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In our previous posts, we observed that Noah took a few thousand animals on board the Ark about 4,500 years ago. Of the kinds that stepped off the Ark, most went extinct. In mammals, for example, around 70% of the kinds are now extinct. But approximately 30% survived. What Happened to Them? In short, the mammals and other kinds migrated away from where the Ark landed in the mountains of Ararat. Surprisingly, in 1859 when Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, the phenomenon of migration would have been controversial. In fact, Darwin had to corral several lines of evidence to demonstrate to his opponents that animals did indeed migrate to their current locations. Unlike Darwin’s opponents of 1859, creationists today would agree with Darwin's conclusion that migration explains the distribution of modern species. Furthermore, creationists of the present era would freely invoke an Ice Age following the Flood. An Ice Age would effectively move large amounts of water from the oceans (liquid form) onto the land (in the form of ice). As a consequence of this directional movement, the ocean levels would drop, exposing land bridges that are currently submerged. For example, during the Ice Age, the Bering Strait would have been crossable on foot. Conversely, in Southeast Asia, you could nearly walk from Thailand to Australia. These and other land bridges would have made migration away from Ararat to distant locations all the easier. However, Darwin's evidence in favor of animal migration was at the level of species, not families. As we derived in one of our previous posts, the kinds on board the Ark were not individual species but, rather, representatives of various biological families. How could Darwin's point be relevant to our purposes? New Species from Ark Kinds Today, many biological families contain numerous species, implying that new species have arisen since the Flood. Since Scripture never forbids speciation, nothing in the Bible suggests that the formation of new species within a kind is impossible. Thus, speciation within kinds is perfectly compatible with Genesis and with the rest of Scripture.	<urn:uuid:0401e338-8d36-44f3-b81d-35c3a3dd28bc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "url": "http://kirkcameron.com/articles/tracing-the-fate-of-the-animals-that-survived-the-post-flood-extinction", "date": "2017-10-18T21:57:18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823153.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018214541-20171018234541-00625.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9627593159675598, "token_count": 423, "score": 4.09375, "int_score": 4 }
Given a string path, which is an absolute path (starting with a slash ‘/') to a file or directory in a Unix-style file system, convert it to the simplified canonical path. In a Unix-style file system, a period ‘.’ refers to the current directory, a double period ‘..’ refers to the directory up a level, and any multiple consecutive slashes (i.e. ‘//') are treated as a single slash ‘/’. For this problem, any other format of periods such as ‘…’ are treated as file/directory names. The canonical path should have the following format: The path starts with a single slash '/'. Any two directories are separated by a single slash '/'. The path does not end with a trailing '/'. The path only contains the directories on the path from the root directory to the target file or directory (i.e., no period '.' or double period '..')Return __the simplified canonical path__. Example 1: Input: path = “/home/” Output: “/home” Explanation: Note that there is no trailing slash after the last directory name. Example 2: Input: path = “/../” Output: “/” Explanation: Going one level up from the root directory is a no-op, as the root level is the highest level you can go. Example 3: Input: path = “/home//foo/” Output: “/home/foo” Explanation: In the canonical path, multiple consecutive slashes are replaced by a single one. 1 <= path.length <= 3000 path consists of English letters, digits, period '.', slash '/' or '_'. path is a valid absolute Unix path. class Solution: def simplifyPath(self, path: str) -> str: path.replace('//','/') path_list = path.split('/') rs = for p in path_list: if p == '..': if rs: rs.pop() elif p == '.': continue elif p: rs.append(p) return '/' + '/'.join(rs)	<urn:uuid:fb208e2f-455c-4382-89c3-96702eb976c1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://yanjiyu.com/leetcode/71/", "date": "2022-08-14T18:59:18", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00230.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8315348625183105, "token_count": 464, "score": 4, "int_score": 4 }
The book details Luis de Lucena (1497) who was, unquestionably, a Jew "Repetición de Amores". Isaac Zag Ibn Sid and other named Hebrew translators of the Arab writing attributed chess to King Alphonso X of Castille (1283 AD). Chess, Jews and History contains among some twenty new sources of writings with full chess details. Examples of these are fully quoted in Hebrew and translated into English. The publication stresses the social atmosphere background of history with fully authenticated sources and references (e.g. Luis de Lucena "The Marrano", hidden Jew in the Spanish Inquisition - 1497 AD). Part I: Overview: Thomas Hyde, the first serious chess historian, Steinschneider, Van de Linde and Murray. Anonymous treatise, The King's Delight: Views and Judgements: Two stories from Ma'aseh Book: Moses Mendelssohn and Lessing's Nathan the Wise: Zevi Uri Rubinstein: Léon Hollænderski, Délices royales: Jacob Eichenbaum, The Struggle. Part II: Introduction to Talmud, Texts and Commentaries: Where and When did Chess Start: Alexander's game: An Enigmatic Board Game: 2 Exegetic Curiosities. Part III: The Spanish Period of the golden ages of Hebrew and Arabic early chess writings: Arab and Jew: Moses Cohen, Disciplina Clericalis: Judah Halevi, Ha-Kuzari: Chess in Verse, Abraham Ibn Ezra: Bonsenior Ibn Yehya Ibn Ibrahim Al-Hakin: The new chess, Luis de Lucena: Ruy Lopez: Shlomo Ben Mazel Tov. Suite One, Third Floor One Duchess Street Tel: +44(0) 20 7436 3717 Fax:+44(0) 20 7436 3107 the Author \| Contact Details \| Links Extracts \| Reviews \| Purchase	<urn:uuid:819f7f9f-4be4-422d-ac28-9e83e532377c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://historyofchess.co.uk/vol1_2.htm", "date": "2017-09-22T04:16:58", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922041015-20170922061015-00419.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7253316640853882, "token_count": 412, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
List of birds of Germany This is a list of the bird species recorded in Germany. The avifauna of Germany include a total of 514 species, of which eleven have been introduced by humans and 204 are rare or accidental in Germany and are not included in the species count. Fourteen species are globally threatened. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 5th edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Germany. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. - (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Germany - (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Germany as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated. - Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata - Arctic loon, Gavia arctica - Common loon, Gavia immer - Yellow-billed loon, Gavia adamsii (A) Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. - Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis - Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena - Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus - Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus - Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. - Black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris (A) Shearwaters and petrels The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. - Northern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis - Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea (A) - Great shearwater, Puffinus gravis (A) - Sooty shearwater, Puffinus griseus (A) - Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus (A) - Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus (A) - Little shearwater, Puffinus assimilis (A) The storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. - Wilson's storm petrel, Oceanites oceanicus (A) - European storm petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus (A) - Leach's storm petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa (A) Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. Boobies and gannets - Northern gannet, Morus bassanus (A) Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. - Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo - European shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis (A) - Pygmy cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (A) Bitterns, herons and egrets The Ardeidae family contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. - Grey heron, Ardea cinerea - Purple heron, Ardea purpurea - Great egret, Ardea alba - Little egret, Egretta garzetta - Squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides (A) - Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis (A) - Black-crowned night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax - Little bittern, Ixobrychus minutus - Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. Ibises and spoonbills Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. - Waldrapp, Geronticus eremita (A) - Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A) - Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia Ducks, geese and swans Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. - Mute swan, Cygnus olor - Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus - Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus - Bean goose, Anser fabalis - Pink-footed goose, Anser brachyrhynchus - Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons - Lesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus (A) - Greylag goose, Anser anser - Brant, Branta bernicla - Barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis - Canada goose, Branta canadensis (I) - Red-breasted goose, Branta ruficollis (A) - Egyptian goose, Alopochen aegyptiacus (I) - Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna - Mandarin duck, Aix galericulata (I) - Eurasian wigeon, Anas penelope - American wigeon, Anas americana (A) - Gadwall, Anas strepera - Eurasian teal, Anas crecca - Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos - Northern pintail, Anas acuta - Garganey, Anas querquedula - Blue-winged teal, Anas discors (A) - Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata - Marbled teal, Marmaronetta angustirostris (A) - Red-crested pochard, Netta rufina - Common pochard, Aythya ferina - Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris (A) - Ferruginous pochard, Aythya nyroca - Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula - Greater scaup, Aythya marila - Common eider, Somateria mollissima - King eider, Somateria spectabilis (A) - Steller's eider, Polysticta stelleri (A) - Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus (A) - Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis - Common scoter, Melanitta nigra - Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata (A) - Velvet scoter, Melanitta fusca - Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula - Barrow's goldeneye, Bucephala islandica (A) - Smew, Mergellus albellus - Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus (I) - Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator - Common merganser, Mergus merganser - Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (I) - White-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala (A) The Pandionidae family contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. - Osprey, Pandion haliaetus Hawks, kites and eagles Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. - European honey buzzard, Pernis apivorus - Black-shouldered kite, Elanus caeruleus (A) - Red kite, Milvus milvus - Black kite, Milvus migrans - White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla - Steller's sea eagle, Haliaeetus pelagicus (A) - Lammergeier, Gypaetus barbatus (A) - Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus - Eurasian griffon, Gyps fulvus - Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus (A) - Short-toed snake eagle, Circaetus gallicus (A) - Western marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus - Northern harrier, Circus cyaneus - Pallid harrier, Circus macrourus (A) - Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus - Levant sparrowhawk, Accipiter brevipes (A) - Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus - Northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis - Eurasian buzzard, Buteo buteo - Long-legged buzzard, Buteo rufinus (A) - Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus - Lesser spotted eagle, Clanga pomarina - Greater spotted eagle, Clanga clanga (A) - Steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis (A) - Imperial eagle, Aquila heliaca (A) - Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos - Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciatus - Booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus (A) Caracaras and falcons Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. - Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni (A) - Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus - Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus (A) - Eleonora's falcon, Falco eleonorae (A) - Merlin, Falco columbarius - Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo - Lanner falcon, Falco biarmicus (A) - Saker falcon, Falco cherrug (A) - Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus (A) - Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus Turkeys are similar to large pheasants but have a distinctive fleshy wattle that hangs from the beak, called a snood. - Wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo (I) Grouse are game birds, similar to quails and partridges. - Willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus (A) - Rock ptarmigan, Lagopus muta - Eurasian capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus - Black grouse, Tetrao tetrix - Hazel grouse, Bonasa bonasia New World quails The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits. - California quail, Callipepla californica (I) Pheasants and partridges The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. - Rock partridge, Alectoris graeca (A) - Chukar, Alectoris chukar (I) - Red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa (A) - Grey partridge, Perdix perdix - Common quail, Coturnix coturnix - Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". Rails, crakes, gallinules and coots Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. - Water rail, Rallus aquaticus - Corn crake, Crex crex - Little crake, Porzana parva - Baillon's crake, Porzana pusilla - Spotted crake, Porzana porzana - Purple swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio (A) - Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni (A) - Common moorhen, Gallinula chloropus - Eurasian coot, Fulica atra Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. - Great bustard, Otis tarda - Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata (A) - Macqueen's bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii (A) - Little bustard, Tetrax tetrax (A) - Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus Avocets and stilts Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. - Eurasian thick-knee, Burhinus oedicnemus Pratincoles and coursers Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. - Cream-coloured courser, Cursorius cursor (A) - Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola (A) - Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni (A) Plovers and lapwings The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. - Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus - Spur-winged plover, Vanellus spinosus (A) - Sociable lapwing, Vanellus gregarius (A) - White-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (A) - Pacific golden plover, Pluvialis fulva (A) - American golden plover, Pluvialis dominica (A) - European golden plover, Pluvialis apricaria - Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola - Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula - Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius - Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus - Lesser sandplover, Charadrius mongolus (A) - Greater sandplover, Charadrius leschenaultii (A) - Caspian plover, Charadrius asiaticus (A) - Eurasian dotterel, Charadrius morinellus Sandpipers and allies Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. - Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola - Jack snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus - Great snipe, Gallinago media - Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago - Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus (A) - Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (A) - Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa - Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica - Little curlew, Numenius minutus (A) - Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus - Slender-billed curlew, Numenius tenuirostris (A) - Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata - Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda (A) - Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus - Common redshank, Tringa totanus - Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis - Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia - Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (A) - Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus - Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola - Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus (A) - Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos - Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia (A) - Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres - Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris (A) - Red knot, Calidris canutus - Sanderling, Calidris alba - Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla (A) - Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis - Little stint, Calidris minuta - Temminck's stint, Calidris temminckii - Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla (A) - White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis (A) - Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii (A) - Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos (A) - Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata (A) - Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea - Dunlin, Calidris alpina - Purple sandpiper, Calidris maritima - Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus (A) - Broad-billed sandpiper, Limicola falcinellus - Buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis (A) - Ruff, Philomachus pugnax - Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor (A) - Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus - Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius Skuas and jaegers The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. - Great skua, Stercorarius skua - Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus (A) - Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus - Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls and kittiwakes. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. - Mew gull, Larus canus - Audouin's gull, Ichthyaetus audouinii (A) - Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis (A) - Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus - Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus - Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides - Herring gull, Larus argentatus - Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus - Heuglin's gull, Larus heuglini (A) - Caspian gull, Larus cachinnans (A) - Yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis - Pallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus (A) - Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus - Slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei (A) - Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (A) - Mediterranean gull, Ichthyaetus melanocephalus - Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (A) - Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A) - Little gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus - Ivory gull, Pagophila eburnea (A) - Ross's gull, Rhodostethia rosea (A) - Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (A) - Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. - Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica - Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia - Elegant tern, Thalasseus elegans (A) - Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis - Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii (A) - Common tern, Sterna hirundo - Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea - Little tern, Sternula albifrons - Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (A) - Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscata (A) - Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybridus - White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus - Black tern, Chlidonias niger - Brown noddy, Anous stolidus (A) Auks, murres and puffins Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. - Dovekie, Alle alle - Common murre, Uria aalge - Thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia (A) - Razorbill, Alca torda - Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle - Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. Pigeons and doves - Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I) - Stock dove, Columba oenas - Common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus - European turtle dove, Streptopelia turtur - Oriental turtle dove, Streptopelia orientalis (A) - Eurasian collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto Parrots, macaws and allies Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back. - Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri (I) Cuckoos and anis - Great spotted cuckoo, Clamator glandarius (A) - Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus - Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus (A) Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. - Barn owl, Tyto alba The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. - European scops owl, Otus scops (A) - Eurasian eagle-owl, Bubo bubo - Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus (A) - Tawny owl, Strix aluco - Ural owl, Strix uralensis - Great grey owl, Strix nebulosa (A) - Northern hawk-owl, Surnia ulula (A) - Eurasian pygmy owl, Glaucidium passerinum - Little owl, Athene noctua - Boreal owl, Aegolius funereus - Long-eared owl, Asio otus - Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. - Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. - European roller, Coracias garrulus (A) Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. There are 2 species worldwide and 1 species which occur in Germany. - Hoopoe, Upupa