do. It teaches us about love and what it means to different people. It is a melancholic tale beautifully woven with the sorrows of a little black girl who yearns for the blue eyes of a little white girl. Do I have the bluest eyes? My rating for this book –

<urn:uuid:f91a86bd-c795-4a72-ac84-d14be195fb74>

Why we need to eat Healthy Food? Eating well is important for all of us and eating healthy does not have to be boring. Healthy eating is not about strict dietary limitations, staying unrealistically thin, or depriving yourself of the foods you love. It’s about feeling great, having more energy, improving your health, and stabilizing your mood. There is no doubt that nutrition is a fact that various effects on our health because the act of entering the food is constantly repeated throughout our lives. According to some surveys, 90 % of today’s disease, with the exception of infections and accidents are closely related to diet. Nutrition is a loved and conscious act. It depends on the free will of each individual. It is, therefore, necessary deep inner conviction that poor eating habits need to be replaced with healthy. Unlike food intake, digestion is an unconscious act. It includes all the processes that play out in the food in our body until its complete assimilation. In normal conditions, in terms of pathological disorders, diet quality and allows proper working of our digestive organs. Eating a well balanced, healthy diet, the saturated your body with many essential nutrients is necessary for proper function during the day. Healthy diet keeps your brain active, provides enough energy and strengthens bones and muscles. Using a healthy diet can also help you control your weight , prevent chronic diseases and to relieve stress. Improving eating habits and maintaining a well balanced diet with fruits, vegetable, whole grains, dairy products, and lean meats can help prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and stroke. Food provides your body with energy to function properly. Carbohydrates are the most important source of energy in your body. In your digestive system, carbohydrates are converted into glucose, a sugar used for energy. Healthy carbohydrates such as whole grains, vegetables, fruits and berries provide nutrients that will provide power for an extended period of time. Unhealthy carbohydrates like white bread, cakes and fizzy drinks can provide immediate energy for a short time, but you can also make you feel tired after a short time. Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables can help you successfully control your weight. Foods high in fiber also is a healthy food that helps to reduce weight . Fiber helps you stay fuller for a longer period of time, and with it you enter fewer calories and feel satisfied. The same stress can affect your immune system and can lead to many health problems such as heart disease and stroke. Healthy foods contain vitamins and nutrients that can reduce stress, including magnesium, serotonin, and antioxidants. Magnesium reduces body stress reaction and is located in vegetables, fruits, berries and seafood.

<urn:uuid:d956301c-2eec-414a-8d3c-171d0ef8252c>

Case Studies by Topic Many of the schools in Adelaide and the Mount Lofty Ranges have put in fantastic efforts to improve their sustainability. Click below to find out about some of the initiatives that schools working with NRM Education have developed in their areas of interest. Find out about some of the biodiveristy initiatives that schools working with NRM Education have developed. Grange Schools - Leave Only Footprints video Magill Kindergarten - Butterfly and Frog Garden Walkerville Primary School - Biodiversity monitoring and action through Engaging with Nature Warradale Primary School - Biodiversity Audit and Wetland Establishment Warriapendi School - Frog Pond Find out about some of the composting initiatives that schools working with NRM Education have developed. Find out about some of the curriculum initiatives that schools working with NRM Education have developed. Education for Sustainability Approach Many AuSSI-SA Schools have undertaken an Education for Sustainability Approach because it involves the whole school and community, incorportaing quality teaching and learning practices into sustainable campus management so they can live more sustainably. The Australian Curriculum describes what is to be taught and assessed in Australian schools and the Cross-curriculum priortiy, sustainability is embedded throughout all the learning areas. This places sustainability at the heart of the curriculum. In Education for Sustainabiliy, how we learn and what we learn is enriched by purposeful school and community actions to move towards a more sustainable world. Engaging with Nature Below are some stories/case studies that highlight how some of our local schools are Engaging with Nature and linking monitoring, taking action, learning and curriculum. Many thanks to the school and students for allowing us to share their experiences. Willunga Primary School - case study 362kb PDF Grange Primary School -School story 208kb PDF Jean Horan Flinders Park Kindergarten -School story 210kb PDF Southern Montessori School -School story 219kb PDF Find out about some of the food gardens that schools working with NRM Education have created. Photo Galleries from the Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden Tour November 2011 Photos of Lobethal Community Kindergarten outdoor playscape November 2012 Waste and Recycling Find out about some of the waste and recycling initiatives that schools working with NRM Education have developed. Find out what some of the schools have been doing in regards to water quality and conservation. Click below to find out about the student action projects undertaken by schools participating in the NRM Education Youth Environment Forums: Brighton Primary School Gumeracha Primary School Millbrook Primary School Paracombe Primary School Paringa Park Primary School St Joseph's School, Hectorville - Youth Voice 2011 St Leonards Primary School - Water Conservation 2009 St Leonards Primary School - Recycling 2011 St Margaret Mary's School - Waste Systems & Edible Gardens 2012 Warradale Primary School - Taking Action for Biodiversity 2009 Warradale Primary School - Animal Welfare 2011 West Beach Primary School - Edible Garden, Nesting Boxes & Sand Dunes 2012 Find out more about youth environment groups in schools working with NRM Education. Other youth voice stories from local schools: What have you been up to? We are always keen to hear back from groups that have been undertaking sustainability initiatives. What activities have you been doing? What resources did you use? What did you get out of it? Did you enjoy it? What creatures have you been watching or trying to attract? Please email us about your experiences and any suggestions about how to improve the program.

<urn:uuid:fe5c0b57-aad5-469f-9a2e-e25dc39e726b>

An Introduction lesson to inspire learners to take up an engineering subject. Includes detailed lesson plan. Aims and Objectives: Students to investigate the meaning of the word engineering. Students to analyse the different job types within engineering. Students to evaluate an area of engineering – turbine/energy engineering in the form of a mini project.

<urn:uuid:1669efe2-32b2-4947-915c-8a83c05f63cb>

Think in terms of solar panels, wind and water turbines, geothermal energy, and so on. We all know that our planet and its resources are in severe danger. Global warming, climate change and high air pollution are all the effects of fossil fuel consumption.24 PhDs in Sustainable Energy - PhDportal finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyThink in terms of solar panels, wind and water turbines, geothermal energy, and so on. We all know that our planet and its resources are in severe danger. Global warming, climate change and high air pollution are all the effects of fossil fuel consumption. Solar energy's nature is to be variable. Our unique technology creates constant pressure for reverse osmosis. Only we can make water with solar energy without batteries. Zero battery investments and zero running costs thanks to our friend, the sun. The result: the lowest life-cycle costs. We run on solar, sunshine doesn't cost a penny.Seawater turns into freshwater through solar energy: A new finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyJan 07, 2019 · Feb. 7, 2020 A completely passive solar-powered desalination system could provide more than 1.5 gallons of fresh drinking water per hour for every square meter of solar Oil Storage Tank Leak Testing Methods & ProceduresThe sampling plan used by the oil tank test technician was most likely never derived from statistical analysis but rather is based on decades of opinion and field observation about where leaks occur on heating oil storage tanks - particularly along the bottom (water resides there in an oil tank thus rusts the steel) and also at the typical line finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology Ship where oil transport over land is not suitable, oil can be transported by ship. A typical 30,000-barrel tank barge can carry the equivalent of 45 rail tank cars at about one-third the cost. Compared to a pipeline, barges are cheaper by 20-35%, depending on the route.Oil and Gas Industries | LEWAFor more than 30 years LEWA has been providing autonomous chemical injection systems with solar-powered metering pumps. Pigging technology and pig cleaning LEWA offers packages for pigging applications in oil and gas industry.Solar Water Heaters | Department of EnergyStorage Tanks and Solar Collectors. Most solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage tank. Solar storage tanks have an additional outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. In two-tank systems, the solar water heater preheats water before it enters the conventional water heater. In one-tank systems, the back-up heater is finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology 50 Years of Solar Water Heating for homes & Solar Swimming Pool Heating. We are Europe's leading solar thermal panel manufacturer for both pumped and gravity solar water heating systems.Solar water pumping technology data sheetNov 23, 2013 · GROUNDWATER ENGINEERING Technology Data Sheet Solar Water Pumping Solar water pumping systems are a practical and affordable solution used to solve water shortage problems. Due to rolling blackout and the constantly rising cost of fuel, pumping of water from surface water and groundwater wells has become extremely difficult for farmers and finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologySolar Energy: 10 Major Application of Solar Energy finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyThis hot water is supplied to the storage tank via the associated metal tubing. This system of water heating is commonly used in hotels, guest houses, tourist bungalows, hospitals, canteens as well as domestic and industrial units. (b) Solar Heating of Buildings: Solar energy can be used for space heating of buildings in many ways namely: The TANK ALARM grabs attention with a bright flashing LED and a loud beeper when liquid level is too high or too low. Easy to install. Easy to adjust the depth in tank. Stop overfilled or empty tanks for good. It guards against overfilling or running empty.Active Solar Heating | Department of EnergyLiquid systems store solar heat in tanks of water or in the masonry mass of a radiant slab system. In tank type storage systems, heat from the working fluid transfers to a distribution fluid in a heat exchanger exterior to or within the tank. Tanks are pressurized or unpressurized, depending on overall system Arjay Engineering - Process & Environmental Control This led to our unique Pulse Module Capacitance technology providing the stability and reliability needed for level, foam, interface, spill, tank and area leaks, plugged & dry pump detectors, oil spills alarms, profile transmitters, and oil water separator monitors. For oil in water hydrocarbon analysers, our non-contacting fluorescence finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology CSP technology utilizes three alternative technological approaches: trough systems, power tower systems, and dish/engine systems. Trough Systems Trough systems use large, U-shaped (parabolic) reflectors (focusing mirrors) that have oil-filled pipes running along their center, or focal point, as shown in Contact WärtsiläWärtsilä is a global leader in smart technologies and complete lifecycle solutions for the marine and energy markets. By emphasising sustainable innovation, total efficiency and data analytics, Wärtsilä maximises the environmental and economic performance Cooling Energy Solution | AranerThe guide of Thermal Energy Storage Tank based on Araners experience and knowledge. DOWNLOAD NOW. finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology Araners team, is at the top of engineering solutions market. Our markets Araner operates in energy , chemical, marine, power, gas, food and beverage industries. We provide reliable, highly engineered solutions, in the fields of finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology Feb 13, 2017 · The global water crisis has many causes, requiring many different solutions. As 1.2 billion people live in areas of water scarcity, these solutions must span policy, technology, and behaviour finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyDrive Technology for industries | KTR SystemsKTR Systems GmbH | Carl-Zeiss-Straße 25 | 48432 Rheine | T +49-5971798-0 | F +49-5971798-698Emma Pihlakivi POTENTIAL OF SOLAR ENERGY IN FINLAND2.2 Renewable and solar energy in Finland 13 2.3 European Union energy policy 17 3 PHOTOVOLTAICS 18 3.1 Silicon crystalline 18 3.2 Thin-film technology 18 3.3 Nanotechnology 19 3.4 How does the photovoltaic work 20 4 SOLAR WATER HEATING 23 4.1 Flat-plate collector 23 4.2 Evacuated tube collectors 24 Our services include feasibility studies, site civil design, permitting, and other services for solar, wind, and biomass energy sources. For any renewable resource, Kimley-Horn provides a wide range services to meet all your consulting needs under one roof. Oil and Gas. Oil and natural gas are valuable, nonrenewable resources.Energy XPRT - The Energy Industry OnlineJul. 2, 2020 PGE Program Will Transform Hundreds of Homes Into a Virtual Power Plant. Portland General Electric is set to launch a pilot program that will incentivize installation and connection of 525 residential energy storage batteries that PGE will dispatch, contributing up to four megawatts of FloatPac supplies floating solar, FishPac, Flexitank & RainPacRainPac is the premier brand in Australia and around the globe for under house rainwater bladder tanks. Successfully developed as an offshoot of our always popular pillow tank range, RainPac was born during Australias last very serious drought period in the mid 2000s. FloatPac, through its Flexitank arm, developed the RainPac product into what it is today 18 standard sized tanks finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology The floating solar power system also provides other environmental benefits like prevention of evaporation of water. The systems can also improve water quality. Solar panels acts as roof for the water bodies, so the water will not exposed to sun and atmosphere, it adds a beneficiation for drinking water plants. The organic matter growth such as finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyHot Water Tank - an overview | ScienceDirect TopicsHot-water tanks serve the purpose of energy saving in water heating systems based on solar energy and in cogeneration (i.e., heat and power) energy supply systems. State-of the-art projects have shown that water tank storage is a cost-effective storage option and that its efficiency can be further improved by ensuring optimal water finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyNew Concentrating Solar Tower Is Worth Its Salt with 24/7 finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyJul 14, 2016 · New Concentrating Solar Tower Is Worth Its Salt with 24/7 Power. A California firm is converting sunlight to heat and storing it in molten salt so it can supply electricity when the wind is calm finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology at ULTRASOUND TEST for AST OIL TANKS; Water testing in oil tanks can indicate the risk of in-tank corrosion and thus leakage - an easy first-pass which can be used at both above ground tanks and buried oil tanks. See WATER in OIL TANKS, TEST FOR. Ground scanning radar or magnetic sensing is also used to locate buried steel tanks.Parabolic Trough - an overview | ScienceDirect TopicsThe operating temperature of the system is in the range of 500700K and the geometric concentration ratio of the parabolic-trough system is in the range of 30100 (Table 8.3) .Parabolic-trough collector is a viable technology for harnessing solar energy for industrial process heat in Cyprus .Parabolic-trough solar concentrating systems are an advanced and matured technology.Pipeline Engineering Training Courses from PetroSkills finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyThe Pipeline training progression provides technical training and consulting for oil and gas transportation, focusing on pipeline systems as well as onshore infrastructure systems that support oil and gas operations.The curriculum covers pipeline transportation systems, oil and gas terminal facilities, and the onshore infrastructure from regional considerations through design and construction finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology Operating costs depend on energy price and total dissolved solid (TDS) level in the feed water. RO membrane systems generally have a life expectancy of 37 years . NF is a robust technology for water softening and metals removal and is designed to remove contaminants as small as 0.001 µm . It is applicable for treating water containing TDS finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologySee Our Projects in Engineering & Construction - BechtelBechtel has completed more than 23,000 construction and engineering projects worldwide. See our completed, ongoing and signature projects here.Simple, solar-powered water desalination | MIT NewsA completely passive solar-powered desalination system developed by researchers at MIT and in China could provide more than 1.5 gallons of fresh drinking water per hour for every square meter of solar collecting area. Such systems could potentially serve off-grid arid coastal areas to provide an efficient, low-cost water source. Solar Water: Heat it Up! - Students learn about the engineering design process as they design, build and test flat-plate solar water heaters. Working in groups, they apply their knowledge of heat transfer forms and calculate the efficiency of their solar water heater designs. They consider the trade-offs between efficiency and cost.Solar Water Heater - Activity - TeachEngineeringSolar water heaters usually work in conjunction with an electric- or gas-powered water heating system, which kicks in if the solar water heater alone cannot meet demand. Reasons for the use of certain materials: The copper pipe and bottom of the collector are Solar Water Heaters | Department of EnergyStorage Tanks and Solar Collectors. Most solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage tank. Solar storage tanks have an additional outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. In two-tank systems, the solar water heater preheats water before it enters the conventional water heater. In one-tank systems, the back-up heater is finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology A slow sand filtration system is a combination of several parts: water storage tanks, an aerator, pre-filters, slow sand filters, disinfection stages, and filtered water storage tanks. The number of filters and filter types that are used in a given slow sand filtration system will depend on the quality of the source water and will be different finland oil tank solar water engineering system technologyThermal Energy Storage | Solutions | AranerThe Stratified Thermal Energy Storage (TES) tank is a widely proven technology that collects excess process thermal energy to be used during load peak hours. By producing chilled water in the evening and using it during daily peak hours there are several advantages. ARANERS thermal storage tanks provide a tailor-made solution in the fields of refrigeration, cooling and heating.Water Engineering - Power & Management Projects - BechtelWater systems for mining; We have delivered. 75+ desalination projects with more than 1.3 million cubic yards (1 million cubic meters) per day of desalination capacity installed since 2000; 375 industrial wastewater treatment projects; Water management on more than 50 major oil and gas field developments; 1,759 miles (2,831 kilometers) of water finland oil tank solar water engineering system technology

<urn:uuid:a2aad91e-880b-4884-b3d8-87ad9e47d29d>

Atom laser may help in ultra-precise navigation of space craftJuly 14th, 2008 - 11:42 am ICT by ANI Canberra, July 14 (ANI): Physicists from Australia have suggested that a laser beam that emits a continuous stream of atoms may one day help ultra-precise navigation of space craft. According to a report by ABC News, physicists Dr Nick Robins and colleagues from the Australian National University in Canberra are developing the first gyroscope of its kind that emits atoms. While atom lasers have been made before, research team member Associate Professor John Close said that the team has overcome a major barrier to developing a laser that pumps atoms continuously. It carries the promise of measuring at enormously increased precision, he said. On-board gyroscopes are often used as part of a navigation system that can help determine location by keeping a record of in direction have been made since a particular starting point. One application for this could be in a space craft that is too far away from earth to use a global positioning system, according to Close. Another application could be in a military submarine that doesnt want to give away its precise location, he added. Current gyroscopes often use light lasers to precisely measure rotation. But Close said that atom lasers could provide much more accurate measurements by using matter waves. The research team plans to build two gyroscopes, which will be identical except that one will be made with a light laser and the other with an atom laser. They will then test their precision in measuring the rotation of a range of objects. According to Close, models predict that the atom laser will be 11 orders of magnitude more sensitive, offering 100 billion times more precise measurements. This degree of precision could make a huge difference when it comes to navigating over the huge distances of space where small errors can have huge consequences, he added. Such a gyroscope could also be used to measure irregularities in the earths rotation, said Close. He said that a pumped atom laser could also help measure changes in gravitational and magnetic fields - useful in remote sensing for mining for oil or iron ore. It could also be used to etch smaller circuits onto nanoscale devices. (ANI) Tags: abc news, accurate measurements, atom laser, atom lasers, continuous stream, dr nick, earths rotation, global positioning system, gyroscope, gyroscopes, light laser, light lasers, matter waves, military submarine, orders of magnitude, precise location, precise measurements, precise navigation, research team member, space craft

<urn:uuid:471860ce-8fd4-4a68-8069-4acac7be6193>

Earth's sun does more than generate heat and light. The solar wind is a stream of electrically charged gas particles rushing out from the sun into space. The source is the sun's corona, an envelope of plasma so intensely hot that the sun's gravity can't hold onto it. A fast gust of solar wind can take two to four days to reach Earth. The solar wind typically travels at 400 kilometers per second (250 miles a second), constantly bombarding Earth. Occasionally, a hole in the corona will shoot out a gust that moves closer to 800 kilometers per second (500 miles a second), possibly reaching Earth in as little as two days. The speed varies because gusts of high- and low-speed particles often interact. The speed of any given jet of solar wind depends on the composition and the interaction of the particles.

<urn:uuid:b4dd6ee7-1790-4490-9780-c4eb54084fbb>

What is macular pucker? A macular pucker is a wrinkling of your retina due to scar tissue. Other terms for this scar tissue are epiretinal membrane (ERM) or cellophane maculopathy. The retina is the part of your eye covered with special nerve cells that react to light. These nerve cells are very close together in the middle of your retina where the lens of your eye focuses the images that you see. The macula is the small part of your retina where the light-sensing cells come together. A macular pucker doesn’t always cause significant issues with your vision, but it can distort your vision in some cases. How common is macular pucker? Recent studies estimate that 18.8% to 34.1% of Americans have macular pucker. The risk increases with age. Fortunately, most of these individuals don’t develop poor vision. Symptoms and Causes What are the symptoms of macular pucker? The main symptom of macular pucker is distorted central vision. Straight lines appear to be wavy. Another term for this type of distorted vision is metamorphopsia. While it can affect both eyes, it’s more common for macular pucker to affect only one eye. If you do have it in both eyes, one eye will probably be worse. In addition to wavy vision, you might find that you aren’t able to see as clearly as you once did, no matter how close you are to what you’re looking at. You may also see a double image, or the image from one eye may seem larger than the other. Importantly, eyeglasses can’t fix the poor vision caused by macular pucker. What causes macular pucker? - Tears in the retina. - Prior history of retinal detachment. - Prior eye surgery. - Eye trauma. - Diabetes-related retina disease. - Eye inflammation. Is macular pucker contagious? No, macular pucker isn’t contagious. You can’t get it from anyone or spread it to anyone else. What are the risk factors for macular pucker? In addition to getting older, you may be at a higher risk of macular pucker if you: - Have a separation of the vitreous humor from the retina. - Had laser eye therapy or eye surgery, including cataract surgery. - Had a retinal tear or detachment. - Had uveitis or eye inflammation. - Have diabetes-related retinopathy. - Had severe eye injury. What are the complications of macular pucker? Macular pucker may lead to some vision loss. It isn’t likely to cause blindness. Diagnosis and Tests How is macular pucker diagnosed? Your eye care provider will do a thorough eye exam after asking you about your symptoms and taking a medical history. They’ll give you eye drops to dilate your eyes (make them open wide) so they can see your retina. What tests will be done to diagnose macular pucker? During your eye exam, your provider will use a light and magnifier to get a close look at your eyes. They may also use the following tests to diagnose macular pucker: - Amsler grid eye test, which checks for distorted vision using a page of small squares formed by horizontal and vertical lines. - Optical coherence tomography, an imaging method that takes pictures of your retina. Management and Treatment How is macular pucker treated? You may not need treatment for macular pucker. Your provider may consider just monitoring your condition. If you do need treatment, there are noninvasive and surgical options. Noninvasive treatments for macular pucker - A new prescription and new eyeglasses. Eyeglasses won’t fix the problems caused by macular pucker, but a new prescription may be able to optimize and improve your overall vision. - Good lighting, such as reading lamps. - Magnifying devices. Surgical treatments for macular pucker - Vitrectomy with membranectomy, an outpatient procedure that removes the scar tissue or membrane from the retina. What are the complications of treating macular pucker with surgery? Your healthcare team will take every precaution to avoid complications, but there’s always a small risk during any surgery, including: - Retinal tear or detachment. - Worsening of cataracts. - Macular hole. - Glaucoma or high eye pressure. How soon after treatment will I feel better? After a vitrectomy, you’ll probably have imperfect vision for a few days. Your eyes may be irritated and tender for a little while. You’ll probably need to take two to four weeks off work or school. You won’t be able to drive right away. It could even take up to 3 months to enjoy the full benefits of improved vision after surgery. Can macular pucker be prevented? In some cases, where a cause is unknown, there’s no way of preventing it. Avoiding diabetes-related eye disease and eye trauma are some ways to help prevent it. Outlook / Prognosis What can I expect if I have macular pucker? Most cases of macular pucker don’t need treatment. You’ll just need to have eye exams on the schedule your provider sets up for you to monitor your vision and eye health. You may have some vision problems with macular pucker, but it’s not likely to cause blindness. How do I take care of myself if I have macular pucker? Ways to take care of yourself include: - Keeping your scheduled eye appointments. - Following general guidelines for good overall health, like eating healthy foods and getting appropriate amounts of exercise. - Following guidelines for good eye health, like wearing sunglasses, washing your hands before touching your eyes and following your provider’s advice about wearing contact lenses safely. - Stop smoking. Smoking isn’t good for your eyes. If you smoke, ask your healthcare provider for help with quitting. When should I see my healthcare provider? If you have any changes in your eyesight, you should contact your healthcare provider. If you have sudden changes in vision or sudden eye pain, get immediate medical help by calling 911 or going to the emergency room. Frequently Asked Questions Is macular pucker the same as macular degeneration? No but their symptoms can be similar. Macular pucker and age-related macular degeneration are two different conditions, but they both affect the macula. These conditions don’t usually affect your peripheral vision. Is macular pucker the same as a macular hole? No. A macular pucker isn’t the same as a macular hole. A macular hole is an actual hole, while a pucker is a wrinkle in the retinal tissue. A pucker can sometimes lead to macular hole. Vision symptoms are more severe with a macular hole, and surgery is usually necessary. A note from Cleveland Clinic When you first hear that you have a condition that can affect your vision, like macular pucker, you might be worried. Many cases of macular pucker don’t need treatment. Your provider will discuss your options with you and help you figure out the best way forward. It’s important to get regular eye examinations. Your eye care provider can tell you what kind of schedule to follow. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy

<urn:uuid:1a55be9c-bd0f-4e8c-8f47-ce84242b8523>

In the contemporary era, where industrialisation is synonymous with progress, the specter of climate change looms larger than ever. The world is at a crossroads, grappling with the results of decades of unsustainable practices and excessive carbon emissions. In this global picture, Africa, a continent often sidelined in narratives of industrial progress, offers a unique perspective. With its vast landscapes, diverse ecosystems, and abundant natural resources, Africa contributes only 3% to global emissions. Within this vast continent, Nigeria — Africa’s most populous nation — plays a pivotal role. Unraveling the Carbon Puzzle The global average carbon footprint per person stands at 5 tons of CO2 annually. For the Western world, these figures are an alarm bell, signaling the need for drastic measures. In stark contrast, Africa’s carbon footprint tells a different tale. Given its 3% contribution to global emissions, an average African’s carbon footprint is a mere 0.15 tons of CO2 annually. For a Nigerian household of five, this totals 0.75 tons of CO2 each year. Let’s use these figures to calculate the number of trees each household should plant. Total annual CO2 emissions of the household = 0.75 tons. If CO2 absorption per tree = 0.022 tons per tree per year, then: Number of trees needed = Total emissions / Absorption per tree Number of trees needed = 0.75 tons / 0.022 tons/tree Number of trees needed ≈ 34 trees per year So, based on Africa’s adjusted carbon footprint, an average household of five in Nigeria would need to plant approximately 34 trees every year to offset their combined carbon footprint. That’s about seven trees per individual. While these figures might seem minuscule compared to global giants, it’s imperative to grasp their significance. Nigeria, with its burgeoning population and economic aspirations, faces a two-fold challenge: how to grow sustainably while ensuring the well-being of its citizens and the environment. The Power of Trees Nature, in its infinite wisdom, has provided solutions that humankind is only beginning to understand fully. Trees, often romanticized in literature and art, are not just symbols of serenity; they are frontline warriors against climate change. A mature tree absorbs approximately 22 kg (or 0.022 tons) of CO2 annually, a figure that might vary based on numerous factors like species, age, health, and local climatic conditions. But beyond these numbers lies a deeper narrative. Trees, in their silent, steadfast manner, are testimony to the power of resilience. They withstand storms, offer shade, bear fruit, and most importantly, purify the air, making Earth habitable. Bridging the Gap with Greenery The math is straightforward: to neutralise the carbon footprint of an average Nigerian household of five, about 34 trees need to be planted every year. It’s a number that offers hope and a tangible solution. When multiplied across households, communities, cities, and the nation, the potential of this green initiative is staggering. Imagine a Nigeria where urban landscapes are dotted with green canopies, where schools have lush gardens, and where businesses take pride in their green credentials. This vision is achievable and within reach. Furthermore, the benefits of tree planting transcend carbon sequestration. Trees play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. They are sanctuaries for countless species, anchor the soil preventing erosion, play a pivotal role in water cycles, and offer socio-economic benefits. For communities reliant on agriculture, trees can enhance soil fertility, provide raw materials, and boost local economies. Beyond Carbon: The Socio-Economic Impact of Trees Expanding the green cover isn’t just an environmental imperative; it’s a socio-economic one. Nigeria, with its diverse landscapes ranging from the mangroves of the Niger Delta to the Sahelian stretches in the North, can leverage tree planting for economic benefits. Agroforestry, the practice of integrating trees into farming systems, can boost yields, diversify income, and make farming systems more resilient to climate shocks. For example, I’ve seen Kenya farmers plant potatoes between Wambugu apples. The potatoes serve many purposes. They cover the soil to keep it moist thereby reducing the amount of water needed for the apple trees; it also locks in the soil nutrients by serving as mulch. Then of course, farmers can sell the potatoes before they harvest the apples. Furthermore, tree planting initiatives can create employment opportunities, especially for the youth, turning an environmental initiative into an engine for economic growth. Nigeria stands on the cusp of a green revolution. The act of planting trees, rooted in simplicity, holds the promise of a sustainable, prosperous future. It’s an opportunity to redefine progress, not as a trajectory of unbridled consumption, but as a harmonious coexistence with nature. In a world teetering on the brink of ecological collapse, Nigeria can lead by example, showcasing that solutions often lie in returning to the basics. The tree, with its deep roots and outstretched branches, is a symbol of hope, a beacon for a brighter, greener tomorrow. PS: I’m leading a project (www.200MillionTrees.com) to plant one tree for every Nigerian. This is because Nigeria has lost 60% of its forest cover due to charcoal harvesting and other developments. Help our mission today by sending us an email.

