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The Emergent Literacy and Language domain provides a snapshot of young children’s developing expressive language skills, vocabulary, understanding of language, and their awareness of sounds in words. These skills begin developing from the earliest days of a child’s life and are all critically important foundations for both reading and writing, and have a strong influence on whether children will learn to read and write with ease or difficulty. The Thrive by Five Index 2021 found that only 54.7% of children who attend early learning programmes are achieving the standard for Emergent Language and Literacy, with 26% Falling Behind and 19.3% Falling Far Behind. These findings point to the roots of our literacy crisis in South Africa. By not providing young children with quality early learning experiences that ensure they are On Track when they begin school, we continue to set both our children and our teachers up for failure. This Action Brief offers full analysis and presents specific actions to take to rectify the status quo. The Brief is authored by Dr. Shelley O’Carroll, who has close to 20 years’ experience developing evidence-based programmes to support literac development in under-resourced communities in South Africa.

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What are disadvantages of asexual reproduction in plants? The major disadvantages of asexual reproduction are: Lack of diversity. Since the offsprings are genetically identical to the parent they are more susceptible to the same diseases and nutrient deficiencies as the parent. All the negative mutations persist for generations. What are advantages of asexual reproduction in plants? An advantage of asexual reproduction is that the resulting plant will reach maturity faster. Since the new plant is arising from an adult plant or plant parts, it will also be sturdier than a seedling. Asexual reproduction can take place by natural or artificial (assisted by humans) means. What is the advantage and disadvantage of asexual? In asexual reproduction, only one parent is required to produce an offspring. The primary advantage of asexual reproduction is the fact that offspring can be successfully created without the need for a partnership. It occurs over a short period of time without the need to develop the genetics to form a gender. Why asexual reproduction is sometimes disadvantages? “Why asexual reproduction is sometimes disadvantageous?” It save the time and energy of gamete production ….Question : Why asexual reproduction is sometimes disadvantageous? |Question||Why asexual reproduction is sometimes disadvantageous?| |Students Liked||7.3 K +| |Question Video Duration||3m3s| What is natural parthenogenesis? Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which organisms reproduce without fertilization. It is seen to occur naturally in bees. Drone bees are produced parthenogenetically. Female worker honey bees lay only unfertilized eggs and these eggs result in drone bees. Why asexual reproduction is important? The significance of asexual reproduction is that it is a means for a rapid and significant increase in the numbers of individuals. (Many weeds and invasive species, for instance, are successful partly because of their great capacity for vegetative reproduction.) What is the importance of reproduction in plants? Plant reproduction is not only fundamental to the fitness of plant species, but also the success of the entire agricultural economy. Most of the agricultural activities on a farm begin with seed and end with seed. Flowering, which marks the onset of reproduction, is a key regulator of life cycle and senescence. Is fish a parthenogenesis? A more unusual form of reproduction found in a few fish species is parthenogenesis, which is where the female egg develops into a new individual without fusing with a sperm cell. In parthenogenesis, the offspring are identical copies of their mothers. Can parthenogenesis happen in humans? Spontaneous parthenogenetic and androgenetic events occur in humans, but they result in tumours: the ovarian teratoma and the hydatidiform mole, respectively. What is the importance of asexual reproduction in terms of agricultural production? The advantage of asexual propagation to farmers is that the crops will be more uniform than those produced from seed. Some plants are difficult to cultivate from seed and asexual reproduction in these plants makes it possible to produce crops that would otherwise not be available for commercial marketing. Why is asexual reproduction essential for the survival and perpetuation of organisms? Key Points Asexual reproduction yields genetically-identical organisms because an individual reproduces without another. In sexual reproduction, the genetic material of two individuals from the same species combines to produce genetically-different offspring; this ensures mixing of the gene pool of the species. What are the pros and cons of asexual reproduction? the population can increase rapidly when the conditions are favourable What are some advantages for asexual reproduction? The energy requirements for reproduction are minimal. Because only one parent is required for this reproductive process,the energy requirements throughout the entire cycle of reproduction are reduced. What animals are asexual? What animals reproduce asexually? The most commonly known animals known to reproduce asexually are invertebrate animals such as aphids, flatworms, hydra, Bdelloid rotifers, ants, bees, parasitic wasps, coral and starfish. A small group of vertebrates that reproduce asexually as their normal method of reproduction incude a few specific species of whiptail lizards, Sonoran desert minnows, and brine shrimp.

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Time Zone is a Term to describe the local time of a Region or a Country. The local Time within a Time Zone Map is described by its offset (difference) from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). It is the world’s time standard. UTC time changes 1 hour forward and backward corresponding to a 1-hour difference in mean solar time for every 15 degrees east or west of the prime meridian (0° longitude) in Greenwich, London, United Kingdom. The offset is expressed as either UTC- or UTC+ and the number of hours and minutes. Time in the USA. There is a 9-time zone in the Time Zone Map of the USA and its dependencies. however, adding the time zones of 2 uninhabited US territories gives 11 time zones in total. |Time Zone||Standard Time Offset||DST Offset| |Pacific Standard Time (PST)||UTC-8||UTC-7| |Mountain Standard Time (MST)||UTC-7||UTC-6| |Central Standard Time (CST)||UTC-6||UTC-5| |Eastern Standard Time (EST)||UTC-5||UTC-4| |Alaska Standard Time (AKST)||UTC-9||UTC-9| |Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (HAST)||UTC-10||UTC-10| Time Zones In the US Generalized Time Zone Maps of the USA are often called by their generic name, without distinguishing between standard time and Daylight Saving Time. US Time Zone Map |Offset||Time Zone Abbreviation & Name||Example City| |UTC -10||HAST||Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time||Honolulu| |UTC -9||AKST||Alaska Standard Time||Anchorage| |UTC -8||PST||Pacific Standard Time||Los Angeles| |UTC -7||MST||Mountain Standard Time||Salt Lake City| |UTC -6||CST||Central Standard Time||Chicago| |UTC -5||EST||Eastern Standard Time||New York| Daylight Saving Time in USA begins at 2:00 a.m. local time on the second Sunday in March. On the first Sunday in November areas on Daylight Saving Time return to Standard Time at 2:00 a.m. The names in each time zone change along with Daylight Saving Time. Eastern Standard Time (EST) becomes Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), and so forth. ✅What are the 6 Time Zones in the USA? The time zones in America are divided into six time zones: Hawaii-Aleutian time, Alaska time, Pacific time, Mountain time, Central time, and Eastern time. Does Alaska actually have a time zone all its own? This, called the Alaska time zone, covers almost every piece of the state. ✅Time Zone Map USA Gulf is the only county in Florida with two time zones. Cities close to the time zone in Gulf County include Mexico Beach, Port St. Joe, Wewahitchka, and Apalachicola. All states but Hawaii and Arizona (except the Navajo Nation) observe DST.

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Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Name: Jeffery Cook Lab Time/Date: 12pm 2/09/2015 Activity 1 Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) 1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. a. Two variables that affect the rate of diffusion are size and whether or not there is an electrical or concentration gradient. 2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. My prediction was incorrect. I think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane because the molecular weight of urea is about 60. This means it is above the molecular weight cut off and cannot diffuse. 3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. The glucose was able to diffuse because its molecular weight was less than 200, while the albumin was much larger than 200 and could not diffuse. My prediction was wrong as I originally thought that the MW of glucose was higher than 200. 4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea. a. The molecular weight from smallest to greatest is Sodium Chloride, Urea, Glucose, Albumin. Activity 2 Simulated Facilitated Diffusion 1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it differs. a. One way that facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion are the same is that the substance being moved will both move along or down with the concentration gradient. They are different in that Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane bound carrier protein while simple diffusion does not. 2. The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. The rate increased because there were more carriers to assist with diffusion, but not so many that saturation occurred maxing out the rate of diffusion. This was predicted. 3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+Cl− might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. I was not sure how this would affect the rate of diffusion so I honestly made a guess. After looking at the results, I feel like this was not a correct prediction. I think that adding the sodium chloride actually slowed the rate of transport for glucose alone. Activity 3 Simulating Osmotic Pressure 1. Explain the effect that increasing the Na+Cl− concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. Increasing the Sodium Chloride concentration had an increase on osmotic pressure. This is most likely because it was moving from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient caused by the added sodium. My prediction was incorrect. 2. Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different. a. Osmosis is similar to a simple diffusion in that they both move along the concentration gradient while it is different in the fact that it moves in response to a higher concentration of solutes on the other side of a membrane. 3. Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, “Water chases milliosmoles.” a. Water always moves down the concentration gradient in a direction moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. 4. The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. The pressure in left beaker increased because the albumin had a lower concentration gradient than the glucose, causing an increase in pressure in the left beaker. My prediction was correct. Activity 4 Simulating Filtration 1. Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an analogy to support your statement. How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. Increasing pore size will allow for more room in order to pass through. This is similar to a salt or pepper shaker. The bigger the openings in the top of the shaker are, the more salt can pass through them. My prediction was correct. 2. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why. a. Powdered Charcoal did not appear in any of the filtrate because there is not enough pressure and the pores are not large enough to allow it to pass through. Charcoal is often used as a filtration substance in itself for water filtration systems so this did not seem surprising to me. 3. Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes? How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. Increasing the pressure increases the filtration because of the downward force but does not increase the concentration of the solutes because the size of the pores still did not change. My prediction was incorrect. Activity 5 Simulating Active Transport 1. Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios. a. 3Na+ ions are ejected from the cell for every 2 K+ ions entering the cell. 2. Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. There was no sodium transport even though ATP was present because there were not enough sodium potassium pumps. My prediction was not correct. 3. Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results compare with your prediction? a. The addition of glucose had no effect on sodium or potassium because glucose is too large to pass through the pores. My prediction was incorrect. 4. Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your answer. a. Glucose is being actively transported in this experiment. Glucose is too large to fit though the wholes without ATP or some other energy source.

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email The eXtensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) has replaced the similar HyperText Markup Language (HTML) as the markup language of choice for creating webpages, but old webpages are relatively easy to convert from HTML to XHTML. First, choose the appropriate version of XHTML to convert to because different versions support different features. Then make changes to the code by hand to better understand the new language’s syntax rules or use a software tool to convert pages for you. In either case, it is a good idea to check that the document was converted properly with an XHTML validator, which can detect any errors in the code. Keep in mind that just like HTML, XHTML has several different versions, and not all of them support the same features. XHTML 1.0 Transitional allows certain presentational tags, elements, and attributes present in earlier HTML standards including the <font> tag and "center" attributes. If you’re moving from HTML to XHTML 1.0 Strict or XHTML 1.1, remove any any presentational tags or elements and recreate the desired look using Cascading Style Sheets because these versions of XHTML do not support any presentational elements. For a simple web document, it's possible to perform an HTML to XHTML conversion by hand. If you're new to XHTML, this may also help you become more familiar with the stricter syntax rules of the language. To conform to these stricter requirements, make sure that all tags are in lower case, properly nested, and closed with a forward slash. In addition, all values must be inside quotation marks. The “find and replace all” option available in most text editors and web development programs can help you make these changes. Software can also convert your code from HTML to XHTML with just a few clicks. Most professional web design programs have this option, often under the “File” or “Tools” menu. A popular tool called HTML Tidy, originally released by members of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), can be downloaded for free and will both clean up and convert between popular web formats. You might also be able to find a few tools online that can change documents from one markup language to another. Whether you choose to edit your documents by hand or use software to perform the HTML to XHTML conversion, there are a few things you should check before publishing your pages to the web. To be valid XHTML, a page should have both a Document Type Definition (DOCTYPE or DTD) and an XML namespace declaration. Each of these will depend on what version of XHTML you use, so do a little research to figure out what these elements should look like. An XHTML validator, available within most web development software as well as on the W3C’s website, will inform you of any errors or omissions in your code. One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!

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Download postscript and pdf versions of manual plus all FORTRAN programs. Cover picture: Showing, for a horizontal applied field, the horizontal currents around a circular inclusion of conductivity 10, embedded in a matrix of conductivity one, computed using a finite difference program. The magnitude of the currents go from red = high to black = low. This manual has been prepared to show some of the theory behind, and the practical details for using, various finite element and finite difference computer programs that have been developed for computing the effective linear properties of random materials whose microstructure has been stored in a 2-D or 3-D digital image. Thirteen different computer programs are described, including finite element conductivity and elastic programs, finite difference programs for D.C. and A.C. conductivity, finite element elastic programs that include thermal strains (eigenstrains), and three auxiliary programs for Gaussian quadrature and phase percolation. All the programs are written in FORTRAN 77, and operate on an arbitrary digital image that is read from a file. Arbitrary symmetric conductivity tensors and arbitrary elastic moduli tensors can be used in the finite element programs. In the finite difference programs, the conductivity tensors must be diagonal. Only linear elastic and linear electrical conductivity problems are considered. The programs can of course be extended to other problems that have a similar mathematical basis.

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The Boston Black Heritage Trail The Black Heritage Trail is a path in Boston, Massachusetts, winding through the Beacon Hill neighborhood and sites important in American black history. The Black Heritage Trail links more than 15 pre-Civil War structures and historic sites, including the 1806 African Meeting House, the oldest surviving black church in the United States. In 1783, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to declare slavery illegal — mostly out of gratitude for black participation in the American Revolutionary War. Subsequently, a sizable community of free blacks and escaped slaves developed in Boston, settling on the north face of Beacon Hill, and in the North End. With a strong abolitionist community, Boston was long considered a desirable destination for southern black slaves escaping slavery via the Underground Railroad. Click Link for More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Heritage_Trail

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During May we recognize National Stroke Awareness Month. A stroke happens when the blood supply to an area of the brain is interrupted. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die because they are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. In fact, every four minutes someone in the U.S. dies from a stroke. Around 795,000 strokes occur each year. And while the good news is that the majority of people survive them, many are often left with significant disabilities. The chance of stroke grows with age. For those 55 and over, the lifetime risk for stroke is greater than one in six. National Stroke Awareness Month offers an opportunity to raise awareness about this disease and to educate on how it can be recognized and treated. Here are a few of the ways we do this: - The Alliance works with various partners to get out the word about stroke, including a task force focused on pushing for new treatment tools, forming expert consensus on the existing tools, and advocating for optimal treatment of AFib patients. - Our Silver Book site features statistics and facts about stroke. - This is our video on preventing stroke, which you can watch below. Please also visit our education page.

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The roles of the teacher and the blackboard in teaching and learning languages Behind the success of each lesson are the attempt of the teacher and the assistance of visual aids. In my training process, I have made acquaintance with many different visual aids. However, I always confident in two familiar teaching aids: the teacher and the blackboard. They bring me a lot of wonderful surprises. One of my available visuals is the teacher. The teachers are very active and creative and enthusiastic persons. They make the dramas livelier by acting as different characters such as princes, king, old man, tree, a rabbit,.. To make the lesson more interesting, they have to make many different handmade visuals such as realia, picture, star, flower, clip,.. Those things have much attractive because they look very funny and colorful. They are very close to the children. In the vocabulary lesson, some actions of teacher help children understand and remember new words more easily. For example, I show a word “cat”, then I make the sound “meo meo”. The class will reply in chorus that “con meo”. I tell him about a drunken man. I explain that “drunken is a status when you drink a lot of wine”, then I reel as a drunk person. Whole class will be very excited. Being the teacher, we can teach the children make some simple things by using clay, colored paper, colored pencils, pair of scissors, glue,… They will join in very positively. We have known some popular visual aids such as poster, video, realia, toy.. so on. However, using them effectively is not easily. Each lesson should use visual aids suitably and creatively. For example, in telling lesson, we can use picture, video, toy, realia, costumes, chalk, board, drama, poster, book…In these visuals, board is my closest friend. In teaching and learning languages process, I often use it to write vocabulary, provide lesson outline. A pronunciation box at the top of the board will help children do speaking exercises more easily. I see that children are very interested in watching their paintings which are hung on the board. Look their excited face, I am very happy. I like using colorful visuals and some things which make funny sounds such as toys, video, recorder. They make my lesson more interesting and attractive. I observe that children senses are very sensitive. Therefore, the visual aids will be good mean to help them to develop and perfect them. Some material like letter, sound, and image… should be big, funny and colorful. The children will feel comfortable and closer with us if we give them love and friendly through gestures and eyes contact. To sum up, both parent and teacher may give the children a good environment to learn and develop by giving them our love. I change my love to the good lessons and nice attitudes. I can do everything well without love and the assistance of knowledge and visual aids.

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Read, Write Inc: Click on the link below to find your daily speed sound and spelling lessons. Wednesday Phonic Activities L.O: To be able to tell the time to half past the hour. Let’s see how much we can remember from yesterday about telling the time to the hour and half past the hour... Turn to pages 11 and 12 in your Maths Measurement activity booklet to the other ‘What’s the Time Mr Wolf? (2) (3)’ activity sheets. Remember, when the minute (long) hand is pointing at the 12, the time is an ‘o’clock’ time, and when the minute hand is pointing at the 6, the time is a ‘half past’ time. Choose one activity a day.

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Non-residents working on the UK continental shelf: transfer pricing: what is a rig? Drilling for oil from fixed platforms is not suitable for many locations. Drilling operations are often therefore carried out by mobile structures generically called ‘rigs’. The main types employed in the North Sea are currently (2009): - Jack-ups: platforms that can be jacked up above the sea using legs that can be lowered into the seabed, much like jacks. Typically used in water depths up to 400 feet (120m), although some designs can go to 550 feet (170m) depth. They are designed to move from place to place, and then anchor themselves by deploying the legs to the ocean bottom using a rack and pinion gear system on each leg. - Semi-submersibles: These have columns and pontoons of sufficient buoyancy to cause the structure to float, but of sufficient weight to keep the structure upright. Can be moved and ballasted up or down by altering the amount of flooding in buoyancy tanks. Semi-submersibles can be used in water depths from 200 to 10,000 feet (60 to 3,050 metres). In addition, there are other vessels used in oil production and the oil industry generally which are commonly leased on bareboat charter including Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessels (FPSOs), heavy lift and seismic vessels. FPSOs can be either a decommissioned oil tanker or a new vessel. They are floating tank systems designed to take oil or gas produced from a nearby platform, process and store it until it can be offloaded onto conventional tankers or a pipeline.

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Why should teachers reverse instruction? Or shall I ask why you should consider flipping your classroom? Can you literally turn instructions upside down? Well, this is a very interesting topic today, right here on this page! Students should be actively involved in learning and not just passive recipients of content and information. They should be the main characters in the learning process. If not, your story of teaching and learning is flat and dull. As a teacher, you should find ways to make the learning environment student-centered. This is possible using the flipped classroom approach. Hence, you are just on the right page and realize why you should consider flipping your classroom. <<Want to make your class interactive? Aside from flipping it, here are effective ways to make your classroom engaging. What is a flipped classroom? Flipped classroom is a teaching approach and a type of remote learning strategy that reverses the traditional classroom settings as a way of maximizing class time. With this approach, students view instructional videos and content posted by the teacher online or given to them offline. They do it at home. They study and master the material at home and do their projects, participate in the discussions and prepare homework in the classroom. Literally, it’s the model of having lectures at home and homework in the classroom. It’s a great diversion from what’s used to be done in the traditional teaching and learning process. Hence, it’s essentially known as an ‘inverted classroom”. This strategy also amplifies a learner-centered classroom and students are all given access to instructional content to improve their academic performance. The flipped classroom is a teaching approach introduced by Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams. They are high school chemistry teachers at Woodland Park High School who explored the heights of this effective teaching methodology which has been accepted and adopted by schools all over the world. According to Jon Bergmann, one of the pioneers of flipped teaching and learning, this instructional strategy is ‘making the most of face-to-face class time.’ Interestingly, he encouraged teachers to answer the question: “What’s the best use of your face-to-face class time”? By answering the question, you can visualize yourselves of how you teach your students in the classroom. Do you feed them with information and content by lecturing all throughout the 60-minute period? Do you just go on and on? By flipping your instructions, you can have students access direct instruction by moving it ‘through the individual space where students can watch them, giving them the opportunity to pause and rewind. For the flip classroom to be effective, Bergmann advised teachers to teach students how to watch instructional videos and interact with the material. ‘You can move the instruction or lecture into the individual space of the students so they can watch them and consume them at a pace that makes sense to them,” Bergmann shared. Bergmann added, “Make sure you take the time to teach your students how to watch instructional videos and content. Have your students pause the video, write questions, and take notes to build interactivity.” In this manner, a flipped classroom is more than just recording your instructional videos. It’s a way of helping students acquire knowledge and skills and make meaning to content. 5 Reasons Why You Should Consider Flipping Your Classroom 1. Differentiate instruction effectively Since lectures are to be done at home, students’ different learning styles and levels are considered. As there are learners who are advanced and there are some who are average and slow. With that, you have to prepare video lectures and learning materials according to the different learning styles of the students. Students are certainly given the best chance to explore content and learn. In this methodology, content is introduced prior to its in-depth discussion. In other words, you have to consider the lesson content and learning objectives. Are they most fitting to be flipped? Would making a video lecture or screencast best give meaning to such a learning material? Is it better understood using the supplementary video lesson? After exposing them to content prior to discussion, students boost their understanding of the lesson and they are ready for in-depth and differentiated activities. Moreover, advanced learners are given the opportunity to work ahead because instruction is given via video or if a student missed class due to unavoidable circumstances. It’s most notable if students are grouped and assigned different tasks according to their learning styles. For example, a group may be tasked with role-playing while other groups may perform other tasks but are hitting the same instructional goal. Delightfully, collaboration is emphasized. 2. Students can access content anytime In a flipped model, teachers are given the best ways to deviate from traditional teaching and give students access to content through instructional videos. You are’ lecturers no more’. This is a quantum leap from the usual practices of lecturing and standing in front of your students. Today’s students are inclined to technology and can access digital resources through different online platforms. They easily adapt to what’s advanced and new. In particular, most of them have access to the Internet and are well-versed in using gadgets. Teachers can make use of this recent scenario of advances in technology and digital learning. By giving students access to content, they can watch the video anytime, study it, analyze it, and get prepared to participate in the collaborative activities in the next class session. By flipping instructions, students are able to make use of digital learning tools to enhance their performance and increase their engagement because they can watch instruction via video at home. 3. Improve student engagement As mentioned, flipping your classroom is a way of improving student engagement because they are exposed to learning material or content before the grand arena of higher-order activities in the classroom. The methodology is to prepare students for collaborative activities in the classroom so they can ask questions intelligently and participate in the discussion diligently. And because students are given ample time to study and master content, they are made ready to participate and to get ready for collaborative learning to gain a deeper understanding of content. Since students are ready with their perceptions of the course material, they are confident to express their thoughts and get involved in the discussion because they already made meaning of the material. 4. Allows students to pause and rewind teachers A flipped classroom is also very effective in online learning. Since students are given enough time to watch lectures via video, they have the best time of ‘pausing and rewinding their teachers.’ You may have experienced this too. When you watch a video tutorial isn’t it that you pause, scribble down, rewind for missing details. Practically, it’s just that way. With that, students already get hooked to the learning material before the class period and so they are more active in higher learning activities in the classroom. In this way, students can read and reread, watch and rewatch and get ready for the analysis, evaluation, and synthesis in the classroom. 5. Increase student-teacher interaction When students already know the learning content by watching online lectures or reading materials in advance, they can interact with their classmates and teacher the next class period. This methodology boosts students’ confidence in interactive and collaborative learning. Hence, I consider it a big deviation from the traditional paradigm of teaching where students are to listen to passive lectures first and they are to evaluate content at home. For me, the biggest scenario of learning which fits Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive development should be done in the classroom with the supervision and guidance of the teacher rather than doing it at home as homework or assignments. Hence, students are being prepared to develop higher-order thinking skills with you! In other words, if you flip your classroom, students are to develop complicated skills with your guidance rather than creating new material at home. The online learning elements or the act of watching video lectures have a positive impact on students’ understanding of the course material which makes it easier for them to synthesize and evaluate collaboratively. Hence, they can interact with their teacher and gain a deeper understanding of the lesson. We flip because we always aim to increase student engagement to further increase their performance so they become successful. Furthermore, the student’s greater engagement in collaborative class activities will boost their confidence and bring in better results. If the curriculum or the lesson content is suitable to be flipped, then go on. If you think that a particular lesson is best understood through video presentations or another digital approach, then consider flipping your classroom. As long as students are given ample time to read and to watch beforehand, then they are most capable of an interactive discussion after that stage. Even though the flipped classroom is one of the best methodologies for remote learning, still it can be used in face-to-face regular instruction. For it to be successful, you just have to make adjustments to the curriculum and the class schedule. Moreover, your best teaching preparations still matter. Although the traditional didactic classroom may have its own strengths, why not consider flipping your classroom and experience more delightful benefits. So if the straight model doesn’t work, why not flip it? Why you should consider flipping your classroom? We might have missed some delightful reasons, you can share them in the comment section below. Happy flipping 🙂

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Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy The anatomical and hormonal changes of pregnancy cause a woman to be susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTI). Some of these changes include: an enlarged uterus, elevated pregnancy hormones, an increase in blood volume, changes in posture, physical activity and nutritional intake displaced, compressed, and elongated ureters, decreased bladder tone. Around the 10th week of pregnancy the renal pelvis and ureter dilate. The smooth-muscle walls of the ureters undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy and relaxed muscle tone. The ureters elongate. In later pregnancy the enlarging uterus displaces the sigmoid colon to the right and the right renal pelvis and ureter dilate more than the left. These changes cause a larger volume of urine to be held in the ureters, and urine flow to be slower. This leads to urinary stasis or stagnation. Stagnated urine is an excellent medium for the growth of microorganisms. Renal function is most efficient when the woman lies on her left side. This increases renal perfusion, urinary output and decreases edema. In normal pregnancy, renal function is altered from it's prepregnant state. The woman's kidneys must manage the increased metabolic, circulatory, and excretory demands of her pregnant body The urine of pregnant women is high in nutrients, high in glucose, and is more alkaline. These conditions make the urine an even more excellent medium for growth of microorganisms. This causes women to be more susceptible to urinary tract infections. A woman's urine can be checked at her regular prenatal visits for signs of infection. This is important to rule out asymptomatic bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine). Symptoms of UTI Common symptoms of cystitis include: * Painful, burning urination (dysuria) * Urinary urgency and pressure * Rapid pulse * Lower back pain (with kidney involvement) * Lower abdominal (suprapubic) pain * Nausea and vomiting * Hematuria (blood in the urine) Symptoms of acute pyelonephritis (kidney infection) are the same but more severe. To check for lower back pain, make a fist and lightly pound the woman's back (not so hard to confuse your results) with the outside, fleshy part of your fist. Start at the top and move down on either side of the spine. If kidney involvement is present, there will be tenderness just below the bottom rib beside the spine, called the costovertebral angle. This is called Costovertebral Angle Tenderness (CVAT). If infection is present the following may be present: * Odor may be fishy * Color may be milky or bloody * White Blood Cells * Red Blood Cells * Protein with kidney involvement If infection is suspected the urine should be cultured to find out which organism is causing the infection. The antibiotic prescribed will depend on which organism is present in the urine. The following are possible pathogenic organisms that may be found in urine: * Escherichia coli - normally found in the colon. * Staphylococcus aureus - commonly on the skin. * Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (Group B Strep) * Enterococcus (Streptococcus) * Pseudomas aeruginosa - found in soil * Proteus - normally found in the intestines * Neisseria gonorrhoeae - gonorrhea * Klebsiella - common cause of respiratory infection * Corynebacterium - causes Gardnerella Obtaining a Urine Specimen A "clean catch" specimen is collected the following way: * A sterile container and lid are used. The container should be carefully handled on the outer surfaces only. Do not touch the container to the legs or genitals while voiding. * The hands are washed. The genital area is cleaned with three cloths. The first one is used to wipe one side front to back, the second to wipe the other side front to back. The third is used to wipe down the center. * While still holding the labia apart, begin to void into the toilet. After voiding about an ounce, void into the specimen container and then finish voiding into the toilet. This is called a mid-stream catch and the flow of urine should not be stopped at any time. Cap the container immediately. UTI's in pregnancy can cause preterm labor. It is very important to prevent infection if possible and to be alert to signs and symptoms of UTI's so treatment can be started quickly. If a woman does present with preterm labor, a UTI should be ruled out. Maternal fever can adversely affect the unborn baby by causing an increased fetal heart rate. Maternal fevers have also been shown to cause birth defects. Tylenol is usually the drug of choice to decrease the mother's temperature. Sometimes a woman may be asymptomatic and not know she has a UTI. Whether she is symptomatic or not, UTI's present a risk to both the mother and the baby. Once a woman has had a UTI she is more susceptible to getting another infection. She will need to take extra precautions to prevent another occurrence. Important ways to prevent infection include: - Women should always wipe from back to front, and use a clean pieceof toilet paper for each wipe. This prevents bacteria from the rectal area from being spread to the urethral opening. - Toilet paper should be white, soft, unscented. Harsh, scented, or printed paper may cause irritation and inflammation where bacteria could grow. - Women should wear underwear with a cotton crotch. Bacteria thrive in moist heat trapped by synthetic fibers. - Tight fitting pants should be avoided. - Panty shields should be changed often. - Drink 2 - 3 quarts of liquid a day. - Drink one glass of cranberry juice a day or take 1 cranberry tablet per day. - Urinate frequently, and do not ignore the need to urinate. - Urinate before and after intercourse. - Do Kegel exercises regularly, but not during urination as this could cause retention of urine. - Avoid bubble baths and bath oils. - Avoid a lot of sugar, caffeine, and pop. - If the woman has a full blown infection, antibiotics should be started right away. - Increase fluid intake to eight ounces of liquid per hour. - Eliminate sugar from the diet. Bacteria thrives on sugar. - Eliminate all soda pop and caffeine. Cranberry juice: Cranberry juice is more acidic than other fluids and lowers the pH of urine, making it harder for bacteria to grow. It should be unsweetened because sugar promotes bacterial growth. Cranberry capsules may be taken instead if preferred. Take 3 cranberry tablets 3x day until the infection is gone. For prevention take 1-2 tablets per day. Vitamin C: 2000 mg per day, decreased to 500 mg per day when infection is gone. Uva Ursi: Prepare by brewing 1 ounce of Uva Ursi leaves in a quart of boiling water, and letting sit for eight hours. Drink one cup every twelve hours for 2 days. If infection is severe drink one cup every four hours for 2 days. Drink one cup a day for another 3 days. Do not use for more than 10 days. Nettles: 1 cup of infusion every day. Jonquil, Sharon Glass, No More Cranberry Juice!, Midwifery Today Winter 1995, Eugene OR Bobak and Jensen, Maternity and Gynecological Care, 5th Edition, Mosby, St. Louis, MI, 1993 Frye, Anne, Holistic Midwifery, Labrys Press, Portland, OR, 1995 Frye, Anne, Understanding Diagnostic Tests in the Childbearing Year, 5th Edition, Labrys Press, Portland, OR, 1993 Weed, Susan S., Wise Woman Herbal for the Childbearing Year, Ash Tree Publishing, Woodstock, NY, 1986 Varney, Helen, Nurse-Midwifery, 2nd Edition, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA, 1987

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This wheat field presents a serene nature setting. You’ll explore a variety of shapes and lines when learning to draw this landscape. In this section, we'll show you how to draw this wheat field. You can draw it freehand while looking at your computer monitor, or you can print out this page to get a closer look at each step. Here, we'll show you an illustration of each step and then give you a description of how to draw it. Follow the red lines in each illustration to learn exactly what to draw in that step. The lines drawn in previous steps are shown in gray. Step 1: Draw a horizon line in the center of the page. In the foreground area, lightly sketch long, narrow ovals slightly narrower at the top than at the bottom. Add stems to the base of each oval with pairs of narrow curving lines. Draw the stems so that they lean in different directions. Step 2: Draw small ovals with pointed tips inside the outline of the wheat stalks for the wheat kernels. Use a combination of straight and crooked lines to draw a long thin fiber at the point of each seed. Step 3: Add the sun in about the middle of the sky, midway between the highest wheat tips. Create clouds around the sun with irregular ovals. Step 4: Shade the base of each kernel of wheat with very short lines. Carefully sketch a large number of vertical, slightly curving lines to show the field of wheat in the background. Your landscape drawing is finished! Even if you don't get it right the first time, keep practicing until you're happy with your drawing. You can almost feel the blazing sun in the desert cacti scene in the next section. Keep reading to learn how to draw it in just four steps.

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The Turning Point of the War as Seen by Historians (Part 2) (History author: Sosei Nishimata) – The turning point of the war situation considered by historians (Part 1) Stalingrad turned into a fierce battlefield Let me cite the Battle of Stalingrad as another example of how an unexpected place turned into a fierce battlefield due to the course of events. Stalingrad, an industrial city on the west bank of the Volga River, is now called Volgograd (currently, there seems to be a movement in Volgograd to change the city’s name back to Stalingrad). The city is an important transport hub in the Volga region. However, when Hitler’s German army launched its invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, no one could have predicted that Stalingrad would turn the tide of the battle. This is because the German army had a strategy of massing forces and capturing Moscow in a short period of time. However, Hitler, who failed in the short-term capture of Moscow, changed his strategy to occupy the resource zone in the direction of Ukraine. Although the evaluation of this decision is divided even now, Hitler made the decision to prioritize the war economy in anticipation of a long-term war. The Germans intended to occupy the area roughly up to the Volga River. At this point, Stalingrad is just one of many cities to conquer. However, in this city there was a ferry terminal that crossed the wide Volga River. Collapsing before the powerful German forces, the Soviet forces retreated towards Stalingrad in an attempt to cross the Volga and escape to the east. As a result, the German attacks were also converging on Stalingrad, and the city was surrounded by German forces. The Soviet military leaders who saw the situation became impatient. If Stalingrad fell to the enemy, the counter-offensive on the west bank of the Volga would lose its foothold. Therefore, we decided to send reinforcements one after the other to Stalingrad by transporting a piston on a ferry. Many of the Soviet troops sent at this time were conscripts who were poorly trained and equipped. In the end, the Soviet army only had an area about the size of the shopping street in front of the station, but they managed to survive the German attack by continuing their human wave tactics. And in the war situation, the two dictators, Hitler and Stalin, began to demand the name of the city. Eventually the name Stalingrad = “city of Stalin” took on a symbolic meaning, and that was the end of the age of soldiers. In the end, the Germans were exhausted, exhausted, and helpless. In technical terms, this is the “offensive limit”. On the other hand, the Soviet side continued to mobilize troops and increase weapons production during this period, and was preparing for a counteroffensive. In November 1942, the Soviet army finally launched a full-scale counterattack, and the German army that had surrounded Stalingrad was surrounded by the Soviet army. Attempts to break through the Soviet encirclement failed, and the German forces in the direction of Stalingrad finally surrendered to the Soviet forces. The number is said to be between 200,000 and 380,000. The German army could not recover from this blow, and thereafter it became a defensive battle. By the way, the German (West) side has a strong tendency to consider the Battle of Stalingrad as the turning point in the German-Soviet war, but the Soviet side seems to attach great importance to the Battle of Kursk, which happened later. . What do you see as the turning point in that war? It is interesting that the losing side and the winning side are evaluated differently. Sousei Nishimata’s “Japanese castles of 1” is now on sale! A book that added a new manuscript to the series on JBpress, “‘Japanese Castle’ useful as an education,” has been released. I don’t know much about castles, but I’m a little curious. I don’t really know where to look and how to look interesting. For those who are interested in castles for the first time and those who want to know more, we will tell you about the fun of castles and the fun of walking around them. Publisher: JBpress Publisher: Wanibooks

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Increasing the reliability of model predictions is best achieved if different types of observations are used to develop the models Data fusion is the process of integrating multiple data sources to produce more consistent, accurate, and useful information than that provided by any individual data source. As the complexity of water-related problems grows, the need for tools that are able to capture those complexities while still being useful and practical in a management context also increases. Groundwater models and decision support systems that make use of such models need to produce a demonstrable level of accuracy (when estimating past conditions) or confidence (when predicting future conditions). Developing models that instil trust, whether conceptual or numerical, requires many different types of data that each constrain a different part of a model. The challenge is in identifying, for a given management question, what the best combination of data is that will deliver a model that behaves appropriately. We apply model-data fusion techniques to develop better conceptual and numerical models Model development starts with the conceptualisation of the system that needs to be studied: our conceptual models are robust for they integrate traditional hydrogeological information, airborne and surface-based geophysics, and environmental tracers, as a minimum. Geophysical information is typically used to generate the three-dimensional skeleton (geometry of layers) of an aquifer while boundary conditions such as recharge are derived from environmental tracers. We use remote-sensing data to estimate evapotranspiration from vegetation. Hydrogeological properties are generated from traditional field-based or lab-based testing, or may be obtained from borehole geophysical observations or certain environmental tracers. Numerical models derived from robust conceptual models are more likely to be more reliable. Furthermore, to capture conceptual model uncertainty, multiple models are considered and tested using a variety of data. More robust conceptual and numerical models The value of integrating various types of data for improved system conceptualisation was demonstrated in the Peel Integrated Water Initiative (PIWI) in Western Australia. The project identified recharge rates and connectivity and fluxes between different aquifers. This involved interpretation of data from an airborne electromagnetic survey (AEM), a seismic survey, environmental tracers, lithological data and climate data. The South Australian Goyder Institute’s G-FLOWS Projects lead by CSIRO extended our understanding of the use of regional geophysical data supported by traditional hydrogeological information and tracer data in large scale aquifer characterisation and conceptualisation across the Musgrave province. The focus was on fine-scale investigations commensurate with the scale of palaeovalley aquifers in order to better constrain the available groundwater resources to support remote communities, agriculture and industry development. The methods and approaches developed by CSIRO for water resources assessments underpinned by robust conceptual models are readily transferable and scalable to other basins and conditions. The benefit of using of non-traditional data types for numerical models testing was recently demonstrated in a modelling study that combined remote sensing and geophysical data (seismic refraction) to evaluate if sinkhole-like depressions acted as recharge features. The approach allowed to eliminate models that showed inconsistencies with the geophysical and/or remote sensing data.