epops Woodpeckers and allies Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. - Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla - Lesser spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos minor - Middle spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos medius - White-backed woodpecker, Dendrocopos leucotos - Great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major - Syrian woodpecker, Dendrocopos syriacus (A) - Eurasian three-toed woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus - Black woodpecker, Dryocopus martius - European green woodpecker, Picus viridis - Grey-faced woodpecker, Picus canus Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. - Calandra lark, Melanocorypha calandra (A) - White-winged lark, Melanocorypha leucoptera (A) - Black lark, Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (A) - Greater short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla (A) - Lesser short-toed lark, Calandrella rufescens (A) - Crested lark, Galerida cristata - Wood lark, Lullula arborea - Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis - Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris Swallows and martins The Hirundinidae family is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. - Sand martin, Riparia riparia - Eurasian crag martin, Ptyonoprogne rupestris - Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica - Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica (A) - Common house martin, Delichon urbica Wagtails and pipits Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. - White wagtail, Motacilla alba - Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola (A) - Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava - Grey wagtail, Motacilla cinerea - Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi (A) - Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris - Blyth's pipit, Anthus godlewskii (A) - Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis - Olive-backed pipit, Anthus hodgsoni (A) - Meadow pipit, Anthus pratensis - Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus - Rock pipit, Anthus petrosus - Water pipit, Anthus spinoletta - Buff-bellied pipit, Anthus rubescens (A) The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice. The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. - Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. - White-throated dipper, Cinclus cinclus The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. - Eurasian wren, Troglodytes troglodytes Mockingbirds and thrashers The mimids are a family of passerine birds that includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalizations, especially their ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. Their colouring tends towards dull-greys and browns. Thrushes and allies The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. - Siberian thrush, Zoothera sibirica (A) - Scaly thrush, Zoothera dauma (A) - Grey-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus (A) - Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus (A) - Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus (A) - Tickell's thrush, Turdus unicolor (A) - Ring ouzel, Turdus torquatus - Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula - Eyebrowed thrush, Turdus obscurus (A) - Dark-throated thrush, Turdus ruficollis (A) - Dusky thrush, Turdus naumanni (A) - Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris - Redwing, Turdus iliacus - Song thrush, Turdus philomelos - Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus - American robin, Turdus migratorius (A) Cisticolas and allies The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. - Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis (A) - Cetti's warbler, Cettia cetti (A) - Lanceolated warbler, Locustella lanceolata (A) - Common grasshopper warbler, Locustella naevia - Pallas's warbler, Locustella certhiola (A) - Eurasian river warbler, Locustella fluviatilis - Savi's warbler, Locustella luscinioides - Moustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (A) - Aquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola - Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus - Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola (A) - Eurasian reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus - Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum (A) - Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris - Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus - Booted warbler, Hippolais caligata (A) - Eastern olivaceous warbler, Hippolais pallida (A) - Olive-tree warbler, Hippolais olivetorum (A) - Melodious warbler, Hippolais polyglotta - Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina - Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus - Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita - Western Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus bonelli - Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix - Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus (A) - Radde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi (A) - Lemon-rumped warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus (A) - Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus (A) - Hume's warbler, Phylloscopus humei (A) - Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (A) - Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides - Eastern crowned warbler, Phylloscopus coronatus Old World warblers The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. - Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla - Garden warbler, Sylvia borin - Greater whitethroat, Sylvia communis - Lesser whitethroat, Sylvia curruca - Asian desert warbler, Sylvia nana (A) - Barred warbler, Sylvia nisoria - Western Orphean warbler, Sylvia hortensis (A) - Eastern Orphean warbler, Sylvia crassirostris (A) - Subalpine warbler, Sylvia cantillans (A) - Sardinian warbler, Sylvia melanocephala (A) - Spectacled warbler, Sylvia conspicillata (A) - Dartford warbler, Sylvia undata (A) Old World flycatchers Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. There 274 species worldwide and 23 species which occur in Germany. - Common rock thrush, Monticola saxatilis (A) - Blue rock thrush, Monticola solitarius (A) - Spotted flycatcher, Muscicapa striata - European pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca - Collared flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis - Red-breasted flycatcher, Ficedula parva - European robin, Erithacus rubecula - Thrush nightingale, Luscinia luscinia - Common nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos - Siberian rubythroat, Luscinia calliope (A) - Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica - Red-flanked bluetail, Tarsiger cyanurus - Rufous-tailed scrub robin, Cercotrichas galactotes (A) - Black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros - Common redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus - Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maura (A) - Whinchat, Saxicola rubetra - European stonechat, Saxicola rubicola - White-tailed wheatear, Oenanthe leucopyga (A) - Black wheatear, Oenanthe leucura (A) - Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe - Pied wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka (A) - Black-eared wheatear, Oenanthe hispanica (A) - Desert wheatear, Oenanthe deserti (A) - Isabelline wheatear, Oenanthe isabellina (A) The parrotbills are a group of birds native to East and Southeast Asia, though feral populations exist elsewhere. They are generally small, long-tailed birds which inhabit reed beds and similar habitats. - Bearded reedling, Panurus biarmicus Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. - Long-tailed tit, Aegithalos caudatus Chickadees and titmice The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. - Marsh tit, Poecile palustris - Willow tit, Poecile montana - Coal tit, Periparus ater - Crested tit, Lophophanes cristatus - Great tit, Parus major - Eurasian blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus - Azure tit, Cyanistes cyanus (A) Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. - Eurasian nuthatch, Sitta europaea The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family, which has stunning crimson, grey and black plumage. - Wallcreeper, Tichodroma muraria Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. The penduline tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. - Eurasian penduline tit, Remiz pendulinus Old World orioles The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. - Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. - Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio - Rufous-tailed shrike, Lanius isabellinus (A) - Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (A) - Northern shrike, Lanius excubitor - Lesser grey shrike, Lanius minor (A) - Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator Crows, jays, ravens and magpies The Corvidae family includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. - Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius - Eurasian magpie, Pica pica - Eurasian nutcracker, Nucifraga caryocatactes - Red-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (A) - Yellow-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax graculus - Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula - Rook, Corvus frugilegus - Carrion crow, Corvus corone - Common raven, Corvus corax - Hooded crow, Corvus cornix Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. New World warblers The New World warblers are a group of small, often colourful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores. - Black-throated green warbler, Dendroica virens (A) Buntings, sparrows, seedeaters and allies The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. - Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella - Pine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos (A) - Cirl bunting, Emberiza cirlus - Rock bunting, Emberiza cia - Cinereous bunting, Emberiza cineracea (A) - Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana - Cretzschmar's bunting, Emberiza caesia (A) - Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla (A) - Rustic bunting, Emberiza rustica (A) - Yellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola (A) - Black-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala (A) - Red-headed bunting, Emberiza bruniceps (A) - Black-faced bunting, Emberiza spodocephala (A) - Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus - Corn bunting, Emberiza calandra - Fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca (A) Snow buntings and longspurs Saltators, cardinals and allies The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages. - Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea (A) Siskins, crossbills and allies Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. - Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs - Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla - Pine grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator (A) - Common rosefinch, Carpodacus erythrinus - Parrot crossbill, Loxia pytyopsittacus (A) - Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra - White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera (A) - European greenfinch, Chloris chloris - Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea - Hoary redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (A) - Eurasian siskin, Spinus spinus - European goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis - Twite, Carduelis flavirostris - Eurasian linnet, Carduelis cannabina - European serin, Serinus serinus - Citril finch, Serinus citrinella - Eurasian bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula - Hawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes - Trumpeter finch, Bucanetes githaginea (A) Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. - House sparrow, Passer domesticus - Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus - Rock petronia, Petronia petronia (A) - White-winged snowfinch, Montifringilla nivalis - Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of birds of Germany". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 26 April 2007. - Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: a Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 0-934797-16-1.	<urn:uuid:21c222f8-74ec-4790-951d-4f659048c8a7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Germany", "date": "2015-05-03T11:35:13", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430448949947.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501025549-00004-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.824495255947113, "token_count": 11287, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3 }
Robert Alexander Nisbet is an American sociologist. He was born in 1913 and died in 1996. His first important work The Quest for Community (published in 1969) stated that modern social science’s individualism denied an important drive toward community. The American family has evolved a olt in the past century. If we put the quote back in its historical context, we note that nowadays children endure more emotional disruption in familial relations than ever before. The last 50 years have seen a sudden rise in divorce (the U.S. has the highest of any industrialized nation), cohabitation rather than marriage and children born out of wedlock. This marks a shift away from the ideal of the companion marriage popularized in the early 1920s to self-aspiration, enhanced freedom, and egalitarian relationships. Since the 1960s, society has become more inclusive and women more financially independent. This is the America in which Nisbet wrote his main works and this is why he emphasises the importance of having tied families. The family, not the individual, is the real molecule of society, the key link in the social chain of being. Robert Nisbet Robert Nisbet opposes the individual to the family. He therefore creates a cleavage between the person as one self and the group. In the ways of a scientist, he explains the construction of molecules as a group of atoms put together. He clearly states that the family, as the source of moral education and as the environment in which children grow up, is a key to the construction of society. According to R. Nisbet an individual cannot carry the weight of society’s codes. Family appears as a necessary element in the construction of each and every one of us. It is indeed as we share lives with our elders that we learn the essential principles of life. We learn most of what we know in our families throughout the education that is conferred. Moral codes, respect, discipline, politeness, etc are taught during the youngest years of... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:49f66759-6e23-4dea-83ea-69ed1a882539>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://www.studymode.com/essays/Nisbet-Role-Of-Family-In-Society-1569035.html", "date": "2018-07-17T19:41:50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589892.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717183929-20180717203929-00131.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.969017744064331, "token_count": 417, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3 }
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) are besides known as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons or poly-aromatic hydrocarbons. They consist of fused aromatic rings and do non incorporate heteroatoms or substituents. The pure PAHs are normally in colourless, white or pale xanthous green coloring material solids. These compounds have their major beginnings in dodo or man-made fuels or are produced as by merchandises from the uncomplete burning or high-temperature reactions of coal, oil and gas, car fumes every bit good as organic stuffs. Furthermore, uncomplete burning of fuel in an internal burning engine non merely causes the formation of PAHs, other gaseous and particulates will besides be emitted. A few PAHs can be used in medical specialties and some can be used to do plastics, pesticides, dyes and so on.Presents, PAHs is one of the largest groups of environmental carcinogens which are present in air, nutrient and imbibing H2O. As the by-products of debasement and burning of organic stuffs, PAHs has become widespread in the environment. They are pollutants which are carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic. The United State Environment Protection Agency ( EPA ) has selected 32 compounds of PAHs to be chief pollutants. Among these 32 PAHs compounds, the EPA has categorised seven PAH compounds to be the possible carcinogens which can impact human wellness which are benzo ( a ) anthracene, chrysene, benzo ( a ) pyrene, benzo ( B ) fluoranthene, benzo ( K ) fluoranthene, dibenz ( a, H ) anthracene and indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene. Therefore, to avoid these 7 PAHs compounds exist overly in the environment and endanger human ‘s wellness, the presence of PAHs has to be monitored on a regular basis in the most environmental section and industrial concern. The rule of this undertaking is to find the concentration of these 7 PAH compounds present in motor oil samples which are from the auto mill and so place whether they are within the bound set by the Department of Environment ( DOE ) . If the concentration of the 7 PAHs in the waste oil exceeds the bound, the waste oil has to be treated before being disposed. Besides that, any penalty may besides be given to the proprietor. Used motor oils which contain PAHs are mutagenic ; particularly from the motor vehicles which utilizing leaded gasoline whereas used oils from vehicles which utilizing leadless gasoline or Diesel fuel are less mutagenic. Since the method used is considered as a new method which is imported from other state. Thus, I was given a opportunity to partly formalize the method whether the recoveries of sample analytes can be obtained through this method.PAHs are lipotropic, so they are easier to blend with oil instead than H2O. Therefore, PAHs are largely present in dirt and oily substances in the environment when they are in larger sizes, but sometimes, they besides exist in particulate affairs which suspended in the air. PAHs in the dirt can flux into belowground H2O and so pollute the H2O. Furthermore, PAHs can besides come in into H2O through discharges from intervention workss of industrial and sewage H2O. However, most of the PAHs are non soluble in H2O, so they prefer uniting with solid atoms and so settle to the underside of rivers and exist in deposit. Sediments, dirts, H2O and other substances will be contaminated when PAHs is present. After a period of hebdomads or months, PAHs can be broken down by micro-organisms, so they will non be everlastingly.Toxicity of PAHs depends on the constructions but non on their sizes. With isomers, they can be from non toxic to highly toxic. Although some effects of PAHs have non been seen in human so far, carnal experiments have proved that PAHs are really carcinogenic. After exposing to the PAHs no affair for a short or long period of clip, they can do harmful wellness effects such as on the tegument, organic structure fluids, and besides the ability to contend diseases. For case, research lab animate beings were infected by tegument malignant neoplastic disease when their tegument were exposed to the PAHs for a long clip, lung malignant neoplastic disease when they breathed air which incorporating PAHs every bit good as tummy malignant neoplastic disease when they consumed nutrient incorporating PAHs. Furthermore, in the carnal surveies on mice, the mice which were injected high degree of benzo ( a ) pyrene during gestation would happen troubles when reproducing. Besides that, their progeny besides had higher chance of birth defects, decreased organic structure weights and IQ if they extremely exposed to the benzo ( a ) pyrene before being given birth. These effects may besides happen in human. Fortunately, most of the PAHs which enter the organic structure will go forth through fecal matters and piss within a few yearss.The undermentioned seven constructions are the seven PAHs which are the possible carcinogens of human existences and they are the mark analytes of this undertaking:Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonIUPAC NameMolecular StructureMolecular FormulaAppearanceCarcinogenicityBeginningsBenzo ( a ) anthraceneC18H12SolidCarcinogenicMineral oilBenzo ( B ) fluorentheneC20H12Whitish to tan pulverizationStrongly carcinogenicOystersBenzo ( K ) fluorentheneC20H12Pale xanthous solid ( acerate leafs )Not carcinogenicOystersRoasted CoffeeBenzo ( a ) pyreneC20H12Pale yellow solidStrongly carcinogenicSmoked nutrientsOystersCigarettesOilsBBQ beef & A ; porcWaxCharcoal-broiled steaksRoasted javaContaminated H2OFruits and veggiesChryseneC18H12Colourless with bluish or red-blue fluorescence orthorhombic bipyramidal home basesCarcinogenicOystersWaxSmoked nutrientsRoasted javaDibenz ( a, H ) anthraceneC22H14Colourless solidStrongly carcinogenicCharcoal-broiled steaksIndeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyreneC22H12Yellow home basesCarcinogenicOwn work3.3.2 SurrogateSurrogate is a pure analyte which is non possible to be found in any samples, but its feature is the same as the sample analytes, so that there is no imbrication of keeping clip between the alternate and any sample analytes. Surrogate solution with known concentration is added into the sample prior to extraction and any other procedures. After that, it is determined by utilizing the same processs which are used to mensurate the sample analytes, and so its recovery is measured. The map of the alternate is to supervise the method public presentation of with each sample. Individual alternate recoveries are used to rectify the concentrations of specific analyte harmonizing to the keeping clip. The alternate used in this undertaking is terphenyl-d14. 3.3.3 Internal StandardAn internal criterion is a pure analyte with known concentration and different from sample analyte. It is added into a sample, infusion or standard solution. The map of internal criterion is to mensurate the comparative response or concentration of other method analytes and alternates which are constituents of the same solution with it by comparing the signal from analyte with the signal from the internal criterion.Internal criterion is really utile for analyzing a sample in which the sample ‘s measure or the response of instrument will somewhat change from tally to run. The right concentration of analyte can be derived, merely if the concentration of internal criterion is known. Besides that, internal criterion is normally used in the chromatography because the small sum of sample solution which is injected into the chromatograph is non really consistent in some trials. In this undertaking, perylene-d12 is used as internal criterion to cipher the concentration of other unknown analytes. 