<urn:uuid:5d38cb31-2b37-41aa-8ac6-c75b9b3c6a57>

The Constitution of India, being one of its kind and as the most comprehensive constitution in the world, has been founded on the cardinal principles of democracy and the Rule of Law. Thereby, by encompassing the concept of free and fair trial, the Constitution has not only established that the supreme law of the nation is in consonance with the principles of natural justice, but by incorporating the fundamental words said by Blackstone that “it is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer” , it has also committed itself to the rights of the accused at all stages of the trial, who in the eyes of the law shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt. According to Black’s Law Dictionary double jeopardy means “the fact of being prosecuted or sentenced twice for substantially the same offence.” In layman’s terms, it means subjecting an individual to a second trial, for an offence, for which he has already been tried earlier, and has subsequently been acquitted or convicted by a competent court. This procedural defence intends to protect the accused from undergoing a trial for an offence or a charge already decided by the court. The right against double jeopardy is a post-trial right of the convict or the acquitted, that aims to secure him against further criminal charges, enquiries or trials. It has been enshrined under “Article 20(2) of the Constitution of India, as well as Section 300 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 and also Section 26 of the General Clauses Act, 1897”. The fact that this doctrine was incorporated in the CrPC 1898, under section 408(1), is a proof that the Indian law makers had sought to equally protect the accused from multiple trials and unnecessary vexation. Doctrine of double jeopardy has been derived from the recognised maxim of the English Common law, “nemo debet bis vexari”, meaning that “a man must not be put twice in peril for the same offence”. With the increasing number of criminal cases around the world, various legal systems have incorporated this doctrine, either in their constitution or other statutes. Thus, although the doctrine of double jeopardy has an English origin, its reception and implementation has varied over time and across borders. Table of Contents Origin of the Doctrine of Double Jeopardy The doctrine of double jeopardy originated in its earliest form during the 12th century, as a result of a controversy between King Henry II and Archbishop Thomas Becket. The former wanted the clergy, already punished by the ecclesiastical court to be punished by the royal court, while the latter, sought for their exemption based on the maxim “nimo bis in idipsum”, that meant “no man ought to be punished twice for the same offence”, said to have stemmed from St Jerome‟s commentary in AD 391 on the prophet Nahum, that dictated “For God judges not twice for the same offence”. Although Becket was killed by the King’s men, the clergy members however were spared from being convicted again for the same offences. This exemption is said to have introduced the doctrine of double jeopardy into the English Common law. Subsequently, the King found expression in the common pleas “autrefois convict” and “autrefois acquit”. “Autrefois acquit” was a plea that the prisoner had already been tried for and acquitted of the same offence, while “autrefois convict” was a plea that the prisoner had already been tried for and convicted of the same offence. The French Civil Code of 1804, enacted during the reign of Napoleon I, called the Napoleonic “code d’instruction criminelle” under Article 360, expounded this doctrine in the following words, “No person legally acquitted can be a second time arrested or accused by reason of the same act.” Interestingly, there are accepted primeval beliefs that the concept of double jeopardy has been interpreted in the Holy Bible as well. Amidst the various speculations, the earliest recognized and codified reference to this doctrine was laid in the Digest of Justinian, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. As per the Justinian Code, “He who has been accused of a crime cannot be complained of for the same offence by another person.” Scope of the Doctrine of Double Jeopardy under Art. 20(2) & S. 300 CrPC Article 20(2) of the Constitution of India lays down the fundamental right of protection against double jeopardy in the following words, “No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.” The inclusion of the doctrine of double jeopardy in the Constitution is a testament to the fact that the Indian law makers intended to not only accord protection to an individual being tried for the same charges again, but to also keep intact the trust of the public in the decisions of a competent judiciary, and the overall functioning of the nation’s legal system. Unlike the English and the American interpretations of this Doctrine, the ambit of article 20(2) is narrower as it enunciates only the principle of “autrefois convict” and not the principle of “autrefois acquit”. This implies that an individual is entitled to invoke this article only after he or she has been prosecuted and punished. However, the principle of “autrefois acquit” has been embedded in Sec. 300 of CrPC. Upon closely analyzing and interpreting Article 20(2), it becomes evident that the article itself bestows certain inherent restrictions on the application of the doctrine. The term “prosecution” are indicative to the application of the article only to criminal proceedings, that must be conducted before a “court of law”, wherein evidence has been recorded on oath, that can be administered before the neutral judge at any time during the court proceedings, and not before a “tribunal” which “entertains a departmental or administrative enquiry, even though set up by a statute, but not required to proceed on legal evidence given on oath”. Like for instance, in the case of Maqbool Hussain v. State of Bombay, action was taken by the customs check department against an Indian citizen returning to India from Santa Cruz, who upon verification was found to be possessing illegal gold, which was confiscated by the authorities. Upon prosecution by a criminal court under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, the issue that was raised was whether the plea of “autrefois acquit” could be invoked under Art. 20(2). The Supreme Court came to the conclusion that the proceedings before the customs authorities did not constitute “prosecution” of the appellant, and the penalty imposed on him did not constitute ‘punishment’ by a judicial tribunal. Under such circumstances, the trial of the petitioner before the criminal court was not barred. It was further observed: “It is clear that in order for the protection of Art. 20 (2) be invoked by a citizen there must have been a prosecution and punishment in respect of the same offence before a court of law or a tribunal, required by law to decide the matters in controversy judicially on oath which it must be authorized by law to administer and not before a tribunal which entertains a department or an administrative enquiry even though set up by a statute but not required to proceed on legal evidence given on oath. The very wording of Art 20 and the words used therein would indicate that the proceedings therein contemplated are of the nature of criminal proceedings before a court of law or a judicial tribunal and the prosecution in this context would mean an initiation or starting of proceedings of a criminal nature before a court of law or a judicial tribunal in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the statute which creates the offence and regulates the procedure.” Moreover, the Supreme Court has adjudged that the sea customs authorities are not a judicial tribunal and the pronouncement of any confiscation, increased rate of duty or penalty under the provisions of the Sea Customs Act do not constitute a judgment or order of a court or judicial tribunal necessary for invoking the plea of double jeopardy. Thus, it can be concluded that any action or decision by a quasi-judicial body does not impede a subsequent prosecution of an individual before a court in the future. Thus, Article 20(2), as per the Supreme Court’s pronouncement shall immune an individual to a second prosecution, only when he or she had been previously prosecuted for the same offence by a court of law. Similar would be the position when after “prosecution and punishment” for an offence, further action is taken by a quasi-judicial body. On the other hand, the essential ingredients of Section 300(1) of CrPC are: - a) “If a person is convicted or acquitted by a court of competent jurisdiction, he cannot be tried for the same offence. - b) If charge has been made against a person under Section 221(1) and the facts are the same and he has been charged under Section 221(2), then he cannot be tried on the same facts. Of course this holds true only till the conviction or acquittal remains in force.” For the purpose of Sec. 300, the term “acquittal” has been explained in negative terms by saying that the dismissal of a complaint or the discharge of the accused is not acquittal, as was in the cases of Ramasharama v. Pinki Sharma and E.K. Thankappan v. Union of India. In Krishna Sen Gupta v. Manjula Mukherjee, the Calcutta High Court held that “a subsequent complaint by the complainant for the same offence is not barred by the principle of double jeopardy”. Such an explanation is included in the CrPC because the dismissal of a complaint or the discharge of the accused is not considered as a final decision regarding the innocence of the accused person, as scope for further appeal and retrial persists. Moreover, like under Art 20(2), it is requisite to establish that the court which tried the earlier case was competent to try it, for applying Sec. 300 Cr PC, it is imperative that the accused establishes that he has been tried by a competent court. While determining competence, it must also be considered “whether the court, though otherwise qualified to try the case, could not have done so because certain conditions precedent for the exercise of the jurisdiction had not been fulfilled”. While deciding whether this provision can be applied, the punishment for the same or similar offence also must be taken into consideration. “It is therefore necessary to analyze and compare not the allegations in the two complaints but the ingredients of the two offences and see whether their identity is made out”. Section 300 bars the “trial for the same offences and not different offences which may result from the commission or omission of the same set of acts”. Where the legislature provides that on the same facts proceedings could be taken under two different sections and the penalties provided under those sections are also different, it is obviously intended to treat the two sections as distinct. In such a case, it is not possible to successfully apply the said section. Where a person has been acquitted or convicted of any offence and a separate charge for another offence could have been made but was not made against him in the former trial, he should not be liable to be again prosecuted for the other offence as a matter of course because this might lend itself to abuse. In order to prevent such abuse, Section 300(2) makes it a statutory mandate to obtain the State Government’s permission before seeking a second or subsequent prosecution against an individual for a particular offence, for which a separate charge might have been made against him at the formal trial under Sec. 220(1). The said provision, however, allows a trial for a distinct offence. Section 300(3), implicitly states its application only in cases where the accused has been adjudged guilty by the court of law. This can be understood by taking the illustration of this section into consideration: “A is tried for causing grievous hurt and convicted. The person injured afterwards dies. A may be tried again for culpable homicide”. Thus, this provision allows the retrial of an accused for acts which did not come to light in front of the court of prior conviction. Nonetheless, “a conviction simply in itself is not an adequate prohibition for the retrial of the accused for similar offences, which were not brought to the notice of the courts –the acts/circumstances must be such as to indicate a different kind of offence of which there could be no conviction at the first trial”. The essence of section 300(4) is that if any court lacks competence to try an accused of any offence, which is the consequence of an offence for which the latter has already been convicted/acquitted, such prior acquittal/ conviction would not act as a bar to the proceedings for the consequential offence as the court could not have possibly tried the accused of that offence. Finally, Section 300(6) refers to “Section 26 of the General Clauses Act, 1897” and “Section 188 of the CrPC”. Though the said Section 26 refers to “acts and omissions constituting an offence under two or more enactments“, the emphasis is not on the facts alleged in the two complaints, but rather on the ingredients which constitute the two offences with which a person is charged. Such a conclusion can safely be drawn from the reference to “shall not be liable to be punished twice for the same offence”. Protection Against Double Jeopardy around the Globe The United Kingdom The doctrine of double jeopardy has stood the test of time and persevered to be in the English Common Law system since the Norman Conquest. The principles of “autrefois acquit” and “autrefois convict”; are regarded as essential elements of protection of the liberty of the subjects and respect for due process of law in that there should be finality of proceedings. In 2003, the Criminal Justice Act was introduced in the UK parliament, a move to bring a permanent and long awaited end to the stringent and restricted form of prohibition of double jeopardy in England. Upon this enactment, retrials have been allowed in cases where the parties are able to produce ‘new and compelling evidence’. However, all cases must be approved by the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Court of Appeal must agree to quash the original acquittal. The United States of America The 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, lays down the doctrine of double jeopardy in the following words, “nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb”, intended to prevent the harassment or oppression of its citizens in the form of governmental abuse, particularly by those involved in the prosecution of offences. In the U.S., this doctrine grants the following safeguards viz. “protection from being retried for the same crime after an acquittal; protection from retrial after a conviction; and protection from being punished multiple times for the same offense”. Whereas the 5th Amendment is applicable only to the federal government, following the 14th Amendment, the double jeopardy, in spite of being a clause to the 5th Amendment, is applicable to the individual states as well. With regard to procedural details, “jeopardy attaches in a jury trial once the jury panel has been constituted and the swearing in has been complete, while in case of a non-jury trial, jeopardy attaches once the first evidence is put on, which occurs when the first witness is sworn”. Section 11(h) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms lays down the principle of double jeopardy. Nevertheless, contrary to the USA, Canada allows appeals in cases where the accused has been acquitted. This is because the Canadian laws do not perceive the second or subsequent trial as double jeopardy, since the previous trial leading to the acquittal has stood negated. Also, in rarest of rare cases, a court of appeal might also substitute a conviction for an acquittal. This is not considered to be double jeopardy either as in this case the appeal and subsequent conviction are deemed to be a continuation of the original trial. Lastly, the Supreme Court of Canada statutorily obliges the Crown Court to prove that a key mistake of law has been made during the trial, which otherwise has the leverage to alter the verdict, for an appeal against an acquittal order to be accomplished. The principle of double jeopardy, incorporated as a statutory provision in Australia, is quite similar to that in most common law countries. In South Australia and Tasmania, one can only appeal to the higher courts in cases where a mistake of law has been made by the trial judge, which are heard only to provide a clarification of the applicable laws to the prosecution without any alteration to the acquittal order, while in other states, appeals against the sentence imposed by the trial judge are also maintained. In 2002, in the landmark case of the Queen v. Carroll, the police had found new evidence convincingly disproving Caroll’s sworn alibi two decades after he had been acquitted of the murder of a young girl and successfully prosecuted him for perjury, however, the subsequent conviction of the accused was overturned by the high court. Thus, unlike other nations, the Australian counterpart of double jeopardy enables a previously acquitted individual to escape scot free, even when post acquittal he has been found to have committed perjury, without a second prosecution. Following this 2002 decision, there has been an ongoing public outrage seeking the reformation of the Australian laws. The main objective behind affording the plea of “autrefois acquit” or “autrefois convict” is to safeguard an individual from being vexed twice for the same crime. Like other democratic republic nations, India, as the largest democracy in the world has endeavored to protect the accused at every stage of a criminal trial, and thus, has incorporated the doctrine of double jeopardy as a protection to the citizens encompassed as a Fundamental Right under the Constitution. The rule against double jeopardy is a universally accepted principle for the protection of certain values within the criminal justice system. It serves many purposes such as preventing the arbitrary actions of the state against its subject, ensures finality in litigations etc., which are of great importance for the protection of human rights of the accused persons. It is a centuries old principle, which survived not by chance, but for many good reasons. Moreover, in a country like India, with a population in billions, and the rising number of conflicts and litigations, proper and efficient implementation of the doctrine of double jeopardy eventuates as a necessity. Avoiding trials where not required will not only save the courts’ time, but also the state’s and parties’ expenses. The doctrine of double jeopardy comes as an aiding mechanism, in one way or another to all the stakeholders involved in the legal system of the country, to be ployed not only as a defence in a criminal proceeding, but also as an exercisable Fundamental Right under the Constitution, by every citizen of the country. - Gursimran Kaur, “Rights of Accused Persons” Legal Service India, available at: http://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-219-rights-of-accused-persons.html (last visited January 18, 2021). - B. A. Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary 528 (West Publishing Co., U.S.A., 8th edn., 2008). - Mohini Chaturvedi,”Doctrine of Double Jeopardy” Law Times Journal (2019) available at: http://lawtimesjournal.in/doctrine-of-double-jeopardy/ (last visited January 18, 2021). - Tirthankar Das, “A Discussion on Law of Double Jeopardy in India” SSRN (2008) available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1303324 (last visited January 18, 2021). - Shouvik Kr. Guha, “Thy Cause shall not be heard Twice: Exploring the Doctrines of Res Judicata and Double Jeopardy, the Counterparts in Civil and Criminal Laws in India” 2 International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies 2 (2015). - Supra note 4. - Caesar Roy, “Protection against Double Jeopardy in India – A Critical Analysis” 6 Indian Journal of Law and Justice 1 (2015). - The Constitution of India, art. 20(2), available at: https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_of_india/20/articles/Article%2020 (last visited January 19, 2021). - M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 1241 (LexisNexis, India, 5th edn., 2003). - AIR 1953 SC 325. - Id. at 327. - Thomas Dane v. State of Punjab, AIR 1959 SC 375. - Joginder Singh v. Bar Council of India, AIR 1975 Del. 192; see Supra note 10, 1243 and V. N. Shukla, Constitution of India 158-159 (Eastern Book Company, India, 10th edn., 2004). - The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, s. 300. - 1989 Cr LJ 2153 (Pat.); Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Code of Criminal Procedure 887 (LexisNexis, 16th edn., 2003). - 1989 (3) Crimes 656, 663 (Ker.); Ibid. - 1997 (1) Crimes 48 (Cal); Ibid. - R. V. Kelkar, Criminal Procedure, Rev. Dr. K. N.Chandrasekharan Pillai, 479 (Eastern Book Company, India, 4th edn., 2001). - State v. Birda, (1966) 1 Cr LJ 166, 168; Id. at 480. - State of Bombay v. S. L. Apte, AIR 1961 SC 578. - Supra note 11, 481. - Kunjilal v. State of M.P., AIR 1955 SC 280; Supra note 8, 890. - The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, s. 300, illustration (b). - Supra note 8, 887. - The Criminal Justice Act, 2003, s. 76, available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/enacted (last visited January 20, 2021). - Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28 (1978). - Government of Canada, “The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms” (Department of Justice, 2020) available at: https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/index. (last visited January 20, 2021). - The Queen v. Raymond John Carroll, (2002) 213 CLR 635. BY SHRISHTI DAS | SCHOOL OF LAW, KIIT UNIVERSITY

<urn:uuid:1d53a874-a1e7-4308-8464-c25e285949e5>

Presentation on theme: "EXAMPLE 1 Use the Law of Detachment"— Presentation transcript: 1EXAMPLE 1Use the Law of DetachmentUse the Law of Detachment to make a valid conclusion in the true situation.If two segments have the same length, then they are congruent. You know that BC = XY.a.b.Mary goes to the movies every Friday and Saturday night. Today is Friday.SOLUTIONBecause BC = XY satisfies the hypothesis of a true conditional statement, the conclusion is also true. So, BC = XY.a. 2EXAMPLE 1Use the Law of Detachmentb.First, identify the hypothesis and the conclusion of the first statement.The hypothesis is “If it is Friday or Saturday night,” and the conclusion is “then Mary goes to the movies.”“Today is Friday” satisfies the hypothesis of the conditional statement, so you can conclude that Mary will go to the movies tonight. 3EXAMPLE 2Use the Law of SyllogismIf possible, use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional statement that follows from the pair of true statements.a.If Rick takes chemistry this year, then Jesse will be Rick’s lab partner.If Jesse is Rick’s lab partner, then Rick will get an A in chemistry.b.If x2 > 25, then x2 > 20.If x > 5, then x2 > 25.c.If a polygon is regular, then all angles in the interior of the polygon are congruent.If a polygon is regular, then all of its sides are congruent. 4EXAMPLE 2Use the Law of SyllogismSOLUTIONThe conclusion of the first statement is the hypothesis of the second statement, so you can write the following new statement.a.If Rick takes chemistry this year, then Rick will get an A in chemistry.b.Notice that the conclusion of the second statement is the hypothesis of the first statement, so you can write the following new statement.If x > 5, then x2 > 20. 5EXAMPLE 2Use the Law of Syllogismc.Neither statement’s conclusion is the same as the other statement’s hypothesis. You cannot use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional statement. 6GUIDED PRACTICEfor Examples 1 and 21.If 90° < m R < 180°, then R is obtuse. The measure of R is 155°. Using the Law of Detachment, what statement can you make?ANSWERR is obtuse 7GUIDED PRACTICEfor Examples 1 and 22.If Jenelle gets a job, then she can afford a car. If Jenelle can afford a car, then she will drive to school. Using the Law of Syllogism, what statement can you make ?ANSWERIf Jenelle gets a job, then she will drive to school. 8GUIDED PRACTICEfor Examples 1 and 2State the law of logic that is illustrated.3.If you get an A or better on your math test, then you can go to the movies. If you go to the movies, then you can watch your favorite actor.If you get an A or better on your math test, then you can watch your favorite actor.ANSWERLaw of Syllogism. 9GUIDED PRACTICEfor Examples 1 and 24.If x > 12, then x + 9 > 20. The value of x is 14Therefore, x + 9 > 20ANSWERLaw of Detachment

<urn:uuid:cffcc122-b79d-4141-bbec-88ea991a123d>

Learning Activity 2: Due end of Module 4 / Week 4 Background to the assignment: Who “owns” the past? Who has the right to define what the past means for us today? This assignment will ask you to reflect on these questions. In the course of this assignment, you will discover that ancient history sometimes can be very contemporary! This should remind us that the past is always present with us right now. Many of the conflicts in our world today have very ancient roots—and that’s one of the reasons why it’s important to study the past. Description of the assignment: Go online and find some information about the “Elgin Marbles” (also called the “Parthenon Marbles”). Read a little about the controversy between the British and Greek governments concerning the ownership of these marbles. In a two-paragraph essay, first summarize the controversy in your own words, and then take a clear position by supporting either the Greek or British side. Discuss two main reasons that support your position. You should not have to do extensive research or reading to complete this assignment well. Your answer should be between 250-300 words. (Include your word count.) Value = 50 points. Purchase answer to see full

<urn:uuid:ca0653c9-55da-4c33-bc8b-c8b378a4c92b>

This method is used to change the date of a Date object. For example : var date = new Date(); console.log(date); date.setDate(9); console.log(date); It will print the output like below : Set the full year in four digits for a date. var date = new Date(); console.log(date); date.setFullYear(2011); console.log(date); var date = new Date(); console.log(date); date.setHours(11); console.log(date.toLocaleTimeString()); It changes the local time. So, we are using toLocaleTimeString to print the time in local. The output will be like below : 2019-09-26T15:03:34.645Z 11:33:34 AM Set the millisecond for a Date. This method changes the local time. Change the minute for a Date in local time. Change the month for a Date. As like the other methods, it also works with the local time. Change the seconds as per the local time. Change the Date using an unix time, i.e. you can set number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC. For prior times, negative number is used. var date = new Date(); console.log(date); date.setTime(1000); console.log(date); It will print : Change the year using 2 or 3 digits as per the local time. All of these methods work in a same way as like the other local time methods.