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Unique Banded Structures of Plasmaspheric Hiss Waves in the Earth’s Magnetosphere Plasmaspheric hiss is an electromagnetic wave mode that occurs ubiquitously in the high-density plasmasphere and contributes crucially to the dynamic behavior of the Earth’s Van Allen radiation belts. While plasmaspheric hiss is commonly considered to be a broadband emission with frequencies from ∼100 Hz to several kHz, here we report Van Allen Probes measurements of unambiguous banded signatures of plasmaspheric hiss, uniquely characterized by an upper band above ∼200 Hz, a lower band below ∼100 Hz and a power gap in between. Banded plasmaspheric hiss occurs with the probability ∼8% in the postnoon sector within 2.5-5.0 Earth radii, showing strong dependence on geomagnetic and solar wind conditions. Observations also suggest that banded hiss waves result possibly from two combined sources, the upper band originating from the transformation of chorus waves propagating from outside the plasmasphere, and the lower band from localized excitation inside the plasmasphere, which however requires future investigation. The banded hiss waves shed new light on the evolution of the Earth’s radiation belts and have implications for understanding whistler-mode waves in planetary magnetospheres. Authors: Ni, Binbin, Summers, Danny, Xiang, Zheng, Dou, Xiankang, Tsurutani, Bruce T., Meredith, Nigel P. ORCID record for Nigel P. Meredith, Dong, Junhu, Chen, Lunjin, Reeves, Geoffrey D., Liu, Xu, Tao, Xin, Gu, Xudong, Ma, Xin, Yi, Juan, Fu, Song, Xu, Wei

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I’ve always loved dinosaurs. As a child I’d be glued to the TV watching The Land Before Time and Jurassic Park, and I lost count of the number of family outings to the Jurassic Coast just so I could comb the beaches looking for fossils – I found a few ammonites, but alas no dinosaur bones! The fact that their time on Earth remains mostly a mystery has fuelled our fascination with them for years. So, I’m sure many collectors shared my excitement when The Royal Mint announced a new UK 50p coin series dedicated to the celebration of dinosaurs. And if you’re a dinosaur enthusiast like me, I’m sure you’ll appreciate the special design details of these coins, that pay tribute to the British discoveries at every possible turn… What you may not know is that whilst fossils have been found on every continent on Earth, the study of dinosaurs actually started right here in the UK. In fact, over 50 to 60 species have been discovered beneath out feet. The term ‘dinosaur’ that we use today comes from the term ‘Dinosauria’, which was coined by British Anatomist Richard Owen in a paper published in 1842. Owen was the first to realise that the remains of three creatures found in various locations within the UK shared common characteristics. To celebrate Owen’s ground-breaking conclusion, the first three creatures that led him to his discovery have been featured on a UK 50p. Issued in collaboration with the Natural History Museum each one has been expertly brought-back to life by palaeo-artist Robert Nicholls. Megalosaurus comes from the Greek for ‘great lizard’, and at seven to eight metres long it certainly lives up to its name! In terms of its appearance it can be compared to a T-Rex and comes from the same family of large carnivorous dinosaurs that can walk on two legs. The Megalosaurus is the first dinosaur to ever be officially named in scientific literature. It’s thought that the earliest evidence of a Megalosaurus was found as early as the 17th century, but it wasn’t until years after it was first discovered that it was termed a dinosaur. It was in 1824 that palaeontologist William Buckland produced the first scientific description of a Megalosaurus, based on fragments of jaw and bone found in Oxfordshire. This is the first non-aviation dinosaur to be formally named. You’ll notice on the 50p coin that the Megalosaurus is framed by a jaw fragment, as a nod to the fossil that gave Buckland his breakthrough. Likewise, Buckland is featured, as is the year of the discovery, 1824. It was in 1822 that Mary Mantell spied a large tooth at the side of the road in Sussex, and upon pulling over realised it belonged to an unknown creature. Her husband, Geologist Dr Gideon Mantell, noticed that the tooth was similar to that of an iguana, and later in 1825 came to call it an Iguanodon. This was the second dinosaur species to receive its name. It wasn’t until several years later in 1834, when an explosion in Maidstone revealed fragments of an ancient skeleton that Mantell could conceptualise what an Iguanodon may have looked like. As well as distinctive iguana-like teeth, other distinctive features of an Iguanodon include its large thumb spikes, which were possibly used for defence against predators, combined with long fifth fingers capable of grasping, allowing them to forage for food. The creatures belong to the dinosaur family of medium-sized herbivores that usually walked on two legs. You’ll see that the 50p design credits Mantell with the discovery in 1825, and also depicts the tooth that originally sparked the naming of the creature as an Iguanodon. And last, but no means least is the Hylaeosaurus, the third dinosaur to be officially discovered and scientifically named. Out of the three first dinosaurs to be discovered, it is the Hylaeosaurus’ anatomy that we know the least about as little remains have been uncovered. It is thought that the Hylaeosaurus was a herbivorous, armoured creature, around five meters long with spikes along its back. Its name means ‘woodland lizard’ and is in the same family as the Stegosaurus. It was again Dr Gideon Mantell who can be credited with the discovery of the Hylaeosaurus. The first remains of the creature were found in Sussex in 1832, and astonished Mantell because the discovery was the most complete non-aviation dinosaur skeleton known at the time. The discovery included several spikes and armour plates, for which this dinosaur is now known. But it wasn’t until 1833 that Mantell published his findings, and the creature was officially named Hylaeosaurus. The design of the 50p again incorporates important details about the discovery of the Hylaeosaurus. You’ll see Mantell is noted alongside the year of discovery, 1833, and the initial spikes that were discovered as part of the first skeleton. If you’re interested… The Dinosaur 50p series has proven tremendously popular with collectors, not least because this is the first time dinosaurs have ever featured on UK coinage. That said, it’s been the Coloured Silver Proof 50ps that have stolen the show. We’re lucky to be able to offer a select number of collectors the chance to secure the Complete Silver Dinosaur 50p Collection today. Importantly, we’ve seen precious metal sell-outs across the range, so this is likely to be your only opportunity to secure ALL THREE Dinosaur 50ps in superior Silver Proof quality. Click here to find out more >> The wait is finally over and it is with great excitement that we can reveal our brand new Rupert Bear British Isles 50p coin range with you all! For the FIRST TIME EVER Rupert Bear will feature on a brand new 50p coin. But that’s not all, as four more 50p coins featuring some of the best-loved characters from the comic strip have also been released. Rupert Bear was created by Mary Tourtel as a cartoon for the Daily Express newspaper and his adventures continue up to this day, celebrating his 100th anniversary in 2020. Whether you’re looking for the new centrepiece for your collection, you’re an avid 50p collector, a Rupert Bear fan or looking for the perfect gift for a loved one, there’s bound to be something within the range for you. Find out more about each of the wonderful Rupert Bear 50p coins we have available below…. The Official Rupert Bear 50p Coin This is the perfect piece for those new to collecting or if you’re looking for the first coin to start your collection. The 50p has been struck to a Brilliant Uncirculated quality – a superior finish sought-after by collectors – and features a stunning illustration design of Rupert Bear by Matt Tindall. The COMPLETE Rupert Bear Brilliant Uncirculated 50p Collection This set is one of the only ways you can own all FIVE Rupert Bear 50p’s in superior Brilliant Uncirculated Quality. Each of the coins feature a specially commissioned design depicting some of the best-loved characters from the comic strip. New 50p collections such as this prove extremely popular with collectors and we expect this to be no exception. If you’d like to secure one for your collection you’ll need to be quick. Click here for more details >> The Silver Proof Rupert Bear 50p Coin If you’d prefer to own a more limited version of the coin, then this Silver Proof Rupert Bear 50p is for you. Struck in Sterling Silver to an immaculate Proof Finish, the coin features an impressive full-colour illustration of Rupert Bear exactly as he features in the famous comic strip series. Silver Proof 50p’s are amongst the most sought-after new issues around and with JUST 4,950 of these available worldwide, a sell-out is expected. Order yours today before it’s too late>> The COMPLETE Rupert Bear Silver Proof 50p Collection Are you after the perfect new centrepiece for your collection? Then look no further. The Silver Proof 50p Collection is perhaps the ultimate way to own these brand new coins. Each 50p has been impeccably struck in Silver to an immaculate Proof Finish and features one of five full colour designs. Importantly, this set is the only way you can own ALL FIVE designs in Silver Proof quality. With just 2,495 available worldwide you’ll need to act fast to guarantee the complete set for your collection. These won’t be around for long! Find out more by clicking here>> The Gold Proof Rupert Bear 50p The crème de la crème of the range you could say. If you’re looking for the most premium and limited way to own one of these brand new British Isles Rupert Bear 50p coins, then this is it. The coin has been struck from 22 Carat Gold to a perfect Proof Finish, and features a stunning engraving of Rupert Bear. New Gold Proof 50p’s have a strong sell-out history and high demand is expected. If you’d like to join one of JUST 250 lucky collectors worldwide to own this prestigious new coin, then please don’t delay. Click here for more information> The Ultimate Rupert Bear 50p Coin Cover For all the stamp collectors out there, this could be the perfect piece for you! As today, you can secure ALL FIVE of the Rupert Bear 50p Coins in superior Brilliant Uncirculated Quality, on this exclusive cover alongside classic Royal Mail Rupert Bear Stamps. Only 750 covers are being issued worldwide. An edition limit that is confirmed by the one-day-only postmark – 9th March 2020 – the official release date of the new 50p coins. Given the limited number available a sell out is expected, so please order yours as soon as you can to avoid disappointment.> (opens in a new tab)”> Click here to find out more >> Rupert Bear is a national treasure whose appeal spans across many generations. As such demand is expected to be extremely high for these brand new 50p coins. It is highly advised that you act quickly to secure your favourite pieces from the collection to avoid disappointment. Sell-outs are expected, and fast. *** The UK’s FIRST Dinosaur 50p coins are on sale now. Click here to order yours >> *** When I was growing up I was fascinated by dinosaurs. In fact, I still am. And I expect you’d be hard pressed to find someone who wasn’t even just a little bit curious about the giant reptiles who walked the earth nearly 250 million years ago. So, I’m sure you can understand my near-childlike excitement when the Royal Proclamation issued on 8th November 2019 confirmed that a brand new series of dinosaur-themed 50p coins will be released this year! Read on to find out these rorarsome new releases and how you can become one of the first collectors to own one… Three themed dinosaur 50ps released Three designs have been confirmed for release in 2020 – we don’t know if there will be more, but at the moment it’s looking like a 3-coin series. The dinosaurs featured include: - Megalosaurus – Greek for ‘great lizard’ and at seven to eight metres long it certainly lives up to its name! In 1676 the first Megalosurus bone was discovered in Oxfordshire and publication of the find is thought to make this dinosaur the very first to be described in scientific literature. - Iguanodon – large herbivores with distinctive spike-like thumbs. After Megalosaurus, these were the second type of dinosaur to be formally recognised. Their name comes from its teeth which are similar to modern iguanas, and gave palaeontologists the first clue that dinosaurs had been reptiles. - Hylaeosaurus – an armoured dinosaur with at least three long spines along its shoulders. However, much of the anatomy of this dinosaur is still unknown due to the fact that very limited remains have been found. The UK’s first ever dinosaur coins Significantly this is the first time dinosaurs will have ever featured on a UK coin! This fact alone will make them highly collectable and I’m sure dinosaur fans young and old will be eager to get their hands on one. I for one can’t wait for these roarsome coins to be let loose! Stay up to date with all the latest 2020 Dinosaur 50p news… Simply fill in your details below to be kept up to date with all the latest news about the 2020 Dinosaur coins. We’ll be in touch as soon as we know any more!

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Around 1 in 5 people diagnosed with cancer in the UK take part in a clinical trial. A trial of a vaccine called Lucanix for advanced non small cell lung cancer This trial looked at Lucanix for people who had recently had chemotherapy for non small cell lung cancer that was stage 3 or 4 (advanced cancer). Advanced non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are cancers that might have spread to: - more than 1 lobeof the lung - nearby areas in the chest - another part of the body such as the liver or bones More about this trial Advanced NSCLC is usually treated with: After treatment the cancer might get smaller, which doctors call a response. Or it may stay the same size, which doctors call Researchers are looking at ways to improve treatment and stop the cancer from starting to grow again. In this trial they looked at a cancer vaccine called Lucanix (belagenpumatucel-L). They thought it might help the immune system to recognise and flight lung cancer cells. The main aims of the trial were to: - see if Lucanix after chemotherapy helped people with NSCLC to live longer - learn more about the side effects Summary of results The trial team concluded that overall Lucanix did not help people with NSCLC to live longer. But they did find that if people started Lucanix within 3 months of finishing chemotherapy they lived longer than people who started Lucanix more than 3 months after finishing chemotherapy. 532 people with NSCLC took part in this international phase 3 trial. Everyone had chemotherapy with a This was a randomised trial. Everyone was put into 1 of the following treatment groups by computer: - 270 people had Lucanix - 262 people had a dummy drug ( Neither they nor their doctor could choose which group they were in. And neither they nor their doctor knew which treatment they were having. This was a double blind trial. The trial team looked at how well Lucanix worked. To do this they looked at the amount of time people lived (overall survival). They found that people who had: - Lucanix lived around 20 months - the dummy drug lived around 18 months The team also looked at the average length of time it took before people’s cancer got worse (progression free survival). They found that this was about 4 months for both groups. During the study researchers noticed that people who started Lucanix within 3 months of finishing chemotherapy lived longer than people who started Lucanix after 3 months. They found that people who had: - Lucanix within 3 months lived around 21 months - the dummy drug after 3 months lived just over 13 months Doctors also looked at the possible side effects of treatment. These were: - an infection of the deeper layers of the skin (cellulitis) - cancer spread to the membranes that surround the brain (leptomeningeal carcinomatosis) - skin rash The trial team concluded that Lucanix does not help people with advanced NSCLC to live longer. But there might be a benefit for people who start Lucanix within 3 months of finishing chemotherapy, and for people who have radiotherapy before Lucanix. The team also concluded that there weren’t many side effects, so they think this is a safe treatment. They suggest that more clinical trials should be done using Lucanix for people who have finished chemotherapy less than 3 months ago. They also suggest that more studies should be done to look at radiotherapy before treatment with drugs that stimulate the body’s immune system to fight cancer (immunotherapy). We have based this summary on information from the research team. The information they sent us has been reviewed by independent specialists ( How to join a clinical trial Dr Ernie Marshall Dr Rohit Lal Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC)

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Drugs have three names. The Chemical Name is the scientific name typically given to a drug when it’s discovered that describes the molecular structure of the drug. The Generic Name is a non-proprietary name or abbreviation of the chemical name such as Acetaminophen. Finally, the Trade Name or Brand Name is the name given to the drug by the pharmaceutical companies that make the drug. In the case of Acetaminophen, the brand name most of us are familiar with is Tylenol. The Dose is the amount of a drug or chemical entering the body. This is usually given as mg of the chemical per kg of body weight. Remember the Six Rights of Medication Administration; Right Medication; Right Dose, Right Time, Right Route, Right Patient, and Right Documentation. Let’s review some terms and key concepts… The term Affinity is used to describe the attraction between a drug and a receptor. Drugs with a High Affinity bind more easily to receptors. Drugs with a Low Affinity require a higher concentration of the drug to get a response. The Drug Potency is the amount of the drug that’s required to produce a therapeutic response. The Effective Dose is the amount of the drug that produces a response in 50% of the people taking it. The Toxic Dose is the amount of the drug the produces adverse effects in 50% of the people taking it. LD50 or the Medial Lethal Dose is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration. The Margin of Safety or the ratio between the Toxic Dose and the Effective Dose is called the Therapeutic Index. The higher the Therapeutic Index is, the safer the drug is considered to be. In general, non-prescription drugs have a much higher Therapeutic Index than prescription drugs. Controlled drugs are rated in the order of their abuse risk and placed in Schedules by the Federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The drugs with the highest abuse potential are placed in Schedule I, and those with the lowest abuse potential are in Schedule V. These schedules are commonly shown as C-I, C-II, C-III, C-IV, and C-V. Schedule I drugs are considered by the government to have a high potential for abuse, no established medical use, and a lack of safety for use of the drug even under medical supervision. Examples include Heroin, LSD, Cocaine, and Marijuana. Schedule II drugs have a High abuse potential and severe dependence liability although they do have accepted medical use but with severe restrictions. These class of drugs are available through signed prescription only and in limited quantities. Examples include Opium, Ritalin, Morphine and Methadone. Schedule III drugs have less abuse potential than Schedule I and II, and accepted medical use by prescription only. Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Examples include Codeine, short-acting barbiturates, amphetamines, Pentobarbital, as well as Anabolic Steroids. Schedule IV drugs have a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedules III and accepted medical use by prescription. Abuse of these drugs or other substances may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III. Examples include Xanax, Valium, Ativan, and Ambien. At the lower end of the spectrum are Schedule V drugs, which are considered by the government to have a low potential for abuse, a currently accepted medical use in the United States. Abuse of these drugs can lead to a mild physical dependence. Prescriptions may not be necessary, but transactions must be recorded. An example would be cough suppressants with small amounts of codeine such as Robitussin as well as other prescription drugs with small amounts of opiates. The Cumulative Action of drugs is the increasing effect that multiple doses of the same drug cause due to a buildup of the drug in the bloodstream. Hypersensitivity is a reaction to a drug that is more profound than expected. This often times leads to an exaggerated immune response. Idiosyncrasy is a reaction to a drug that is significantly different from what is expected. Indication refers to the medical condition for which the drug has therapeutic value. Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological EFFECTS of drugs in the body. Most drugs work through interactions with receptor sites which are protein coatings found on the outer surface of the cell membrane. These receptor sites receive a signal from the body’s chemicals such as neurotransmitters, hormones and enzymes which cause a molecular event to occur within the cell. Drugs either Enhance (Agonist), Diminish (Partial Agonist), or Block (Antagonist) the generation, transmission or receipt of the signal. Generally, when a drug binds or attaches to a receptor site, a chemical reaction occurs that initiates the desired physiological or therapeutic response. Such drugs are called Agonists. Some drugs work by partially or completely blocking the chemical event through the principle of Antagonism. In such cases, a drug competes with another drug or chemical for position at a receptor site. A classic example of this is Naloxone (or Narcan) which competes with narcotic drugs. In this case Narcan would be an Antagonist. Pharmacokinetics is the Study of the metabolism and action of drugs. How drugs enter the body, how they move through the body and how they are eliminated from the body. Once a person has been exposed to a drug, the drug must get into the body and to its target site in an active form in order to cause an effect. Naturally, the body has defenses for such events such as Membrane barriers, Biotransformation enzymes, antioxidants, and Elimination mechanisms. The acronym ADME refers to Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism (or Biotransformation) and Excretion. Absorption is the movement of a drug from its point of entry into the body into systemic circulation. Factors that influence the rate of absorption include: the concentration of the drug, the site of absorption, the pH of the drug, the status of the person’s circulation and the solubility of the drug. Through Inhalation, the drug is readily absorbed by gases and into the blood stream via the alveoli. This is enhanced by the Large surface area of the alveolar surface, high blood flow, and the proximity of blood to alveolar air. When a drug is Ingested, absorption occurs through the GI tract. In the stomach, the drug has to compete with stomach acids. If it makes it to the small intestine, the prolonged contact time with the large surface make this good location for absorption. Distribution is the manner in which a drug is transported from the site of absorption to the site of action. Blood carries the drug to and from its site of action, storage depots, organs of transformation, and organs of elimination. Distribution is influenced by cardiovascular function such as heart rate and blood pressure as well as physical barriers such as the blood brain barrier and the placenta barrier. Biotransformation is the process by which drugs are inactivated and transformed into a form that can be eliminated from the body. These inactive forms are called metabolites. The rate of transformation will determine how often a drug needs to be administered to maintain its desired effect. For example, Epinephrine transforms in 3-5 minutes. Key organs in biotransformation include the LIVER (which is the most significant), the lungs, the kidneys and the intestines. Finally, Excretion is the process of eliminating drugs from the body. This accomplished primarily through the kidneys but may also involve the liver, the lungs, intestines, sweat and mammary glands. Potentiation is the enhancement of one drug’s effect by another drug such as the way promethazine may enhance the effect of morphine. This should not be confused with Synergism which is defined as the combined action of 2 or more drugs that is greater than the sum of the 2 drugs acting independently Refractory is the failure of a patient to respond as expected to a certain medication. The Routes or Sites of Exposure or Administration of a drug include; Ingestion (via the Gastrointestinal Tract), Inhalation (via the Lungs), Dermal or Topical (via the Skin) and Injection either intravenous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal (which is the injection of a substance into the peritoneum or abdomen). The typical effectiveness of administration from the most effective route to the least effective route are IV, Inhalation, Intraperitoneal, Intramuscularly, Ingestion and finally Topical. The Therapeutic Action of a drug is its intended action. Tolerance is described as a decreased sensitivity or response to a drug that occurs after repeated doses. When this occurs, increased doses may be required to achieve the desired effect. Before we get too far in discussing types of drugs, remember this rule in “general terms”. Alpha typically affects our vessels, Beta 1 typically affects our heart and Beta 2 typically affects our lungs. Think Alpha for Veins, Beta 1 we have one heart and Beta 2, we have two lungs. MEDICATIONS THAT AFFECT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Let’s begin by quickly reviewing the Autonomic Nervous System. It’s separated into two main divisions: the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic and controls blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, body temperature, digestion, metabolism, the balance of water and electrolytes, the production of body fluids (saliva, sweat, and tears), urination, defecation, sexual response, and other processes. In general, the Sympathetic division prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations—fight or flight. In doing so, it increases the heart rate and the force of heart contractions, opens (or dilates) the airways to make breathing easier and stimulates the body to release stored energy for increased muscular strength. The sympathetic division also causes palms to sweat, pupils to dilate, and hair to stand on end while at the same time, slowing body processes that are less important in emergencies, such as digestion and urination. The Parasympathetic division, on the other hand, controls body process during ordinary situations—rest and digest or feed and breed. In generally, its job is to conserves and restore. When the parasympathetic takes over, it slows the heart rate, decreases blood pressure and stimulates the gastrointestinal tract to process food and eliminate waste. The energy obtained from the processed food is used to restore and build tissues during this time of rest and digest. Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are often described as always in opposition to each other. Really their relationship is more complimentary. One analogy is that the parasympathetic division is like the brake while the sympathetic division acts like the accelerator. The sympathetic division functions during actions that require a rapid response and the parasympathetic division functions during actions that don’t require such an immediate reaction. Naturally occurring Catecholamines (Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and Dopamine) act as hormones or neurotransmitters and are used to communicate primarily with the Sympathetic branch of the Autonomic Nervous System. Acetylcholine also acts as a chemical messenger communicating with the Autonomic Nervous System, but generally speaking, Acetylcholine deals primarily with the Parasympathetic branch. Nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic nerve fibers and nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic nerve fibers. Don’t get the terms Catecholamine and Cholinergic confused. Drugs or chemicals that enter our body can act on cholinergic or adrenergic receptors which can have similar effects as Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine. Let’s look at drugs that affect the Sympathetic Nervous System first. Sympathetic Nervous Systems Drugs Adrenergics are a classification of drugs used to mimic the naturally occurring catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) OR stimulate the release of norepinepherine, thus causing a sympathetic response. When you think of Adrenergic, think adrenaline and DRY. In the eyes, pupils will be dilated. Vasoconstricion results in reduced mucous secretion in the those, decreased salivation and dry-mouth, constipation, intestines relax, bronchial dilation in the lungs, coronary artery dilation and an increase in the contractile force and rate of the heart. Therapeutically, these drugs are used to combat life-threatening disorders, which include acute attacks of bronchial asthma, shock, cardiac arrest, and allergic reactions. In addition these types of drugs are often times used in nasal decongestants and appetite suppressants. Keeping things simple, adrenergic drugs stimulate Alpha, Beta 1 and/or Beta 2 receptor sites. In general terms; Alpha receptor stimulation will constrict vessels. Beta 1 receptor stimulation will Increase the automaticity of the heart and the heart rate, increase conductivity, increase the force of the heart contractions and releases rennin. Beta 2 receptor stimulation relaxes bronchial smooth muscles which results in bronchodilation as well as increases the conversion of stored liver glycogen to glucose for energy. One way to help remember this is to remember that Alpha affects vessels, we have 1 heart and Beta 1 affects the heart and we have 2 lungs and Beta 2 affects the lungs. Alpha Adrenergic Agonists are used to treat HYPOtension typically in life-threatening situations through Vasoconstriction. An example is Norephinepherine also known as Levophed. Pseudoepinepherine is a sympathomimetic used as a nasal decongestant and is commonly found in Dimetapp, Sudafed, Cenafed and Triaminic. Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists are used to treat Bradycardia, Low Cardiac Output, Paroxysmal atrial or nodal tachycardia, Ventricular Fibrillation and Cardiac Output. An example is Dobutamine Hydrochloride also known as Dobutrex Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists are used to treat Acute and Chronic Bronchial Asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis, Acute Hypersensitive or Allergic Reactions to Drugs and aids in delaying delivery in premature labor. Examples include: Albuterol Sulfate (also known as Proventil, Ventolin or Volmax), Metaproterenol Sulfate and Terbutaline. The catecholamine Dopamine improves blood flow to the kidneys by vasodilating renal and mesenteric arteries and is used primarily in acute renal failure, heart failure and shock. An example of Dopamine is Dopamine Hydrochloride also known as Intropin. However, because dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, dopamine given as a drug does not directly affect the central nervous system, rather it does so indirectly. Adrenergic Blocking Agents (or Antagonists) are drugs that selectively interact with Alpha and Beta Receptors to inhibit sympathetic stimulation or block the release of norepinephrine from storage sites. The depression of adrenergic nerves results in a vasodilation effect reducing peripheral vascular resistance which is why drugs in this category are mostly antihypertensive agents. Now let’s discuss drugs that affect the Parasympathetic Nervous System. Parasympathetic Nervous System Drugs As we stated before, Acetylcholine acts as a chemical messenger that communicates primarily with the Parasympathetic branch of the Autonomic Nervous System. Nerve fibers that secrete Acetylcholine are called cholinergic nerve fibers. Stimulation of cholinergic nerves is achieved either directly or indirectly. Direct acting agents (or cholinergics) activate the cholinergic receptor sites by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine. The effects of cholinergic stimulation includes: vasodilation of blood vessels; slower heart rate by decreasing the firing rate of the SA node; constriction of bronchioles, constriction of the pupils, intestinal cramps, increased secretion of mucus in the respiratory tract and an increased secretion of salvia; sweat and tears. When you think of Cholinergic, think of WET. An acronym often times used to summarize the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system is SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation). In general, Cholinergics have limited medical use, although some are used to relieve urinary incontinence and in eye surgeries. Cholinergic Blocking Agents also known as Anticholinergics are compounds which compete with and prevent acetylcholine from stimulating the receptor site and thus act as antagonists (or against) the Parasympathetic Nervous System and indirectly causing a Sympathetic Nervous System response. By blocking acetylcholine receptors Anticholinergics result in a drying effect. Results include decreased bronchial secretions, decreased salivary secretions, decreased sweating, increased heart rate by increasing conduction through the myocardium and pupil dilation. Like we stated earlier, the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions are always complementing each other. When one is reduced, the other takes over. This relationship is why an Anticholinergic that blocks a Parasympathetic response indirectly results in a Sympathetic response. Common Anticholinergics include Atropine and Atrovent. Once a cholinergic nerve is stimulated, it requires the enzyme Cholinesterase to return it to its normal resting state. Indirect stimulation of cholinergic nerves occurs by inhibiting the cholinesterase enzyme, thus permitting a build up of acetylcholine on the nerve receptor sites. As a result, acetylcholine increases in quantity with successive nerve impulses so that large amounts of acetylcholine can accumulate and repetitively stimulate receptors. Blocking cholinesterase and the accumulation of acetylcholine will cause an over stimulated parasympathetic response. Cholinesterase inhibitors are commonly found in chemical warfare nerve agents and certain insecticides. Atropine can be used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning caused by the inhibition of cholinesterase. The atropine blocks the excess acetylcholine but does nothing to reverse the inhibition of the cholinesterase. Remember, when you think of Cholinergic, think of WET. In the eyes, pupils will be constricted. Vasodilation results in mucous secretion in the nose, increased saliva secretions in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, sphincter relaxation, bronchi constriction in the lungs, coronary artery contraction and a decrease in the contractile force and rate of the heart. When you think of Adrenergic, think adrenaline and DRY. In the eyes, pupils will be dilated. Vasoconstricion results in reduced mucous secretion in the those, decreased salivation and dry-mouth, constipation, intestines relax, bronchial dilation in the lungs, coronary artery dilation and an increase in the contractile force and rate of the heart. Other CNS Medications Opioids are a class of Analgesics that are used to primarily to relieve moderate to severe pain associated with acute and chronic disorders such as MIs, postoperative pain or terminal cancer as well as pulmonary edema, preoperative sedation, anesthesia, cough suppression and diarrhea. Cautionary side effects include sedation, respiratory depression, and constipation. Opiod Agonists are narcotic analgesics which include morphine or morphine like drugs such as codeine, Darvon, Demerol, fentanyl, hydrocodone and methadone. Non Opioid Agonists are non-narcotic analgesics that some times also have anti-inflammatory and fever reducing properties. Such drugs include asprin and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflamatory (or NSAIDS) such as ibuprophen and acetaminophen (or Tylenol). Opioid Antagonists are receptor antagonists that act on opioid receptors by blocking the receiving signals from opioids. Naloxone (or Narcan) is a commonly used opioid antagonist that binds to opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This effectively blocks the receptor, preventing the body from responding to opiates and endorphins. Anestetics are drugs that cause anesthesia or reversible loss of sensation. They are different than analgesics which relieve pain without eliminating sensation. Examples range from low level anestetics like Nitrous Oxide (or Nitronox) to higher level benzodiazepines such as diazepam (or valium) and midazolam (or Versed). Sedative and Antianxiety Medications are commonly used to decrease anxiety and assist sleep by depressing the CNS system. The two main categories are Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates. As mentioned a moment ago, examples of Benzodiazepines include diazepam and midazolam. Examples of Barbiturates include Phenobarbital and Seconal. Barbiturates are typically less frequently used due to their more intense effect. Psychiatric Medications work by increasing the amounts of the CNS neurotransmitters Norepinephrine, Dopamine and Serotonin in patients with psychiatric disorders. Such drugs are broken down into Antipsychotics, Antidepressants and Antimanics. Antipsychotics are also known as neuroleptics because they affect the nerves. Examples include; Phenothazines (or Thorazine), Seroquel, Risperdal, and Haldol. Depressive illness is caused by a decrease of the chemicals or neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the brain that are responsible for mood. Antidepressants work by stimulating chemical changes that increase the levels of these neurotransmitters. Different antidepressant medications affect one or more of these neurotransmitters. The three main categories of antidepressants are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase Inhibitors (or MAOIs). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors block the reuptake of serotonin which increases the level of serotonin in the brain. Common Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac and Zoloft. Similar to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Tricyclic Antidepressants (or TCAs) also block the reuptake of serotonin but are less specific and also block the reuptake of norepiniphrine resulting in an increase of both neurotransmitters in the brain. Examples of common Tricyclic Antidepressants include; Elavil, Adapin and Tofranil. MAOIs increase the availability of neurotransmitters by preventing the breakdown of neurotransmitter molecules by inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase, which thus preventing the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters. Examples of MAOIs include Tranylcypromine and Phenelzine (also known as Nardil). Antimanic drugs are used to treat bipolar disorders. Examples include lithium as well as Tegretol and Depakote which are also used to treat seizure disorders. Anticonvulsants and Antiseizure The goal of an anticonvulsant (often times referred to as Antiseizure) is to suppress the rapid and excessive firing of neurons that initiate a seizure. Medications used to treat seizures include, Barbiturates such as Phenobarbital, Benzodiazapines such diazepam and others such as Tegretol and Depakote. Stimulants is a name given to several groups of drugs that tend to increase alertness and physical activity often times used in treating ADHD. Examples include Methylphenidate also known Ritalin and Metadate. MEDICATIONS THAT AFFECT THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Beta-Blockers are used to decrease the workload of the heart by blocking sympathetic stimulation of the beta receptors on the SA node and myocardial cells, thus decreasing the force of the contractions and causing a reduction in heart rate. Examples include; Metoprolol , Labetalol, Sotalol and Propranolol. Calcium Channel Blockers work by relaxing smooth muscles to provide vasodilation as well as reduce heart rate and stroke volume of the heart. Examples include; Diltiazem (or Cardizem), Verapamil and Nicardipine. Sodium Channel Blockers work by impairing conduction of sodium ions through sodium channels used in the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. An example of this would be Lidocaine. Diuretics control high blood pressure by increasing the rate of urination. Loop diuretics, such as furosemide (also known as Lasix), do this by inhibiting the body’s ability to reabsorb sodium at the ascending loop in the kidney resulting in a retention and excretion of water in the urine. Other diuretics include Thiazides such as hydrochlorothiazide as well as Potassium-sparing diuretics such as Aldactone. Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers are used to lower blood pressure by dilating peripheral blood vessels causes a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. Common examples include; Cardura, Minipress and Flowmax. ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (also known as ACE inhibitors) ACE inhibitors or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used primarily in treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Examples include; Benazepril Hydrochloride also known as Lotensin, Captopril also known as Capoten, and Lisinopril also known as Prinvil or Zestril. ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers (or ARBs), vasodilate arterioles by blocking the effects of angiotensin II, enhancing renal clearance of sodium and water. Their main use is in hypertension (high blood pressure), kidney damage due as a result of diabetes and congestive heart failure. Examples include; Losartan also known as Cozaar and Valsartan also known as Diovan. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Drugs are used to prevent clot formation in patients with a-fib, pulmonary embolism, provide anticoagulation during hemodialysis, prevent clot formation post-surgery, decrease the risk of MIs in patients with atherosclerosis as well as decrease the risk of strokes. Examples include Heparin and Lovenox as well as Thrombolytics such as Retaplase, Alteplase and Streptokinase. Nitrates are used to prevent and relieve chest pain associated with angina as well as ease the symptoms of congestive heart failure. Nitrates vasodilate blood vessels and improves blood flow which allows more oxygen-rich blood to reach the heart muscle. This also reduces the workload on the heart by reducing preload. An common example of this is Nitroglycerine. Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones which are produced within the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a range of physiologic systems such as immune response, stress response as well as carbohydrate metabolism, regulation of inflammation, blood electrolyte levels, protein catabolism and behavior. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol control carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and are anti-inflammatory by preventing phospholipid release, decreasing eosinophil action and a number of other mechanisms. Synthetic glucocorticoids are commonly used in the treatment of joint pain or inflammation such as arthritis, dermatitis, allergic reactions and asthma. Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone control electrolyte and water levels, mainly by promoting sodium retention in the kidney. There are two types of Adrenocorticoids, Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids such as Hydrocortisone and Prednisone regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, block inflammation by preventing phospholipid release, and regulate the body’s immune response. Synthetic glucocorticoids are commonly used in the treatment of joint pain or inflammation such as arthritis, dermatitis, allergic reactions and asthma. Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone control electrolyte and water levels, mainly by promoting sodium retention in the kidney. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are a class of anticoagulants. They reduce blood clotting by inhibiting the action of vitamin K. The most commonly used Vitamin K antagonists is warfarin also known as Coumadin.

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Creating story arcs with three-unit brackets Summary: Bracketing is a three-unit story structure following an A - B - A form. It's often used to illustrate transformation by returning to a familiar image, motif, setting, or situation where something has changed because of the intervening story. In a couple of previous notes, We looked at two-unit story structures like simple comparison and contrast and Ira Glass’ anecdote and reflection. In this note, we’ll move on to a three-unit structure, which I call (for lack of a better term) bracketing. Bracketing is a basic storytelling structure in which the first and third elements, often a repetition of some sort, sandwich the second element between them. It follows the form: If you’ve been through US high school English classes, you might recognize this as similar to chiasmus. True chiasmus is a mirrored pattern of four or more beats ( A'), so technically, bracketing isn’t chiasmus. Instead, you can think of bracketing as the fundamental form and all chiastic structures as more complex expressions built atop that foundation. Many of us are familiar with bracketing as a line-level, poetic or rhetorical device. But, bracketing applies in broader contexts as well. Good storytellers can use elements of bracketing on the structural level to imbue their stories with added meaning. In ancient literature, bracketing was commonly used to draw special attention or emphasis to the element in the middle. (See, for example, inclusio.) In modern story, bracketing can perform a similar function, often on the thematic level. For example, by showing a character’s differing responses to a similar situation repeated in the story’s opening and closing (represented by A' in the bracketing structure), a storyteller highlights the change caused by the story’s events (represented by “If faced with [a] similar crisis . . . what your character chooses at the beginning hook of your story and what your character chooses at the end of the story should be opposite choices.” — Shawn Coyne (Coyne, Page 185) Brackets can place focus on plot in addition to character. Story theorists Robert McKee and Syd Field both explore, for example, how the inciting incident and story climax together establish a story’s dramatic question. (McKee, Page 202) (Field, Page 104) Author and story theorist K. M. Weiland agrees: “think of the Inciting Event as a question that the Climactic Moment must answer.” (“The crucial link”) (Emphasis mine.) If we broaden our definition a little, we can even include things like callbacks as expressions of bracketing as well. In a callback, a phrase or motif is repeated, but the meaning has changed due to contextual changes in the story between. How bracketing works Bracketing works by exploiting comparison. There are two sets of relationship comparisons in a bracketing arrangement. The first is the comparison between the bracketing elements themselves. What are the ways in which A is similar to The second is the comparison between the bracketing elements and the contents in the middle. In what ways are both A' different from In more complex forms, there can also be important contrasts between the bracketing elements. A is different from A' because of what happened in How to create bracketing In order to create effective bracketing, storytellers must influence the relevant sets of comparisons. That means, first and foremost, clearly communicating some kind of resonance between the two bracketing elements. In the most basic form, storytellers can make the two elements exactly identical. Callbacks, for example, often involve a phrase or motif repeated word-for-word to establish the link. In more complex forms, storytellers can play with the similarities and contrasts. Similarities draw the story units together and establish the relationship, while contrasts layer in additional meaning. The range of available tools for creating similarities and contrasts is almost as broad as storytelling itself, including things like imagery, setting, dialogue, plot situations, character actions, even the sequence and structure of events. In Steven Spielberg’s 1993 film, Jurassic Park, for example the opening and closing scenes of Dr. Grant’s story thematically bracket his character arc. When he is introduced, Dr. Grant is shown digging up fossilized proto-birds, petrified in the solid rock (image), and he expresses dislike for children (character). At the end of his arc, we see him riding away from the doomed island on a helicopter, watching modern birds fly over fluid and ever-changing waters (image), a child at each side (character). Together, these moments form tight, 1:1 contrasts with each other, establishing a set of brackets that underscore what happened between them, his character transformation. Bracketing at multiple resolutions Dr. Grant’s opening and closing images in Jurassic Park illustrate how the technique can work across the length of an entire story, but bracketing can work on the act-, sequence-, and scene-level resolutions as well. For example, in George Lucas’ 1977 film, Star Wars: A New Hope, Luke’s Crossing the Threshold sequence involves a brief bracket around place. Immediately before the bracket, Luke has declined Obi-Wan’s invitation to go to Alderaan. The bracket begins as Luke and Obi-Wan arrive at the setting of a massacre. The Empire has slaughtered of a band of trading Jawas. Horrified, Luke recognizes these as the very same Jawas who sold droids to his family. He fears that the Empire will attack his family next. Luke rushes home, only to discover that the Empire has gotten there first. His uncle and aunt are dead, and his home has been destroyed. Luke returns to the scene of the Jawa massacre and declares that he will join Obi-Wan on the journey to Alderaan. In this case, the most obvious bracketing comes from location. In both of the bracketing scenes, Luke and Obi-Wan are at the site of the attack on the Jawas. In the middle, Luke goes to his home and discovers that the Empire has killed his family. If we go back one scene and include the final moments at Obi-Wan’s home, we can also discover a larger, slightly more complex, true chiastic structure. This one has to do with the decisions and revelation in the sequence. At Obi-Wan’s home, Luke declines the Call to Adventure (decision). Then, Luke and Obi-Wan discover the attack on the Jawas (revelation). Luke goes home and discovers the attack on his family (revelation). Luke returns and tells Obi-Wan he wants to go with him (decision). This sequence creates a chiastic decision structure, where the two revelations in the middle move Luke from denying to accepting the Call to Adventure. Bracketing is a three-unit story structure that follows the form A. It’s often used in storytelling to illustrate transformation by returning to a familiar image, motif, setting, or situation where something has changed during the intervening story unit. I hope it’s a helpful tool for you as you go and tell great stories. Rate this note Email [email protected] to get updates as soon as they’re ready. Read this next Creating meaning with two consecutive story units Human brains can't help but look for patterns, even when nothing's there. Storytellers can leverage this tendency, juxtaposing images in order to create rich and layered meaning.

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START BY DOING WHAT’S NECESSARY, THEN WHAT’S POSSIBLE. AND SUDDENLY YOU ARE DOING THE IMPOSSIBLE. History of Amber The oldest cut of amber dates to the end of the ice age (40,000 - 10,000 BC); an appreciation for amber in the today’s Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, India and Ethiopia, dates to 4500 BC.; and large deposits of amber were brought by Chinese craftsmen as early as the first Han dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 8). Modern day amber comes to us from the Adriatic the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Black Sea coasts. Legend has it that when Phaëton, the son of Helios (the Sun), was killed, his sisters mourned until they turned into poplar trees. Their tears would later become Electrum, Amber’s classical name meaning “beaming sun.” Its English name, is derived from the Arabic word “Anbar,” and has been used for prayer in “Black Gold” rosaries by Muslims all over the world.

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Uganda is ranked among the richest countries in the world in terms of bird species with over 1,000 sighted and more new species being recorded. This is more than half the total species recorded in Africa. Of these, only 224 are represented in this book. In selecting birds to include, preference was given to those species that are easily seen and those that occur in areas visited by tourists. This guide is designed as a quick and easy-to-use reference in the field for both amateur and experienced bird-watchers. Both common and scientific names are included. Distribution maps appearing alongside each species entry show at a glance the areas in which the bird occurs.

