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0704.0304	Carlos Gershenson	The World as Evolving Information	This paper discusses the benefits of describing the world as information, especially in the study of the evolution of life and cognition. Traditional studies encounter problems because it is difficult to describe life and cognition in terms of matter and energy, since their laws are valid only at the physical scale. However, if matter and energy, as well as life and cognition, are described in terms of information, evolution can be described consistently as information becoming more complex. The paper presents eight tentative laws of information, valid at multiple scales, which are generalizations of Darwinian, cybernetic, thermodynamic, psychological, philosophical, and complexity principles. These are further used to discuss the notions of life, cognition and their evolution.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0304v3 [cs.IT] 13 Oct 2010The World as Evolving Information Carlos Gershenson1,2,3 1Computer Sciences Department, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matem´ aticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas Universidad Nacional Aut´ onoma de M´ exico1 Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 20-726, 01000 M´ exico D.F. M´
0704.0305	Yongxing Guo, Yifeng Liu, Jay X. Tang, and James M. Valles Jr	Polymerization Force Driven Buckling of Microtubule Bundles Determines the Wavelength of Patterns Formed in Tubulin Solutions	We present a model for the spontaneous formation of a striated pattern in polymerizing microtubule solutions. It describes the buckling of a single microtubule (MT) bundle within an elastic network formed by other similarly aligned and buckling bundles and unaligned MTs. Phase contrast and polarization microscopy studies of the temporal evolution of the pattern imply that the polymerization of MTs within the bundles creates the driving compressional force. Using the measured rate of buckling, the established MT force-velocity curve and the pattern wavelength, we obtain reasonable estimates for the MT bundle bending rigidity and the elastic constant of the network. The analysis implies that the bundles buckle as solid rods.	What is the title of this paper? Polymerization Force Driven Buckling of Microtubule Bundles Determines the Wavelength of Patterns Formed in Tubulin Solutions Yongxing Guo, Yifeng Liu, Jay X. Tang, and James M. Valles, Jr. Physics Department, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 (Dated: June 8, 2021) We present a model for the sp
0704.0306	D.-M. Mei, S.R. Elliott, A. Hime, V. Gehman and K. Kazkaz	Neutron Inelastic Scattering Processes as Background for Double-Beta Decay Experiments	We investigate several Pb$(n,n'\gamma$) and Ge$(n,n'\gamma$) reactions. We measure $\gamma$-ray production from Pb$(n,n'\gamma$) reactions that can be a significant background for double-beta decay experiments which use lead as a massive inner shield. Particularly worrisome for Ge-based double-beta decay experiments are the 2041-keV and 3062-keV $\gamma$ rays produced via Pb$(n,n'\gamma$). The former is very close to the ^{76}Ge double-beta decay endpoint energy and the latter has a double escape peak energy near the endpoint. Excitation $\gamma$-ray lines from Ge$(n,n'\gamma$) reactions are also observed. We consider the contribution of such backgrounds and their impact on the sensitivity of next-generation searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay using enriched germanium detectors.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0306v4 [nucl-ex] 26 Jan 2008Neutron Inelastic Scattering Processes as Background for D ouble-Beta Decay Experiments D.-M. Mei,1,2,∗S.R. Elliott,1A. Hime,1V. Gehman,1,3and K. Kazkaz3,† 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 2The Department of Earth Science and Physics, Uni
0704.0307	Eric L. N. Jensen (1), Saurav Dhital (1,2), Keivan G. Stassun (2), Jenny Patience (3), William Herbst (4), Frederick M. Walter (5), Michal Simon (5), Gibor Basri (6); (1 - Swarthmore College; 2 - Vanderbilt; 3 - Caltech; 4 - Wesleyan University; 5 - SUNY Stony Brook; 6 - UC Berkeley)	Periodic accretion from a circumbinary disk in the young binary UZ Tau E	Close pre-main-sequence binary stars are expected to clear central holes in their protoplanetary disks, but the extent to which material can flow from the circumbinary disk across the gap onto the individual circumstellar disks has been unclear. In binaries with eccentric orbits, periodic perturbation of the outer disk is predicted to induce mass flow across the gap, resulting in accretion that varies with the binary period. This accretion may manifest itself observationally as periodic changes in luminosity. Here we present a search for such periodic accretion in the pre-main-sequence spectroscopic binary UZ Tau E. We present BVRI photometry spanning three years; we find that the brightness of UZ Tau E is clearly periodic, with a best-fit period of 19.16 +/- 0.04 days. This is consistent with the spectroscopic binary period of 19.13 days, refined here from analysis of new and existing radial velocity data. The brightness of UZ Tau E shows significant random variability, but the overall periodic pattern is a broad peak in enhanced brightness, spanning more than half the binary orbital period. The variability of the H-alpha line is not as clearly periodic, but given the sparseness of the data, some periodic component is not ruled out. The photometric variations are in good agreement with predictions from simulations of binaries with orbital parameters similar to those of UZ Tau E, suggesting that periodic accretion does occur from circumbinary disks, replenishing the inner disks and possibly extending the timescale over which they might form planets.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0307v2 [astro-ph] 3 May 2007To appear in the Astronomical Journal, July 2007 Periodic accretion from a circumbinary disk in the young bin ary UZ Tau E Eric L. N. Jensen1, Saurav Dhital1,2, Keivan G. Stassun2, Jenny Patience3, William Herbst4, Frederick M. Walter5, Michal Simon5, Gibor B