<urn:uuid:2d772c2b-348a-4227-9fe7-dbd380ed471a>

Around 1873 Robert Cavalier de la Salle, a young Frenchman who had been educated for the priesthood in a Jesuit seminary, but who preferred a secular life, was seated at the foot of Lake Ontario, and was enjoying a monopoly of the fur trade with the Five Nations south of the lake. He had built a fort on the site of modern Kingston and named it Frontenac, in honor of his patron. The mild Franciscans, who were now tolerated in Canada, were carrying on their religious work among the Indians under the favor of La Salle. The enterprising young Frenchman had been stirred by accounts of the Spanish voyages to America, and especially by the adventures of De Soto, and the events attending his discovery of the Mississippi River in the warmer regions of the continent. His ambition was influenced by the story of Marquette's voyage on that stream so mighty in the higher latitudes, with a desire to become a pioneer in those far-off regions and perfect the explorations of the "Great Water." He had heard, also, of the Ohio River, and the beauty and wealth of the country through which it flowed; and he resolved to attempt the establishment of a widely-extended commerce with the natives there, and, if possible, plant colonies in the vast wilderness. With these aspirations he went to France, and there found favor with Colbert, the famous minister of Louis the Fourteenth. The sagacity of Colbert comprehended the possibilities of La Salle's scheme, and he induced the king to extend La Salle's monopoly of the fur trade among the Indians, and to give him a commission to perfect the explorations of the Mississippi River. With some mechanics and others, and Tonti, an Italian, as his lieutenant, La Salle returned to Fort Frontenac late in 1678. With these, and Franciscan priests, in a great canoe, they crossed Lake Ontario and went up the Niagara River to the site of Lewiston. In that region a trading-house was established; and at near the site of Buffalo, above the cataract, they built a sailing vessel in which they crossed the lakes to Mackinack, and pushing forward, anchored in Green Bay, west of Lake Michigan. From Mackinack or Mackinaw, La Salle sent back his brig laden with a rich cargo of furs, and awaited her return. He tarried impatiently among the Miamies at Chicago, for some time, when with Tonti, Father Hennepin and two other Franciscans, and about thirty followers, he boldly penetrated the wilderness westward on foot and in canoes, until he reached Lake Peoria, in Illinois. There he built a fort, and sent Father Hennepin forward to explore the Upper Mississippi, while he returned to Frontenac to look after his property. Hennepin, with two oarsmen, went down the Illinois River to the "Great Water," which they reached late in March. When the floating ice in the Mississippi had passed by, he invoked the aid of St. Anthony of Padua, and ascended the stream to the great falls which bear the name of his patron saint. Hennepin was a man much given to romancing, and permitting the creations of imagination to be represented as realities. He claimed to have discovered the source of the Mississippi, when it is known that he never went above the Falls of St. Anthony. These he described with tolerable accuracy, and near them he carved a cross and the arms of France upon the forest trees. In the autumn of 1680 he returned to Green Bay by the way of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers. In the meantime Tonti had been driven out of Illinois by the Indians, and had taken refuge among the barbarians on the western shore of Lake Michigan. La Salle returned to the Illinois country with men and supplies for an exploration of the Mississippi. That enterprise was undertaken early in 1682. La Salle was accompanied by twenty-three Frenchmen, and eighteen New England Indians with ten women and three children. They reached the Mississippi in February, and embarked upon its bosom in a strong and spacious barge which had been constructed, and his people followed in canoes. They descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, everywhere observing the evidences of unbounded wealth in the bosom of the soil along its course. They stopped at many places and held intercourse with the natives, who came to the river banks in large numbers to meet them. At one place below the mouth of the Arkansas River, they found a powerful king over many tribes, to whom La Salle sent presents. His embassadors were received with great respect, and the monarch sent word by them that he should visit their chief in person. He came in great state. He was preceded by two horses, and by a master of ceremonies with six men, who cleared the ground over which his majesty was to pass, and erected a pavilion of mats to shield the king from the sun. The monarch was dressed in a white robe falling to his knee, that had been beautifully woven of the inner bark of trees. He was on foot, and was preceded by two men bearing immense feather fans as white as snow. A third carried plates of copper highly polished. With grave demeanor and gracious words, he held an interview with La Salle, and they parted with mutual assurances of friendship. The people over whom the king ruled were a part of those barbarians of the Gulf region who worshipped the sun. They were called Taenses. La Salle proceeded southward, planted a cross and the arms of France on the borders of the Gulf of Mexico, and proclaimed that the whole Mississippi Valley was a part of the dominions of King Louis. He named the magnificent domain Louisiana in honor of that monarch, who was then at the height of his power. So was planted in the heart of our continent the germ of the French empire that grew up there early in the eighteenth century. Having performed this great service, La Salle went back to Quebec, and thence hastened to France and laid a report of his great discovery before the delighted court. Colbert was dead, but his son was in power and inherited his father's genius and enterprise. He procured for La Salle the king's commission to colonize Louisiana. With four ships and almost three hundred emigrants, La Salle sailed from Rochelle late in July, 1684, for the Mississippi River by way of St. Domingo. His company was composed of one hundred soldiers, and the remainder (one hundred and eighty souls) were chiefly artisans and farmers, with a few young women. Unfortunately Beaujeu, the commander of the ships, was cold and proud. He could not comprehend the lofty purposes of La Salle, and often thwarted them in a degree. His pride would not allow him to listen to La Salle, and caused him to miss the mouths of the Mississippi while sailing westward over the Gulf of Mexico. They soon found themselves in Matagorda Bay, on the coasts of Texas, and there La Salle determined to disembark. His storeship was wrecked at the entrance to the bay, and its precious cargo was scattered over the bosom of the sea by a gale that arose in the evening. Despondency seized a part of the company, and they returned to the vessels. The remainder adhered to La Salle. The ships with the timid ones sailed away to France, leaving two hundred and thirty emigrants on the beach. These, with La Salle for the architect, soon constructed a fort on a stream that flowed into the western part of Matagorda Bay, and called it Fort St. Louis. This was the beginning of the settlement of Texas, and so it was made a portion of Louisiana. France took possession of the domain, and caused the arms of the kingdom to be carved on the great trees of the forest there. La Salle now proposed to seek the Mississippi. In December, 1685, he departed, with some of his men. They forded small streams, crossed the larger ones on rafts which they constructed, and encountered many fearful perils. One man was eaten up by alligators. The bite of a rattlesnake killed another. Some of the Indians were hostile. Discontent arose in the party and some of the men deserted. La Salle had penetrated almost to the Red River, when his necessities compelled him to retrace his steps. When he reached the fort he had a dozen men less than when he departed. La Salle was now allured in another direction by stories concerning rich mines in New Mexico. With a few followers he started in search of the treasures. He found a country wealthy in fertile soils, but not in precious metals; and he returned to the fort disappointed. That was in the spring of 1686. La Salle now determined to go to Canada for reinforcements and supplies for his colony in Louisiana. Leaving a garrison at Fort St. Louis, he departed with sixteen men and five wild horses which he had procured in New Mexico. They had crossed Texas to the uplands of Trinity River, when some of the men became mutinous. Two of them, who had embarked all their fortunes in the enterprise, and who blamed La Salle for their losses, conspired against his life. One of them, named Duhaut, invited one of La Salle's nephews (who was of the party) to go with him on a buffalo hunt. Duhaut quarrelled with the young man, and murdered him. The leader, ignorant of the cause of his nephew's absence, went in search of him, and found the two conspirators near the brink of the river. Duhaut hid in the grass, but his companion approached La Salle with apparent friendliness. "Where is my nephew?" inquired the leader. He was answered by a musket-ball from the skulking Duhaut, and fell dead. Then the conspirators plundered his body, and left it to be devoured by eagles and wolves. Joutel (a friend of La Salle), and two of the great leader's kinsmen, escaped, made their way to the Mississippi, and returned to Canada with the sad tidings of the explorer's death. Upon the death of Robert de la Salle around 1686, the French had traversed the interior of America from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia by way of the St. Lawrence, the chain of the great lakes and the Mississippi River, to the Gulf of Mexico, and asserted the authority of King Louis everywhere. Trading-posts, mission-stations, and colonies followed in the path of the explorers. New Orleans was founded early in the eighteenth century. Other places were settled on the Mississippi, the Illinois, and the lakes. At the middle of the last century, the French claimed dominion over the whole continent north of the Spanish possessions, excepting the narrow border of territory on the sea-coasts occupied by the English. They coveted the whole country, and resolved to possess it. Their alliance with the Indians, through the influence of the Jesuits, had that permanent object in view; and we have seen how fearfully those allies worked along the frontier settlements of New England, with torch and hatchet, to accomplish that end. Had they succeeded in their attempted conquest of New England, the Iroquois Confederacy, that stood like a wall of defence for the settlers in New York and Pennsylvania, might have been swept away, and the day-dreams of Louis the Fourteenth, that he was to become sole master of North America, been realized. The struggle for that mastery continued forty-five years after his death, and was ended only when the English had destroyed French dominion in America, by force of arms, and by conquest stripped France of a great portion of its claimed territory in our country. Return to Our Country, Vol. I

<urn:uuid:f8ed7c2b-4a0a-4bc9-b88c-202c694db47e>

Properties and changes By -Suchira Karusala A change that completely changes the appearance of an object and changes it to another substance. Burning paper and wood. Compounds broken down. There are 5 indicators you can observe to see if a chemical change is happening which are color,temperature,odor,precipitation and gas changes. Different examples of changes If you're on an IPad you can click on it to see it more clearly... Physical vs. Chemical changes Various pictures of physical and chemical changes. Basic introduction of Physical and Chemical changes If you look closely you can see definitions,pictures and tips.

<urn:uuid:f6a551ad-f11f-46fc-a688-adf47024554d>

Discusses teething and what to expect during teething. Covers symptoms and common concerns. Offers home treatment suggestions and tips for keeping your child's teeth healthy. Explains when to call the doctor. What is teething? Your baby is teething when his or her first set of teeth, called primary teeth, break through the gums. When does teething typically start? usually begins around 6 months of age. But it is normal for teething to start at any time between 3 months and 12 months of age. By the time your child is about 3 years old, he or she will have all 20 primary teeth. lower front teeth usually come in first. Upper front teeth usually come in 1 to 2 months after the lower front teeth. See a picture that shows when the primary teeth come in. What are the symptoms? Some babies are fussier than usual when they are teething. This may be because of soreness and swelling in the gums before a tooth comes through. These symptoms usually begin about 3 to 5 days before the tooth shows, and they disappear as soon as the tooth breaks the skin. Many babies don't seem to be affected by teething. Babies may bite on their fingers or toys to help relieve the pressure in their gums. They may also refuse to eat and drink because their mouths hurt. Many babies drool during teething, which can cause a rash on the chin, face, or chest. Mild symptoms that get better usually are nothing to worry about. Call your doctor if your baby's symptoms are severe or don't get better. How can you help your baby be more comfortable while teething? Here are some tips to help your baby feel better while Use a clean finger (or cold teething ring) to gently rub your baby's gum for about 2 minutes at a time. Many babies find this soothing, although they may protest at first. Provide safe objects for your baby to chew on, such as teething If needed, give your baby an over-the-counter pain reliever that is labeled for his or her specific age. Read and follow all instructions. Do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 20, because it has been linked to Reye syndrome, a rare but serious disease. Many parents use other teething remedies, such as gels you put on a baby's gums. Many experts question if these work and are safe. If you want to try these products, talk to your doctor about which types are safe and how often to use them. Primary teeth are usually known as "baby teeth." Usually, the first primary tooth comes in (erupts) at about 6 months of age, although it can be as early as 3 months or as late as 1 year of age. In rare cases, a baby gets a first tooth after his or her first birthday. By age 3, most children have all 20 of their primary teeth. The four upper front teeth (central and lateral The two lower lateral incisors The four canines (located on either side next to the upper and lower lateral incisors) The remaining molars on either side of the existing line of teeth Secondary, or permanent, teeth usually begin replacing primary teeth around 6 years of age. Permanent teeth erupt in roughly the same sequence as primary teeth. Usually, a permanent tooth pushes the primary tooth out as it erupts. Symptoms of teething Many times you might not know that your baby has a new tooth coming in until you see it or hear it click against an object, such as a spoon. Some babies may show signs of discomfort from sore and sensitive gums, be cranky, drool, and have other mild symptoms. These symptoms usually begin about 3 to 5 days before a tooth erupts and go away as soon as the tooth breaks through the gum. that gradually improve usually are nothing to worry about and may even be related to a viral infection or other condition. Severe or ongoing symptoms should be closely watched and discussed with your doctor. Do not hesitate to call your doctor any time you have concerns about your child's teething. It is also a good idea to talk to your doctor if your child has unusual tooth development, such as late eruption of the first tooth. Tooth development issues usually resolve on their own or are Controlling symptoms safely If your baby has discomfort while teething, you can: Rub the affected gum. Use a clean finger (or cold teething ring) to gently rub the area of tooth eruption for about 2 minutes at a time. Many babies find this soothing, although they may protest at safe objects for babies to chew on, such as teething rings. Babies who are teething like to gnaw on things to help relieve the pressure from an erupting tooth. Having safe objects to chew on can help prevent your baby from chewing on those that are dangerous, such as electrical cords or window sills that have Give your baby an over-the-counter pain relief medicine that is labeled for his or her specific age. For example, acetaminophen or ibuprofen may help relieve your baby's discomfort. Follow all instructions on the label. Do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 20, because it has been linked with Although some parents use topical gels and other teething remedies, there are questions about how effective and safe these products are. Talk to your doctor about which types of products are safe and how often they can be used. Promoting healthy teeth You can give your child the best chance for healthy teeth and gums. Take measures to help prevent tooth decay in your child's primary teeth. For example, as soon as your baby's teeth come in, start cleaning them with a soft cloth or gauze pad. As more teeth erupt, clean teeth with a soft toothbrush, using only water for the first few months. Help to prevent baby bottle tooth decay by always taking a bottle out of your baby's mouth as soon as he or she is finished. Clean your baby's teeth after feeding, especially at night. When your baby starts eating solids, offer healthy foods that are low in sugar, and keep milk feedings during the night to a minimum. well-child visits with your child's doctor. During these exams, the doctor will check your child's dental Take your child to the dentist within 6 months of when your child's first tooth comes in but no later than your child's first birthday.1 Home treatment usually helps teething symptoms such as discomfort, drooling, and irritability. But talk to your doctor if your child has other symptoms that become severe or last longer than a couple of days. talk to your doctor about any other teething concerns, such as if your Is age 18 months and has not had any teeth come in. Has permanent teeth coming in primary teeth are lost, resulting in a double row of Has a small jaw or a birth defect of the mouth or jaw, such Has any facial injury that has damaged a tooth or gums. Your doctor may refer your child to a dentist who specializes in children's teething problems, if this seems to be needed. All children need early and regular dental care. During well-child visits the doctor will check your child's dental health. A visit to a dentist is recommended within 6 months of when your child's first tooth comes in but no later than your child's first birthday.1 Some parents dread their child's first visit to the dentist's office. You can make a trip to the dentist more positive for your child if you choose his or her dentist carefully. Talk to your child about what to expect. And if you want, use books that are meant to help a young child prepare for the first dental exam. If you have concerns about how your child will behave, talk to your dentist before scheduling the visit. Your dentist may allow your child to come in once or twice before being examined. These types of visits help prepare your child and often make him or her more comfortable with the dentist, other staff, and the office environment. Regular dental visits are important to teach your child good dental care and to help prevent cavities and other problems. The exam also helps to identify and treat problems early and prevent them from becoming more serious. For more information on routine checkups and tooth care, see the topics Basic Dental Care and Other Places To Get Help 141 Northwest Point Boulevard Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 This American Academy of Pediatrics website has information for parents about childhood issues, from before the child is born to young adulthood. You'll find information on child growth and development, immunizations, safety, health issues, behavior, and much more. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.

<urn:uuid:51338fd4-6407-4902-bf42-2787d86c9082>

ALL >> Home-Based-Business >> View Article Oil And Gas Pipeline Construction For Efficient Transportation Total Articles: 1 Most commonly, gases and liquids are transported through a pipe. The use of compressed air in pneumatic tubes can also transport solid capsules. Any stable substances such as gas and oil can be transported through a pipeline of which the most valuable is he transporting of refined and crude petroleum that includes Bio-fuels, natural gas and oil. The development of pipeline transport is unclear, and there is uncertainty when the first oil pipeline was built although during the late 1800’s a six mile wrought iron pipeline was built from an oil field to a railway station in Pennsylvania. Pipelines are one the most economical ways to transport huge quantities of gas and oil products across land. Natural gas is methane which is found mixed with other gases in nature and comprises mainly of butane and propane. Natural gases are wet gases such as butane and LP gas and when under light pressure become liquids. Such processing facilities can be found mostly in oil fields for easy transportation via pipeline, rail or trucking. Propane can be utilized as a fuel to heat various facilities in oil fields that are used by equipment, trucks and drillers in the oil field. After propane gas had been converted to liquid under 40 PSA light pressure, it can then be use in trucks and cars at retail stations. Oil and gas pipeline construction companies use mainly steel or plastic tubes which are typically buried at depths of around 1.8 meters. A variety of different protective methods are used in order to protect these pipes from corrosion, abrasion and impact. Such protective measure can include concrete coating, sand padding, wood lagging, padding machines, high density polyethylene or rock shield. Statistics have revealed that around 60% of propane-butane is produced from gas fields and 40% is produced in oil refineries once a barrel of oil is refined into different products. Both propane and butane used as motor fuel will bring drilling companies much higher value. Construction companies can explore wet gas fields, which will bring in greater returns as opposed to dry gas wells. To avoid delays, many large oil producers are now running pipelines which are helping to produce shorter distances from the gas or oil source to the consumer. In comparison to transporting these products by railroad, pipelines offer a higher capacity and lower cost per unit. Even though pipelines can be constructed under the sea, the process is technically and economically demanding, this is why tanker ships transport majority of oil. Constructing pipelines means refineries can lower wholesale prices of diesel fuel, jet fuel, home heating oil and petrol, and make a higher profit than they are presently. Home Based Business Articles1. Repair Sliding Door By Yourself Author: Stuart Spindlow 2. What Should You Consider When Buying Twin Bed Frames? 3. Long Lasting Bed Frames For Adults 4. Reasons To Choose A Mattress 5. How To Find The Best Memory Foam Mattress For You 6. Full Size Memory Foam Mattress Pad For Your Full Size Bed 7. Sleep Like A Rock With The Perfect Mattress 8. Five Tips For Buying A Memory Foam Mattress 9. Foam Mattress Topper - The Balance Between Comfort And Affordability 10. King Mattress - Do You Need It? 11. King Size Memory Foam Mattress Pad For Your King Bed 12. Memory Foam Mattress: Enjoy The Sleep! 13. What Kind Of Water Purifier Should I Buy? Author: purifier kart 14. Use Of Pre Filter Before A Ro System Author: purifier kart 15. A Guide To Choosing The Right Paving Slabs For Your Garden Author: Base Driveways

<urn:uuid:821ad0ae-a388-46aa-8939-1d7df65b4824>

- Is composed of DNA and protein? - Which structure manufactures the components of ribosomes? - What cell structure sorts packages proteins? - Is DNA replication part of protein synthesis? - What is DNA replication and protein synthesis? - What is used in DNA replication and in protein synthesis? - Why DNA replication is important before protein synthesis? - What is the end result of translation in protein synthesis? Chromatin is formed when the long DNA molecule wraps around a set of proteins called HISTONE. Histones bind to the DNA molecule, which could are the core of the proteins to form a NUCLEOSOME structure. Is composed of DNA and protein? Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each nucleosome is composed of DNA wrapped around eight proteins called histones. Which structure manufactures the components of ribosomes? Some chromosomes have sections of DNA that encode ribosomal RNA, a type of structural RNA that combines with proteins to make the ribosome. In the nucleolus, new ribosomal RNA combines with proteins to form the subunits of the ribosome. What cell structure sorts packages proteins? The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages different substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell. The Golgi apparatus is found close to the nucleus of the cell, where it modifies proteins that have been delivered in transport vesicles from the RER. Is DNA replication part of protein synthesis? Protein synthesis makes proteins, while DNA replication makes DNA . DNA replication occurs in the nucleus and produces two identical sets of DNA. Protein syntheses produces mRNA, which is then translated by tRNA molecules carrying amino acids to produce a polypeptide or protein. What is DNA replication and protein synthesis? The main difference between protein synthesis and DNA replication is that the protein synthesis is the production of a functional protein molecule based on the information in the genes whereas DNA replication is the production of an exact replica of an existing DNA molecule. What is used in DNA replication and in protein synthesis? Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. Why DNA replication is important before protein synthesis? Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. Once synthesis is complete, the RNA primers are replaced with DNA, and any gaps between newly synthesized DNA segments are sealed together with enzymes. What is the end result of translation in protein synthesis? The amino acid sequence is the final result of translation, and is known as a polypeptide. Polypeptides can then undergo folding to become functional proteins.

<urn:uuid:b946edb1-db96-4b17-9b6b-ca2ecbd6289e>

Mercury Vapor Lamps Mercury vapor lamps are metal vapor lamps based on light emission from mercury (Hg) atoms. Mercury (Hg) is the only elementary metal which has a substantial vapor pressure at room temperature. Therefore, a lamp enclosing may in principle contain mercury only, but often there is also some starter gas like argon or xenon. The lamp can start with a relatively low vapor pressure, which subsequently (within a couple of minutes) increases due to the heating during operation, because more of the liquid mercury is evaporated. Instead of liquid mercury, a mercury vapor lamp may contain an amalgam. When such a lamp is switched off, the mercury is largely bound in the amalgam, which implies that the toxic risk associated with breaking the lamp is reduced: one may collect the amalgam pieces before much of the mercury has evaporated. Like most other types of metal vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps need to be operated with a suitable electrical ballast for stabilizing the electric current. See the article on metal vapor lamps for general properties of such lamps. Low-pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps In low-pressure lamps, the temperature rise is moderate, leading to a substantial, but not dramatic increase of mercury pressure during operation. The power density and the radiance of the emitted light are relatively low. The emission of low-pressure mercury lamps exhibits a characteristic optical spectrum with pronounced spectral lines mostly in the visible and the ultraviolet spectral region, but partly also in the infrared. There is a substantial number of standard spectral lines of mercury, which can be produced with mercury-based spectral lamps; typical wavelengths are 184.5 nm, 253.7 nm, 365.4 nm, 404.7 nm, 435.8 nm, 546.1 nm, 578.2 nm and 1014 nm. Low-pressure mercury lamps are also used as relatively efficient sources of ultraviolet light for applications like UV curing, lithography, UV spectroscopy, solarium, ozone generation, water sterilization and other germicidal irradiation. A particularly high radiance is not required for such applications. For efficient UV generation, one of course requires a lamp glass with a high transmittance in that spectral region. For applications where only the visible lamp output is utilized (e.g. lighting), one often requires an absorbing UV filter for removing the ultraviolet light, which could otherwise e.g. be damaging for eyes and the skin. High-pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps High-pressure mercury vapor arc lamps (a type of high intensity discharge lamps) are operated with a pressure of the order of one atmosphere and with much increased power densities, so that more mercury is evaporated. The high density of the vapor allows for light emission with a much higher radiance. In such lamps, there is also much stronger spectral broadening. The light emission does not only contain broadened lines, but also a substantial continuum. High-pressure mercury lamps can be used as white light sources e.g. for lighting, but their color tone has a tendency towards the blue–green (a rather high color temperature), with a deficiency of the spectrum in the red region. The luminous efficacy is typically around 35 to 65 lm/W, which is substantially better than for incandescent lamps, but on the other hand substantially worse than what can be achieved with metal halide lamps, for example. The device lifetime can be thousands of hours (much longer than four incandescent lamps), but it depends substantially on the type of lamp. High-pressure mercury lamps have mostly been used for high-power lighting applications and projection displays. Particularly for lighting, they are increasingly replaced by other types of lamps which reach a higher luminous efficacy and/or work with less mercury or no mercury at all. For example, metal halide lamps can now be produced which are much superior over traditional mercury lamps in terms of energy efficiency and color rendering, while the lamp lifetimes can still be very high. Some of those lamps are mercury-free. Medium-pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps There are also medium-pressure mercury lamps, which have somewhat intermediate characteristics. They can be optimized e.g. primarily emit UV-A or UV-C light, e.g. for applications like disinfection, UV curing and other photochemical processes. Questions and Comments from Users Here you can submit questions and comments. As far as they get accepted by the author, they will appear above this paragraph together with the author’s answer. The author will decide on acceptance based on certain criteria. Essentially, the issue must be of sufficiently broad interest. Please do not enter personal data here; we would otherwise delete it soon. (See also our privacy declaration.) If you wish to receive personal feedback or consultancy from the author, please contact him e.g. via e-mail. By submitting the information, you give your consent to the potential publication of your inputs on our website according to our rules. (If you later retract your consent, we will delete those inputs.) As your inputs are first reviewed by the author, they may be published with some delay.