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To shape or to form something means to make a definite and known shape, and this verb refers to a person who makes a formed statue, or draw it on paper or to take a photograph by a camera, and the noun is (Former or Shaper). And (Al Musawir or The Former) by adding the definite article it will be one of God’s attributes. And when we say that God, the Great and Almighty, has formed things, means that He made a definite and known shape for each one of these things, and if you meditate the world around you, you will find that God, the Great & Almighty, has made for each kind of the creatures a special shape which distinguish each one from other kinds, that man is differ from camel and monkey. Also He -the Great & Almighty- has given each person in the same type a different shape, for example if you look at one man you will know and recognize him by looking at his face, and this is a miracle of God’s shaping; that although the structure of the face is the same for all people, that it is shaped from eyes, nose, ears and mouth, but God -the Great & Almighty- has shaped form this structure an endless number of faces. I mean that each face has its own shape and appearance that make it different from other faces. And although the man’s hand is shaped form five fingers that have the same structure but each person’s hand is different in shaping from others’ hand, that The Right God –the Great & Almighty- is forming an endless number of shapes from one structure. And one of God’s benefactions to human being that He distinguished him by the perfection and elegant shape and He made him the most beautiful creatures in the shape, that He made him a straight (up) stature with a perfection organs and in this He –the Great & Almighty- said: “And has given you shape – and made your shapes beautiful, and has provided for you sustenance, of things pure and good” (Ghaafir – verse 64) And He said: “It is we who created you and gave you shape; then we bade the angels prostrate to Adam” (Al-Aaraaf – verse 11) And shaping starts from the womb that He said: “He it is who shapes you in the wombs as He pleases. There is no god but He, the Exalted in Might, the Wise” (Aali-Imran – verse 6) And it was mentioned that the prophet Mohammed -Peace be on him- said: “If a forty two nights passed for the sperm, then God will send an angel then He shapes it and creates its hearing, vision, skin, flesh and its bones, then will say: O, God, male or female, then God will impose what He wants and the angel will write” And in the field of talking about God’s shaping, I want to indicate to matter that is very serious, which is some beliefs allege that God –the Great & Almighty- has created man like His shape and form; that man was created like the shape of God. And it is a false belief and a clear falsity, because man, even he was created on the perfect shape, but still he is created only (creature), and the will of God wanted to find a certain shortage will be removed from him if it is predetermine for him to win and achieve the paradise, and this shortages -even if some don’t think that it is a shortages if it refer to human being-, then it is certainly shortages it will be refer to God –the Great & Almighty-. God, the lord, -be He blessed-, has created a mouth for the man for chewing food, so if we said that man’s shape like God, then it means that God also has a mouth, and here we ask: What is the function of this mouth for God -be He blessed-? And if we say that He is eating by this mouth, then it means that we refer a shortage for him which doesn’t suit with His absolute completeness because He –Be He blessed- does not need food and drink, that how He will eat and drink and He is “The Eternal” who is on absolute self-existent and the builder for other creatures which He created? But how He will eat and He –be He blessed- was existent from the beginning and there was no world or food and drink. Food and drink were created by Him -His creatures- so, is it proper that The Creator needs His creatures to stay alive?? And if we said that God -be He blessed- doesn’t eat with this mouth, then, is He formed from organ, which is not using, and says the same for other organs of human being’s organs. On the other hand and as we said before, if the man’s shape is like God’s, then it means that -be He blessed is made up of parts, and parts are made up of material, and here we ask: How come that God -be He blessed- is made up of the material and He was eternal existent and before there was no material before creating the world, but how come that He was made up of material and it was created by Him, so is it suit that The Creator to be a composition (composed) in a creature, and this composition needs some one who must be existent before it to build its parts, while The Right God -be He blessed- is eternal without beginning and no one was existent before Him. Then the belief of that God -be He blessed- has created the man like His shape, is a false belief, and all texts about this matter is clear and direct and it can’t be interpreted to bring another meanings, and these texts are false in all fields and faces of interpretation and explanation, because there is no similarity at all between God -be He blessed- and man in any way. Even that the common between God -be He blessed- and man in some characters (attributes) like the hearing, the seeing (vision) and the ability is a verbal or a figurative common only, because the attributes for the man is only an indication from of The Right God -be He blessed- for example the ability of man is only a grant and a gift from God’s -be He blessed- ability. And this verbal or figurative similarity doesn’t make the man raise -in any case- to be like God. And about the Prophetic Hadeeth of Adam’s creating which was said by prophet Mohammed -peace be upon him- in Saheeh Muslim, that he said: god -to whom belongs might and majesty- has created Adam to his shape, his height is sixty cubits, then when He created him He said: go to this group, and they were a group of Angels who were sitting, and listen to what they will greet you with, it is your greeting and your offspring greeting, he said: “Al Salamu Alaikum”, -peace be on you- they replied: “Al Salamu Alaika warahmatu Allah” -peace be on you and God’s mercy- they added wa rahmatu Allah. He said: All who enter the paradise like Adam’s shape and his height is sixty cubits, and still the creatures decrease after him until now” And here we said: the pronoun ‘his’ (to his shape) refers to Adam, and the clause sixty cubits was an explanation for this shape, which is Adam’s shape. Add to this what was known about the Islamic law (Islamic Shria) that it was distinguished from all other heavenly laws and not heavenly laws that it deems God -be He blessed- far above to have a similar of parallel or counterpart or a peer, in this we mention His -The Right God, be He blessed- saying: “there is nothing whatever like unto Him, and He is the One that hears and sees” (Al Shoora – verse 11). Add to this the prophetic Hadeeth about Adam’s creating was mentioned in Saheeh Al Bukhari without the clause (to his shape) that means God has created Adam with a height of sixty cubits… to the end of the Hadeeth. Be He, The Right, raised far above, who forms us in a perfect shape with out rising to be like Him or to be similar to Him.

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Native vegetation clearing permits are the tools used to manage the clearing of native vegetation in Western Australia. Clearing is defined in the Environmental Protection Act 1984 (WA) (EP Act) as the killing, destruction, removal, severing or ringbarking of the trunks or stems of or any other substantial damage to some or all of native vegetation in a given area. This could come in the form of draining or flooding the area, burning vegetation, grazing stock, or other such activity. The introduction of Clearing Permits in WA was one of the steps adopted by the State to understand better the volume of clearing occurring each year. Clearing of native vegetation is regulated under Part V of the EP Act and its subsidiary legislation, the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004. Native vegetation clearing in WA is regulated by the Department of Water and Environmental Regulation (DWER) except where it relates to mining or petroleum activities. In this situation, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety (DMIRS) has been delegated that responsibility (DWER, 2023). When is a permit needed, and are there different types? Based on the EP Act, whoever wishes to clear native vegetation must apply for a clearing permit from the DWER (or DMIRS if the purpose is mining or petroleum) unless they are either granted an exemption or the activity has been assessed under Part IV of the EP Act or it has been determined a permit isn’t needed because the activities are classed as very low impact. To be considered very low impact, clearing needs to satisfy all of the following criteria: · that the area to be cleared is far smaller than the remaining area or otherwise less than five hectares, and · there are no known or likely significant environmental values within the area, and · the state of scientific knowledge of vegetation in the region is adequate, and conditions will not be required to manage any environmental impacts (DWER, 2023). However, some exemptions don’t apply to regions designated as ‘environmentally sensitive areas’. In this case, the criteria don’t matter, and a permit will be required (DWER, 2023). When a permit is granted, it may include conditions that must be complied with while the permit is in use. This may include rehabilitating land once the proposed activity is concluded or relocating some of the vegetation to a placeholder area. If a permit is required, there are two types. One is an “area permit”, which is applied for by the owner of the land or someone else with permission from the owner to clear defined areas specified in the permit. The other is the “purpose permit”, which is applied for by an applicant who may or may not be the owner but has the authority under the law (such as the Mining Act) and has permission to access the land to conduct the clearing. Purpose permits enable the clearing of different areas from time to time for a specific purpose (DMIRS, 2023). If the applicant of a purpose permit is not the owner, they may instead be a Mining Company, local government official or a utility provider (DWER, 2023). When is a permit not required? Schedule 6 of the EP Act defines where permits may not be required. This includes if the clearing is mandated by another law like the Bush Fires Act 1954, where clearing is done for fire control if the proposal has been assessed by the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and authorised if the clearing is to be carried out by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) or to be carried out for a culturally important function by the indigenous person (DWER, 2019). Permits are also not required if the activity is prescribed as per the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004. A good example of this is a plantation of intentionally planted species for the purpose of commercial exploitation, such as crops on a farm (DWER, 2019). Laying out the law is one thing. Enforcing it is a different matter entirely. How can the government ensure that landowners and other applicants are doing the right thing by their permit requirements? There are some easy and obvious solutions to this question, such as granting powers to representatives from DWER and DMIRS, to enter the landowner’s premises without permission of the landowner to check if the conditions are being satisfied or the use of satellite imagery to monitor land clearing to ensure the areas cleared align with permits and that no unauthorised clearing is occurring. Otherwise, if anyone observes a clearing activity that they suspect as being unlawful, they can access the Clearing Permit System, search the location of the observed activity to get details on who’s performing the clearing and fill out a form online to submit to the government so they can investigate the site as appropriate (DWER, 2023) Penalties and fees In the event that clearing occurs without a permit or alignment with the approval exemption, DWER can apply penalties. One way to do this is to apply penalties for unlawful clearing or ignoring or contravening the conditions associated with a permit. The penalties can get very hefty, more so for corporate bodies than individuals. For example, unlawful clearing without a permit can result in penalties of up to $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for corporate bodies. Contravening the permit conditions can result in penalties of up to $62,500 for individuals and $125,000 for corporate bodies (DWER, 2020). If the infraction amounts to environmental harm, penalties can vary depending on severity and intent (Table 1). Another way is to treat clearing like a privilege one would have to pay for to begin with, even if it were legal. This can come in the form of fees as laid out in the Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004. These fees are far less punishing than penalties, and so would incentivise landowners, if they have to clear with a permit, to apply for a permit and adhere to it as a safer option. These fees increase with the location in the state. For example ‘Intensive Land-Use Zone’, which corresponds to the south-west area of Western Australia, costs more for a permit than other areas in WA. There are also very small fees to amend or surrender a permit if the clearing activity is considered concluded (DMIRS, 2023). Integrate Sustainability Pty Ltd understands the ecological and cultural importance of Western Australia’s natural heritage and the role that clearing permits play in helping to protect WA’s environment, so if your company wants more information on the kinds of permits that may be required for a clearing operation, what exemptions apply and if the area that could be affected is environmentally protected, call us on 08 9468 0338 or email us at [email protected]. DMIRS. (2023). Native vegetation clearing permit lodgement. Retrieved from Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety: https://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Environment/Native-vegetation-clearing-28492.aspx DMIRS. (2023). Native Vegetation Clearing Permits and Referrals. Retrieved from Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety: https://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Environment/Native-Vegetation-Clearing-4905.aspx DWER. (2019, August). A guide to the exemptions and regulations for clearing native vegetation. Retrieved from Department of Water and Environmental Protection: https://www.der.wa.gov.au/images/documents/your-environment/native-vegetation/Guidelines/A%20guide%20to%20the%20exemptions%20and%20regulations%20for%20clearing%20native%20vegetation.pdf DWER. (2020, April). Clearing offences and penalties. Retrieved from Department of Water and Environmental Regulation: https://www.der.wa.gov.au/images/documents/your-environment/native-vegetation/Fact_sheets/Clearing%20offences%20and%20penalties%20fact%20sheet.pdf DWER. (2023, May 22). Guideline: Native vegetation clearing referrals. Retrieved from Government of Western Australia: https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/guideline-native-vegetation-clearing-referrals DWER. (2023, May 19). Native vegetation clearing permit forms. Retrieved from Government of Western Australia: https://www.wa.gov.au/service/environment/environment-information-services/native-vegetation-clearing-permit-forms DWER. (2023, May 31). Native vegetation clearing permits. Retrieved from Government of Western Australia: https://www.wa.gov.au/service/environment/environment-information-services/native-vegetation-clearing-permits DWER. (2023, May 19). Unlawful clearing of native vegetation. Retrieved from Government of Western Australia: https://www.wa.gov.au/service/environment/environment-information-services/unlawful-clearing-of-native-vegetation Environmental Protection Act 1984 (WA)

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Senapati, aka: Senāpati, Shenapati, Sena-pati; 12 Definition(s) Senapati means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Buddhism, Pali, the history of ancient India, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article. Senāpati (one of the aspects of Subrahmaṇya, according to the Kumāra-tantra). This aspect should have the brilliance of the sun and should possess six faces and twelve eyes. One of the arms of Senāpati should pass round the waist of his devī, who should be seated upon his left lap; the corresponding right hand should keep a lotus. The other hands should hold the following objects in them: śūla, kheṭaka, vajra, dhanus, gadā, ghaṇṭā, kukkuṭa and abhaya. Under the name Devasenāpati, the Śrītatvanidhi gives the following description: He should have one face, two eyes and four arms: two fo the hands should be held in the abhaya and varada poses respectively and the remaining two should carry the śaṅkha and the chakra; the colour of this aspect of Subrahmaṇya is said to be black. He should be adorned with all ornaments, and should have a white yajñopavīta and his body should have a coating of finely smelling sandal paste. The face must be very pretty and a smile must be playing about his lips.Source: Wisdom Library: Elements of Hindu Iconograpy Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, śilpaśāstra) represents the ancient Indian science (shastra) of creative arts (shilpa) such as sculpture, iconography and painting. Closely related to Vastushastra (architecture), they often share the same literature. Dharmashastra (religious law) Senāpati (सेनापति) refers to the “officer”, as in, the officer in an army. It is used throughout Dharmaśāstra literature such as the Manusmṛti and the Baudhāyana-dharmasūtra.Source: Wisdom Library: Dharma-śāstra Dharmashastra (धर्मशास्त्र, dharmaśāstra) contains the instructions (shastra) regarding religious conduct of livelihood (dharma), ceremonies, jurisprudence (study of law) and more. It is categorized as smriti, an important and authoritative selection of books dealing with the Hindu lifestyle. Purana and Itihasa (epic history)Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE. Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy) 1) Senāpati (सेनापति) refers to the “army-leader”, who should be represented with an ardhamukuṭa (small crown), according to Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 23. Providing masks is a component of nepathya (costumes and make-up) and is to be done in accordance with the science of āhāryābhinaya (extraneous representation). 2) Senāpati (सेनापति) refers to the “leader of the army” and represents a classification of persons who “move about in public”, according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 34. Accordingly, “one who possesses a good character and truthfulness, and is always active (lit. has given up idleness), sweet-tongued, knows the rules regarding weakness of the enemy, and proper time for marching against him, has a knowledge of the Arthaśāstra and of everything about wealth, is devoted to the king, honoured in his own clan, and has a knowledge about time and place, should be made a leader of the army (senāpati), for these qualities of him”. According to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 35, the role (bhūmikā) of actors playing senāpatis (army-leaders) is defined as, “Persons who have well-formed limbs, distinct speech, are neither tall nor fat, are heroic, have reasoning positive and negative, are brave, and eloquent and have presence of mind, should be employed to take up the role of army-leaders (senāpati) and secretaries (amātya)”.Source: Wisdom Library: Nāṭya-śāstra Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (śāstra) of performing arts, (nāṭya, e.g., theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing dramatic plays (nataka) and poetic works (kavya). Arthashastra (politics and welfare) Senāpati (सेनापति, “commander”) is an official title designating one of the seventy-two officers (niyoga) of the Bāhattaraniyogādhipati circle, according to the Inscriptional glossary of Andhra Pradesh (Śāsana-śabdakośāmu). The bāhattaraniyoga-adhipati is the highest executive officer of this circle (including a Senāpati). For example: During the reign of Gaṇapatideva, the area extending between Pānagal to Mārjavāḍi was entrusted to Gaṇḍapeṇḍāru Gangayasāhiṇi as Bāhattaraniyogādhipati. Later on, this office was entrusted to Kāyastha Jannigadeva.Source: Shodhganga: Kakati Ganapatideva and his times (artha) Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्र, arthaśāstra) literature concerns itself with the teachings (shastra) of economic prosperity (artha) statecraft, politics and military tactics. The term arthashastra refers to both the name of these scientific teachings, as well as the name of a Sanskrit work included in such literature. This book was written (3rd century BCE) by by Kautilya, who flourished in the 4th century BCE. General definition (in Jainism) Senāpati (सेनापति, “commander”).—One of the fourteen gems (ratna) serving the Cakravartin;—The senāpati is the commander of a Cakravartī. He is a reliable and an uncorruptible servant of his master, alert and far-sighted, commanding the language of the Yavanas (Greeks) and the Mlecchas (barbarians) in word and script, well-versed in politics and art of life, a powerful figter and a clever strategist.Source: Google Books: Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal. India history and geogprahy Senāpati.—(IE 8-3), leader of forces; mentioned separately along with Bal-ādhyakṣa; probably, a subordinate of the latter; the military governor of a district, according to some (HD); commander-in-chief (ASLV), also called Sarva-sainy- ādhikārin and Dalavāya, i. e. the chief officer in charge of the military department. See Bṛhaspati quoted by Viśvarūpa on Yājñavalkyasmṛti, I. 307; Ind. Ant., Vol. XV, p. 187. Puṣya- mitra, the founder of the Śuṅga dynasty, was called Senāpati even after his accession to the Maurya throne. See Sena-adhipa, etc.; cf. also Anusenāpati (EI 18). (IE 8-3), sometimes called Mahāpradhāna, Bāhattara- niyogādhiṣṭhāyaka, Paṭṭa-sāhana-adhipati, etc., additionally. Note: senāpati is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Languages of India and abroad senāpati : (m.) a general.Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions. sēnāpati (सेनापति).—m (S) The commander of an army; the generalissimo or general.Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary śēṇapāṭī (शेणपाटी).—f A basket for the removal of cowdung. --- OR --- sēnāpati (सेनापति).—m The commander of an army.Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world. 1) a general. 2) Name of Śiva. 3) Name of Kārtikeya. 4) A leader of ten पत्ति (patti) divisions; see पत्ति (patti). Derivable forms: senāpatiḥ (सेनापतिः). Senāpati is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms senā and pati (पति).Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary (-tiḥ) 1. A general, the commander of an army. 2. Kartikeya. E. senā an army and pati master.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family. Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin. Search found 1223 related definition(s) that might help you understand this better. Below you will find the 15 most relevant articles: Prajāpati (प्रजापति).—m. (1) n. of one of the 16 devaputra who guard the bodhimaṇḍa: LV 277.12;... Sena is the name of an ancient dynasty from Bengal where Shaivism thrived between the 10th and ... Mahāsena (महासेन).—m. (-naḥ) 1. Kartikeya. 2. A general, the commander of a large force. 3. The... Śūrasena (शूरसेन).—m. (-naḥ) 1. The country about Mathura. 2. The name of a prince. E. śūra a h... Senānī (सेनानी).—m. (-nī) 1. A general, the commander of an army. 2. Kartikeya, the military de... Paśupati (पशुपति) refers to one of the eight names of Śiva (śivanāma) and is mentioned in the Ś... Viṣvaksena (विष्वक्सेन).—m. (-naḥ) Vishnu. f. (-nā) A plant, commonly Priyangu. E. viṣvak every... Gaṇapati is the name of deity as found depicted in the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai (or Madura),... Ugrasena (उग्रसेन).—m. (-naḥ) 1. The name of a prince, the father of Devaki and Kansa, and king... Paṭi (पटि).—f. (-ṭiḥ or -ṭī) 1. A kind of cloth. 2. An aquatic plant: see kummikā. 3. The curta... Gṛhapati (गृहपति).—m. (-tiḥ) 1. A house. holder, a man of the second class, or who after having... Gopati (गोपति).—m. (-tiḥ) 1. A name of Siva. 2. Of Indra. 3. The sun. 4. A king. 5. A bull. E. ... Āsvapati (आस्वपति).—(*), nowhere recorded except in BHS ppp. āsupta, and caus. adj. or nom. act... Vīrasena (वीरसेन).—(1) n. of a Buddha: Śikṣ 169.8; (2) n. of a Bodhisattva: Samādh p. 36 line ... Indrasena (इन्द्रसेन).—n. of a nāga: Mvy 3310. Search found 18 books and stories containing Senapati, Senāpati, Sēnāpati, Shenapati, Śēṇapāṭī, Śeṇapāṭī, Sena-pati, Senā-pati; (plurals include: Senapatis, Senāpatis, Sēnāpatis, Shenapatis, Śēṇapāṭīs, Śeṇapāṭīs, patis). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles: The Skanda Purana (by G. V. Tagare) Chapter 28 - Preparations of Devas and Daityas for War < [Section 1 - Kedāra-khaṇḍa] Kautilya Arthashastra (by R. Shamasastry) The history of Andhra country (1000 AD - 1500 AD) (by Yashoda Devi) Part 30 - Singaraja and Pratapa Kurmaraja (A.D. 1440-1461) < [Chapter XIII - The Dynasties in South Kalinga] Part 24 - Khanderaya (A.D. 1254) < [Chapter XII - The Pallavas] Part 6 - Kannara Choda (A.D. 1115-1137) < [Chapter XX - The Telugu Cholas (Chodas)] Later Chola Temples (by S. R. Balasubrahmanyam) Temples in Manimangalam < [Chapter XIX - Supplement] Temples in Kadagodi < [Chapter XIX - Supplement] Temples in Madhurantakam (Kadapperi) < [Chapter II - Temples of Kulottunga I’s Time] Middle Chola Temples (by S. R. Balasubrahmanyam) Individual Donors < [Tanjavur/Thanjavur (Rajarajesvaram temple)] Temples in Dadapuram < [Chapter II - Temples of Rajaraja I’s Time] 4. Icons set up By Rajaraja I’s Officers and others < [Tanjavur/Thanjavur (Rajarajesvaram temple)] Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story) (by Somadeva) Vetāla 24: The Father that married the Daughter and the Son that married the Mother < [Appendix 6.1 - The Twenty-five Tales of a Vetāla]

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Functions and uses Couplings are a building block which can pass in front of all other building blocks, allowing for more complex contraptions. They can also be used to create loose bearings by dragging them onto another building block, which can also be powered with an engine to spin. Couplings have two augmentations. - Colorize: Coat the Coupling with a different color depending on the mixture of resources.

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Depending on its beat frequency, the use of a linear chirp can improve the detection range and accuracy of ground-penetrating radars designed for evaluating the density of different materials. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems are powerful tools for nondestructive, noninvasive subsurface detection.1,2 These systems are suitable for measuring the geometric parameters of buried objects,3 locating bars of armor, detecting cavities or breaks inside structures,4 and groundwater detection.5 GPR has widespread application in civil engineering for such tasks as investigating reinforced concrete structures6 and localizing bars of reinforcement in concrete. GPR systems can also be used to determine defects, internal morphology, and lack of homogeneity in materials in civil engineering and preventive characterization of soils and contextual mapping of subsoils for structural safety analysis.7 In the current study, the use of chirp transmission and reception in a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) GPR will be examined for defining the mass density of an illuminated ground layer. Subsurface radar systems have been built using a variety of modulation types depending on the particular requirements of penetration depth, resolution, known target characteristics, software available for data processing, reduction of electromagnetic interference, system size, and cost. The four GPR architectures are pulse wave radar,8,9 continuous-wave (CW) radar, 10 modulated CW radar,11, 12 and synthetic pulse radar. Ground mass density is an important parameter in civil engineering, and the FMCW GPR is a useful tool for evaluating this parameter. This type of radar provides less penetration than a pulsed type radar, but with better resolution. Efforts have been made to improve the detection and evaluation capabilities of GPR systems by developing wideband antennas,5,13 imaging and signal processing algorithms,14, 15 and by improvements in transmitter and receiver circuitry. Figure 1 presents the transmitted waveforms of different radars in one measurement cycle. Most GPR systems are based on discrete pulse transceivers, although there can be some problems in applying signal processing with this approach. It may be necessary to determine the amplitude-time dependencies of electromagnetic (EM) field components due to wave scattering at a material interface.16 In some cases, the time needed for successful detection may be long and impractical.17 An FMCW GPR system can overcome these difficulties, working in the frequency domain (Fig. 2). The frequency-domain behavior of an FMCW GPR is shown in Fig. 3. During each period, T, the transmitted frequency is linearly increased to achieve the desired bandwidth, B. During the process of transmitting and receiving, a delay, τ, will occur. This delay is the difference in frequency between transmitted and received signals for the duration of the chirp. It is called the beat frequency and is represented by fB. The transmitter and receiver frequencies, fT and fR, are determined by Eqs. 1 and 2, respectively: fT = f0 + at (1) fR = f0 +a (t t ) (2) a = B/T, B = the bandwidth of the chirp, T = the period of the chirp. Equation 3 shows that the beat frequency is proportional to the permittivity of the transmission medium, c = the speed of light, er = the relative permittivity of the medium, and R = the range (the distance between the transmitter and the receiver) of the GPR. For civil engineering, one of the most important properties of a medium is its density. This parameter, which is the mass per unit volume of a substance, can be used to determine the compressive strength of road pavement and other materials.18 A material can be thought of as a system of molecules that will react to an incident electric field. The electric polarization P (average electric dipole moment per unit volume) is given by Eq. 419: P = ?ae0Eloc (4) ? = the density of the material's molecular structure, a = the mean molecular polarizability of the material, e0 = the permittivity of a vacuum, and Eloc = the local electric field. The electric polarization can also be written as P = (er 1)e0E (5) er = the dielectric constant (relative permittivity) and E = the applied electric field. The use of a Lorenzian transformation with Eqs. 4 and 5 yields Eq. 6: Eloc = E + (P/3e0) = (1/3 )(er + 2)E (6) The ClausiusMossotti relation can be applied to show that the density of a medium, ?, is proportional to relative permittivity, er: er 1)/(er + 2 ) = a?/3 (7) If the mean molecular polarizability and relative permittivity of a medium are known, its density can be found by the ClausiusMossotti relation. By combining Eqs. 3 and 7, it can be shown that the beat frequency at the receiver of an FMCW GPR system is related to the density of the illuminated medium, as in Eq. 8: fB = 2RB/CT = 0.5 (8) The permittivity of a material layer, er is proportional to the density of the layer, ?; the EM velocity though the medium depends mainly on the medium's dielectric property, and can be calculated by Eq. 920: BM = C/( er )0.5 (9) Changes in the EM propagation velocity result in changes in the time delay, τ, for a signal to travel to the target and back. The density of a material is proportional to the time delay, so that a certain time delay, τ, represents a certain density, ?. For road and pavement measurements, GPRs can operate over short ranges but must deliver high resolution. An FMCW GPR can provide such performance, and can be improved by means of basic modifications. One of the most important GPR parameters for impacting accuracy is chirp-signal duration. This signal is produced by a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with duration related to the saw-tooth (ramp) duration. For analysis, simulated saw-tooth and chirp signals are shown in Figs. 4(a) and 4(b).The bandwidth of the chirp signal is 900 MHz. When the saw-tooth signal changes from 0 to 10 V, the chirp frequency changes from 1 to 1.9 GHz and is then mixed with a 3.6-GHz local oscillator (LO). The output of the mixer is filtered to achieve a signal that changes from 1.7 to 2.6 GHz. Continue to page 2 In the FMCW GPR receiver, part of the transmitted signal is mixed with the received signal. The received signal, of course, is the same as the transmitted signal, but has been attenuated and delayed due to its propagation path, and has gained noise in the process. The delays are equivalent to the density of the medium through which the signals have traveled. The output of the receiver mixer is called the beat signal. It must be filtered and analyzed to determine the properties of the propagation medium. Figures 5 and 6 present filtered beat signals for a time duration of 10 ns. The frequency of the saw-tooth signal is 100 MHz. Figure 5 presents a beat signal for a time delay of τ1 = 2 ns and a beat period of 5.6 ns. Figure 6 presents a beat signal achieved by τ2 = 4 ns and beat period of 2.7 ns. The beat frequencies are 178 MHz and 370 MHz, respectively, for the two cases in Figs. 5 and 6. Figures 7 and 8 present beat signals for a ramp time duration of 20 ns. The frequency of the sawtooth signal is 50 MHz. Beat frequencies of 91 MHz (T = 11 ns) and 182 MHz (T = 5.5 ns) are achieved for time delays of τ1 = 2 ns and τ2 = 4 ns, respectively in Figs. 7 and 8. By changing the chirp time duration, the frequency of the beat signal is changed. When the chirp time duration is 30 ns, the frequency of the saw-tooth signal is 33 MHz. Figures 9 and 10 show filtered beat signals for time delay of τ1 = 2 ns and τ2 = 4 ns, respectively. When τ1 = 2 ns, the beat frequency is 62 MHz (T = 16 ns) and when τ2 = 4 ns, the beat frequency is 125 MHz (T = 8 ns). Data achieved from simulation results and shown in the figures are collected in the table. They can be compared with each other to understand the effects of chirp period on beat frequency. In all cases, the same travel time is assumed from the transmitter to the receiver, at 2 ns. The beat frequency for each chirp duration is listed in the table, so that the difference between beat frequencies equivalent with each time delay is calculated. As should be obvious, when the chirp time duration (T) is smaller or when the ramp frequency is larger, ?fB, it is easier to detect changes in beat signals as a function of material properties. This also results in simpler requirements for the FMCW GPR receiver. In summary, when the chirp duration is smaller (the ramp frequency is larger), the beat frequency changes on a larger scale, as shown in the table. By small changes in travel time from an FMCW GPR transmitter to receiver, larger changes in beat frequency are achieved. By using smaller chirp durations in these systems, it is possible to achieve greater accuracy even when using a simpler receiver. 1. Liye Liu, Yi Su, Chunlin Huang and Junjie Mao, "Study about the radiation properties of an antenna for groundpenetrating radar," International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, Vol. 1, Beijing, China, 2005, pp. 391-394. 2. G. Angiulli, V. Barrile, G.M. Meduri, R. Pucinotti and S. Tringali, "Classing and Extracting Information from Radar Images," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Vol. 4 (6), pp. 621-624, 2008. 3. B. A. Yufryakov and Oleg N. Linnikov, "Buried Cylinders Geometric Parameters Measurement by Means of GPR," in Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Vol. 2 (2), Cambridge, USA, 2006, pp. 187-191. 4. J. Hugenschmidt, J., "Concrete bridge inspection with a mobile GPR system," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 16, pp. 147-154, April 2002. 5. He Yiwei, Hiroshi Mitsumoto, and Zhongquan Ren, "Echo Extraction Method for a Ground Penetrating Radar," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Vol. 3 (5), pp. 701-703, 2007. 6. Bungey, J.H., M.R. Shaw, S.G. Millard and T.C.K. Molyneaux, "Location of steel reinforcement in concrete using ground penetrating radar and neural networks," in International Conference on Structural Faults and Repairs, Vol. 38, London, 2005, pp. 203-212. 7. Angiulli, G., V. Barrile and M. Cacciola, "The GPR Technology on the Seismic Damageability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Building," in Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Vol. 1 (3), Hangzhou, China, 2005, pp. 303-307. 8. Lee, J.S., C. Nguyen and T. Scullion, "Impulse Ground Penetrating Radar for Nondestructive Evaluation of Pavements,"in MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 2, Seattle, WA, 2002, pp. 1361-1363. 9. Elkhetali, S. I., "Detection of Groundwater by Ground Penetrating Radar," in Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Vol. 2 (3), Cambridge, USA, 2006, pp. 251-255. 10. Grazzini, G., M. Pieraccini, F. Parrini and C. Atzeni, "A Clutter Canceller for Continuous Wave GPR," in 4th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar, Naples, Italy, 2007, p. 212-216. 11. van den Bosch, I., S. Lambot, M. Acheroy, I. Huynen and P. Druyts, "Accurate and Efficient Modeling of Monostatic GPR Signal of Dielectric Targets Buried in Stratified Media," in Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Vol. 1 (2), Hangzhou, China, 2005, pp. 251-255. 12. Boukari, B., E. Moldovan, S. Affes, K. Wu, R.G. Bosisio and S.O. Tatu, "A heterodyne six-port FMCW radar sensor architecture based on beat signal phase slope techniques," Progress In Electromagnetics Research (PIER), Vol. 93, pp. 307-322, 2009. 13. Atteia, G.E., A.A. Shaalan and K.F.A. Hussein, "Wideband Partially Covered Bowtie Antenna for Ground-Penetrating- Radars," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 71, p. 211-226, 2007. 14. Hao Chen, Renbiao Wu, Jiaxue Liu and Zhiyong Han, "GPR Migration Imaging Algorithm Based on NUFFT," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Vol. 6 (1), pp. 16-20, 2010. 15. van Genderen, P. and I. Nicolaescu, "Imaging of stepped frequency continuous wave GPR data using the Yule-Walker parametric method," in European Radar Conference, Paris, France, 2005, pp. 77-80. 16. Varyanitza-Roshchupkina, L.A. and G.P. Pochanin, "Pulse electromagnetic wave scattering by plane dielectric interface," in 4th International Conference on Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals, Sevastopol, Ukraine, 2008, pp. 241-243. 17. Oguz, U. and L. Gurel, "FDTD Simulations of Multiple GPR Systems," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Ankara, Turkey, 2003, pp. 764-767. 18. R. S. A. Abdullah, H. Z. bin Mohd Shafri, and M. Bin Roslee, "Data Analysis of Road Pavement Density Measurements Using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)," in International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2008, pp. 732-737. 19. Y. Liu and P.H. Daum, "Relationship of refractive index to mass density and self-consistency," Aerosol Science, Vol. 39, pp. 974-986, 2008. 20. Yong-Hui Zhao, Xiang-Dong Hu and Guo-Qiang Zhao, "Experiment on Artificial Frozen Soil Boundary GPR Detection During Cross-passage Construction in Tunnels," in Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Vol. 1 (3), Hangzhou, China, 2005, pp. 354-358.

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A NASA Spacecraft Flies By Pluto For The First Time In History In a historic achievement, the NASA New Horizons spacecraft phoned home and reported that it had reached Pluto. The message was only a quick stream of data, but it was incredibly important. The probe has been crossing the solar system for the last nine and a half years. Now it will continue beyond the dwarf planet. A Big Relief For NASA Pluto is three billion miles from Earth. That is a considerable distance; even at light speed it takes 4.5 hours for instructions to make the distance. The news that the mission was successful was a great surprise and relief for the NASA scientists that build and sent the robotic probe into deep space. The device travels faster than 31,000 miles per hour. It could have collided with debris or been overloaded with its duties, but it only took three minutes for the spacecraft to pass Pluto. “We have a healthy spacecraft. We’ve recorded data in the Pluto system. And we’re outbound from Pluto,” mission operations manager Alice Bowman announced to her colleagues. The video feed received a standing ovation from the team. The Closest Look Ever The probe was able to get close enough to Pluto and its five moons to capture a detailed image of their surfaces. It turns out that Pluto is not the simple, lifeless hunk of ice that we all thought it was. The surface of the planet is intricate and complex. “You can see regions of various kinds of brightness,” Dr. Stern, the principal investigator for this mission, said. “Very dark regions near the Equator, very bright regions just to the north of that, broad intermediate zones over the pole. What we know is on the surface we see a history of impacts. We see a history of surface activity.” There are snowfields, something that resembles cliffs or fault lines, and a very bright heart-shaped area. It is being speculated that this heart shape may have been created by a large impact crater, now the remains have eroded. Important Discoveries In The Final Frontier Pluto was always a dot on the horizon to us – we barely knew anything about it. With this mission complete, we have reached the end of our solar system. “It always seemed the encounter was so far away,” Dr. Stern said. “People talk about how surreal it is that we’re actually here.” Now that Pluto has been explored, the probe is making its way through the small, icy planets of the outer solar system. It will continue collecting and sending data. The ultimate destination is interstellar space.

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What is alcohol misuse? According to the NHS, alcohol misuse means drinking excessively, which is more than the lower-risk limits of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption is measured in units, where a unit is 10ml of pure alcohol. A Unit is equivalent to a half a pint of lower to normal-strength lager/beer/cider (ABV 3.6%) or a single small shot measure (25ml) of spirits (25ml, ABV 40%). A small glass (125ml) of wine contains about 1.5 units of alcohol. You are likely to be misusing alcohol if you: - Regularly or frequently (most of the weeks) drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week - Regularly or frequently drink as much as 14 units a week on a weekend - Do not have any alcohol-free days Is alcohol misuse a mental illness? Alcohol misuse in itself is not a mental illness, however, people often use alcohol to cope with difficult feelings, situations or memories, such as grief, stress, the break-up of a relationship or childhood abuse. In clinical practice, we often find that people are unaware that they use alcohol to control their emotions. If the emotional problems are not addressed in a more helpful way, alcohol abuse could develop into a mental illness like alcoholism, such as depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although in the short-term alcohol can take ‘the edge off’ things, drinking excessively for a long time can lead to alcoholism, create significant problems at work and with close relationships, and make your mental health worse. What causes alcohol misuse? There are a number of causes of alcohol misuse and it usually is a mix of various factors that can lead to someone developing alcohol problems. These include: - Mental health problems or emotional difficulties, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder. - High levels of stress. - Having low self-esteem or self-worth. - Difficulties in your personal and work life. - Personality factors, such as being extremely shy, being someone who pursues or disregards risk (risk-taker), or someone who is less inhibited. - A long history of using alcohol or drinking a lot of alcohol – alcohol rewires the brain so that you crave it and start depending on it. - Genes – if your biological parents have been alcoholics, you are also more likely to develop alcohol problems. - Environment – if heavy drinking is widely accepted within your family and your social circle, or you live in a country that alcohol is cheap and easy to buy. - Age – starting to drink in your teens. What are the symptoms of alcoholism? You don’t have to drink uncontrollably to have a problem with your drinking. Even if you are misusing alcohol, you probably still have some ability to set limits on your drinking. However, even with these put in place, your alcohol use is likely to be self-destructive and dangerous to you and those around you. Some of the most common symptoms of alcohol misuse include: - Repeatedly neglecting your responsibilities at home, work, or school because of your drinking. For example, doing poorly at work, missing classes or appointments, or neglecting your children because you are drunk or hangover. - Using alcohol in situations where it is physically dangerous, such as drinking and driving. - Experiencing repeated legal problems on account of your drinking. For example, getting arrested for driving under the influence or for drunk and disorderly conduct. - You are worried about your drinking and feel you should cut down on it. - Other people have been suggesting that you drink too much. - You feel guilty or bad about your drinking. - You need a drink first thing in the morning to ‘steady your nerves’ or get rid of a hangover. What is the treatment for alcoholism There are a number of treatments available to help you stop or reduce drinking. These range from short- to long-term psychotherapy and depend on the severity of your drinking problems. Below is a list of the most common treatments: - Talking therapies, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) where the focus is on how your thoughts and beliefs about alcohol impact on your drinking behaviours. CBT can also help you identify triggers to your drinking. - Brief Interventions (BI) lasts about 5 to 10 minutes and covers risks associated with your pattern of drinking, advice about reducing the amount you drink, alcohol support networks available to you, and any emotional issues around your drinking. This is typically the type of intervention one can get from an informed GP. You may also be asked to keep a ‘Drinking Diary’. - Family Therapy provides family members with the opportunity to learn about the nature of alcohol dependence and how best to support the member of the family who is trying to abstain from alcohol. - Drinking Diary is aimed at those who try to moderate their drinking. - Self-help, including online resources, support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous. - Medication is recommended for those who are diagnosed as having moderate and severe alcohol dependence and are undergoing detoxification (detox), a gradual and carefully planned withdrawal from alcohol. However, medication can also be offered to someone with mild alcohol problem if talking therapy on its own is not helpful. Can I recover from alcoholism? Yes, many people have recovered from alcohol misuse. However, recovering from alcohol misuse often involves changes in lifestyle and accepting a life without alcohol.

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To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. With an accout for my.bionity.com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - My watch list - My saved searches - My saved topics - My newsletter An open surgery means cutting skin and tissues so the surgeon has a direct access to the structures or organs involved. Examples of open surgery include the removal of organs, such as the gallbladder or kidney. Another type of a surgery is minimally invasive surgery which refers to any surgical technique that does not require a large incision. This allows the child to recuperate faster and with less pain. Not all conditions are treatable with minimally invasive surgery. Some minimally invasive surgical techniques include the following: Types of open surgery include Open Mind Surgery, Cardiac surgery (Open-Heart Surgery) and so on. |This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Open_surgery". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.|

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Is reception the same as year 1? Reception follow ‘Early Years’, whereas Yr 1 follow the national curriculum, so there is much more play based learning in reception. There is nothing in the National Curriculum to say it can’t be taught through “play”. What to do if child doesn’t want to study? Read interesting books before bed, play educational games, and watch documentaries on subjects that your child is curious about. Go to museums, aquariums, and zoos. If you show enthusiasm toward learning new things, you can lead your child by example to also feel excited about learning new material. Can my child move up a year in school? It is very rare indeed for children to be moved up a year at state school, not least because they run the risk of having to repeat Year 6 while they wait to go to secondary school. What is the National Curriculum 1988? The National Curriculum for England was first introduced by the Education Reform Act of 1988. The National Curriculum is a set of subjects and standards used by primary and secondary schools so children learn the same things. It covers what subjects are taught and the standards children should reach in each subject. What is the Education Reform Act 1988 a summary? The 1988 Reform Act was introduced under a Conservative government with a commitment to an “education market place” which was driven by competition, diversity and choice. The same forces that allow businesses to either succeed or fail – consumer choice – would, therefore, drive education. Should I force my child to study? It’s true that studying is necessary, but it’s not the only thing children should focus on. If you only exert energy forcing your children to study, both you and they will be frustrated. Recreation: It’s very important, because it helps children develop their imagination and curiosity to learn new things. What level reading should a Year 1 child be at? Level 24 is very good for year 1…in SA the benchmark is level 5 end of Fyos (Prep/kindy/reception) Level 16 year 1 & Level 26 year 2. What did the Education Reform Act do? The 1944 Education Act had raised the school leaving age to 15 and provided free secondary education for all pupils. What did education reform do? Education reform, championed by Horace Mann, helped to bring about state-sponsored public education, including a statewide curriculum and a local property tax to finance public education. When was the Education Reform Act passed? What should a Year 1 child know? In Year 1, children will need to count forwards and backwards up to 100. They will need to know their addition and subtraction facts to 20. What is the Year 6 curriculum? Year 6 science This year, children will learn about: Living things and their habitats, including classifying micro-organisms, plants and animals. Animals including humans, focussing mainly on diet and exercise. Evolution and inheritance, looking at fossils, reproduction and adaptation. Who sets national curriculum? Establishment of the National Curriculum 14. In 1987 the Department of Education and Science, now under Kenneth Baker, issued a consultation document that set out the rationale for a national curriculum. What techniques can be used in motivating a child to write? Before getting started - Provide a place. - Provide the materials. - Encourage the child to draw and to discuss her drawings. - Ask your child to tell you simple stories as you write them down. - Encourage your child to write her name. - Use games. - Turn your child’s writing into books.

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|Dinosaur eggs! Geology's best-kept secrets are being uncovered at a rapid rate. Dinosaur nests, eggs, and the embryos inside them shed light on everything from animal growth to family life. Dinosaur eggs and nests have been found at 199 sites around the world. Most date from the Cretaceous period, 146 million to 65 million years ago. Those egg-shaped rocks in your backyard arent likely to be dinosaur eggs, though. A quick look at the map shows that sites known to contain eggs are concentrated in only a few places around the world, with the richest deposits found in China, Mongolia, Argentina, India, and the Great Plains of North America.