0704.0308	Ke Deng, Heping Zhao, Dejun Li	Effect of node deleting on network structure	The ever-increasing knowledge of the structure of various real-world networks has uncovered their complex multi-mechanism-governed evolution processes. Therefore, a better understanding of the structure and evolution of these networked complex systems requires us to describe such processes in a more detailed and realistic manner. In this paper, we introduce a new type of network growth rule which comprises addition and deletion of nodes, and propose an evolving network model to investigate the effect of node deleting on network structure. It is found that, with the introduction of node deleting, network structure is significantly transformed. In particular, degree distribution of the network undergoes a transition from scale-free to exponential forms as the intensity of node deleting increases. At the same time, nontrivial disassortative degree correlation develops spontaneously as a natural result of network evolution in the model. We also demonstrate that node deleting introduced in the model does not destroy the connectedness of a growing network so long as the increasing rate of edges is not excessively small. In addition, it is found that node deleting will weaken but not eliminate the small-world effect of a growing network, and generally it will decrease the clustering coefficient in a network.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0308v1 [physics.soc-ph] 3 Apr 2007Eﬀect of node deleting on network structure Ke Deng,∗Heping Zhao, and Dejun Li Department of Physics, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 41 6000, People’s Republic of China The ever-increasing knowledge to the structure of various r eal-world networks has
0704.0309	Guohun Zhu	The Complexity of HCP in Digraps with Degree Bound Two	The Hamiltonian cycle problem (HCP) in digraphs D with degree bound two is solved by two mappings in this paper. The first bijection is between an incidence matrix C_{nm} of simple digraph and an incidence matrix F of balanced bipartite undirected graph G; The second mapping is from a perfect matching of G to a cycle of D. It proves that the complexity of HCP in D is polynomial, and finding a second non-isomorphism Hamiltonian cycle from a given Hamiltonian digraph with degree bound two is also polynomial. Lastly it deduces P=NP base on the results.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0309v3 [cs.CC] 13 Jul 2007The Complexity of HCP in Digraps with Degree Bound Two Guohun Zhu Guilin University of Electronic Technology, No.1 Jinji Road,Guilin, Guangxi, 541004,P.R.China [email protected] Abstract. The Hamiltonian cycle problem (HCP) in digraphs Dwith degree bound two
0704.0310	Xiang Liu, Lang Cui, Wen-Feng Luo, Wei-Zhao Shi, Hua-Gang Song (Urumqi Observatory, NAOC)	VLBI observations of nineteen GHz-Peaked-Spectrum radio sources at 1.6 GHz	Aims and Methods: We present the results of VLBI observations of nineteen GHz-Peaked-Spectrum (GPS) radio sources at 1.6 GHz. Of them, 15 sources are selected from the Parkes Half Jansky (PHJ) sample (Snellen 2002), 4 others are from our previous observation list. We aimed at imaging the structure of GPS sources, searching for Compact Symmetric Objects (CSOs) and studying the absorption for the convex radio spectra of GPS sources. Results: We obtained total intensity 1.6 GHz VLBI images of 17 sources for the first time. Of them, 80% show mini-double-lobe radio structure, indicating that they are CSOs or candidates, and their host AGNs could be edge-on to us. This result suggests that there is a high incidence of mini double-lobe sources (or CSOs) in the PHJ sample. The sources J0323+0534, J1135-0021, J1352+0232, J2058+0540, J2123-0112 and J2325-0344 with measured redshift, showing double-lobe structure with sizes of <1 kpc, are classified as CSOs. Three sources J1057+0012, J1600-0037 and J1753+2750 are considered as core-jet sources according to their morphologies and flux variability.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0310v1 [astro-ph] 3 Apr 2007Astronomy& Astrophysics manuscriptno.ex0069 November4,2018 (DOI:will beinsertedbyhandlater) VLBI observations ofnineteen GHz-Peaked-Spectrum radio sourcesat1.6 GHz X. Liu1, L.Cui1,2, W.-F.Luo1,2, W.-Z.Shi1,2, and H.-G.Song1 1National Astronomical Observatorie