3.4 Principle of Method:Samples are made up in solution, spiked with alternate ( terphenyl-d14 ) , and so transferred into a silica gel clean-up column. By elution with hexane and dichloromethane/hexane 1:1, samples are fractionated into saturate fractions ( F1 ) and aromatic fractions ( F2 ) . Then, both fractions are concentrated by vaporization under dry N “ blow-down ” setup. The seven compounds of PAHs are in the aromatic fractions ( F2 ) whereas saturate fractions ( F1 ) contains concentrated hydrocarbon. For the intent of finding of PAHs, aromatic fraction ( F2 ) is spiked with internal criterion ( perylene-d12 ) , accurately exceed up to the pre-injection volume and so analyzed by GC/MS in the scan manner. 3.5 Apparatus and Reagent:3.5.1 Apparatus:Analytic balance – must be able to accurately weigh 0.0001gVolumetric flasks – 1mL, 5mL and 10mLVolumetric flasks must be rinsed with three parts each of DCM/hexane 1:1 and hexane in turn before usage.Graduated cylinders – 5mL, 10mL and 20mLMicropipettes – 10AµL-1000AµLSample clean-up column – 300mm long x 10.5mm internal diameter plugged with glass wool at the underside and a Teflon turncock. Fritted spectacless phonograph records are non recommended because they will be really hard to be cleaned after high concentration of infusions have been passed through.15mL Centrifuge tubes – calibrated, graduated and with ground-glass stopperCentrifuge tubing and its stopper must be rinsed with three parts each of DCM/hexane 1:1 and hexane in turn before usage.Dry-nitrogen “ blow-down ” devicePhials – 1mL, with Teflon-lined prison guard cap septaFunnelsGas chromatograph with mass spectrometer ( GC/MS )GC column used for analysis is 30m long x 0.25mm internal diameter, 60oC-325oC temperature bound, 0.25Aµm movie thickness capillary DB-5MS ( Durabond-5 Mass Spectrum ) .Note: All glasswork has to be rinsed with dissolver ( DCM and hexane ) before being used. 3.5.2 Reagents:AcetoneMethylene chlorideDichloromethane ( DCM ) /hexane 1:1HexaneGlass woolBefore usage, glass wool is placed into a big pre-cleaned column. Then, it is eluted with 2 volume of column of DCM followed by 2 volume of column of hexane. DCM and hexane are so discarded. A beaker is pre-cleaned with DCM and hexane. The clean cotton wool is poured into the beaker, covered slackly with solvent-rinsed aluminium foil. It is so dried overnight in fume goon. After that, the cotton wool is stored in an oven at temperature runing from 160-200oC until ready for usage.Silica gel- Before usage, it must be serially rinsed with propanone, DCM and hexane, so wholly dried at 50oC followed by activation for at least 20 hours at 160-180oC in a shallow glass tray, slackly covered with foil.Anhydrous Na sulfateBefore usage, Na sulfate must be cleaned by utilizing dissolver. The Na sulfate is poured into a pre-cleaned column. Then, it is eluted with 2 volume of column of DCM followed by 2 volume of column of hexane. DCM and hexane are so discarded. A beaker is pre-cleaned with DCM and hexane. The clean Na sulfate is poured into the beaker, covered slackly with solvent-rinsed aluminium foil. It is so dried overnight in fume goon. After that, the Na sulfate is dried in an oven at about 180oC nightlong. Sodium sulfate is stored in an oven at temperature runing from 180A±20oC until ready for usage. PAH stock mix standard solution – 1000ppmInternal criterions – Perylene-d12 – 1000ppmSurrogate – Terphenyl-d14 – 1000ppm3.6 Procedures:3.6.1 Preparation of Internal Standard ( Perylene-d12 ) and Surrogate ( Terphenyl-d14 )The stock internal criterion and alternate solutions which are 1000ppm were diluted with hexane into 100ppm severally. Then, the 100ppm of internal criterion and foster solutions was farther diluted into the other concentration that was required in the undermentioned stairss.3.6.2 CalibrationCalibration criterions were prepared from the 1000ppm of PAH stock mix standard solution.1000ppm of the PAH stock mix standard solution was diluted with hexane to 5ppm, 10ppm, 20ppm, 50ppm and 100ppm in 1mL volumetric flask.The five volumetric flasks with different concentration of mix criterion were spiked with alternate with the concentrations which are same as their several mix criterion.Then, each of the volumetric flasks was spiked with 0. 2mL of 100ppm of internal criterion to do the concentration of internal criterion to be 20ppm.Hexane was added to the standardization grade and so the 5 solutions were transferred into 5 different of 1mL phials.After that, the 5 standardization criterions were analyzed by GC/MS in the scan manner. The status of GC/MS will be indicated at Section3.6.3 ( C ) .The standardization graphs of 7 PAHs compounds and alternate were printed out and the one-dimensionality of graphs were determined. 3.6.3 Determination of PAHs in waste oil samples( A ) Waste Oil Sample readyingSample with alternate but without mix criterion ( Mixture of 7 compounds PAHs )0. 5000g of waste oil sample was weighed and pipette into a 5mL volumetric flask.Surrogate was spiked into the volumetric flask.Then, hexane was added to the standardization grade. The volumetric flask was shaked smartly.Sample with alternate and blend criterion ( Mixture of 7 compounds PAHs )0.5000g of waste oil sample was weighed and pipette into a 5mL volumetric flask.Surrogate followed by mix criterion were spiked into the volumetric flask.Then, hexane was added to the standardization grade.The volumetric flask was shaked smartly.( B ) Sample CleanupA 0. 5cm bed of cotton wool was placed into a 300mm long, 10.5mm internal diameter of chromatographic column.Approximately 3g of activated silicon oxide gel was so placed into the column.The column was tapped gently to settle the silicon oxide gel.A 0.5cm bed of anhydrous Na sulfate was added on the top of silica gel. The column was preconditioned with 20mL of hexane, the eluent was discarded.When hexane has drained to the top of the column bed, 500AµL of concentrated sample and 3mL of hexane were transferred into the column. 3mL of eluent was so discarded. Before sodium sulfate exposed to the air, 12mL of hexane was added into the column. This eluent was collected in a graduated and calibrated extractor tubing and this fraction was labeled as “ F1 ” .Before sodium sulfate exposed to the air, 15mL of DCM/hexane 1:1 was added into the column. The eluent was so collected in another calibrated and graduated extractor tubing and this fraction was labeled as “ F2 ” .After that, both fractions were concentrated gently to about volumes of 0.6-0.8mL by vaporization under dry N in the “ blow-down ” setup.The concentrated fractions were spiked with 2mL of 100ppm of internal criterion to do the internal criterion to be 20ppm. Both fractions were topped up to the pre-injection volume of 1 A± 0.1mL and so transferred into 1mL of phials with decently labeled Teflon-lined prison guard cap septa. Phials should be instantly closed to avoid vaporization of dissolver. The fractions have to be stored refrigerated, in the dark, for later analysis.( C ) Determination of PAHs by GC/MSThe seven compounds of PAHs were analyzed by GC/MS in the scan manner.The selected characteristic ions used for analysis of PAHs are listed in the Appendix.The operating conditions of GC/MS are the undermentioned:Mass scope: 35-500amuScan clip: 1sec/scanInitial temperature: 40oC, clasp for 4 proceedingssTemperature plan: 40-270oC at 10oC/minConcluding temperature: 300oC, hold about 15 proceedingss until all compounds eluteInjector temperature: 250-300oCTransportation line temperature: 250-300oCInjector: splitless ( usually for low concentration of analyte )Injection volume: 1AµLCarrier gas: He at 30cm/secAfter that, the consequences were printed out and analyzed. 3.6.4 Quality Control ( QC ) ProtocolMid flat concentration of standardization criterions which is 20ppm of PAH stock mix standard solution, spiked with 20ppm of internal criterion was analyzed by GC/MS in the scan manner. This is used to look into the public presentation of instrument. QC has to be analyzed after each 10 samples are run to guarantee that samples are running within the instrument public presentation.3.7 Consequences and Calculation:Calculation for the volumes of 1000ppm of stock mix standard solution used to fix 5ppm, 10ppm, 20ppm, 50ppm and 100ppm of mix standard solution:By utilizing expression,M1V1=M2V2For 5ppm, M1V1=M2V21000ppm ten V1 = 5ppm x 1mLV1 = 0.005mLFor 10ppm, 1000ppm ten V2 = 10ppm ten 1mLV2 = 0.01mLFor 20ppm, 1000ppm ten V3 = 20ppm ten 1mLV3 = 0.02mLFor 50ppm, 1000ppm ten V4 = 50ppm ten 1mLV4 = 0.05mLFor 100ppm, 1000ppm ten V5 = 100ppm ten 1mLV2 = 0. 1mLCalculation for the volume of alternate used in the sample readyingFor illustration, 20ppm of alternate was spiked into the sample,To avoid overloading, no more than 50mg of oil can be placed on the column.Therefore, we decided to put 50mg of oil on the column. This is because we can salvage the sum of alternate ‘s stock solution used.Concentration of oil = mass of sample used / volume of solution = 100000 mg/L1 L: 100000mg where ten be the volume of concentrated sample which is ten L: 50mg spiked into the columnten == 5 ten 10-4 L= 500AµLSo, to avoid overloading, the maximal volume of concentrated sample can be spiked into the column is 500AµL.M1V1=M2V2M1 x 500AµL = 20ppm x 1mLM1 = 40ppmM3V3=M4V4100 ten V3 = 40ppm x 5mLV3 = 2mLWhere M1 = M4 = Concentration of sampleM2 = Concentration of alternate obtained after sample killingM3 = Concentration alternate ‘s stock solution ( 100ppm )V1 = Volume of concentrated sample spiked into columnV2 = Pre-injection volumeV3 = Volume of alternate ‘s stock solution usedV4 = Volume of sample solution preparedTherefore, 2mL of alternate was used in the sample readying to do a concentration of 20ppm. Note: To cipher other concentration of alternate and blend criterion spiked into the sample, the same computation stairss are used.3.7.1 CalibrationThe standardization graphs are attached behind. 22.214.171.124 Calculation of Relative Response Factor ( RRF ) for each analyte in the standardization mixtures at each of the concentration degreesRelative Response Factors, RRF =Where:As = Area for the mark analyte to be measuredAIS = Area for the internal criterion ( IS )CIS = Concentration of the internal criterion ( 20ppm )Cs = Concentration of the mark analyteThe values of As, AIS and Cs can be referred to the quantitation study attached behind. Table 3.1: Relative Response Factor for 5ppm mix standardName of compoundAs ( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d147.130.9204.411.042057Benz ( a ) anthracene7.330.9203. 581.175173Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene5.330.9202.471. 388834Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene10.430.9204.51.495865Benzo ( a ) pyrene4. 530.9202.161.348436Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene6.130.9204.90.805759Dibenzo ( a. h ) anthracene4.930.9203.50.906149Table 3.2: Relative Response Factor for 10ppm mix standardName of compoundAs( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d1418. 542.12011.420.76958Benz ( a ) anthracene19.342. 12010.850.871307Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene18.242.1208. 411.028071Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene27.242.12011.731. 101587Benzo ( a ) pyrene17.142.1208.11. 002903Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene17.142.12010.060.807507Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene14. 3: Relative Response Factor for 20ppm mix standardName of compoundAs( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d1430.541.42018.810.783323Benz ( a ) anthracene39.241. 250.886616Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene40.241.42018.531. 048046Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene49.141.42021. 141.122034Benzo ( a ) pyrene37.141.42017.561.020655Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene20. 341.42012.170.805815Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene30.341.42016. 010.914284Table 3.4: Relative Response Factor for 50ppm mix standardName of compoundAs( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d1492. 3442056.890.737468Benz ( a ) anthracene91.4442046. 140.900422Chrysene91.4442049.790.834414Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene106.5442049.080. 98633Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene142.1442061.131.056616Benzo ( a ) pyrene93. 7442044.30.96142Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene83.4442046. 940.807607Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene105.7442052.540. 914455Table 3.5: Relative Response Factor for 100ppm mix standardName of compoundAs( x106 )Army intelligence( x106 )Commonwealth of independent statesCesiumRRFTerphenyl-d14156.943.42096.680.747871Benz ( a ) anthracene202.243.420102. 846516Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene219.343.420101.041.000197Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene218.743. 42094.061.07148Benzo ( a ) pyrene219.343.420103.670.974823Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene180.943. 420103.10.808575Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene198.343.42099. 850.91519126.96.36.199 Percent comparative criterion divergence ( % RSD ) for the five RRFs for each analyte% RSD Standard divergence of the RRFsAverage of the RRFsX 100 %Standard divergence =Where eleven = each RRF value used to cipher the mean RRF= the mean of N valuesn = entire figure of values = 5All informations is referred to the quantitation study attached behind.Table 3.6: Percentage comparative criterion divergence ( % RSD ) for the 5 RRFs for each analyteName of compoundRelative Response FactorAverageStandard Deviation% RSD5 ppm10 ppm20 ppm50 ppm100 ppmTerphenyl-d141. 64Benz ( a ) anthracene1.2735630.9403740. 8465160.9228050.14255203615.45Benzo ( B )fluorenthene1.3888341. 46Benzo ( K )fluorenthene1.4958651.1015871.1220341.0566161.071481.1695160.18420769115. 75Benzo ( a ) pyrene1.3484361.0029031.0206550.961420.9748231.0616470.16198987915. 26Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd )pyrene0.8057590.8075070.8058150.8076070.8085750. 8070530.0012284220.15Dibenzo ( a.h )anthracene0.9061490.9111590. 413.7.2 Verification of Calculation for PAHsConcentration of the analyte of involvement in the sample ( Aµg/g ) =Where:As = Area for the analyte in the sampleAIS = Area for the internal criterion ( IS )WIS = Amount of internal criterion added to the sample = 20AµgD = Dilution factor ( dimensionless ) = 5Ws = Weight of sample ( g )Table 3.7: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAH in sample waste W( no alternate spiked and without sample clean-up ) 26 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d140.0412200.032. Benz ( a ) anthracene3.912201.993.26633165819. 9100Chrysene412202.223.00300300322.2100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene1. 412200.683.4313725496.8100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene1. 412200.613.8251366126.1100Benzo ( a ) pyrene1.412200. 713.2863849777.110Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene1.312202. 690.80545229226.9100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0.112200. 210.7936507942.110Table 3.8: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in sample waste A( no alternate spiked and without sample clean-up ) 25 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d140. Benz ( a ) anthracene0.237.7200.110. 5305039791100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene0.0837.7200. 041.0610079580.4100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene0. 0937.7200.041.1936339520.4100Benzo ( a ) pyrene0.137.7200.051. 0610079580.510Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene0.0137.7200.010.5305039790. 1100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0.0537.7200.030.8841732980. 310Table 3.9: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in waste W1( 20ppm alternate spiked and with sample clean-up ) 28 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analytev ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d1474.3442045. Benz ( a ) anthracene3.9442020.88636363620100Chrysene2.444201. 320.82644628113.2100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene2.944201.350.97643097613.5100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene2.844201.251.01818181812.5100Benzo ( a ) pyrene2.944201.40.9415584421410Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene1.244200.70.7792207797100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0.144200.070.6493506490.710Table 3.10: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in waste W2( 20ppm alternate spiked and with sample clean-up ) 30 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d1414.313.2208.922.42899850589.2 Benz ( a ) anthracene0.813.2200.432.818886544.3100Chrysene0.413.2200.262.3310023312.6100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene0.313.2200.162.8409090911.6100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene0.513.2200.243.1565656572.4100Benzo ( a ) pyrene0.413.2200.232.6350461132.310Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene0.213.2200.510.5941770655.1100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene013.22000010Table 3.11: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in waste A1( 20ppm alternate spiked and with sample clean-up ) 28 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x106 )Area of IS( x106 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d1446.3392028.530.832232378285.3 Benz ( a ) anthracene0.0539200.030.8547008550.3100Chrysene0.0639200.040.7692307690.4100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene0.0239200.011.0256410260.1100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene-0.0023920000100Benzo ( a ) pyrene0.139200.060.8547008550.610Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene03920000100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0392000010Table 3.12: Calculation of Concentration for 7 PAHs in waste A2( 20ppm alternate spiked and with sample clean-up ) 30 Jun 2010Name of compoundArea for the mark analyte( x105 )Area of IS( x105 )Conc. of IS ( ppm )Conc. of mark analyte ( ppm )RRFConc. ( Aµg/g )DOE bound ( ug/g )Terphenyl-d14423.2360.12026.380.891000078263.8 Benz ( a ) anthracene0.3360.1200.020.8331019160.2100Chrysene0.3360.1200.020.8331019160.2100Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene0360.120000100Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene0.1360.1200.010.5554012770.1100Benzo ( a ) pyrene1360.1200.051.1108025550.510Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene0360.120000100Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene0360.12000010Note: The concentrations of analytes which are non noticeable are assumed as nothing.3.7.3 Determination of the Sample RecoveryConcentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion= Concentration of mark analyte – Concentration of mark analyte in the spaceRecovery per centum of mix criterion =Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterionConcentration of mix criterion spikedx 100 %Table 3.13: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for waste W1+ 10ppm mix criterion ( 20ppm alternate through column ) 30 Jun 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the space ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Terphenyl-d1426.240.0326.21131.05Benz ( a ) anthracene13.341.9911.35113.50Chrysene11.532.229.3193.10Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene10.360.689.6896.80Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene11.780.6111.17111.70Benzo ( a ) pyrene10.110.719.494.00Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene4.342.691.6516.50Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene4.470.214.2642.60Table 3.14: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for waste W2 + 10ppm mix criterion ( 20ppm alternate through column ) 1 July 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the space ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Terphenyl-d1443.160.0343.13215.65Benz ( a ) anthracene12.841.9910.85108.50Chrysene12.242.2210.02100.20Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene10.810.6810.13101.30Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene11.660.6111.05110.50Benzo ( a ) pyrene10.420.719.7197.10Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene6.962.694.2742.70Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene6.720.216.5165.10Note: The concentration of mark analyte in the space of waste W is taken from the concentration of mark analyte in the tabular array 3.1.Table 3.15: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for waste A1 + 20ppm mix criterion ( 40ppm alternate through column ) 1 July 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the space ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Terphenyl-d1484.770.0584.72211.80Benz ( a ) anthracene18.770.1118.6693.30Chrysene20.260.120.16100.80Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene18.390.0418.3591.75Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene20.330.0420.29101.45Benzo ( a ) pyrene17.640.0517.5987.95Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene10.910.0110.954.50Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene11.260.0311.2356.15Table 3.16: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for waste A2 + 20ppm mix criterion ( 40ppm alternate through column ) 1 July 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the space ( ppm )Concentration of mark analyte in the mix criterion ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Terphenyl-d1488.110.0588.06220.15Benz ( a ) anthracene21.50.1121.39106.95Chrysene21.040.120.94104.70Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene19.540.0419.597.50Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene21.230.0421.19105.95Benzo ( a ) pyrene18.880.0518.8394.15Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene14.670.0114.6673.30Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene15.220.0315.1975.95Note: The concentration of mark analyte in the space of waste A is taken from the concentration of mark analyte in the tabular array 3.2.Table 3.17: Summary of Recovery per centum of mix criterionName of compoundRecovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Waste W1Waste W2Waste A1Waste A2Terphenyl-d14131.05215.65211.8220.15Benz ( a ) anthracene113.50108.5093.30106.95Chrysene93.10100.20100.80104.70Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene96.80101.3091.7597.50Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene111.70110.50101.45105.95Benzo ( a ) pyrene94.0097.1087.9594.15Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene16.5042.7054.5073.30Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene42.6065.1056.1575.953.7.4 Quality ControlTable 3.18: Calculation of recovery per centum of mix criterion for QC 20ppm( no alternate spiked ) 29 Jun 2010Name of compoundConcentration of mark analyte ( ppm )Recovery per centum of mix criterion ( % )Benz ( a ) anthracene21.62108.1Chrysene22.67113.35Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene22.16110.8Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene22.16110.8Benzo ( a ) pyrene20.18100.9Indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene15.376.5Dibenzo ( a.h ) anthracene17.3486.73.8 Observations:3.8.1 The eluent in the F2 which contains PAHs was in xanthous coloring material whereas the eluent in F1 which contains saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon was colourless.Fraction 1: colourless Fraction 2: xanthous coloring material3.8.2 When the fractions were exposed to the UV visible radiation, there was fluorescence occurred