<urn:uuid:0b132280-7c86-4f8c-817d-2d6258e52bc2>

Djembe, a traditional African drum, has been an integral part of the culture and history of West Africa for centuries. It is a versatile and sacred instrument that is played in various ceremonies, celebrations, and musical performances. The word “djembe” translates to “everyone gather together in peace” in the Malinke language, reflecting its role in bringing people together through music. The djembe is a skin-covered hand drum made from a single piece of hollowed-out wood, typically from the African djembe tree. It has a distinct shape and sound, with a wide bottom and a smaller top, and produces a deep bass tone and a sharp slap sound. The history of the djembe can be traced back to the Mali Empire in the 12th century, where it was used in traditional African societies for communication, storytelling, and spiritual purposes. Traditionally, the djembe was played by skilled musicians, known as djembefolas, who passed down their knowledge and techniques through oral traditions. The djembe has three main parts: the head, the body, and the ropes. The head, made of goat or cow skin, is stretched over the top of the drum and produces different sounds depending on how it is struck. The body, made of a single piece of hardwood, is carved to create a wide bottom and a narrower top. The ropes, typically made from natural fibers such as nylon, are used to secure the head to the body and create tension for tuning. Playing the djembe requires both skill and technique. The most common playing techniques include the bass, tone, and slap, which produce different sounds. There are also various rhythms that can be played on the djembe, each with its own cultural significance and purpose. In traditional African societies, the djembe was used for communication, storytelling, and ceremonial purposes. In modern times, it has become a popular instrument in world music and is used in a variety of musical genres. When choosing a djembe, it is important to consider factors such as the size, shape, and type of wood used. Proper care and maintenance of the djembe are also essential for preserving its sound and ensuring its longevity. This includes regular tuning and conditioning of the drumhead to maintain its tension and prevent cracking. In conclusion, the djembe is more than just a musical instrument – it is a representation of African culture and traditions. Its unique sound and rich history make it a cherished instrument among musicians and a symbol of unity and peace for communities across the world. What Is a Djembe? Photo Credits: Goldenscissors.Info by Brian Rodriguez The djembe is a traditional African drum that originated in West Africa. It is a hand-drum, typically carved from a single piece of wood and covered with a goat or cow skin drumhead. The djembe is known for its distinctive shape, with a wide bottom and a narrow top. It produces a wide range of sounds, from deep bass tones to sharp high-pitched tones, and is played with bare hands. The djembe is not only a musical instrument but also holds cultural and spiritual significance in many African communities. Fun fact: The term “djembe” is derived from the Malinke language, meaning “gather together in peace.” What Is the History of the Djembe? Photo Credits: Goldenscissors.Info by Randy Green The history of the djembe dates back centuries and is deeply rooted in West African culture. Originating from Mali, the djembe was traditionally used for communication, storytelling, and ceremonial rituals. Made from a single piece of carved wood and covered with goatskin, the djembe produces a wide range of tones and is played with bare hands. Today, the popularity of the djembe has spread worldwide and it is now used in various musical genres. Its rich history and cultural significance make the djembe a captivating instrument that continues to echo with tradition. For those interested in exploring the history of the djembe further, here are some suggestions: - Read books on West African music and drumming traditions. - Attend workshops or classes led by experienced djembe players. - Visit museums or cultural centers that showcase African musical instruments. - Listen to recordings of traditional West African drumming ensembles to immerse yourself in the rhythmic and melodic patterns of the djembe. What Are the Origins of the Djembe? The origins of the djembe can be traced back to West Africa, specifically to the Mandinka people of modern-day Guinea, Mali, and Senegal. The word “djembe” comes from the Malinke language, which means “together in peace.” According to belief, the djembe was created by the Mandinka blacksmiths, who crafted the drum using traditional materials such as wood and animal skins. This drum played a significant role in traditional African societies, serving as a means of communication, storytelling, and spiritual ceremonies. Even today, the djembe remains a powerful symbol of African culture and is widely utilized in modern music, both within Africa and globally. How Was the Djembe Used in Traditional African Societies? In traditional African societies, the djembe played a significant role in cultural, social, and spiritual practices. Here are some examples: - Communication: The djembe was utilized as a means of sending messages and communicating over long distances. - Celebrations and rituals: It held a central position in ceremonies, festivals, and important events, providing rhythmic accompaniment for dancing, singing, and storytelling. - Community gatherings: The djembe brought people together, promoting a sense of community and unity. - Healing and spiritual practices: It was believed that the djembe possessed healing powers and could connect with the spiritual realm. - Initiation ceremonies: The drum was used in rites of passage to mark significant transitions in life, such as reaching adulthood or becoming a warrior. - Entertainment: The djembe provided entertainment at social gatherings and events, showcasing the talent and skill of drummers. The djembe holds immense cultural significance and has been an integral part of African societies for centuries. Its deep-rooted history and usage demonstrate the importance of music and rhythm in African traditions, showcasing the drum’s ability to foster community, convey messages, and evoke powerful emotions. Today, the djembe continues to be cherished and celebrated, both in its traditional context and as a global symbol of African culture. What Are the Parts of a Djembe? The djembe, a traditional African drum, is composed of several key parts that contribute to its unique sound and functionality. These parts include the shell, head, ropes, and rings. The shell, typically made from hardwood, serves as the drum’s body. The head, often made from goat or cow skin, is stretched over the shell and is responsible for creating sound. Ropes, typically made from natural fibers like nylon or polyester, are used to secure the head to the shell. Metal rings are also used to hold the ropes in place and aid in tuning the drum. Understanding these components is crucial for those interested in playing or learning about the djembe. What Is the Head of the Djembe Made Of? The head of a djembe drum is typically made of animal skin, traditionally from goatskin but sometimes from other animals such as cow or antelope. The use of animal skins is highly valued for their unique sound quality and durability. The skin is carefully stretched over the top of the drum and secured with ropes that are tightened to achieve the desired tension. This allows for a variety of tones and pitches to be produced when the drum is played. While modern djembe drums may incorporate synthetic materials for the drumhead, traditional drums still primarily utilize animal skin. What Are the Different Types of Ropes Used for the Djembe? There are various types of ropes used for the djembe, each serving a specific purpose in ensuring proper tension and sound quality. Traditional djembe ropes are typically crafted from natural materials such as cowhide or goat skin, renowned for their durability and ability to withstand tension. In contrast, modern djembe ropes can be made from synthetic materials like nylon or polyester, offering greater flexibility and resistance to stretching or breaking. Both types of ropes possess their own unique sound qualities, making the choice between them a matter of personal preference and playing style. How Is a Djembe Played? Photo Credits: Goldenscissors.Info by Randy Miller Playing the djembe involves a specific technique and rhythm. Here are the steps to play the djembe: - Position the djembe between your legs, with the wider end facing away from you. - Hold the drum with your thighs and place your hands on the drumhead. - Use your dominant hand to strike the center of the drumhead, known as the bass tone. - Use your non-dominant hand to strike the edge of the drumhead, creating a higher-pitched tone called the tone. - Combine the bass tone and the tone to create a basic rhythm, alternating between your dominant and non-dominant hands. - Explore different hand positions, techniques, and rhythms to create a variety of sounds and patterns. By following these steps and practicing regularly, you can learn how to effectively play the djembe. What Are the Different Techniques Used to Play the Djembe? Different techniques are utilized when playing the djembe, each producing a distinct sound and rhythm. Here are some common techniques used: - Bass: The bass technique involves striking the center of the drumhead with an open hand, creating a deep and resonant tone. - Tone: The tone technique is created by striking the drumhead near the edge with the fingers, resulting in a clear and melodic sound. - Slap: Slapping the drumhead with the fingers and palm produces a sharp and high-pitched sound. - Muffled Tone: By applying pressure on the drumhead while striking, a muffled tone is produced, adding texture to the rhythm. Experimenting with these techniques allows musicians to create a wide range of rhythms and melodies on the djembe. For beginners, it is recommended to practice each technique separately and gradually combine them to create complex rhythms. Good technique is crucial for achieving a balanced and dynamic sound. Remember to practice regularly and seek guidance from experienced players to greatly enhance your skills and understanding of the instrument. What Are the Different Rhythms Played on the Djembe? The djembe, an African drum, is renowned for its diverse and vibrant rhythms. It involves various techniques that produce distinct sounds. Some of the different rhythms commonly played on the djembe include: Each rhythm has its unique pattern and serves different purposes, such as storytelling, communication, or ceremonial events. Learning and mastering these rhythms allows players to participate in cultural traditions and create beautiful music. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced player, exploring the rich repertoire of rhythms on the djembe is an exciting and rewarding journey. What Are the Cultural Significance and Uses of the Djembe? The Djembe drum holds immense cultural significance in Africa and is utilized in various settings such as ceremonies, celebrations, and storytelling. Its rhythmic beats have been passed down through generations, preserving traditions and connecting communities. The Djembe is not just an instrument, but also a symbol of unity and communication. Its versatile sound allows it to accompany dancers, singers, and other instruments, creating a vibrant and lively atmosphere. The true history of the Djembe dates back centuries, originating from West Africa and playing a vital role in cultural rituals and social gatherings. It continues to be cherished and embraced worldwide for its rich heritage and soul-stirring melodies. How Is the Djembe Used in Traditional Ceremonies and Celebrations? The Djembe is an important instrument in traditional African ceremonies and celebrations. Here is a list of steps that highlight its usage: - The Djembe is played to accompany rituals, such as births, weddings, and funerals. - It sets the rhythm for dances, symbolizing unity and community. - The Djembe’s beats guide participants during initiation ceremonies and rites of passage. - It communicates important messages, such as warnings or announcements, within the community. - The Djembe is a means of expressing cultural identity and preserving traditions. What Role Does the Djembe Play in Modern Music? The Djembe plays a crucial role in modern music, particularly in genres like world music, jazz, and fusion. Its distinct sound and versatile nature make it a popular choice for both live performances and studio recordings. The Djembe’s rhythmic patterns and ability to produce a wide range of tones make it an excellent instrument for creating dynamic and energetic beats. Musicians often incorporate the Djembe to add an authentic African element to their compositions, showcasing the instrument’s adaptability and ability to transcend cultural boundaries. Moreover, the Djembe has become a symbol of unity and cultural exchange in the music industry. Its use in collaborations between artists from different backgrounds promotes diversity and celebrates the rich heritage of African music. The Djembe’s role in modern music not only stimulates creativity but also fosters a deeper appreciation for traditional African rhythms and percussion instruments. Historically, the Djembe has been an essential part of West African music for centuries, with its origins dating back to the Mali Empire in the 12th century. Originally used in traditional ceremonies and celebrations, the Djembe has evolved over time and found its place in contemporary music, captivating audiences worldwide with its captivating and vibrant sound. How to Choose and Care for a Djembe? Photo Credits: Goldenscissors.Info by Gary Green Choosing and caring for a djembe involves several important steps to ensure its longevity and quality of sound. Here are some guidelines to consider: - Material: Look for a high-quality djembe made from materials such as mahogany or iroko. - Size: Choose a djembe that suits your preferences and playing style. - Skin: Opt for a drum with a well-tuned and thick goatskin or cowhide drumhead. - Tuning: Learn how to properly tune your djembe using the ropes and rings provided. - Storage: Keep your djembe in a dry and cool place to prevent damage from changes in humidity or temperature. - Maintenance: Regularly clean and oil the drum to maintain its shine and protect the wood. What Factors Should Be Considered When Choosing a Djembe? When selecting a djembe, it is important to take into account several factors to ensure the best fit. These factors include: - Size: The size of the djembe should be suitable for the player’s body size and arm length to ensure comfortable playing. - Material: Consider the type of wood used for the drum shell and the quality of the skin used for the drumhead. - Sound: Test the sound quality of the djembe by tapping on the drumhead to evaluate its tone and resonance. - Price: Determine your budget and consider the quality and craftsmanship of the djembe within that price range. - Purpose: Decide if the djembe will be used for professional performances, recreational purposes, or as a decorative item. What Are the Best Practices for Maintaining and Caring for a Djembe? To ensure the longevity of your djembe drum, proper maintenance and care are essential. Here are the best practices to follow: - Storage: Keep your djembe in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight or extreme temperatures. - Cleaning: Regularly wipe the drum with a soft, damp cloth to remove dust and dirt. Avoid using harsh chemicals or solvents. - Tuning: Check the tension of the ropes regularly and adjust as needed to maintain optimal sound quality. - Moisture Protection: Protect the drum from moisture by using a drum bag or cover when transporting or storing it. - Playing Surface: Use a protective drum head cover, such as goat or cow skin, to prevent damage and preserve the drum’s tone. - Handling: Handle the drum with care, avoiding excessive force or dropping it. Pro-tip: Consider investing in a djembe stand to keep the drum elevated and minimize the risk of damage. Frequently Asked Questions What is a Djembe and where does it come from? The Djembe is a goblet-shaped drum that originated in West Africa, specifically in countries such as Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Burkina Faso. It is traditionally made from a single piece of African hardwood and topped with an animal skin drumhead. What is the meaning behind the name ‘Djembe’? The name ‘Djembe’ is said to come from the Bambara people in Mali, who used the phrase “Anke dje, anke be” to call their people together, which translates to “everyone gather together.” This phrase reflects the communal and unifying aspect of the drum. What is the significance of the Djembe in African culture? The Djembe holds a deep and profound symbolic meaning in African culture, representing the soul of the community it is found in. It is used in various cultural and ceremonial events, as well as promoting and showcasing African heritage and traditions. Who is allowed to play the Djembe traditionally? Traditionally, only those born into the Djembe family are allowed to play the drum. This is because they are trusted with the music of their ancestors and have a deep understanding of its cultural and spiritual significance. What are some examples of African countries where the Djembe is used? The Djembe is widely used in many African countries, including Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Gambia, Ghana, Mauritania, and Nigeria. How is the Djembe used in modern times? In addition to its traditional and cultural use, the Djembe is also used as a tourist attraction, promoting and showcasing African heritage and culture. It is also used in modern music, both in traditional African music and Western music genres. It is also used in healing and therapy practices.

<urn:uuid:3ad78440-02c8-43a9-8893-89dd2959d13e>

What is Title I? The purpose of Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), is to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging state academic achievement standards and state academic assessments. The largest portion of Title I (Title I Section A) provides allocated formula grants through state educational agencies to local educational agencies (LEAs) and public schools with high numbers or percentages of poor children to help ensure that all children meet challenging state academic content and student academic achievement standards. LEAs target the Title I funds they receive to public schools with the highest percentages of children from low-income families. For additional information, visit our Title I program page.

<urn:uuid:7a898ecb-9bc5-4161-a49d-cc67c9555d50>

In his latest installment to the Total Spine series of instructional videos, Dr. Paul McCormick describes retropleural thoracotomy, a surgical technique used to treat complex spinal conditions of the thoracic and lumbar spine. “Retropleural thoracotomy is an important... This page provides a general summary of spinal deformity, a quick glossary of related terms, and common signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment considerations. If deformities in the sagittal plane prevent the individual from achieving an upright posture with the head aligned over the hips, the result is sagittal imbalance. |Signs and Symptoms| Signs are observable indications of a condition. Signs can be seen or felt by people other than the patient. Signs of scoliosis may include a difference in shoulder or hip height, a difference in the way the arms hang beside the body, a spine that is visibly off-center, or a head that appears off-center with the body. Signs of sagittal imbalance may include a stooped forward posture, a hump in the back, or an inability to stand up straight. Symptoms can be felt by the person with the condition. Symptoms of scoliosis vary: most cases of infantile, juvenile and adolescent scoliosis, for example, produce no symptoms. Degenerative scoliosis is often accompanied by pain. Symptoms of sagittal imbalance range from mild discomfort to severe pain. Spinal deformities also have the capacity to interfere with the spinal cord or nerve roots. Stretch or compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots produces symptoms that may include pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling that travel down an arm or a leg. |Tests and Diagnosis| To establish the existence and extent of spinal deformity, the following tests may be useful: For the most part, nonoperative treatments are recommended before surgery is considered. Nonoperative treatments include pain medications, physical therapy (including gait and posture training), and certain braces. Surgery is considered if: The goals of surgery are to relieve symptoms and to align and stabilize the spine. However, since spinal deformity varies from patient to patient, no two surgical treatments will be the same. Our experienced surgeons can determine the best treatment for each patient and each situation. Aligning and stabilizing the spine are complex procedures. Spinal alignment must be achieved from all angles, and keeping the spine in its stable position often requires implanting hardware such as screws and rods. Read more about deformity correction and stabilization here. If the deformity has resulted in compression of the spinal cord or spinal nerves, the surgeon may perform a decompression surgery. A laminectomy is one common type of decompression surgery. In this procedure, the surgeon removes a section of bone called the lamina at the back of the vertebra. Removing the lamina provides extra space for the spinal cord and allows it to function properly. For a detailed explanation of surgical procedures that may be required to treat a specific spinal deformity, refer to that condition’s individual page. Drs. Paul C. McCormick, Peter D. Angevine, Christopher E. Mandigo, Patrick C. Reid and Richard C.E. Anderson (Pediatric) are experts in treating spinal deformities. Each can also offer you a second opinion. Helpful Surgery Overviews Dr. McCormick will choose the treatment method specific to each patient and situation. Some of the condition’s treatment options may be listed below. Dr McCormick video on microsurgical resection of a synovial cyst causing severe lumbar spinal stenosis published in Operative Neurosurgery Synovial Cysts are a benign and fairly common condition in adult patients. They can arise in most joints throughout the body. In most cases they are asymptomatic but in the spine they can enlarge to produce severe spinal stenosis and pressure on the spinal nerves... Dr. McCormick invited speaker at 37th Annual Meeting of the Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves Dr. McCormick was a featured speaker at the recent 37th Annual Joint Spine Section Annual Spine Summit meeting held in San Diego. He presented at the Innovative Technology Special Session: Operative Video Segments. His presentation was entitled “Intramedullary Tumor,...

<urn:uuid:5261f6cd-02d6-4e4b-9177-4c51d6a4cbd4>

Senator Vandenberg declared that the U. The foreign spheres of influence, however, threatened their ambitions. Grades 11 or 12 Synopsis: Hawaii became a U. The State Department has become a lackey of the Pentagon. Advocates of this ideology believed that the United States had a providential right and obligation to assume control over less-developed areas in the name of republicanism, Christianity, and white supremacy. Soon after V-J day accusations that some government employees may not be completely loyal began to surface in the press. If the US did isolate itself, it would give terrorist groups total freedom to grow and plan attacks. Such a Russian intervention will, of course, quickly stop the war and crush the Ukronazi forces, but at that point the tensions in Europe will go through the roof, meaning that NATO will finally. During the two-week program teachers from across the country developed plans for bringing Winston Churchill into their classrooms. In their hearts they want to force on these foreign people through the use of American money and even, perhaps, arms, the policies which moral leadership is able to advance only through the sound strength of its principles. To get around this tariff, planters in Hawaii looted to make Hawaii a territory of the United States. The United States expanded rapidly and significantly across the continent. The Old Right detested Soviet communism. China was severely weakened, and the European powers took advantage. The question must be asked, were certain interests able to manipulate the situation which would lead to the abandonment of isolationism and later the liberal consensus. Americans were now convinced that their countries future was inextricably interwoven with the rest of the world. In fact, to a superficial analysis, Russia often looks pretty much alone in her stance as shown by the recent Chinese behavior at the UN Security Council. Let me just give one simple, but stark, example: During the 19th century it had also 'grabbed' land in Texas, California, and Hawaii. At the same time, the extension of U. Soldiers also cannot prevent climate change, the spread of diseases, flows of refugees or the production and transport of illegal drugs. Third, such a Russian presence would consolidate and even boost the Ukie nationalists who, by the way, will have a golden opportunity to blame everything they did wrong over the past 4 years on the Russians. Some eventually settled there. Over the next decade, sugar growers and other U. The Essay on Isolationism, Intervention, and Imperialism. But at that time, imperialism had not grown enough to The annexing of Hawaii in is an example of imperialism. The United States annexes Hawaii in should be categorized as imperialism. Imperialism is a countries policy of creating an empire. It also maintains control to expand their control of raw materials and the world market. “The Good, The Bad, & The Ugly” – U.S. Foreign Policy During the Age of Imperialism Scott Fields – McKeel Academy of Technology I. Lesson Summary Summary When the United States defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War ofit became more than a respected. Isolationism, Intervention, and Imperialism 1. The United States annexes Hawaii in should be categorized as michaelferrisjr.comalism is a countries policy of creating an empire. It also maintains control to expand their control of raw materials and the world market. Monroe Doctrine: statement issued by President James Monroe stating that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to further European intervention Intervention: involvement by a foreign power in the affairs of another nation, typically to achieve the stronger power’s aims Sphere of Influence: an area or region over which a country has significant cultural, economic, military, or political. Changing Foreign Policy: From Isolationism to Imperialism. STUDY. -American intervention in WWI ensured its role as a world power-Growth of international trade displayed American desire to build, innovate and explore new markets-Global Competition for control of weak territories U.s. Foreign policy and imperialism () 30 terms.Isolationism intervention and imperialism essay

<urn:uuid:350eff35-82e1-401a-bdb4-2b0dcd6a9866>

The Platinum Electrodes In A Conductivity Cell Are Platinized To? Platinum electrodes are used in conductivity cells because they have a high electrical conductivity, they do not corrode or dissolve in water, and they can be made to be very pure. The process of platinizing platinum electrodes involves heating them under vacuum in stages to remove any oxide layers that may form on their surfaces. This treatment gives the platinum an extremely smooth surface that is highly resistant to corrosion by chemicals present in natural waters. Addition of platinum to an aqueous solution containing aqueous sulfuric acid produces a colloidal suspension of platinum sulfate. To produce colloidal platinum sulfate, you will need the following materials: - A solution of 1 g/L of aqueous sulfuric acid in an Erlenmeyer flask. - A platinum rod or wire about 2 cm long and 0.1 mm thick (the size is not important). - Sulfuric acid (about 4 mL) from the fume hood. To avoid contamination, use only distilled water for this step! The colloidal platinum sulfate is dried and the remaining water is removed by heating in an oven at 440 C. The process is simple and can be done in a few hours. The result is an orange-red powder, which is the colloidal platinum sulfate. The purification of this product may require several steps, but it can be done at home using common laboratory equipment. After drying, the platinum sulfate particles are placed in a vacuum vessel and heated under vacuum for about six hours until the particles become very small and round. The platinum sulfate particles are placed in a vacuum vessel and heated under vacuum for about six hours until the particles become very small and round. The resulting small, round particles are placed in a second vacuum chamber and heated under vacuum for another 24 hours at 400 C. The resulting small, round particles are placed in a second vacuum chamber and heated under vacuum for another 24 hours at 400 C. This causes more of the platinum to bond onto the surface of each particle, forming larger grains that are visible to the naked eye. After cooling to room temperature, the final product is stored in containers to prevent oxidation during use. The electrolyte used in this type of cell is an aqueous solution of platinum sulfate (Pt(SO4)2). This compound is a good catalyst for the electrolysis of water and can be produced by adding platinum to an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid. The platinum electrode is platinized. The platinum electrode is platinized. The platinum electrode is made of platinum, which is an expensive material. The platinum electrode is used in conductivity cells to measure the conductivity of solutions.

<urn:uuid:a524fe1d-bc98-4c2b-af14-b7f6ee1af44d>

Africa’s Neglected Conflict and the Price Paid by Civilians On the coast of the Gulf of Guinea lies Cameroon, a country in Central Africa known for its geographical, cultural, and linguistic diversity. Although the official languages of Cameroon are French and English – over 600 indigenous languages are spoken throughout the country according to CETRA Language Solutions. However, Cameroon’s linguistic variety does not come without its consequences. The Anglophone Crisis began in 2016, when English-speaking lawyers and teachers protesting against discrimination by the Francophone government were met with lethal force by military officials. In response, a movement to secede from Cameroon began in the Anglophone region. The separatists consider themselves “freedom fighters” whilst the Cameroonian government labels them as “terrorists.” The United Nations estimates that the Anglophone Conflict impacted over three million people, displaced over 700,000, and killed over 4,000. Before 2021, the Anglophone Conflict was primarily defined by attacks between separatists groups and government forces. However, according to the United Nations and the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) Project, separatist groups are increasingly targeting innocent civilians. Since 2021, separatists have been accused of abducting dozens of civilians, murdering village leaders, and even carrying out IED attacks. Since the end of school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic, separatist forces have targeted schools for violent attacks due to the dominance of the French language in the Cameroonian education system. Between October and December of 2020, “…the United Nations recorded 35 attacks on schools including the killing, torture and abduction of students and teachers, as well as arson of education facilities,” according to a report published by Al Jazeera. However, separatists groups are not the only accused. In the same time frame, military forces have been accused of burning homes, unjustly arresting individuals, and killing countless individuals. According to Human Rights Watch, government forces even attacked, looted, and destroyed the Royal Palace in Bafut – a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In addition, military forces used inhumane methods of detention and torture against suspected separatist rebels. Such methods included severe beatings, humiliation, and even near-drowning. Despite the vast amount of human rights abuses, destruction of both private and public property, abductions, and murder of countless civilians – the conflict in Cameroon lacks sufficient humanitarian funding. According to Al Jazeera, a 2019 UN Appeal gathered only 43% of requested humanitarian funding. Evidently, the conflict in Cameroon is overlooked by the international community at the cost of the homes, businesses, and lives of innocent Cameroonian civilians. Until the international community pays adequate attention and contributes necessary funding to Cameroon, Africa’s neglected conflict will continue to worsen whilst civilians bear the brunt of the damage.

<urn:uuid:b9a76ece-e4bb-4e4b-9c5f-16c23284d645>

If there’s one thing we as humans know about tsunamis, it’s that there’s a lot we don’t know about them. We understand that they’re caused by the displacement of a large amount of water, but we don’t know what causes that, exactly. Earthquakes are a common culprit, but while giant quakes won’t generate a tsunami, significantly smaller ones can and have. That said, there’s also a lot we do know about tsunamis, and many of those facts are presented in the latest video from RealLifeLore, which provides an answer to the question, “How big do tsunamis get?” (via Viral Viral Videos). The answer is really big, and it all went down about 66 million years ago. The asteroid that is a primary suspect in the eradication of the dinosaurs likely caused the largest “megatsunami” in our planet’s history when it crashed into what we today call the Gulf of Mexico. The asteroid, which was about six miles in diameter, released 100 teratons of energy; Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear device ever detonated, released 0.0000005% that amount of energy, or 50 megatons, meaning you’d need two million Tsar Bombas to equal that amount of power. This caused a wave that has been estimated about 3.1 miles high. For those of you keeping score at home, that’s, um, very high. There’s not a heck of a lot you’d be able to do to negate the effects of a wave that high, but thankfully, we don’t see an asteroid-based extinction event coming on soon, so check out the video above and know that at least for the moment, humanity is probably OK. Did you learn something new from the video? Let us know in comments below! Featured image: Petra Bensted

<urn:uuid:dfef56f9-0c40-47ab-903a-671833458de4>

Questions & Answers - Why begin a second language in kindergarten? The young child's brain is developmentally ready to learn language. A child has twice as many synapses (connections) in the brain as an adult. The young brain must use these connections or lose them. There is a window of opportunity in which a child learns a first language normally. After this period, the brain becomes slowly less receptive. Young children can learn as many spoken languages as you can allow them to hear systematically and regularly at the same time. Children just have this capacity. When children wait until high school to start studying a foreign language, the job is much harder. - What is immersion? Language immersion is an approach to second language instruction in which the usual learning activities are conducted in a second language. This means that the new language is the medium of instruction as well as the object of instruction. Immersion classes follow the same curricula, and in some instances, use the same materials (translated into the target language) as those used in the non-immersion schools of their district. The goal of the language immersion classroom is language acquisition. In the early years, immersion teachers realize that students will not understand everything they say. Teachers use body language, visuals, manipulatives, exaggerated facial expressions, and expressive intonation to communicate meaning. In kindergarten, it is common for students to speak English with each other and when responding to their teacher. As the years progress, students naturally use more of the immersion language. (Fortune and Tedick, 2003) - Why immersion? According to the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA), at the University of Minnesota, immersion programs are the most effective type of foreign language program. Students can be expected to reach higher levels of a second language proficiency than students in other school-based language programs. - What grade levels are offered? Currently in the 2013-2014 school year we offer Spanish Immersion for pre-school (fee based), kindergarten and 1st grade. Each year another grade level will be added. By the 2020-2021 school year we will offer pre-school through 8th grade Spanish Immersion. - Why should I register my child at Creekside? Creekside is a unique campus that offers a nurturing and positive learning environment for pre-school through kindergarten age only. - Do you have before and after school care? We offer an ESS Program that is a before/after school day care program offered by the Alpine Union School District. The program operates on the campus of both Boulder Oaks and Creekside Early Learning Center. The ESS Program is financially independent of the Alpine Union School District. The program operates on the tuition paid by parents. All students enrolled in the Alpine School District are eligible to attend the ESS program. Summer session serves students that will be in grades K - 8, in the fall.