0704.0311	John R. Kirtley, Zhifeng Deng, Lan Luan, Erhan Yenilmez, Hongjie Dai, and Kathryn A. Moler	Moment switching in nanotube magnetic force probes	A recent advance in improving the spatial resolution of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) uses as sensor tips carbon nanotubes grown at the apex of conventional silicon cantilever pyramids and coated with a thin ferromagnetic layer. Magnetic images of high density vertically recorded media using these tips exhibit a doubling of the spatial frequency under some conditions. Here we demonstrate that this spatial frequency doubling is due to the switching of the moment direction of the nanotube tip. This results in a signal which is proportional to the absolute value of the signal normally observed in MFM. Our modeling indicates that a significant fraction of the tip volume is involved in the observed switching, and that it should be possible to image very high bit densities with nanotube magnetic force sensors.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0311v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall] 3 Apr 2007Moment switching in nanotube magnetic force probes John R Kirtley1,2,3, Zhifeng Deng4, Lan Luan4, Erhan Yenilmez1, Hongjie Dai5, and Kathryn A Moler1,4 1Department of Applied Physics and Geballe Laboratory for Advance d Materials, Stanford University
0704.0312	Matthew J. Francis, Geraint F. Lewis, Eric V. Linder	Power Spectra to 1% Accuracy between Dynamical Dark Energy Cosmologies	For dynamical dark energy cosmologies we carry out a series of N-body gravitational simulations, achieving percent level accuracy in the relative mass power spectra at any redshift. Such accuracy in the power spectrum is necessary for next generation cosmological mass probes. Our matching procedure reproduces the CMB distance to last scattering and delivers subpercent level power spectra at z=0 and z~3. We discuss the physical implications for probing dark energy with surveys of large scale structure.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0312v1 [astro-ph] 3 Apr 2007Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 1–9 (2007) Printed 31 October 2018 (MN L ATEX style ﬁle v2.2) Power Spectra to 1% Accuracy between Dynamical Dark Energy Cosmologies⋆ Matthew J. Francis1†, Geraint F. Lewis1and Eric V. Linder2 1School of Physics, University of S
0704.0313	Yuta Hayashi, Masao Ogata	Possibility of Gapless Spin Liquid State by One-dimensionalization	Motivated by the observation of a gapless spin liquid state in $\kappa$-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$Cu$_2$(CN)$_3$, we analyze the anisotropic triangular lattice $S=1/2$ Heisenberg model with the resonating valence bond mean-field approximation. Paying attention to the small quasi-one-dimensional anisotropy of the material, we take an approach from one-dimensional (1D) chains coupled with frustrating zig-zag bonds. By calculating one-particle excitation spectra changing anisotropy parameter $J'/J$ from the decoupled 1D chains to the isotropic triangular lattice, we find almost gapless excitations in the wide range from the 1D limit. This one-dimensionalization by frustration is considered to be a candidate for the mechanism of the gapless spin liquid state.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0313v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 3 Apr 2007Typeset with jpsj2.cls <ver.1.2> Letter Possibility of Gapless Spin Liquid State by One-dimensiona lization YutaHayashi∗and Masao Ogata Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo- ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Motivated by the observation of a gap
0704.0314	Viktor Baukh, Alexander Zhuk, Tina Kahniashvili	Extra dimensions and Lorentz invariance violation	We consider effective model where photons interact with scalar field corresponding to conformal excitations of the internal space (geometrical moduli/gravexcitons). We demonstrate that this interaction results in a modified dispersion relation for photons, and consequently, the photon group velocity depends on the energy implying the propagation time delay effect. We suggest to use the experimental bounds of the time delay of gamma ray bursts (GRBs) photons propagation as an additional constrain for the gravexciton parameters.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0314v4 [hep-ph] 13 Nov 2007Extra dimensions and Lorentz invariance violation Viktor Baukh∗and Alexander Zhuk† Department of Theoretical Physics and Astronomical Observ atory, Odessa National University, 2 Dvoryanskaya St., Odessa 650 26, Ukraine Tina Kahniashvili‡ CCPP, New York Univers
0704.0315	Vitalii A. Gasanenko	The small deviations of many-dimensional diffusion processes and rarefaction by boundaries	We lead the algorithm of expansion of sojourn probability of many-dimensional diffusion processes in small domain. The principal member of this expansion defines normalizing coefficient for special limit theorems.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0315v1 [math.PR] 3 Apr 2007THE SMALL DEVIATIONS OF MANY-DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION PROCESSES AND RAREFACTION BY BOUNDARIES Vitalii A. Gasanenko Abstract. We lead the algorithm of expansion of sojourn probability of many-dimensional diﬀusion processes in small domain. The principal member of