in F2 but non in F1. This is the preliminary identifying for the presence of PAHs in the waste oil sample. This can be shown by the undermentioned images:Fraction 1: fluorescence did non happen Fraction 2: fluorescence occurred3.8.3 The strength of xanthous coloring material of F2 in waste W is higher than in waste A.3.9 Discussions:3.9.1 Discussion on chromatographRefer to the chromatograph of 20ppm of PAHs mix criterions attached behind, there are 9 extremums represent to the 7 PAHs, internal criterion and alternate. It shows the keeping clip of the 7 mark PAHs every bit good as internal criterion ( perylene-d12 ) and foster ( terphenyl-d14 ) . The keeping clip of the 7 PAHs, internal criterion and alternate are:Terphenyl-d14: 24.46 minBenz ( a ) anthracene: 26.82 minChrysene: 26.91 minBenzo ( B ) fluorenthene: 29.25 minBenzo ( K ) fluorenthene: 29.30 minBenzo ( a ) pyrene: 29.90 minPerylene-d12: 30.02 minIndeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene: 32.48 minDibenzo ( a, H ) anthracene: 32.56 minFrom the chromatograph, we can detect that the splitting of the 9 extremums is moderate but they are still acceptable. There are somewhat overlapping of some extremums such as benzo ( B ) fluorenthene with benzo ( K ) fluorenthene and indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene with dibenzo ( a, H ) anthracene because their keeping clip is rather close. If the extremums are overlapping excessively much, response of the several analyte will be really hard to be calculated and mistakes will besides happen. This is because response is calculated from the country occupied by a extremum, so if 2 extremums are overlapping, it is really hard to find the existent country of each extremum and the response obtained will merely be an estimate. This will indirectly act upon our consequences. To better the splitting, temperature scheduling can be increased.3.9.2 Linearity of CalibrationThe standardization cheque of the five different concentration of PAHs mix criterion can be used to set up the instrument ‘s additive dynamic scope. From the consequences above, we found that the comparative response factors of each analyte for the points are changeless because the per centum RSD is less than 20 over the on the job scope. Besides that, based on the standardization graphs obtained, the sample coefficient of finding ( r2 ) of all the analytes except benzo ( K ) fluorenthene which is 0.976 are greater than 0.99, so they are considered as the best least-squares tantrum. Although r2 of benzo ( K ) fluorenthene is non greater than 0.99, its value ( 0.976 ) is merely somewhat different from 0.99, so it can still be accepted as a good least-squares tantrum. Due to these two grounds, the instrument can be considered to hold additive response over the scope of lower limit to maximal concentration. Calibration should be checked at the beginning of every undertaking.3.9.3 Verification of Calculation for PAHsFrom the tabular array 5.7 to postpone 5.12, I can verify that the concentration of each analyte ( unit of Aµg/g ) in every sample which I calculated by utilizing the expression given above lucifers with the consequences obtained from the GC/MS. As a consequences, I can vouch that the concentration of analyte calculated by the GC/MS itself does non hold mistake and it is dependable. Furthermore, I found that the concentrations of each analyte in the unit of Aµg/g which are calculated from the expression are 10 times of that concentration given by the GC/MS which is in the unit of Aµg/mL. To change over the unit of Aµg/mL to Aµg/g, the value obtained from the GC/MS has to be multiplied with the volume of sample solution prepared which is 5mL and divided by the mass of waste oil sample used which is 0.5g. Since 5mL divided by 0.5g will obtain 10mL/g, the concentration in the unit of Aµg/g will be 10 times of the concentration in the unit of Aµg/mL. By and large, the consequences obtained from the GC/MS must be converted into the unit of Aµg/g because the bounds of concentration of PAHs nowadays in the waste oil which are given by the Department of Environment ( DOE ) are all in the unit of Aµg/g. Hence, it will be more convenient for us to compare the consequences with the DOE bounds.Based on the tabular array 5.7 and table 5.8, we can preliminarily cognize the concentrations of the seven PAHs compounds in waste W and blow A samples and we besides found that they are within the DOE bounds. This is because the waste oil samples were straight run with GC/MS and they were non gone through the column, so we assumed that there is no loss or addition of any sum of compounds when being analysing in the GC/MS. The consequences can be farther confirmed by making sample recovery which will be discussed in the Section 5.9.4. On the other manus, the consequences from the tabular array 5.9 to postpone 5.12 can non be used to find the concentration of PAHs in the two samples because the samples did travel through the sample clean-up column, nevertheless, the recoveries of alternate obtained are non good as the recoveries are already out of the scope ( 80-120 % ) . Therefore, the consequences obtained are non dependable because we do non cognize whether the recoveries of sample analytes are good or non by mentioning the foster recovery. Based on the recovery of alternate, we can foretell that there might be loss or addition of some sum of PAHs during the sample clean-up procedure.Furthermore, compared the concentration of each analyte in waste W to blow A in the tabular array 5.7 and table 5.8 severally, we found that the concentration of each PAH compound in waste W is higher than in waste A. This explains why the coloring material of eluent in waste W is more intense than in waste A. The higher the concentration of PAHs in the oil sample, the more intense the coloring material is.3.9.4 Sample RecoverySince the recoveries of alternates from the tabular array 5.9 to postpone 5.12 are non good, we can non guarantee that whether the recoveries of samples are good or non. Therefore, we used another manner to find the recoveries of samples. We spiked the known concentration of mix criterion into the waste oil sample and so followed by the sample clean-up procedure. After that, the consequences obtained minus with the concentration of each analyte in the waste oil samples in order to acquire the recoveries of mix criterion. The concentration of each analyte in the waste W and blow A can be obtained from the tabular array 5.7 and table 5.8 severally. From finding the recoveries of mix criterion, we can besides cognize the recoveries of oil samples.Harmonizing to the consequences above ( table 5.17 ) , we found that the recovery per centum of the first five analytes ( Benz ( a ) anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo ( B ) fluorenthene, Benzo ( K ) fluorenthene and Benzo ( a ) pyrene ) in the mix criterion are considered good which is 87.95 % – 113.50 % , so we can reason that the recovery of these analytes in the samples is besides good, and we assumed that there is no or a small loss or addition of the sum of samples throughout the procedure. However, the recoveries of indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene and dibenzo ( a, H ) anthracene in the mix criterion are non good, there recovery per centums are less than 80 % . This might be because these two analytes are non suited for being extracted at the concentration of mix criterion that we spiked. For waste W sample in which the concentration of mix criterion spiked is 10ppm, the recovery of these two analytes is lower than waste A sample in which the concentration of mix criterion spiked is 20ppm. This means that the recovery of these two compounds might be increased if we increase the concentration of mix criterion spiked into the samples.In add-on, the recovery of alternate for the samples is besides non good but the recovery per centum is rather consistent. The bad recovery of alternate might be caused by the glasswork such as column that we used during the experiment. The column might non be cleaned decently with methylene chloride and hexane after antecedently used. Hence, there might be some contaminations or alternate of the old experiments left on the column. This will impact our consequences and do us can non obtain a good recovery of alternate. Besides that, the concentration of alternate itself ( 100ppm ) before being spiked into the sample might be altered. This is because the 100ppm of alternate was diluted from the 1000ppm of alternate stock solution with hexane, so there might be some hexane evaporated when exposed to the air before being spiked. If hexane evaporates, the concentration of alternate will be increased, so the recovery per centum of alternate will be really high.3.9.5 Quality ControlFrom the tabular array 5.18, we observed that the recovery of the 20pppm of mix criterion is good plenty because it is within the scope from 80 % to120 % . Therefore, we can guarantee that the public presentation of instrument is good and there is no any escape of gas in the gas chromatography. If the recovery is out of the scope, jobs have to be discovered and solved before samples are run.3.9.6 OthersBoth fraction 1 and 2 can non be over concentrated by vaporization under dry N in the “ blow-down ” setup until being wholly dry because this may take to loss of sum of PAHs and so our consequences will be affected.Hexane is used to pull out saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons which is the eluent collected in the Fraction 1 ( F1 ) . This is because hexane is a non-polar dissolver and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are besides non-polar. Therefore, when the column is eluted with hexane, non-polar compounds such as aliphatic hydrocarbons will come out together with the hexane. On the other manus, 1:1 DCM/hexane is used to pull out aromatic hydrocarbon compounds which are collected in F2. This is because 1:1 DCM/hexane has an intermediate mutual opposition which is similar to the mutual opposition of PAHs so they are eluted with 1:1 DCM/hexane.In the portion of reagents, I mentioned that prior to utilize, glass wool, silica gel and Na sulfate have to be rinsed with dissolver. This is because drosss can be removed and they can pre-adapt the environment after rinsing with the dissolver. Besides that, during the sample clean-up, we should guarantee that the silica column is packed. If non, the silicon oxide column will be cracked when dissolver and samples pass through the column. Our consequences will be affected if column is cracked. In add-on, both fractions 2 which contain PAHs were fluorescent when exposed to ultraviolet ( UV ) visible radiation. This is because when the molecules of PAHs absorb UV visible radiation, they will be excited, and so breathing characteristic wavelengths of visible radiation.Furthermore, internal criterion has to be added after sample clean-up and nitrogen blowing but non added when the sample readying like alternate and blend criterion. This is because the add-on of internal criterion is used to cipher the concentration of other unknown analytes. If it is added into the sample during the sample readying and so travel through sample clean-up, sum of internal criterion might be lost during the procedure. Hence, the concentration of analytes which is calculated depending on the concentration internal criterion will be affected. To avoid this job occur, internal criterion is added after sample clean-up.3.10 DecisionThe recoveries of benz ( a ) anthracene, chrysene, benzo ( B ) fluorenthene, benzo ( K ) fluorenthene and benzo ( a ) pyrene in waste oil samples are equally good which is from 87.95 % – 113.50 % . This per centum scope is within the credence standard ( 80 % -120 % ) . Therefore, we can guarantee that these five analytes can be determined by utilizing this method without any loss of sum. However, the recoveries of indeno ( 1,2,3-cd ) pyrene and dibenzo ( a, H ) anthracene are hapless. Thus, alteration has to be applied to increase the recovery such as increasing the concentration of mix criterion spiked into the samples.	<urn:uuid:9bde2e48-a631-49ee-8752-b8e4f9a38655>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://artspace-jhb.co.za/determination-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon-in-waste-oil-biology-essay/", "date": "2021-04-17T20:40:10", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464045.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417192821-20210417222821-00253.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8771852254867554, "token_count": 11902, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3 }
There are five main colour groups in China namely red (pink), yellow, blue (also green), black and white. Each colour had its designated purposes. Not surprisingly the same colour range was used for lotus shoes. Red, for example, is the colour of all festive occasions, such as weddings and New Year celebrations. It is also regarded as the colour of virtue. Red is used by a wide range of social groups, while being associated with younger people. In contrast, certain hues of yellow were specifically associated with emperor, empress and the heir apparent. Certain other forms of yellow were used by other members of the imperial family and certain court members. Non-imperial yellows were used by elite and wealthier men and women, and to a much lesser extent by poorer people. There were no comparative rules with regard the use of blue (green and purples), and it could be worn on many different occasions and by all social groups. Middle aged men and women tended to wear more subdued colours such as combinations of blue-grey, blue-green and black. In general, black was regarded as the colour of old age. Although in the 1920s onwards, chic black became ‘in’ among fashionable ladies in the international city of Shanghai, from where it spread to other groups. White was the colour of mourning in China and there were very strict rules concerning the wearing of white. There were five degrees of mourning depending on who had died, their relation to the wearer (father, mother, daughter, son) and when the death had taken place. Pure white clothing and shoes were worn following the death and funeral of someone, followed by white shoes with white or grey embroidery or other adornment . Later clothes and shoes changed to dull blue, black or grey forms. Mourning could last up to 27 months depending on who had died. Decoration on lotus shoes A wide range of symbols, objects, fauna and floral designs were used to decorate lotus shoes. Many of these represented good luck, good health, longevity and so forth, or they indicated when the shoe was to be worn (spring, summer, autumn or winter), or for a particular special festival. The floral symbols for the four seasons were plum blossoms (spring), peonies (summer), lotus (autumn) and chrysanthemums (winter). But other forms were used such as peaches, bamboo and pine trees. Birds were represented by, among others, cranes and phoenixes. While fauna designs might include cats, bats, butterflies, cats, tortoises and monkeys. In addition, the “five poisons” might be found, namely, toads, snakes, lizards, centipedes and scorpions, which were regarded as amulets against evil. Another symbol that was often used was that of shou that has the meaning of longevity. It was often used for shoes intended for a wedding. Shou some cases it can also be found on the soles of funeral shoes. In this case the character shou has the meaning of long life in the sense of the lineage continues forwarded despite the death of someone. Sole embroidery If the soles were made of layered cotton (rather than wood), they were usually quilted with small, running stitches in a variety of simple lines or geometric forms. Sometimes, ladies who received guest while sitting on a kang (bed) had elaborately embroidered soles decorated with intricate designs worked in silk. These were intended for pleasurable viewing, should (accidentally) the sole of the shoe face the visitors. Dancers also embellished their shoe soles with brightly coloured silk embroidery and sometimes small sequins to add to the complete visual effect.	<urn:uuid:0a2a2260-be42-4746-809f-78fb1c7dfaba>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-digital-exhibition/index.php/chinese-lotus-shoes/item/145-5-colours-and-decoration", "date": "2019-10-14T19:33:53", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986654086.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014173924-20191014201424-00072.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9846392273902893, "token_count": 772, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3 }
1. Lung cancer and its classification 2. symptoms of lung cancer 3. stages of the disease 4. Metastatic lung cancer 6. Treatment of lung cancer lung cancer - a malignant tumor that develops from mucosal tissues and glands of the bronchi and lungs.Today it is one of the most common causes of death in the land - 72% of patients die within a year after the diagnosis of lung cancer.Moreover, 7 of the 10 cases - people over 65 years.Every year, there are nearly one million new cases of the disease in the world. The article describes about the symptoms of lung cancer and the stage of the disease, as well as the existing methods of its diagnosis and treatment. sign is lung cancer is divided into root, peripheral and mixed. radical cancer is also called a central, it accounts for 45-50% of all cases of lung cancer diagnosis.Malignant cells are localized in the bronchial mucosa in the stem, and the shared initial part.The peripheral lung cancer is diagnosed in 50-55% of cases and is located in the mucous membrane of the peripheral segmental bronchus, as well as its smaller branches.Peripheral cancer grows as a unit and may not manifest itself until the random survey, sometimes the first manifestation of his hematogenous metastases are frequent. Mixed or massive lung cancer is diagnosed in 2-5% of cases.Massive cancer develops in the form of a soft, whitish tissue, which holds a stake or the whole lung. There is another classification, which depends on what elements tumor formed.From this point of view it is divided into squamous cell cancer, small cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell, mixed, etc.The most aggressive form - is small cell lung cancer, which is rapidly and extensively distributed throughout the body and most often affects men smokers.The most common form - squamous cell carcinoma, this type of the disease is diagnosed in 50-60% of patients. Signs of lung depend on where the first tumor site was located.When the central cancer, when the tumor has developed into a source of a large bronchus mucosa, cancer manifests itself quite early.In this situation, develop the following symptoms of lung cancer - a tumor irritating the mucous membrane of the bronchus and violates Airway.It is manifested as an abnormally slow and shallow breathing, which is termed hypoventilation.There may come atelectasis - spadenie lobe.After that, the tumor grows through the nerve trunks and pleura, and to the signs of lung cancer joins pain. After germination of the tumor in bronchus patients complain of the symptoms of lung cancer such as dry cough and cough with sputum light.Then there are the impurities of blood, sputum becomes purulent, the body temperature rises, there is shortness of breath and malaise.Cancer pneumonia can be cured easily, but just as easily again affects the lungs.Then it appears the symptoms of lung cancer, such as pleural effusion and pain.With the defeat of the vagus nerve can occur paralysis of the vocal muscles, as if struck by the phrenic nerve - diaphragm paralysis.Germination of the tumor in the pericardial sac causing pain in my heart.With the defeat of the vena cava may cause such symptoms of lung cancer, as a violation of circulation of blood and lymph flow in the upper half of the body, neck and head, which is why the face is puffy, and the veins in the neck, arms and chest - swollen. If the tumor was struck by the peripheral part of the lung, lung cancer symptoms may not appear for a long time, since most of the lung tissue of painful endings there.But eventually, when the tumor site affects the bronchi, pleura and adjacent organs, in the center of the tumor having decay and bleeding, and after them, coughing blood, sputum, hoarseness, mediastinal displacement and compression syndrome of the superior vena cava tumor. There are common symptoms of lung cancer - the deterioration of intoxication, shortness of breath, weakness, weight loss, fever, which are characteristic of all malignant tumors.These are usually added to a violation of calcium metabolism, finger deformation, resembling the "drumsticks", dermatitis.More severe symptoms of lung cancer - metastasis in vital organs, lungs decay, bronchial obstruction and pulmonary hemorrhage. In the domestic classification is customary to distinguish four stages of lung cancer: - I stage of lung cancer.The tumor reaches 3 cm in size. The pathological formation of one segment affects the lung or bronchus are no metastases.In a number of cases of lung cancer diagnosis at this stage it is carried out in time. - II stage of lung cancer.Malignancies may reach 6 cm in greatest dimension.A tumor usually still localized in one lung segment, or within the segmental bronchus, but already there are metastases in the lymph nodes and pulmonary bronchopulmonary type. - III stage of lung cancer.Tumor more than 6 cm in diameter. It is possible the spread of tumors to adjacent share of the bronchi or lungs.Metastatic lung cancer appear in the bifurcation, tracheobronchial and paratracheal lymph nodes. - IV stage of lung cancer.Tumor extends to adjacent organs.It joins an extensive metastasis cancer pleurisy. itself, the term is a secondary metastasis pathological focus, which arises from the transfer of tumor cells from the source of the primary lesion.Metastatic lung cancer are Lymphogenous, hematogenous and implantation.The most likely spread of metastases - in closely spaced lymph nodes.Initially, affected nodes at the place where the equity is divided into segmental bronchus, and then along the bronchi equity, further along the main bronchus and lung vascular roots and so on until the subclavian and supraclavicular lymph nodes.Spreading blood metastasis of lung cancer grow in the liver, lung, kidney, bone, brain and adrenal glands.During germination of pleural tumor cells may metastasize and pleura. disease most common and well-known cause of the disease - tobacco smoking.Because of smokers among men than among women, and a strong half of humanity malignancies hit more often.Second-hand smoke is no less dangerous activities.Studies show that 10-15% of patients are not touched cigarettes. second most common cause of the disease - effect of radon gas.Gas formed during radioactive decay of radium, which causes mutation, including the formation of malignant tumors. various lung diseases and can cause asbestos.Once getting into the lung tissue, asbestos fibers are not displayed in a lifetime.Today its use is banned in many countries. Recent studies of the American Cancer Society says that the disease can cause effects of dust particles.Moreover, increasing the concentration of dust in the air at 1% increases the risk of cancer by 14%.According to recent reports the cause of the disease can also be a human papilloma virus, simian virus 40, cytomegalovirus.All of these affect the cell cycle and may provoke uncontrolled cell division. Treatment is carried out in a comprehensive and includes surgical removal of the tumor, chemotherapy and radiation, or one of the methods depending on the patient's condition. Surgical treatment of lung cancer is held on the first or second stage of the disease or in 10-35% of cases.It is not always a positive effect, especially if there were metastases in other organs.In 25-45% of cases, surgical treatment can extend the life of 5 years. Radiation therapy is often used in combination with chemotherapy and surgery.This method of treatment of lung cancer consists of placing the radioactive pellets in close proximity to the tumor through a bronchoscope.Radiotherapy limiting tumor growth, but has numerous side effects.Therefore, a thorough examination of the patient is carried out before its purpose and used all available means of diagnosis of lung cancer, to assess the feasibility of this method of treatment. lung cancer treated with chemotherapy regardless of the type and stage of development.Chemotherapy drugs administered orally or intravenously, therapy is usually conducted in a clinic-term cycles.This method also has many side effects, particularly in the treatment of lung cancer chemotherapy are observed hair loss, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.After completion of these symptoms usually disappear. This article is available exclusively in the educational purposes and is not research material or professional medical advice. make an appointment to see a doctor Contents: 1. Causes of chronic heart failure 2. Classification of chronic heart failure 3. symptoms 4. Treatment of chronic h... Contents: 1. main causes of CKD (chronic kidney disease) 2. Classification of CRF 3. clinical picture of chronic renal failure ... Contents: 1. Causes Snoring 2. danger of this phenomenon 3. How to stop snoring Snoring - a common enough occurrence.It occu...	<urn:uuid:ce4534a8-81fd-432e-aeb3-44ec8c981698>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "url": "http://vitamedd.com/en/pages/1340666", "date": "2017-08-24T06:48:29", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133042.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824062820-20170824082820-00218.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9255332946777344, "token_count": 1906, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3 }