<urn:uuid:da902d83-1388-4cd8-9a05-6ff18aade716>

Define mentorship and its importance - Mentorship is a superpower for personal and professional development. - It’s a relationship between a mentor (experienced and knowledgeable) and a mentee (seeking guidance and support). - Mentors serve as trusted advisors and role models. - They offer insights, feedback, and encouragement to help the mentee grow and succeed. Mentorship is crucial because it enables learning from experienced individuals. Mentors offer valuable insights based on their own experiences. Mentorship helps build professional networks, gain exposure to new opportunities, and improve skills. It also boosts confidence and serves as a source of inspiration and motivation, helping mentees stay committed to their goals through challenges and setbacks. In short, mentorship is a powerful tool that can help individuals achieve their full potential, both personally and professionally. Whether you’re just starting out in your career or looking to take your skills to the next level, finding a mentor can be a game-changer. Highlight the benefits of having a mentor Having a mentor is like having a secret weapon in your personal and professional development arsenal. Here are some of the top benefits of having a mentor: - Gain valuable insights and knowledge: Mentors offer guidance and advice based on years of experience. - Build your professional network: Mentors can connect you with potential job opportunities and introduce you to people in your field. - Mentors can help you build relationships that can be beneficial throughout your career. - Receive honest feedback: Mentors can provide constructive criticism and feedback that can help you improve your skills and performance. - Increase your confidence and motivation: Having a mentor who believes in you and your abilities can give you the boost of confidence and motivation you need to take risks and pursue your goals. - Learn from someone you respect: Mentors can serve as role models and sources of inspiration, helping you develop the qualities and skills you admire in them. For more details visit:https://mentorpal.ai Finding the Right Mentor Discuss the qualities to look for in a mentor Choosing the right mentor can make all the difference in your personal and professional development. Here are some qualities to look for in a mentor: - Experience: Look for a mentor who has experience and expertise in your field or area of interest. - Good communication skills: A mentor should be able to communicate clearly and effectively, and be willing to listen to your ideas and concerns. - Positive attitude: A good mentor should be optimistic and supportive, and be able to provide constructive criticism without being overly critical. - Trustworthy: Look for someone who you can trust and who has your best interests in mind. - Reliability: A mentor should be dependable and committed to your success, and be willing to invest time and effort in your development. - Shared values: Look for someone who shares your values and goals, and who can help you align your actions with your values. - Open-mindedness: A mentor should be open to new ideas and perspectives, and be willing to challenge your assumptions and beliefs. In short, finding the right mentor requires a bit of research and reflection. Look for someone who has the experience, communication skills, and positive attitude needed to help you grow and succeed, and who shares your values and goals. By choosing the right mentor, you can set yourself up for success and achieve your full potential. Provide tips for finding a mentor Finding a mentor is a crucial step in your personal and professional development journey. Here are some tips to help you find the right mentor: - Identify your goals and needs: Before you start your search, identify your goals and what you hope to gain from a mentor. This will help you narrow down your search and find someone who can provide the support and guidance you need. - Network: Attend events and conferences in your field, join professional organizations, and connect with people on social media. This can help you meet potential mentors and build relationships with people who can offer valuable insights and advice. - Look for role models: Identify people in your field who you admire and respect, and reach out to them to see if they would be willing to mentor you. - Seek out referrals: Ask colleagues, professors, or other professionals in your network if they know of any potential mentors who would be a good fit for you. - Consider online mentorship platforms: There are several online mentorship platforms that can connect you with mentors in your field, such as LinkedIn’s Career Advice feature or MentorCruise. - Be clear about your expectations: When approaching a potential mentor, be clear about what you’re looking for and what you hope to gain from the relationship. This can help you both establish clear expectations and goals for the mentorship. In short, finding a mentor takes time and effort, but the benefits are well worth it. By identifying your goals, networking, and seeking out referrals, you can find the right mentor to help you achieve your full potential. Establishing a Strong Mentor-Mentee Relationship Offer suggestions for building rapport with your mentor Building a strong rapport with your mentor is essential for a successful mentorship. Here are some suggestions for building a positive relationship with your mentor: - Show respect: Treat your mentor with respect and gratitude, and acknowledge their time and effort in helping you grow and develop. - Listen actively: Listen carefully to your mentor’s advice and feedback, and ask clarifying questions to ensure you understand their perspective. - Be open and honest: Be transparent about your goals, challenges, and concerns, and be willing to share your thoughts and feelings with your mentor. - Follow through: Take action on the advice and feedback your mentor provides, and follow up with them to share your progress and results. - Show appreciation: Express your gratitude to your mentor for their guidance and support, and let them know how their mentorship has impacted your life and career. - Be patient: Building a strong relationship takes time, so be patient and persistent in your efforts to connect with your mentor. In short, building a strong rapport with your mentor requires respect, active listening, honesty, follow-through, appreciation, and patience. By focusing on these qualities, you can build a positive and meaningful relationship with your mentor and gain the guidance and support you need to achieve your goals. Discuss effective communication strategies Effective communication is key to a successful mentorship. Here are some strategies to help you communicate effectively with your mentor: - Active listening: Listen actively to your mentor’s advice and feedback, and ask questions to clarify your understanding. - Speak clearly and concisely: When communicating with your mentor, speak clearly and directly, and avoid using jargon or complicated language. - Provide context: When sharing information or asking for feedback, provide context and background information to help your mentor understand the situation. - Be open to feedback: Be open to constructive criticism and feedback from your mentor, and use it as an opportunity for growth and development. - Use “I” statements: When expressing your thoughts or feelings, use “I” statements to take ownership of your own experience and avoid blaming or accusing your mentor. - Respect boundaries: Be respectful of your mentor’s time and availability, and communicate your needs and expectations clearly and respectfully. - Follow up: Follow up with your mentor after conversations or meetings to clarify any action items or next steps. By focusing on these communication strategies, you can build a positive and productive relationship with your mentor and get the most out of your mentorship experience. Setting Mentorship Goals Explain the importance of goal setting in mentorship Goal setting is crucial in mentorship as it provides a clear roadmap for both the mentor and mentee to follow. Setting achievable goals helps to establish a direction and focus, and provides a basis for measuring progress and success. By setting goals, the mentor and mentee can work together towards a common objective, and ensure that their efforts are aligned with their desired outcomes. Provide examples of mentorship goals Here are some examples of mentorship goals: - Improve specific skills or knowledge in a particular area - Develop leadership or management capabilities - Expand professional network and connections - Increase confidence and self-esteem - Navigate career transitions or challenges - Gain a better understanding of industry trends and best practices - Enhance work-life balance and overall well-being. Making the Most of Your Mentor’s Wisdom Discuss strategies for implementing your mentor’s advice Implementing your mentor’s advice is essential for achieving your goals and making progress in your personal and professional development. Here are some strategies for effectively implementing your mentor’s advice: - Take notes: During mentorship meetings or conversations, take detailed notes to capture the key advice and recommendations from your mentor. - -Create an action plan: Turn your mentor’s advice into an actionable plan with specific goals and timelines for each item. - -Be accountable: Hold yourself accountable for implementing the plan, tracking progress, and measuring success. - -Seek support: Overcome obstacles by seeking support from your mentor or other resources. - -Reflect on progress: Regularly reflect on progress, and adjust your approach as needed for continued growth and development. By implementing these strategies, you can effectively incorporate your mentor’s advice into your personal and professional life, and maximize the benefits of your mentorship experience. Offer tips for staying accountable to your goals Staying accountable to your goals is crucial for achieving success. Some tips to stay accountable include setting specific and measurable goals, tracking progress regularly, seeking feedback from your mentor, and adjusting your approach as needed. Additionally, sharing your goals with others and seeking support can help keep you motivated and on track. Summarize the key points of the article In this article, we explored the topic of mentorship and discussed the importance of having a mentor, as well as the qualities to look for in a mentor. We also provided tips for finding a mentor, building rapport, and communicating effectively with your mentor. Additionally, we highlighted the importance of goal setting in mentorship and offered examples of mentorship goals. Finally, we discussed strategies for implementing your mentor’s advice and staying accountable to your goals. Overall, this article emphasizes the benefits of mentorship and provides practical guidance for making the most of your mentorship experience. Encourage readers to seek out a mentor and invest in mentorship - Mentors can provide invaluable guidance, support, and knowledge to help you achieve your personal and professional goals. - A mentor can help you develop important skills, expand your network, and navigate challenges in your career. - Mentorship is a two-way street, and both the mentor and mentee can benefit from the relationship and learn from each other. - By investing in mentorship, you are investing in yourself and your future success. - Don’t be afraid to seek out a mentor and ask for their guidance and support – many successful professionals are happy to pay it forward and mentor others. - Remember that finding the right mentor takes time and effort, but the benefits of a strong mentorship relationship are well worth it. - Finally, be open-minded, receptive to feedback, and committed to your own growth and development – this will help you get the most out of your mentorship experience. Mentorship: A Game-Changer in Your Personal and Professional Life For more details visit:https://mentorpal.ai Q: What is the article about? A: The article is about mentorship and how to make the most of your mentor’s wisdom. Q: Why is having a mentor important? A: Having a mentor can provide invaluable guidance, support, and knowledge to help you achieve your personal and professional goals. Q: What qualities should you look for in a mentor? A: Qualities to look for in a mentor include expertise in your field, good communication skills, and a willingness to provide guidance and support. Q: What are some tips for finding a mentor? A: Tips for finding a mentor include reaching out to your network, attending networking events, and using online resources to find potential mentors. Q: How can you build rapport with your mentor? A: Strategies for building rapport with your mentor include being open and honest, actively listening, and respecting their time and expertise. Q: Why is goal setting important in mentorship? A: Goal setting is important in mentorship because it helps you stay focused and motivated, and provides a framework for tracking progress and measuring success. Q: What are some examples of mentorship goals? A: Examples of mentorship goals include developing a specific skill, expanding your network, or achieving a certain level of success in your career. Q: How can you implement your mentor’s advice effectively? A: Strategies for implementing your mentor’s advice effectively include being open-minded, taking action on their recommendations, and seeking feedback and support. Q: How can you stay accountable to your goals in mentorship? A: Tips for staying accountable to your goals in mentorship include setting specific and measurable goals, tracking progress regularly, seeking feedback from your mentor, and adjusting your approach as needed.

<urn:uuid:357af375-e338-4d8e-8ba1-b6e4192c37ea>

Have you ever wondered, “What is the difference between addiction and dependence?” Often groups will be at fault for using the words interchangeably as if they mean the same thing, but they do not, and unfortunately, it only adds to the confusion. These words have two different definitions and require two different types of treatment, but first, we have to define them accurately. Dependence is best referred to as a physical dependence on a substance. A dependency is characterized with symptoms like tolerance and withdrawal, but it is possible to have a dependence without being addicted; however, one must be careful as addiction could be right around the corner of a dependency. Addiction is referred to as a behavioral change due to changes in the brain from the continued use of a substance. The use of the substance becomes the top priority of the person, and they will behave in harmful ways to obtain the substance if in need of it. Addiction has two components, physical and mental dependence on a substance, yet what distinguishes it best is these two components being present with uncontrollable behavior. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the best resource for diagnosing addiction. The most recent chart produce by the DSM is the DSM-V, and in it, they eliminated the previous terminology of “substance abuse” when referring to addiction and “substance dependence” when referring to dependence and now use the term “substance use disorder” as an inclusive term for both addiction and dependence. This is an effort to help more people who may be in the earlier stages of addiction. It is essential to be able to know the difference between an addiction and dependence especially in terms of recovery. Also, dependence can be a stepping stone towards addiction and its best to get help as quickly a possible to prevent harmful behavior. If you or someone you love may have an addiction or dependence. Don’t wait, get help today.

<urn:uuid:829545a5-fa57-442d-9379-a9cf2d861031>

IELTS SPEAKING 17-1 FULL PRACTICE WITH TIMER The examiner asks you about yourself, your home, work or studies and other familiar topics. • What did you study in history lessons when you were at school? • Did you enjoy studying history at school? [Why/Why not?] • How often do you watch TV programmes about history now? [Why/Why not?] • What period in history would you like to learn more about? [Why?] You will have to talk about the topic for one to two minutes. You have one minute to think about what you are going to say. You can make some notes to help you if you wish Describe the neighbourhood you lived in when you were a child. You should say: -where in your town/city the neighbourhood was -what kind of people lived there -what it was like to live in this neighbourhood -and explain whether you would like to live in this neighbourhood in the future. -What sort of things can neighbours do to help each other? -How well do people generally know their neighbours in your country? -How important do you think it is to have good neighbours? Facilities in cities -Which facilities are most important to people living in cities? -How does shopping in small local shops differ from shopping in large city centre shops? -Do you think that children should always go to the school nearest to where they live?

<urn:uuid:13936e15-369e-4bc1-9928-4cf7482b535d>

This introductory live webinar helps you use Vocabulary A-Z to develop student literacy skills by integrating vocabulary, spelling, and phonics practice with instruction. Explore how students can practice key components of word study through fun, game-based activities. There will be time for questions and discussion. In this live webinar, learn how to: - Utilize resources for vocabulary, spelling, and phonics lessons and practice - Assign lessons to use with game-based activities and quizzes - Use premade and customized word lists and lessons

<urn:uuid:f448e3b5-9867-4f20-8f15-76bdd750a345>

|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________| This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through The Day of the Dead. Multiple Choice Questions 1. In Latin America, what was the importance of Jose Gorostiza's poem, Muerte sin Fin? (a) It presented the Spanish conquest through the eyes of modernity. (b) It was the best evidence of a truly modern awareness. (c) It was the last example of the colonial mindset. (d) It presented the best example of the Mexican fascination with horror. 2. What is the Spanish view of women in contrast to the Mexican? (a) Women are shaped by the minds of men. (b) Women are decent and modest. (c) Women are wild and lecherous. (d) Women are idols. 3. In his obsession with hygiene, work, and health, what does the North American miss? (b) True anger. (c) All-consuming love. (d) True joy. 4. Where does Paz state that the Mexican's indifference hides his life force? (a) In silence. (b) Behind a death mask. (c) Within a jumble of emotions. (d) Behind a veil of rationalism. 5. From what does a fiesta free the Mexican, in Paz's understanding? (a) The sense of unfulfilled desires. (b) The horror of human thought. (c) The drudgery of common living. (d) The explosive desires he carries in his heart. Short Answer Questions 1. In Paz's example of the village near Mitla, how is their yearly income spent? 2. How does solitude assume a purifying, almost purgative, quality for the Mexican? 3. What duality does the pachuco represent? 4. What analogy does Paz use to explain Mexico's history? 5. What does the Mexican value in art, religion, and politics? This section contains 318 words (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)

<urn:uuid:45715fae-6131-4238-9333-8147d65572c7>

After Christmas break is over and done, I will begin teaching my most favorite unit – the 1920s and 1930s. I call it “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…” for it truly was. But out of this time period will come the foundations of all that we hold dear in our consumer culture and our beliefs in the role of government. But above all else will rise the birth of two forms of American music that are known the world over – blues and jazz. On a lonely night in 1903, W.C. Handy, the African American leader of a dance orchestra, got stuck waiting for a train in the hamlet of Tutwiler, Mississippi. With hours to kill and nowhere else to go, Handy fell asleep on a hard wooden bench at the empty depot. When he awoke, a ragged black man was sitting next to him, singing about “goin’ where the Southern cross the Dog” and sliding a knife against the strings of a guitar. The musician repeated the line three times and answered with his instrument. Handy later said, it was “the weirdest music I had ever heard.” That music was, and is, the blues. The blues come from work songs, field chants, and southern spirituals. It was a rural music of hope, pain, suffering, and desire brought on first by slavery, then by sharecropping, and just being black in the South. Jazz, on the other hand, grew out of ragtime and New Orleans style music and slowly made its way up the Mississippi River and on to Chicago where the term Jazz was first coined in 1913. Up until this time, it was hard to tell the difference between Jazz and Blues. If you listen to Bessie Smith’s rendition “Yellowdog Blues”, you will hear elements of both types of music. One of the first great composers of jazz, Jelly Roll Morton, even called his music blues. Things changed during World War One. In what is known as “The Great Migration”, African-Americans left the South to work in the factories in the North. Up to this point, Chicago, Memphis, St. Louis, and New Orleans were seen as Jazz towns. Soon, New York would be too. Add in Philadelphia, Detroit, and any major northern industrial metropolitan city, and the influx of African-Americans coming north to work in the factories changed the culture of music. For with them came the music of the fields (blues) and the music of the river (jazz). It is in the late 20s that the split between the two forms of music becomes evident. The structure of the 12 bar blues becomes the dominant form of the genre while jazz ebbed and flowed in its structure, rhythms, and instrumentation. It is striking to sit and listen to the similarities of the two kinds of music in their infancy. For today, jazz is seen clearly as a more instrumental kind of music. But in the the 1920s, the lines were not so clear. Take a look at Louis Armstrong’s “St James Infirmary Blues” to see and hear both. Then take a listen to Bessie sing “Nobody Knows You When You’re Down and Out”. To the untrained ear, it may seem quite similar, but to musicians, the chord structure, bass, and rhythms and different. And throughout the 20s and 30s, the two forms of music would continue to shift. By the early 30s, Blues reverted more to guitar, slide guitar, harmonica, piano, bass and drums, while jazz incorporated the brass. By the end of World War II, the two forms were completely different in their sound and structure. It is those sounds which formed the basis of our modern conceptions of blues and jazz. However, in the beginning, the lines and the sounds were blurred. But for me, it was the original birth of cool.

<urn:uuid:5c00a1ae-9d9a-42ae-b849-58bd449e8e5e>

MPL3115A2 Datasheet - NXP USA Inc. DigiKey In mathematics and computing, the hexadecimal (also base 16 or hex) numeral system is a positional numeral system that represents numbers using a radix (base) of 16. Unlike the common way of representing numbers using 10 symbols, hexadecimal uses 16 distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9, and "A"–"F" (or alternatively "a"–"f") to represent values 10 By this time, weekday shaves cost $0.50, and more on the weekend. Today, the average cost for a men’s cut is $28, while for women, it is $44. That’s a lot of bits. Pieces of eight were legal tender in the USA until 1857. Apparently minted from silver, a piece of eight in 1600 was worth the equivalent … 2006-05-07 The eight outputs of the decoder are designated by the symbols D0 through D7 The subscripted decimal number is equivalent to the binary value of the corresponding operation code. - Filme irani koma - Mark of fordring classic - Akut skrotum nedir - Pizzerior västerås city - Sweden pmi manufacturing - Cardiolex france - Ett skepp kommer lastat kategorier The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits, representing a binary number. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to 21 Feb 2017 byte: Most computers use combinations of eight bits, called bytes, kilobyte (K or KB): A kilobyte is equal to 1,024 bytes. megabyte (MB) A 25 Mar 2021 A byte consists of 8 adjacent binary digits (bits), each of which consists A byte can represent the equivalent of a single character, such as the From there, a group of 4 bits is called a nibble, and 8-bits makes a byte. Bytes are a pretty common buzzword when working in binary. Processors are all built to eight bits equals one ______. The type of a numeric value specifies how the underlying sequence of bits should be interpreted as a number. You can access the bit representation of a byte - a group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on as a unit. A bright morning, a bend in the road, a horrible crash: Tiger Bit. Computer bit and byte. A bit is a value of Eight bits, grouped together to form a single binary quantity, is known as a byte. Music Monday – Zero, Eight, Love The purpose of this page is to give you an alternate drill bit (approximate equivalent) to drill bit gauge size Number 8 (#8). 2018-06-11 · PIECES OF EIGHT. PIECES OF EIGHT, Spanish silver coins of eight reals (eight bits), first authorized in 1497. Also known as pesos and Spanish dollars, they were minted in enormous quantities and soon became recognized as a reliable medium of exchange in the European colonies of North America. There are only eight octal digits, 0 through 7. 8-bit color deals with 256 colors. 16 bit is The modern de-facto standard of eight bits, as documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte. The international standard IEC 80000-13 codified this common meaning. Floating-point numbers will be discussed later. Computers use a fixed number of bits to represent an integer. Solved: A byte is a sequence of eight bits and each bit is either 0 or 1. a. How many different bytes are possible? Brita larsson sundborn information om bilar reg nummer sveriges arbetsterapeuter ingångslön östberg advokater falun sveriges arbetsterapeuter ingångslön - Bosch integrerad diskmaskin ikea lucka - Medmera se mina sidor - Leslie bibb beach - Harry potter lana - Leasing wiki deutsch - Dcrm dell Spartan-3 FPGA Datasheet - Xilinx Inc. DigiKey 65536. 20. 1,048,576 For example, 16K means 16*1024 which equals 16384. Computer 1 Aug 2016 A byte is a group of eight bits. Byte, 8 bits (Equal to one character) In the binary system, this sequence of eight zeros represents a single A byte is 8 bits! In computer science a byte is a unit of measurement of information storage, that equals '8 bits', can be used to represent letters and numbers. 15 Aug 2018 Two-bits, four-bits, six-bits, and eight-bits make reference to the eight-reales silver coin of New Spain and Mexico. Whisky-news.com by Patrick: News [Image: Global Unicast Address] Global Routing Prefix: The most significant 48-bits are designated as Global Routing Prefix which is assigned to specific autonomous system. In a Binary to hexadecimal conversions, one hexadecimal digit resembles a group of four contiguous binary bits, called a nibble. The minimum possible decimal value for a 4-bit binary number is 0 and maximum is 15 (0xF). Example 1 - Convert the following 16-bit binary number 0010001100000001 to hexadecimals. Answer: If we want to represent the answer as an eight-bit binary number, just add a zero on the left (referred to as "zero-padding") for 01111011. a. memory switching activity analysis of radix-2 and equivalent FFT algorithms", The IEEE a very snarky, humorous song that samples both the abovementioned traditional song and audio bits from various Christmas-related media. If you signed up to Revolut with a Swedish address after 20:00 (EEST) 8 October 2020, these terms apply to you. If you or someone else gives us money, we'll issue an equivalent value of e-money in the currency you Legal bits and pieces. 2017 and Oliver Twist in 2018 with their chew bags and tobacco bits 2018, on a can equivalent basis.

<urn:uuid:56926b80-0ed9-4873-94ff-12befbf572bb>

Storyboard - In the Beginning Main ideas from story IN THE BEGINNING In the beginning there was only chaos. Then out of the void appeared Erebus, Night, Light and Day. Then, Gaea, the earth appeared. Gaea alone gave birth to Uranus, the heavens, who became Gaea's husband. Together they produced the three Cyclopes, the three Hecatoncheires, and twelve Titans. However, Uranus was not a good father or husband. He hated the Hecatoncheires, and imprisoned in Gaea's womb. This angered Gaea and she plotted against Uranus by getting the youngest Titan, Cronus to overthrow him. Cronus, the next ruler and he too imprisoned his siblings and banishes his children. Rhea angry with concealed a baby (Zeus) by switching him with a stone in swaddling cloths. She was able to pass it off as the baby to Cronus, who swallowed it. Zeus overthrew Cronus with the help of all his imprisoned brothers and sisters. After defeating all Cronus and his siblings they became rulers of the gods. Zeus exiled the Titans who had fought against, except for Atlas, who was forced to hold the world on his shoulders for eternity. Zeus is the king of the gods who resides on Mt. Olympus. Explore Our Articles and Examples Try Our Other Websites! Photos for Class – Search for School-Safe, Creative Commons Photos (It Even Cites for You! – Easily Make and Share Great-Looking Rubrics – Create Custom Nursery Art

<urn:uuid:77db3660-cd1e-40b4-8620-88fd0b79dd56>

Project-based Learning Encouraging Global Connections Dreamdo Schools is a free project-based learning (PBL) platform that allows teachers and students to create and contribute to projects, sharing learning and experiences with their classmates and potentially the world. The projects posted are intended to inspire students to develop their own ideas, create a project, and document their accomplishments. A search tool helps students find projects that match their interests by subject area, topic, and age range. A Teacher Package lays out a detailed guide to help students brainstorm, plan, and execute a project that they can then document and share on Dreamdo. The package also includes printables for facilitating classroom activities. To maximize students’ learning potential, teachers can take advantage of the message feature to build connections with classrooms around the world. They can send private messages to other educators and collaborate on a project around a particular issue that both classes can document through Dreamdo. Across the world, equity and accessibility have become two of the thorniest issues districts face as they continue to offer learning in remote and hybrid learning environments. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, some states delayed online learning because they realized all students could not access it. The NEA Foundation’s Envision Equity Grants provide educators across the nation with opportunities to lead an equity-focused reimagining of public education, encouraging students’ love of learning and the best possible educational experience for every child. Registration for the 2021–2022 season is now open for all FIRST programs—preK–grade 12. Project-based, hands-on FIRST programs introduce students to engineering and coding in an engaging, inclusive, and creative classroom or afterschool learning environment where students work collaboratively to solve an annual robotics challenge.

<urn:uuid:3139b8d4-c45b-4bba-a366-e9e9ba7c8214>

1.Competition and lectures Two common types of training are training and lectures in the workplace, although little research is available. It's usually impossible to teach anyone everything she needs to know at a place away from the workplace. Thus, training at the workplace often adds other forms of training, such as a classroom or on-site training; but workout training is often the only training. It is usually informal, which means that the coach is not focused on the training as much as it should and the coach may not have a well-defined picture of what the novice needs to learn. Training is not effective when used to prevent training, although it can be an effective part of well-coordinated training. Lectures are used for low cost and their ability to reach many. Lectures that use one-sided communication in contrast to interactive learning methods are widely criticized as a training tool. 2. Programming Instructions (PI) These devices display systematic information to the student and provide feedback; They use a correspondent to promote appropriate responses. When PI was originally developed in 1950, it was considered useful only for the basic elements. Today, the method is used for talent as diverse as air traffic control, drawing games and tax return analysis. 3. Computer Support (CAI) With CAI, students can learn at their own pace, like with PI. Because the student is connected to the computer, many people are considered to be dynamic learning units. Educational options can be quickly chosen to suit the student's abilities and continuous monitoring of results. As instructed, data is collected to monitor and improve performance. 4. Audiovisual Techniques Both TV shows and movies increase the number of talent that can be taught and how information can be introduced. Many systems have electronic blackboard and slides. Using methods that combine audiovisual media, such as closed TV and phone, have closed new ideas for this type of training, communications The operation on "Sesame Street" shows the design and evaluation of one of the favorite TV programs as a training device. Training Replicas Repeat the essential characteristics of the real world necessary to produce both learning and transfer of new knowledge and skills to application settings. Both machines and other simulators exist. Robots often have considerable degrees. physical loyalty; That means they represent real home appliances. The main objective of simulation, however, is to provide psychological assurance, which is to recreate in training the processes that will be required at work. We look forward to a variety of reasons, including managing a training environment, for security, promoting feedback and other study policies and reducing costs. 6. Business Games They are direct offspring of war games that have been used to train officers in combat methods for hundreds of years. Almost all early commercial cars were designed to teach basic business skills, but in recent games there are also human skills. Monopoly could be considered a Chinese business game for young capitalists. It's probably the first place, the teens learned the words, taxes and prison.

<urn:uuid:28994110-2694-4927-bed9-9572d629dc9b>

Glossary of micro test IV Hackney Other Decks By This User - identify the Phylum method of transmission, and the type of disease caused by each of the following: (Trypanosoma gambiense) - transmitted by bite of tsetse fly trypanosomes move from blood to CNS. Trypanosomes cause African sleeping sickness. - Balantidium coli - cyst transmitted by fecal-oral transmission. Trophozoits feed on lining of colon causing dysentery - Entameba histolytica - cyst transmitted by facal-oral route trophozoites feed on lining of intestine may invade and damage liver cyst develope and pass out host's feces. - Giardia lamblia - cysts transmitted in water adults adhere to lining of s. intestine blocking absorption. Causes giardiasis or hiker's diarrhea - transmitted by bite from female mosquito (Anopheles mosquito).Causes malaria: - Trypanosoma cruzi - Transmitted by the bite of the Triatomine bug "kissing bugs" trypanosomes infect blood, heart and CNS: Causes (Chagas' disease) - Toxoplasma gondii - humans infected by ingesting protozoa from cat litter or rare beef,can get it from kissing an animal that has just ingested protozoa from cat litter or something else. (Causes toxoplasmosis) congenital toxoplasmosis is greatest danger. - trichomonas vaginalis - a sexually transmitted disease:Causes infection in vagina of female and urethra of male with greenish discharge that contains trophozoits. - identify following concerning Malaria: what is the definitive host of Malaria? - The mesquito - what is the intermediate host of Malaria? - The human - what is the cause of the fever and chills in Malaria? - The lysing of all infected RBC releasing merozoites all at once. - what are sporozoites? - the form that the protozoa takes when it enter the human through the mesquitos saliva. - what are gametocytes? - gametocytes are what some of the merozoites develope into. - What Kingdom contains the protozoa? - what two modes of nutrition are utilized by protozoa? - absorption and ingestion. - feeding and reproducing stage - sexually transmitted disease - thick-walled stage - fecal-oral transmission? - pathogens ingested by food or water. - definitive host? - contains mature forms with site for sexual reproduction. - intermediate host? - contains immature forms with only asexual reproduction - A thin layer supporting cell membrane in Protozoa allowing it to hold it's shape (ridgid protein layer) - List the four major Phyla of Protozoa and the type of motility found in each - Phylum Rizopoda: (pseudopods) - Which of the four phyla contain members that have a macronucleus & a micronucleus? - Phylum Ciliophora: - Which of the four phyla contain members lack a mitochondria? - Phylum Archaezoa: - Which of the four phyla contain members are all parasitic? - Phylum Apicomplexa: - Which of the four phyla contain members have the most complex structure? - Phylum Ciliophora: - Which of the four phyla contain members are capable of phagocytosis? - Phylum Apicomplexa: - What causes the Chagas disease and how does infection spread? Also, where is it found? - Trypanosoma cruzu transmited by the bite of Triatomine bug (kissing bug)and trypanosomes infect blood,heart, and CNS. It is found in cracks and holes in substandard housing from the southern United States to southern Argentina. - What is Helminths? - macroscopic parasites that can and do invade humans. - What are the two Phyla Helminths? - Phylum platyhelminthes-flat worms: Phylum Nematoda-round worms: - what are the characteristics of Platyhelminthes? - 1.bodies flattened dorsoventrally: 2.bodies covered by protective acellular cuticle: 3.most are monecious (hermaphroditic)each adult contains both ovaries and testes: 4.suckers for attachment to host: - name two groups of Platyhelminthes. - 1.Flukes (trematodes) - what is the life cycle of the Clonorchis sinensis? - eggs are eaten by snail then ciliated miracidia develop in snail then asexual multiplication in snail produces other larval stages then tadpole-like larvae called cercariae leave snail and burrow into fish then encysted larvae called metacercariae develope in fish then humans eat raw or poorly cooked fish with larvae then larvae migrate to bile ducts and mature. - what is the life cycle of the Taenia saginata? - with the beef tape worm adult attaches to lining of s. intestine then gravid proglottids pass out in feces then feces deposited on ground and cow eats proglottid or fertilized eggs then cystercercus larvae (bladderworms) develope in muscle of cow then rare beef with larvae eaten by human and stomach acid causes scolex to evert and attach to s. intestine then adults develope in the s. intestine. - What is Taenia solium? - pork tapeworm: - what is the Echinococcus granulosis and what are its definitive host and intermediate host? Also, what may be the treatment? - hydatid tapeworm: definitive host is wolf,or dog contains small adult worms: intermediate host is sheep, deer,or human large hydatid cysts in liver or lungs humans ingest eggs on contaminated hands or in saliva: treatment may be surgical removal. - what are the characteristics of the Nematodes? - 1.cylindrical bodies: 2.bodies covered by acellular cuticle 4.complete digestive tract 5.sexual dimorphism females are larger and their distal end goes out but with males they are smaller and their distal end curves. - male and female sex organs in the same body - WHAT IS APC? - this presents antigen to B cell able to respond. - enzymes in saliva and tears that kills Gram + bacteria. - what is a physical barrier that most pathogens can't go through? - what moves microbes out with mucus in lining of Trachea? - ciliary escalator: - What are Nonspefic defenses? - produces same response regardless of pathogen. - Specific Defences? - response is different with each pathogen involves immune responses: - infestation of humans: - what is Schistosoma? - blood flukes: - What is the Anatomy of an Adult Tapeworm? - Scolex=rounded end with suckers and some species have hooks for attachment: Neck=short section distal to scolex site of asexual budding producing sections called proglottids: Strobia=comprised of all proglottids: over 20" long in (some species): Strobila=1.immature proglottids-nearest neck with no mature ovaries or testes.2.mature proglottids-sperm testes fertilze eggs from ovaries.3.gravid proglottids-expanded uterus filled with fertilized eggs proglottids pass out in host's feces. - male and female adults: (two houses) - mononuclear phagocytic system: - what is adhere? - effective contact between phagocyte and microbe: - what are opsonins? - what is phagolysosome? - it is a larger sac than the pseudopods: - what are the most important Nonspecific Defenses phagocytes in the blood? - what are phagocytes? - cells that engulf and destroy microbes: - what are the cardinal signs of inflammation? - what is found in the lysosomes? - they contain enzymes capable of breaking down pathogens: - what happens when lysosomes fuse with phagosomes? - they form a larger sac called phagolysosomes: - if a pathogen survives inside a pathocytic cell and forms an entracellular parasite, what kind of treatment is nessesary? treatment - you have to get the antibiotic into your body fluids and you have to get the antibiotic inside the phagocytic cells where they are multiplying: - the evidence of phagocytosis is the collection of fluid containing white blood cells. what is this called? - tipically there is tissue damage either because of injury or the activity of the phagocytic cells in the area. what are we talking about? - what is parenchyma? - functional cells, and these produce reconstruction of tissue. - what is stroma? - supporting tissue that produces scar tissue. - what is the best stroma or parenchyma? - parenchyma: because these are functional cell and the stroma are not the same as the original functional cells. - what is a body-wide Nonspecific event? - a fever: - what are the benifits of a fever below 102.0? - 1.inhibits multiplication of pathogens. 2.intensifies action of interferons. 3.speeds up tissue repair. - what are the dangers of a high fever? - 1.fear of convulsions 2.posibility of neurological damage. - what are pyrogens? - are fever causing proteins that act on the thermostat and are actually components of pathogens. - what is antipyretic? - asprin, Tylenol, etc. - a type of antigens antibody reaction is when the antigens are low. what happens when the antigens are low? - antibodies combine with large antigens resulting in clumping of red blood cells this is called (Agglutination): - what removes damaging effects of toxins? - Toxin neutralization: - what is called when soluble antigens are converted to insoluble forms? - what is it called when antibodies combine with sites on viruses blocking attachment and infection? - Virus Neutralization: - what is it called when antibodies coat microbes while enhancing phagocytosis? - what are microbes that are normally found on the body and in the body called? - Normal Flora: - what is the action of Normal Flora? - 1.compete with pathogens for space and nutrients. 2.make local enviroment unfavorable for pathogens 3.produce chemicals that kill or inhibit pathogens.(microbial antagonism) - what are parts of microbes? - antigens: microbes are made up of many antigens. - what involves immune responses to antigens? - Specific Defenses: - what are molecules that trigger immune responses? - what are the areas of the antigen that produces immune response? - antigenic determinants: (epitopes) - what produces microsopic larvae (microfilariae) transmitted by arthropods? - Filarial worms: - what are Arthropod? Name two groups. - invertebrates with jointed legs:1.arachnids are animals with 4 pair of legs including spiders, mites, and ticks 2.insects are animals with 3 pairs of legs including bees, flies, and lice. - name sone of the harmful activities of Arthropods. - 1.vectors-transmit pathogens to humans. 2.some are hosts for pathogens. 3.some produce infestations; example=chiggers and scabies: 4.some produce toxins and serious allergic reactions. - mucous membranes line open we have open body cavities that secrete mucus which works like fly paper entrapping microbes: name these cavities: - 1.digestive track - invasion of human host by macroscopic parasites such s helmiths. - what is a clonal selection? - a specific antigen with B or T cell responses, mitosis takes place producing clones of B and T cells. - what is apotosis? - death of B or T cells when their not exsposed to antigens. - what is a monomer? - four polypeptide chains, (2 heavy chains with 400 amino acids) and (2 light chains 200 amino acids). - areaa of antigen that produce immune response? - antigenic determinants. You must Login or Register to add cards