0704.0316	Alister W. Graham, Simon P. Driver, Paul D. Allen, Jochen Liske	The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: The local supermassive black hole mass function in early- and late-type galaxies	We provide a new estimate of the local supermassive black hole mass function using (i) the empirical relation between supermassive black hole mass and the Sersic index of the host spheroidal stellar system and (ii) the measured (spheroid) Sersic indices drawn from 10k galaxies in the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue. The observational simplicity of our approach, and the direct measurements of the black hole predictor quantity, i.e. the Sersic index, for both elliptical galaxies and the bulges of disc galaxies makes it straightforward to estimate accurate black hole masses in early- and late-type galaxies alike. We have parameterised the supermassive black hole mass function with a Schechter function and find, at the low-mass end, a logarithmic slope (1+alpha) of ~0.7 for the full galaxy sample and ~1.0 for the early-type galaxy sample. Considering spheroidal stellar systems brighter than M_B = -18 mag, and integrating down to black hole masses of 10^6 M_sun, we find that the local mass density of supermassive black holes in early-type galaxies rho_{bh, early-type} = (3.5+/-1.2) x 10^5 h^3_{70} M_sun Mpc^{-3}, and in late-type galaxies rho_{bh, late-type} = (1.0+/-0.5) x 10^5 h^3_{70} M_sun Mpc^{-3}. The uncertainties are derived from Monte Carlo simulations which include uncertainties in the M_bh-n relation, the catalogue of Sersic indices, the galaxy weights and Malmquist bias. The combined, cosmological, supermassive black hole mass density is thus Omega_{bh, total} = (3.2+/-1.2) x 10^{-6} h_70. That is, using a new and independent method, we conclude that (0.007+/-0.003) h^3_{70} per cent of the universe's baryons are presently locked up in supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0316v1 [astro-ph] 3 Apr 2007Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 1–15 (2006) Printed 4 November 2018 (MN L ATEX style ﬁle v2.2) The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: The local supermassive black hole mass function in early- and late-type galaxies Alister W. Graham1⋆, Simon P. Driver2, Paul D. Alle
0704.0317	William Wylie	Complete Shrinking Ricci Solitons have Finite Fundamental Group	We show that if a complete Riemannian manifold supports a vector field such that the Ricci tensor plus the Lie derivative of the metric with respect to the vector field has a positive lower bound, then the fundamental group is finite. In particular, it follows that complete shrinking Ricci solitons and complete smooth metric measure spaces with a positive lower bound on the Bakry-Emery tensor have finite fundamental group. The method of proof is to generalize arguments of Garcia-Rio and Fernandez-Lopez in the compact case.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0317v1 [math.DG] 3 Apr 2007Complete Shrinking Ricci Solitons have Finite Fundamental Group William Wylie Abstract. We show that if a complete Riemannian manifold supports a vec - tor ﬁeld such that the Ricci tensor plus the Lie derivative of the metric with respect to the vector ﬁeld ha
0704.0318	Subhrajyoti Biswas and Abhee K. Dutt-Mazumder	Effects of Dirac sea on pion propagation in asymmetric nuclear matter	We study pion propagation in asymmetric nuclear matter (ANM). One of the interesting consequences of pion propagation in ANM is the mode splitting for the different charged states of pions. First we describe the pion-nucleon dynamics using the non-chiral model where one starts with pseudoscalar (PS) $\pi$N coupling and the pseudovector (PV) representation is obtained via suitable non-linear field transformations. For both of these cases the effect of the Dirac sea is estimated. Subsequently, we present results using the chiral effective Lagrangian where the short-distance behavior (Dirac vacuum) is included by re-defining the field parameters as done in the modern effective field theory approach developed recently. The results are compared with the previous calculations for the case of symmetric nuclear matter (SNM). Closed form analytical results are presented for the effective pion masses and dispersion relations by making hard nucleon loop (HNL) approximation and suitable density expansion.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0318v3 [nucl-th] 6 Mar 2008Eﬀects of Dirac sea on pion propagation in asymmetric nuclea r matter Subhrajyoti Biswas and Abhee K. Dutt-Mazumder Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolka ta-700 064, INDIA (Dated: October 28, 2018) We study pion propagation in asymmetric n
0704.0319	Guo-Hui Ding and Bing Dong	Spin-orbit coupling effect on the persistent currents in mesoscopic ring with an Anderson impurity	Based on the finite $U$ slave boson method, we have investigated the effect of Rashba spin-orbit(SO) coupling on the persistent charge and spin currents in mesoscopic ring with an Anderson impurity. It is shown that the Kondo effect will decrease the magnitude of the persistent charge and spin currents in this side-coupled Anderson impurity case. In the presence of SO coupling, the persistent currents change drastically and oscillate with the strength of SO coupling. The SO coupling will suppress the Kondo effect and restore the abrupt jumps of the persistent currents. It is also found that a persistent spin current circulating the ring can exist even without the charge current in this system.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0319v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall] 3 Apr 2007Spin-orbit coupling eﬀect on the persistent currents in mes oscopic ring with an Anderson impurity Guo-Hui Ding and Bing Dong Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shan ghai, 200240, China (Dated: November 4, 2018) Abstract Based on t