Importance Of Sugar In The Human Body Sugar has a poor reputation as being an enemy when it comes to creating a nutritious and well-balanced diet. The fact is, however, that you wouldn’t be able to survive without sugar. Your body relies on small amounts of sugar to function properly. That doesn’t mean that you have license to fill up on sugary foods, but it does mean that there is a place for small amounts of the right kinds of sugar in your healthy eating plan. Video of the Day How Can I Treat High Blood Sugar Talk to your doctor about how to keep your blood sugar levels within your target range. Your doctor may suggest the following: - Be more active. Regular exercise can help keep your blood sugar levels on track. Important: dont exercise if ketones are present in your urine. This can make your blood sugar go even higher. - Take medicine as instructed. If your blood sugar is often high, your doctor may change how much medicine you take or when you take it. - Follow your diabetes meal plan. Ask your doctor or dietitian for help if youre having trouble sticking to it. - Check your blood sugar as directed by your doctor. Check more often if youre sick or if youre concerned about high or low blood sugar. - Talk to your doctor about adjusting how much insulin you take and what types of insulin to use. Why Check Blood Sugar - Too much food, especially carbohydrates - Some medications - More physical activity than usual Understanding your bodys patterns can help you and your healthcare provider know how to manage your diabetes best. For example, monitoring your blood sugar levels and keeping your blood sugar within your target range reduce the risk of diabetes complications. In addition, managing your diabetes can help prevent severely high blood sugar and severely low blood sugar . Read Also: Will Bananas Raise Your Blood Sugar Why Is It Important To Monitor Glucose Closely Monitoring blood glucose closely allows you to identify what is causing your levels to fluctuate so you can avoid things that are affecting you. Keeping a close eye on this number also allows you to catch low or high blood sugar early and avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. For people with diabetes, blood sugar numbers show how well their diabetes is managed and managing their diabetes means that they have a lower chance of having serious health problems, such as kidney disease and vision loss. It’s also important to log any changes in blood sugar level so they can be shared with healthcare providers who can use it to make the best care plan or any adjustments to existing treatments. There are two ways to measure blood sugar: - Blood sugar checks that you do yourself with a glucometer - The A1C test done in a lab or at your providers office, which tells you your average blood sugar level over the past two to three months How To Take Measurements Many years of experience using glucometers and special measurements haveallowed specialists to draw up an optimal plan for monitoring sugar indicators,which depends on the type of diabetes. If a person has type 1 diabetes, he should take 4 measurements per day.Measurements must be taken before each meal and at bedtime. If you have had astrong workout or ate a prohibited product, you should conduct additionalresearch at night. The sugar control regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes depends onthe prescribed course of treatment. If a person uses insulin repeatedly , then as with type 1 diabetes, he must take 4 measurements perday. Otherwise, the patient should take measurements of his blood glucose level2 times a day, and record the results in the appropriate diary. If a persontakes sugar-lowering drugs, then he must take 4 measurements of sugar level 1time per week. This is a control measurement, which allows us to talk about theeffectiveness of using such tools. This is the standard plan for using glucometers. However, the attendingphysician can change and supplement it. It depends on the goals that he pursuesand the quality of the treatment. There are situations where you should check your blood sugar more oftenthan usual. Among them: - Change in treatment - Change of place of work or residence - Travel or change of climate zone You can independently increase the number of measurements if you want toget more detailed information about your body. You May Like: Diet For Hyperglycemia Without Diabetes How To Stay In Target Eating healthy, exercising and taking medication, if necessary, will help you keep your blood sugar levels within their target range. Target ranges for blood sugar can vary depending on your age, medical condition and other risk factors. Targets are different for pregnant women, older adults and children 12 years of age and under. Why Is The Blood Sugar High Despite Taking Medication Most medications to take in the morning forces your body to make insulin. So agents like glipizide produce insulin that helps with your meals. But then it wears off. And then at night your body still needs insulin. So insulin is not just necessary for the food, but also your body needs insulin even during fasting. Therefore, even if youre eating no carbs whatsoever you still need insulin. In the relative deficiency or resistance to insulin, a lot of patients will end up waking up with high blood sugars especially if the medications they take wears off by the time they go to bed. Recommended Reading: Type 2 Diabetes Mayo Read Also: How To Drop Sugar Level How To Balance Blood Sugar The good news is, disrupted blood sugar and insulin resistance can be corrected with changes in diet and lifestyle habits. Monitoring the quantity and quality of your carbohydrate intake is a very important factor in balancing your blood sugar. Minimizing processed carbohydrates like crackers, granola bars, baked goods, bread, pasta, sugary drinks, and sweets is vital to minimizing dips and spikes in blood sugar levels. Instead, opt for whole food carbohydrates such as whole grains , bean, lentils, fruit, and vegetables which will help to stabilize blood sugar levels since they are high in fibre and nutrient-dense. Additionally, ensuring that you are eating balanced meals that contain a source of protein and fat is also imperative to balancing blood sugar. Protein helps to balance blood sugar levels, and fat helps to slow the absorption of glucose to the bloodstream. Finally, lack of or poor sleep can cause cells to be less sensitive to insulin, so getting adequate sleep is important, while exercise helps to encourage glucose to go into your muscle cells, which helps to manage blood glucose levels, so getting daily activity is also beneficial. How Are Blood Sugar Levels Measured Your blood sugar levels will tell you how well the care plan is working. There are two ways to measure blood sugar: - Daily blood sugars. These are the measurements you take throughout the day, typically using a glucose meter. If you wear a continuous glucose monitor , you can see the blood sugar level on the display at any time. - Blood sugars over the past few months. Every few months youll meet with the care team, and theyll send you for a blood test. The results will show how often your blood glucose was in and out of the healthy range in the 23 months before the test. At your regular diabetes checkups, youll discuss blood sugar results with the care team, and theyll update the care plan as needed. Read Also: What Fruit Has The Highest Sugar Monitoring Glucose With A Cgm Or Bgm789 Blood glucose meters provide a blood sugar reading in a moment of time. If your blood sugar is rising or falling rapidly, BGM will often be more accurate in that moment. The use of a CGM requires wearing a sensor that checks blood sugar levels every 1-5 minutes, depending on the device. Continuous glucose monitoring provides more data points and helps to ease the burden of daily management. The decision to use CGM instead of BGM should be determined with your healthcare team. Though cost and insurance coverage of CGM devices can sometimes be a barrier, there is an option to use a professional CGM, which is owned by the clinic and worn by the person with diabetes on a short-term, as-needed basis, up to 14 days, and typically 2-4 times per year. Of course, you should check with your insurance plan first to confirm your options. There are many benefits to blood sugar monitoring, particularly as you learn how your body uniquely responds to different factors. Blood sugar monitoring can help you achieve your glucose targets, increase your time in range, and feel your best while avoiding potential long-term complications from diabetes. 1 American Diabetes Association: Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020 Diabetes Care 2020 43:S66S76 2 Cleveland Clinic Last accessed August 31, 2020 6 Last accessed August 25, 2020 Why Test Blood Sugar Levels If you take certain medication, like insulin or sulphonylureas, checking your blood sugars is a vital part of living with diabetes. It can help you work out when you need to take more medication, when you need to eat something or for when you want to get up and move around more. Routine checks can help you know when you might be starting to go too low or too high . Its a way of getting to know your body and how it works. It can help you and your healthcare team spot patterns too. Do you write your results down? You might find that helpful. But importantly, it will help you stay healthy and prevent serious diabetes complications now and in the future. By complications, we mean serious problems in places like your feet and your eyes. This happens because too much sugar in the blood damages your blood vessels, making it harder for blood to flow around your body. This can lead to very serious problems like sight loss and needing an amputation. The higher your blood sugar levels are and the longer theyre high for, the more at risk you are. Also Check: What Yogurt Has The Lowest Sugar When Should I Check My Blood Sugar How often you check your blood sugar depends on the type of diabetes you have and if you take any diabetes medicines. Typical times to check your blood sugar include: - When you first wake up, before you eat or drink anything. - Before a meal. - Two hours after a meal. - At bedtime. If you have type 1 diabetes, have type 2 diabetes and take insulin, or often have low blood sugar, your doctor may want you to check your blood sugar more often, such as before and after youre physically active. How To Use A Blood Glucose Meter: - After washing your hands, insert a test strip into your meter. - Use your lancing device on the side of your fingertip to get a drop of blood. - Touch and hold the edge of the test strip to the drop of blood and wait for the result. - Your blood glucose level will appear on the meter’s display. Note: All meters are slightly different, so always refer to your user’s manual for specific instructions. Recommended Reading: Increase Blood Sugar Symptoms Other Tips For Checking: - With some meters, you can also use your forearm, thigh, or fleshy part of your hand. - There are spring-loaded lancing devices that make sticking yourself less painful. - If you use your fingertip, stick the side of your fingertip by your fingernail to avoid having sore spots on the frequently used part of your finger. Maintaining Healthy Blood Sugar Levels: Following a healthy lifestyle and eating habits are the important things to be considered if you are to maintain a healthy blood sugar level. You can control blood sugar levels by following the tips: - Try to consume meals at regular intervals - Do not skip meals - Avoid consumption of juice and soda and drink plain water instead - Avoid sweets and candies. You can go for fruits instead - Consider controlling food portions You can monitor blood sugar levels at home with the help of handy monitoring devices. It is important to aim for a blood sugar level below 99 mg/dL. Whether it is high blood sugar or low blood sugar, both can have life-threatening complications. You can go for low Glycemic Indexed foods to maintain a healthy blood sugar level. Don’t Miss: Can Too Much Sugar Cause Seizures So What Affects My Blood Sugar Levels It is important to understand what can make your blood sugar rise or fall, so that you can take steps to stay on target. Things that can make blood sugar rise include: - A meal or snack with more food or more carbohydrates than usual - Changes in hormone levels, such as during menstrual periods Why Is It Important To Maintain A Healthy Blood Sugar Level Diabetes is about to be considered a global pandemic with an enormous increase in the number of patients worldwide. Everyone knows this basic fact that checking the blood sugar regularly can help them stay aware of their risk of diabetes complications. However, most people dont know how a high blood sugar level can result in long-term health issues. There are a number of facts you have to understand before overlooking the importance of maintaining a healthy blood sugar level for the sake of avoiding diabetes. Here is why you should consider blood sugar management a primary health concern. Alternatively, if you are looking for a dietary supplement, we recommend you to read this ceracare supplement review. According to the American Diabetes Association, over 100 million people in the United States have many health problems linked to their blood sugar imbalances. And, most of them dont know that it is caused by an imbalance in blood sugar level. It is basic for people that the number we see in the blood sugar test results indicate the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. If you have a glucose measurement of less than 180 mg/dl after a meal, or 70 to 130 mg/dl before a meal, it indicates you have a healthy glucose level. - Increased risk of heart attack and stroke. - Vision loss. - Permanent nerve damage. - Kidney disease and failure. Also Check: How Much Sugar Does Vanilla Ice Cream Have Why Blood Sugar Is So Important To The Human Body By \| Submitted On August 22, 2009 Blood sugar is a common term that pertains to the level of glucose, a type of sugar, in the blood. Glucose is the sugar needed and used by the body for energy for metabolism and for the brain to function properly. Food components such as some kinds of sugar and carbohydrates are converted by the body into glucose. However, the body can regulate the blood sugar level in the blood through hormones. One kind lowers it and another increases it. An anabolic hormone decreases the level of glucose. We know this hormone as insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. The catabolic hormones raise glucose levels in the blood. Examples of this kind of hormone are the growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon. Blood sugar levels are relative. The normal levels for a normal non-diabetic person can be too low for a diabetic to achieve. Therefore, a diabetic’s normal level may be much too high for a normal person to have. The normal levels for a non-diabetic can range from 70 to 110 mg/dL. Shortly after eating a meal, it is understandable for the glucose levels to rise to more or less 125 mg/dL and then fall back into the normal range. For people with diabetes, their normal range is from 90 to 130 mg/dL. After meals, below 180 mg/dL is still acceptable. Jerrold Tanner is a medical researcher who writes in his free time to help others. He owns and maintains Blood Sugar Tips , a resource for maintaining Normal Blood Sugar and managing your Diabetes. Why Postprandial Blood Sugar Matters For Metabolic Health Poor blood-sugar control can set off a domino effect in the onset of metabolic syndrome. Prolonged elevated blood sugar can lead to insulin resistance and the exhaustion of insulin-producing beta cells, a cardinal feature of Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is commonly characterized by a value known as the hemoglobin A1c, or HbA1c. This value measures the percentage of hemoglobin molecules bound to sugar the more sugar in the blood, the higher the HbA1c will be. A study conducted in France found the loss of postprandial blood sugar control was the first step showed metabolic dysfunction even before elevations in fasting blood sugar. In the study, 130 patients with Type 2 diabetes were placed in five groups according to their HbA1c levels, ranging from under 6.5% to over 9%. Participants used continuous glucose monitors to measure their blood sugar levels over three days as most ate a prescribed diet of 45-50% carbohydrates, 35% fats and 15-20% protein . The study found elevated postprandial glucose numbers as HbA1c climbed above 6.5%, even as fasting glucose remained normal or near-normal. In groups with higher HbA1c levels, blood glucose levels remained high postprandially and during fasting windows, including overnight. Read Also: Causes Of High Glucose Levels Women: How Controlling Blood Sugar Benefits Your Heart When most people hear the term blood sugar, the disease that generally comes to mind is diabetes, not heart disease. However, according to a Johns Hopkins study, type 1 and type 2 diabetes are some of the most harmful risk factors for cardiovascular disease, says Johns Hopkins cardiologist Bill McEvoy, M.B., B.Ch. Keeping your blood sugar under control is, therefore, one of the best things you can do for your heart. A large proportion of diabetes patients have no symptoms, but diabetes, particularly when poorly controlled, is already harming their blood vessels and leading to hardening of the arteries, which is what leads to heart disease, says McEvoy. In some cases, patients dont even realize that they have diabetes until the disease progresses to the point where they have a heart attack, he says. Thats why its important to be aware of your blood glucose numbers, along with monitoring your overall weight and body fat. Q& A: Why does my doctor measure my waist? Your girth around the abdomen is one of the strongest determinants of your risk for type 2 diabetes, says Johns Hopkins cardiologist Bill McEvoy, M.B., B.Ch. Doctors call it central adiposity , and it indicates a dangerous level of fat around your central organs.	<urn:uuid:e7808e9a-ec99-44db-afd3-b1700a3f9872>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.sugarprotalk.com/why-is-blood-sugar-important/", "date": "2022-11-30T20:05:00", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710771.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130192708-20221130222708-00179.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9181447625160217, "token_count": 3852, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3 }
Motors can be found almost anywhere. Here, fundamentals of electric motors, as well as the various types available and how to select the suitable motor are discussed. The basic issues to address when determining which motor is best for a given application are which type to select and which specifications are important. How do motors work? Electric motors generate motion by transferring electrical energy to mechanical energy. The interaction of a magnetic field and winding alternating (AC) or direct (DC) current generates force within the motor. The magnetic field becomes stronger as the current strength increases. Remember Ohm's law (V = I*R): as resistance increases, voltage must increase to retain the same current. Electric motors are used in a variety of applications. Blowers, machine and power tools, fans, and pumps are common industrial applications. Motors are also used in tiny projects needing movement, such as robotics or modules with wheels. Types of motors: There are ma A website on various types of topics categorized to science and technology.	<urn:uuid:382241e9-5a66-44b7-9625-f583781f20b2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://www.prasunbarua.com/", "date": "2023-03-31T18:08:04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949678.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331175950-20230331205950-00305.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9356558918952942, "token_count": 201, "score": 3.90625, "int_score": 4 }