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"If the English Language made any sense, lackadaisical would have something to do with a shortage of flowers." - Doug Larson, Author The English language seems to have more exceptions than rules, multitudes of letter combinations that produce the same sounds, masses of words that have more than one meaning, verbs that possess different tenses, and enough grammar and punctuation guidelines to overwhelm any reader! These are the same reasons that the English language is also very difficult to teach. For the younger set, the most effective way to begin teaching the rules and structure of the English language is by example. Adults should aim to model proper grammar, clear diction, and a varied vocabulary. This will go a long way toward building a solid foundation for your learners. The exposure to this verbal modeling trains your child's ear to distinguish proper from improper grammar. Similar to a musician who listens to a prodigy's interpretation of music to improve his own playing, your child's verbal (and consequently, written) language will improve as he listens to correct speech patterns. For older learners, specific practice exercises are needed as the students learn more complicated language patterns. Reading House games and activities can help children practice many of these skills, but repetitive written practice of each skill is a necessary component to learning. Although some educators frown upon utilizing worksheets as a teaching tool, I believe they serve an important purpose when used as follow-up practice to regular instruction. However, a heavy reliance on workbook exercises as a main instructional technique may have a negative effect on a child's enthusiasm for reading. For many educators, Language Arts is a broad topic used to describe the majority of skills children need to master to become independent readers. The Reading House breaks out skill groups more specifically and focuses on the following categories as the basis for our Language Arts games and activities: Grammar – parts of speech, types of sentences, pronouns, verb tenses, etc. Punctuation – capitalization, commas, apostrophes, quotation marks, etc. Composition – writes stories, paragraphs, descriptions, summaries, etc. There are so many Language Arts skills to share with children and ideas can be gleaned from a variety of sources. To get you started, I encourage you to try some of the following activities: Silly Noun-Verb Sentences, Order Up Some Story, and Mine and Yours, But if you are currently in need of a game for a specific skill, try the DIY Language Arts lesson to get you pointed in the right direction. A complete understanding of the many rules of the English language takes significant time and study. It's important to not only teach these skills, but to also show the relation of the skill to the reading process and how it aids in comprehension.

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Researchers at the University of Leeds are developing a cheaper and safer way of making the polio vaccine. The pioneering work is featured in the latest MadeAtUni campaign, a celebration of the pioneering research taking place in UK universities. The focus of the campaign is scientists involved in health research and innovation. "Every day, up and down the country, universities are working on innovations to transform and save lives."Professor Dame Janet Beer The Leeds team, from the Faculty of Biological Sciences, has shown that the polio vaccine can be manufactured from harmless virus-like particles, doing away with the need to use a live virus which carries the risk of the virus escaping. Professor Nicola Stonehouse, who is leading the project with Professor Dave Rowlands, said: Virus-like particles are proteins that stimulate the bodys immune system in the same way as a virus in effect, they trick the body into thinking they are the virus. Scientists have recognised the possibility that they could be used instead of a live virus in vaccine production but the problem is that some can be unstable. At Leeds, we have successfully developed a process which involves engineering polio virus-like particles in yeast and the next stage is to see if we can make this work on an industrial scale. If we can, polio virus-like particles will become attractive to the pharmaceutical industry as a safer alternative to using a live virus. New approach to eradicate polio Polio is a devastating disease. It can leave people permanently paralysed, with one in 10 dying as a result of the paralysis. There is no-known cure for polio. Through successful vaccination programmes, it has been eradicated from many countries although it is still endemic in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria. Since the 1960s, success in controlling the disease has been largely attributable to the oral polio vaccine which is made up of a live but weakened virus. It is cheap to make and easy to administer: people just swallow it. However, the genetic code in the live virus is prone to mutation. In extremely rare cases - around one in 2.7 million cases this mutation can result in people who have been vaccinated contracting the disease. They then risk infecting close contacts. The computer screen shows polio virus-like particles created in the laboratory. There is also a small group of people with deficient immune systems who do not clear the virus after immunisation and they too are a potential source of infection. For that reason, some public health campaigns have switched to a vaccine using an inactivated virus which is given by injection. Although the virus is inactivated when the vaccine is given, the manufacturing stage uses a large quantity of live virus. As well as creating a biosecurity risk, it also means that it is expensive to manufacture. Progress has been made in eradicating the disease but health experts say immunisation programmes will have to continue to keep on top of outbreaks that may happen as a result of a vaccine-derived virus. The development of virus-like particles is seen as a safer route to vaccine development. Research could be applied to other vaccines The work at the University of Leeds has been funded by the World Health Organisation and involves the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, the Universities of Oxford and Reading, the Pirbright Institute, the John Innes Centre and the University of Florida. Professor Stonehouse believes virus-like particles will have a role in vaccine production beyond polio. She said: There is a real need to increase the production of vaccines and to conduct research into creating new ones, not only for humans but also to protect livestock. The Nations Lifesavers campaign has been organised by Universities UK, the umbrella group representing the sector. Professor Dame Janet Beer, President of Universities UK, said: Every day, up and down the country, universities are aworking on innovations to transform and save lives. Research taking place in universities is finding solutions to so many of the health and wellbeing issues we care about and the causes that matter. By proudly working in partnership with charities, the NHS and healthcare organisations, universities are responsible for some of our biggest health breakthroughs and in revolutionising the delivery of care. Dr Oluwapelumi Adeyemi, a former PhD student and now a research visitor at Leeds. One of Professor Stonehouses former PhD students, Dr Oluwapelumi Adeyemi, is hoping the research at Leeds will one day allow him to investigate vaccines for some of the diseases in his home country, Nigeria, including Lassa fever a category 4 pathogen requiring very strict bio-security. He is now a research visitor, using the techniques he learned at Leeds in his molecular biology laboratory at the University of Ilorin, in Nigeria. For further information please contact David Lewis at [email protected].

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What should I feed my baby when she is teething? Teething is an important milestone for every baby. This stage can be quite painful for the baby as the new teeth must cut through the gums to emerge. Teething is the most common reason for fussy behaviour in infants. Read on to find out more about the different signs of symptoms, what to feed your baby and lots more. What to expect while teething Most babies go through teething between the ages of 6 and 9 months. While some babies may face no trouble while teething, others may experience terrible pain and discomfort. The intensity of the discomfort may also vary from one baby to the next. The signs often begin appearing a few months before the first tooth can be seen. Many infants show signs of discomfort only when the canines come through; not when the molars and incisors are emerging. Some of the signs of teething patterns in babies are: - Reddened gums and cheeks - Rash on the chin - Excessive dribbling - Irritability and restlessness - Loss of appetite What to feed your baby? Teething usually coincides with the introduction of solid foods to your baby’s diet. This means, there will be occasions (usually before teething) when your baby will refuse solid food. The good news is that the loss of appetite and fussy behaviour is not constant throughout the teething period. Most babies lose their appetite for about 5 days before the new tooth emerges and 3 days afterwards. They should then be back to having a normal appetite until the next tooth starts growing out. Some of the foods you could try to feed your baby as baby teething remedies are: - Semi-solid foods Soft foods like a thin porridge are ideal for teething babies. This type of food needs minimal chewing and can almost be swallowed directly from the spoon. - Mashed fruits Mashed bananas and strawberries are good for babies going through the teething stage. It is easy to eat and a good way to introduce different flavours to your baby. Hard fruits like apples and pears may need to be cooked and softened a little before they can be mashed. - Vegetable Puree Pureed vegetables are another easy-to-eat food for teething babies. Simply boil the vegetables and then puree them till smooth. You could add a little water or milk to these purees. Yogurt is one of the most popular traditional Indian home remedies for teething babies. It is easy to eat and good for the baby’s digestion. This can be given to the baby as it is or flavoured with mashed fruit or fruit puree. - Overcooked food Soft, overcooked rice or pasta can act as comfort foods for painful gums. In addition to be being overcooked, the food must be slightly mashed before it is fed to the baby. - Carrot or apple sticks Though your baby may not have the teeth required to chew as yet, you could give him cold carrot or apple sticks. Offering these foods as home remedies for teething babies is based on the assumption that the cool temperature soothes the gums while the act of pressing down on something hard offers counter-pressure to the new tooth and relieves pain. Always be around when you give your baby such hard foods and make sure he or she does not choke on them. - Breast or formula milk lollipops In addition to breastfeeding, you could also express breast milk and freeze it in the form of lollipops for the baby. This helps get milk into the little one’s tummy and relieve the gums at the same time. What not to give your baby Though your baby’s teeth are still peeping out of the gums, do not feed him or her any processed foods with added sugar. Avoid rusks of all brands. You should also give your baby only freshly-made, natural fruit juice. Do not give him/ her any packaged fruit juices. Teething can be frustrating for mother and baby but this is a natural stage of the baby’s life. Choosing the right types of food can be very helpful in easing this discomfort.

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The condition of your mouth is closely tied to your overall health. Taking care of your teeth isn’t just about having a nice smile and pleasant breath. Gum disease is a problem that not only affects your mouth but also your entire body, often before you have any idea that it’s happening. There has been increased interest in possible links between oral health and body health. In one recent study, people with serious gum disease were 40% more likely to have a chronic condition on top of it. Bacteria that builds up on teeth make gums prone to infection. The immune system moves in to attack the infection and the gums become inflamed. The inflammation continues unless the infection is brought under control. Over time, inflammation and the chemicals it releases eat away at the gums and bone structure that hold teeth in place. The result is severe gum disease, known as periodontitis. Inflammation can also cause problems in the rest of the body. According to the American Academy of Periodontology, about three out of four Americans suffer from some form of gum disease. Gingivitis is an infection and inflammation of the gums caused by a buildup of plaque and tartar at the base of the teeth. Periodontitis is more severe and typically occurs when gingivitis goes untreated or when its treatment is delayed, and the infection and inflammation spread to the ligaments and bones that support the teeth, eventually causing them to loosen and fall out. Numerous studies have shown that untreated chronic inflammation of the type that characterizes gum disease can spread and lead to more severe health complications such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatic cancer, osteoporosis, eating disorders and even Alzheimer’s disease. People with diabetes are more likely to develop gum disease according to the AAP, which in turn can increase blood sugar and diabetic complications. Those people who don’t have their diabetes under control are especially at risk to develop periodontal disease. As we get older, the likelihood that we will develop gum disease increases, partly because of naturally occurring bone loss after age 40. Genetics and certain medications can reduce saliva flow and as we age our mouths produce less saliva. Saliva washes away food and neutralizes acids produced by bacteria in the mouth, helping to protect you from microbial invasion or overgrowth that might lead to disease. To protect your health, practice good oral hygiene every day. Contact Davidson Family Dentistry as soon as an oral health problem arises. Taking care of your oral health is an investment in your overall health. Posted April 6th, 2017 What is a true dental emergency? An emergency is an event that can be life altering. Examples of a true dental emergency include: What should you do with a dental emergency? What is a dental urgency? A dental urgency is an event that may seem innocent initially but has the potential to escalate into a more severe event. Examples of a dental urgency include: What should you do about a dental urgency? What about those other worries? We will do everything possible to see you on the same day you call with your emergencies, urgencies and other worries. Thank you for your trust in us! Davidson Family DentistryPosted March 6th, 2017 Researchers report that 41 percent of scuba divers experience dental symptoms in the water. Due to the constant jaw clenching and fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure underwater, divers may experience symptoms that range from tooth, jaw, and gum pain to loosened crowns and broken dental fillings. It is suggested that recreational divers consult with their dentist before diving if they have recently received dental care. Since the air supply regulator is held in the mouth, any disorder in the oral cavity can potentially increase the diver’s risk of injury. Vinisha Ranna conducted the research which appeared in the British Dental Journal after noticing a squeezing sensation in her teeth (a condition known as barodontalgia) while scuba diving. An unhealthy tooth underwater would be much more obvious than on the surface. One hundred feet underwater is the last place you want to be with a fractured tooth. The study also found that pain was most commonly reported in the molars. Patients should ensure that dental decay, cracked teeth and restorations are addressed before a dive. Source: Vinisha Ranna, lead author; University at Buffalo School of Dental MedicinePosted January 12th, 2017 Night guards are recommended for patients who clench or grind their teeth. Clenching or grinding can occur during the daytime and/or nighttime. Not all patients are aware a habit exists. A patient may come in with facial muscle soreness, jaw fatigue, or pain in the temporalmandibular joint, also known as TMJ. Dentists may see wear facets or attrition on the teeth causing a flattened or worn down look that indicate a potential habit or past habit. Gum recession or notches in the teeth at the gumline known as abfractions can also be signs a clenching or grinding habit exists. If a night guard has been recommended for you and you choose to not get one or don’t wear it on a consistent basis, further complications could happen. The symptoms of facial muscle soreness, jaw fatigue, pain in the TMJ can continue, along with continued wear on the teeth, headaches and breaking down of tooth structure causing cracks or mobile teeth. If cracks in teeth occur, then the added expense of a crown may be needed. There are two types of night guards Davidson Family Dentistry recommends, either a soft or hard night guard. Both are excellent at absorbing forces placed on teeth during the clenching/grinding process. Your dentist will take a look at your bite and recommend the one that is best for you. The soft night guard is made in our office and is custom fit to each patient. It is soft and compressible so it can have a tendency to wear out and need replaced more quickly. A rigid night guard is made at a lab outside the office and is also custom fit to each patient. Because it is rigid and non-compressible, it is stronger and generally doesn’t need replaced as often. The rigid night guards can be blue, green, pink or clear in color. Due to the materials used and the involvement of an outside lab, the cost of hard night guards is substantially more expensive. For either the soft or hard night guard, it takes two appointments to complete the procedure. The first appointment is to take an impression of the teeth, which is where impression material is placed in a tray and then held in place on the teeth until the material sets. If a hard night guard is being made, we will also do a bite registration which is just simply biting down on some impression material in order for us to get a reading on how your teeth fit together. The second appointment is 10-14 days later, possibly sooner, to place the night guard and assure it fits properly. At this appointment, you will also receive a traveling case and homecare instructions. Once you receive your night guard, you are free to bring it in at any time for a complimentary night guard cleaning. Some insurances cover a percentage of the night guard cost. We would be happy to look into your insurance coverage for you. Night guards are discounted under the Davidson membership plan at 15%. Posted November 30th, 2016 As we have grown at Davidson Family Dentistry, it has been important to develop our organization structure so that we can continue to deliver the same level of customer service that we had when it was just Dr. David Davidson and a staff of 3. One of the ways we do that is with team leads who coordinate our activities and make sure we are consistent in delivering a high level of patient care. Another is through continued training for all staff both in and out of the office. The third way is by having coordinators who manage some of the specialty functions of the office. We thought we would discuss the role of the coordinators in the office with this blog. Scheduling Coordinator – Nancy is our scheduling coordinator and it is her responsibility to keep watch on the 21 columns of patient care. While any of our front desk staff can schedule patients, Nancy double checks to make sure that patients are with the doctor or hygienist they requested, that the correct amount of time has been scheduled, and people who are on our call list for specific times or days are contacted. She also confirms a number of appointments each day. Nancy is well suited for this function since she is one of the friendliest people you will meet. Invisalign and Marketing Coordinator – Mary Ann is our Invisalign and Marketing Coordinator. While the marketing portion of the job has little interaction with patients, the Invisalign portion gives her closer contact over a year or more with patients who are doing orthodontia through Invisalign. Mary Ann is a huge believer in using Invisalign since she used it many years ago and has been extremely satisfied with the results. Sedation Coordinator – Tracy is our sedation coordinator and has a love for helping patients go from fearful to comfortable with dental procedures. Since many times sedation patients need a number of dental procedures done, she helps them coordinate both insurance and financials. She also works closely with Dr. Michael Davidson and his two primary dental assistants. As a trained dental assistant, she can also step in and assist with sedation if need be. Equipment and Supply Coordinator – Chrissy is our equipment and supply coordinator and she makes sure all 15 of our patient operatories, as well as the sterilization and lab areas, have properly functioning equipment and that all necessary supplies are available. As one of the dental assistants at Davidson Family Dentistry, her coordinator’s job is not one you see unless equipment is not working or supply prices go up. However, be assured she and the other dental assistants are very good at shopping for great pricing and staying on top of repair orders. Insurance Specialist – Kathy is our insurance specialist and works one on one with many patients to coordinate insurance coverage for dental work. Dental work, because of the equipment and supply costs, lab expenses and time involved, can be expensive. Many patients who have dental insurance coverage want to know what assistance, if any, their dental benefits will provide. Kathy heads up our preauthorization process and is very good at calling patients to explain the Estimate of Benefits received from their insurance companies. After spending years as an officer in the insurance industry, we are pleased that Kathy is at Davidson Family Dentistry.Posted November 10th, 2016 The end of the year is rapidly approaching and is a busy time of the year for everyone. However, most insurance and flexible benefit plans work on a calendar year basis and if you don’t use your benefits before year end, they are gone and new benefits start next year. If you know you have dental work that needs to be done or if you suspect that you have some work that needs done, now is the time to get it scheduled. This is especially true for those of you where your coverage limitations under your insurance policy is set at $1000 or $1500. In the dental world, it doesn’t take long for those benefits to be used up. By waiting you can end up needing to pay the cost of needed dental work out of pocket or paying for more procedures (i.e. a root canal and a crown vs. just a crown.) We have lists of patients with dental work which has been preauthorized by insurance companies but not yet scheduled. Some of you are waiting to see if you will have other dental work that you need to get done in 2016 (i.e. something is hurting) before going forward with dental work on teeth that are not currently hurting. Now is the time to schedule that work. Remember that crown and bridge work takes at least two appointment times with space between them. Implants, partials and dentures take more appointments than that and everything must be finished by December 31st. Sedation appointments for wisdom teeth removal or other procedures for Thanksgiving week and winter holiday are also filling up quickly. The hygiene schedule fills quickly during that time as well for workers and students who find it difficult to get away during non-holiday times. Finally, remember that while most insurance companies provide that cleanings need to be six months apart, some provide two cleanings at any time during a calendar year. It is always important to figure out what your individual dental insurance policy provides. Flex programs are almost always on a calendar year and if your benefits are not used during the year, they are lost. Our six dentists and nine hygienists are available Thanksgiving week and the whole month of December so that we can help you meet your dental needs in the most financially advantageous manner possible. Please give us a call.Posted October 26th, 2016 For the month of October we are running a “Whitening” Special!! Whitening trays will be $125 for upper OR lower arch! Regularly $180 each this is a GREAT bargain! Call our office today 515-279-3848 to schedule an appointment and put the pizzazz back in your smile!Posted October 3rd, 2016 Sealants are one of the best cavity prevention measures available today. Sealants help prevent cavities on the biting surface of molar teeth by filling in deep grooves and pits where food particles and bacteria tends to hide. Most insurance companies cover it at 100% on both 6 and 12 year molars for children. The American Dental Association recommends children receive sealants as soon as the adult teeth erupt. It is quick, easy, painless and relatively cheap (as opposed to future dental bills). However even as an adult, if you have teeth that have deep grooves and pits that do not already have sealants or restorations in them, we would encourage you to consider getting sealants. While most insurance don’t cover sealants for adults, it is still much more economical to get a sealant than a filling. The next time you and your family are in the office, ask the dentist about applying sealants to molars. Making Smiles Happen! Davidson Family DentistryPosted August 23rd, 2016 It’s that time of year again. The nice weather of the summer allows people to enjoy a variety of outdoor activities. School is just around the corner and with school comes the fall sports season. It’s always great being active this time of year but it is important to stay safe doing your favorite activities. Many activities require protective equipment to help prevent injury. Biking, roller-skating and football all require helmets to protect your head. It’s also important to think about protecting your teeth! Chipped and broken teeth are common sports and outdoor activity injuries which can easily be prevented by wearing a mouth guard. A mouth guard is a simple appliance which can be made to fit your teeth to provide protection from bumps, falls and collisions. This protection can mean that a broken tooth is no more than a bruised lip! We would recommend wearing a mouth guard for all contact sports as well as any activities where you may accidentally fall or bump teeth. There are many types of mouth guards. Although, they can be bought at many sports stores, the custom made ones from Davidson Family Dentistry are better (and easier). The most important thing to remember is that you and your family need to actually wear them each and every time. The quality makes no difference if the mouth guard isn’t in your mouth! Have a great rest of the summer! Go USA in the Olympics!! Making smiles happen, Davidson Family Dentistry Posted August 3rd, 2016 Davidson Family Dentistry is now at the 1 year anniversary mark for publishing our blog. We have done as promised – written a twice monthly blog that dealt with commonly asked questions, general topics of interest in the dental field, or updates from our office. We have written every blog ourselves (with the occasional typo or grammar error to prove it). We would at this point like to ask our readers for feedback. What do you think? Are you finding them worth your time to read? What topics would you like to see covered in the future? Is there something we could do to improve them? Please take a few minutes to let us know your thoughts. Facebook posts work, but e-mails work the best. Please send them via [email protected] Thank you so much for your time and effort! Making smiles happen, Your Davidson Family Dentistry Team Posted July 25th, 2016

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Arctic Expedition to Investigate Chemical Pollution Story supplied by LU Press Office Lancaster University scientists are heading for the Arctic as part of an international investigation into how chemical pollutants are affecting a unique part of the planet. Chemicals which are used every day in agriculture, industry and in the home - for example pesticides and flame retardants - are found in increasing quantities in the Polar Regions. These pollutants then break down and work their way into the food chain causing damage to plant and animal life ranging from single-cell organisms to crustaceans, sea cod, seals and whales. The extreme cold temperatures found in the Polar Regions mean that chemicals do not break down as quickly as they would in a temperate climate. Instead they accumulate in the snowpack, to be released suddenly during the short summer melt season, placing additional stress on the environment. Dr Cris Halsall of Lancaster Environment Centre is set to take part in a three year study into these chemicals - many of which are known as Persistent Organic Pollutants (or POPs). He will be working alongside Canadian Scientists and the research is funded by a £324,556 grant from the Natural Environment Research Council as part of the International Polar Year 2007-8. Dr Halsall, working in collaboration with Professor Kevin Jones of Lancaster University's Centre for Chemicals Management, will examine the delivery of a range of industrial pollutants and pesticides from the atmosphere to the arctic marine system. He will focus on the geochemical cycling of these pollutants in the sea-ice snow pack and examine the role of 'ice-leads' large lakes of open seawater, in delivering these pollutants to biologically-rich surface waters. Dr Halsall said: "The Arctic is a unique pristine environment - the Arctic sea ice is home to species which are not found anywhere else in the world. We know that mankind is having a damaging impact on that environment and these pollutants provide an additional stress on this environment. "Indigenous populations rely on local species for their food, their livelihood and their culture. They are not the people taking advantages of these chemicals yet they are suffering the impact of them." Sun 18 March 2007 'Motorsport Engineering: Fabulous or Frivolous?' Mon 26 January 2015 In this report we provide some case studies of our work with external partners during 2013-2014. Read about R&D opportunities with China, new science and technology start-up companies, research with IBM, Booths and regional Small and Medium Enterprises, seed funding for new products and processes, new facilities for hire, free events and training, new companies on campus, plugging the data science skills gap, the Engineering Design Academy, and much more... Tue 20 January 2015 The Faculty is pleased to announce that Professor Peter M Atkinson has been appointed as Dean of the Faculty of Science and Technology. Mon 05 January 2015 Police and intelligence agencies around the world have for almost 100 years relied on lie-detectors to help convict criminals or unearth spies and traitors. Mon 05 January 2015

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Middle School Advisory What is middle school advisory? Advisory is a 15 minute period at the beginning of the day. This year, students’ advisories are the same as their cohorts, but normally, the advisories are mixed grade level and provide an opportunity for students across grade levels to get to know each other. What do students do in advisory? Advisory is mainly focused on building community, though we also work on executive functioning skills, character education, and social-emotional development. Each day looks different. On Mondays, students do academic check-ins with their advisor or have Drop Everything and Read time. On Tuesdays, students have a lesson from their current character education unit. On Wednesdays, we watch CNN student news and discuss current events. Thursdays and Fridays focus on building community– students may be journaling and sharing, doing a team building activity, or participating in a get-to-know-you game. Advisories also have fun Friday traditions, such as playing a student-made Kahoot, having a dance party, or playing “Guess that Tune!” What character education units are taking place this year? We have three units we’re focusing on this year. The first one was about coping during COVID, and focused on strategies to help students deal with stress and become more resilient in the face of challenges. Our current unit is on empathy and bullying. Students are learning how to identify bullying (versus a conflict or playful teasing) and where to draw the line with their own behavior, as well as learning about the different roles people play in bullying situations. We’re working on strategies students can use to become “upstanders,” or people who stand up for others, versus standing by or participating in unkind behavior. We’re already very lucky to have a wonderful group of middle schoolers that report very little bullying at TDS, but we want them to have the tools to deal with these situations no matter where they are. Our next unit will continue with the bullying and empathy theme, but with a focus on identity-based bullying, or bullying that is occurring specifically because of an aspect of someone’s identity, such as their race or sexuality.

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The soft body of Mercenaria shows the prominent muscles (anterior and posterior adductors, pedal retractors, and siphonal retractor) that produced the scars on the inner shell surfaces. Mantle tissue lines both valves and produces new shell at the margin as the animal grows. In Mercenaria, the mantle edges are free (not fused) anteriorly to the ventral point of the siphonal retractor muscle, just posterior to the heel of the foot. The mantle edge is thickened by muscle fibers and has four folds: (1) the outer that secretes the shell and periostracum, (2-3) the middle, divided in this family into two folds (a smaller outer-middle that is sensory, and a larger inner-middle that controls water flow), and (4) the inner that directs foreign particles out of the mantle cavity. Posterior excurrent and incurrent siphons, formed by fusion of folds 3 and 4 (this is siphonal fusion Type B as defined by Yonge), are short and completely separate for their entire length. The larger incurrent siphon is ventral and the smaller excurrent siphon is dorsal. The excurrent siphon has a conical valvular membrane at its end, and the tip of each siphon is fringed with simple tentacles. The largest part of the soft body is the visceral mass, which contains the digestive and reproductive systems of the clam and ends ventrally as the muscular foot. It is suspended in the mantle cavity by the anterior and posterior pedal retractor muscles. The foot is wedge-shaped, compressed, keeled ventrally, and extends slightly posteriorly as a “heel.” Serving as the main tool for burrowing into soft sediment, the foot is composed of muscle fibers and hemocoelic spaces that allow expansion when filled. The pedal gland lies in the midline of the foot, producing an elastic byssus in juvenile Mercenaria but becoming inactive in adults. Mercenaria is a suspension- or filter-feeder, gathering suspended organic particles from the water using its ctenidia or gills. These plicated organs, which also serve in respiration, occupy most of the mantle cavity on either side of the visceral mass. Each side consists of two demibranchs, or double lamellae. Each outer and inner demibranch extends from between the labial palps, along the ventral edge of the pericardium and kidney, to the base of the siphons. The smaller and shorter outer demibranchs overlap most of the larger and longer inner demibranchs. Together the inner and outer demibranchs form a W-shape in cross section on each side of the visceral mass. Supra-axial extensions of the outer demibranchs also cover the pericardial space anterior of the posterior adductor muscle. Posteriorly the ctenidia connect to the siphonal septum at the base of the siphons, creating an incurrent infrabranchial chamber below the gills and an excurrent suprabranchial chamber above the gills. Structurally, the gill filaments are connected to one another by tissue junctions (eulamellibranch gills) and interlamellar septa across the space between lamellae define water tubes within the ctenidia. As water containing food particles passes through the gills, cilia on the gill surfaces move these particles to the food groove at the free edge of each demibranch and then forward to the palps. The anterior ends of the inner demibranchs are fused to the oral groove of the palps (Stasek’s palp-ctenidia association Category II). The labial palps are elongated trigonal flaps surrounding the mouth at the anterior end of the gills. Each consists of two hemipalps, the inner surfaces of which are folded into fine ciliated ridges that further sort and channel food particles collected by the gills into the clam’s mouth. The mouth leads to a short esophagus that passes posterodorsally to the stomach. The globose stomach lies in the dorsal part of the visceral mass, surrounded anteriorly by the digestive gland where assimilation of edible food particles takes place. Internally the stomach has ciliated sorting areas, ducts to the digestive gland (here mainly concentrated into two outpockets or caeca; this defines Purchon’s Type V stomach), and an enzyme-packed crystalline style secreted by a ventral extension called the style sack. The crystalline style rotates against a chitinous gastric shield covering the interior roof of the stomach. The style grinds against the gastric shield to break up and begin digestion of edible food particles. Ciliated tracts and grooves move particles into the ducts to the digestive gland, and large inedible particles pass into the midgut (the first portion of the intestine), which is fused to the style sack in this species. The midgut undergoes a series of loops in the visceral mass, then exits the visceral mass as the hindgut. The hindgut passes through the ventricle of the heart, acting as a stabilizing structure for the contracting ventricle, then dorsally over the posterior adductor muscle to terminate as the rectum near the inner opening of the excurrent siphon. Waste products are readily passed out of the clam along with excurrent water through this siphon. The heart surrounded by its large pericardium lies dorsally between the visceral mass and posterior adductor muscle. It consists of a single ventricle and two lateral auricles. Few blood vessels exist in bivalves, but an anterior and posterior aorta are prominent exiting the heart. The posterior aorta is interrupted in members of this family by the muscular, spongy aortic bulb posterior to the pericardium. The aortae feed into numerous hemocoelic spaces throughout the body of the clam. The hemolymph or “blood” of the clam contains several types of blood cells capable of phagocytosis. The kidneys lie along the ventral side of the pericardium, communicating with the auricles and emptying their wastes into the suprabranchial chamber. Ducts from the gonads within the visceral mass also empty gametes into the suprabranchial chamber in this area, allowing them (depending on species) either to be brooded in the chamber or to be passed out of the clam through the excurrent siphon. Mercenaria sheds its eggs or sperm into the water column, where external fertilization occurs. The nervous system (not shown in the “transparent clam”) consists of three pairs of ganglia joined by long connectives. The fused cerebropleural ganglia lie near the anterior pedal retractor muscles. The visceral ganglia lie on the anterior face of the posterior adductor muscle near the rectum. The pedal ganglia lie ventrally in the visceral mass near the distal end of the style sack. The complex system of nerves in Mercenaria mercenaria was detailed by Jones (1979).

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Beach users are asked to take special care during the summer months as marine turtles begin their age-old ritual of coming ashore to lay eggs. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority species conservation expert Dr Mark Read said allowing turtles to nest undisturbed gives their eggs a better chance of survival. “We’re lucky enough to have six of the world's seven species of marine turtles living on our doorstep in the Reef, with four of these species nesting here in the Great Barrier Reef Region,” Dr Read said. “These creatures, however, live a precarious existence – they’re slow-growing, they take 30 to 50 years to reach breeding age, and it’s thought that only one in 1000 will make it to maturity. "Green turtles in particular have had a tough time in recent years because of cyclones and floods destroying their seagrass which is their main food source. As a result, we need to help the species recover wherever we can. “The best thing residents and visitors can do is to stay clear of turtles and not interfere with them, their eggs or hatchlings – this will help these beautiful creatures to produce another generation. “And if you’re a dog-owner, it’s important to restrain your pet when you’re walking along a beach where marine turtles are known to nest, so they don’t harm the turtles or their off-spring.” Dr Read said visitors should be particularly mindful of how they use beaches at night and in the early morning. “This is when some of the beaches really come alive with activity – whether it be female turtles clambering on to the beach to nest, or hatchlings starting their maiden voyage out to sea,” Dr Read said. “It’s best to limit the use of light by turning torches off whenever possible and only viewing turtles with ambient light. “Artificial light can confuse adult turtles which may disturb their nesting or prevent them from coming ashore. And in the case of hatchlings, any artificial light shined directly on them can cause them to lose direction as they attempt to make their way to the ocean.” As part of their life-cycle, turtles nest in the region where they first emerged out of the sand as hatchlings. Here, they lay anywhere from 50 to more than 100 eggs during fortnightly trips to the beach. Once a female turtle finishes laying several clutches of eggs, she returns to her feeding or foraging area, leaving the eggs and the developing hatchlings on their own. All of the Reef’s marine turtles are threatened species and are either listed as endangered or vulnerable under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. To report sick, injured, stranded or dead turtles please call 1300 ANIMAL (1300 264 625).

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Biodiversity and ecosystems feature prominently across many of the sustainable development summary of linkages between sdgs and aichi biodiversity targets sustainable development goal relevant aichi biodiversity target 1 end poverty in all its forms everywhere prevent their introduction and establishment. Biodiversity is central to sustainable development it is critical for reducing poverty, creating sustainable livelihoods and helping communities adapt to climate change. For sustainable development are successfully achieved however, the links between biodiversity and the path to achieving the mdgs have not been made explicit the first section of this paper provides an introduction to the benefits of biodiversity and the millennium development goals the importance of biodiversity to. Introduction: biodiversity and forestry as a global issue as part of global the sustainable development goals (sdgs) were adopted this year to address unfinished business of the millennium biodiversity covered under the mdgs, it is also covered by the convention on biological diversity (cbd) and the aichi targets. Implementation of the convention on biological diversity and its contribution to sustainable development the general assembly, 6 urges the parties to the convention to facilitate the transfer of technology for the effective implementation of the convention in accordance with its provisions, in this regard takes note of the. 14 several chapters in the 2013 fall report of the commissioner of the environment and sustainable development explore different facets of biological diversity 15 this backgrounder examines the nature and importance of biological diversity, the threats to it and their underlying causes, ways. J, “introduction” in reid wv and others (eds), biodiversity prospecting: using genetic resources for sustainable development, world resources institute, new york, 1993, p vi it may, however, be less accurate to limit the biodiversity/ poverty vs wealth/technology dichotomies to a south-north paradigm indeed, in truth we. Transdisciplinary forums, sustainable development contents 1 introduction: what is biological diversity 2 why is biodiversity conservation important 3 magnitude of biodiversity loss 4 anthropocentric forces 5 the problematique 6 sustainable development and biodiversity 7 characteristics of the problematique. Foreword 5 i cultural diversity and biodiversity for sustainable development background documents 7 introduction 7 unesco: towards a culture of sustainable diversity 8 unep: diversity in nature and culture 12 “diversity and sustainable development” by arjun appadurai. To find real solutions to both preserving biodiversity and securing sustainable development for the future in times of interdependence of biodiversity and development under global change a1 interdependence of biodiversity and development under global change: an introduction pierre l. Introduction of invasive, alien species to identify the challenges of sustainable human development in the context of biodiversity conservation, and of the implementation of biodiversity conventions in ladan, muhammed, biodiversity resources law and policy for sustainable development in nigeria (march 4, 2013. Iisd reporting services (iisd rs), linkages, a brief introduction to the convention on biological diversity, including the cop, sbstta, and working groups on the un world summit on sustainable development (september 2002, johannesburg, south africa) called for negotiation, within the cbd framework, of an. This book provides an insight into both biodiversity and gender it recognises the vital role of women in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity , and affirms the need for the full participation of women at all levels of policy- making and implementation in the conservation of biological diversity analytic. Introduction the convention on biological diversity (cbd) defined biotechnology as “any technology application that uses biological systems, living organisms biotechnology is already underpinning the sustainable development of biotechnology in relation to biodiversity and sustainable agriculture, the three are. Resource management sustainable development endemic species degradation introduction biodiversity is magnificent contribution of natural on our planet present day this superb biodiversity is gravely endangered owing to mad rat contest in the middle of countries in glut of the globe for expansion natural extinction. Although biodiversity has long been considered integral to this sustainable development agenda [4,12–15], its relationship to hwb has not been systematically explored as seddon et al note, effective conservation, restoration and sustainable practice rest heavily on how clearly the science. Introduction 1 the objectives and activities in this chapter of agenda 21 are intended to improve the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of biological resources, as well the current decline in biodiversity is largely the result of human activity and represents a serious threat to human development. Editorial: biodiversity and sustainable development 3 synergies that work: the joint introduction when it looked certain that the cold war was finishing, two trends of major importance started those who aimed at equity, economic and environmental well-being and the sustainability of development created agenda. This document describes that the sustainable development is linked to the sustainable development as role of biodiversity in sustainable development. 28020 madrid, spain tourism and biodiversity – achieving common goals towards sustainability isbn: 978-92-844-1371-3 published and printed by the world tourism organization, madrid, spain first printing 2010 all rights reserved the designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do. The celebration of the international day for biological diversity under the theme “ biodiversity and sustainable tourism” is an opportunity to raise awareness of the this theme has been chosen to coincide with the observance of 2017 as the international year of sustainable tourism for development and can contribute to. Introduction 1 agricultural biodiversity is of fundamental significance to human societies, providing socio- cultural, economic and environmental benefits it is essential to food security support the development of national plans or strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity and to.

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As the second most distant planet in the solar system, just now long would it take to get to Uranus? Which missions have been there before? And do we have any plans to go back? Let’s take a look. Uranus was the first planet to be discovered in the ‘modern’ era. Even those that have exceptional vision and the ability to see it unaided, would struggle to tell it was a planet and not a distant star. Uranus – Quick Facts - Average Distance From The Sun: 2,873,550,000 km (1,785,541,189 mi) - Radius: 25,559 km (15,881 mi) - Temperature: -195 °C (-320 °F) - Day length: 17 Earth hours - Year length: 84 Earth years - Number of moons: 27 - Closest Distance to Earth: – 2.6 billion kilometers - Furthest distance to Earth: – 3.2 billion kilometers - Next Window For Quickest Transit: – 2031 or 2032 for arrival in 2044 – 2045 How far is Earth from Uranus? To determine how far the Earth is from Uranus, we need to take into account where each of the planets are in respect to their orbit of the Sun. The distance can very greatly as the planets move along their orbit. The closest that Earth and Uranus approach each other is when both planets are in opposition. Opposition happens when the Earth moves between an outer planet, like Uranus, and the sun. This happens around once every 370 days. The closest approach that these planets can make, is when they are aligned in opposition, Uranus is at its closest position to the sun (perihelion) and Earth is at its farthest (aphelion). At it’s farthest, in solar conjunction, Uranus can be as distant as around 3.2 billion kilometers from Earth. This happens when the planets are on different sides of the sun to each other. At it’s closest, in opposition, Uranus can be as distant as around 2.6 billion kilometers from Earth. It is nearly twice as distant as the next planet in, Saturn, even at it’s closest distance to Earth. As Uranus and Earth both have elliptical orbits, the close and far points expand and contract over time, so these distances do vary. - Next Opposition (closest distance to Earth): November 9, 2022 - Next Solar Conjunction (farthest distance from Earth): May 9, 2023 How Long Would it Take to Get to Uranus? There has only been one mission so far to visit Uranus, and that itself was brief. It was from this mission that we know it has a retrograde orbit. That it is tilted on it’s side and has many moons. Voyager 2 was the craft that visited Uranus, on it’s trip around the outer solar system. Most of it’s observations and data was collected in a mere 6 hours. The Voyager 2 probe was launched on August 20, 1977 and reached it’s closest approach with Uranus 3080 days (8 years, 5 months, 5 days) later, on January 24, 1986! At it’s closest approach, Voyager 2 came within 81,500 km (50,600 miles) before flying off further into the solar system. Other than this mission, it is observations from powerful telescopes on Earth, and also Hubble that have added to our knowledge of this distant planet. Placing a craft in orbit, or dropping a probe into the atmosphere could take considerably longer. The approach would need to be calculated to allow the craft to slow and enter orbit at an acceptable speed. Also, the fight time would depend on whether the launch window and position of the planets allows for a gravity assist from another planet en-route. What is the Shortest Trip? The shortest trip so far, was that of Voyager 2 as this is the only craft to have visited Uranus to date. While other missions to the planet are currently being proposed, it is likely that these would have a longer journey time. As a dedicated mission to the planet would have greater mission goals than can be achieved with a flyby, approach would in all likelihood be slower and considered. A craft will take several passes before slowing into a comfortable orbit. How Often Does The Closest Approach Occur? The closest approach between Uranus and the Earth happens once every 370 days. Due to the orbits however, the closest approach in 2022, will vary in distance from the closest approach in 2023, so there is a longer cycle in play here too. Missions To Uranus So far, there has only been one mission to Uranus, as mentioned above: - Voyager 2 – Launched Aug 20, 1977 – Closest Approach Jan 24, 1986 – Flight Duration – 8 years, 5 months, 5 days. This mission was a flyby in which Voyager 2 collected data about Uranus, it’s atmosphere, moons and tilt. Many photographs were taken and this mission provided our first real look at the planet and its system. The ESA, NASA and China have all got their sights on Uranus, but nothing passed the planning stage as yet. However, NASA has put Uranus at the top of its list of priorities. This is following the most recent decadal survey, when is proposed every 10 or so years by the National Academy of Sciences. In the latest survey, scientists have recommended that the Ice Giants, and in particular the least explored planet Uranus, should be top of the priority table. There are many reasons for this, but foremost, is that we still have so much to learn about this planet and its many moons. The planet can teach us much about the further reaches of our solar system, and answer questions that have had to wait in line patiently for decades. The proposal by the NAS committee, was for a multi-year, multi-funtional Uranus Orbiter and Probe (UOP). To study the planet, its system and its atmosphere. Depending on if the project is agreed, and on the flight window, we could see Uranus in a different season to that of the list visit – offering maximum contrast with previous observations. If we want to catch Uranus in it’s southern spring, then we need to arrive before 2049. Ideally, with the alignment of Jupiter to provide a gravity-assist, we would launch a mission in 2031 or 2032. This would provide for the shortest flight time, and get us there in time for the season change. We could leave later, but if we waited until 2038 say, then the flight time would be pushed out to 15 years due to the alignment of the planets. What Is So Exciting About Uranus? The Ice Giants have a lot to teach us that we don’t already know about he solar system. Because of their distance, they have not had as many missions or investment as the terrestrial planets around us. It is not only the planet that is of interest though, it is also its moons. Some scientists believe that some of Uranus’s many moons – particularly Titania and Oberon – could be ocean worlds, underneath their thick sheets of ice, capable of hosting life. Anywhere in the solar system that can harbour life is undeniably worth investment in a visit. How Far Is Uranus From The Other Planets? The following are average distances between Uranus and the other planets in the Solar System: - Distance From Uranus to Mercury: 2,815,640,000 km or 1,749,638,696 miles - Distance From Uranus to Venus: 2,765,350,000 km or 1,718,388,490 miles - Distance From Uranus to Mars: 2,645,610,000 km or 1,643,982,054 miles - Distance From Uranus to Jupiter: 2,095,220,000 km or 1,301,969,708 miles - Distance From Uranus to Saturn: 1,448,950,000 km or 900,377,530 miles - Distance From Uranus to Neptune: 1,627,450,000 km or 1,011,297,430 miles

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Connecting with neighbours, family and friends By connecting with neighbours, family and friends, you create a better environment for your kids - “Extensive research reveals that social support networks can act as a significant buffer to the debilitating effects of poverty. Families experiencing stress can avoid some family crisis if they have (i) formal and informal social networks and (ii) the ability to positively reframe perceptions of stresses so that they feel that they are not the only ones struggling with these stresses and have increased hope and feelings of power to improve life circumstances.” - Social support plays an important role; if parents feel supported by their neighbours, friends and family, there tend to be lower levels of family stress and fewer parents experiencing depression. Source: Understanding the Early Years, Red Deer, Alberta – A Community Research Report (pdf) ; page III-25.