0704.0320	Francesco Mainardi, Paolo Paradisi and Rudolf Gorenflo	Probability distributions generated by fractional diffusion equations	Fractional calculus allows one to generalize the linear, one-dimensional, diffusion equation by replacing either the first time derivative or the second space derivative by a derivative of fractional order. The fundamental solutions of these equations provide probability density functions, evolving on time or variable in space, which are related to the class of stable distributions. This property is a noteworthy generalization of what happens for the standard diffusion equation and can be relevant in treating financial and economical problems where the stable probability distributions play a key role.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0320v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] 3 Apr 2007FRACALMO PRE-PRINT www.fracalmo.org Probability distributions generated by fractional diﬀusion equations1 Francesco MAINARDI(1), Paolo PARADISI(2)and Rudolf GORENFLO(3) (1)Department of Physics, University of Bologna, and INFN, Via Irnerio 46, I-401
0704.0321	Kalobaran Maiti	Fabrication of half metallicity in a ferromagnetic metal	We investigate the growth of half metallic phase in a ferromagnetic material using state-of-the-art full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. To address the issue, we have substituted Ti at the Ru-sites in SrRuO3, where SrRuO3 is a ferromagnetic material. Calculated results establish Ti4+ valence states (similar to SrTiO3), which was predicted experimentally. Thus, Ti substitution dilutes the Ru-O-Ru connectivity, which is manifested in the calculated results in the form of significant band narrowing leading to finite gap between t2g and eg bands. At 75% substitution, a large gap (> 2 eV) appears at the Fermi level, e_F in the up spin density of states, while the down spin states contributes at e_F characterizing the system a half-metallic ferromagnet. The t2g - eg gap can be tailored judiciously by tuning Ti concentrations to minimize thermal effects, which is often the major bottleneck to achieve high spin polarization at elevated temperatures in other materials. This study, thus, provides a novel but simple way to fabricate half-metallicity in ferromagnetic materials, which are potential candidates for spin-based technology.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0321v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 3 Apr 2007Fabrication of half metallicity in a ferromagnetic metal Kalobaran Maiti∗ Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials’ Scie nce, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, C olaba, Mumbai - 400 005, INDIA (Dated: August 15, 2021
0704.0322	Quan-Xing Liu, Gui-Quan Sun, Bai-Lian Li and Zhen Jin	Emergence of spatiotemporal chaos driven by far-field breakup of spiral waves in the plankton ecological systems	Alexander B. Medvinsky \emph{et al} [A. B. Medvinsky, I. A. Tikhonova, R. R. Aliev, B.-L. Li, Z.-S. Lin, and H. Malchow, Phys. Rev. E \textbf{64}, 021915 (2001)] and Marcus R. Garvie \emph{et al} [M. R. Garvie and C. Trenchea, SIAM J. Control. Optim. \textbf{46}, 775-791 (2007)] shown that the minimal spatially extended reaction-diffusion model of phytoplankton-zooplankton can exhibit both regular, chaotic behavior, and spatiotemporal patterns in a patchy environment. Based on that, the spatial plankton model is furtherly investigated by means of computer simulations and theoretical analysis in the present paper when its parameters would be expected in the case of mixed Turing-Hopf bifurcation region. Our results show that the spiral waves exist in that region and the spatiotemporal chaos emerge, which arise from the far-field breakup of the spiral waves over large ranges of diffusion coefficients of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Moreover, the spatiotemporal chaos arising from the far-field breakup of spiral waves does not gradually involve the whole space within that region. Our results are confirmed by means of computation spectra and nonlinear bifurcation of wave trains. Finally, we give some explanations about the spatially structured patterns from the community level.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0322v3 [nlin.PS] 5 Dec 2007Emergence of spatiotemporal chaos driven by far-ﬁeld break up of spiral waves in the plankton ecological systems Quan-Xing Liu,1Gui-Quan Sun,1Bai-Lian Li,2and Zhen Jin1,∗ 1Department of Mathematics, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shan’xi 030051, People’s
0704.0323	Gui-Fang Dang, and Heng Fan	General sequential quantum cloning	Some multipartite quantum states can be generated in a sequential manner which may be implemented by various physical setups like microwave and optical cavity QED, trapped ions, and quantum dots etc. We analyze the general N to M qubits Universal Quantum Cloning Machine (UQCM) within a sequential generation scheme. We show that the N to M sequential UQCM is available. The case of d-level quantum states sequential cloning is also presented.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0323v2 [quant-ph] 11 Apr 2007General Sequential Quantum Cloning Gui-Fang Dang and Heng Fan Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China. (Dated: November 4, 2018) Some multipartite quantum states can be generated in a seque ntial manner which may be im- pleme