<urn:uuid:8ab40811-b60f-4cff-8baa-4d6886789269>

Immediately after the peace of 1763 all the French forts in the west as far as Green Bay were garrisoned with English troops; and the Indians now began to realize, but too late, what they had long apprehended the selfish designs of both French and English threatening destruction, if not utter annihilation, to their entire race. These apprehensions brought upon the theatre of Indian warfare, at that period of time, the most remarkable Indian in the annals of history, Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawa’s and the principal sachem of the Algonquin Confederacy. He was not only distinguished for his noble and manly form, commanding address and proud demeanor, but also for his lofty courage, winning manners and a pointed and vigorous eloquence, which won the respect and confidence of all Indians, and made him a marked example of that grandeur and sublimity of character so often found among his so greatly miscomprehended race. Pontiac had closely watched the slowly advancing power of the English, and their haughty and defiant encroachments upon the territories of his own people and his entire race. When he was informed of the approach of Major Rogers with a company of English soldiers into his country, the indignation of the forest hero was roused to its highest pitch; and at once he sent a messenger to Rogers, who met him on the 7th of November, 1763, with a request to halt until Pontiac, the chief of the Nation, should arrive, then on his way. As soon as Pontiac came up he boldly demanded of Rogers his business and why he had come with his soldiers into the Ottawa country unsolicited? To which Rogers replied; He had no evil designs against his people, or any of his race; his only object in coming was to remove the French from the country who pretended a mutual friendship and trade between his people and the English. The next morning, after smoking by turns the pipe of peace, Pontiac told Rogers that he would protect him and his party from the attack of his warriors who were already collected at the mouth of Detroit River to stop his further progress. Major Rogers having arrived unmolested at Detroit, he at once entered into friendly negotiations with many of the neighboring tribes; after which he left Captain Campbell in charge of the fort and departed on the 21st of December for Pittsburgh. The Indians, throughout the whole of the country formerly occupied by the French, regarded the arrogant English as intruders, and were indignant at the incomprehensible exchange without a voice in the matter; and the smile that might have been observed playing around the mouth of Pontiac when he first met Rogers and his soldiers on the shores of Lake Erie, but concealed the deep cherished hatred he entertained for the English, even as the rays of the setting sun. Bedazzle the thundercloud in the far distant east; as he had only made professions of friendship as a matter of national policy, that he might gain time to mature his plans for the defense of his people and race against the destruction that seemed approaching. Truly, the far-sighted statesmanship evinced in his plans far affecting the expulsion of the English, their assumed friends but deadly foes, and thereby the preservation also of his people and race, proved his possession of an extraordinary courage, and energy of the highest order. His plan was a sudden and contemporaneous attack upon all the English ports everywhere in the Indian territories west of the Alleghany mountains at St. Joseph, Green Bay, Ouiateon, Detroit, Michilimackinac, Maumee, Sandusky, Niagara, Presque Isle, LeBoeuf, Venango and Pittsburgh; the last four mentioned being in Western Pennsylvania. Could the attack be simultaneous, and every English fort upon a line of many hundreds of miles be destroyed upon the same day, no one would be able to give assistance to the other; while, at the same time, the failure of one attacking party would have no deleterious effect upon the other. Thus the war might begin and end in the same day, and the Indians would again be free and in the possessions and enjoyment of the land of their ancestors. Pontiac first laid his plans before his own people, the Ottawa’s, who at once embraced his propositions and gladly entered into his plans. He then called for a great council of all the tribes to be held at a designated point on the Aux Ecarces River. They responded to the call of the mighty Ottawa, whose name was known far and wide; and it was an assemblage vast of unvarnished, un-panoplied men consulting upon plans for mutual protection against a fearful foe threatening their destruction. Then and there was heard the untaught eloquence of natures orator, the great Pontiac, who in strains of wild eloquence appealed to his hearers’ fears and hopes, their patriotism, their love of freedom and hatred of the English, their oppressors and destroyers; then to their superstitions, by relating a dream in which he told them the Great Spirit (whom all Indians held in great reverence unsurpassed by any nation of people on earth) had revealed to a Delaware prophet the path his red children should pursue; and concluded in a wild tone of voice: “Why, why, said the Great Spirit, angrily to the Delaware prophet, why do you permit those dogs in red clothes to come into your country and rob you of the land and homes I have given you? Drive them back whence they came. If you need assistance, I will help you.” That was enough. The dawn of the morn of their liberation seemed gloriously appearing in the East. With Pontiac at their head a host within himself and the Great Spirit‘s promised assistance, failure in the great undertaking was impossible. The footprints of the foreign intruder and oppressor were soon to be seen no more upon their soil, and again they were to be free. A plan of action was adopted at once and far and wide, even to the borders of North Carolina, the tribes laid aside their former feuds, became friends and joined the league in common and united effort to rid their common country of its foreign enemies whom they had ignorantly embraced as friends but to find them foes. Silently and unobserved gathered the clouds of the approaching tempest, while the quiet or fancied security rested upon all. The traders, as usual, traveled from village to village; the idle soldiers dozed away the day in dreamy thoughtlessness and all was calm life; yet unseen, journeyed bands of Red Men through the deep solitudes of the forests, until every English fort was hemmed in by mingled warriors. The day came, and first the traders everywhere were slain. Then every English fort west of the Alleghany Mountains was at once destroyed through the preconceived and prearranged plans of the mastermind of Pontiac, except four, Detroit, Bedford, Ligonier and Pitt. Detroit was the most important situation to be taken, since, if captured, it would enable the Indians to unite their hitherto separate lines of operation, above and below; there fore, Pontiac, in person, undertook its capture with his own Ottawa warriors. The garrison numbered one hundred and thirty, with forty or fifty traders in the village. On the 8th of May 1760, Pontiac, with about three hundred warriors, appeared before the gates of the fort, and solicited an interview with the commanding officer, Major Gladwyn; but, alas, for the hopes of Pontiac! A few days before an Indian woman had betrayed the secret to Major Gladwyn, and Pontiac found all on their guard and prepared for an attack. Yet he delayed not, but made a bold attack upon the fort, and adopted every means his ingenuity could suggest destroying it; but after a siege of several weeks he withdrew, having learned of the approach of re-enforcements for the fort. Thus Detroit was saved by the treachery of one of his own race, and Pontiac’s hopes utterly thwarted; and also, as if by miracle, the three above mentioned forts escaped destruction. The noble, sagacious and patriotic Pontiac afterwards fell by the hand of a traitor and assassin, and with his death perished the last hope of the western Indians, who were soon, conquered and humiliated. Ill-fated race! Who but must sympathize with you in your misfortunes.

<urn:uuid:9b14a673-2e12-449e-945d-0e640269f0ab>

Gaelic, otherwise known as Early Modern Irish, was used in Ireland from around the year 1200 until the 18th century. It is from this language that we found the first references to the name Cancannon as O Concheanainn, possibly meaning "fair headed hound." The family descends from Cuceannan, who was killed in 991. Another reference, claims that the surname could have been derived from MacConceannain, and in this case it was derived from the Irish "conn," a man's personal name + "gan," which means without + "an," which means a "lie," collectively meaning "Conn the speaker of truth." CITATION[CLOSE] O'Hart, John, Irish Pedigrees 5th Edition in 2 Volumes. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1976. Print. (ISBN 0-8063-0737-4) Early Origins of the Cancannon family The surname Cancannon was first found in Galway (Irish: Gaillimh) part of the province of Connacht , located on the west coast of the Island, and Roscommon where they claim descent from the Heremon kings, from the Ui Bruin and more specifically they were derived from Dermot, brother of Murias the 29th King of Connacht who was alive in the 9th century. They claim descendancy from the O'Connors, hence the similarity of the Coat of Arms which both depict a tree at the center point. Early History of the Cancannon family This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Cancannon research.Another 163 words (12 lines of text) covering the years 1640, 1690, 1749, 1732 and 1748 are included under the topic Early Cancannon History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Cancannon Spelling Variations Within the archives researched, many different spelling variations of the surname Cancannon were found. These included One reason for the many variations is that scribes and church officials often spelled an individual's name as it sounded. This imprecise method often led to many versions. Concannon, O'Concannon, Cancannon, Concanon, Cancanon, O'Concanon, Connon and many more. Early Notables of the Cancannon family (pre 1700) Another 43 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Cancannon Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Migration of the Cancannon family to the New World and Oceana During the 19th century thousands of impoverished Irish families made the long journey to British North America and the United States. These people were leaving a land that had become beset with poverty, lack of opportunity, and hunger. In North America, they hoped to find land, work, and political and religious freedoms. Although the majority of the immigrants that survived the long sea passage did make these discoveries, it was not without much perseverance and hard work: by the mid-19th century land suitable for agriculture was short supply, especially in British North America, in the east; the work available was generally low paying and physically taxing construction or factory work; and the English stereotypes concerning the Irish, although less frequent and vehement, were, nevertheless, present in the land of freedom, liberty, and equality for all men. The largest influx of Irish settlers occurred with Great Potato Famine during the late 1840s. Research into passenger and immigration lists has brought forth evidence of the early members of the Cancannon family in North America: Cancannon Settlers in United States in the 19th Century - Patrick Cancannon, who arrived in New York State in 1811 - Patrick Cancannon, who landed in New York, NY in 1811 CITATION[CLOSE] Filby, P. William, Meyer, Mary K., Passenger and immigration lists index : a guide to published arrival records of about 500,000 passengers who came to the United States and Canada in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. 1982-1985 Cumulated Supplements in Four Volumes Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1985, Print (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8) The Cancannon Motto The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto. Motto Translation: Wisdom without blemish.

<urn:uuid:c4e9253d-dc9a-461d-aa19-588c699853fa>

in Hartford, Connecticut, is the oldest continuously operated public art museum in the United States. Founded by Daniel Wadsworth in 1842, and opened in 1844, it originally housed a gallery of fine arts, the Connecticut Historical Society, and the Young Men's Institute (which later became the Hartford Public Library). Its early art collection included Wadsworth's gift of paintings commissioned from leading artists of the Hudson River School, the collection of the American Academy of Fine Arts acquired for the museum in 1844, as well as history paintings, portraits, and sculpture. Twenty years later, the Watkinson Library of reference opened to the public in an addition to the Wadsworth building. In 1893 the renovated and expanded Atheneum reopened after the museum's first fundraising campaign. Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt, widow of the firearms manufacturer Samuel Colt, bequeathed her collection of paintings, decorative arts, and firearms to the museum in 1905, with funds to erect the Colt Memorial wing. Two years later, financier J. Pierpont Morgan proposed building another wing, the Junius Spencer Morgan Memorial, in memory of his father. The Colt and Morgan wings were opened separately in 1910. In 1917, J.P. Morgan Jr. presented the museum with over a thousand objects from his father's collections. A decade later Morgan gave the Atheneum the Wallace Nutting collection of seventeenth-century American furniture and decorative arts, the largest of its kind. With the appointment of A. Everett Austin Jr. as director in 1927, the Atheneum began to develop its large collection of European paintings and twentieth-century masterpieces. The performing arts were added to the museum's programs in 1934 with the building of the Samuel Putnam Avery Memorial wing, which included a fully equipped theater. Since that time, the Atheneum has continued to expand its collections and activities in many areas, including the establishment of the influential MATRIX program of contemporary exhibitions in 1975; the acquisition of the Austin House in 1985, a National Historic Landmark; and the creation of a department of African American art in 1989. The Wadsworth Atheneum has a representative collection of American folk art, including regional New England and Connecticut portraits by Ralph Earl, Simon Fitch, Joseph Steward, Joseph Whiting Stock, Ruth Whittier Shute, and Samuel Addison Shute, among many others. During the 1930s and 1940s, the museum acquired a number of private collections of maritime art, including models and paintings of ships, scrimshaw, portraits of sea captains, and whaling logs. Many of these objects have regional associations to ports on the Connecticut River. In addition, between 1957 and 1960, Edith Gregor Halpert, founder of the American Folk Art Gallery in New York, gave forty folk paintings and sculptures to the Wadsworth Atheneum ranging from works by well-known artists, such Edward Hicks and William Matthew Prior, to works by unidentified painters and sculptors. The collection of American decorative arts includes folk sculpture ranging from trade signs and cigar store Indians to decoys and weathervanes. See also Ralph Earl; Edith Gregor Halpert; Edward Hicks; Maritime Folk Art; William Matthew Prior; Scrimshaw; Ruth Whittier Shute; Samuel Addison Shute; Joseph Steward; Joseph Whiting Stock. ELIZABETH MANKIN KORNHAUSER SEE SHAKER FURNITURE.

<urn:uuid:99808cda-0f39-4c6f-97d4-43cc76446694>

Across the nation, billions of dollars are spent each year on lottery tickets. Many play because they love the thrill of winning, but others do so out of desperation, believing it to be their only hope for a better life. It’s important to know the odds before playing so you can make informed decisions about your tickets. In the United States, lotteries are monopolies that are run by state governments. This allows the government to regulate the games and ensure that they are fair. The profits from these lotteries are used to fund a variety of state programs. This way, the lottery provides a unique source of revenue for state governments without increasing taxes or cutting other necessary services. As of August 2004, there were forty-four state lotteries, and most Americans live in a state that offers one. The concept of a lottery is centuries old, and it is recorded in numerous ancient documents. In fact, the Old Testament instructs Moses to take a census of the people and then draw lots to divide their land. Roman emperors also conducted lotteries to give away property and slaves. The drawing of lots to determine ownership or other rights is often associated with religious practices, and many Christians still oppose the use of lotteries. The lottery was introduced to America by the British in 1612. It was used by both public and private organizations to raise money for schools, towns, wars, and public-works projects. In colonial America, lotteries helped finance colleges, libraries, canals, and roads. Although the chances of winning a prize in a lottery are low, it’s important to remember that each ticket has an equal chance of being drawn. You can increase your chances of winning by buying more tickets and selecting random numbers rather than those with sentimental value like birthdays or anniversaries. You can also pool your money with other people to buy more tickets and improve your odds. Lottery winners tend to be lower-income, less educated, nonwhite, and male. These demographics are disproportionately represented in the group of people that buys the most lottery tickets, and they are responsible for most of the proceeds. The jackpots for lotteries are disproportionately large and are meant to attract more players. The word “lottery” comes from the Dutch noun lot, which means fate or destiny. However, the origins of lotteries may go back much further. They are thought to have been popular in Europe by the Middle Ages, with town records mentioning them as early as 1445 at Ghent, Utrecht, and Bruges. While a lot of people believe that there is a certain skill in picking the right numbers for a lottery, the truth is that there’s no such thing as a surefire way to win. Even the most seasoned lottery pros admit that their predictions are based on a combination of gut feeling and mathematical calculations. In order to truly improve your chances of winning, it’s a good idea to focus on smaller games with fewer participants, such as a state pick-3 game.

<urn:uuid:916ccec9-1607-46b8-ac8e-7a17c531b453>

On this page: - Definition of the noun tracheophyte - Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Tracheophyte - Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Tracheophyte - Photos about Tracheophyte - Video about Tracheophyte - Scrabble value of T1R1A1C3H4E1O1P3H4Y4T1E1 - Anagrams of TRACHEOPHYTE - Share this page Definition of the noun tracheophyte What does tracheophyte mean as a name of something? noun - plural: tracheophytes - green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms - lexical domain: Plants - nouns denoting plants - synonym of tracheophyte: vascular plant - more generic terms: flora / plant / plant life = a living organism lacking the power of locomotion - more specific terms: - nonflowering plant / pteridophyte = plants having vascular tissue and reproducing by spores - spermatophyte / phanerogam / seed plant = plant that reproduces by means of seeds not spores - herbaceous plant / herb = a plant lacking a permanent woody stem; many are flowering garden plants or potherbs; some having medicinal properties - halophyte = plant growing naturally in very salty soil - succulent = a plant adapted to arid conditions and characterized by fleshy water-storing tissues that act as water reservoirs - cultivar = a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation - cultivated plant = plants that are grown for their produce - weed = any plant that crowds out cultivated plants - evergreen plant / evergreen = a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year - deciduous plant = a plant having foliage that is shed annually at the end of the growing season - vine = a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface - creeper = any plant (as ivy or periwinkle) that grows by creeping - ligneous plant / woody plant = a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems - geophyte = a perennial plant that propagates by underground bulbs or tubers or corms - xerophilous plant / xerophytic plant / desert plant / xerophile / xerophyte = plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water - mesophytic plant / mesophyte = land plant growing in surroundings having an average supply of water - hydrophytic plant / aquatic plant / water plant / hydrophyte = a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth - tuberous plant = plant growing from a tuber - bulbous plant = plant growing from a bulb - cormous plant = plant growing from a corm - psilophyte = any plant of the order Psilophytales: a savannah plant - psilophyton = any plant or fossil of the genus Psilophyton - vascular system = the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids such as blood or lymph or sap through the body of an animal or plant - duct = a continuous tube formed by a row of elongated cells lacking intervening end walls - vascular tissue = tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Tracheophyte Click on a title to look inside that book (if available): by James Perry, David Morton, Joy B. Perry A tracheophyte is a plant that has (a) xylem and phloem. (b) a windpipe. (c) a trachea. (d) the gametophyte as its dominant generation. 3. Pre-Lab. Questions. 1 . The sporophyte is the dominant and. 7. The resurrection plant (a) is a species of ... A Dictionary of Science (2017) by Jonathan Law tracheophyte. Any plant that has elaborate tissues, including *vascular tissue; a conspicuous *sporophyte generation; and complex leaves with waterproof cuticles. Tracheophytes include plants of the phyla *Lycophyta, *Sphenophyta, ... by V&S Publishers' Editorial Board Tracheophyte. Any member of the clade of plants possessing vascular tissue; a vascular plant. by Scott Elias, Cary Mock The most widely available type of paleoecologicaldataispollen, which, in this discussion, also includes tracheophyte and bryophyte spores ... Higher venation densities, which occur in progressively more derived tracheophyte lineages, can gain carbon more quickly in moist habitats, where high soil moisture increases plant hydration, accelerating transpiration, canopy- level humidity, ... by Robert Hine, Daintith transduction tracheophyte /tray-kee-ŏ-fÿt/ Any plant with a differentiated vascular system; 370. IMPORTANT TRACE ELEMENTS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS Trace element Compounds containing Metabolic role copper ... by American Heritage Dictionary tracheophyte (tra'ke-a-fit') See vascular ... by John M. Lackie tracheophyte A vascular plant, a fern ( pteridophyte) or a seed plant (gymnosperm or angiosperm). keratoconjunctivitis caused by infection of the conjunctiva with Chlamydia trachomatis. Lacrimal glands and ... by Merriam-Webster, Inc tracheophyte See - vascular plant trachyandesite See -latite trachyte \'tra-,kit, 'tra-,kit\ Light-colored, very ... by Elizabeth Owen, Eve Daintith NH N HOCH 2 O H 3 C O O transfer RNA tracheophyte Any plant with a differentiated vascular system;. 224. Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Tracheophyte Click on a label to prioritize search results according to that topic: Photos about Tracheophyte If you need images about Tracheophyte for an article or a report, you can download stock photos at a very small price: Video about Tracheophyte Video shows what tracheophyte means. Any plant possessing vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), including ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.. tracheophyte ... Scrabble value of T1R1A1C3H4E1O1P3H4Y4T1E1 The value of this 12-letter word is 25 points, but it's not an accepted word in the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary. Anagrams of TRACHEOPHYTE What do you get if you rearrange the letters? See also the blanagrams of Tracheophyte! Share this page Go to the thesaurus of Tracheophyte to find many related words and phrases!

<urn:uuid:cc06a126-9a39-43be-ad39-ea638e0d8314>

1913 – St. Colman’s Cathedral, Cobh, Co. Cork Designed by Edward W. Pugin and George Ashlin, this magnificent cathedral, which dominates Cork Harbour from land and sea, took 47 years to build, and was completed in 1915. Edward Welby Pugin was the eldest son of Augustus W.N. Pugin, a famous architect & designer of Gothic architecture. After his father’s death in 1852 Edward Pugin took over his father’s successful architecture practice. At the time of his own early death in 1875, Pugin had designed and completed more than 100 Roman Catholic churches. He designed churches and Cathedrals primarily in the U.K and Ireland. “IN our number for October 15th, 1868, we gave an account of the laying of the first stone of this important church. We find the following particulars in acircular issued by the bishop of the diocese, from which it will be seen that the contract for the erection of the cathedral has been given to Mr. Michael Meade, Great Brunswick-street. It appears that steps were taken to collect funds as far back as ten years ago, and up to September last the sum of £15,000 had been collected. The circular then goes on to state what has been done :The site of the old chapel was to be the site of the new cathedral. A more beautiful or a more convenient site could not, after the closest inquiry, be found. It is nearly central from west to east, and from north to south; and it is so elevated that the church will he visible from every part of the harbour. It had two disadvantages. It was too short, and at one end it was too narrow. With all the ground that could be taken from the yard and presbytery, there could be space for a building only about 140 feet long by between 70 and 80 feet broad. To add to the length, two houses on the terrace next to, and on a line with, the presbytery were purchased and taken down; to widen the front to the required breadth, the road was changed; and the ground thus gained is now enclosed within the foundation walls of the church, which can therefore have the more symmetrical proportions of fully 190 feet long in the clear, of over 70 feet broad for nave and aisles, and of nearly 110 feet in the transepts, with full room for the towel and spire at the front southern angle, and sufficient elevation throughout for the clerestory. Yet the site is so limited that during the erection of the new church, the old building could not be retained. It became unavoidably necessary to provide a temporary chapel for the parishioners; and that the outlay may not be lost, the house prepared for this purpose was so constructed that, on ceasing to be necessary as a chapel when the new church is opened, it can at a small expense be converted into Christian Brothers schools, which will be large enough for the accommodation of seven hundred pupils. The widening of the road in front required a large expenditure, inasmuch as it could not be effected without a high, long, and thick wall of solid mason work. But the most costly undertaking as yet has been the foundation. The site is on a sloping rock, on the southern side of which it was necessary in some parts to sink 24 feet below the level of the future floor of the church, while in other parts a firm bottom was found at a depth of only 4 feet. The cost of these excavations and of heavy massive foundation walls to be raised all around to the uniform level of the cathedral floor, could be so little calculated on beforehand, that the church committee, guided by the best advice they could have, decided on doing this part of the work on their own responsibility, and on asking the competing contractors to start from this level in making their estimates. As we write these lines, the foundation walls all round are within a few inches of the intended level. The outlay on the temporary chapel and its fittings, on the purchase of the terrace houses, on clearing away the old buildings, on widening the road, and on preparing the foundations, has taken more than half the £15,000 already mentioned. In a few weeks the committee will be prepared to invite the contractor to enter on the works. The material used in the foundation walls has been of the very best kind. From the floor level to roof of aisles and nave, the walls throughout the whole building, with the exception of buttresses and window dressings, are to be faced, as recommended by the architects, with granite; and the interior is to be lined with Bath stone. By the terms of his contract, the builder will be bound to have the church covered in, floored, seated, and fitted up at the end of three years, that is, in March, 1872.[We understand the amount of the contract is about £29,000.]” Taken from Irish Builder, Vol. XI, 1869, p.36

<urn:uuid:c24dcb6f-7440-49c4-965b-932361d46444>

Holding Their Breath While Yearning to Breathe Free: Immigrant Hardships During Ocean Voyages to America O voyagers, O seamen, You who came to port, and you whose bodies Will suffer the trial and judgement of the sea… ~T.S. Eliot., The Dry Salvages (No. 3 of Four Quartets) In 1913 my maternal grandmother, Katarzyna Tymeczko, by herself at age 17, journeyed for ten days aboard the steamship SS George Washington. Arriving on 10 June 1913 in New York Harbor at Ellis Island, she completed her unique transplanting of generations of Polish and Ukrainian culture into the American experiment. Over the years of her long life in Youngstown, no one thought to ask her about her voyage. What did you eat? Where did you sleep? Did you get sick? Were you afraid? She died when I was a young boy, so I never had a chance to ask her any of these or other questions. Indeed, I wouldn’t have been thinking about these things at age seven. Her amazing kolacz would have been on my mind. Because none of the family elders recalled grandma ever talking about it (and they didn’t think to ask her), I set out to learn all I could about the experiences of immigrants during their early 20th century journeys to our shores. What I found was both interesting and upsetting. We all know that being an immigrant was, and continues to be, quite challenging upon that first step onto U.S. soil. From my research, though, I learned that the challenges related to immigration began far away from our shores. Just think of the clash of emotions and realities faced by our ancestors as they sailed: the desire to forge a new life; to escape despotism, famine, and war; the opportunity to own property; the joy of joining family and former countrymen. And on board many sailing vessels and steamships; fear, poor conditions, sickness, and abuse. The hope and hazard of America, stretched out upon the ocean. The following is a sampling of sources that you can use to begin learning about the periods in history when many of our ancestors came to these shores. In addition to these, check out the library’s genealogy and local history page to view and use the many online tools for locating immigration records. - The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation offers an “Immigration Timeline” that describes the journey to America and how it changed over time. The Foundation also features an Oral History Collection that provides first-hand recollections of immigrants who passed through the Ellis Island immigration station between 1892 and 1954, and the employees who worked there. - History Channel’s U.S. Immigration Timeline discusses the attitudes and laws surrounding U.S. immigration that reveal the longstanding American personality of vacillation: welcoming immigrants and restricting their access. - The Smithsonian National Museum of American History has an online exhibit called On the Water. See especially the 5th exhibit, called Ocean Crossings. - The Gjenvick-Gjønvik (GG) Archives is a social and cultural history archive with many collections including primary source documents on steamships, ocean liners, and more. See especially, Daily Life Aboard a Steamship, and steerage details. - Among the many resources available through the National Archives is the famed Prologue Magazine. Here, you can search the database for interesting articles. - The conditions aboard incoming ships to American harbors and ports has long been a concern and interest of the federal government. Over time several laws were enacted to ensure that regulations were being followed and conditions were meeting legal standards. An Act of Congress in 1907 established an Immigration Commission to investigate and verify compliance with U.S. laws. In a fascinating investigative maneuver, federal agents, in the guise of immigrants, traveled in the steerage of 12 trans-Atlantic ships belonging to steamship ocean liners conducting immigrant transportation. Again, Steerage conditions were of particular concern, and in 1909 the Commission presented a report to the U.S. Senate regarding their findings. See this 1911 reprint of the Reports of the Immigration Commission, particularly the section titled “Steerage Conditions.” Disgusting and demoralizing conditions persisted, despite attempts to ameliorate the “standard practices” of shipping companies. I wonder, grandma, what you experienced?