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Read and Write is a literacy software with tools designed for reading, writing, study and research support. Read and Write for Google Chrome is an extension that works with PC-Microsoft, Mac-Apple (including Ipads), and Chromebooks to bring technolgoy equality to all learners. This is a tool that can increase student engagement by providing greater access to reading, speec-to-text and study aids for students. The best way to increase student achievement when using this is to choose intentional moments in the classroom to showcase the particular features of Read and Write for Google Chrome. As a common way to provide two-way communication between students and teachers, Google apps such as Google Docs, Google slides and webpages (Google Search) are frequently used. Read and Write for Google Chrome provides support tools for the web and common file types accessed through Google Drive. Beneficial for use in all subject areas, Read and Write offers support with activities such as reading text out loud, understanding unfamiliar words, research, simplifying web pages, creating vocabulary lists and both typing and proofing written work. Google Slideshow to be used with your class: - Hear web pages and documents read aloud to improve reading comprehension, with choice of natural voices - Understand unfamiliar words with text and picture dictionaries - Develop writing skills with word prediction - Support independent student research with valuable study skills tools - Translator for Identifying unfamiliar words - Collecting and summarizing tools

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Narrator: This is Science Today. Every year, nearly six hundred thousand women have hysterectomies, making it the country's second most common major surgery after cesarean. Dr. Scott Goodwin, an interventional radiologist at UCLA, says one of the most common reasons for a hysterectomy is fibroids. Goodwin: Fibroids are benign tumors of the muscle of the uterus. They tend to affect women who are in their forties or are approaching menopause. No one knows for sure why some women get fibroids, although there does seem to be some genetic component. Narrator: Goodwin has been treating patients with a non-operative alternative to hysterectomy called embolization, in which the blood flow to the fibroid is blocked off and essentially dries up. Goodwin: The way it's done is to put a small plastic tube or catheter in the arteries to the uterus and then inject some small plastic particles and they float out in the bloodstream and they mechanically block the blood flow. Narrator: For Science Today, I'm Larissa Branin.

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Free Newsletters - Space - Defense - Environment - Energy - Solar - Nuclear by Staff Writers Canberra, Australia (SPX) Feb 25, 2014 Scientists using CSIRO's Parkes telescope and another telescope in South Africa have found evidence that a tiny star called PSR J0738-4042 is being pounded by asteroids - large lumps of rock from space. "One of these rocks seems to have had a mass of about a billion tonnes," CSIRO astronomer and member of the research team Dr Ryan Shannon said. PSR J0738-4042 lies 37,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Puppis. The environment around this star is especially harsh, full of radiation and violent winds of particles. "If a large rocky object can form here, planets could form around any star. That's exciting," Dr Shannon said. The star is a special one, a 'pulsar' that emits a beam of radio waves. As the star spins, its radio beam flashes over Earth again and again with the regularity of a clock. In 2008 Dr Shannon and a colleague predicted how an infalling asteroid would affect a pulsar. It would, they said, alter the slowing of the pulsar's spin rate and the shape of the radio pulse that we see on Earth. "That is exactly what we see in this case," Dr Shannon said. "We think the pulsar's radio beam zaps the asteroid, vaporising it. But the vaporised particles are electrically charged and they slightly alter the process that creates the pulsar's beam." Asteroids around a pulsar could be created by the exploding star that formed the pulsar itself, the scientists say. The material blasted out from the explosion could fall back towards the forming pulsar, forming a disk of debris. Astronomers have found a dust disk around another pulsar called J0146+61. "This sort of dust disk could provide the 'seeds' that grow into larger asteroids," said Mr Paul Brook, a PhD student co-supervised by the University of Oxford and CSIRO who led the study of PSR J0738-4042. In 1992 two planet-sized objects were found around a pulsar called PSR 1257+12. But these were probably formed by a different mechanism, the astronomers say. Evidence of an asteroid encountering a pulsar Astronomy and Space Asteroid and Comet Mission News, Science and Technology |The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement All images and articles appearing on Space Media Network have been edited or digitally altered in some way. Any requests to remove copyright material will be acted upon in a timely and appropriate manner. Any attempt to extort money from Space Media Network will be ignored and reported to Australian Law Enforcement Agencies as a potential case of financial fraud involving the use of a telephonic carriage device or postal service.|

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Yugoslav army experts check the wreckage of the downed American F-117 aircraft, in the village of Budjanovci, 30 miles northwest of Belgrade. While Deny Flight and Deliberate Force showed the growing gap between American training and other allies’ preparation, Allied Force demonstrated the transformation that had occurred in the air force’s combat search and rescue (CSAR) mission set. Allied Force began as a means to force President Slobodan Milošević to stop the ethnic cleansing he had ordered in Kosovo. Allied Force provided examples that Red Flag still worked, especially when it came to the ability to rescue pilots from hostile environments. It also demonstrated that the CAS exercises known as Air Warrior and the advanced training received at the Fighter Weapons School provided important experience as well. The CSAR missions were conducted by air force special operators known as pararescue jumpers. These missions had been practiced at Nellis AFB from the earliest days of Red Flag. More than any other mission type, the training conducted to pick up a downed pilot in hostile territory was tested during Allied Force. The training proved worth it. The realistic training exercises of Red Flag and Air Warrior used A-10s and rotary wing assets to rescue downed personnel. Between 1980 and 1990, the annual CAS Red Flag and the block on command and control taught at the A-10 weapons school changed the way the air force conducted rescue operations. Never before had air force personnel and assets been able to conduct a rescue operation in such a highly contested threat environment as the one found in Serbia. The threat environments tested at the Red Flag exercise eventually mirrored what would be seen during Allied Force. During the air war over Serbia in 1999, NATO was unable to completely destroy Yugoslavia’s surface-to-air missile capability. Historian Daniel Haulman stated at a conference of the Society for Military History in 2001, “Surface-launched missiles and antiaircraft guns continued to present much more of a threat to [air force] aircraft than enemy aircraft. Enemy fighters sometimes served only as bait to lure Air Force fighters into areas with heavy concentrations of surface-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery.” The bombing of Serbia provided another useful example of how differences between strategic and tactical no longer mattered and how the training practiced at Red Flag was very close to combat operations. F-117s flying early in the conflict struck underground command and control bunkers, military barracks, radio relay stations, and other targets that served both strategic and tactical significance. Each target, regardless of its nature, was just something that needed to be destroyed or disabled, and each operation moved NATO closer to ending the campaign. The B-2 bomber also saw its first combat missions during Allied Force, flying from its home station in Missouri and returning there rather than be stationed overseas. The B-2 had entered into Red Flag exercises in the summer of 1995, participating in a second Red Flag a few months later. The air force deployed the B-2 to Red Flag events more often than other fighter squadrons in its earliest days to ensure it was prepared to enter actual combat, which it did in 1999. Still, this was not a return to the days of strategic bombardment. The bombers now fell under Air Combat Command and executed deep strikes against targets. What mattered was a target’s destruction and, consistent with that objective, aircraft were assigned based solely on their ability to carry out a particular mission and not because of what command they belonged to. The combat search and rescue missions provided an excellent case study of just how important realistic training was to actual operations. Training to perform the CSAR mission was far more central to success in the actual rescues than the technology used. CSAR operations were an important task during Vietnam, of course, but Red Flag helped perfect the entire mission set. Red Flag exercises had included combat search and rescue operations since 1976, and these CSAR missions proved to be a mainstay of the exercise for the next two decades. Outside of Red Flag, those select pilots chosen to go attend the Fighter Weapons School, particularly A-10 pilots, were also exposed to training for CSAR operations. Lieutenant Colonel Chris Haave stated in A-10s over Kosovo (2003) that graduates of the weapons school became qualified to lead CSAR missions and that their abilities ranked at the top of U.S. and NATO “must have capabilities” when planning for combat. CSAR-qualified commanders are given the coveted call sign “Sandys.” The “sandy” name went all the way back to the Vietnam conflict and denoted the escort of search and rescue helicopters into enemy territory. Lieutenant Colonel Haave stated, “Due to the difficulty and complexity of the mission, only the most experienced and capable A-10 pilots are selected to train as Sandys.” Training to lead a CSAR mission was among the most mentally challenging mission sets learned by combat pilots. Lieutenant Colonel Haave said that these pilots must “use exceptional judgment to find and talk to the survivor without giving away information to the enemy, who may also be listening or watching. The Sandy must have an extraordinary situational awareness to keep track of the survivor, numerous support aircraft, rescue helicopters, and enemy activity on the ground.” There is a direct link between the rescue efforts in the Balkans and those practiced at Red Flag and at the Fighter Weapons School. Exercise parameters during a search and rescue training mission anticipated the rescue of downed pilots in Serbia perfectly. More important, the rescue efforts demonstrated that realistic training was as important as the technology needed to go in and rescue a downed pilot. The combat search and rescue efforts to retrieve Dale Zelko after he was shot down by surface-to-air missiles began long before he ever took off on his mission. The search and rescue effort to save Dale Zelko, the largest such operation since the Vietnam conflict, demonstrated the importance of training over technology. One of the benefits of Red Flag proven during this particular rescue effort was the value of training with different types of aircraft. Air force pilot Lieutenant Colonel Brian McLean said in his book Joint Training for Night Air Warfare (1992) that Red Flag “exposes the participants to more than one type of aircraft, [and] the participants learn what skills and capabilities can be provided by other types of aircraft and crews.” During the search and rescue efforts, Red Flag graduates knew where each and every aircraft would be located by altitude and exactly what type of mission the pilot of that aircraft would be responsible for. Another mission taught at Red Flag that was used during this rescue effort was the ability to conduct operations at night. In the fall of 1991, after Desert Storm proved the importance of operating at night, Red Flag moved its afternoon “go” to a night “go” to train pilots in nighttime operations. Lieutenant Colonel McLean indicated that conducting operations during periods of darkness allowed pilots to coordinate their “timing to achieve a more effective overall mission package.” This effectiveness in timing proved its worth in the rescue of Lieutenant Colonel Dale Zelko. On the night of 27 March 1999, Lieutenant Colonel Zelko set out on a bombing run. He carried, in addition to the standard survival equipment, an American flag tucked under his flight suit; it had been given to him by the senior airman who’d prepared his target package that night. It has long been tradition in the air force for pilots and aircrews to carry American flags with them during missions. Zelko had just finished his run over Serbia in his F-117 when the unthinkable occurred—he saw at least two, possibly more, surface-to-air missiles closing in on his aircraft. As the first one passed extremely close to the front of his aircraft, the pilot was surprised that its proximity fuse did not engage to detonate the missile. The second exploded near the rear of his aircraft, sending it into a violent negative-G situation and forcing Zelko to eject. Colonel Ellwood Hinman, a member of Zelko’s squadron, later said, “If we had to pick one man we wanted to be in that situation, it would have been Zelko.” Zelko was the Forty-ninth Fighter Wing’s life support officer. His day-to-day job, outside of the cockpit, was to train pilots in ejection procedures and how to handle their survival equipment in the event of this very situation. Less than a minute after ejecting and floating down under his canopy, Zelko made the following radio transmission: “Mayday. Mayday. Mayday, Vega-31.” Other aircraft in the vicinity and the large NATO airborne warning and control system aircraft orbiting nearby immediately picked up the transmission and responded: “Magic-86, on guard, go ahead.” The response stopped those who received the message dead in their tracks: “Roger, Vega-31 is out of the aircraft! Downed.” The pilot of another F-117, Vega-32, captured the entire episode on his radio, including the extremely shrill locator beacon that sounded as Zelko floated down toward enemy territory. Zelko was using a short-range radio intended only for communicating with aircraft orbiting nearby, meaning that once he was downed, he had difficulty contacting the airborne warning and control system aircraft again. A nearby KC-135 refueler began relaying the messages from Zelko to the AWACS aircraft. The only aircraft whose pilot heard all of the communications between Zelko, the air refueler, and the NATO AWACS aircraft was another F-117. This stealth pilot transmitted to the AWACS aircraft to “start the [combat search and rescue] effort.” A member of the combined air and space operations center team on the combat operations floor said, “You could have heard a pin drop when we realized it was a stealth.” Immediately after the moment of stunned silence, all hell broke loose as a massive rescue operation was set in motion. Dale Zelko landed roughly five miles west of Belgrade and south of the town of Ruma; his location so close to Belgrade indicated to rescue officers that this would be a very difficult mission. Zelko’s landing site was little more than a flat farm field, meaning it would be extremely challenging for the downed pilot to find somewhere suitable to camouflage himself and wait for the rescue mission to arrive. Beyond that, he had landed within two miles of the wreckage of his aircraft and thus was in danger of being found by the Serbian Army before the American combat search and rescue team arrived. Zelko moved from his landing site into a small irrigation ditch that provided the only land cover between two plowed farm fields. Major Ellwood Hinman was scheduled to fly in the “second go” of F-117s that night. When he entered the squadron, it was, in his words, “complete chaos.” Two problems immediately greeted Hinman and every operational officer at Italy’s Aviano Air Base that evening. The first was the rescue attempt to get Zelko out of enemy territory. The second was whether to bomb the wreckage to ensure that its components did not fall into enemy hands. Hinman volunteered for the second mission. However, for two reasons, the bombing mission never took place. First, every airborne tanker was diverted to support the rescue mission. Second, the proximity to Belgrade meant that local and international news stations arrived at the crash site quickly. In fact, by the time Hinman was preparing to taxi his aircraft, CNN had already broadcast images of the F-117’s wreckage burning in a field. With dozens of civilians at the crash site, there was no way the air force could destroy the aircraft without incurring civilian casualties. While the F-117 pilots of the Eighth Fighter Squadron at Aviano Air Base struggled to decide what their next steps should be, a pilot from a nearby A-10 squadron showed up to collect as much information on the downed pilot as possible, including his “isolated personnel report,” which contained information only the downed airman would know and would be able to remember even under extreme duress. The A-10 pilot gave this information to to the first two A-10 pilots readying to take off in support of the rescue mission. The rescue of Zelko involved dozens of aircraft and demonstrated the timing and coordination during night operations that had been emphasized at Red Flag after Desert Storm as well as the importance of pilots training with types of aircraft that had differing capabilities from their own. Furthermore, because of training exercises like Red Flag and home station continuation training, each pilot knew exactly how close he or she could push his or her aircraft into the Serbian defense system. After the first launch of aircraft that night, all other missions had been cancelled due to weather, and when the F-117 was shot down, more than a dozen airborne assets were retasked to participate in the rescue. These assets included at least two airborne warning and control system aircraft (NATO and air force); three intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets; an RC-135 Rivet Joint; an RC-135 Compass Call; a U-2; an EC-130E airborne command and control center; four F-16 CJs that provided onscene command until the arrival of the A-10s; and USMC EA-6Bs, each of which provided unique capabilities to facilitate the rescue of the downed pilot. The KC-135 refuelers, which normally circled in preplanned orbits well outside of any enemy threat, pushed closer to Serbia and the threat of enemy MiGs to ensure that the A-10s, which had to refuel, were able to safely “chainsaw” back and forth to the refuelers while leaving one pair on station over Zelko.

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Aboriginal “medicine man”. Palm Island, Queensland, 1930. Photo by E.O. Hoppe. Before settlers arrived in North Queensland, Palm Island belonged to the Manbarra people. Descendants of the Manbarra were still living on the tropical island, 65 km NE. of Townsville, when in 1914 the Queensland Government gazetted the Island as a reserve. Palm Island was named for the cabbage tree palms growing there by Captain James Cook in 1770. It became a settlement for people from very different tribal groups who were brought here in the forties and fifties by the white administration, especially children of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry, the "stolen generation". It is now a self governing Aboriginal community. Palm Island Pier has daily ferry links to Townsville Great Palm Island, also known as Palm Island, or by the Aboriginal name Bwgcolman, is a tropical island with a resident community of about 2,000 people. It is the main island of the Greater Palm group, and consists of small bays, sandy beaches and steep forested mountains rising to a peak of 548 metres (1,798 ft). The ocean surrounding the island is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park where extraction and fishing are regulated. Palm Island is rich in natural beauty, both fauna and flora.Palm Island's rich volcanic soil supports tropical flora such as mangroves, eucalypt forest, rainforests, hoop pine, mango, banana, pawpaw (papaya) and wild plum trees. The surrounding bays have a diverse marine fauna including coral trout, crayfish and coral reefs. Palm Island is home to two clan groups, Manbarra (traditional owners) and the larger group Bwgcolman, which incorporates all other Aboriginal and Torres Strait families/clans who have historical links to the island. Short Joes Horse Trails can take mainland visitors for an eight- hour horse ride to places inaccessible by road: Bamboo Creek, Wallaby Creek , or a cooling swim in a waterhole. There is also bushtucker lunch of possum, goat, goanna, turtle at the end of the horse trek Sunferries currently conduct three return ferry services to Palm Island per week departing on Monday,Thursday, Friday and Sunday. This service takes approximately 2 hours travel time each way. Due to the fact that vessel access to the Palm Island jetty is tidal, the timetable for this service can change weekly

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Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. An Internet Protocol camera, or IP camera, is a type of digital video camera commonly employed for surveillance, and which unlike analog closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras can send and receive data via a computer network and the Internet. Although most cameras that do this are webcams, the term "IP camera" or "netcam" is usually applied only to those used for surveillance. There are two kinds of IP cameras: - Centralized IP cameras, which require a central Network Video Recorder(NVR) to handle the recording, video and alarm management. - Decentralized IP cameras, which do not require a central Network Video Recorder (NVR), as the cameras have recording function built-in and can thus record directly to local storage media, such as flash drives and hard disk drives or to standard network attached storage. Analogue video camera transmits signals via coaxial cable to a single central location for monitoring, recording, and video analysis. Pros of Analogue CCTV: - Lower initial cost – In most cases, analogue cameras cost less up front than IP network cameras. Analogue cameras tend to handle low-light situations better than IP cameras on average, though IP camera technology is improving in this regard. - Wide-spread compatibility – Mixing and matching camera models and surveillance equipment form different manufacturers is easy with an analogue CCTV setup.

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Cholera Disproved As Cause Of Illness In Free State Province Patient. 18 February 2013 The National Institute for Communicable Diseases in Johannesburg has completed laboratory testing on specimens from a Free State Province man admitted to hospital last week with diarrhoea. The preliminary tests showed that the diarrhoea was likely caused by a species of bacteria belonging to the same family of bacteria that causes cholera. On further testing at the Centre for Enteric Diseases reference laboratory based at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, the bacteria was further identified as a non-toxin producing member of this family. Such bacteria cause mild diarrhoea and are not associated with outbreaks. The man has recovered from his illness and has since been discharged from hospital. Classic cholera outbreaks are caused by Vibrio cholera O1 and O139 bacteria. These specific bacteria produce a toxin (called cholera toxin) that causes a sudden onset of severe diarrhoea which often leads to dehydration. There are no cholera outbreaks currently reported in South Africa. The last major outbreak of cholera in South Africa was in 2009. Water or food that is contaminated by bacteria, viruses or parasites are important causes of infectious diarrhoea. To prevent these, people are advised to practice good hand hygiene by washing hands with soap and water after going to the toilet, before cooking, and before eating. If there is concern that a water supply may be contaminated, boiling or addition of bleach (1 teaspoon bleach per 20 liters of water) or water purification tablets (as per instructions) will render the water safe to drink. Released by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (a division of the National Health Laboratory Service) and the National Department of Health For further enquiries please contact: Nombuso Shabalala, 011 555 0545 or 082 886 4238

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What are the Types of Garment Wash? What Kinds of Garment Wash? What is Garment Wash? Garments washing or garment wash is done in denim fabrics to produce a color fading effect with or without patchiness, seam puckering, hairiness, crinkles, de-pilling, stabilized dimensions, and soft hand feel. It is one of the most popular processes which is applied in garments to enhance the garments. For the first time, the concept of garments washing technology was developed by Jack Spencer for the brand Lee. Stonewash was first developed by Francois Giraud and the sandblasting process was developed in 1988 by several branded companies in Italy. Different Types of Garments Washing: Primary garment washing are classified into two types, these are- - Dry process or Mechanical process, - Wet process or chemical process. Above two types of garment wash are discussed in the below: 1. Dry process or Mechanical process: In this type of clothing wash, there are some processes which have done without using any chemical or without using any garment loading washing machine are called Dry process or Mechanical process. Sometimes the dry process can be done by using a mechanical method. Various types of dry processes applied in garments washing are mentioned below: - Sandblasting process, - Hand sanding or Hand brushing process, - Machine sanding process, - Overall wrinkles process, - Permanent wrinkle process, - Grinding process, - Destroy process, - Tacking process, - P.P spray process, - Whiskering process, - Curing process, - Tearing process, - Hand scrapping process. 2. Wet process or Chemical process: There are some processes in garment washing, which can be done by using chemical and garments loading washing machine is called Wet process or chemical process. Different types of wet processes applied in garment washing are mentioned in the following: - Normal wash or rinse wash, - Silicon wash, - Pigment wash, - Caustic wash, - Bleach wash, - Enzyme wash, - Stone enzyme wash, - Acid wash, - Tie wash, - Super whitewash, - Deep dyeing, - Over dyeing.

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The International Fireworks Festival of Montreal is about to hold its annual fireworks competition! Travel with Stella to view the event, and prepare to be wowed by fireworks displays from around the world. See what Stella learns about the passion and hard work behind each display. Students will develop their multiplication skills while engaged in reading about fireworks. This fiction book combines math and literacy skills, and uses real-life examples of problem solving to teach subject area content. The full-color images, math charts and diagrams, sidebars, and practice problems make learning math relevant and fun. Text features include a table of contents, glossary, and index to increase understanding of math and reading concepts. An in-depth problem-solving section provides additional learning opportunities while challenging students' higher-order thinking skills.

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Geneticists say it may be possible to bring Neanderthal DNA back into the human gene pool if a willing female is found to volunteer to be the surrogate mother in a reverse engineering process, even though Neanderthals in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia became extinct about 28,000 years ago, the last one being found in Portugal, dated to about 28,000 years ago. No one is looking for a surrogate mom to carry a Neanderthal baby, but in the future it may be possible, say some researchers, if society decides it's morally or ethnically allowed by science. The morals and ethics of society still control science. But who knows what's possible in the future? The question is whether science can be contained? Or is science like life, destined never to be contained, but to expand out into the universe in knowledge? Check out the January 21, 2013 NBC News feature by Alan Boyle, "Help wanted: 'Adventurous' woman to give birth to ... a Neanderthal baby?" The title, obviously, is to attract interest. However, now geneticist, George Church says it may be possible -- in the future -- to bring Neanderthal DNA back into the gene pool, according to the NBC News article, if a volunteer surrogate mother can be found to bear a Neanderthal child--just a possibility in the future. But of course, it's speculation even if it may be a possibility. And no one openly at least is looking for a surrogate to get pregnant with a Neanderthal child, although there has been lots of cartoons on the subject going viral. Ironically, the technology may be in place for it to happen -- somewhere in the world in due time, but should it, the scientists may ask? The issue is whether creating Neanderthals is a healthy goal, since the original Neanderthals had a lifespan of only about 49 years or less compared to modern super centenarians whose genes may be a healthier goal to put into the population focusing on health and longevity. Also, the inner ear bones of Neanderthal show smaller parts that allowed them to run more slowly than Homo Sapiens. See, Neanderthal DNA. The ability of Neanderthals to speak is similar to humans but with one exception: They may have had much shorter vocal cords, allowing them to speak in very high pitched voices. But is it a good idea to bring back Neanderthals taking only their advantages and put those particular 'advantage' genes into our own species? After all they survived in freezing temperatures, in Europe, for example for 200,000 years. All the geneticists may need is one female willing to be a surrogate mom to a Neanderthal baby. During an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Church was asked whether a Neanderthal infant would be born in his lifetime. The scientist told reporter Alan Boyle of NBC News, that it depends on many factors, but the geneticist thinks so. Check out the NBC News article for scientist's quote. The geneticist is serious about about the promise of synthetic biology. Synthetic biology may be used to back-engineer an extinct species Geneticists can use the chemical components of DNA to add artificial twists to the code of life. Microbes could be modified to produce better biofuels or harness solar power. White blood cells could be altered to fight cancer or other diseases, using an inactive or modified form of the HIV virus. And extinct species could be brought back to life through a combination of cloning and genetic engineering. But which country will do it first? The species-resurrection scenario would involve inserting the reconstructed nuclear genetic material from the extinct creature into the living egg of a closely related present-day species, sparking the cell into dividing, and then implanting the resulting embryo into the womb of a female from the present-day species. It has been discussed in the context of using elephants to bring back mammoths, or chicken hens to bring back dinosaurs. Interestingly, the DNA that's found in modern humans said by scientists to come from Neanderthals, actually came from Neanderthal males to human females. See, "My great-great-great grandfather's a Neanderthal | COSMOS," and "Neanderthal Genome Study Reveals That We Have a Little Caveman." The DNA didn't come from Neanderthal women to Homo Sapiens, only from Neanderthal males to human females. Did this mean human women were taken as mates by Neanderthal men in some type of confrontation such as kidnapping, or in a type of marriage ceremony where human males traded their human females to Neanderthal men as mates for something valuable, perhaps food or hunting gear? It depends on how Homo Sapien women were valued by their male family members more than 30,000 years ago in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Some archaeologists report that some Homo Sapien females were tossed on the garbage heap rather than buried in some prehistoric human societies. Were they treated better or worse when living among Neanderthals and having children with them? Also check out the site, "Scientists create new Neanderthal model using 70,000-year-old." Now that the genome of Neanderthal has been examined from fossils, it's possible to use whatever bits of reconstructed genetic code to reprogram human cells and produce increasingly Neanderthal-like stem cells, the NBC News article reports. First scientists would generate a stem cell line that after many iterations comes out closer to the sequence of Neanderthal DNA that scientists found when they extracted DNA and found the DNA code of Neanderthals from fossils. See, Decoding the Neanderthal Genome - Archaeology.org. Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology found the DNA sequence of Neanderthals Last year scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany found the DNA sequence of Neanderthals. The conclusion is that Neanderthals survived and they are us. The Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig is a research group led by genetic anthropologist Svante Pääbo. The team of scientists completed a first-draft DNA sequence of a Neanderthal. The only problem is that this sequence includes only 60 percent of the Neanderthal genome. So a human surrogate would be needed if scientists ever actually decide to make a Neanderthal baby. Synthetic DNA would have to be generated to fill in the other 40 percent. The Neanderthal sequence showed that variations in just one gene might account for the differences in the shape of the skull, rib cage, and shoulder joint between Neanderthals and modern humans. But as the research continued, a major insight developed. When researchers compared the Neanderthal DNA to the DNA of three modern people (one French, one Han Chinese, and one Polynesian), the team found that all three had inherited between 1 and 4 percent of their DNA from Neanderthals. Scientists also compared the Neanderthal sequence to two African individuals (one Yoruba and one San) and found no indication that they had inherited genes from Neanderthals, who are known to have evolved outside Africa. The research supports the idea that Neanderthals interbred with Homo sapiens between 100,000 and 80,000 years ago as our anatomically modern ancestors left Africa and spread across the globe. But other scientists say, maybe it wasn't Neanderthals that bred with humans, but that both humans and Neanderthals inherited their genes from an earlier common ancestor of both whose DNA still shows up in modern humans. How scientists would create a new Neanderthal in the lab First scientists generate a stem cell line close the Neanderthal DNA. It's a semi-automated procedure done in the lab. Then they put the Neanderthal stem cells together in a human stem cell. The result is the ability to create a Neanderthal clone. But if this ever happens, think of what the baby would be like growing up. Would the Neanderthal baby have the ability to learn modern job skills and become independent? But the political climate really isn't going to let any scientists create a Neanderthal through back engineering the species, at least not in the USA. Even though researchers are closing in on a high-quality Neanderthal genome, they're not quite there yet, according to the NBC news article. Check out the article, "How synthetic biology will change us." The question is whether Neanderthals would think so differently from humans that the modern world could be abusive to them. But on the other hand, Neanderthals had a larger brain and skull. So their way of thinking could be superior. Scientists don't know whether or not they were more intelligent than humans. But they surmise that they didn't leave any art behind on cave walls compared to the quality of art painted by Homo Sapiens when both lived during that overlap of time 30,000 years ago on the same continent. On the other hand, the Neanderthal genetic code may be so worth studying. Should scientists generate an entire population of neo-Neanderthals? Or will Homo sapiens treat them differently? No one is asking a Neanderthal if he wants to be created in our society at least in the imagination with an emphasis on empathy and walking in his or her shoes. Would you like to be re-engineered and brought back as you were then? The reason the scientists think about bringing back Neanderthals is to "increase diversity." Scientists would like to see more diversity in humans It's more than curiosity. Our society of only humans today, Homo Sapiens, that is, has low diversity. You don't want low diversity because that means low immunity. Monoculture are at risk of perishing from lack of immunity to emerging viruses and bacteria mutations. Check out the article, "Neanderthal DNA lives on in some of us." To have more diversity, the scientists think the re-creation of Neanderthals would lessen the risk of humans being wiped out by microbes. But maybe the answer is to create stronger species more resistant to diseases than present humans? In any case, finding a Neanderthal surrogate mother is a possibility. See, "How sex with Neanderthals made us stronger." For now, there are no ads in the paper asking for volunteers to be impregnated with a Neanderthal baby because who knows if you're allowed to raise your child in privacy if a volunteer ever is accepted? After all, the media, doctors, and geneticists would be on your case and follow your child life-long. Also please subscribe to my various nutrition, health, or cultural media columns such as the Sacramento Nutrition Examiner column, Sacramento Healthy Trends Examiner column, Sacramento Holistic Family Health Examiner, Sacramento Media & Culture Examiner column, and my national columns: National Senior Health Examiner column, National Children's Nutrition Examiner column, and National Healthy Trends Examiner column. Follow Anne Hart's various Examiner articles on nutrition, health, and culture on this Facebook site and/or this Twitter site. Also see some of Anne Hart's 91 paperback books at: iUniverse. Or see the author's website. Please follow my columns on Pinterest or Pinterest Sacramento Nutrition Examiner. For more info: browse my books, How Nutrigenomics Fights Childhood Type 2 Diabetes and Weight Issues, (2008). Or see my books, How to Safely Tailor Your Foods, Medicines, & Cosmetics to Your Genes, (2003), How to Open DNA-driven Genealogy Reporting & Interpreting Businesses. (2007). Or Neurotechnology with Culinary Memoirs from the Daily Nutrition and Health Reporter. (2009). (Or the book of assessments), Do You Have the Aptitude & Personality to Be A Popular Author: Creative Writing Assessments - IUniverse, (2009).

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Bunkers were developed during the 19th century as a kind of fortress often separated from main strongpoints. They were built where the main offensive was expected, but due to high cost or natural conditions made building the whole fortress impossible. They could be used as defense strongpoints, but also can protect the headquarters from air or artillery attacks. Six men that survived the ambush now try to find the refuge in isolated bunker. Inside they find two frightened soldiers and doors that lead to underground tunnels. War films are not always showing the war per se - often the main theme is the influence of the conflict on lives of people involved, but also their families and friends. War is seldom a local thing - the trauma, the pain, the death they put their mark on people from around the world.

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One of the world's most expensive tourist attractions is found in one of the world's poorest communities. By Orla Ryan In Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda For $275, tourists can track some of the last remaining mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable forest in the Kanungu district in Uganda. To date, though, very little of this $275 goes back to the people who live around the park, sparking complaints from local people. That may be about to change, with action under way in the Ugandan parliament to revise the current revenue sharing agreement. Admittedly, these days there is an awareness in the parishes surrounding the park that the wellbeing of the park and the gorillas is crucial to their own prosperity. Conservationists know that if the gorillas are to survive, then local people need to be able to make money. And local entrepreneurs appreciate that without the gorillas, it would be much harder to make a living. Still, the unhappiness with revenue sharing echoes the early, negative response to Bwindi's conversion to a national park in 1991. The local Batwa people were forcibly removed from the forest and locals who had made their living from the forest, by selling firewood or keeping bees, had to stop. Chief park warden John Makombo said that hostility was so great that a person wearing a rangers' uniform was in danger of being assaulted. But now, he said, that has largely changed - meaning the gorillas can thrive in their native habitat, rather than in zoos. He vividly remembers his first encounter with gorillas in captivity: an experience which, he says, almost made him cry. "Those gorillas are stressed, they look like old gorillas even when they are not," he said. "Gorillas should never go to zoos unless they are in critical danger." One turning point in altering local opinion was the establishment in 1993 of Buhoma Community Rest Camp. Byamugisha's orphans group trained the children to dance, sing and make craft About 10% of all proceeds from the camp site are used to fund community projects, with beekeepers and mushroom growers among those who have benefited. These regular grants for business projects have helped change the attitude towards the park, said Paul Muhwezi, the camp's manager. "Local people make money from working in the park, acting as porters, selling items, taking tourists on walks," he said. Among these businesses is the handicraft shop run by Grace Kyimpeirwe for Bwindi Progressive Womens' Group. It sits on the dirt track which leads to Bwindi Impenetrable forest, amid other mud and brick huts and shops selling locally-made crafts to tourists. With her one year old son in her arm, Ms Kyimpeirwe tells me the price of the different items: 10,000 Ugandan shillings (£3, $2) for a wooden gorilla, Shs 10,000 for a drum, Shs5,000 for a basket. In the high season, she can sell as many as 30 items a day. There are about 250 women locally who make crafts for sale in this shop, who receive the full ticket price for their goods - once Ms Kyimpeirwe has deducted Shs1,000 to cover costs. For her work in the shop, Ms Kyimpeirwe gets Shs 30,000 a month as well as whatever she gets from making her own crafts. The rest camp has also helped fund solutions to problems catalysed - or at least highlighted - by the arrival of four-wheel drives full of dollar-laden tourists. Ignatius Byamugisha recalled what it was like when tourists first arrived. Children lined the street to beg, many of them orphans. "Everybody was looking for money...tourists were fearing to go outside the gate," he said. Mr Byamugisha's orphans group trained the children to dance, sing and make crafts, and now, he says, things have changed. "They don't ask for money and get nothing from begging," he said. Donations and money from the rest camp have helped fund Bwindi Orphans' School and a local hospital. But even though some local business people are benefiting from the tourists, many feel they should be getting a greater share of the $275 gorilla permit. Under the Uganda Wildlife Act of 1996, communities surrounding national parks get 20% of park entry fees. In the case of Bwindi, this amounts to 20% of a $20 portion of the $275 gorilla permit, with the rest of the money going to the Uganda Wildlife Authority's central office in Kampala. Damian Akankwasa, a director at UWA, said parliament will be reviewing the Bwindi revenue sharing agreement and the Act as pressure grows for the communities to get a bigger share of the permit. "For the support they have given us, I feel they should get more," he said, adding that local people have been quick to report any activity which may harm the gorilla population. Despite the success of Bwindi, in many people's minds it will always be linked with 1 March 1999, when eight tourists were killed - probably by Rwandan rebel forces. For people in Bwindi, this attack brought home to them the importance of the gorilla dollars and the need for Bwindi to be secure. That year, just 1,500 people tracked the gorillas, compared to an estimated 6,000 this year. "That is why people know they are benefiting from the park," Mr Byamugisha said. "When we had that problem, people suffered, with not even any salt at home." Travellers have come back to the park slowly, amid heightened security. A strong military presence greets the visitor and awareness is high of the need to protect travellers and wildlife. And in memory of those who lost their lives, there is a plaque in Buhoma community rest camp in memory of the tourists who died on 1 March 1999. It reads: "May the spirit of adventure never be subdued."

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New device could solve “candle and lighthouse” problem One of the biggest quests in astrophysics is to find Earth-like planets around other stars – places where life may exist. Regular telescopes are not good at directly imaging such small objects because a host star’s light generally drowns out the relatively dimmer light of a potential planet. But a new development in space imaging may solve that vexing problem. A study led by Florida Institute of Technology astrophysicist Daniel Batcheldor has demonstrated that a charge injection device, or CID, has the ability to capture light from objects tens of millions of times fainter than another object in the same picture. An exoplanet next to bright star is one such example. This ability is a result of how the CID is used as a type of camera: each individual pixel works independently and uses a special indexing system. Very bright pixels get addressed very quickly, while the faint pixels are allowed to carry on gathering the fainter light. “If this technology can be added to future space missions, it may help us make some profound discoveries regarding our place in the universe,” Batcheldor said. The study’s findings were reported in the Jan. 18, 2016, edition of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. To study exoplanets in detail, scientists are forced to make observations of these very faint objects next to bright stars. The situation is often described as the candle-next-to-the-lighthouse problem, though in reality is thousands of times worse. “Current instrument technology is very complex and expensive and still a ways off from achieving direct images of Earth-like planets,” Batcheldor said. With a grant from the American Astronomical Society, Batcheldor and several graduate students in the Physics and Space Sciences Department led the study using a CID on Florida Tech’s 0.8-meter Ortega telescope. They were able to pick out objects 70 million times fainter through the glare of Sirius, the brightest star in our night sky. That’s over one thousand times better than an off-the-shelf astronomical camera. The fact that a faint object could be accurately detected through the less-than-ideal, thick Florida atmosphere makes the observations made by the CID more exciting. Batcheldor plans to test the CID later this year at a telescope on the Canary Islands, and a prototype for a CID is slated for testing on the International Space Station later this year. In both cases, the CIDs are being built by Thermo-Fisher Scientific. Batcheldor’s solution is of potential interest to scientists because it is relatively inexpensive compared to other ideas, such as an external occulter like a star shade, which would require multiple, complicated components working in tandem in space for getting a glimpse of just a few small, Earth-sized exoplanets. “Personally, I like very simple, straightforward solutions, especially when there is a complex problem,” he said. “The CID is able to look at a very bright source next to a very faint source and not experience much of the image degradation you would normally experience with a typical camera.” The Latest on: Charge injection device via Google News The Latest on: Charge injection device - Non-tapered Catheter Success in Critical Limb Ischemia Pedal Artery Accesson August 1, 2022 at 6:23 am The non-tapered 2Fr XO Cross 14 Microcatheter in 90cm, 135cm, and 175cm lengths is designed to facilitate guidewire support, guidewire exchange, and contrast media injection during complex ... - Be the first to knowon July 29, 2022 at 12:36 pm on Jan. 27, 2022. Alabama’s prison commissioner did not explain what caused a lethal injection to be delayed more than two hours Thursday, July 28, 2022, beyond saying staff members were being ... - Danyel Surrency Jones' POWERHANDZ Receives Multimillion-Dollar Capital Injection From Vanguardon July 29, 2022 at 10:00 am Now, slightly over a year later, PH Innovation Holdings has announced it has received a multimillion-dollar capital injection from Vanguard Holdings Group, according to a press release shared with ... - ILC Dover Announces Multi-compendial Water for Injection (WFI) for Growing Biotherapeutic and Cell & Gene Therapy Marketson July 28, 2022 at 5:05 am announced the launch of Water for Injection (WFI) for the biotherapeutics market. Used for the preparation of media, buffers, and other ingredients for biopharmaceuticals and medical devices, this ... - 30 Students Vaccinated Against Covid With Single Injection-Syringe In Madhya Pradesh School, Probe Orderedon July 27, 2022 at 6:09 pm The incident occurred during a Covid vaccination camp for school children at Jain Public Higher Secondary School in Sagar city. - Scientists devise way to painlessly inject vaccines without needleson July 27, 2022 at 5:00 pm The device works a little like deploying a car airbag. An electrical charge ignites a tiny amount ... Daicel Corp., uses an intradermal injection. It works by targeting the outer-most layers ... - Haitian Int. - Leading Global Manufacturer Of Plastic Injection Molding Machineson July 27, 2022 at 3:50 pm medical devices, and general manufacturing. According to a report by Allied Market Research cited in an article by EINPresswire.com, the global plastic injection molding machines market was valued ... - KraussMaffei Launches 24/7 Production-Monitoring App that ‘Chats’ with Userson July 26, 2022 at 5:00 pm said the Munich-based maker of injection molding machines. It allows users to monitor machine status 24/7, anywhere, in real time either on a mobile device using the smartphone app or on a computer ... - Purchasing Basics: Injection molding machineson July 26, 2022 at 5:00 pm To calculate minimum opening stroke of a molding machine, figure the stack height of your mold plus two times the core length, plus any space for an automatic part removal device. With these ... - No needles: San Diego biotech inks deal to advance nasal spray for countering severe allergic reactionson July 26, 2022 at 10:22 am “Our initial goal is to first convert a significant portion of the existing 3.3 million people with injection devices today into neffy users.” ARS is a venture capital-backed firm, having ... via Bing News

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IT HAS been an uplifting week for stem cell research. Not only is US president-elect Barack Obama poised to sweep away restrictions on stem cells when he takes office on 20 January, but a new treatment based on the drug Mozobil promises to harness an individual's stem cells to help them heal their own bodies. A few days ago Sara Rankin and her colleagues at Imperial College London announced that Mozobil, in combination with natural growth factors, can free up specific types of stem cells from the bone marrows of mice and send them flooding into the bloodstream. The discovery is important because it opens up the possibility of treatments tailored to the individual, who would for example take drugs to stimulate the growth and release of specific stem cells to repair cardiac tissue after a heart attack. Such treatments would be free of ... To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.