0704.0324	Karel Pravda-Starov	On the pseudospectrum of elliptic quadratic differential operators	We study the pseudospectrum of a class of non-selfadjoint differential operators. Our work consists in a detailed study of the microlocal properties, which rule the spectral stability or instability phenomena appearing under small perturbations for elliptic quadratic differential operators. The class of elliptic quadratic differential operators stands for the class of operators defined in the Weyl quantization by complex-valued elliptic quadratic symbols. We establish in this paper a simple necessary and sufficient condition on the Weyl symbol of these operators, which ensures the stability of their spectra. When this condition is violated, we prove that it occurs some strong spectral instabilities for the high energies of these operators, in some regions which can be far away from their spectra. We give a precise geometrical description of them, which explains the results obtained for these operators in some numerical simulations giving the computation of false eigenvalues far from their spectra by algorithms for eigenvalues computing.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0324v1 [math.AP] 3 Apr 2007ON THE PSEUDOSPECTRUM OF ELLIPTIC QUADRATIC DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS KarelPravda-Starov University of California, Berkeley Abstract . We study the pseudospectrum of a class of non-selfadjoint diﬀer ential operators. Our work consists in a detailed study of the m
0704.0325	Vincent Grenard (Phys-ENS), Nicolas Garnier (Phys-ENS), Antoine Naert (Phys-ENS)	Fluctuation-dissipation relation on a Melde string in a turbulent flow, considerations on a "dynamical temperature"	We report on measurements of the transverse fluctuations of a string in a turbulent air jet flow. Harmonic modes are excited by the fluctuating drag force, at different wave-numbers. This simple mechanical probe makes it possible to measure excitations of the flow at specific scales, averaged over space and time: it is a scale-resolved, global measurement. We also measure the dissipation associated to the string motion, and we consider the ratio of the fluctuations over dissipation (FDR). In an exploratory approach, we investigate the concept of {\it effective temperature} defined through the FDR. We compare our observations with other definitions of temperature in turbulence. From the theory of Kolmogorov (1941), we derive the exponent -11/3 expected for the spectrum of the fluctuations. This simple model and our experimental results are in good agreement, over the range of wave-numbers, and Reynolds number accessible ($74000 \leq Re \leq 170000$).	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0325v3 [cond-mat.stat-mech] 1 Aug 2008Fluctuation-dissipation relation on a Melde string in a turbulent ﬂow, considerations on a “dynamical temperature”. V Grenard, N B Garnier and A Naert. Universit´ e de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physique, ´Ecole Normale Sup´ erieure de Lyon, 46 All´ ee d’
0704.0326	A.M. Mathai, H.J. Haubold	On generalized entropy measures and pathways	Product probability property, known in the literature as statistical independence, is examined first. Then generalized entropies are introduced, all of which give generalizations to Shannon entropy. It is shown that the nature of the recursivity postulate automatically determines the logarithmic functional form for Shannon entropy. Due to the logarithmic nature, Shannon entropy naturally gives rise to additivity, when applied to situations having product probability property. It is argued that the natural process is non-additivity, important, for example, in statistical mechanics, even in product probability property situations and additivity can hold due to the involvement of a recursivity postulate leading to a logarithmic function. Generalizations, including Mathai's generalized entropy are introduced and some of the properties are examined. Situations are examined where Mathai's entropy leads to pathway models, exponential and power law behavior and related differential equations. Connection of Mathai's entropy to Kerridge's measure of "inaccuracy" is also explored.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0326v2 [math.ST] 7 Aug 2007ON GENERALIZED ENTROPY MEASURES AND PATHWAYS A.M. MATHAI Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Mont real, Canada H3A 2K6, and Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Pala Campus, Arunapuram P.O., Pala-686 574, Kerala, India and H.J. HAUBOLD Oﬃ