CHICKS AND EGGS. Teaching Points © Created by Lisa Frase www.effectiveteachingsolutions.com. The Story of the Egg. Father Rooster and Mother Hen wanted a family, so Mother Hen laid an egg. . The inside of the egg looks like this-. albumen Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. Created by Lisa Frase Father Rooster and Mother Hen wanted a family, so Mother Hen laid an egg. The clear part around the yolk holds water for the unborn chick. The yolk is the food for the unborn chick. The white spot is the egg cell. The egg cell is where the chick grows. The egg cell becomes the baby chick. Before the egg is hatched, it’s called an “embryo.” Mother Hen takes care of her chick by sitting on the egg and keeping it warm. Mother Hen turns her eggs and spreads her feathers over them to protect her chicks. On day 2, the heart begins to take shape and beat, and the ears begin to form. The tongue, tail, wing and leg buds appear. The chicks toes are showing! His organs and leg bones are forming. His beak and wing is visible. His feathers are showing up. Now he has eyelids, claws, and his comb. He’s growing bigger! His bones are getting stronger. His scales, claws, and beak are firming up now. His beak is turning and getting ready to peck through the shell. He is almost ready to come out of his shell!	<urn:uuid:c042b963-146b-488e-b580-141bd4b1c919>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://www.slideserve.com/benjamin/chicks-and-eggs", "date": "2018-06-24T02:10:29", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865995.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624005242-20180624025242-00514.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9386085867881775, "token_count": 394, "score": 3.78125, "int_score": 4 }
In the spring, Bend-La Pine Schools’ students in grades 3-8 and 11 take part in statewide tests called Smarter Balanced Assessments, which measure skills in English language arts and math. Staff and administrators in Bend-La Pine Schools support these tests for several reasons: Want to learn more about Oregon's state assessments? State tests are nothing new. Our students take state assessments every year. The tests, called Smarter Balanced, will be used by 20 states including Oregon and measure skills taught in Common Core. Students will take the tests this spring and results will be released in the fall. Many schools are breaking the testing up into smaller pieces, so students will complete assessments over the course of several days. Governors and state education chiefs from 48 states worked with teachers to develop the Common Core to create a clear set of standards for students in language arts and math. We are asking more of our students with the goal of ensuring students who graduate from high school are prepared to enter the workforce or begin higher education classes. Truth is, the old standards were too low and too varied. Before Common Core the country did not have any common standards, so a third grader moving from one state to another might struggle when starting school, simply due to vastly different standards. The new more rigorous standards are designed to ensure students are prepared for college or career. Having common standards also allows states to collaborate on tools, textbooks and assessments. English Language Arts/Literacy: Common Core is not new for Bend-La Pine Schools. The district began using many of the standards during the 2009-10 school year. The testing related to those standards, called Smarter Balanced, began in the spring of 2015. No. While schools now share common goals, local teachers and administrators still determine what and how to teach. Teachers overwhelmingly support the Common Core as a way to improve schools and raise student standards. The Oregon Department of Education has some great resources available for parents at http://www.ode.state.or.us/go/commoncore.	<urn:uuid:545683cb-b8d1-4813-a0e1-688bdd802e50>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.bend.k12.or.us/district/parents/common-core-assessments", "date": "2019-04-19T18:15:57", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527866.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419181127-20190419203127-00132.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9595083594322205, "token_count": 420, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3 }
Recovering from a substance use disorder (SUD) is a process. It can be joyful and rewarding, but it can also be hard work and there can be missteps and setbacks. While relapse is not necessarily a given during recovery, it can and does happen. However, relapse does not have to derail your entire recovery process and it can be a learning opportunity. What Is a Relapse? Relapse is not a bad or dirty word. It means to return to a former state. In the case of someone in recovery, it means that they have used substances again, going back to previous levels of use, after a period of abstinence. Relapse is more common during early drug or alcohol recovery, but it can happen at any time, even years into recovery. Substance Use Relapse by the Numbers Does being in recovery for a longer period of time provide some protection from relapse? During an eight-year study on 1,200 people struggling with SUD, it was discovered that longer periods of abstinence do predict long-term abstinence. In the study, it was learned that: - Only about a third of people who are abstinent less than a year will remain abstinent. - For those who achieve a year of sobriety, less than half will relapse. - If you can make it to five years of sobriety, your chance of relapse is less than 15%. Sometimes when people relapse after an extended period of abstinence, it is because they stop engaging in the recovery practices that worked for them during their earlier sobriety. Staying engaged with the recovery community in some way may help prevent relapse for those who have been sober for an extended period. Reasons for Drug or Alcohol Relapse Relapse happens for a variety of reasons. The reasons people have SUD are personal and the reasons for relapse are equally as personal. People who relapse are not weak. Relapse is just a return to old, ineffective coping patterns. These ineffective coping patterns need to be replaced with effective, healthy coping skills. It can take time and several attempts to find the coping strategies that work best. Multiple reasons might cause a person to relapse, including: - Tempting situations, including circumstances or places where the person would previously have used alcohol or another drug - Triggers that cause a person to use substances as a coping mechanism, such as insecure housing, setbacks or social pressures - Exacerbation of mental health issues - Medical problems, especially if a person is in pain - Guilt caused by lapsing after a period of abstinence Overdose Risk During Relapse When a person is actively using substances, they develop tolerance and must use increasing amounts of the substance to get the same effect. After a period of abstinence, tolerance to the substance drops. If the person tries to use the substance at the same dose, it could be too much for the body and they could overdose. Managing Substance Use Relapse Part of recovery is learning to manage relapse if it happens. Here are some ways to effectively manage a relapse and return to sobriety: - Seek medical assistance immediately if experiencing unusual or significant symptoms. - Ensure that support people are nearby if possible. - Engage a support network, if one is available, including friends, a family doctor or 24-hour counseling services. - If disengagement from recovery-based activities contributed to relapse, re-engage with those activities as soon as possible. - It can take five or six attempts before a person successfully maintains abstinence. Keep in mind that relapse is not uncommon. - View a relapse as an opportunity to learn more about triggers and take the time to analyze those triggers without self-judgment. Strategies for Relapse Prevention When relapse happens, it is important to immediately start managing it in order to stop using substances again. Long-term relapse management is focused on prevention. Some of the ways you can prevent relapse: - Maintain participation in the recovery community. It keeps the focus on abstinence and helps provide some accountability. - Look at challenges as learning opportunities instead of failures or obstacles. Plan a positive future and think about what that future will look like without substances. Set goals that support recovery. - Stay away from people, places and situations that trigger cravings or the desire to use substances. - Become engaged in enjoyable activities, taking your mind’s focus off substances and into the present moment. - Try to stay hydrated, eat healthy foods, get plenty of sleep, exercise, and get sunshine and fresh air. Lack of care for the body and mind can trigger cravings for substances. - Incorporate a holistic view of recovery by including practices like yoga, tai-chi, breathwork or mindfulness, along with mainstream western treatment such as medications and therapy, can provide balance and be calming. This can be helpful since stress is a trigger for relapse. Relapse is not an inevitable part of the recovery process, but it does happen. If it does, the best thing to do is rally all available support and resources and immediately go back to a lifestyle that supports sobriety. For some people who have relapsed, attending more support group meetings or scheduling additional visits with a therapist will be all that is needed to help them return to sobriety. Other people who relapse will have to enter a more structured treatment setting and, if that is necessary, Casa Palmera is here to help. For more information on our unique, holistic approach to substance use treatment, call us today at (855) 508-0473.	<urn:uuid:a7f2d7b2-6097-4290-ac9c-28cc9896a009>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://casapalmera.com/blog/how-to-move-forward-after-drug-or-alcohol-relapse/", "date": "2023-03-26T12:23:50", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945472.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326111045-20230326141045-00296.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9469419717788696, "token_count": 1149, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
Even as they struggled to find work, Chinese immigrants were also fighting for their lives. During their first few decades in the United States, they endured an epidemic of violent racist attacks, a campaign of persecution and murder that today seems shocking. What was life like for Chinese immigrants in America? Chinese immigrants worked in very dangerous conditions. They were forced to work from sun up to sun down and sleep in tents in the middle of winter. They received low salaries, about $25-35 a month for 12 hours a day, and worked six days a week. They were discriminated since 1882 to 1943s. What challenges did the Chinese immigrants face in Canada? They risked their lives to help build Canada’s railway in the 1880s. But as soon as the work was done, Canada just wanted them gone. It was the beginning of a difficult history for Chinese immigrants to Canada. They struggled through the head tax, personal attacks and job discrimination. What challenges do the Chinese mothers face as immigrants? These included language barriers, feelings of loneliness, and loss of social status and identity in the early years of migration. What difficulties did Chinese immigrants face in the 1800s? They faced significant discrimination, such as a ban on holding citizenship in California. In addition, the Chinese were paid only $27 a month, while their Irish immigrant counterparts earned $35 for the same work. What were some difficulties laborers faced when building the railroad? They had to face dangerous work conditions – accidental explosions, snow and rock avalanches, which killed hundreds of workers, not to mention frigid weather. “All workers on the railroad were ‘other’,” said Liebhold. “On the west, there were Chinese workers, out east were Irish and Mormon workers were in the center. How did Chinese immigrants impact Canada? A prohibitive head tax restricted Chinese immigration to Canada from 1885 to 1923. … They have contributed to every aspect of Canadian society, from literature to sports, politics to civil rights, film to music, business to philanthropy, and education to religion. Why Chinese are rich in Canada? Many foreign countries such as Canada hold very large attraction for rich Chinese, because of their better social welfare system, higher quality of education and a greater opportunity for investment. How many Chinese are in the world? China 2020 population is estimated at 1,439,323,776 people at mid year according to UN data. China population is equivalent to 18.47% of the total world population. China Population (LIVE) Why did suyuan leave her babies? When Suyuan realized she had to abandon her twin daughters because she was too ill to carry them anymore, she left them with the means to be taken care of and eventually returned to her. What does the red candle symbolize in Joy Luck Club? Lindo’s Red Candle When Lindo Jong is married, she and her husband light a red candle with a wick at each end. … By blowing out the flame, Lindo takes control of her own fate, eventually extricating herself from an unhappy marriage. Thus, the candle also symbolizes her self-assertion and control over her own life. How do the daughters struggle to find balance between their Chinese heritage and American values? Traditions, heritage and culture are three of the most important aspects of Chinese culture. … Each daughter struggles to find balance between Chinese heritage and American values through marriage and professional careers. June’s story dealt with the concepts of superstition and cultural differences. What other difficulties did immigrants and poor residents face? They were forced to live in tenements that were overcrowded and were slums. What other difficulties did immigrants and poor residents encounter? Not being wanted, and not being able to pay taxes. How did immigrants deal with challenges they faced? How did immigrants deal with challenges they faced? Immigrants sought out people who shared their same cultural values, practice their religion and spoke their native language. They formed social clubs, aid societies; build churches, orphanage and homes. Why did Chinese immigrants have more difficulty asserting their rights than immigrants from Europe? Why did Chinese immigrants have more difficulty asserting their rights than immigrants from Europe? They were not allowed to become U.S. citizens. … Chinese workers took American jobs by agreeing to work for lower wages. How did the development of railroads impact the cattle industry?	<urn:uuid:24594fce-cdcc-452f-91f8-9b8108f31315>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://usfiancevisalawyer.com/immigration-help/what-are-two-hardships-that-were-faced-by-chinese-immigrants.html", "date": "2022-01-18T05:12:26", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300722.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118032342-20220118062342-00616.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9825403094291687, "token_count": 915, "score": 3.4375, "int_score": 3 }
The depth of ancient footprints, like the ones left in Laetoli, Tanzania 3.6 million years ago, could be misleading, new research suggests. By Tia Ghose, LiveScience Fossil footprints could provide a skewed view of how ancient animals — including early human ancestors similar to the famous Lucy fossil — walked, new research suggests. In the past, paleontologists and anthropologists assumed the depth of the footprint correlated with the pressure used to create it. But the analysis, published March 19 in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, reveals that the heel tends to create a deeper indentation even when applying the same amount of pressure. "We shouldn't necessarily expect the shape of a footprint to directly reflect the way the animal that made it walked," said study co-author Karl Bates, a biomechanics researcher at the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. Fossil footprints have the potential to reveal insights into how ancient animals and people moved. For instance, Laetoli, Tanzania, bears the traces of 3.6-million-year-old footprints of the first bipedal walkers, Australopithecus afarensis, the same species as the female skeleton nicknamed Lucy. But deciphering the ancient marks to recreate human ancestors' gait is tricky. Historically, scientists assumed the depth of the indentation directly correlated with the pressure placed at that spot. But testing that experimentally was difficult, as the force plates that measure foot-strike pressure are made of materials that don't deform and leave footprints. To get a more thorough look, Bates and his colleagues created a computer model that simulated the pressure of various sizes of feet as they depressed different types of soils with various strikes. They then asked 10 people to walk along the beach in Brighton, on the south coast of Great Britain, and measured their footprints. The same people then walked on a force-measuring treadmill, and the researchers correlated the footprint depth with pressure during walking. Both methods found similar trends: different parts of the foot create different size indentations even when striking the ground with the same amount of pressure. "The heel is a more effective indenter than the forefoot and the toes," Bates told LiveScience. The softer the walking surface, the more exaggerated this effect. While the researchers focused on human gait, the new analysis should also apply to dinosaur prints and other extinct animal tracks, Bates said. The study is impressive because it cleverly combined sophisticated computer models and experimental approaches, said Kristiaan D'Août, a biomechanics researcher at the University of Antwerp who was not involved in the study. "They're two totally different techniques, but they both yielded overall rather similar results," D'Août told LiveScience. The findings suggest there's a much more complicated relationship between foot pressure and footprint depth, which could force scientists to rethink their past assumptions about the gaits of early human ancestors, he said. - Image Gallery: Our Closest Human Ancestor - Top 10 Things that Make Humans Special - Gallery: Dino Footprints in the Space Age Copyright 2013 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.	<urn:uuid:a5bcbd46-ff9b-4ff8-8fbb-4316509560c9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://science.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/19/17376963-step-back-ancient-humans-footprints-may-mislead", "date": "2016-08-24T19:39:44", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292608.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00184-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9310428500175476, "token_count": 674, "score": 3.984375, "int_score": 4 }
"When I am dead and cut open, they will find Philip and Calais inscribed on my heart" -- The Siege of Calais in 1558 Rare early map / view of Calais, showing its capture by the French in 1558. Fourth and final state of this are map of the Siege of Calais, illustrating the taking of Calais from the English (then ruled by Queen Mary, whose quote is noted above), one of the final acts in the French re-taking of the last of the English held portions of France during the Hundred Years War. Siege of Calais The Siege of Calais was fought in early 1558 during the Italian War of 1551–1559. The Pale of Calais had been ruled by England since 1347, during the Hundred Years' War. By the 1550s, England was ruled by Mary I of England and her husband Philip II of Spain. When the Kingdom of England supported a Spanish invasion of France, Henry II of France sent Francis, Duke of Guise, against English-held Calais, defended by Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth. Following failure in mid-1557, a renewed attack captured the outlying forts of Nieulay and Rysbank and Calais was besieged. The English control of Calais depended on fortifications maintained and built up at some expense. Near Calais, the Franco-Burgundian forces were frequently pitted against the English garrison forces and against the Duchy of Burgundy. Relieved by the long confrontation between Burgundy and France, English rule over Calais lasted for 150 years. The French and the Burgundians each coveted the city, but preferred to see it under the English rather than their rival. In January 1, 1558, the French attacked Sangatte and Fréthun Nielles. The Army Corps took Fort Risban the next day. On January 3, the artillery moved into Fort Nieulay at Risban. Overwhelmed by a lightning attack, the English surrendered the city to the French on January 7, 1558. Henry II of France arrived at Calais on January 23,1558. France had reconquered the last territory it had lost in the Hundred Years' War and put an end to two centuries of fighting between England and France. In England there was shock and disbelief at the loss of this final Continental territory. The story goes that a few months later Queen Mary, on her death bed, told her family: "When I am dead and cut open, they will find Philip and Calais inscribed on my heart." States and Rarity The map is known in 4 states: - State 1: Blank cartouches - State 2: Cartouches at the bottom are now engraved with a lettered key. - State 3: Imprint Claudij Duchetti formis added to the lower right corner - State 4: There is the new imprint added to the Duchetti imprint, naming Ioannes Orlandi formis romae 1602. All states of the map are very rare on the market.	<urn:uuid:a1e3434d-dad6-444b-99cc-264aee2132ef>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/61403/calais-il-vero-ritratto-de-cales-preso-a-inglesi-del-re-c-duchetti-orlandi", "date": "2021-10-15T22:52:06", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583087.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015222918-20211016012918-00338.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9698510766029358, "token_count": 631, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3 }
- Select ONE one of the 12 Standards in the Summary. - Does your department or /organization currently give credence to this standard? If so, how? Think about the standards as they relate to culturally sensitive care. - If not, offer suggestions of how the standard can be incorporated into patient care or your organization as a whole. Note: There are 12 standards, so make sure you choose a standard that another student has not described. We all have different takes on a standard so the standard should be specific for the patient population or organization. The typical number of students in a class means that we should only read about a particular standard twice. And, keep in mind that each of us does not work in an acute care setting, so examples from other practice settings will add to our discussion. As nurses, we often work with physicians or other healthcare team members whose native language is not English. In fact, some of you may have interviewed a non-native English speaker for your Course Project. - Share an example of miscommunication that has occurred as a result of this disparity. - Reflect on your new-found knowledge of transcultural nursing, and describe how this miscommunication could have been prevented. Reflect on the Transcultural Nursing Self-Assessment that you completed during Week 2. Not all of us will have the opportunity to participate in an international nursing experience for even a few weeks, let alone as a career. However, if assuming you had the opportunity to practice this type of nursing, consider how you would answer the following questions. Make sure you address all components below: - What contributions would you be able to make that would be considered unique? - What experiences and wisdom would you bring to the care of your patients? - What challenges might there be for you and/or your family for participation in such an opportunity?	<urn:uuid:bd297882-4e56-4b53-b1cd-feb8fd48400d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://writersdomain.org/2022/09/20/select-one-one-of-the-12-standards-in-the-summary/", "date": "2022-09-27T15:28:30", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335034.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927131111-20220927161111-00244.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.963301956653595, "token_count": 378, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