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Figs reach their peak in summertime, growing fat enough to split their skins under the hot sun. It’s nearly impossible to keep up with a bountiful tree, and many a neglected fig is extravagantly abandoned to the beetles. But here we are, halfway around the calendar in dark and cold December, and we feel grateful for the figs we managed to set aside to dry. Their concentrated sweetness is balanced by a complex spicy flavor that makes dried figs exactly the right ingredient for dark and dense holiday desserts. As we mark another turn of the annual cycle from profligate to provident, what better way to celebrate than with a flaming mound of figgy pudding? Well, except that the traditional holiday pudding contains no figs. More on that later, along with some old recipes. First, we’ll unwrap the fig itself to find out what’s inside. Anatomy of the fig To understand a fig, you have to recall the basic structure of a flower and imagine the various ways flowers can be grouped on a plant. Figs (and related mulberries) cluster their tiny flowers together into dense and well-defined inflorescences. And, in both, all the flowers on an inflorescence develop into a single fused unit, which we casually call a fruit. Before offering the details of what we eat, we’ll need to look at the individual flowers and fruit. An idealized flower has four concentric rings of parts, or whorls. From the outside in, they are: 2) petals, which are often colored or otherwise showy (together called the corolla); 3) the “male” stamens, consisting of a filament holding aloft a pollen-filled anther; and 4) one or more “female” pistils, anchored by an ovary. The pistil catches pollen grains, which then grow down through a style to the ovary and the seeds within. The ovary matures into a fruit. Not all flowers have all of these parts. Figs make separate flowers with only one or the other sex: “female” flowers lack stamens and cannot make pollen, and “male” flowers lack pistils and cannot make fruit. Both female and male flowers also lack petals. Fig flowers are a bit like Christmas presents: you can’t see them without opening up the structure that encloses them, and sometimes the wrapping is more exciting than what’s inside. As it turns out, being hidden from view also means being hidden from all but the most specialized pollinators, which is a big part of the fig story (see below). Unwrapping the fig A fig is essentially an entire edible flower cluster turned inside out, tucked down inside its own stalk. This fleshy stalk, the peduncle, is the delicious bulk of what we enjoy when we eat a fig. To understand how we get from a typical flower cluster to a fig, it is useful to imagine a topological transition. Better yet, imagine turning a plain brown dress sock – the ordinary inflorescence – into a sock puppet – the fig. In your mind, put your hand into the sock. Now pretend that the toe end of the sock is covered with little fig flowers down to the base of your fingers. This structure would be equivalent to a short compact inflorescence with a long peduncle. Now make a sock puppet by pulling the flower-covered part of the sock into your hand until all the flowers are inside and completely surrounded by peduncle (plain sock) tissue. Finally, make your puppet pucker up its lips to close off the flowers inside. The head of the sock puppet is like the entire bulbous fig structure, technically called a syconium. If Santa brings you brown socks yet again this year, do something fun and educational with them. Make your own fig puppets for a family friendly way to learn about syconia. Fig flowers make gritty little achenes for fruit. (Some sources classify the fruits as drupelets, which are basically achenes with a little flesh on them.) The flowers are attached to the inside of the syconium by flower stalks (pedicels), which get very soft as figs ripen. The sweet part of the fig is a combination of peduncle, pedicels, and sepals. The crunchy parts are the achenes. But what about the old legend that wasp parts add a little something to the texture? Are there wasps in my figgy pudding? Usually, before fruit can ripen, flowers must be pollinated. In most of the more than 800+ fig species, pollination happens courtesy of small wasps from the Agaonidae family. Figs and agaonid wasps have required one another for existence for at least 60 million years. And like many co-dependencies, this one isn’t pretty. Fig seeds feed wasp larvae. A large family of newborn wasps synchronously emerges from the seeds within a syconium. The wingless, blind males have two quick duties before dying: inseminating their sisters and chewing escape holes for them. Before leaving home, young females gather pollen from male flowers. A winged female has 48 hours to find and enter a new receptive fig, pollinate the flowers, and lay eggs. The fig doesn’t help her. The only opening, the narrow ostiole, is defended with sharp bracts. With specialized jaws and a strong head, she chews her way past this gauntlet and into the fig, but tears her wings and antennae in the process. Figs make two kinds of female flowers: long-styled and short-styled. Wasps can lay eggs only in short-styled flowers, but they are able to transfer pollen to all flowers. The short-styled flowers thus make wasps, whereas the long-styled flowers make fertile seeds. Under this arrangement, both the plant and the pollinator may reproduce. The mother wasp dies after her tasks are complete and fig enzymes devour her body during ripening. The spent male offspring meet the same fate, while their gravid sisters fly off to other figs. In about half of fig species, whole trees come in two different sexes: “male” plants are similar to those described above, and their syconia bear both male and short-styled female flowers. (The ovaries of the female flowers serve mostly as wasp nurseries, so they tend to be forgotten by fig sexers.) “Female” plants produce syconia containing only long-styled female flowers, and the poor wasp entering one of these cannot lay eggs before dying. Although her own reproduction is thwarted, she brings pollen from a “male” plant that triggers seed and syconium development. Some favored varieties (e.g. Calimyrna) fall into this category and are called gynodioecious. Because they are pollinated, they produce viable seeds and a large sweet fig syconium, but their long-styled flowers preclude egg-laying, and we avoid a mouthful of baby wasps. Some mutant fig varieties can ripen syconia without pollination. These parthenocarpic (“virgin fruit”) plants have been propagated asexually by humans for over 11,000 years and comprise most of our edible figs (e.g. Mission and Kadota). They may lack well-developed seeds, but the empty shells of their achenes provide some crunch and their flesh is free of liquified female wasp body. If your Christmas pudding is made with figs, they are probably wasp-free virgin figs. Bring us some figgy pudding So what is that round brown flaming mound we know as figgy pudding, plum pudding, or Christmas pudding? Various sources proclaim that figgy pudding contains no figs; however when a printed recipe for an English-style boiled pudding is specifically labeled Fig Pudding, it does include figs. Thanks to the Historic American Cookbook Project, we can look at all eight Fig Pudding recipes (dated between 1870 and 1914) available in the digitized portion of their cookbook collection and confirm that figs are the main fruit ingredient in all of them. Two more fig-filled fig pudding recipes appear in the Macon Cook Book (1936 reprint of 1909 edition) and are presented alongside four figless recipes for plum pudding and Christmas pudding. Can we thereby conclude that true figgy pudding does contain figs and should not be confused with plum pudding, which does not contain figs and never claimed to? It’s more complicated than that: the word figgy has been used for centuries to describe something very sweet or, in the 19th century, something made with raisins (Oxford English Dictionary online). Notably, Plum Puddings never include plums or prunes, but are instead full of raisins and could be described as figgy. Thus a plumless figless plum pudding could accurately be called figgy. So although we clearly shouldn’t take “figgy” literally as an adjective, somebody must have taken it as inspiration to transform a medieval English boiled pudding recipe into a fig-filled confection called Fig Pudding. There’s one last twist to the story: perhaps the most popular early American cookbook, Fannie Farmer’s Boston Cooking School Cook Book (1896), contains a recipe for a holiday pudding bursting with figs and raisins. She calls it English Plum Pudding. This season, if carollers come to your door demanding figgy pudding, give them whatever you have. Just be sure it’s warm and soaked in brandy. Note that these recipes include suet, which is not vegetarian. Some websites recommend frozen vegetable shortening or a commercial vegetarian version of suet for those wanting to avoid the real thing. Butter’s melting point is too low to stand up to the long boil of the pudding. From The Macon Cook Book: a collection of recipes tested principally by members of Benson-Cobb Chapter, Wesleyan College Alumnae, Macon, Georgia. J.W. Burke Company, Publisher. (1936 reprint of 1909 original edition) Fig pudding no. 1 One fourth pound of figs chopped fine, one fourth pound of suet chopped fine, one cup of brown sugar, two cups of bread crumbs, two eggs, a rind and juice of one lemon, one-half grated nutmeg, one tablespoon of flour. Steam three hours and serve with sauce. It is splendid served with whipped cream, slightly flavored with vanilla. –Mrs. Mary Wimberly Robson English Plum Pudding 1/2 lb. stale bread crumbs 1 cup scalded milk 1/4 lb. sugar 1/2 lb. raisins, seeded, cut in pieces, and floured 1/4 lb. currants 1/4 lb. finely chopped figs 2 oz. finely cut citron 1/2 lb. suet 1/4 cup wine and brandy mixed 1/2 grated nutmeg 3/4 teaspoon cinnamon 1/3 teaspoon clove 1/2 teaspoon mace Soak bread crumbs in milk, let stand until cool, add sugar, beaten yolks of eggs, raisins, currants, figs, and citron; chop suet, and cream by using the hand; combine mixtures, then add wine, brandy, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, mace, and whites of eggs beaten stiff. Turn into buttered mould, cover, and steam six hours. Acknowledgements and references: Thanks to James Preston for calling Katherine’s attention to the Macon Cook Book and to Nancy Anderson for providing a hard copy of it (and inducting Katherine into the tradition of flaming figgy pudding) Thanks to Quentin Cronk for correspondence about the morphological delimitation of peduncles. More information about fig pollination may be found at the wonderful site Wayne’s Word An amazing collection of late 19th and early 20th century American cookbooks is available through Feeding America: The Historic American Cookbook Project based at Michigan State University.http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/ This year’s article is adapted from a longer version, posted in late summer of 2013, that compares in detail the anatomy of figs and their mulberry cousins and includes a summer recipe for fresh figs. This time of year, however, we revel in the charms of dried figs.

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It is very difficult to identify the mesothelioma causes. The cause is linked to a lot of unknown factors that make it even more difficult to trace it back to its source. Medical science has not yet figured out the exact ways in which asbestos exposure can cause this cancer to develop. Asbestos is a mineral and a fibrous material. It was commonly used to construct homes and other buildings before the discovery of its dangers in the late 1930s. It is a natural product that occurs naturally on all living things. When dust, soil, rain or water gets into the lungs of an individual exposed to asbestos, particles are inhaled into the body where they lodge in the lungs and then become lodged in tissues. Asbestos is not dangerous to the health of most people, but the symptoms that it can cause are very serious. Most people are exposed to asbestos through the common way that it is used today – as a material in building materials. As such, when asbestos is involved in any type of construction work, there is a definite possibility that it may get into the lungs of the worker and may begin to slowly cause cancer. Workers who are engaged in the construction of buildings are very likely to get asbestos into their lungs. If this is not avoided, the odds are that the disease will be passed on to their family members at some point in time. Asbestos is very common today in the workplace. Because asbestos is present in so many different products and parts of buildings, there is a high chance that some workers will come in contact with it. Therefore, the risk for developing mesothelioma is very high. The severity of the disease varies from one person to another. Some people have severe symptoms, while others do not. Despite the fact that mesothelioma causes may be difficult to find, there are still some things that can be done to protect yourself from getting this type of cancer. The first thing that you need to understand is that there is no way that asbestos fibers can go through your body easily. Even if you are exposed to them, they will not remain there for very long. This is the reason why it is important to limit your exposure to asbestos when working in a construction company. It is also important to know the symptoms that you should be on the lookout for when dealing with asbestos. If you are exposed to asbestos, you will develop a number of symptoms. The most noticeable is that your immune system will begin to malfunction and you will begin to experience fatigue and a short temper. The next stage after this is an increase in blood pressure and an increased risk of developing heart disease. Knowing the causes of mesothelioma and knowing the symptoms are important to preventing this disease from becoming fatal. There are a number of medications that can help to reduce the risks of developing mesothelioma. They can help to protect you from being diagnosed early on. Knowing the causes of mesothelioma and knowing the symptoms are the first steps in preventing mesothelioma. If you have been exposed to asbestos, it is important to get regular screening tests performed by your doctor. These tests will help to determine the cause of the cancer and it will allow you to find a cure for it once it has developed. - Meet Entrepreneur Quinelle Holder, THe Founder of Medium Creative Agency - September 30, 2020 - Thomas Auringer: Building Buildings and Building Cultures - September 23, 2020 - Shazir Mucklai – Imperium PR - September 15, 2020

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Dark matter is an intended form of matter that does not emit or reflect electromagnetic radiation and therefore cannot be observed in the normal way. Dark matter can be detected only indirectly through its gravitational influence on ordinary matter, or by its weak interaction with the latter. The concept of dark matter was introduced as an explanation for why galaxies rotate much faster than they should be doing in relation to the amount of visible matter they contain and why galaxy clusters do not move as they should if only visible matter existed. Nowadays there are also many other observational evidence for the existence of dark matter, but they do not allow to understand what it consists of. This is one of the great unsolved problems in physics. Free example dark matter research paper will let you understand that researchers have measurements allowing to conclude that the total energy of the universe (which according to E = mc² is the same thing as mass) consists for 23 percent of dark matter, and only 5 percent of normal matter. The remaining 72 percent consists of dark energy. What dark matter is made up of is still a mystery. The two most common explanations are MACHO (Massive Compact Halo Objects) and WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). MACHO are thought to be macroscopic objects like brown dwarfs (Jupiter-like bodies having not enough mass to become stars). WIMP are thought to be elementary particles of exotic matter, with large mass but with only weak interactions with the normal matter except for the gravitational interaction. Supersymmetric particles are an example of theoretically proposed exotic matter. Neutrinos were also long among the large number of candidates, which could be explained the observed gravitational effects. Previously, they had been considered massless but the new findings suggest they had mass, albeit small. Researches have now managed to fix the limit on how large the three neutrinos mass may be and it turns out that despite their large numbers can only give a small contribution to the total mass of dark matter. Recent experimental results also show that MACHO just can at most explain a small part of the dark matter and the WIMP are therefore the preferred option. There are also other options such as the original black holes, gravitinos (hypothetical supersymmetric partners of gravitons), and axioner, which is another type of exotic particles. In August 2006, researchers reported that, among other things, using the NASA’s Chandra Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope let them see direct evidence of dark matter in a collision of two galaxy clusters, where the ordinary matter was separated from the dark matter. The system is called Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-56). By using gravitational lenses, they could see that the source of gravity of the clusters does not overlap with the visible matter, indicating that the bulk of the mass is in the form of dark matter . Another example of colliding galaxies with separated dark and ordinary matter, MACS J0025.4-1222, was found in 2008. At EssayLib.com writing service you can get a high-quality custom research paper on Dark Matter topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details: Enjoy professional research paper writing service!

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In choosing a strong password, length is more important than the size of the character space. Consider the following example. Suppose you choose a password with 2 lower case letters, 2 uppercase, 2 numbers, and 2 special characters, for a total of 8 characters. (Assume that there are 15 special characters available.) The number of such passwords is given by C(8,2)C(6,2)C(4,2)*262*262*102*152 ≈ 2.6E13 Suppose on the other hand that we limit our choice of characters to the lower case letters, but increase the length of the password from 8 characters to 10. We then have 269 ≈ 1.4E14 or more than 5 times as many possibilities as before. Notes: In the language of computational complexity, the number p of possible passwords of length L in a character space of size c is given by p(c, L) = cL. If we fix L, then p is a polynomial function in c, and if we fix c, then p is exponential in L. Therefore, it's more important to choose a longer password or phrase than it is to use a larger character set, other things being equal. As a practical matter, however, it's wise to do both. Increasing the length of your password or passphrase by even one character can greatly increase its security. In any fixed character space, there are many more passwords of length n+1 than there are passwords of lengths n or fewer. For example, suppose a password of length 10 is chosen from the upper and lower characters and the digits. The character space is 62 and the total number of possible passwords is 6210 or about 1.45E17. Increasing the length of the password to 11 characters yields about 7.52E18 possibilities. One would need to increase the number of characters in the character space from 62 to 73 to achieve a comparable increase in possible passwords of length 10. Taking another example, suppose you've chosen a password with 8 characters, all of them lowercase. If you double the number of possible characters by including upper as well as lowercase characters, then you've increased the total number of possible passwords from 268 to 528 = (28)(268) = 256*268, or by a factor of 256. That is, there are 256 possible passwords in the larger character space than there were in the smaller space. Think of it as follows: the first character in the password can be upper or lower, so there are 2 choices in that place. The second character can also be upper or lower, again 2 choices, and so on eight times, for a product of 256 different passwords using both upper and lower for each password using all lowercase. If, however, you double the length of your password from 8 characters to 16 characters, while sticking with lowercase letters only, then the total number of possible passwords increases from 268 to 2616 = (268)(268), or by a factor of about 200 million. That is, there are 200 million different passwords of length 16 for each password of length 8. One way to understand this larger number is that each 16-character passphrase can be thought of as two 8-character passwords stuck together. For each of the 200 million or so 8-character passwords in the first 8 places, there are another 200 million possible 8-character passwords in the last 8 places. Given that the last 8 characters are chosen independently of the first 8 characters, the resulting number of passwords is the product of 268 and 268. The fancy understanding of this is that the total number of possible passwords increases in polynomial time (c2) with a doubling of the number of characters in the available character space, but it increases in exponential time (in this case 26L) with an increase in the length of the passphrase.

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In this webinar, Carolina Andrés, Embryologist, Andrology Laboratory at Clinica Tambre talked about technical terms in embryology that you need to be aware of. During the first consultation, the doctor will explain all the tests required for both females and males before starting any fertility treatment. One of the tests included in that is Karyotype, which is performed to analyze the pair of chromosomes present in your body. Chromosomes are structures that contain the DNA, all the information that we need to function. A human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes, however, this number can be altered, not only the number but also and also the structure. A karyotype is used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes. To form an embryo, we need to have gametes, which are cells (male and female) that joins with a cell of the opposite sex to form a zygote. Male factor diagnosis The main protagonist is the sperm, which consists of 3 important parts, the head, the midpiece and the tail. These structures are analyzed in the spermiogram. Spermiogram allows for checking sperm concentration, motility, and the aspect of sperm Different diagnostic results that can be obtained are: - aspermia, a complete lack of semen - asthenozoospermia when there’s less than 32% of sperm with progressive motility - azoospermia, when sperm cells are absent in semen - hypospermia when we find that the volume of the ejaculate is lower than 1.5 ml - oligozoospermia where there is less than 15 million sperm per millilitre of semen - necrozoospermia when there is more than 58% of dead spermatozoa in the sample - teratozoospermia when there’s more than 4% of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa in the sample - leukocytospermia when there are more than 1 million leukocytes per millimetre, which usually indicates genitourinary infection Apart from spermiogram, which is the basic analysis done for male factor diagnosis, another test to perform is DNA fragmentation. This test allows to detect if there are any breaks in a DNA molecule, which is a structure that contains all the information. If there are some breaks in one of the strands, it’s called simple strand fragmentation, if there are breaks in both strands, it’s called double-strand fragmentation. Female factor diagnosis The structure of the cell of the ovum or more scientifically called the oocyte is formed by 3 parts. Zona pellucida, which is the outer layer, the cytoplasm or ooplasm, and then the polar body. Concerning the female diagnosis, the most important thing to do is analyze the ovarian reserve. There are 2 important tests to analyze the functional potential of the ovary, which is the antral follicle count (AFC), the doctor can see by ultrasound scan how many follicles are there. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) test is done by blood, and it analyzes this hormone and will tell you what your ovarian reserve is. When the doctor has all the information and can provide a diagnosis for the couple, he will indicate the best treatment that suits this particular couple. Many treatments can be done. Before the egg retrieval, everything is connected with the stimulation and medical terms, therefore, Carolina Andrés focused on the terminology used after the egg retrieval. On the day of the retrieval, the doctor performs an ovarian puncture to retrieve the oocytes, which are then sent to the lab for classification. It is possible to classify the oocytes into 2 different groups. The immature group stage and the mature stages. For the ICSI procedure, only oocytes within the mature stage (Metaphase II) are used. The immature oocytes (Metaphase I) are going to be discarded. Once the oocytes are classified, the microinjection will be performed, one selected sperm will be introduced into one of the oocytes, it is done on all the available oocytes. They are then put into incubators. There are many kinds of incubators out there, one of the most popular ones is the time-lapse incubators, which have a camera inside to check the embryos at all times, they are recording their development within 24 hours. These embryos are cultured until day 5 (blastocyst stage) of their development, which helps to select better embryos, only about 50% of the embryos that fertilize are going to arrive at this stage. That means that the potential of implantation is higher if they are of good quality. After the microinjection is performed, the embryologist has to wait one day and the next day, they will check fertilization, it’s a way to know which of these oocytes has the potential to form or to develop and start dividing into embryos. On day 1, the embryologist needs to check structures that appear in the oocyte, which are the pronuclei. It’s crucial to have two of them, one coming from the mother and the other from the father. There are also non-fertilized oocytes where we don’t see any of the structure, they will be discarded. There is also a possibility to have oocytes with 1 pronucleus or more than 2, for example, 3-4. These types would also be discarded. However, sometimes oocytes with 1 pronucleus which arrive at the blastocyst stage will be considered for the genetic analysis, but only in those cases. Sometimes, in around 20% of the cases, such blastocysts can be euploid. If a genetic test (PGT) is not going to be performed, they are discarded automatically. After the first day, embryos start developing and start dividing. On day 2, the oocytes that were fertilized the divisions must be complete and form complete cells, on day 3, it is expected for the embryos to have 8 cells or more, and on day 4, they will become a compacted morula stage. Then on day 5, it’s possible to see their development and see if they were able to form a blastocyst. At the cleavage stage grading, the embryologist checks the number of cells, they must have an accurate number of cells. The percentage of fragmentation in the embryo is also important, cells must divide completely. The embryos are graded by fragmentation from 1 to 4. 1 being the lowest and 4 being the highest. Embryos graded 1 or 2 are of good quality, however, grades 3 and 4 are embryos of intermediate quality, and their prognosis is lower. The blastocyst consists of the Inner Mass Cell (IMC), which leads to the formation of structures of the fetus, and then the Trophectoderm (TE), which forms the outer layer, which is going to form the placenta. There is also a quality grading system for blastocysts called Gardner Grading System. Grading 1-6 refers to the expansion of the blastocyst, so a blastocyst that is starting to expand will be graded 1, and as soon as it starts to develop and expand more, it will become a blastocyst 2 and then 3. Grade 4 and 5 are blastocysts that are starting to hatch, which means that the zona pellucida is going to be so thin that it’s going to break, which is a normal process. Finally, blastocyst graded 6 is the most expanded. Concerning the quality of the structures, both the Inner Cell Mass and Trophectoderm are going to have a letter that goes from A to D. A and B are considered good quality, and the only difference between them is the morphological aspect, it allows the embryologist to differentiate them, for example, inner cell mass which is more compact compared to another one that’s a bit bigger, but their quality is the same. Letter C means one of the structures is not there, if there is C for the inner cell mass, that means it’s not there. Letter D means the cells are starting to be damaged and deteriorate, so they are not good. Finally, with these good-quality embryos, there are different destinations and things that can be done. The first option would be to transfer the embryo, which means placing the embryo into the uterus with a catheter. Another option would be to vitrify embryos, in some cases patients cannot do the transfer date, or the endometrium is not prepared, or there are other reasons, so the embryos can be vitrified. The embryos are frozen and stored in tanks in nitrogen liquid at -196C. When they are needed, they are thawed and then transferred. One of the last uses would be analysing the embryos genetically, so performing Preimplantation Genetic Testing. The PGT procedure is done regularly at the laboratory. The embryos are placed on a dish, and they are observed under the microscope, the embryologist takes 3 to 5 cells to analyse them genetically, and then sends them to the genetic laboratory for analysis. There are different kinds of preimplantation genetic testing. The most common one is PGT-A (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy) to check for abnormalities in the number of chromosomes. PGT-SR checks for structural anomalies, and PGT-M testing checks monogenic/single gene defects. PGT-A results can show a euploid embryo, which contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, there can also be an aneuploid embryo, which means that there’s a gain or loss of genetic content which affects 1 or 2 pairs of the chromosomes, and then there are also mosaic embryos. Mosaicism means that within the same embryo, there are euploid and aneuploid cells in different percentages, depending on the percentages. The genetic laboratory would give some indications concerning the transfer of these embryos.

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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia A white dwarf is an astronomical object which is produced when a low to medium mass star dies. These stars are not heavy enough to generate the core temperatures required to fuse carbon in nucleosynthesis reactions, and after they have become a red giant during their helium-burning phase, they will shed their outer layers to form a planetary nebula, leaving behind an inert core consisting mostly of carbon and oxygen. This core has no further source of energy, and so will gradually radiate away its energy and cool down. The core, no longer supported against gravitational collapse by fusion reactions, becomes extremely dense, with a typical mass of about half that of the sun contained in a volume about equal to that of the Earth. The white dwarf is supported only by electron degeneracy pressure. The maximum mass of a white dwarf, beyond which degeneracy pressure can no longer support it, is about 1.4 solar masses. A white dwarf which exceeds this limit (known as the Chandrasekhar limit), typically by mass transfer from a companion star, may explode as a supernova. Eventually, over hundreds of billions of years, white dwarfs cool to temperatures at which they are no longer visible. However, over the universe's lifetime to the present (about 15 billion years) even the oldest white dwarfs still radiate temperatures of a few thousand kelvins. Most small and medium-size stars will end up as white dwarfs, after all the hydrogen they contain is fused into helium. Near the end of its nuclear burning stage, such a star goes through a red giant phase and then expels most of its outer material (creating a planetary nebula) until only the hot (T > 100,000 K) core remains, which then settles down to become a young white dwarf. A typical white dwarf is half as massive as the Sun, yet only slightly bigger than Earth. This makes white dwarfs one of the densest forms of matter, surpassed only by neutron stars and hypothetical quark stars. The higher the mass of the white dwarf, the smaller the size. There is an upper limit to the mass of a white dwarf, the Chandrasekhar limit (about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun). When this limit is exceeded, the pressure exerted by electrons is no longer able to balance the force of gravity, and the star continues to contract, eventually forming a neutron star. Despite this limit, most stars end their lives as white dwarfs since they tend to eject most of their mass into space before the final collapse (often with spectacular results - see planetary nebula). It is thought that even stars eight times as massive as the Sun will in the end die as white dwarfs. Many white dwarfs are approximately the size of the Earth, typically 100 times smaller than the Sun. They may have the same mass as the Sun and so are very compact. A radius which is 100 times smaller, implies that the same amount of matter is packed in a volume that is typically 100³=1,000,000 smaller than the Sun and so the average density of matter in white dwarfs is 1,000,000 times denser than the average density of the Sun. Such matter is called degenerate. In the 1930's the explanation is given as a quantum mechanical effect: the weight of the white dwarf is supported by the pressure of electrons (electron degeneracy), which only depends on density and not on temperature. If, for all observed stars, one makes a diagram of (absolute) brightness versus color (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram), not all combinations of brightness and color occur. Few stars are in the low-brightness-hot-color region (the white dwarfs), but most stars follow a strip, called the main sequence. Low mass main sequence stars are small and cool. They look red and are called red dwarfs or (even cooler) brown dwarfs. These form an entirely different class of heavenly bodies than white dwarfs. In red dwarfs, as in all main-sequence stars, the pressure counterbalancing the weight is caused by the thermal motion of the hot gas. The pressure obeys the ideal gas law. Another class of stars is called giants: stars in the high-brightness part of the brightness-color diagram. These are stars blown up by radiation pressure and are very large. White dwarf stars are extremely hot; hence the bright white light they emit. This heat is a remnant of that generated from the star's collapse, and is not being replenished (unless it accretes matter from other nearby stars). However, since white dwarfs have an extremely small surface area from which to radiate this heat energy, they remain hot for a long period of time. Eventually, a white dwarf will cool into a black dwarf. Black dwarfs are ambient temperature entities and radiate weakly in the radio spectrum, according to theory. However, the universe has not existed long enough for any white dwarfs to have cooled down this far yet, so no black dwarfs are thought to exist. Many nearby, young white dwarfs have been detected as sources of soft X-rays (i.e. lower-energy X-rays); soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet observations enable astronomers to study the composition and structure of the thin atmospheres of these stars. White dwarfs cannot be over 1.4 solar masses, the Chandrasekhar limit, but there is a working method to get them over this limit. Like a nova, a white dwarf can accrete material from a companion. Unlike a nova, the material accretes slowly and remains stable. The mass of the white dwarf increases until it hits the 1.4 solar mass limit, at which degeneracy pressure cannot support the star. This creates a type Ia supernova and is the most powerful of all the supernovae. History of discoveries In 1862 Alvan Graham Clark discovered a dark companion of the brightest star Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris). The companion, called Sirius B or the Pup, had a surface temperature of about 25,000 K, so it was classified as a hot star. However, Sirius B was about 10,000 times fainter than the primary, Sirius A. Since it was very bright per unit of surface area, the Pup had to be much smaller than Sirius A, with roughly the diameter of the Earth. Analysis of the orbit of the Sirius star system showed that the mass of the Pup was almost the same as that of our own Sun. This implied that Sirius B was thousands of times more dense than lead. As more white dwarfs were found, astronomers began to discover that white dwarfs are common in our galaxy. In 1917 Adriaan Van Maanen discovered Van Maanen's Star, the second known white dwarf and the closest one to the Sun other than Sirius B. After the discovery of quantum mechanics in the 1920's, an explanation for the density of white dwarfs was found in 1926. R.H. Fowler explained the high densities in an article "Dense matter" (Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. 87, 114-122) using the electron degenerate pressure a few months after the formulation of the Fermi-Dirac statistics for an electron, on which the electron pressure is based. S. Chandrasekhar discovered in 1930 (Astroph. J. 74, 81-82) in an article called "The maximum mass of ideal white dwarfs" that no white dwarf can be more massive than about 1.2 solar masses". This is now called the Chandrasekhar limit. Chandrasekhar received the Nobel prize in 1983. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

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Formosan rock macaques (Macaca cyclopis) are found in the mountainous terrain of northeastern and southwestern Taiwan. They may once have been associated with the sea coast but have now been largely restricted to inland hills because of human activity (Kuntz and Myers, 1969). Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ) Introduced feral subpopulations have become established at four localities in Japan: Oshima (south of Tokyo), Nojima (south of Nagoya), Wakayama prefecture (south of Osaka, where it has hybridized with Macaca fuscata), and the Shimokita Peninsula (northern Honshu) (Fooden and Wu 2001). Formosan rock macaques are quadrupedal (Fleagle, 1988). They use cheek pouches to carry food in while foraging. The pelage is dark gray to brown in color. Tail length varies from 26 to 46 cm and body lengh ranges from 36 to 45 cm. They typically weigh 5 to 12 kg, though some adult males can be over 18 kg. The hairs are soft, a dark gray color in winter and an olive drab in summer; abdominal skin is slightly blue (Grzimek, 1988). Range mass: 5 to 18 kg. Range length: 36 to 45 cm. Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry Sexual Dimorphism: male larger Formosan rock macaques inhabit primarily mixed coniferous-hardwood temperate forest, as well as bamboo and grassland at elevations between 100 and 3600 m . They are also found in coastal areas. (Grzimek, 1988) Range elevation: 100 to 3600 m. Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest Habitat and Ecology It is terrestrial and arboreal, diurnal, and feeds on fruits, leaves, berries, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. Reproduction is strongly seasonal in this species. Birth occurs between February and August, with birth frequency peaking during April and June (Fooden and Wu 2001; Hsu et al. 2006). Females first give birth at 4 or 5 years of age. Annual birth rate is around 0.70 (Fooden and Wu 2001), in lowland broadleaved forest, it is reported to be 0.69 in a wild troop (Wu and Lin 1992) and 0.78 in a provisioned subpopulation (Hsu et al. 2006). Annual birth rate may be lower in troops inhabiting higher elevation (Fooden and Wu 2001). Formosan rock macaques consume a wide variety of foods, including fruits, leaves, berries, seeds, insects, animal prey, buds, young shoots, and small vertebrates. These macaques reportedly raid crops (Rowe, 1996). Animal Foods: insects Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit Primary Diet: omnivore These animals may be important in local food webs, and in helping to disperse seeds. Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds Humans are reported to hunt these animals for their meat. They may also fall victim to raptors. However, Clouded leopards are the primary predators of these animals - Clouded leopards Life History and Behavior Formosan rock macaques emit 'scream calls' when approached by a non-group members. Group members answer this call with a sound that sounds like "kyaw-kyaw". A fear grimace is when the lips are retracted so that the teeth are shown and clenched (Estes, 1991). This display functions as an appeasement signal to reduce aggression in aggressive encounters (Estes, 1991). Staring with an open mouth but with the teeth covered indicates aggression (Estes, 1991). As in other macaques, it is likely that tactile communication (grooming, playing, fighting, mating) is also important. There may be some chemical communication in the form a pheromones. Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical Most species in the genus Macaca live to be about 30 years old in captivity. Lifespans in the wild are probably shorter. It is reasonable to assume that M. cyclopis is like other members of the genus in this respect. Most macaques are polygynous. Given the sexual dimorphism in size seen in M. cyclopis, it is reasonable to assume that this species is, also. Mating System: polygynous Formosan rock macaques give birth to a single offspring per pregnancy. During estrus the perineum of the female swells at the base of the tail and along the thighs. Gestation period is about 165 days. Young weigh an average of 400 g at birth. The mating season occurs from November through January, with births occuring from April through June. The mating season coincides with the peak of fruit availability. Females 5 to 9 years old usually give birth every other year, older females give birth every year (Rowe, 1996). In most macaques, nursing lasts for about one year. Young are typically independent after about two years, although may retain life-long associations with their mother. Breeding interval: Females 5 to 9 years old usually give birth every other year, older females give birth every year. Breeding season: The mating season occurs from November through January. Average number of offspring: 1. Average gestation period: 165 days. Average weaning age: 12 months. Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous Most parental care is provided by the mother. She grooms, nurses, protects her infant until it becomes independent. In most macaques, the period of nursing is about a year. Young are typically independent by two years of age. However, females may have relationships with their female kin for the remainder of their lives. Females remain in their natal group with the onset of maturity, but males disperse shortly before adolescence. There is a hierarchical dominance system among group members based upon the matriline. Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning; inherits maternal/paternal territory; maternal position in the dominance hierarchy affects status of young Situated in a subtropical zone, Taiwan possesses a warm and moist climate and a large variety of plants and wild life. Of the world's approximately 4,500 species of mammals, Taiwan has 61. In order to protect these precious natural resources in the face of growing economic development the Taiwanese government has in recent years actively promoted concepts of, and measures for, environmental conservation which have become widely accepted by the general public. Taiwan actively participates in important international treaties and organizations such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Macaca cyclopis once occured throughout Taiwan, but is now restricted to remote highlands by human encroachment. Macaques are killed for food, medicinal preparations, and taken as pets and for research purposes. The primary threat to their populations is habitat destruction. US Federal List: no special status CITES: appendix ii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern IUCN Red List Assessment Red List Category Red List Criteria - 1994Vulnerable(Groombridge 1994) - 1990Vulnerable(IUCN 1990) - 1988Vulnerable(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988) Date Listed: 10/19/1976 Lead Region: Foreign (Region 10) Where Listed: Entire Population location: Entire Listing status: T For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Macaca cyclopis , see its USFWS Species Profile At one time it was found in large groups of up to 100, in recent years average group size has become much smaller (typically 2-10) owing to human pressures (M. Richardson pers. comm.). Recent conservation measures appear to be working, with numbers believed to be on the rise; however, this increase is also contributing to the level of conflict with humans (for example crop raiding, and even a few instances of monkey attacks on people). Elsewhere, the species is becoming dependent upon food handouts (M. Richardson pers. comm.). Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems Parasites that infect M. cyclopis may be transmitted to humans, this is particularly a problem in recent years as tourism increases in the regions they inhabit and contact with humans becomes more frequent. They also are known to raid crops. Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease); crop pest Macaques are popular zoo animals because of their active lifestyle and adaptability. They are also useful in biological, medicinal, and psychological research because of their similarity to humans in physiology and disease susceptibility. These animals may also be hunted for food. Positive Impacts: food ; research and education Formosan rock macaque The Formosan rock macaque (Macaca cyclopis), Formosan rock monkey, or Taiwanese macaque, is a macaque endemic to the island of Taiwan and has been introduced to Japan. Besides humans, Formosan Rock Macaques are the only native primates living in Taiwan. Rock macaques measure 50-60 cm and weigh 5-12 kg, generally females are smaller. Their tails are moderately long and measure 26-45 cm. This macaque is brown or gray in color. The monkey has specialized pouch-like cheeks, allowing it to temporarily hoard its food. The gathered morsels are eaten sometime later, in safe surroundings. Life and behavior Formosan rock macaques lives in mixed coniferous-hardwood temperate forest, as well as bamboo and grassland at 100-3600m (328-11,812ft). The social structure of macaques is generally characterized as often occurring as a large stable multimale-multifemale troop. Formosan macaque is considered to be female-bonded which is similar to other species in the genus Macaca. Based on the study of Hsu and Lin, the average overall sex ratio was approximately 1:1, and the average adult sex ratio was close to 0.53. Solitary adult males were accounted for 5% of the entire population, and they were seen interacting with social troops especially during mating season. Rock macaques are diurnal, arboreal, and terrestrial. More often they stay in trees and less so on the ground. They rest in forest and forage in grassland. Their diet consists of fruits, tender leaves, buds, grass stems, insects, snails, and bird eggs. The Formosan rock macaque gives birth to a single offspring. During estrus, the perineum of the female swells at the base of the tail, and there is also swelling along the thighs. Their mating season is from October to January. Gestation may last about five and a half months. Females give birth to babies between spring and summer. Nursing are entirely on females. Youngsters are carried in mother's arms for 2-3 months. Not until one year old, will youngsters be fully separated from their parents carrying. Formosan rock macaques are hunted for their meat and for the damage they do to crops. They are also hunted for the purpose of exports for medical experimental use. - Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M, eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 161. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. - Hai Yin, W. & Richardson, M. (2008). Macaca cyclopis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 4 January 2009. - Hsu, Minna J.; Lin, Jin-Fu (2001). "Troop size and structure in free-ranging Formosan Macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Mt. Longevity, Taiwan". Zoological Studies 40 (1): 49–60. |Wikispecies has information related to: Formosan rock macaque|

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The first thing to comprehend about writing an essay is that it is not like writing a narrative. An essay is basically, basically, a composition which deliver the writer’s point of view, but the word is often obscure, surrounding both a composed piece and a oral speech, newspaper column, pamphlet, and even a brief literary piece. Essays have been categorized as formal and academic. In addition to being literary, essays have been written for various levels of instruction, though they can be composed as a reply to a certain subject or to some questions. As an example, an article can be composed for an honors thesis, which usually takes the kind of a very concentrated study of a single subject or subject. The structure of the essay is contingent on the sort of assignment or research it is given. A literary essay, by way of example, is typically written in an argumentative, fashion. Pupils writing these essays need to come up with an opinion or a thesis about a particular topic, usually one which is heavily centered on literature which has already been written about. The debate can be complex, extended even to the particulars of the writer’s personal experience. However, the decision must break upon a logical argument that’s supported by the facts and data accumulated throughout the course of the essay. When composing this sort of essay, the focus is obviously about creating a position that is probably to be valid and reasonable within the given set of circumstances. Another important idea for writing an essay is to be sure that your introduction adequately introduces the body of your job. If you’re planning to write an informative article about Shakespeare, your introduction should include all the appropriate information regarding the play, either the era where it was written and who the various characters are. Afterward, as you develop your thesis statement, ensure that your introduction stays with the thesis. This usually means that the essay really should end with your thesis statement. In this way, your readers will probably know from the introduction what you plan to discuss on your own body of work. Another idea for writing an article would be affordable-papers.net to cautiously use the words»proposal» and»clause.» When using these two basic words in your debate, you are going to want to make sure you select words which clearly indicate what the decision to the argument is. Using obscure arguments leaves the door wide open to this chance that the conclusion is wrong. Ultimately when writing essays, it is crucial to choose topics that you are interested in studying or researching. It is not necessarily best to choose something related to a major, however. Generally, it is a much better idea to choose topics that you have an interest in learning more about. This way, you can spend the essential time developing your research papers. Even if you’re required to do some studying on the subject of your mission, it is going to be worth it in the long run. After all, you may end up having more fun with the assignment than you thought you’d! Essay writing could be bothersome, but it doesn’t need to be. If you follow the tips that we have mentioned above, you need to be able to write an essay that is both grammatically correct and analytically sound. You might even discover that you enjoy it more than you ever thought possible! Great luck! Have fun learning about essay writing!