<urn:uuid:da7c76a0-20fa-4b80-855b-5c202b15a563>

"Fortifications of Immense Strength" During the Civil War, two railroads—the Manassas Gap and the Orange and Alexandria—intersected here. Manassas Junction was strategically important to both the Union and the Confederacy as a supply depot and for military transportation. Two of the war's great battles were fought nearby. Diaries, letters, and newspaper articles documented the war's effects on civilians as well as the thousand of soldiers who passed through the junction. Early in May 1861, Col. Philip St. George Cocke arrived here to refine plans for the fortification of Manassas Junction, which had already begun. Confederate president Jefferson Davis had directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, the "Hero of Fort Sumter," to take command of the forces here and direct the construction of the fortifications. In three months, thirteen earthwork forts, numerous rifle pits, and a network of connecting trenches were built to protect the railroad and the army's base surrounding the junction. "Spades and pickaxes [were] so disgustinglyplentiful that the mere sight of them was enough to send men to the hospital." —Diaryof Henry C. Monier, 10th Louisiana Infantry "I frequently strolled down to the Junction, to watch the progress of our preparations. A large redoubt about half a mile long, and a quarter wide had been erected. It was at least ten feet high, and as many wide on top, with a large ditch in front. ... There were several smaller batteries placed in front on elevations, and the works altogether seemed formidable enough o protect the depot and stores, should the enemy penetrate so far." —"An English Combatant" describing Manassas Junction about June 1861 "The sound of the spade and axe handled by individuals who never before dreamed of becoming experienced in an art so extremely fatiguing and unprofitable. Among those becoming experienced in the use of the spade you might find your humble sevt." —Letter, Charles I. Batchelor, Atchafalaya Guard, Louisiana. to Albert Batchelor, Oct. 10, 1861

<urn:uuid:f9a53b1c-3e84-4a6e-ac8d-f04b5fde31b0>

Views: 56 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-07-05 Origin: Site Environmental elements have two meanings: one is the environment in which interior decoration fabrics are located, and the other is the role of interior decoration fabrics in the environment. The "shape" and "color" of the indoor environment directly stimulate people's visual senses, thereby causing people to produce physiological and psychological reactions. People need different physical and psychological needs in different places, which requires the environment to be decorated with different patterns and colors. Family bedrooms and hotel rooms generally require a warm and cordial atmosphere. Therefore, the pattern theme is suitable for flowers and natural scenery, and the expression techniques are delicate and soft, and the colors are also gentle and coordinated; and the stage, singing and dancing and other entertainment venues , The pattern performance can be exaggerated, and the color can be jumped a little to express a joyful and enthusiastic atmosphere; the drawing room, meeting room, and film and television hall require the use of patterns and colors to make the environment wide, tall, comfortable and peaceful. ; Travel tools (buses, cabins, airplane cabins, etc.) should give people a sense of balance, safety and comfort. Various types of decorative fabrics play different roles in the indoor environment, their decorative positions, and their use methods and forms are also very different. Therefore, they have different requirements for pattern color design. For example, curtains like hanging curtains do not occupy a large proportion indoors, and their patterns and colors do not constitute the main body of the environment, but because the window is the junction of indoor and outdoor, it can often form a visual focus of the room, so curtain decoration Status is very important. At the same time, the curtains are hung vertically, and the height, breadth and stability of the pattern and color should be considered. Good curtain pattern design and color configuration can make the interior produce a beautiful landscape, just like a beautiful mural; carpets are tiled in halls and interiors, and generally have a large area. The overall effect of its decoration should be "stable" "Reality" gives people a down-to-earth and stable feeling. Patterns require regularity in changes. The colors are mostly based on dark colors. Interior decoration is often based on the decorative style of the wall. Walls generally pay attention to the effects of bright and clean, high and stable; because small furniture such as sofas, chairs, cushions and other small furniture have the characteristics of small size, multi-directional three-dimensional modeling, and movable positions at any time, the decoration fabrics of this type of furniture are mainly decorated. It is the starting point to embellish the environment and activate the indoor atmosphere. The composition and color can be bold; the bedroom is the most humane place. The textile on the bed plays the leading role in the bedroom, which can create a warm and amiable atmosphere, and special attention should be paid Regional customs and overall supporting requirements.

<urn:uuid:1b842207-ac5b-4f61-b41f-dab4b745076e>

By NewsDesk @infectiousdiseasenews The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a travel notice this week concerning travel to Africa due to measles outbreaks in more than a dozen countries. Measles outbreaks are reported in the following countries: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria and South Sudan. Health authorities say all travelers to Africa, including infants and pre-school aged children, should be fully protected against measles. Be sure that you and your travel companions (infants 6 months of age and older, children, and adults) are fully protected against measles before any overseas travel. Vaccination with a measles-containing vaccine is the best way to make sure that you are protected. There are two measles-containing vaccines available in the United States: measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) for those aged 6 months and older, and measles, mumps, rubella & varicella (MMRV) vaccine for children aged 1 through 12 years. If you are 12 months of age or older you need two doses of measles vaccine to be fully protected. Infants 6 through 11 months of age should receive one dose of vaccine, though this dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. You are also protected if you have laboratory confirmation of a past measles infection or if you were born before 1957. - COVID-19: Patients with sleep apnea could be at additional risk - Immunosuppressive drugs for psoriasis and RA do not increase risk for COVID-19: Henry Ford study - Cholera outbreak in Ethiopia nears 15K cases - Dengue fever cases up 22% in Federal District, Brazil - Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) reported in Norway reindeer - Sudan polio outbreak now at 21 cases - Vibrio Vulnificus in Connecticut: Unusual number of infections prompt warning

<urn:uuid:6a7ecfee-76bf-4939-83cc-a2536e404125>

Every year about 2.5 million people visit public conservation lands obtained by the Southwest Florida Water Management District and its partners to protect Florida’s water resources. Balancing water needs. Protecting the environment. The District was created in 1961 by the Florida Legislature to protect the water resources of the region. The District includes roughly 10,000 square miles in all or part of 16 counties in west-central Florida that are home to a population of 4.7 million people. The boundaries of the District extend north into Levy County, south into Charlotte County and inland into Polk and Highlands counties. The region’s lands and waters are forever linked by Florida’s natural water cycles. Therefore, one of the main ways the District carries out its mission of balancing water needs and protecting the environment is by obtaining conservation lands around lakes, rivers, wetlands and estuaries. These lands serve as a natural buffer that filters out pollution from runoff before it reaches the nearest body of water. The District also buys lands to preserve and restore native Florida ecosystems that provide water resources benefits and water storage during hurricanes and other major storm events. The District’s acquisition program has primarily been funded through state programs such as Save Our Rivers, Preservation 2000 and Florida Forever. The District manages its conservation lands to maintain and protect vital water functions and natural systems, which include Florida’s unique plant and wildlife communities. Two primary management tools include mimicking the natural fire cycle that historically shaped Florida’s landscape and restoring areas that have been altered by previous activities. At any time, the public may encounter District staff using methods such as prescribed burns, mechanical mowing of vegetation, and seeding and planting of vegetation. These management techniques help to maintain healthy and abundant populations of game species, such as deer and turkey, and are important for most of Florida’s threatened and endangered species. Public Use and Recreation While District lands vary in size and terrain, they all have at least one thing in common — they provide a variety of important benefits to the water and water-related resources within west-central Florida. Nearly all these lands are available for public use and recreation. Nature-friendly activities offer an easy and fun experience while making sure the land is protected. In keeping with the purpose for which these lands were acquired, your experience will be close to nature. That means mostly unpaved roads, portable restrooms and nature’s beauty all around you. Did you know that many state and local parks and state forest areas are owned by the District? The District, in partnership with state and local governments, has developed parks with facilities such as picnic pavilions, nature trails, environmental education centers, restrooms and camping areas. The District usually provides the land and funding to build most of the facilities, while the partner provides the on-site staff to manage the parks on a daily basis.

<urn:uuid:9fc59c79-bbbc-4176-9da2-3200f8fbe7d2>

Korsakoff syndrome, also called Korsakoff psychosis, or Korsakoff disease, neurological disorder characterized by severe amnesia (memory loss). Many cases result from severe chronic alcoholism, while others are due to a variety of brain disorders, severe head injury, or a thiamine deficiency. Patients with Korsakoff syndrome typically are unable to remember events in the recent or even the immediate past, and some can store information for only a few seconds before they forget it. The patient may also have forgotten a much longer time period, extending back for as many as 20 years. Another feature that is sometimes present is confabulation; i.e., the patient recounts detailed and convincing memories of events that never happened. Korsakoff syndrome is often a transient manifestation of some other brain disorder, but some cases are chronic. In chronic alcoholism, Korsakoff syndrome may occur in combination with Wernicke disease, which results from a deficiency of thiamine and is characterized by damage to nerves in both the central and peripheral nervous system. Learn More in these related articles: …This disturbance, now called the Korsakoff syndrome, has been reported for a variety of brain disorders aside from alcoholism and appears to result from damage in a relatively localized part of the brain.Read More alcoholism: Acute diseases …It also can lead to Korsakoff syndrome, marked by irreversible loss of recent memory, with a tendency to make up for the defect by confabulation, the ready recounting of events without regard to the facts. Vitamin deficiency associated with alcoholism can also lead to polyneuropathy, a degenerative disease of the…Read More Amnesia, loss of memory occurring most often as a result of damage to the brain from trauma, stroke, Alzheimer disease, alcohol and drug toxicity, or infection. Amnesia may be anterograde, in which events following the causative trauma or disease are forgotten, or retrograde, in which events preceding the causative eventRead More Thiamin, water-soluble organic compound that is necessary for carbohydrate metabolism in both plants and animals. It carries out these functions in its active form, as a component of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate. Thiamin deficiency results in beriberi, a disease characterized by multiple neuritisRead More Alcohol consumptionAlcohol consumption, the drinking of beverages containing ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are consumed largely for their physiological and psychological effects, but theyRead More

<urn:uuid:3beeb259-98c4-4c50-b0fb-cf4f5ad89f29>

- Published on Tuesday, 07 March 2017 15:18 Pink noise, which sounds similar to white noise, is being used by carmaker Mercedes-Benz to protect hearing in the event of a car crash, reports Next Avenue citing IEEE Spectrum, a magazine focusing on engineering and applied sciences. Pink noise corresponds to sound with a broad spectrum of frequencies in which the power is inversely proportional to the frequency. To most people, pink noise is perceived as even or flat sound. Mercedes is using pink noise at about 80 dB, a non-harmful level similar to that of a dishwasher, or a freight train passing by at 15 meters away. The idea behind the pre-crash safety technology is that the vehicle will emit pink noise at this level just before an imminent car accident in order to prepare the ear for the potentially deafening noise of the crash. The burst of pink noise causes the stapedius inner-ear muscle to contract and brace the eardrum for the much louder noise expected from the crash and deployment of the airbag. Importantly, the noise from the crash can register at 145 dB, a level above that recorded when a jet aircraft takes off from an aircraft carrier. Also, the noise created by the near-instantaneous deployment of the airbag is about 165 dB, and it is estimated that 17% of people exposed to airbag deployment suffer some degree of permanent hearing loss, the article reports. Applying the muscle-reflex technology is complex because the protection from bursts of pink noise is short-lived, and higher or prolonged exposure may be damaging in and of itself. Possible areas of use, however, could include the occupational arena and the military environment. Source: Next Avenue

<urn:uuid:d5f55fef-3f3d-45cf-8ca5-abbfd770741d>

Assertiveness training is a form of cognitive restructuring designed to help people stand up for themselves—to empower themselves, in more contemporary terms. Assertiveness is a response that seeks to maintain an appropriate balance between passivity and aggression. Assertive responses promote fairness and equality in human interactions, based on a positive sense of respect for self and others. Assertiveness training has a decades-long history in mental health and personal growth groups, going back to the women’s movement of the 1970s.The approach was introduced to encourage women to stand up for themselves appropriately in their interactions with others, particularly as they moved into graduate education and the workplace in greater numbers. The original association of assertiveness training with the women’s movement in the United States grew out of the discovery of many women in the movement that they were hampered by their inability to be assertive.Today, assertiveness training is used as part of communication training in settings as diverse as schools, corporate boardrooms, and psychiatric hospitals, for programs as varied as substance abuse treatment, social skills training,vocational programs, and responding to harassment. The purpose of assertiveness training is to teach persons appropriate strategies for identifying and acting on their desires, needs, and opinions while remaining respectful of others. This form of training is tailored to the needs of specific participants and the situations they find particularly challenging. Assertiveness training is a broad approach that can be applied to many different personal, academic, health care, and work situations. Learning to communicate in a clear and honest fashion usually improves relationships within one’s life. Women in particular have often been taught to hide their real feelings and preferences, and to try to get their way by manipulation or other indirect means.Men, being taught to suppress their feelings, tend to be more aggressive and controlling. Specific areas of intervention and change in assertiveness training include communication, conflict resolution, realistic goal-setting, anger management, stress management and emotional intelligence facilitation. In addition to the emotional and psychological benefits, taking a more active approach to self-determination has been shown to have positive outcomes in many personal choices related to health, including being assertive in risky sexual situations; abstaining from using drugs or alcohol; and assuming responsibility for self-care if one has a chronic illness like diabetes or cancer. It’s not always easy to identify truly assertive behavior. This is because there is a fine line between assertiveness and aggression. So, some definitions are helpful when trying to separate the two: - Assertiveness is based on balance – it requires being forthright about your wants and needs while still considering the rights, needs, and wants of others. When you are assertive, you ask for what you want but you don’t necessarily get it. - Aggressive behavior is based on winning – it requires that you do what is in your own best interest without regard for the rights, needs, feelings or desires of others. When you are aggressive, you take what you want regardless, and you don’t usually ask. Assertiveness is not necessarily easy, but it is a skill that can be learned. Developing your assertiveness starts with a good understanding of who you are and a belief in the value you bring. When you have that, you have the basis of self-confidence. Assertiveness helps to build on that self-confidence and provides many other benefits for improving your relationships at work and in other areas of your life as well. In general, assertive people: - Get to “win-win” more easily – they see the value in their opponent and in his/her position, and can quickly find common ground. - Are better problem solvers – they feel empowered to do whatever it takes to find the best solution. - Are less stressed – they know they have personal power and they don’t feel threatened or victimized when things don’t go as planned or expected. - Are doers – they get things done because they know they can. When you act assertively you act fairly and with empathy. The power you use comes from your self-assurance and not from intimidation or bullying. When you treat others with such fairness and respect, you get that same treatment in return. You are well liked and people see you as a leader and someone they want to work with. Anger Solutions Atlanta delivers a curriculum of assertiveness training using the tools associated with anger management, stress management, communication and emotional intelligence. While some people are naturally more assertive than others, if your disposition tends more towards being either passive or aggressive, you need to work on the following skills to develop your assertiveness as taught by Anger Solutions Atlanta: Value yourself and your rights: - Understand that your rights, thoughts, feelings, needs and desires are just as important as everyone else’s. - But remember they are not more important than anyone else’s, either. - Recognise your rights and protect them. - Believe you deserve to be treated with respect and dignity at all times. - Stop apologizing for everything. Identify your needs and wants, and ask for them to be satisfied: - Don’t wait for someone to recognize what you need (you might wait forever!) - Understand that to perform to your full potential, your needs must be met. - Find ways to get your needs met without sacrificing others’ needs in the process. Acknowledge that people are responsible for their own behavior: - Don’t make the mistake of accepting responsibility for the how people react to your assertive statements (e.g. anger, resentment). You can only control yourself. - As long as you are not violating someone else’s needs, then you have the right to say or do what you want. Express negative thoughts and feelings in a healthy and positive manner: - Allow yourself to be angry, but always be respectful. - Do say what’s on your mind, but do it in a way that protects the other person’s feelings. - Control your emotions. - Stand up for yourself and confront people who challenge you and/or your rights. Receive criticism and compliments positively: - Accept compliments graciously. - Allow yourself to make mistakes and ask for help. - Accept feedback positively – be prepared to say you don’t agree but do not get defensive or angry. Learn to say “No” when you need to. This is the granddaddy of assertiveness! - Know your limits and what will cause you to feel taken advantage of. - Know that you can’t do everything or please everyone and learn to be OK with that. - Go with what is right for you. - Suggest an alternative for a win-win solution. Being assertive means knowing where the fine line is between assertion and aggression and balancing on it. It means having a strong sense of yourself and acknowledging that you deserve to get what you want. And it means standing up for yourself even in the most difficult situations. Assertiveness training is not just for passive-acting people; it is also of great use to people who are habitually aggressive towards others, as a component of a larger program of Anger Management. Passive & passive-aggressive oriented people generally feel badly about their passive position and passive-aggressive ideas & ideals; they are motivated to make changes and happy when they realize that they have a right to do so. In contrast, angry or bossy aggression-oriented people tend to be happy with their dominant position in relationships, even if they are not happy people in general. Aggressive and dominating tactics work for them (or so they think) and they are seldom motivated to change on their own. Assertiveness training makes intuitive (if frightening) sense to passive-oriented people; it seems to have little to offer to aggressive types. Therefore, assertiveness training must be supplemented with other interventions (and often serious consequences) if it is to get through to the aggressive person. Assertiveness can be learned and developed, and although it won’t happen overnight, by practicing the techniques presented here you will slowly become more confident in expressing your needs and wants. As your assertiveness improves, so will your productivity and efficiency. Start today and begin to see how being assertive allows you to work with people to accomplish tasks, solve problems, and reach solutions. Assertiveness training is all about helping people to know that there really are situations where they have a perfect right to defend themselves from bullying attempts made by others. Once people realize that it is okay, and even proper for them to stand up for themselves; to allow themselves to feel angry when they are taken advantage of, they tend to find that actually defending themselves is not so hard. Assertive behavior basically consists of the following steps: - realizing that you have been dominated, or taken advantage of - feeling the angry feelings (directed towards the dominating partner, and/or to yourself for allowing yourself to be dominated) - deciding to act to put a stop to the domination - acting on your conviction (which involves finding a way to demand your rights be respected, while also being polite and civil about it so as not to become aggressive yourself) - waiting for your dominating relationship partner to escalate his or her bad behavior, so as to put you back in line and force you to submit again and then - resisting the urge to submit again in the face of escalation. So, if you have a desire to change the way in which you communicate…or would like to change the ways in which you act… please contact Anger Solutions Atlanta today to discuss your needs and to schedule an appointment. © 2013-2018 Anger Solutions Atlanta

<urn:uuid:d9d73a5b-30bb-43f3-a658-0a81a9fafd44>

It is important to maintain both your good health and your body’s balance. Each time we get sick, a potential vulnerable spot may open in our body’s defenses. Over time cell mediated immunity may become inadequate or malfunction. This could allow multiple genetic mutations in the same location (malignant transformations) to reach cell proportions resulting in abnormal or malignant growth. The process is generally quite slow and takes many years and may take many bouts of illness to manifest itself. The objective should to maintain a well-regulated body. If we can keep our immune system functioning efficiently, minimize the frequency and severity of all illnesses, and recover quickly, we are more likely to enjoy a healthy quality of life. Staying alive and well is a very complicated task. The body contains an amazing array of systems to protect itself against invaders, called the immune system. Your immune system protects you in several ways: - By creating a barrier that prevents bacteria and viruses from entering your body. - By detecting and eliminating those bacteria or viruses that manage to get into the body, before they have a chance to reproduce and proliferate. - Eliminating those viruses or bacteria that have managed to reproduce in sufficient numbers to start causing problems. - Finding cancerous (or other unwanted cells) and eliminating them. The most obvious parts of the immune system are the barriers we can easily see — like our skin, eyes, nose, and mouth. Skin is tough and resistant to bacteria and secretes antibacterial substances. Tears and mucus contain an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of many bacteria. Saliva is also anti-bacterial. And if any microbes make it past the saliva, the acids in the stomach are the next level of protection. Most bacteria and viruses do not get through the body’s first line of defenses. But some do, and once inside the body, the immune system deals with germs and microbes on a different level – the level of attack and conquer. For most people, viral and bacterial infections are the most common causes of illness. These usually run their course until the body builds up immunity to those particular microbes and recovers. But most people are most concerned with the internal workings of the immune system. Purpose of this published study is scientific information and education, it should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease. This website is designed for general education and information purposes only and does not substitute for professional medical advice, examination, diagnosis or treatment.

<urn:uuid:cbe78bdc-33d7-4c5b-bf0f-f59b3162f36e>

মালিগন পদ্ধতি ফিজিওথেরাপি কি? The Mulligan Concept is a manual therapy approach developed by Brian Mulligan, a New Zealand physiotherapist, in the 1980s. It involves the use of sustained manual pressure and/or mobilization techniques to restore joint function and reduce pain in the musculoskeletal system. The Mulligan Concept is based on the concept of “mobilization with movement,” which means that the therapist moves the affected joint while the patient performs an active movement to enhance the range of motion and reduce pain. This technique is performed in a pain-free range of motion, with the patient providing feedback to the therapist throughout the treatment. The Mulligan Concept is used to treat a variety of conditions, including back pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, elbow pain, wrist pain, hip pain, knee pain, and ankle pain. It is also used to treat sports injuries and post-surgical rehabilitation. The Mulligan Concept is often used in combination with other manual therapy approaches, such as soft tissue mobilization and therapeutic exercise, to provide a comprehensive treatment approach for patients with musculoskeletal conditions.

<urn:uuid:5c68f9aa-7c8a-4b7b-a135-533b32cb0958>

Previously I have made artificial muscles using a 3D printer by printing molds and casting silicone in them. See here:http://www.instructables.com/id/3d-Print-An-Artifi... That is a fairly involved method and does not produce the same precision as directly 3d printing. This is a more direct method where the muscles themselves are directly 3D printed using a flexible filament called Ninjaflex. The printing pattern of a 3D filament printer leaves many microscopic holes that will not hold air pressure. So, after printing, the muscles are dip-coated in an flexible elastomeric glue to seal the holes. This allows them to hold air pressure of 22 PSI or higher. I used a Makerbot Replicator 2 to make these muscles, but other filament printers that can print Ninjaflex can be used. This is still at the early stage of experimentation, but it shows great promise for producing muscles that can replace servos and gear-motors in robots. This will make them considerably less expensive and when used in soft robots, make them more human friendly to touch and be around. A Stereo-lithography printer using flexible resins, would make it possible to produce smaller and more precise types of muscles and robot skin that a filament printer cannot. More intricate air channels and unusual shapes that do not need supports could also be printed. A flower robot like this could be printed assembled in one piece. Step 1 pic shows the flower opening when all six muscles are pressurized at 22 PSI.