0704.0327	Kalobaran Maiti, Ravi Shankar Singh, V.R.R. Medicherla	Evolution of a band insulating phase from a correlated metallic phase	We investigate the evolution of the electronic structure in SrRu_(1-x)Ti_xO_3 as a function of x using high resolution photoemission spectroscopy, where SrRuO3 is a weakly correlated metal and SrTiO3 is a band insulator. The surface spectra exhibit a metal-insulator transition at x = 0.5 by opening up a soft gap. A hard gap appears at higher x values consistent with the transport properties. In contrast, the bulk spectra reveal a pseudogap at the Fermi level, and unusual evolution exhibiting an apparent broadening of the coherent feature and subsequent decrease in intensity of the lower Hubbard band with the increase in x. Interestingly, the first principle approaches are found to be sufficient to capture anomalous evolutions at high energy scale. Analysis of the spectral lineshape indicates strong interplay between disorder and electron correlation in the electronic properties of this system.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0327v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 3 Apr 2007Evolution of a band insulating phase from a correlated metal lic phase Kalobaran Maiti,∗Ravi Shankar Singh, and V.R.R. Medicherla Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials’ Scie nce, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road,
0704.0328	S.W. Ham, E.J. Yoo, S.K. OH	Electroweak phase transitions in the MSSM with an extra $U(1)'$	We investigate the possibility of electroweak phase transition in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) with an extra $U(1)'$. This model has two Higgs doublets and a singlet, in addition to a singlet exotic quark superfield. We find that at the one-loop level this model may accommodate the electroweak phase transitions that are strongly first-order in a reasonably large region of the parameter space. In the parameter region where the phase transitions take place, we observe that the lightest scalar Higgs boson has a smaller mass when the strength of the phase transition becomes weaker. Also, the other three heavier neutral Higgs bosons get more large masses when the strength of the phase transition becomes weaker.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0328v1 [hep-ph] 3 Apr 2007Electroweak phase transitions in the MSSM with an extraU(1)′ S.W. Ham(1), E.J. Yoo(2), and S.K. Oh(1,2) (1)Center for High Energy Physics, Kyungpook National Univers ity, Daegu 702-701, Korea (2)Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, K orea Ab
0704.0329	H.J. Haubold, A.M. Mathai, R.K. Saxena	Solutions of fractional reaction-diffusion equations in terms of the H-function	This paper deals with the investigation of the solution of an unified fractional reaction-diffusion equation associated with the Caputo derivative as the time-derivative and Riesz-Feller fractional derivative as the space-derivative. The solution is derived by the application of the Laplace and Fourier transforms in closed form in terms of the H-function. The results derived are of general nature and include the results investigated earlier by many authors, notably by Mainardi et al. (2001, 2005) for the fundamental solution of the space-time fractional diffusion equation, and Saxena et al. (2006a, b) for fractional reaction- diffusion equations. The advantage of using Riesz-Feller derivative lies in the fact that the solution of the fractional reaction-diffusion equation containing this derivative includes the fundamental solution for space-time fractional diffusion, which itself is a generalization of neutral fractional diffusion, space-fractional diffusion, and time-fractional diffusion. These specialized types of diffusion can be interpreted as spatial probability density functions evolving in time and are expressible in terms of the H-functions in compact form.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0329v2 [math.PR] 7 Aug 2007SOLUTIONS OF FRACTIONAL REACTION-DIFFUSION EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF THE H-FUNCTION H.J. HAUBOLD Oﬃce for Outer Space Aﬀairs, United Nations, Vienna Interna tional Centre P.O. Box 500, A-1400, Vienna, Austria and Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Pala Campus Aruna
0704.0330	K. Splittorff and J.J.M. Verbaarschot	Random Matrix Theory at Nonzero $\mu$ and $T$	We review applications of random matrix theory to QCD at nonzero temperature and chemical potential. The chiral phase transition of QCD and QCD-like theories is discussed in terms of eigenvalues of the Dirac operator. We show that for QCD at $\mu \ne 0$, which has a sign problem, the discontinuity in the chiral condensate is due to an alternative to the Banks-Casher relation. The severity of the sign problem is analyzed in the microscopic domain of QCD.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0330v1 [hep-ph] 3 Apr 20071 Random Matrix Theory at Nonzero µandT KimSplittorff1,∗)and Jacobus Johannes Maria Verbaarschot1,2,3,∗∗) 1The Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark 2Niels Bohr International Academy, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø 3Departm
0704.0331	J.-L. Jestin, C. Soule (IHES)	Symmetries by base substitutions in the genetic code predict 2' or 3' aminoacylation of tRNAs	This letter reports complete sets of two-fold symmetries between partitions of the universal genetic code. By substituting bases at each position of the codons according to a fixed rule, it happens that properties of the degeneracy pattern or of tRNA aminoacylation specificity are exchanged.	What is the title of this paper? Manuscript submitted as a Letter to the Editor. Title: Symmetries by base substitutions in the genetic c ode predict 2’ or 3’ aminoacylation of tRNAs. Authors: Jean-Luc Jestina, Christophe Souléb Addresses: aUnité de Chimie Organique, URA 2128 CNRS Département de Biologie Structur