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4 posts • Page 1 of 1 I came across the question of balancing equations to calculate Gibbs Free Energy on Midterm 2012 Q6A, in which the answer key had the coefficient 9/2 for oxygen gas in the balanced equation. If I balance the equation with every component having a whole number coefficient, the final answer will be doubled. Is it only for oxygen or gases in their standard states that we do not need a whole number coefficient in a balanced equation? Thank you! I'm confused as well, I do understand when finding the standard formation enthalpy/gibbs/entropy that you want to form 1 mol of product, but how come in the book examples like 8.55 keep molar coeficients of 3 instead of dividing them (2Fe3O4+.5O2-->3FeO2). Also what if a product includes two molecules with say 3 and 4 moles repectively. Well, textbook Q8.55 is not asking for standard enthalpy/entropy/Gibbs free energy of formation. Instead it askes for delta H/S/G for a specific reaction. Similarly, when given a balanced reaction, you don't have to rebalance it to make every coefficient intergers unless you are told to. They are equivalent and you will just use different coefficients when calculating H and G of reaction. Who is online Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 0 guests

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To do so, open your Word document and move the insertion cursor to the location where you want to write the symbol. Then, using the numeric keypad, press and hold the Alt key while inputting the Star Symbol Alt code (9733 or 9734). The star will be inserted at the current position of the insertion cursor. Search the font characters for the star symbol you want to use in your text. To put the star sign into the document, double-click it on the typeface character map. Return to your word processing work after closing the symbols dialogue box (or character map). Place the mouse cursor where you wish the sign to appear. On the numeric keyboard, press Alt and enter 9733. When you release both keys, the black star symbol will appear. If you are unfamiliar with ALT codes and wish to learn more about them, please read the article on how to insert symbols using ALT codes. To insert a symbol in Word, position the insertion point where you want the symbol to appear in your document. Then, on the Ribbon, select the "Insert" tab. Then, under the "Symbols" button group, select the "Symbol" drop-down button. The drop-down option that appears thereafter displays some of the most frequently used symbols. Select the one that represents what you want to type. To produce a star sign, press and hold the ALT key while entering the digits 9733 or 9734. In an HTML document, use unicode star symbols or copy and paste the character. The STARGAR field is read-only. The keyboard's star key Simply press Shift + 8 to obtain the star sign on a Windows PC or laptop. Your papers will be formatted with the star symbol. Star may also be obtained by pressing Ctrl + *. Fill in the blanks with special characters in Microsoft Word. Then, go to the Place tab and choose where you want to insert the special character. Click Symbol > More Symbols in the Symbols category. Then choose the Special Characters option. Then, click "Close" to return to your document. For Windows users, just write 014C and then click Alt + X to insert the symbol into your Word document. A Step-by-Step Guide to Typing O Macron (or O with a line over it) |Capital O with line over it||Ō| |Shortcut in Word||Alt+332 or Alt+333|

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Yale Environment 360 January 28, 2013 In November, the first shipment of raw “rare earth” minerals arrived at an $800 million processing plant on Malaysia’s east coast near the home of Tan Bun Teet. The plant, run by Australia’s Lynas Corporation, has since begun refining the rare earth metals, essential components in wind turbines, hybrid cars, smart phones, cruise missiles, and other high-tech products. Once fully operational, the plant would become the world’s largest processing facility of rare earths, breaking China’s near-monopoly on producing the prized elements. But Tan and others in the region are concerned that the Lynas Advanced Materials Plant, known as LAMP, will be plagued by the severe environmental problems that have been the hallmark of rare earths processing plants in China and, more than two decades ago, in Malaysia itself. The plant lies in an industrial zone atop reclaimed swampland, just 12 miles from Kuantan, a city of 600,000. The chief worry is that the rare earth elements are bound up in mineral deposits with the low-level radioactive element thorium, exposure to which has been linked to an increased risk of developing lung, pancreatic, and other cancers.

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Unfortunately, at the moment, and 2020 is not indulge us good news. Today the attention of most people looking at spreading over the planet, 2019 coronavirus-nCoV, which has already killed hundreds of people. But sometimes the bad news can be useful to distract and recently a scientific publication Science Alert gave us a good reason for this. It is logical to assume that different types of predators that prey on the same prey, trying to prevent each other and fight among themselves. But did you know that some of them know how to work together and get the most benefits? Caught in footage from surveillance cameras, the coyote and badger is a great proof. It originally appeared on Twitter and immediately became viral. It was filmed on a hidden camera placed near one of the highways of California. Using it the animal watch how wild animals crossing the road. They do not fall under the car, under the highway left special tunnels through which animals can safely cross to the other side of the roadway. Some of them, like caught in footage of a badger, can’t see this way, but fortunately, some of the animals help them in this. How animals help each other? Clearly seen in the video, the coyote first tries to attract the attention of the badger, jumping on the spot. He clearly wants to show him a safe way to overcome the road, but small fish are not immediately understood. In the end, the coyote could show my friend the entrance to the tunnel and together they rush to the other side of the road.In General, the friendship between coyotes and badgers is not uncommon. The fact that they have almost the same diet and they often prey on gophers. They often help each other in situations where one of the predators cannot catch the prey. For example, badgers can easily get the rodents out of the ground, which can not make the coyotes. But the wild members of the canine can attack fast running animals that the badgers simply can not afford. So, thanks to mutual support, coyotes and badgers always manage to stay satisfied. According to a study published in the scientific journal Jstor, in 90% of cases, the predators hunt for two, consisting of one coyote and one badger. But sometimes in nature there are rare occasions where one badger helps to catch the prey from two or three coyotes. According to scientists, thanks to mutual support predators produce by 34% more prey than solitary hunting. As a rule, two predators hunt together only in the warm time of the year. In the colder months, the coyotes only hunt alone because their friends hibernate in winter. Their hibernation usually begins in October and ends in April. In some cases, when the winter give warm, hibernation takes much less time.

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What is social network analysis? Social network analysis examines the structure of social networks, where networks are characterised by nodes (people) and edges (the relationships that connect people). Social network analysis has emerged as a key technique in modern sociology, traditionally focussed on analysing friendships and acquaintances. However, with the explosion of information in the 21st century, social network analysis is now used for a wide range of purposes including analysing social media networks, memes spread, disease transmission, money laundering, terrorism, organisational studies, and search engine page ranking. What are structural holes? Structural Holes was a concept originally developed by Ron Burt, Professor of Sociology and Strategy at the University of Chicago, in an attempt to explain the origin of differences in social capital. A structural hole can be understood as a gap between two individuals who have complementary sources of information. Burt’s theory, outlined in his paper: “Structural Holes and Good Ideas” (2004), suggests that individuals hold certain positional advantages/disadvantages from how they are embedded within a social network. Most social structures tend to be characterised by dense clusters of strong connections, also known as network closure. The theory relies on a fundamental idea that the homogeneity of information, new ideas, and behaviour is generally higher within any group of people as compared to that in between two groups of people. An individual who acts as a mediator between two or more groups of closely connected people could gain an important comparative advantage. These individuals act as “bridges” over structural holes. Bridges enable the transfer or gatekeeping of valuable information from one group to another. In addition, the individual can combine all the ideas he or she receives from different sources and come up with the most innovative idea among all. At the same time, a bridge occupies a precarious position, as ties with disparate groups can be fragile and time-consuming to maintain. In Burt’s research the individual who benefitted from structural holes was considered an entrepreneur. Application for this theory can be found in one of Burt’s studies of 673 managers at a large multinational. The results showed that valuable ideas corresponded to the degree that the individuals were measured as bridges, whilst the wages of individuals corresponded to the degree that they were measured as bridges. By taking this theory, and changing the nodes from individuals to organisations, it can be used to understand how certain organisations act as bridges between traditionally closed groups. Life sciences 4.0 Health is being reimagined as a result of scientific advance, technological change, and rising customer expectations. The disciplines of healthcare and technology are merging to create life sciences 4.0: A customer-focused, collaborative, data-driven approach to product and service development in which life science companies interact within a network that includes traditional health incumbents and new entrants. The ubiquity of mobile and peer-to-peer sharing tools has transformed consumers into super-consumers who are now demanding more of the same from their interactions with the health ecosystem. These demands include experiences with products and services customised to individuals’ genomes, microbiomes and meta-biomes. Increasingly, consumers will require the integration of these point solutions into more holistic, data-driven platforms of care. Sensing an opportunity, digital health and technology entrants are already moving to meet consumers needs. To gain positional power, life sciences companies must invest strategically in the capabilities that create future value. Future value will be driven by improving individuals’ health outcomes by unlocking the power of data that has so far resided outside the traditional health ecosystem. Life sciences organisations are in effect looking to bridge structural holes created by ecosystem evolution. The following analysis is an attempt to snapshot who has started building these bridges: Platforms enabling Life Sciences 4.0 A platform is a mechanism to connect different stakeholders in order to combine and share data easily and securely to deliver a shared goal: improved health outcomes. Platforms are the embodiment of the connectors that fill the structural holes. We have seen many platforms bridge such divides over the past two decades, UBER, Facebook, Lyft, Amazon & AirBnB are all well-known examples. We are now seeing the emergence of such platforms for health such as PatientsLikeMe, connecting highly disparate contributors: consumers, physicians, payers, tech players and product makers. Successful platforms will combine these diverse data streams to create exponential value. However, this will only be possible if this data which is currently stored in incompatible systems can be aggregated and structured in ways that allow them to be shared in real time. Interestingly platforms in other industries have significantly benefited from “first-mover” advantage by creating positive network effects that can result in market dominance. This is going to be a hotly contested area that will integrate markets and create significant outcomes for healthcare users. The Anmut view is that platforms form a key step to the patient-centric model and they are already developing. The players that have an understanding of their data and are able to manage and augment it will be in an advantaged position to serve the new market and create value. At Anmut, we help organisations understand the value of data and its strategic significance. Contact us, if you are interested in learning more about what we do. See More Resources A Guide To Data Valuation A Guide To Enterprise Data Valuation A Guide To Data Strategy A Guide To Data Asset Management A Guide To Data Culture A Guide To Data Management A Guide To Digital Transformation A Guide To Data Monetization A Guide To Data Governance A Guide To Data Condition A Guide To Data Quality Read More Insights Key elements of a data driven culture The role of data in enterprise digital transformation initiatives Why managing data as an asset is inevitable Why you should be treating data as an asset Different data valuation methodologies Data quality vs data condition: the power of context 5 Reasons why a Chief Data Officer fails Climbing the data maturity ladder

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An organizational behavior is a research study on employees interactions as anindividual or as a team within the organization. The structure focuses on twoareas, individual behavior and group behaviors which may cause an impact to theorganization. Performances such as leadership, learning, motivation, teambuilding, and conflicts. The goals of organizational behavior is to explain,predict, and influence behaviors that will impact the morale of an organization. As the leader of the team, you must be extremely aware of your leadership styleand techniques. Most effective team leaders build their relationships of trust andloyalty, rather than fear or the power of their positions. Trust is the key element of ateam sturdiness. Team members have to learn to trust one another and find ways towork cooperatively to achieve common goals. Managers can help this process alongby implementing strategies that can develop team stability. You've reached the end of your free preview. Want to read all 11 pages? Management,Organizational studies and human resource management,team development

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A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. The versatility and prospect of automation is so important that it could bring radical development in almost every aspect. The immediate objective of this book is to study and test the applicability of PLC. In this book, knowledge on PLC is obtained and its applications in different sectors are discussed. Also different types of PLCs are specified and briefly discussed. Among them, a PLC Trainer PLC-100 and LOGO! 230 RC have been studied and several projects and experiments are done with PLC Trainer PLC-100. A general description about some common features of PLC is introduced. To understand the necessity and application of PLC in industrial automation, a PLC based control system is applied in an automatic bottle filling station using LOGO! 230 RC.

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Are you experiencing pain, weakness, tingling, or numbness? It can be a result of a compressed or pinched nerve... A Compressed Nerve is also known as a Pinched Nerve. A compressed or pinched nerve is a result of too much pressure being applied to a nerve by surrounding structures, such as tendons, muscles, bones, and cartilage. Pain, weakness, tingling, and numbness can all be a result of a compressed nerve. A compressed or pinched nerve can happen throughout the body. For example, a pinched or compressed nerve in the wrist can result in numbness, pain, or weakness in the hand and fingers, ie. Carpal Tunnel. A Herniated Nucleus Pulposus or HNP (herniated disc) in the lower spine can create pressure on a nerve which in turn can cause numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain down the leg and feet. Signs and Symptoms of a Compressed or Pinched Nerve - Numbness or hypoesthesia (decreased sensation) - Radiating sharp, aching, or burning pain - Tingling, pins and needles sensations (paresthesia) - Muscle weakness - Frequent feeling that a limp, foot, or hand has fallen asleep How Are Compressed or Pinched Nerves Diagnosed? - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Electromyography (EMG) - Nerve Conduction Study - High-Resolution Ultrasounds - Diagnostic Spinal Injections - Chiropractic Evaluations - Clinical Examinations (Neurological Testing) Treatments that Mask the Symptoms and May Make the Overall Problem Worse - Pain Medication - Muscle Relaxer Medication - Cortisone Injections Surgical Treatments for Compressed or Pinched Nerves - Endoscopic Discectomy - Endoscopic Foraminoplasty

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Everything you need to understand or teach The Sea-Wolf by Jack London. In the late nineteenth century, Humphrey "Hump" Van Weyden is aboard a ferry that is involved in a collision. Hump is cast into the ocean and swept to sea but rescued by a passing seal ship. Hump's request to be returned to land is ignored by the cruel Captain Wolf Larsen, who counts Hump as one of the crew. The seal ship proceeds across the Pacific Ocean while the self-educated Larsen tyrannizes the crew and engages in lengthy philosophical discussions with the bookish Hump. The crew reaches the seal grounds and begins a grim harvest. Then another lifeboat is found, and the crew rescues four men and Maud Brewster, whose ship had lately foundered in a gale. Larsen views the lovely Brewster somewhat as a trophy and rejects her request to be put ashore. Instead, the seal hunt continues even as Hump falls in love with Brewster. Larsen finally makes... View more of the The Sea-Wolf Summary The Sea-Wolf Lesson Plans contain 109 pages of teaching material, including:

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An international team of scientists from the United States, Denmark, the United Kingdom and Spain has employed state-of-the-art machine learning techniques to provide the most complex picture yet of the reverberating consequences of land mammal declines on food webs over the past 130,000 years. “While about six percent of land mammals have gone extinct in that time, we estimate that more than 50 percent of mammal food web links have disappeared,” said study lead author Evan Fricke, who conducted the study during a faculty fellowship at Rice University, and is now a research scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). “And the mammals most likely to decline, both in the past and now, are key for mammal food web complexity.” Complex food webs – containing all the links between predator and prey in a specific geographical area – are crucial for regulating populations in ways that allow more species to coexist, thus supporting biodiversity and stability. However, declines in animal populations has a strong impact on food webs, undermining ecosystem resilience. Although land mammal declines have been thoroughly studied in the context of the current biodiversity crisis, it is less clear how those losses have degraded the world’s food webs. By using data on current predator-prey interactions, the scientists trained a machine learning algorithm to recognize how the traits of species influenced that one species would prey upon another. “This approach can tell us who eats whom today with 90 percent accuracy,” said study senior author Lydia Beaudrot, an assistant professor of Biosciences at Rice. “That is better than previous approaches have been able to do, and it enabled us to model predator-prey interactions for extinct species.” This method offers a comprehensive global view into the food webs that linked ice age mammals, as well as on what food webs would look today if creatures such as saber-tooth cats, marsupial lions, giant ground sloths, or wooly rhinos still coexisted with surviving mammals. “Although fossils can tell us where and when certain species lived, this modeling gives us a richer picture of how those species interacted with each other,” Professor Beaudrot added. By charting food webs changes over a long period of time, the analysis showed that food webs worldwide are collapsing due to declines in animal populations. “The modeling showed that land mammal food webs have degraded much more than would be expected if random species had gone extinct,” Dr. Fricke said. “Rather than resilience under extinction pressure, these results show a slow-motion food web collapse caused by selective loss of species with central food web roles.” However, since many declines stem from contractions in the geographical ranges of various species, restoring those species to their historic ranges has a significant potential to reverse the declines. “When an animal disappears from an ecosystem, its loss reverberates across the web of connections that link all species in that ecosystem. Our work presents new tools for measuring what’s been lost, what more we stand to lose if endangered species go extinct and the ecological complexity we can restore through species recovery,” Dr. Fricke concluded. The study is published in the journal Science.

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Natural History In the Lab SUITLAND, Md., Aug. 4, 2016 – You’d be surprised at what a long-dead nematode can tell you. Not only does it relate the obvious information about its own physical characteristics, it also contains a record of the habitat in which it once lived. “It’s like a window into the history of an environment,” said Maj. Ashleigh Smythe, assistant professor of biology. “For example, a polluted habitat will have a different species composition compared to a healthy habitat, with different nematodes found in differing abundances, so biological collections can give you that historical perspective.” Brody Stofflet ’17 and Grant Morgan ’19 joined Smythe this summer to organize, stabilize, and preserve some of the vast collection of marine nematodes at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s Museum Support Center in Maryland – just a few miles outside Washington, D.C. In their work, funded by the center’s Department of Invertebrate Biology, they faced the challenge of transferring thousands of specimens – along with the information associated with each specimen– from temporary storage desiccators to more appropriate permanent containers. That process involved many hours of precise work at the microscope, removing each of the tiny nematodes from the desiccators and repackaging them in an alcohol and glycerin solution. “It’s been interesting,” said Stofflet. “At times it can be a little tedious, but it’s nice to learn techniques that professionals in the field are using to take care of and preserve specimens like they do here at the Smithsonian.” With the collection permanently preserved, scientists of the future will be able to compare their findings with specimens housed in the museum. “I feel like a real citizen of society,” said Morgan. “I get to contribute to something where possibly one day someone will go back, look at these nematodes and make a great discovery.” The free-living marine nematodes that the group is preserving represent the most diverse and abundant type of nematodes, and a strong collection, such as that housed at the Smithsonian, holds clues about how their habitats have changed over time. “If you had good collections from particular habitats over time you could also look at the change in geographic distribution of a species,” said Smythe. “Maybe back in the 1800s it only was found this far north, but starting around 1900 we start to collect it at some localities further north.” The collections of species housed in the museum also serve as a taxonomic authority, with slide-mounted specimens exemplifying the key characteristics of each species housed in the museum. “It’s a really important repository for species descriptions, so anytime anyone describes a species, they need to deposit specimens in a museum that will be cared for long after they are gone,” said Smythe. Future researchers can then compare what they think might be a new species with those housed at the museum to ensure the uniqueness of their species. Smythe noted that without participation from cadets, much of the work accomplished this summer would have remained incomplete. “I was originally going to do this work before I got my job at VMI and it was going to be a year solid with just me,” said Smythe. “There’s just not enough time during the summer, so I literally could not have done it without cadet helpers.” Working with scientists and as a scientist over the summer has given Stofflet, who is considering graduate school, insight into possible career opportunities. “This is definitely a big help,” said Stofflet. “Knowing that I’ll possibly be able to have the best of both worlds – working in the field and in the lab – is reassuring going into my final year at VMI.” The experience impressed on Morgan the depth of knowledge that scientists have in their areas of expertise. Morgan and Stofflet met scientists working at the downtown Washington, D.C., Smithsonian facility, many of whom are leaders in their fields. “There are so many people down there who know everything about any organism you could ever imagine,” said Morgan. “It’s interesting to see that if you pursue your studies beyond college and grad school, how much knowledge you can attain on what seems such a fine subject.” – John Robertson IV

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Ethan Siegel in Forbes: When you look out at the Universe, all you see is matter and light. The stars, galaxies, plasmas, and unusual astrophysical objects all emit radiation from across the electromagnetic spectrum; the dust, gas, and neutral atoms absorb it. Yet what we infer from viewing them, particularly on the largest scales, tells us that there's much more than what we presently perceive. In addition to matter and light, there's got to be dark energy, a form of energy inherent to the fabric of space itself that causes the expanding Universe to accelerate, and a significant amount of dark matter: massive, clustering particles that are invisible to light. Dark matter can do many things, but one prediction it's always struggled with is exactly reproducing how galaxies are observed to rotate. It's been a problem for decades, from the 1970s until 2017. But as of June 23rd, a new paper claims to have finally solved the problem of galactic rotation at long last. Since 1970, it's been known that galaxies don't just rotate, but they rotate with speeds too quick, particularly at the outskirts, for what normal matter alone can account for. Nearly half a century of studies have shown that if dark matter exists, it should form diffuse, massive halos that extend much farther than the visible disks and elliptical swarms do, with the gravity of both dark and normal matter affecting the galaxies' motion.

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Utah’s early economy was based on agriculture, and agricultural outbuildings have historically been an important feature on the landscape. Because of the unique community plan established in Joseph Smith’s “Plat for the City of Zion” and implemented by Brigham Young in the Utah Territory, large agricultural landholdings and buildings were situated outside the primary residential area, but large city lots could contain smaller outbuildings and some barns alongside dwellings and urban gardens. Although most traces of urban outbuildings have vanished, some rural towns still maintain large barns and outbuilding groups. As more and more agricultural land is developed for commercial and residential use, however, historic outbuilding examples are becoming increasingly rare. Utah’s role as an agricultural producer has diminished, and in the areas where agricultural production still exists, the historic outbuildings are commonly replaced or renovated with new materials. Below are descriptions of the most common types of historic agricultural buildings and structures still found in Utah.

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of the United States Constitution authorizes Congress to admit new states into the United States (beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect in 1788). The Puerto Rico statehood movement (Spanish: movimiento estadista de Puerto Rico) aims to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States. Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territorial possession of the United States acquired in 1898 following the Spanish–American War, making it “the oldest colony in the modern world”. Should a 51st state be admitted, it would receive U.S. senators in classes 1 and 2, at which point all three classes would have 34 senators. Updated July 29, 2022 Statehood Process and Political Status of U.S. Territories: Brief Policy Background Proposals to admit new states to the union are as old as the republic. An expanded United States was contemplated at least as early as 1787, with enactment of the Northwest Ordinance, which addressed territorial expansion, even before the first states ratified the U.S. Constitution later the same year. Vermont joined the union in 1791, the first new state beyond the 13 original colonies. Arizona and New Mexico completed the contiguous United States in 1912. Alaska and Hawaii became the 49th and 50th states respectively in 1959. Would-be states have relied on different methods to join the union, and there is no single process for doing so. This In Focus provides brief background about the statehood process generally, and about how it might affect congressional consideration of proposed statehood for U.S. territories. Any change in territorial political status, including statehood admission, would require congressional approval via a statutory change. Congress may choose to pursue such legislation or decide not to do so. If it chooses to reexamine the issue, Congress could consider territorial statehood for a single jurisdiction, for multiple ones simultaneously, or for none at all. Similarly, territories might choose to maintain the status quo or to pursue a different status relationship, which might or might not include statehood, with the United States. The desire for altering the status quo appears to vary across territories. The topic of statehood admission and territorial political status can be culturally sensitive, historically complex, and politically divisive. This brief product does not attempt to address these topics in detail. It also does not contain detailed discussion of any particular territory’s political status or address legal, economic, or tax issues, or program eligibility. Because the District of Columbia is not a territory and raises separate policy and legal issues, this product does not address the nation’s capital. Related CRS products appear at the end of this In Focus. The United States currently holds five major, permanently inhabited territories: American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). After World War II, present-day CNMI chose a closer relationship with the United States than did other areas in the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), which the United States administered for the United Nations. The United States maintains free association relationships with three other former TTPI areas. Today, these independent nations are the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. They are not U.S. territories. All five U.S. territories discussed here exercise varying and potentially evolving degrees of self-governance (the details of which are beyond the scope of this product). In the executive branch, the U.S. Interior Department’s Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) coordinates federal relations with territories except Puerto Rico. Since the Kennedy Administration, the Executive Office of the President has coordinated federal relations with Puerto Rico. Voters in all five territories elect governors and territorial legislatures. The territories are not represented in the electoral college and thus do not cast votes for President of the United States, although eligible voters may participate in party primaries or other nominating events. Popularly elected Delegates (called the Resident Commissioner in Puerto Rico) represent each of the five territories in the House of Representatives. The House Committee on Natural Resources and Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources exercise primary jurisdiction over the political status of U.S. territories. Political Status and U.S. Territories The Territorial Clause, found in Article IV, Section 3, clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, grants Congress plenary authority “to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States.” Territorial self-governance and political relations between the federal government and a territorial one are embodied in a concept known as political status. Congress and the executive branch have long expressed support for self-determination in all territories. The federal government generally recognizes three constitutionally valid status options: (1) statehood, (2) independence (including free association), or (3) territory. Federal policy regards all U.S. territories discussed in this product as unincorporated. Historically, incorporated status arguably has designated congressional intent for eventual statehood. (Incorporation also indicates congressional extension of full constitutional provisions as in the states, a topic that is beyond the scope of this product.) It is unclear how significant incorporation might be for modern statehood debates, as Congress has not incorporated wouldbe states since it did so for Alaska and Hawaii. Multiple Statehood Methods There is no single path to statehood. Congressional requirements for individual territories to transition to statehood have varied widely over time. Would-be states also have varied widely in the paths by which they pursued statehood, the amount of time it took to do so, and the level of public support for admission. The Constitution appears to provide only general guidance to Congress on how to admit new states. The relevant provision simply permits Congress to admit new states and precludes admitting states within states except as approved by the state legislatures. As Article IV, Section 3 specifies New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. Article IV also requires “republican form” state governments. In historical practice, at least six paths to territorial statehood are commonly recognized: the union of the first 13 colonies; presentation to Congress of a territory that is already organized like a state (commonly known as the Tennessee Plan); annexation of an independent republic;creation of a new state from existing states; development of a state constitution without first obtaining explicit congressional support; and congressional enactment of legislation to enable statehood. Territories and the federal government have employed aspects of each of these methods over time. They are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The Tennessee Plan The Tennessee Plan method has attracted consistent attention in modern history for at least two reasons. First, statehood advocates may prefer this method because it is seen as an avenue for territories to initiate the statehood process without a congressional invitation. Second, Puerto Rico statehood advocates have publicly embraced the approach in recent years. The Tennessee Plan method generally has included the following elements: drafting a state constitution;electing state officers; organizing a state-like territorial government; sending an elected “congressional” delegation to Washington to lobby for statehood; and Congress passing legislation admitting the territory as a state. Recent Developments in Congress The debate over Puerto Rico statehood proposals has been the most prominent territorial status topic considered in recent Congresses. Generally, debate focuses on which processes voters on the island should use to indicate their status preference and whether Congress wishes to consider a status change. As of this writing, in the 117th Congress, bills that could affect Puerto Rico political status include H.R. 1522; H.R. 2070; H.R. 8393; S. 780; S. 865; and S. 4560. Potential Congressional Considerations Each territory’s path to statehood (where applicable) has been unique, as has congressional consideration. History suggests that the following factors, among others, could inform future statehood debates for one or more U.S. territories: whether the status quo provides sufficient democratic representation and inclusion and, if not, which change, if any, would offer improvement; popular support for a status change within a territory and whether that support is sufficient for Congress; how a territory’s status options were formulated and debated; whether altering political status is in the national interest and in a territory’s interest, including issues of culture, defense, economics, language, and political institutions; and how or whether historical examples of status changes for previous territories warrant consideration. For additional discussion of related issues, see CRS Report R40170, Parliamentary Rights of the Delegates and Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, by Christopher M. Davis;CRS In Focus IF11443, District of Columbia Statehood and Voting Representation, by Joseph V. Jaroscak; CRS Report R44721, Political Status of Puerto Rico: Brief Background and Recent Developments for Congress, by R. Sam Garrett; and CRS Report R46573, The Freely Associated States and Issues for Congress, by Thomas Lum. R. Sam Garrett, Specialist in American National Government Statehood Process and Political Status of U.S. Territories: Brief Policy Background https://crsreports.congress.gov IF11792 Statehood Process and Political Status of U.S. Territories: Brief Policy Background This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

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How to use Multimedia Technologies in my course? Best practices for teachers about using the various Multimedia tools & technologies and Integrating them into your Moodle course. Multimedia, Audio, Flash, Java, Video, Animation... Sickle Cell Anaemia OER These resources have a Creative Commons licence and you can use these resources however you see fit (in a non-profit way) These resources are aimed at the Higher Educational student or for practitioners level Creator: Admin User - Publisher: Admin User Subject: General Medicine - Audience: Students - Educational level: Tertiary Language: English - License: Creative Commons - Time updated: Wednesday, 14 September 2011, 6:38 PM This course is intended for high school (secondary students). The main intent is to engage people who don't believe global warming is happening or important.However, I didn't get a chance to finish it, so it is still a work in progress. A short exploration on how we have changed the world to cause global warming and how we can change the world again to help prevent major damage. Creator: Colin Matheson - Publisher: Julian Ridden Welcome to our course on environmental problems. Your and your childrens' future is at risk if we do not change our habits and take action for a better planet. This unit deals with various environmental aspects and you will also meet people who decided to take some action. Creator: Sigi Jakob Kuhn - Publisher: Julian Ridden Fate of the World The year is 2020. Climate change has been ignored. Cities are underwater. People are starving. Nations brace for war. Species are dying. And you’ve got to solve the crisis. The fate of the world is in your hands Creator: Kristian Still - Publisher: Julian Ridden

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How to choose this product A wind vane is an instrument which indicates apparent wind direction. These devices are very useful aboard sailboats for steering the ideal course with respect to wind direction and for adjusting the set of the sails. They also facilitate anchoring and provide essential information when seeking a lee shelter or preparing to dock. Race organizers use them to position course and starting line buoys. The vane's arrow pivots freely, orienting itself to the direction of the wind. Simple, mechanical masthead models serve as visual indicators of wind direction. Lateral flanges show the helm how close to the wind it is possible to steer. Electronic models transmit data to a screen on the instrument panel. Newer, wireless systems considerably simplify installation. These sensors usually indicate wind speed, as well. Hand-held versions use a small, rigid flag or electronics with a digital display. Some vanes are integrated into VHF antennas. How to choose Depending on the size of the boat and, especially, the sophistication of its electronics, choose between a mechanical vane and an electronic unit. The precise data provided by the latter is particularly useful for racing sailors.

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Although it may seem that voice recognition and control is a new technology, it has been in the works since the middle of the 20th century. Only in the last five to eight years has voice recognition technology gained mass appeal. However, it goes without saying that voice recognition has traveled a long road before it reached where it is today. The road to speech recognition began with a system named Audrey, created by Bell Laboratories in 1952. Audrey was fairly rudimentary, only able to understand numbers spoken by specific people. A decade later came IBM’s Shoebox machine, which could understand 16 words spoken only in English by a designated speaker. These caveats proved to be problematic and only increased the skeptics opposing voice recognition. From the 1950’s onward we saw numerous approaches to speech recognition that did little to advance the software. However, in the early 1980’s came the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The HMM drastically altered the development of a viable speech recognition software. By way of HMM, speech recognition went from using templates to understanding words to a statistical method that measured the probability of unknown sounds being words. This allowed for the number of understandable words to go from a few hundred to a few thousand. The potential to recognize an unlimited number of words was on the horizon. Yet, with all the innovation coming by the decade, at the turn of the century it seemed as though the technology had plateaued. The software that was out in the early 2000’s was expensive and still not accurate or easy enough to use for mass market appeal. It wasn’t until the end of 2010 that the technology made it into the hands of the masses. At this point, both hardware and technology innovation was at a place that made sense for companies to make voice technology available to the mass market. With the number of smartphone users growing, it was Apple’s first iPhone in 2008 that prompted Google to release a voice search app for the smartphone. Google was able to crowdsource data to enhance its voice technology from the billions of search queries it receives, in order to better predict what you’re probably saying. Smartphones proved to be the best platform to test voice recognition and control software because almost everyone in the modern world had one by 2012, and the computation could be done via the cloud. Yet, it’s in the past year that we see voice recognition and control marketed as the primary feature of a product. It only makes sense that voice control becomes a fully integrated component in most technology in the coming years. It is the most intuitive and hands-free way of interacting with our technology. The ability to speak to our technology naturally, as if it is another person, is what is catapulting voice control to the forefront of product innovation. Being able to process voice commands in English with more than 90% accuracy allows the field of voice technology to progress at a rate that will be hard to keep up with. Here at Josh.ai we recognize that voice technology is the way of the future. Integrating with other voice control products such as Amazon’s Echo and Google’s Assistant, we can truly capitalize on the power of voice technology. Doing so makes life at home and on the go increasingly effortless by way of voice commands and machine learning. At Josh.ai we strive to create a product that is not only intuitive and able to handle complex commands, but also able to learn more about the user and predict what they need. Looking to the future, it is becoming important to recognize the evolution of what voice control is going to achieve. Accordingly, the easier it becomes for our machines to understand us, the less we see them as a piece of hardware and more as a person. The conversations we have with our machines will mimic the conversations we have with friends and family in that our machines take note of our habits and tendencies and will act accordingly — without us even giving a command. These voice technologies will learn on their own, much like a child maturing into an adult. With the right guidance by the user, our machines will become our virtual progeny. This post was written by Benji at Josh.ai. Benji is an intern on the Business Development team. Prior to joining, Benji worked in product strategy for Sonos. Outside of work you can find Benji eating at new restaurants, cycling throughout Los Angeles, and woodworking. Benji graduated from UCSB in 2016.

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When it comes to Microsoft Excel, there are a lot of things to love. It's an incredibly powerful tool that can solve a lot of problems and save you a lot of time, but it can also be intimidating if you're not familiar with it. One of the features that can cause people the most grief is formulas. But fear not! In this article, I'll walk you through some of the most important Excel formulas, so you can impress your boss and feel like a total Excel rockstar. So, what are formulas, exactly? In Excel, formulas are equations that perform calculations on values in your worksheet. For example, if you have a bunch of numbers in cells A1 through A10, you can use a formula to add them all up and show the result in another cell. Formulas can also be used to manipulate text, dates, and a wide variety of other data types. You can think of formulas as the building blocks of Excel - the more you master, the more powerful your spreadsheets will become. Let's start with one of the most basic formulas in Excel: SUM. As you might expect, this formula adds up a range of cells. Here's how you use it: This formula adds all of the numbers in cells A1 through A10 and displays the result in the cell where you enter the formula. Easy, right? Next up is AVERAGE. This formula calculates the average (mean) value of a range of cells: If you have a list of numbers and you want to know their average, this is the formula you need. Another useful formula is COUNT. This formula counts the number of cells in a range that contain numbers: If you have a list of numbers and you want to know how many there are, the COUNT formula is your friend. Finally, let's look at two formulas that find the highest and lowest values in a range of cells. MAX returns the highest value: While MIN returns the lowest: If you have a list of numbers and you want to find the biggest or smallest value, these formulas will come in handy. Of course, this is just the tip of the Excel formula iceberg. There are dozens of other useful formulas, depending on what you're trying to do. Here are a few more of my favorites: VLOOKUP is a powerful formula that lets you search for a specific value in a table and return a corresponding value from another column. This can be incredibly useful if you're working with large datasets. The IF formula lets you run a test, and return one value if the test is true, and another value if it's false. =IF(A1>10, "Greater than 10", "Less than or equal to 10") In this example, if the value in cell A1 is greater than 10, the formula will return "Greater than 10." Otherwise, it will return "Less than or equal to 10." The COUNTIF formula lets you count the number of cells in a range that meet specific criteria. For example, you might use this formula to count the number of people in a list who are older than a certain age. And there you have it - some of the most important Excel formulas to help you be the Excel rockstar you've always dreamed of being. Whether you're looking to impress your boss, save time on data entry, or just get better at using Excel, mastering these formulas is a great place to start. Of course, there are plenty more formulas out there, so keep exploring and experimenting. And who knows - with a little practice, you might just become the Excel wizard you never knew you could be.

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a term formerly used to classify humans, apes, and monkeys as a suborder of Primates. Although primate taxonomy remains a subject of debate, most modern classifications now divide the Primates into the suborders Haplorhini and Strepsirhini. The Haplorhini are further divided into the Platyrrhini (comprising the New World monkeys) and the Catarrhini (comprising the Old World monkeys, apes, and humans). The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and the great and lesser apes is reflected by placing these three groups in the superfamily Hominoidea within the Catarrhini. The Strepsirhini consist of the prosimians.

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Herakles and Antaeus For one of his labors, Herakles had to fight a very strong man named Antaeus. Why was Antaeus hard to beat? But Antaeus had a special magic. Whenever he touched the ground, he could draw strength out of the ground and get stronger. Herakles kept throwing him down to the ground, but Antaeus kept getting stronger. Another sexist story This is just one of many Greek myths in which men use clever tricks or strength to defeat women, or (in this case) a man getting help from women. In Greek stories, earth and snakes (because they crawl on the earth) are metaphors for women. Compare this story to these other ones: Does this metaphor tell you anything about the story of Adam and Eve in the Bible? How did Herakles defeat Antaeus? Finally Herakles figured out what to do. He held Antaeus up in the air while they wrestled, and so Antaeus got weaker until Herakles was able to kill him. Learn by doing: hold a wrestling match More about Herakles Twelve Labors of Hercules (Step into Reading, Step 3), by Marc Cerasini. Very easy, for beginning readers. The Story of Hercules (Dover Children’s Thrift Classics), by Robert Blaisdell (1997). Very cheap. Hercules, by Nancy Loewen (1999). Still easy reading, but more sophisticated, with a look at how the myth was passed on and what it meant to people, as well as the story itself. D’aulaire’s Book of Greek Myths, by Edgar and Ingri D’Aulaire. (Look under Heracles). The Myths of Herakles in Ancient Greece, by Mark W. Padilla (1998). By a specialist, for adults.