<urn:uuid:f9863020-c21c-44c7-88dd-40444370f526>

Alpha thalassemia - intellectual deficit syndrome linked to chromosome 16 Tipo de test: Tiempo de espera: Alpha-thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobinopathy characterized by impaired synthesis of alpha-globin chains leading to a variable clinical picture depending on the number of affected alleles. Like other globin gene disorders, alpha-thalassemia is highly prevalent in all tropical and subtropical regions (around 1/10,000), particularly in the African equatorial belt. Intermediate and severe forms of alpha-thalassemia are very rare in North America and Northern Europe (about 1/1,000,000), and are predominantly seen in immigrant populations from South-East Asia or Mediterranean countries. The disease can be classified into clinical subtypes of increasing severity: silent alpha thalassemia, alpha thalassemia trait (or alpha thalassemia minor), hemoglobin H disease (HbH), and Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis (see these terms). A rare form called alpha-thalassemia-intellectual deficit syndrome has also been identified (see these terms). Alpha thalassemia trait causes microcytosis and hypochromia with absent or mild anemia (often detected on routine blood tests), generally with no other symptoms. HbH patients develop moderate hemolytic anemia with variable amounts of HbH along with occasionally severe splenomegaly, sometimes complicated by hypersplenism. Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis involves a severe deficiency in alpha-globin with serious developmental implications. Alpha-thalassemia-intellectual deficit syndrome is characterized by very mild to severe anemia associated with developmental abnormalities. Alpha globin synthesis is regulated by four alpha-globin genes, two on each copy of chromosome 16 (16p13.3). Alpha-thalassemia most frequently results from deletion of one or both alleles (HBA1 and HBA2). More rarely, point mutations in critical regions of these genes may cause non-deletional alpha-thalassemia. Deletions of regulatory elements located upstream of the alpha-globin genes have also been found. The severity of the clinical picture is correlated with the degree of alpha-globin chain deficiency. It has been found that interactions involving non-deletional forms lead to more severe manifestations than those involving deletional forms. Deletion of 1 allele results in the silent form, 2 alleles in alpha-thalassemia trait, and 3 alleles in HbH. Diagnosis is based on hematologic testing of red blood cell (RBC) indices, peripheral blood smear, supravital stain to detect RBC inclusion bodies, and qualitative and quantitative hemoglobin analysis. Confirmation of diagnosis is based on molecular genetic testing. Differential diagnosis should include iron deficiency anemia and defects in heme synthesis. An acquired form known as alpha-thalassemia-myelodysplastic syndrome (ATMDS; see this term) has been described mainly in adult males and should also be considered. It is characterized by myelodysplasia (MD) associated with HbH. Prenatal diagnosis should be made available for pregnancies at risk for Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis or severe forms of HbH disease. Alpha-thalassemia is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner. Genetic counseling can be offered but may be complex due to the large number of alleles and mutations involved. Patients with silent alpha-thalassemia or thalassemia trait do not require treatment. Specific treatment is however required for other forms of the disease and may include occasional red blood cell transfusions, iron chelation, and other supportive measures. The prognosis for carriers of silent alpha-thalassemia or alpha-thalassemia trait is very good. Neonates with Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis usually die in the perinatal period. In patients with hemoglobin H disease, the prognosis is usually good, but depends on complications and care.

<urn:uuid:ee0906ac-311c-411e-870e-23ae04c38bec>

Eye infections in horses are common but require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent injury or blindness. Eye infections are caused by various bacterial, viral, fungal, and allergen irritants. The two most common infections are conjunctivitis and equine recurrent uveitis, which cause uncomfortable symptoms in the eye. A vet can diagnose the cause of your horse's eye infection through a physical examination, culturing, and sometimes an MRI or CT scan. If you catch and treat an eye infection early, the prognosis is typically optimistic but dependent on the stage of the infection and its cause. What Are Eye Infections? An eye infection is a disease of the eye caused by harmful bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Horses can develop eye infections like conjunctivitis, and equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), sometimes caused by injury to the eye or exposure to allergens like pollen and dust. Conjunctivitis causes the mucus membrane around the eye to swell and become red. ERU results in recurrent episodes of eye inflammation and is the most common cause of blindness in horses. Symptoms of Eye Infections in Horses There are a variety of symptoms that point to eye infections in horses. An untreated eye infection is very painful for your horse and can lead to complications. Visit your vet right away if you suspect something is wrong with your horse's eye. Eyelid swelling can happen for a variety of reasons. In addition to blunt head injury and allergies, an eye infection is a likely cause of swollen eyelids in a horse. Visit your vet if you're not sure what's causing your horse's eye to swell. While some eye discharge is a normal function of a healthy eye, the type of discharge your horse is producing can indicate infection. Some tearing shouldn't be cause for worry, but if the discharge is thick, yellow or white, and pussy, an infection is probably to blame. If your horse's eye is tearing excessively, it may be a sign of ERU. Again, some tearing is normal, but pay attention to the volume of your horse's tears. Hazy Appearance of the Eye Early in infection, your horse's eye may appear hazy or cloudy. A whiteish film over the eye may indicate ERU. There are many reasons a horse's eye may look cloudy, so pay a visit to your vet for a definitive diagnosis. Redness and Inflammation Redness and inflammation is the most common indicator of any eye infection, and usually points to conjunctivitis or ERU. It can also indicate eye injury or allergies. Causes of Eye Infections There are several causes of eye infections in horses of varying severity. Visit your vet for a definitive diagnosis and a subsequent treatment plan. - Bacterial and viral infection: Bacteria and viruses can get into your horses eye in a number of ways. Bacteria can enter the eye through insects and dirt, and viruses can be transported similarly. - Fungus: It's normal to have some fungus living on the surface of a horse's eye, but when there is a wound that allows the fungus to enter inside of the cornea, infection can occur. Fungal infection in a horse's eye can lead to abscesses and blindness. - Allergens: Allergens like pollen and dust can irritate the eye and lead to conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis isn't always accompanied by pain and is especially prevalent in spring and summer months. - Parasites: Infection with the parasite Thelazia, also known as the eye worm, is also a cause of eye infections in horses. Horses are infected with this parasite through flies, and they appear as thin worms in the eyes. - Injury: Horses can develop an infection after having a foreign object lodged within the eye. If the eye's surface is scratched, environmental bacteria can quickly cause an infection. This could make the horse's eye appear cloudy and red. The horse will likely squint and tear profusely and may be reluctant to let you take a close look. Diagnosing Eye Infections in Horses A vet can usually diagnose an eye infection quickly through a physical examination of the eye, but the diagnosis doesn't always reveal a cause. Your horse may need to be sedated during this process. If the examination isn't conclusive, your vet may need to swab and test your horse's eye. Your vet will check for damage to the cornea as well as anything that may be lodged in the eye, such as splinters, awns from grasses, or grit. Developments in the microscopic corneal analysis have helped vets to identify funguses and bacteria in horses' eyes. A tool called an in vivo corneal confocal microscope is used to perform this type of exam. Swift action following diagnosis is key to successfully treating a horse's eye infection. Your vet may begin treatment with an ointment or gel to apply to the eye multiple times a day. If the infection is bacterial, your vet may prescribe antibiotic eyedrops. A horse with a fungal eye infection is likely to be prescribed a topical anti-fungal and may need surgery if ulcers are present. Treatment for ERU centers on managing inflammation and reducing discomfort. Topical inflammatories and corticosteroids can help but won't prevent future flareups. In severe cases, injections into the eye or surgery may be necessary. Just because you may see improvement within a few days doesn't mean you should stop the medication before the entire course is up. Stopping treatment before the infection or injury is completely healed can result in the infection flaring up again and possibly causing more damage. In some cases, the cause of the infection (for example, bacteria) may become resistant to the medication if the full course is not administered. When treating a horse with an eye problem, be aware that the infection may affect its vision, making it jumpier than usual. Talk gently, so you don't surprise your horse if you walk up on a blind-side. Prognosis for Horses With Eye Infections When treated swiftly, the prognosis for horses with mild eye infections is good. However, an untreated eye infection can lead to blindness and secondary infections. The long-term prognosis for horses with ERU isn’t as optimistic. More than half of horses with ERU won’t be able to return to their normal levels of work and may become blind. Treatment will slow progression but is not curative. How to Prevent Eye Infections Keeping your horse's environment as dust-free as possible can help stave off infection. If hay is dusty or bedding is very dry, you can dampen it or use other material or bedding. Make sure that sharp edges on water troughs, metal buildings, fences, or other obstacles are covered or inaccessible to prevent your horse from wounding its eye. Pound in or pull any old nails protruding from fences or other structures. Eye and face nets may help keep flies away from your horse's eyes. If you outfit your horse with a fly mask or veil, ensure it isn't irritating the eye. Check your horse's eyes daily to catch the infection early and prevent it from worsening. Types of Eye Infections in Horses - Conjunctivitis: Conjunctivitis is the swelling of the conjunctiva, the mucus membrane in the eye, sometimes caused by infection, allergen irritants, or foreign objects. The conjunctiva lines the inside of the eye and extends to the cornea. Conjunctivitis will cause discharge, redness, and discomfort, and if untreated, it can lead to complications like blindness. - ERU: Equine Recurrent Uveitis, or ERU, causes recurring bouts of inflammation in the eye and is the leading cause of blindness in horses. The blindness is often caused by equine glaucoma secondary to ERU. The development of ERU is complex and involves many factors, including injury, immune system issues, and viral infection. Do flies cause eye infections in horses? Flies can carry harmful parasites transmittable to your horse's eye through contact. Take preventative measures such as fitting your horse with a fly mask to protect its eyes from flies. Is it normal for my horse's eye to tear? Some tearing signifies a healthy, functioning tear gland, but your horse's eye may be infected if the tearing is excessive. Watch for colored discharge from your horse's eye as well. Will my horse become blind from an eye infection? If treated swiftly, your horse will probably not become blind from an eye infection. If you leave an infection like ERU untreated, your horse may suffer from permanent vision damage. Overview of Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Merck Veterinary Manual. Eye Worms in Horses. Kentucky Equine Research. Cornell Clinicians Develop Safer, Faster Way to Diagnose Horse Eye Problems. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Eye Injuries. Kentucky Equine Research. - Equine Recurrent Uveitis. UC Davis Center for Equine Medicine.

<urn:uuid:54961b02-19f3-4663-981c-89ddd79a0197>

Standard tests! Yes here! These tests have become increasingly important areas for teachers and managers, but jobs are often held or lost based on how well the students do the tests. Most schools conduct some sort of planned preparation and examination before testing is given. The focus of some exam tests and the length of time the tests are tested vary, as appropriate. In my school assistant, we at a faculty meeting say, "If it's not going to CSAP, it's not important to teach it." It may seem like a shocking and even harmful statement from the teacher. However, these tests make a lot of management and he simply responded to that stress. So, questions arise: How much time should you prepare for these tests? What types of exercises and audits are most likely to increase the degree of qualifications? I think the time spent to test preparation is not as important as the method of preparation. Last revision, consisting of trying to fix content information in students & # 39; head, is rarely effective. In order to succeed, prepare preparations for content during the school year. Which methods are most effective for giving students a practice for actual testing of the situation? This depends on many factors, of course, but the following examples will help to increase the student proficiency test in most cases. The most important method is to make sure that the study material is correct and learned in the first place. Just closer to the subject and testing it makes little effort to embed the information permanently in the student brain. Important content must be fully handled by students in order for the retention to take place. It is a mistake to try to "reach" the curriculum at the expense of students understanding. Memory truly is more. In order to enhance the preservation of content covered by the test, it is necessary to review the information on a regular basis. One policy is known as 10/24/7. Important content is purchased again after 10 minutes, 24 hours and 7 days. This can be extended for 1 month later, etc. It is likely that the contents that are repeated and treated are often the least. Standard tests always contain critical thinking questions. Here are some methods that allow students to practice these skills: Strategy one: Let students read a short history, history, etc. Couples then determine what are the most important aspects of history or the way and why. Then pair them with another pair and discuss the ideas that each group found. This kind of discussion helps to improve critical thinking skills and variations that should be shared during the school year so that students are satisfied with this process. Policy Two: Student diplomas often appear on state examinations. Students need to take positions and write letters to companies, politicians or organizations that explain their views. This is the perfect time to get students to use a simple 5 language policy: 1st paragraph is an introduction with state statement. Levels 2, 3, 4 are supported and examples. The fifth paragraph is the summary. I have seen some students on exams that simply write one short paragraph and think they have addressed this topic sufficiently. One way to prepare this for the school year is to ask students often to take a position and defend it. This can be done verbally as a grade. Students can also work together and who should defend another's position. Again, the more students do this, the more comfortable they become. Trend Three: Students are often asked to test a photo, graph, diagram or table as part of answering a question. Without students are used to doing this, but it tends to be confusing and they often leave the question blank. In turn, when they complete these types of drawings regularly during the school year, it is safe to know what to do. No matter what your personal feeling is about the validity of these standard tests, they are certainly here for the next few quarters. "Teaching in Testing" is not a productive strategy. But including the curriculum, the questions they want to see in the exam allow students to achieve the maximum level. Good luck with you and your students!

<urn:uuid:2f45e089-5021-4b41-b3d9-2e98b9a4711b>

Students must show all work on problems that involve calculation, even if the question is multiple Questions 1 through 4 refer to the following: The Ollander Corporation operates five food-processing plants in Europe. Recently, the company was considering modifying its financial reward system for the plant managers. The director of human resources collected information on the profits (in thousands of dollars) generated from each plant last year, which are What is the median of this population? What is the standard deviation of the population? Compute the interquartile range? What is the mode of this data set? All of the data points are modes.

<urn:uuid:ac3fa9a5-ac89-48ca-b240-2f1c3cc6e87e>

How strong is the bactericidal effect of nano silver What is the purpose of nano silver? Nano silver is composed from silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are used as the antifungal or antibacterial agents in industries, as well as in water treatments and merchandise for consumer use (such as clothing, cosmetics as well as childcare products, food containers, and various other products). The idea behind nanosilver is silver elemental silver that has an average particle size of nanometer levels. Nanosilver is fine silver element that has smaller particles than 100nm, and typically between 25-50nm. Nano silver's performance is directly related to its particle size. The study showed that the smaller the particle size that is smaller, the better sterilization capabilities. Nano silver is identical to colloidal silver? First, the colloidal silver particles are prepared without a capping agent. In contrast they are covered with plant extracts. They are therefore more stable as well as non-toxic to human tissues. In addition, with the development of technology, the size of nanoparticles has become more uniform. Is nano silver able to kill bacteria? Silver is a well-documented antibacterial chemical that has been demonstrated to kill bacteria, fungi and certain viruses. Its antimicrobial properties are due to positively charged silver ions (Ag +)22,22. Silver ions kill microorganisms via many different mechanisms of action. Nano silver cannot be seen with the naked eye. A tiny amount of nano silver is mixed into the water and deionized to form an antibacterial colloidal solution made of nano silver liquid. Its particles are 500 -1000 times smaller those of cells. It's quickly absorbed and excreted and it can rapidly and efficiently snare all the fungi and bacteria and viruses. It's different from common antibiotics. Antibiotics will only kill a small number of bacteria, but not viruses. Nano-silver is able to kill over 700 kinds of bacteria and viruses. It's well-deserved to be the third "immune system" of the human body. Are you sure that Nano Silver healthy? As a compound, the silver that is found in the environment is considered to be healthy. However, we do not have enough knowledge about the environmental and health risks of silver nanoparticles, consequently the ingestion of colloidal Silver is regarded as a risk. Nano silver antibacterial Compared with other biological and chemical disinfectants, nano silver is able to eliminate more than 650 types and strains of bacteria within a matter of minutes. It can also provide broad-spectrum sterilization that does not have any resistance to drugs, and will aid in wound healing, cell growth and damage. Repair of cells will cause no harmful reaction and causes no inflammation to the skin. This provides a broad scope for the wide application that uses nano-silver for antibacterial. It is the latest technological advancement in natural antibacterial substances. Is nano silver dangerous? Nano silver may cause slight eye and skin irritation. Additionally, it could be an allergen to the skin that is mild. Silver nanoparticles inhaled primarily effects the liver and lungs. It is known that silver nanoparticles may be toxic to mammalian cells. Features of Nano Silver 1. Antibiotics kill approximately six types of pathogens while nano silver kills thousands of pathogenic microbes. 2. Nano silver can kill more than 650 kinds of bacteria in a matter of minutes. The unique bactericidal mechanism enables nano silver particles to rapidly remove pathogenic bacteria from low concentrations. 3. Nano silver particles possess super ability to penetrate 2mm under the skin to sterilize. They have high sterilizing power on ordinary bacteria, stubborn bacterial that are resistant to drugs, and deeper tissue inflammations caused by Fungi. 4. Promote wound healing as well as repair and renewal of damaged cells, and decompose muscles growth, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory help speed wound healing and minimize the formation of scars. 5. Nano silver nanoparticles are made using patented technology, with an external protective film, and can slowly release inside the human body which means the antibacterial effect is permanent and long-lasting. 6. Nano silver can be described as a bactericide that is not antibacterial It kills different pathogenic microorganisms and is more effective than antibiotics. The antibacterial properties of 10nm nano silver particles are able to kill quickly and instantly bacteria, leading them to lose their reproductive capacity and thus cannot be made. A new generation of drug resistants can effectively stop repeated attacks caused by resistance to drugs. Nano silver antibacterial mechanism Nano silver particles exist made up of microscopic atoms and molecules, exhibiting special surface effectsand small sizes, quantum size effects and Macroscopic quantum tunnel effects and are able to easily penetrate bacteria; 2. Nano silver's size are small and the volume percent of the surface is huge. The bonding state and the electronic nature of the outer surface are different from the inside of the particle. Incomplete coordination of surface-atoms leads to an increase in active spots on the surface which serve for an antibacterial agent. 3. Nano-silver's powerful penetrating powers it is able to fully and completely penetrate and kill pathogens, therefore generating stronger biological results. It offers the benefits of high safety, wide antibacterial range , and long-lasting disinfection time. Nanosilver's antibacterial properties are far more effective in killing pathogenic bacilli, cocci as well as filamentous fungi than standard silver Ion and fungicides. Nano silver particles have the ability to eradicate fungi, bacteria mycoplasma, Chlamydia and many other pathogenic microorganisms. TRUNNANO is a reputable international chemical material manufacturer and supplier with more than twelve years experience offering top-quality chemicals and Nanomaterials. Our company is currently succeeded in developing a variety from powder materials. We offer OEM services. If you're interested in Nano Silver powder, please get in touch with us. If you click on one of the products to send us an inquiry via email: [email protected]

<urn:uuid:c6b4d1cd-caec-4788-917d-8d880b3645c7>

People who drink do not always develop alcohol dependence. A group of scientists from Virginia Commonwealth University have made an open-ended that may explain why this is happening. Perhaps in the future, specialists will be able to identify risk groups and create new drugs for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Scientists conducted research on roundworms. They studied the role of the SWI / SNF protein complex in the mechanism of addiction. Genetically, roundworms and humans are similar. Scientists managed to find out that genetic variations of this complex are closely related to alcoholism, both in worms and in humans. The likelihood of addiction is increased by certain mutations in a number of genes. Moreover, each mutation makes its own small contribution. The discovery of genes that are responsible for the development of alcohol dependence in worms brings them closer to understanding how alcohol dependence works in humans, the researchers say. Since, in the modern world community, a very large number of people suffer from this disease.

<urn:uuid:a3c2b95e-459f-42bb-9d2f-f4cd2735d785>

Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry Pseudoeurycea bellii is the largest of the lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae) and one of the largest terrestrial salamanders, with a maximum size of 36 cm in total length. Pseudoeurycea bellii has a stout body, long, muscular limbs, and a long tail, constricted at the base. The tongue is projectile. This salamander has shiny dark black skin with two red to red-orange spots on the occipital area (back of the head) generally present. The subspecies P. b. bellii has a dorsal mark in the shape of a chevron, generally followed by paired rows of red to red-orange spots (sometimes joined into chevrons) running along the back, down to the base of the tail. In contrast, the subspecies P. b. sierraoccidentalis (found in northern Mexico, in an area straddling the border of Sonora and Chihuahua) has greatly reduced reddish coloration, with asymmetric and irregular small dorsal markings (Parra-Olea et al. 2005). This species can be distinguished from P. boneti by having a smaller amount of reddish coloration: P. bellii usually has paired rows of dorsal markings (vs. fused into large chevrons, often interconnected, in P. boneti) and lacks a pair of large scapular spots (vs. present, lateral to the row of chevrons and often connected to them in P. boneti); it can be distinguished from P. maxima by having a narrower head and shorter limbs, having a greater amount of reddish coloration (a conjoined occipital spot, which is absent in P. maxima, and larger dorsal spots, vs. smaller dorsal dots in P. maxima); from P. naucampatepetl by having dark red or orange coloration (pale pinkish in P. naucampatepetl), lack of a triangular shoulder spot (present in P. naucampatepetl) and lack of a broad U-shaped spot posterior to the insertion of the hindlimb (present in P. naucampatepetl); from P. gigantea by the presence of large red occipital spots (generally absent in P. gigantea) and a preference for drier habitat (vs. wetter forests and cloudforests for P. gigantea) (Parra-Olea et al. 2005). This species was first described by Gray (1850), as Spelerpes bellii. Two subspecies were recognized by Lowe et al. (1968): P. b. sierraoccidentalis (straddling the border of Sonora and Chihuahua in northern Mexico) and P. b. bellii (in central Mexico, with isolated populations ranging from the Sierra Madre Oriental in the state of Tamaulipas to the Sierra Madre Occidental in Nayarit and Zacatecas and central Guerrero). It is part of a species complex; Oaxacan populations have been placed into the resurrected species P. boneti (eastern and northern Oaxaca) and into the new species P. maxima (Putla area, western Oaxaca) by Parra-Olea et al. (2005). Populations in Tamaulipas differ in color and morphology and some may represent yet another cryptic species in this complex (Parra-Olea et al. 2005; Alvarez and Martín 1967).

<urn:uuid:51b41234-2b50-4bd9-b459-24090665495e>

The Ecological footprint definition 2018 - Get Ecological footprint definition Online - Latest Ecological footprint definition 2018 - New Ecological footprint definition sample - The Best Ecological footprint definition 2018 - Ecological footprint definition Reviews - Ecological footprint definition Download Ecological Footprint. The simplest way to define ecological footprint would be to call it the impact of human activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated..Ecological Footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature. Both the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity are expressed in global hectaresglobally comparable, standardized hectares with world average productivity. Each city, state or nation s Ecological Footprint can be compared to its biocapacity..The ecological footprint is defined as the biologically productive area needed to provide for everything people use fruits and vegetables, fish, wood, fibers, absorption of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel use, and space for buildings and roads..Ecological footprint EF , measure of the demands made by a person or group of toward sustainable developmentdefined as a per capita EF lower than the .The Ecological Footprint definition is simply a way to measure how much we use and consume, in relation to our environment s capacity to .One way to do this is through ecological footprintysis, which was Footprints indicate how much “nature” is available for a defined population to use, .Ecological footprint meaning . the amount of the earth s energy that someone or something uses . environmental footprint. Learn more..The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth s ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be . The ecological footprint measures human demand on nature, i.e., the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy. It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system. The accounts contrast the biologically productive area people use for their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region or the world biocapacity the productive area that .Frequently Asked Questions. How many planets does it take to support your lifestyle? Try our new Footprint Calculator at to find out your Ecological Footprint and personal Earth Overshoot Day and learn about solutions to help us all tread more lightly on the Earth Having trouble accessing our new Footprint calculator?.WWF’s Footprint Calculator how did we work it all out? We hope you like our carbon footprint calculator, which we created with the Stockholm Environment Institute at the University of York and the University of Leeds..Acre. One U.S. acre is equal to . hectares. For U.S. au.nces, Footprint results are often presented in global acres ga , rather than global hectares gha ..WHY CARRYING CAPACITY? According to Garrett Hardin , “carrying capacity is the fundamental basis for demographic accounting.” On the other hand, conventional economists and planners generally ignore or dismiss the concept when applied to human beings..One definition A building footprint is the outline of the total area of a lot or site that is surrounded by the exterior walls of a building or portion of a building, exclusive of courtyards. In .In Common Usage. ecological is one of the most commonly used words in the Collins dictionary.Footprint definition, a mark left by the shod or unshod foot, as in earth or sand. See more..In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and recovering quickly. Such perturbations and disturbances can include stochastic events such as fires, flooding, windstorms, insect population explosions, and human activities such as deforestation, fracking of the ground for oil extraction, pesticide sprayed in soil, and . The store, which is slated to open next month, increases the company’s footprint in the market to locations..

<urn:uuid:7b8f9fb4-757b-4dea-b0f6-a03c10a205e1>

4. Cut and paste¶ In this exercise we will use the cut and paste text tools to move lines of text to another position in order to alphabetically sort a list of names. First we download and open the example document with LibreOffice Writer. When opening the previous file we will find the following list of disordered proper names. Now we are going to alphabetically all the names in the list by cutting out each of the names in alphabetical order and pasting them to the top of the list. We begin by selecting the name Álvaro and cutting it by holding down the control key and then pressing the X key We can also select the name and press the cut button on the toolbar. Another way to cut is to select the name and click on the menu Now we place the cursor at the beginning of the list, create a new line by pressing the Return key and paste the name that we just cut. To paste the text we must hold down the control key and then press the V key . We can also paste the word by clicking on the paste button Another way to paste the name is to click on the menu We must press the Return key to separate the lines of text and create a new line. The result will be the following. If at any time we make a mistake and want to undo some action that we have done wrong, we can do it with the button from the toolbar. To go back you can also hold down the control key and press the Z key . To return to redo the action we can press the button from the toolbar. We can also redo the action by holding down the control key and pressing the Y key . Continue cutting and pasting names until the list is arranged alphabetically.

<urn:uuid:b04d2b61-cc0d-4f54-a7c6-790ffd77fca6>

Start a 10-Day Free Trial to Unlock the Full Review Why Lesson Planet? Find quality lesson planning resources, fast! Share & remix collections to collaborate. Organize your curriculum with collections. Easy! Have time to be more creative & energetic with your students! In this elementary math worksheet, students examine the shaded fraction models and compare them to the value given. Then they answer the 3 questions in the multiple choice format. 3 Views 0 Downloads What Members Say - Diane W., Teacher - Lexington, KY

<urn:uuid:6ce87c6c-b4b5-4a21-9f6e-95b7443b49f2>

Shadow Health Answer Key Allergy is the hypersensitivity disorder of the immune method. Allergy occurs when the person’s immune system reacts to ordinarily harmless substances in the atmosphere. Pollution, dust particles and dangerous elements present in the environment causes allergy. Persons who are exposed to allergy are impacted by quite a few elements. Components that causes allergy are??? Pollen??? Dust mites??? Mold spores??? Pet dander??? Meals??? Insect stings??? Medicines Generating this a single of your house protectors will save you cash. Just believe no a lot more chemical substances to clean the air handler and ducts. Having significantly less service calls lowering your each day operating cost for the reason that components are operating clean lowering put on and tear. Germicidal UV is here right now and ever altering and improving your atmosphere. Appear closely at this technologies. newinavations Read Also – campbell county health department Urticaria is a different kind of allergy, it is quite well recognized as hives. These are normally itchy rash that can take place at any age. This rash appears like raised red bumps of several kinds, shapes and size and commonly lasts for a minute or few hours. Although they are really itch, a person should not scratch to the point of breaking the skin and bring about bleeding. The swelling that often developed along with Urticaria is known as angioedema it entails the lips, the eyes, the hands and feet. Angioedema is definitely not itchy, it rather cause burning sensation, tingling or sting. Severe swelling that blocks the breathing can be unsafe to life. Air high quality and breathability can be a significant concern. If you are a single of those who endure from allergies or asthmas respiratory situations you know that clean air is the upmost value. Not becoming capable to breathe is actually scary. Germicidal UV can make the distinction. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) often reported that indoor air can be a lot more polluted than the air outdoors. Irrespective of whether you have a well being condition or not, you could absolutely benefit from breathing cleaner air with UV purifiers for your household. Allergies makes 1 really feel bad but they do not harm your life. Still not convinced ask your local hospital or your city administrator about ultraviolet germicidal. You will be shocked to locate just how several areas it becoming utilized. Like in your cities water sterilization plant.. Hospitals use germicidal UV on instruments for operations and in a lot of rooms clients occupy Some offices use them in their customer waiting regions. Germicidal UV is used in so quite a few other areas and application in your each day life. Read Also – new england center for mental health Shadow Health Answer Key – Maintaining low household moisture that has a dehumidifier is furthermore advisable. Universities like UC Davis have and are performing in depth analysis in the ultraviolet field.

<urn:uuid:fc5cef3d-cae3-4364-a27e-b33a12f1443e>