Have you ever looked at clouds? Clouds are fun to watch and think about. But, what are they, really? Clouds are made of water drops. They can be white or gray. Clouds are named for how they look. We'll look at these types of clouds: cumulus, cirrus, stratus, nimbus, cumulonimbus, and nimbostratus. Clouds tell us about the weather. Watch this video to find out more. #Science #Education Looking for more educational content? Our cloud practice quiz will help tie it all together! http://ow.ly/YLrrY Tagged under: clouds formed,clouds kids, clouds?,types clouds kids,cloud video,Science,Clouds,Education,Kids,Child Education,cloud video kids,cloud videos kids,Science videos kids,kids videos Clip makes it super easy to turn any public video into a formative assessment activity in your classroom. Add multiple choice quizzes, questions and browse hundreds of approved, video lesson ideas for Clip Make YouTube one of your teaching aids - Works perfectly with lesson micro-teaching plans 1. Students enter a simple code 2. You play the video 3. The students comment 4. You review and reflect * Whiteboard required for teacher-paced activities With four apps, each designed around existing classroom activities, Spiral gives you the power to do formative assessment with anything you teach. Carry out a quickfire formative assessment to see what the whole class is thinking Create interactive presentations to spark creativity in class Student teams can create and share collaborative presentations from linked devices Turn any public video into a live chat with questions and quizzes	<urn:uuid:9ab5cd3d-218e-4697-a5b5-e2785124d23d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://spiral.ac/sharing/yqc5rdy/science-video-for-kids-how-are-clouds-formed", "date": "2018-12-18T12:03:35", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829140.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218102019-20181218124019-00512.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.868692934513092, "token_count": 351, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3 }
The main role of a geotechnical engineer is to ensure buildings stand tall at the ground level. Many factors can upend a property’s stability, including soil density, water flow patterns, and more. Geotechnical engineering is important for community planning and construction; without it, buildings could lean, settle, and eventually collapse as the earth below them shifts. The Role of a Geotechnical Engineer A geotechnical engineer is responsible for signing off on a project’s feasibility. To do so, the geotechnical engineer, or “geotech,” must run a series of tests and evaluations to ensure the land can support the proposed construction. This starts with a site investigation, an exhaustive check of factors that could impact both the short- and long-term success of your project. When you hire a geotechnical engineer, they will investigate: - The composition of your foundation soils, including the material, bedrock, rocks, and soil layers beneath the proposed construction locations - The geological and geotechnical feasibility of your site and relation to surrounding sites - Groundwater conditions and water flow paths and how they affect the development Much of this information is obtained from a soils test, which breaks down the characteristics of the site soil. This helps you understand whether or not the earth around your site can support the load and scope of your development needs. The Importance of Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical engineering is important because it helps prevent complications before they happen. Without the advanced calculations and testing provided by a geotech, buildings could see significant damage after an earthquake, slope stability shifting, ongoing settlement, or other effects. Geotechnical engineers should be brought on during the early planning stages of any construction project. Doing so will help ward off potential hazards or problems later during of even long after construction. Good developers and contractors know: It’s best to gain the expertise and advice only a geotech can provide from exploration through construction. In addition to ensuring your construction plans are feasible, a geotechnical engineer can guide you on water mitigation, building placement, and how surrounding structures such as walkways and parking lots will affect your project. All in all, the importance of geotechnical engineering comes down to planning and reduction of risk pertaining to the development and long-term investment of the project. See the Role of a Geotechnical Engineer in Action with Central Geotech Get started with your site evaluation today with the team from Central Geotechnical Services. We have the experience and know-how to help your new construction start off on the right foot, so contact us to learn more and bring a geotechnical engineer to your project.	<urn:uuid:a36b6d8f-c41e-499f-8946-f4f519c89413>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.centralgeotech.com/uncategorized/geotechnical-engineering-important/", "date": "2022-07-06T14:25:15", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104672585.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706121103-20220706151103-00392.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9419052600860596, "token_count": 564, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3 }
In the 1600s, when america was a mysterious land inhabited by even more mysterious people, a handful of brave souls ventured to this strange new world these brave souls were known as the puritans this special group of people sought refuge in america to practice their religion freely, without the. The roots of puritanism are to be found in the beginnings of the english reformation the name “puritans” (they were sometimes called “precisionists”) was a term of contempt assigned to. The ideas put forth by the puritans are not simply an important starting point for american culture because they were the first in the country, but because they offered ways of thinking that are still ingrained in our culture today. Puritan influence by 1700 the puritan utopia had ended because it was too strict and too many non-puritans had come to new england but the puritans had a great influence on american culture that is still present today. The puritans’ influences on the economy are very palpable on the us dollar you can clearly see the statement “in god we trust” money is the most significant tool in an economy therefore, a statement about god on the money of the usa accentuates the puritans’ role in determining the economy of the united states. Life in the colonies the daily life of a puritan in colonial america new england during the 17th century was a busy one puritans believed that idle hands were the devil's playground. Best answer: terrific question in my view, the puritan influence on american culture is too often overlooked and that's a shame because their influence is as much a part of this country's psyche today as it was back in the 1600s. Drawing on the latest research, and featuring interviews with some of the most celebrated scholars in the field, this beautiful and atmospheric new documentary takes us from the birth of puritanism all the way through to its influence in the present day. In the united states, the puritan settlement of new england was a major influence on american protestantism with the start of the english civil war in 1642, fewer settlers to new england were puritans. Most americans are unaware that the main reason why the pilgrims, a puritan sect, decided to leave holland and come to america in 1620 is because they were concerned about the negative influences dutch culture was having on their children. American puritanism originated from a movement for reform in the church of england, which had a profound influence on social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of the americans focusing on its impact upon american values, the. Much of the puritan influence remains in all aspects of the american development most significantly was the practice of religion, but the puritans accomplished more than merely demanding worship and prayer. Puritans expected that economic prosperity would result from piety and good works but they were pretty on-the-fence about the prospect of success john winthrop, the governor of massachusetts bay, feared that his people would derive more satisfaction from wealth itself than from the piety that was. Puritan ideas and values influenced the political, economic, and social development of the new england colonies from 1630 through the 1660’s by spreading their beliefs into every facet of daily life. Why the persistence of puritanism in american life “new england exercised a disproportionate influence on american ideals,” the historian john coffey says, “thanks to a powerful. Puritan thought that was introduced to the new world in the 1600s exerted not just religious influence on the people in the new settlement, but political, economic and social influence. The puritans were a varied group of religious reformers who emerged within the church of england during the middle of the sixteenth century they shared a common calvinist theology and common criticisms of the anglican church and english society and government their numbers and influence grew. Puritan influence in colonial america puritan ideas and values greatly influenced the political, social, and economic developement of the new england colonies in many ways between 1630 and the 1660s. Puritans held that christians should do only what the bible commanded analyzing young goodman brown is dependant upon understanding the puritan faith the influence of the puritan religion is vivid in literary elements such as setting, allegory, and themethe primary setting of young goodman brown is the forest. The puritans and their influences in american literature essaysthe history of puritan begins when a group of english nonconformists migrated to holland in their way to search for religious freedom it was the first stem of william bradford when he joined them and found out that he was dissatisfied. For hius 530 a discussion on puritan influence on the founding of america. - The puritan system of government was a blend of theocracy and modern democracy all members of the puritan colony were required to attend church and to pay taxes to the church, but not all colonists were church members. - Puritanism in american literature the puritans had a large influence in american literature and still influence moral judgment and religious beliefs in the united states to this day puritan writing was used to glorify god and to relate god more directly to our world. Famous writers that presented strong puritan beliefs through their writings were anne bradstreet and jonathan edwards the puritan’s whole life was dedicated to god in which he was the only one who could offer salvation to sinners they believe that human beings are depressed sinners incapable of. The namers were puritan parents, whose decision to give their children new names symbolizes for sommerville the attitudes that made puritanism the major influence in the transformation of the seventeenth-century [end page 179] english view of childhood puritans, he says, broke with the past, rejecting the old bondage of family and tradition. Nathaniel hawthorne was affected by puritanism in a number of different ways after all, hawthorne was born and raised in new england, a part of the country in which the puritan heritage was. Although the puritan’s political, social, and economic ideas influenced the new england colonies between 1630 and 1660, there was a greater political influence in that the puritan churches and society was represented by male church members in order to form a theocracy.	<urn:uuid:46f0fbfa-26e5-4390-9d65-cd4c697dccb6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "http://glpaperdngx.soalmatematika.info/puritan-influence.html", "date": "2018-11-15T09:11:39", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742569.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115075207-20181115101207-00071.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9723017811775208, "token_count": 1323, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3 }
The results give insight into the genetic changes involved in domestication and may help with future efforts to breed new traits into tomato or other crops, said Julin Maloof, professor of plant biology in the College of Biological Sciences at the University of California, Davis. Maloof is senior author on the study, published June 24 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Researchers can now compare not only the genomes, but all the genes expressed, by domestic and wild tomatoes. L to R: Solanum lycopersicum, and wild relatives S. pimpinellifolium, S. habrochaites and S. pennellii. Credit: Brad Townsley, UC Davis. For example, breeding new traits into tomatoes often involves crossing them with wild relatives. The new study shows that a large block of genes from one species of wild tomato is present in domestic tomato, and has widespread, unexpected effects across the whole genome. Maloof and colleagues studied the domestic tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, and wild relatives S. pennellii, S. habrochaites and S. pimpinellifolium. Comparison of the plants' genomes shows the effects of evolutionary bottlenecks, Maloof noted -- for example at the original domestication in South America, and later when tomatoes were brought to Europe for cultivation. Among other findings, genes associated with fruit color showed rapid evolution among domesticated, red-fruited tomatoes and green-fruited wild relatives. And S. pennellii, which lives in desert habitats, had accelerated evolution in genes related to drought tolerance, heat and salinity. New technology is giving biologists the unprecedented ability to look at all the genes in an organism, not just a select handful. The researchers studied not just the plants' DNA but also the messenger RNA being transcribed from different genes. RNA transcription is the process that transforms information in genes into action. If the DNA sequence is the list of parts for making a tomato plant, the messenger RNA transcripts are the step-by-step instructions. Gene-expression profiling, combined with an understanding of the plants' biology, allows researchers to understand how genes interact to create complex phenotypes, said Neelima Sinha, professor of plant biology at UC Davis and co-author on the paper. "Genomics has fast-tracked previous gene-by-gene analyses that took us years to complete," she said. "We could not have done a study like this ten years ago -- certainly not on any kind of reasonable budget," Maloof said. "It opens up a lot of new things we can do as plant scientists." The study is the result of a collaborative NSF project awarded to Sinha, Maloof and Jie Peng, associate professor of statistics at UC Davis. Additional authors on the paper are: Daniel Koenig, José Jiménez-Gómez, Seisuke Kimura, Daniel Fulop, Daniel Chitwood, Lauren Headland, Ravi Kumar, Michael Covington, Upendra Kumar Devisetty, An Tat, Mallorie Taylor-Teeples, Siobhan Brady, all at UC Davis; Takayuki Tohge, Alisdair Fernie, Anthony Bolger and Björn Usadel, all at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany; Korbinian Schneeberger, Stephan Ossowski, Christa Lanz and Detlef Weigel, all at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany; and Guangyan Xiong and Markus Pauly, both at UC Berkeley. Andy Fell \| EurekAlert! Scientists enlist engineered protein to battle the MERS virus 22.05.2017 \| University of Toronto Insight into enzyme's 3-D structure could cut biofuel costs 19.05.2017 \| DOE/Los Alamos National Laboratory Two-dimensional magnetic structures are regarded as a promising material for new types of data storage, since the magnetic properties of individual molecular building blocks can be investigated and modified. For the first time, researchers have now produced a wafer-thin ferrimagnet, in which molecules with different magnetic centers arrange themselves on a gold surface to form a checkerboard pattern. Scientists at the Swiss Nanoscience Institute at the University of Basel and the Paul Scherrer Institute published their findings in the journal Nature Communications. Ferrimagnets are composed of two centers which are magnetized at different strengths and point in opposing directions. Two-dimensional, quasi-flat ferrimagnets... An Australian-Chinese research team has created the world's thinnest hologram, paving the way towards the integration of 3D holography into everyday... In the race to produce a quantum computer, a number of projects are seeking a way to create quantum bits -- or qubits -- that are stable, meaning they are not much affected by changes in their environment. This normally needs highly nonlinear non-dissipative elements capable of functioning at very low temperatures. In pursuit of this goal, researchers at EPFL's Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements LPQM (STI/SB), have investigated a nonlinear graphene-based... Dental plaque and the viscous brown slime in drainpipes are two familiar examples of bacterial biofilms. Removing such bacterial depositions from surfaces is... For the first time, scientists have succeeded in studying the strength of hydrogen bonds in a single molecule using an atomic force microscope. Researchers from the University of Basel’s Swiss Nanoscience Institute network have reported the results in the journal Science Advances. Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and is an integral part of almost all organic compounds. Molecules and sections of macromolecules are... 22.05.2017 \| Event News 17.05.2017 \| Event News 16.05.2017 \| Event News 22.05.2017 \| Materials Sciences 22.05.2017 \| Life Sciences 22.05.2017 \| Physics and Astronomy	<urn:uuid:b96b4083-fe10-4bce-b0a5-c959df112a5b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/comparing-genomes-wild-domestic-tomato-216182.html", "date": "2017-05-22T19:49:02", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607046.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170522190443-20170522210443-00439.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8912394046783447, "token_count": 1268, "score": 3.75, "int_score": 4 }
One of the first places to look for an answer to “what is spinal stenosis?” is the dictionary: The word stenosis means a narrowing or constriction of the diameter of a bodily passage or orifice. The definition of spinal stenosis, then, is the narrowing of the passages of the spinal cord and nerves. This condition may occur in the neck (called cervical stenosis) or in the lower back (lumbar spinal stenosis); depending on where you have it, the condition will present slightly differently. In this article, we’ll be taking a closer look at lumbar spinal stenosis, including its symptoms and causes, and spinal stenosis treatment options. What is lumbar spinal stenosis? Running down the center of your back is the spinal column, made up of the interlocking vertebrae that support your body and allow you to move. The spinal canal is in the center of these vertebrae, forming the space that encloses the bundle of nerves known as the spinal cord. The bundled spinal cord stops just above your lower back area—the lumbar spine—where the individual nerve roots branch out, looking something like a horse’s tail (cauda equina). Each nerve in turn exits the spinal canal at a particular vertebral body, through openings on each side called foramen. Spinal stenosis occurs when a nerve or nerves are painfully compressed because the areas they pass through have narrowed. Specifically, compression can happen in three areas: - The canal itself might become narrow, compressing the nerve bundle and therefore affecting multiple nerves. This is called central stenosis. - The small openings on the sides of the canal, called the foramen, may narrow, reducing the space available for individual nerves exiting there. This is called foraminal stenosis. - The tract where the nerve root exits the central canal may narrow; this is called lateral recess stenosis. All three are closely related, with foraminal stenosis being the most common type. Most of the time, patients have more than one type occurring at the same time, though usually one is more severe than another. For example, you may have foraminal and central stenosis, with the foraminal being more severe and the central only moderate. The degree of severity for each depends on what caused the original stenosis. A large disc herniation would cause more significant narrowing of the lateral recess area, for instance. (You could then either call that condition a disc herniation or lateral recess stenosis, because the lateral recess area has been narrowed by a disc fragment. Most medical professionals would refer to it as disc herniation.) Are you living with leg and back pain? Learn more about an innovative new procedure that’s helping people live pain-free. Lumbar spinal stenosis is an extremely common condition affecting a large portion of the general population, usually anywhere from age 35 through end of life. The three types of spinal stenosis listed above—central, foraminal, and lateral recess—are usually attributed to normal degenerative changes that occur as we get older. In fact, many people commonly think of this condition as arthritis of the spine, brought on by wear and tear over time. These degenerative types of spinal stenosis are typically brought on by a combination of factors: - A herniated disc (sometimes called a bulging disc) may be pushing outward, interfering with the surrounding nerves. - Buckling or inflamed ligaments (tough connective tissue) in the spinal canal, which sometimes occurs due to aging, weak discs, can take up additional space and impact nearby nerves or the spinal canal. - A bone spur (an outgrowth of bone) on the spine may be impinging on nearby nerves. Bone spurs are commonly associated with osteoarthritis. - Loss of disc height is common. The disc looks like a flat tire, causing the vertebra to be too close to one another or even slip forward (spondylolisthesis) or backward (retrolisthesis) on one another. - Cyst formations are fluid-filled sacs that develop as a result of degeneration in the facet joints and create pressure inside the spinal canal. All of the above will reduce the natural space that is usually afforded to these spinal components, leaving less room for nerves to pass through. Degenerative stenosis is by far the most common