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Manistee County Aquatic Invasive Species Outreach Efforts Manistee County’s aquatic invasive species program is designed to educate boaters about preventing the spread of aquatic invasive species. Did you know? Boaters can unknowingly transfer invasive species to new waters when they don’t clean boats, trailers, and other recreation equipment. Aquatic invasive species disrupt lake ecosystems by crowding out native species and interfere with boating, fishing or other recreation. Aquatic invasive species include zebra muscles, Asian carp, etc. To assist in the education efforts, Manistee County has a mobile boat power washing unit that is being used to host events at local boat launches each weekend in the summer. These boat washing events are organized by the program coordinator, Jennifer Scholl. Boaters will be offered a free boat wash to remove any potential invasive species and learn simple steps to help prevent the spread in aquatic invasive species by: cleaning, draining, drying boats, trailers and equipment. Assist our efforst to stop the Spread of Aquatic Invasive species! To volunteer, ask questions, or learn more please contact Jennifer at [email protected] or 231-398-3576. Pictured: Mobile boat wash station from Manistee County

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General Illness Information Common Name: Cerumen Impaction Description: Overproduction of earwax (cerumen), causing blockage of the external ear canal. Wax is produced, by glands in the ear to protect the ear canal ( passage leading from the eardrum to the outside). The amount of wax produced varies from person to person. Some people produce enough earwax to block the ear canal and need treatment. Causes: Overproduction of wax by glands in the external ear canal. Prevention: Avoid area where the air is dusty or filled with debris. This stimulates overproduction of earwax. Consider wearing earplugs if you must be in this type of environment. Also, monthly use of 1-2 drops of mineral oil in the ear may soften the wax and prevent recurrent blockage. Signs & Symptoms - Decreased hearing. - Plugged feeling in the ear. - Ringing in the ear. - Ear pain. - Exposure to dust or debris. - Family history of overproduction of earwax. - Water in the ear can cause the wax to swell. - Use of cotton swabs in an attempt to clean the ear canal. Diagnosis & Treatment Diagnosis is obvious on examination of the ear canal. The patient commonly gives history of reduced hearing or “plugged” sensation in the ear , and less commonly of ear pain. - To remove earwax at home: - Buy non-prescription wax-softening ear drops, or use mineral oil, warmed. - Lie down with the affected ear toward the ceiling. - Pull the top of the ear gently up and back toward the back of the head. - Instill the ear drops or 2 drops of mineral oil - Leave the drops in the ear for 4 to 5 minutes. Continue to lie down, if possible. Plug the ear with cotton - Sit up, leaning a little toward the affected side. Then splash warm water in the ear whilst having a shower. The above steps with the oil treatment may be repeated daily for a few days. - Don’t try to remove wax with a stick or cotton swab. You may damage the eardrum or cause infection in the ear canal. Caution: if you have a perforated eardrum, don’t try to remove the wax, call your doctors office. - If it is still blocked, obtain prompt medical attention. A doctor may remove the wax by gently flushing out the ear canal with warm water. However, if a patient has discharge from the ear, a perforated eardrum, tubes in the ear or recurrent ear infections, flushing must not be done. In these situations, the doctor may use a curette ( a blunt instrument) to manually remove the wax. For minor pain, you may use non-prescription drugs such as acetaminophen. No special diet. Possible Complications : - Ear infection. - Eardrum damage. Earwax can be removed, but stubborn cases require patience. Posted by RxMed

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Table of Contents : Top Suggestions Learning Colors Worksheet Plants : Learning Colors Worksheet Plants This yucca palm tree might look like something out of a children s book but it s very much real and grows in the southwestern u s introduce your child to desert plants that might young nature Further because reflectance spectra come in myriad colors and at a finer resolution than what we can see we can use these spectra to learn much more about how we know that plant photosynthesis Secondary colors are the ones made from combining two primary colors like green from blue and yellow there s even space to write the names of each color at the top for some fun writing practice. 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The worksheet is an assortment of 4 intriguing pursuits that will enhance your kid's knowledge and abilities. The worksheets are offered in developmentally appropriate versions for kids of different ages. Adding and subtracting integers worksheets in many ranges including a number of choices for parentheses use. You can begin with the uppercase cursives and after that move forward with the lowercase cursives. Handwriting for kids will also be rather simple to develop in such a fashion. If you're an adult and wish to increase your handwriting, it can be accomplished. As a result, in the event that you really wish to enhance handwriting of your kid, hurry to explore the advantages of an intelligent learning tool now! Consider how you wish to compose your private faith statement. Sometimes letters have to be adjusted to fit in a particular space. When a letter does not have any verticals like a capital A or V, the very first diagonal stroke is regarded as the stem. 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In earlier times you've stated that the move of independence may be too early. Each lesson in handwriting should start on a fresh new page, so the little one becomes enough room to practice. Every handwriting lesson should begin with the alphabets. Handwriting learning is just one of the most important learning needs of a kid. Learning how to read isn't just challenging, but fun too. The use of grids The use of grids is vital in earning your child learn to Improve handwriting. Also, bear in mind that maybe your very first try at brainstorming may not bring anything relevant, but don't stop trying. Once you are able to work, you might be surprised how much you get done. Take into consideration how you feel about yourself. Getting able to modify the tracking helps fit more letters in a little space or spread out letters if they're too tight. Perhaps you must enlist the aid of another man to encourage or help you keep focused. Learning Colors Worksheet Plants. Try to remember, you always have to care for your child with amazing care, compassion and affection to be able to help him learn. You may also ask your kid's teacher for extra worksheets. Your son or daughter is not going to just learn a different sort of font but in addition learn how to write elegantly because cursive writing is quite beautiful to check out. As a result, if a kid is already suffering from ADHD his handwriting will definitely be affected. Accordingly, to be able to accomplish this, if children are taught to form different shapes in a suitable fashion, it is going to enable them to compose the letters in a really smooth and easy method. Although it can be cute every time a youngster says he runned on the playground, students want to understand how to use past tense so as to speak and write correctly. Let say, you would like to boost your son's or daughter's handwriting, it is but obvious that you want to give your son or daughter plenty of practice, as they say, practice makes perfect. Without phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite a complicated practice. Tags: #color red worksheet#read and color worksheets#color blue worksheet#color matching worksheet#identifying colors worksheet#color black worksheet#color green worksheet#color pink worksheet preschool#tracing color words worksheets#worksheet about colors

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A study undertaken by researchers in Taiwan has linked an elevated risk of developing osteoporosis to having obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This lengthens the list of potential health problems associated with untreated OSA, among them high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart-related conditions. Using data from records in Taiwan’s single-payer National Health Insurance program, the scientists tracked 1,377 patients who received a diagnosis of OSA between 2000 and 2008, according to ScienceDaily. Their findings appeared in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism of the Endocrine Society. The most common type of sleep apnea, a disorder that causes short breathing interruptions during sleep, is OSA. It occurs when the airway of a sleeping individual becomes blocked. This results in either pauses in breathing or shallow breathing, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute reports. Most patients with OSA don’t suspect they have it until a spouse, partner, or other family member comments on loud snoring. Successfully treating the condition can involve lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, and even surgery. Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease often associated with aging. According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation, worldwide, it’s responsible for at least 8.9 million fractures each year. Estimates suggest it affects around 200 million women across the globe, including 10 percent of those who are 60, 20 percent of who have reached 70, 40 percent of those at age 80, and two-thirds of those who reach 90. The Taiwanese research team found that an OSA diagnosis might raise the risk of developing osteoporosis, especially in women or older patients. They noted that ongoing sleep disruptions associated with OSA have the potential of damaging many systems in the human body, one of which is the skeletal system. Because the condition interrupts the delivery of oxygen, it raises the risk of weakened bones. Over a six-year period, the scientists compared the rate of an osteoporosis diagnosis in the subjects with that of 20,655 individuals of comparable gender and age who had not been diagnosed with OSA. They discovered that the occurrence of osteoporosis was 2.7 times greater in the OSA patients than in subjects in the second group. This number was the result of adjusting for factors such as location, monthly income, certain medical disorders, and other demographics. Women and older patients emerged as particularly susceptible to the risk of developing osteoporosis. While the results suggested no particular intervention to lessen bone thinning risk in patients diagnosed with OSA, the findings pointed out the need to pay greater attention to the relationship between the two conditions and to find more ways to prevent osteoporosis. Vonda J. Sines has published thousands of print and online health and medical articles. She specializes in diseases and other conditions that affect the quality of life.

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When you were a kid you probably had no clue that turning up the volume on your music could result in health issues. You simply enjoyed the music. As you grew, you may have indulged in evenings out at loud concerts or the movies. It might even be normal for you to have experienced loud noise at work. Still, you didn’t think it had any long-term impact. You more likely know differently today. Children as young as 12 can have lasting noise-induced hearing loss. But sound is so powerful it can actually be used as a weapon. Can You Get Sick From Sound? Actually, it Can. Particular sounds can evidently cause you to get ill according to scientists and doctors. This is why. How Health is Impacted by Loud Noise Really loud sounds harm the inner ear. You have tiny hairs that detect + vibrations after they pass through the eardrum membrane. These hairs never grow back once they are damaged. This is what causes the sensorineural hearing loss that many people deal with as they age. Damaging volume begins at 85 decibels over an 8 hour time period. If you’re exposed to over 100 dB, permanent impairment happens within 15 minutes. A rock concert is about 120 decibels, which brings about immediate, irreversible harm. Noises can also impact cardiovascular wellness. Exposure to loud noise can increase stress hormones, which can result in clogged arteries, obesity, high blood pressure, and more. So when individuals who are subjected to loud noise complain about memory loss and headaches, this could explain why. Cardiovascular health is directly related to these symptoms. In fact, one study confirmed that sound volumes that begin to affect the heart, and hormones are as low a 45 decibels. That’s around the volume of someone with a quiet indoor voice. Your Health is Impacted by Certain Sound Frequencies – This is How Cuban diplomats got sick after being exposed to certain sounds several years ago. This sound wasn’t at a really high volume. It could even be drowned out by a television. So how could this kind of sound make people sick? Frequency is the answer. Even at lower volumes, appreciable harm can be done by certain high-frequency sound. Have you ever cringed when somebody scratched their nails on a chalkboard? Have you ever begged a co-worker to stop as they press their fingers across a folded piece of paper? Have you ever had to cover your ears during a violin recital? If you’ve felt the force of high-frequency sounds, the pain you felt was actually damage happening to your hearing. The damage may have become irreversible if you’ve exposed yourself to this sort of sound repeatedly for longer time periods. Studies have also revealed that damage can be done even if you can’t hear the sound. Harmful frequencies can come from many common devices like sensors, trains, machinery, etc. Your health can also be impacted by infrasound which is really low frequency sound. It can vibrate the body in such a way that the person feels nauseated and disoriented. Some individuals even get migraine symptoms like flashes of color and light. Safeguarding Your Hearing Be aware of how you feel about specific sounds. Limit your exposure if particular sounds make you feel pain or other symptoms. If you’re experiencing pain in your ears, you’re probably doing damage. In order to understand how your hearing might be changing over time, get in touch with a hearing specialist for a hearing test.

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More than half of students from low‑income households $0 still needed The Hawk's Nest Reading Corner My students need science and social studies books to read in order to deepen their understanding of the concepts taught during class. Imagine teaching the new Common Core Standards to second graders without the resources needed to do so! That's the dilemma facing the second grade at our elementary school. As you can see, our nest is empty. We need a harvest of nonfiction books to feed our fledglings. Can you help? My second grade consists of 19 learners, 50% of whom are on the free breakfast/lunch program, 33% are in the sheltered ESOL class for literacy, and 100% are excited students. Their families come from many countries around the world including El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, and Columbia, to name a few. They love to read everything I take into the classroom. They share their "finds" from the Media Center with each other and seek books available on-line. Our school is located in beautiful South Florida. We are looking forward to taking our new books outside to read under the palms and at the picnic tables around the campus. These books will be instrumental in teaching and learning the new Common Core Standards that will be fully implemented in the 2013-2914 school year. The books that are being requested are colorful texts, just perfect for second graders to learn science and social studies concepts. They learn best when they can see the pictures, drawings, tables, and graphs that explain the text. I find that 7- and 8-year- olds love to not only read nonfiction books, but they love to share them with their peers. What a great way to build reading skills, science and social studies concepts, and friendships among my students. What is more important in elementary school than being proficient in reading? If children can read, they can master science and social studies concepts and they have a better chance of excelling in math. To be skilled at using the Internet, one needs to know how to read and determine the most reliable site, a skill requiring reading and reasoning expertise. These books will help children acquire the reading and reasoning skills they will need as they leave and move into 3rd grade. DonorsChoose makes it easy for anyone to help a classroom in need. Public school teachers from every corner of America create classroom project requests, and you can give any amount to the project that inspires you.

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First the Photo: Where do you enjoy reading? Have you ever read a book outside? Second the Question: What are your favorite books? Do you chose a book by its pictures or by its story? Do you enjoy silly books or books with words that paint a story for your imagination? Third Next Steps: How often do you visit your local library? Does your library offer unique ways to visit? Like a book mobile or a bike mobile? Or smaller satellite libraries? A Library is like a pirate ship..climb abroad and let the adventures begin..You can travel anywhere..pick a book about time travel, the oceans, animals or one full of cake recipes. One fun way to spend a rainy afternoon in the library is to put together a library scavenger hunt for the whole family. Compile a list of books, DVD’s, travel videos, Cookbooks, craft books, nonfiction, artwork and see who can find the entire list first. It is a wonderful way to re-introduce everyone to the wonder of Libraries. First The Photo: Where was this taken? Hint: It was once the main residence of the infamous King Henry VIII…. Second The Question: History comes alive through stories, movies and visits to famous places that allow you to see and experience the sights, sounds and smells of civilizations that once inhabited our world. It is fascinating to learn about the past, both good and bad. We come away with a deeper understanding of what shaped us into the people we are today. What is your favorite time of history? Do you have a favorite historical story? Do you like to learn about the times of inspiration or do you lean towards hearing about times of strife? Third Next Steps: Take a trip to your local public library. Venture into the nonfiction sections, either in the children’s department or in the adult sections. Check out a book, story book or nonfiction video tape about a time in history. Choose a historical event that is relevant to youf or your family. Share some background with your child before you begin watching the video or reading the book. Spend time after debriefing about what you learned. It can also be fun to watch videos that are fictional stories set in specific times in history. Examples are: Sound of Music set in Austria during WWII, or The King and I set in the Far East while England was still a major power there. These are both fun family friendly versions that bring history to life. Looking for more Explore Galore Kids fun, try one of our books: http://exploregalorekids.com/merchandise/explore-books/

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Despite the danger of the project — Nobel's brother Emil was killed in an experiment in 1864 — he continued his research, patenting what he called dynamite in 1867. The invention proved very useful in the construction industry and Nobel traveled the world selling his product. When not on the road, he diligently conducted research and registered 355 patents in his name. Nobel's talent as both a scientist and a businessman allowed him to amass a considerable fortune. He was also fluent in several languages, wrote poetry and drama, and had a deep interest in philosophy and literature. After Nobel died in 1896, the opening of his will caused a considerable stir: He had left the majority of his money to the establishment of "prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind" in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace. Family members contested the will. Others were irked by the international nature of the new prizes. The biggest shock, however, was the Peace Prize. The name Nobel had been associated with explosives and weapons — not with peace. Nobel's friend and former secretary Countess Bertha von Suttner, a vocal pacifist, is credited with having had a significant impact on the millionaire, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905. "Perhaps my factories will put an end to war sooner than your congresses," he wrote the countess in 1891. Two-and-a-half decades before World War One, Nobel couldn't have foreseen just how wrong he would be. Because Nobel had not composed his will with the help of a lawyer or specified how the prizes should be awarded, it took five years to sort out the details before the first Nobel Prize could be awarded in 1901. In 1968, Sweden's central bank established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The five original prizes are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm. How are the winners selected? Candidates are nominated a year in advance by qualified parties in the six relevant fields. Academics, politicians, prominent scientists, previous Nobel laureates and others receive personal invitations each year to nominate a candidate. The nominators are selected in such a way so that as many different countries as possible are represented over time. Their nominations are kept secret for 50 years. In his will, Alfred Nobel specifically indicated five Swedish institutions responsible for choosing the prize recipients in each category. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has selected the Economics Prize laureates since 1969. A longstanding discussion When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Henry Dunant of Switzerland (left) and Frederic Passy of France (right) in 1901, the Nobel Commission was divided. Dunant had founded the International Red Cross and, together with Passy, initiated the Geneva Conventions. The commission's members feared that by making war more humane, the Geneva Conventions could make it more acceptable. Warrior and peacekeeper US President Theodore Roosevelt was never seen as a pacifist – he had urged war against Spain. After that, he helped Cubans to free themselves from colonialism, but US troops soon arrived in Cuba, ensuring the island remained under de facto US control. Roosevelt received the prize for another commitment: his peace efforts in the Russo-Japanese war. The racist peacemaker The 28th US President, Woodrow Wilson, also received a prize "for his contributions to the end of World War I and the founding of the League of Nations," the precursor to the UN. But he also believed in the superiority of whites and was a supporter of segregation who praised the Ku Klux Klan. Peace prize without peace US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Vietnamese politburo member Le Duc Tho played a decisive role in the 1973 Paris Peace Accords, aimed at ending the conflict. However, Tho refused to accept the prize. While the US largely withdrew after the accords, the conflict in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia would last another two years. From putsch to Peace Prize Egypt's President Anwar al-Sadat (left) joined Israel's Prime Minister Menachem Begin (right) to agree to peace between the two countries. In 1978, they were honored for the Camp David Agreement. But the prize for Sadat caused a stir: He was a senior member of the secret "Free Officers" who had overthrown King Farouk in 1952. Peacekeeping and dirty business The blue Helmets are the peacekeeing forces of the United Nations. They were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work in 1988. However, they came under massive criticism in subsequent years: the troops were accused of sexually abusing women and children and forced them into prostitution. In the genocide in Rwanda, and in the massacre at Srebrenica, they were blamed for standing idly by. The man with two faces Although he was regarded as an advocate of apartheid before his time as a South African president, F.W. de Klerk played a key role in the abolition of racial separation in South Africa. He freed Nelson Mandela and other African National Congress politicians from prison, championed the freedom of the press, and abolished the apartheid laws. In 1993 he and Mandela shared the Nobel Peace Prize. A terrorist with a Nobel Peace Prize There was uproar in 1994, when Palestine Liberation Organization chief Yasser Arafat along with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres received the award for their peace efforts in the Middle East. A Norwegian politician resigned in protest from the Nobel Committee, calling Arafat an "unworthy winner." A 'better and more peaceful world' thanks to the UN? Both the UN and its Secretary General, Kofi Annan, received the 2001 Nobel Prize – "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." But critics accuse the UN of not upholding these ideals and of frequent failure. Individual states are able to block resolutions and joint action in the UN Security Council. Advance laurels for Barack Obama Barack Obama had only been US president for nine months when he received the award for his "extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples." Critics thought it came much too early. Later, Obama ordered military intervention – including the mission to kill terrorist Osama bin Laden, which was highly controversial under international law. 'Nonviolent struggle' and a war criminal Liberia's former President Charles Taylor was convicted of war crimes tied to thousands of cases of murder, rape and torture. Critics accuse his successor Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, once Taylor's finance minister, of supporting his violence and corruption. Nevertheless, in 2011 she was honored for her "nonviolent struggle for the safety of women." She claimed the prize during her re-election campaign. Questionable treatment of asylum seekers Barbed-wire fences, detention, inhumane conditions in refugee camps: Human rights activists have been criticizing the EU's refugee policies for years. Even so, the European Union was honored in 2012 for its "advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe." - The youngest Nobel laureate is Malala Yousafzai, who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 at the age of 17 for her activism in the field of children's rights. Before that, the youngest was Lawrence Bragg, who was just 25 when he accepted the prize. He shared the 1915 Nobel Prize in physics with his father. - Several would-be Nobel recipients either declined to accept their award or were forced to decline for political reasons. - Jean-Paul Sartre, who consistently turned down all public honors, didn't accept his 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature. - In 1973, Le Duc - Tho was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord. Tho declined the prize due to the situation in Vietnam. - Three German Nobel laureates — Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt and Gerhard Domagk — were forbidden by Adolf Hitler to accept their prizes. They received their diplomas and medals belatedly, but not the monetary award. - In 1958, Soviet authorities forced Boris Pasternak to return the Nobel Prize in Literature he had initially accepted. 2018: Resignations over a #MeToo scandal Until this year, the Swedish Academy's 18 members technically held the position for life. That changed when three group members stepped down in protest against the Academy membership of poet Katarina Frostenson, whose husband is accused of sexual harassment. Academy secretary Sara Danius (photo) and Frostenson also left shortly afterwards, leading to the decision to postpone the 2018 award. 1989: Resignations in support of Salman Rushdie While the famous author of "The Satanic Verses" never won the Nobel Prize in Literature, some members of the Swedish Academy felt their organization should denounce Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's fatwa calling for Salman Rushdie's assassination in 1989. The Academy refused to do so, and three members resigned in protest. He didn't comment for weeks: Bob Dylan He became the first singer-songwriter to obtain the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2016, shocking quite a few literature purists. Then Dylan didn't even seem that interested by the recognition. He didn't show up at the awards ceremony and simply sent a brief thank-you speech instead of the traditional Nobel lecture. He finally collected his prize in Stockholm in March 2017. A late tribute to his first novel: Thomas Mann Thomas Mann received the prize in 1929, but it wasn't for his most recent work, "The Magic Mountain" (1924), which the jury found too tedious. The distinction instead recognized his debut novel, "Buddenbrooks" — published 28 years earlier. Time had apparently added to its value. The jury said, it "has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature." Too many people: Elfriede Jelinek When she was honored with the prize in 2004, Austrian author Elfriede Jelinek also refused to go to the awards ceremony. "I cannot manage being in a crowd of people. I cannot stand public attention," the reclusive playwright said. The Swedish Academy had to accept her agoraphobia, but she did, at least, hold her Nobel lecture — per video. Couldn't accept the prize: Boris Pasternak The Soviet author, world famous for his novel "Doctor Zhivago," obtained Nobel recognition in 1958. However, Soviet authorities forced him to decline the prize; he wouldn't be able to re-enter the country if he went to the Stockholm ceremony. Even though he followed his government's orders, he was still demonized afterwards. His son picked up the award in 1989, 29 years after the author's death. 'Not literature': Dario Fo When Italian comedian and playwright Dario Fo won the prize in 1997, the announcement came as a shock to many literary critics, who saw him as just an entertainer and not real literary figure with an international standing." The satirist fired back with his Nobel speech, which he titled "Against jesters who defame and insult." Literature, not Peace: Winston Churchill Although British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945, he actually obtained the award for his written works — mostly memoirs, history volumes and speeches — in 1953. The jury praised "his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values." Did he want the money?: Jean-Paul Sartre The French philosopher and playwright was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, but he declined it, saying that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution" by accepting official honors. It was rumored that he later asked for the prize money anyway — but that story was never confirmed. The youngest winner: Rudyard Kipling Winning the award in 1907 at the age of 41, British author Joseph Rudyard Kipling, best known for "The Jungle Book" (1894), remains the youngest Nobel laureate in literature to this day. However, his legacy has since been marred by the fact that Kipling, who spent his early childhood and some of his adult life in India, vehemently spoke out in defense of British colonialism. Four individuals have been awarded two Nobel Prizes: - John Bardeen (Physics 1956, 1972) - Marie Curie (Physics 1903, Chemistry 1911) - Linus Pauling (Chemistry 1954, Peace 1962) - Frederick Sanger (Chemistry 1958, 1980) Together, the Curies have collected more Nobel prizes than any other family. Marie Curie shared half of the physics prize with her husband Pierre in 1903. Their daughter Irene shared the chemistry prize with her husband Frederic Joliot in 1935.

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This occurs because excess nutrients can fuel the growth of algae blooms that block sunlight from reaching underwater grasses and, during decomposition, rob the water of oxygen that plants and animals need to survive. Certain species of algae that are common in bodies of water plagued by eutrophication can also contaminate shellfish. When consumed by humans, these diseased aquatic invertebrate cause paralytic shellfish poisoning: a potentially fatal disease. Unfortunately, though there are many drawbacks and negative effects on the water quality in the Bay, no real benefits are found in the water when agricultural pollution is present. The most destructive components of agricultural pollution are livestock manure, poultry litter, and chemical fertilizers. The coral provides a protected habitat for the zooxanthellae and the zooxanthellae provide nutrients that the coral utilizes to survive and thrive. Fertilizer runoff occurs when fertilizer flows over the surface of the land and is carried by rain water into streams, rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Once in the ocean, the nitrogen found in fertilizer is absorbed by algae resulting in large algal blooms and excess macroalgae growth; this process is known as eutrophication (Kroon 1987). The overabundance of algae negatively affects zooxanthellae, and thus coral, because the algae and zooxanthellae compete for resources such as space and sunlight and zooxanthellae need sunlight for photosynthesis (Bell et al., 364). When zooxanthellae do not obtain an adequate amount of sunlight they become stressed and either leave their coral shelter or die (Bell et al., 364). The huge numbers of algae can block the pores on sponges, block light penetration through to the zooxanthellae living within the corals, and decrease the its resistance to coral diseases. Pollutions such as sewage outflow, the use of fertilizers from both urban and agricultural have huge impacts on coral reefs. These wastes contain high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus which are toxic to the reef ecosystem. The large content of phosphorus and nitrogen from animal waste and fertilizers are lethal to coral polyps. The excess nutrients may induce pathogen and provide the elements required by the pathogen to proliferate or become directly toxic to the coral making them more susceptible to the disease.The imbalance in the exchange of nutrients between the zooxanthellae and the host coral reduces light penetration to the reef due to nutrient-stimulated phytoplankton growth, and, most harmful of all, may bring about proliferation of seaweeds (Dubinsky, 1996).Nevertheless, the study had discovered that the coral capable to recover and revive once the nutrients supplies stopped. Other invasive plants are Melaleuca, Old World climbing fern, Australian Pine, Brazilian Pepper, and Seaside Mahoe. Power plants released mercury to the atmosphere and fell to the water as rain. Phosphorus and mercury caused water pollution and negatively affected many animals and the ecosystem. Many panthers were found dead. We have to improve the water quality in the Everglades otherwise more animals are going to die. This impacts our well being because, according to the website: The Mekong River- Survival for Millions, the water from rivers are the source of most of our drinking water. Eutrophication causes an abundance of bacteria to form in the river. If there is too much bacteria in the water, it will cause sicknesses and negatively impacts our health. However, if there is too much manure in the water, it will contaminate the water and negatively affect our health as well. This is why we should use animal manure in moderation. This acid impairs sensory abilities that some marine animals have. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Recent studies have shown that decreased pH levels affect the ability of larval clownfish to locate suitable habitat” (2016). Therefore, impairing the chemosensory ability to distinguish a predator from their own species (NOAA,2016). Furthermore, the decrease of oxygen in ocean water will cause poisonous algal species to flourish (WHOI, 2018). Algal blooms will “reduce light availability, which often leads to losses in submerged aquatic vegetation which are important nursery habitats for many finfish and shellfish species” according to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (2018). products such as nitrogen and phosphorous released from the agriculture sector, and also the mineral deposition from industry. Ozone layer is depleted due chlorofluorohydrocarbons and some other chemicals released into the atmosphere, which permits penetration of ultraviolet light, which can be detrimental for biological organisms such as marine plankton communities (Sivasakthivel and Reddy, 2011). Introduced species / biological invasions Globally, impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) are the major threats to biological diversity. To understand the impact of biological diversity one should know the definition of biodiversity. Biodiversity is composed of three major features, namely, functional, compositional and structural diversity Mining requires the removal of topsoil containing valuable organic matters. The removal of topsoil causes the land to be barren which are unsuitable for cultivation and unproductive, which is a kind of land pollution. Due to urbanization, many construction activities are taking place. Waste materials such as wood, metal and plastic often being left at the construction site. When deforestation is committed, the green cover which helps in balancing the atmosphere is reduced and it leads to natural disasters such as global warming, flash floods and green house effect. aquatic organisms and disturb the integrity of the ecosystem (Mester and Tien 2000; Puvaneswari et al., 2006) by alters the pH, increases the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).Dyes industries have also a serious role in environmental pollution. Dyes mainly used in paper, textile and leather industries. Pollutant released from these dyes industries cause water and soil pollution. Water and land pollution by dyes industries affect large numbers of people and environment. These pollutants affects in many forms. The global production of animal products aids in the destruction of water quality worldwide. FAO (2009) mentions that the water quality is tainted through the release of nitrogen, phosphorous, pathogens and other substances which goes into water ways and groundwater mainly from manure production in intensive livestock. Accordingly, poor manure management results in the pollution of surface and ground water. Air quality is also impacted by meat production; meat production contributes to the level of ammonia, which is released from manure and urine, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and other harmful substances. Samer (2016) refers to hydrogen sulphide as “an aggressive trace gas”, it is emitted in large amounts after manure is broken down anaerobically during sometime in storage.

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Ventricular arrhythmia is the abnormal heartbeats that begin in the lower chambers of the heart, also known as ventricles. These abnormal heartbeats cause the heart to beat too fast, preventing the oxygen-rich blood from getting circulated to the brain and the body, thereby increasing the risk of a cardiac arrest. There are different types of ventricular arrhythmia, namely, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and premature ventricular contractions. The human body has a natural pacemaker called the SA node, which enables the heart to beat; however, in the case of ventricular tachycardia, the heart beats abnormally due to the SA node. This happens when the heart’s contraction is lowered and the electrical pathways in the body take over the role of the SA node, causing the ventricles to be abnormal. Subsequently, this causes the affected person to experience shortness of breath, fainting, and dizziness. Ventricular fibrillation is considered a serious condition as it accounts for irregular heartbeats that often occur when multiple impulses take place all at once in different locations in the body and contract the heart simultaneously. It gets difficult for the heart to pump blood when the heartbeat gets too fast. This often causes loss of consciousness and calls for immediate medical attention. Premature ventricular contractions This is a condition where ventricular contraction occurs too soon. It is not as serious as ventricular fibrillation but can still cause the heart to lose its normal heartbeat sequence. Although premature ventricular doesn’t need treatment, it can become a trigger or a risk factor for a more serious ventricular arrhythmia. Causes of ventricular arrhythmia There are many risk factors or situations mentioned below that may lead to ventricular arrhythmia. - Abnormalities in the thyroid hormone - Consumption of alcohol and other toxins - Lack of sleep - Excess stress - Coronary artery disease and a variety of underlying coronary artery diseases - Congenital causes - Infections or inflammation of the heart muscle - Abnormal levels of electrolytes in the blood Treatments available for ventricular arrhythmia There are several emergency treatments available for ventricular arrhythmia, which include cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automatic external defibrillators (AED). - CPR: In ventricular arrhythmia, especially ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, the blood flow to the brain and body is inadequate. Therefore, CPR is given to the patient by mimicking the heart’s motions of pumping blood so that their heart can pump blood. - AED: To stop ventricular arrhythmia, doctors give an electric shock to the heart through the chest wall and restore the normal rhythm and heartbeat. These are the temporary treatments given at the time of emergency and therefore don’t provide long-term results. For long term treatment of ventricular arrhythmia, there are medications, implanted devices, and catheters that help a patient treat the condition: - Antiarrhythmic medications: These are medications that are designed to reduce the ventricular arrhythmias. - Implantable cardioverter defibrillator: This is an implanted device that is placed under the skin, so it monitors and treats the condition by providing prompt electrical shocks. - Catheter ablation: This treatment involves the insertion of catheters into the blood vessels such that the wire is positioned in the heart. The catheter is then positioned at the abnormal heart rhythm where energy in the form of radiofrequency is delivered to the tip of the catheter to resolve arrhythmia.

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An induction motor or 3 stage induction motor can be an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to generate torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding An induction engine which connects with a 3-stage supply called 3-stage induction motor. Example enthusiasts,blowers, cranes,traction .It is a ac engine. The primary drawback of DC motors may be the existence of commutator and brushes, which require frequent maintenance and we can not use DC engine in explosive and filthy environment. But induction motors are cheaper,durable,lighter,smaller,require much less maintenance and may use in dirty and explosive environment. Slip s may be the imp element in this kind of motor. There are 2 types of IM. Squirrel cage IM Slip ring IM There are many starting and braking condition. Important starting methods are Auto transformer starter Ac Three Phase Motor voltage controller starter Rotor resistance starter Important braking methods are Plugging or invert voltage braking But one thing swiftness control technique of induction motor is important Stator voltage control Slip power recovery Rotor resistance control

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While cats have a reputation for their sense of grace and balance, there are also plenty of memes out there showing the more awkward and klutzy side of cats. Cats may also be described as having “nine lives” due to their unique and almost supernatural ability to right themselves when falling in order to land on their feet. While cats make have a super flexible spine and inner sense of orientation that helps them during a fall, falling from great heights can seriously injure a cat, even when they land on their feet. Cats have a righting reflex The instinctive ability of cats to right themselves while falling is known as the righting reflex. Cats maintains their balance and sense of direction through a complex structure in the ear called the vestibular apparatus. This organ helps a cat to quickly understand which way they are facing and to adjust their head position to align with the rest of their body. The cat’s flexible spine and free-floating collar bone assist the cat during a fall. When a cat falls, its spine curves and its legs extend, pulling the belly towards a head-across-chest position. Meanwhile, the cat tucks in its forepaws and rotates its body to face downwards, aiming to land on its feet. Cats will assume a spread-eagle position with all four paws outstretched. This position functions similar to a parachute and creates air resistance that helps to slow the downward speed of the cat. The risk of cats injuring themselves after falling from a great height is known as high-rise syndrome. Falling from great heights can result in severe injuries to the cat While all of these abilities of a cat to right themselves during a fall will help the cat to land on their feet, falling from a great height can still cause severe injuries due to the impact of the fall. One study published in 2004 that look at 119 cases of cats that had been diagnosed with high-rise syndrome. While almost 95% of the cats survived the fall, almost half (46.2%) suffered some kind of limb fracture. Other common injuries were involved severe injuries to the chest, pelvic bones, and jaw bones. While injuries can occur in cats falling from the second floor of a building (known as the first floor in some countries), the rate of thoracic (chest) injuries significantly increased in buildings where the fall was from more than 7 stories. In particular, landing on a hard surface like concrete or bare ground, can causes fractures, organ damage, bruising, or shock. Younger cats are more likely to fall and suffer high-rise syndrome The study also found that almost 60% of cats were under one year old. The authors attributed the higher incident of younger cats and kittens falling due to the more active and playful nature of younger cats compared to adults. Younger cats were more likely to slip and fall while chasing butterflies, birds, or playing with other cats in the household. Cats are more likely to fall during summer months Incidents of cats falling and suffering from high-rise syndrome were higher during the warmer summer months according to the 2004 study. This is due to people, especially in areas without air conditioning, leaving windows open during the warmer months. How to keep your cat safe around windows and balconies There are steps that cat owners can take to keep their felines safe from falling from windows and balconies. First, if you need to open the window, make sure the window has a secure screen or bars that will block the cat from tumbling out. Balconies should be screened in with netting to prevent cats from slipping and falling from the ledge or railing of a balcony. If you live in a HOA or are renting with regulations on what you can do with your living space, make sure to get the proper permissions. If you are unable to secure your higher up windows and balconies to make them safe for your cat, it’s better to prevent your cat from hanging out or playing in these areas of your home. Cat window beds are a great way to provide your indoor cat with a safer view from a closed window. Cat grass, plenty of enrichment in the form of toys, and cat trees are all excellent ways to enrich the lives of your indoor cat. Vnuk, D., Pirkić, B., Matičić, D., Radišić, B., Stejskal, M., Babić, T., … & Lemo, N. (2004). Feline high-rise syndrome: 119 cases (1998–2001). Journal of feline medicine and surgery, 6(5), 305-312.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2003.07.001 Whitney, W. O., & Mehlhaff, C. J. (1987). High-rise syndrome in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 191(11), 1399-1403.

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In cities that are growing both in size and thirst across the world, sustainability is limited by the grayness of dams and water treatment facilities. In this week Sustainability of nature, research by scientists at Michigan State University advocates going green to secure water supplies. Scientists have taken new approaches to examine how 317 cities around the world obtain adjacent and distant freshwater and other ecosystem services. It turns out that large-scale built infrastructure – the human means to move water can reduce water quality and damage water supplies at their source. For sustainability scientist Jianguo “Jack” Liu, the study is yet another example of the need to balance human needs with the impacts of nature. This document highlights the delicate balance between built and green infrastructure and provides policy makers with ways to meet the needs of both. “Providing adequate water to rapidly growing cities at a time already marked by water insecurity and climate change requires a holistic approach of coupled human and natural systems,” said Liu, MSU chair. Rachel Carson in sustainable development and director of the Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability. . “It is not enough to design ways to move water. You also have to understand how nature reacts and what it can provide.” Cities impose human will on water supply not only with dams and treatment facilities, but with “impermeable surfaces” which are harsh areas like streets, roofs and parking lots that do not allow water to be supplied. water from seeping into the ground. When water ends up in storm sewers and rivers, it has picked up pollutants. The group deployed the metacoupling framework, a new integrated tool allowing researchers to systematically understand human-nature interactions near and far. This framework expands the science of sustainability from a focus on specific places separately to human-nature interactions across adjacent and distant places. This is especially important with water, as cities often tap into remote areas and sometimes impose difficulties in the process that can damage the very supplies they covet. Since the turn of the 20th century, nearly 90% of watersheds supplying water to cities have experienced a reduction in water quality, which directly affects drinking water and recreation in cities. “Our results indicate that natural infrastructure such as protected forests and wetlands already play an important role in sustaining freshwater flows to cities as well as improving the performance of existing built infrastructure,” said Min Gon Chung, the first author of the article “Natural infrastructure in sustaining urban freshwater ecosystem services globally.” “These relationships between built infrastructure and natural infrastructure become more complicated as cities increasingly depend not only on surrounding watersheds, but also on distant watersheds as more and more infrastructure like dams and aqueducts are being built, ”added Chung recently receiving his doctorate. at MSU and is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Merced. In addition to freshwater for consumption and recreation, natural infrastructure also provides many other ecosystem services associated with freshwater, such as sediment regulation, flood mitigation, and hydropower generation. “This article adapts an analytical technique developed for human social networks to these ‘social networks’ of these ecosystems,” said co-author Kenneth Frank, professor of sociometry at the MSU Foundation. “Just as humans can be supported by a number of friends in different ways, a city can be supported by the freshwater ecosystem services of a number of watersheds. The technique allowed us to estimate whether ecosystem services are due to features of the watershed, such as forest cover, features of the city such as urban population, or features of both, such as the distance from the watershed to the river. city. The work can help guide policy makers to effectively integrate forest and watershed greens into the water supply chain, as well as bringing more green to cities through parks and green roofs. In addition to Liu, Chung and Frank, who are members of the SCRS, the document was written by Thomas Dietz, another member of the SCRS and professor of sociology and environmental science and policy; and Yadu Pokhrel, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering. Cities face dramatic increases in water treatment spending when watersheds are developed Jianguo Liu, Natural Infrastructure for Maintaining Global Urban Freshwater Ecosystem Services, Sustainability of nature (2021). DOI: 10.1038 / s41893-021-00786-4. www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00786-4 Provided by Michigan State University Quote: Thirsty Cities Need Human Infrastructure / Nature Combo (2021, October 21) retrieved October 21, 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2021-10-thirsty-cities-humannature-infrastructure-combo. html This document is subject to copyright. Other than fair use for private study or research purposes, no part may be reproduced without written permission. The content is provided for information only.

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"Trees are sanctuaries. Whoever knows how to speak to them, whoever knows how to listen to them, can learn the truth. They do not preach learning and precepts, they preach, undeterred by particulars, the ancient law of life." -Hermann Hesse 1946 The 31st of July was dedicated National Tree Day by Planet Ark in 1996. We would like to use National Tree Day as excuse to profess our love for trees. Here are our top ten reasons for our love affair with trees. 1. They provide the clean air we breathe 2. Good quality housing for our furry and feathered friends Image: The critically endangered Swift Parrot needs mature eucalypts to breed. Source: FPA by Matt Webb Trees are homes. Trees have cavities, bark pockets, branches, canopies, cracks, sap runs and hollows to provide shelter for a wide range of species. Tree hollows in particular are especially valuable for some of our endangered species who rely on this type of shelter - the catch is they take more than 150 years to form! Bats, such as this eastern falsistrelle bat (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis), require multiple hollows to shelter and breed, and the critically endangered Swift Parrot breeds in tree hollows in mature eucalypts (must be within foraging range of Tasmanian blue gum and black gum). Many animals cannot survive without hollows, yet good hollows are rare. In Tasmania, over 42 animal species rely on hollows, including five possums, about 29 birds and eight bat species, as well as insects and native bees. 3. Fallen trees are nurseries Image: A fallen tree supports new life in Franklin Forest. Source: Our members Friends of Franklin Forest As a mature, fallen tree decays on the forest floor, it can provide shade, shelter, moisture, extra sunlight and protection against pathogens for vulnerable seedlings. In 'death' they contain up to five times more living matter than when they were upright! 4. Tasmania is home to Centurion - the tallest tree in the Southern Hemisphere Image: Centurion towers over 100m tall in the south of Tasmania. Source: The Tree Projects Centurion is also the world's tallest eucalypt. It holds the world record for being the world's tallest flowering plant and tallest hardwood tree. It may also be considered the luckiest - as it narrowly escaped a bushfire in 2019 that wiped out much of the surrounding foliage, but left Centurion standing. 5. Trees are good for our happiness Image: UTAS Landcare Society at a planting day in 2021. "Humans are biophilic creatures, meaning we have an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other lifeforms. Because of this, being in the presence of nature reduces stress and anxiety in humans, in addition to other health benefits such as lowering blood pressure and reducing risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Getting out and planting trees is a fun and easy thing to do and a great activity to connect with family, friends and your community." - Planet Ark 6. Trees inspire art Image: Freestyle embroidery by Cindy Watkins, The Textile Artist, who supports Landcare Tasmania with sales of her art "You giants, you dwarves; you leaners, you poles; you gnarled fists, you saplings with two leaves; you bare harbingers of cold, you budding heralds of green . . . I sing your praise. You earth holders, you soil protectors; you bird sanctuaries, you shelters for the deer; you child dandlers (I’ve seen you bounce them up and down); you kite snaggers, you window scratchers and nightmare screechers making children cry . . . I sing -Douglas Woodsam, 2005 From poetry, to painting, to jewellery, to leaf-dyed fabrics, trees are the artists ultimate muse. 7. The oldest tree in the world is over 5,000 years old Can you imagine? Image: The Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva) has been deemed the oldest tree in existence. Source: TreesAtlanta The Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva) has been deemed the oldest tree in existence, reaching an age of over 5,000 years old. The cold, harsh living conditions means that this tree grows very slowly and becomes resistant to fungi, rot and erosion - and the area is rarely affected by fire. This gnarled, old beauty must have seen some things in its time! 8. River Relationships Image: Landcare Tasmania's River Health Workshops July 2022 Trees are important for healthy rivers. Intricate tree root systems hold soil in place, encouraging water to seep into soil rather than running off into nearby water sources. This process is important as runoff picks up and carries pollutants which can run into rivers, lakes, wetlands and oceans, where it can have a negative impact on aquatic ecosystems and wildlife. A healthy riparian zone will have at least 30m of native vegetation from the river edge, including a canopy of big trees and a healthy understorey of shrubs. A healthy riparian zone filters sediments and nutrients, and supports a diversity of aquatic habitats, and shades the river which helps to maintain optimum temperatures protecting against algal growth. 9. Trees Talk Did you know trees talk? Thanks to the 'phone line' created by a network of mycorrhizal fungi which connects the root systems and allows trees to communicate. Trees are are able to share resources by transporting nutrients through the fungal network. For example an older tree may transport nutrients to a seedling who is struggling for light. 10. Not-just trees Image: The Growling Swallet, TAS (c) Asher Bradbury Sure trees are cool, but our favourite thing about trees is that they do not stand alone. They are just one part in a wide, glorious ecosystem of critters, fungi, shrubs, grasslands, rivers, wetlands, soil, microbiome, birds, bugs, mammals, oceans, air, and everything else that makes up this spectacular planet. There are plenty of ways to get involved this Tree Day. You could used the day to plant trees native to your area (use The Understory Network's handy plant guides by municipality). Or, if you’re unable to plant on the day, you could go for a bushwalk, do some weeding, or make some plans to plant later in the year. If you'd like to join in with your local community, our member groups are hosting National Tree Day events - search for one near you here.

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