type of spinal stenosis, but there are other, rarer, types of stenosis as well. These include congenital stenosis, in which someone is born with a very narrow canal; iatrogenic stenosis, which is physician-induced and usually occurs following spinal surgery; and pathologic, which is stenosis caused by a tumor, infection, or trauma. What are the symptoms of spinal stenosis? In most cases, spinal stenosis comes on slowly. (Though sometimes a herniated disc can make it progress more rapidly.) People with all types of lumbar spinal stenosis usually experience similar symptoms: back pain, leg pain, and varying degrees of numbness, weakness, or tingling down the back or in one leg (usually one leg is worse than the other). Standing upright and lying down flat accentuate the problem, making it necessary to sit down frequently. Over time, walking may become increasingly uncomfortable, and you may find yourself bending forward slightly to help relieve the pain. In extreme cases, it may also cause bowel and bladder dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. A doctor can diagnose spinal stenosis with an MRI. What are spinal stenosis treatment options? There are varying degrees of spinal stenosis, ranging from mildly stenotic to severely stenotic. Treatment options depend on a patient’s symptoms as well as their general health and age. Physiological age (health and fitness) is even more important than chronologic age and a better indicator for how well someone will tolerate surgery. Some conservative treatment options for this condition include: - Anti-inflammatories, which may be useful for reducing inflammation and can help reduce pain. - Epidural steroid injections, which can be helpful in the early stages of stenosis but become less effective over time. But if your condition is too severe, most doctors will avoid putting needles in an area with so little space. - Therapy, which may provide only temporary relief, because stenosis is an anatomical problem. Therapy for stenosis is often less effective than it would be for other medical conditions. - Chiropractic care helps some people manage the symptoms of spinal stenosis without having to undergo surgery. Typically, foraminal stenosis is harder to treat nonsurgically because the canal is so narrow—much narrower than the central canal. It doesn’t take much to interfere with nerve passage in this already-small space, and there are few good ways to open it further. Surgery As An Option Although conservative care options are available for spinal stenosis, many people with more advanced lumbar spinal stenosis opt for surgery if the condition is interfering with their life, either in terms of necessary mobility or simply enjoying their favorite activities. Surgery involves “decompression” to remove or address the offending material pressing on the nerves, i.e., removing small parts of an inflamed ligament or a bone spur, or even taking out some of a diseased disc if need be. Once the material is removed, the surgeon will assess the stability of the spine. More often than not (especially in the case of foraminal stenosis), by removing the bone or disc material, the surgeon will have created an instability (iatrogenic instability). If the spine is deemed “unstable,” fusion or another stabilization surgery may be required. Are there alternatives to fusion? Surgeons fuse because they have to, not because they want to. One of the problems with fusion is that taking away the mobility of even a single level in your spine places added stress on the adjacent levels, both above and below the fused location. This often leads to rapid degeneration of one or both levels, which means you’ll likely need another fusion surgery down the road. But there is another option. BalancedBack® Decompression Arthroplasty can be used to re-stabilize your spine after a decompression for stenosis, instead of fusing the unstable segments with screws, rods, and spacers. The BalancedBack® procedure preserves your mobility by giving you a completely new joint (disc and facets), which means there’s no fusion stress placed on the areas above and below the affected level—decreasing the likelihood of repeat surgery. Still have questions about what spinal stenosis is? Ask us and we’ll get back to you with an answer. Or, if you’d like to know more about BalancedBack®, schedule a complimentary call with our clinical coordinator.	<urn:uuid:dd236295-4e49-4416-90d9-1ead26dc5ac5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://www.balancedback.com/blog/what-is-spinal-stenosis", "date": "2019-03-21T18:04:46", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202530.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321172751-20190321194751-00199.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9377312660217285, "token_count": 1849, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4 }
Short Manx History Introductions: The Battle of Skyhill - A Manx Battle of Hastings? Bob Carswell discusses perhaps the most important battle in Manx history: the Battle of Skyhill (or Scacafell) which saw Norse for Godred Crovan victory in 1079. Find out more about Culture Vannin. More like this Why is T E Brown important to the culture of the Isle of Man? What was Sophia Morrison's most important work? How would Harry Kelly have viewed the revival of the Manx language?	<urn:uuid:a4df00e8-4be1-4234-a2f8-da5481b8ada6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://www.manxradio.com/portal/entertainment/culture-vannin/short-manx-history-introductions-the-battle-of-skyhill-a-manx-battle-of-hastings/", "date": "2018-02-25T19:39:00", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816912.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225190023-20180225210023-00598.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9399023652076721, "token_count": 115, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3 }
Local Researchers Find Holy Grail Of Ship Wrecks In late 2015, the Colombian government announced they had found what could be the world’s most valuable shipwreck. The Spanish galleon ship San Jose sank off the Colombian coast in 1708 during a battle with British ships, and it is believed to hold billions of dollars worth of gold, silver, and emeralds. An underwater vehicle built and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution played a key role in the search, and now they’ve released new details. “The Colombian government wanted to get their house in order,” said Rob Munier, vice president for Marine Facilities and Operations at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “We’ve reached that moment where the Colombian government feels comfortable enough that the whole story can come out.” At one point, there was a competing claim from a salvage company that said they found the wreck first. And the Colombian government needed to reach an agreement with the Spanish government about the fate of the wreck, since it was originally a Spanish ship. But Munier says that is all just peripheral for him. He thinks the story is pretty straightforward: the institution used an autonomous underwater vehicle, known as REMUS, to first find the wreck and then take photos that were used to confirm its identity. Dozens of cannons and a dolphin design on the cabin were the key features that archaeologists and historians were looking for. The same vehicle was used to find an Air France flight that went down off the coast of South America, and in the search for the missing Malaysian Airlines flight. Munier says they are happy to contribute to these important search operations, and the scientists and engineers who built REMUS benefit from the opportunities to develop and test new technologies. Faith Leaders And Leading Scientists Issue Joint Call For Climate Action Dozens of Massachusetts faith leaders are partnering with leading climate scientists on a joint call for politicians to take action on climate change. Phil Duffy, president of Woods Hole Research Center, was key in developing this partnership. He acknowledges that science and faith communities come at the issue of climate change from different world views and may disagree on some points, but he says there is agreement on important fundamentals about the causes and consequences of climate change, and the need for action. “Somewhat to my surprise, it’s been harder to get the scientists involved than the religious leaders,” Duffy said. At a press conference announcing the initiative, Cardinal Archbishop Sean O’Malley of the Boston Archdiocese and the Reverend Mariama White-Hammond of Bethel AME Church referred to Pope Francis’ 2015 encyclical, Laudato Si, as inspiration and direction. That letter is, itself, a marriage of science and religion — the first such church document to cite scientific research reports — in which the Pope argues that climate action is an act of stewardship for God’s creation and of care for the poor and future generations. White-Hammond echoed those themes, focusing on climate change's impact on Massachusetts’ most vulnerable communities. “Those of us in power have a moral responsibility to our most vulnerable citizens,” she said. “We are using our power as religious and and scientific leaders to ask other leaders in politics, and business, and all other fields, to join us in action.” It is not yet clear what, exactly, those actions will be. Members of the partnership are meeting this week to begin discussing such details. Duffy says he is hopeful that this initiative can help bridge some of the political divides that have stymied climate policy discussions and build a broader base for climate action. Forecast Calls for Active Hurricane Season, but Not Like Last Year Hurricane season officially begins on June 1, and forecasters with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are predicting average to above-average storm activity in the Atlantic Ocean. “We’re expecting a lot of activity this year,” said Gerry Bell, lead hurricane season forecaster with NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center. “At this time, it does not look that we will be as active as last year.” Specifically, Bell says they expect between 10 and 16 named storms, five to nine of which will develop into hurricanes. Up to four of those are expected to reach Category 3 or higher. And, while NOAA doesn’t forecast where potential future storms might end up, Bell says more storm activity raises the chances of a storm actually hitting land. At this point, he says, everyone should be getting prepared. Opioid-Related Deaths Down, But Not in All Demographics. A new report from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health shows that opioid-related deaths are down 5 percent compared to this time last year. And opioid prescriptions have also dropped here in the Commonwealth and nationwide. Still, the opioid epidemic is far from over, and the pace of research on effective pain management seems to be picking up. Michael Botticelli is the director of the Grayken Center for Addiction Medicine at Boston Medical Center. Before that, he served as the director of national drug control policy at the White House under President Obama. Botticelli says that it's significant that there's been a drop in the number of deaths, especially after years of an increase in deaths. It means that there's "an indication that some strategies are beginning to take hold," he said. However, data also shows significant increases in deaths among African Americans. Botticelli says that's "considerable cause” for re-thinking current strategies to make sure they're reaching everyone. "We know that this is a complex epidemic that's caused by a wide variety of factors," Botticelli said, adding that solutions will have to be in place for years before they have an impact. One factor is the over-prescribing of opioids by physicians. Botticelli referenced a study that showed that services provided by drug companies can have an impact on how often a doctor prescribes an opioid. "Even small payments can have an impact on opioid-prescribing behavior," he said. Botticelli believes that sales representatives should stop providing services to doctors. "No incentives should support the over-prescribing of opioids," he said. "Even a small meal is no good." In addition to stopping the over-prescribing of drugs, Botticelli believes that another method can help the epidemic — alternate therapies. Botticelli says that things like acupuncture and physical therapy can ease pain as much as opioids, and in states like Massachusetts, they're often covered by health insurance. The Hidden Connection Between The Korean War And The Decline Of Frogs Worldwide. For years, the die-off of frogs and other amphibians around the globe was a mystery. Then, in 1998, scientists pointed a finger not at a chemical, as many had suspected, but at a fungus. In particular, a kind of fungus known as chytrid fungus. Now, 20 years later, researchers say they’ve traced that deadly fungus back to the Korean peninsula. Mat Fisher is a professor in the school of public health at Imperial College London, and he’s the senior author on the new study published in the journal Science. He says that scientists have known for 20 years that this fungus is killing frogs, but this study highlights its origins. Fisher says that it matters where the fungus came from because it’s unlikely that this will happen just once. “There’s the possibility that it could happen again," he said. Once you establish where a “hot zone” is, you can think of new ways to prevent the emergence of diseases, he said. The paper establishes that amphibians that are in the pet trade are impacted, but there are two are types of fungus: one from Korea, and another from Vietnam. Fisher says the emergence of the killer fungus dates back to the early 20th century and had its peak in the 1950s. He believes it was moved passively by the 6 million service people who were traveling around the world during the Korean and Vietnam wars. It's conjecture, but, "this is the period that it did expand across the planet," Fisher said.	<urn:uuid:57fe134a-a07a-47fb-b201-b05ce098b5b0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.wgbh.org/news/national/2018-05-30/living-lab-radio-the-hidden-connection-between-the-korean-war-and-the-decline-of-frogs", "date": "2024-02-21T01:37:09", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00070.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9660236239433289, "token_count": 1706, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3 }
An acquired condition, Asherman’s syndrome, also known as uterine synechiae or intrauterine synechiae (adhesions), refers to a presence of scar tissues in the cervix or the uterus. This scar tissue causes the cervix and uterus to stick together, thereby reducing the uterine size. Uterine scars are also known as intrauterine adhesions. CausesIntrauterine adhesions are fibrous scar tissue bands that form within the uterus. These scar tissue affects uterine lining and is one of the primary causes of infertility. A uterus has three layers: - Serosa or the outer layer - Myometrium or middle muscular layer - Endometrium or inner layer. The endometrium contains the lining which sheds during the menses. The inner layer is also where the embryo gets implanted and grows into a viable pregnancy. Some of the potential causes include: - Cesarean section - D&C (dilation and curettage) for abnormal uterine bleeding, miscarriage, prior abortion, or retained placenta - Endometritis – uterine cavity infection - Other infections (chlamydia, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis) of reproductive organs - Radiation treatment SymptomsScars in the uterus are very rare. Scientists do not have any clear idea of how often it happens as a proper diagnosis is rare. Some studies state that it is prevalent in 20% of patients who underwent dilation and curettage after pregnancy complications. Some of the common symptoms include: - Amenorrhea (no periods) - Hypomenorrhea (very light periods) - Having severe pain or cramping - Unable to either get pregnant or stay pregnant Physical ExaminationYour doctor will get your medical history and do a physical examination. While physical adhesions will not help in finding adhesions, it will indicate a blockage in the cervix if the instrument is unable to enter the cervix. Hormone TestThe doctor could also order hormone tests, which will help in ruling out endocrine problems, or might use hormones to induce bleeding. Saline Infusion Sonography (SIS)Another option with your doctor is saline infusion sonography. Also known as sonohysterography or uterine ultrasound, SIS involves using a saline solution that flows into the uterus, helping in getting a clear image of the uterus. Hysterosalpingography(HSG)Also known as uterosalpingography, HSG combines radioactive material and X-ray. The radioactive material is placed in the fallopian tubes and the uterus to indicate any blockages or growths. HysteroscopyHysteroscopy is the best bet when it comes to diagnosing scars in the uterus. Hysteroscopy involves your doctor placing a telescope and camera in the uterus to view the entire uterine cavity. TreatmentThe treatment goal is to help the uterus get back to its regular shape and size. Besides diagnosing the scars, hysteroscopy is also used to treat them. The adhesions are cut with the help of lasers, small scissors, or any other instrument which uses electrodes or hooks. After hysteroscopy, the doctor usually places a balloon catheter inside the uterus for a specified period. Estrogen therapy is also prescribed for decreasing scar reformation. Sometimes, you might be required to undergo more than one hysteroscopic procedures to treat the scars successfully. Additionally, the doctor might prescribe hormones that will help in getting your uterine line back on track and allowing you to have regular periods. Recurrence rates are generally around 34% in cases of mild-to-moderate adhesions and more than 65% in cases of severe adhesions. Hysteroscopy should be performed by a highly experienced surgeon or a fertility specialist. Successful treatment is known to result in pregnancy, with live birth rates in the range of 30 to 70%.	<urn:uuid:ad578e89-b43a-477d-85e3-20210bcce1d6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.patientscommunity.org/articles/scar-tissue-in-uterus-causes-symptoms-treatment.69/", "date": "2022-07-03T14:16:33", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104244535.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703134535-20220703164535-00658.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9065991640090942, "token_count": 824, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3 }
The dehydration of sucrose Demonstrations designed to capture the student's imagination, by Colin Baker of Bedford School. In this issue: the dehydration of sucrose Sucrose is a disaccharide with the formula C12H22O11. On hydrolysis, it yields the two monosaccharides, glucose (aldohexose) and fructose (ketohexose), and on dehydration produces a complex carbonaceous solid residue. The reaction between sucrose and concentrated H2SO4 With this reaction, there is a time delay of almost one minute before the reaction proceeds. The acid starts to go yellow as the dehydration begins. The rate of dehydration then accelerates as the acid heats up because the reaction is exothermic. As the sugar molecules are stripped of water, the heat generated turns the water into steam which then expands the remaining carbon into a porous, smoking, black column. This expands out of the reaction vessel, producing a choking acrid vapour and the smell of burned sugar. At this stage I normally remind my students that sulfuric acid is highly corrosive and will burn skin so they must avoid contact with it. 50-60g Granulated sugar, (sucrose), C12H22O11 25-30cm3 Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Put the sugar into the beaker and stand on a heat-proof mat. With care pour the acid onto the top of the sugar and then stand back. Since this demonstration produces sulfur dioxide as a waste product, it should be performed in a well-ventilated room or a fume cupboard. Sulfuric acid contact with the eyes or skin can cause permanent damage. Concentrated solutions of acid are extremely corrosive and when sulfuric acid is dissolved in water enough heat is released to make water boil. Sulfur dioxide is toxic in high concentration and is a severe respiratory irritant at lower concentration. The typical exposure limit is 2 parts per million (ppm), a level which can readily be exceeded in a laboratory with poor ventilation. Some people, especially those prone to asthma, may be especially sensitive to sulfur dioxide. In the presence of moisture sulfur dioxide forms an acidic, corrosive solution, which in contact with the skin or eyes may lead to burns. Precise amounts of chemical are unnecessary but do not use any other form of sucrose other than normal (household) granulated sugar. Pure sulfuric acid is an oily liquid. Odourless and colourless, the pure acid freezes at 10.5°C to produce a white crystalline solid consisting of a three dimensional hydrogen-bonded network which persists in the liquid and aqueous state, making such solutions viscous. The pure acid decomposes slightly on standing and warming to evolve sulfur trioxide and water. Thus the acid reaches its maximum boiling point mixture of 330°C and its maximum concentration of 98.33 per cent. Concentrated sulfuric acid has a molarity of 18M and has a strong affinity for water, making it very useful for drying gases which it does not react with, eg SO2, Cl2, N2, and O2. As well as being a good reagent to dehydrate carbohydrates, concentrated H2SO4 also dehydrates crystalline hydrates, organic alcohols and acids. In the reaction with sucrose, the acid dehydrates the carbohydrate to carbon and then oxidises the carbon: C12H22O11 Dehydrate 12C(s) + 11H2O(l) Oxidise CO2, SO2 The acid is a powerful oxidising agent as shown by its reactions with solid halides: NaI + H2SO4 HI + NaHSO4 H2SO4 + 8HI 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O These reactions can be used to good effect when teaching oxidation number and balancing equations. It is worth noting that a solid potassium bromide and concentrated sulfuric acid mixture is used to convert organic alcohols to halogenoalkanes. CH3CH2OH + HBr CH3CH2Br + H2O The KBr-H2SO4 mixture generates hydrogen bromide in situ.	<urn:uuid:aa33bc70-8b54-487d-93c4-319cdd55ac5c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2007March/ExhibitionChemistry.asp", "date": "2013-05-19T18:50:19", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00013-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8962098360061646, "token_count": 879, "score": 3.71875, "int_score": 4 }

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Fineweb-edu-dedup 45B

This dataset was filtered from HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus. We selected the fineweb-edu and further filtered with score > 3.0 to make the dataset with higher quality; there are 45B GPT2 tokens in this dataset.

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We appreciate the efforts from HuggingFaceTB team to release these high-quality dataset and facilitate LLM community

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