0704.0332	M.B. Gerrard and T.J. Sumner	The effect of a fifth large-scale space-time dimension on the conservation of energy in a four dimensional Universe	The effect of introducing a fifth large-scale space-time dimension to the equations of orbital dynamics was analysed in an earlier paper by the authors. The results showed good agreement with the observed flat rotation curves of galaxies and the Pioneer Anomaly. This analysis did not require the modification of Newtonian dynamics, but rather only their restatement in a five dimensional framework. The same analysis derived a acceleration parameter ar, which plays an important role in the restated equations of orbital dynamics, and suggested a value for ar. In this companion paper, the principle of conservation of energy is restated within the same five-dimensional framework. The resulting analysis provides an alternative route to estimating the value of ar, without reference to the equations of orbital dynamics, and based solely on key cosmological constants and parameters, including the gravitational constant, G. The same analysis suggests that: (i) the inverse square law of gravity may itself be due to the conservation of energy at the boundary between a four-dimensional universe and a fifth large-scale space-time dimension; and (ii) there is a limiting case for the Tulley-Fisher relationship linking the speed of light to the mass of the Universe.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0332v4 [gr-qc] 10 Oct 2007The eﬀect of a ﬁfth large-scale space-time dimension on the conservation of energy in a four dimensional Universe M B Gerrard and T J Sumner Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort R oad, London SW7 2BW, UK E-mail:Michael.Gerrard@partners
0704.0333	E. Cappelluti, S. Ciuchi, S. Fratini	Optical properties of the Holstein-t-J model from dynamical mean-field theory	We employ dynamical mean-field theory to study the optical conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$ of one hole in the Holstein-t-J model. We provide an exact solution for $\sigma(\omega)$ in the limit of infinite connectivity. We apply our analysis to Nd$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_4$. We show that our model can explain many features of the optical conductivity in this compounds in terms of magnetic/lattice polaron formation.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0333v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 3 Apr 2007OpticalpropertiesoftheHolstein- t-Jmodelfromdynamicalmean-ﬁeldtheory E. Cappellutia,b,∗, S. Ciuchic, S. Fratinid aDipartimento di Fisica, Universit` a “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy bSMC Research Center and ISC, INFM-CNR, v. dei Tauri
0704.0334	J. Padmanabhan (1,2), R. Parthasarathi (2), M. Elango (2), V. Subramanian (2), B. S. Krishnamoorthy (1,3), S. Gutierrez-Oliva (4), A. Toro-Labbe (4), D. R. Roy (1) and P. K. Chattaraj (1)	A Multiphilic Descriptor for Chemical Reactivity and Selectivity	In line with the local philicity concept proposed by Chattaraj et al. (Chattaraj, P. K.; Maiti, B.; Sarkar, U. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2003, 107, 4973) and a dual descriptor derived by Toro-Labbe and coworkers (Morell, C.; Grand, A.; Toro-Labbe, A. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2005, 109, 205), we propose a multiphilic descriptor. It is defined as the difference between nucleophilic (Wk+) and electrophilic (Wk-) condensed philicity functions. This descriptor is capable of simultaneously explaining the nucleophilicity and electrophilicity of the given atomic sites in the molecule. Variation of these quantities along the path of a soft reaction is also analyzed. Predictive ability of this descriptor has been successfully tested on the selected systems and reactions. Corresponding force profiles are also analyzed in some representative cases. Also, to study the intra- and intermolecular reactivities another related descriptor namely, the nucleophilicity excess (DelW-+) for a nucleophile, over the electrophilicity in it has been defined and tested on all-metal aromatic compounds.	What is the title of this paper? 1A Multiphilic Descriptor for Chemical Reactivity and Selectivity J. Padmanabhan1,2, R. Parthasarathi2, M. Elango2, V. Subramanian2,, B. S. Krishnamoorthy1,3, S. Gutierrez-Oliva4, A. Toro-Labbé4,, D. R. Roy1 and P. K. Chattaraj1,* 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology,
0704.0335	Gilles Pag\`es (PMA, LSProba), Fabien Panloup (PMA)	Approximation of the distribution of a stationary Markov process with application to option pricing	We build a sequence of empirical measures on the space D(R_+,R^d) of R^d-valued c\`adl\`ag functions on R_+ in order to approximate the law of a stationary R^d-valued Markov and Feller process (X_t). We obtain some general results of convergence of this sequence. Then, we apply them to Brownian diffusions and solutions to L\'evy driven SDE's under some Lyapunov-type stability assumptions. As a numerical application of this work, we show that this procedure gives an efficient way of option pricing in stochastic volatility models.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0335v3 [math.PR] 7 Sep 2009Bernoulli 15(1), 2009, 146–177 DOI:10.3150/08-BEJ142 Approximation of the distribution of a stationary Markov process with application to option pricing GILLES PAG `ES1and FABIEN PANLOUP2 1Laboratoire de Probabilit´ es et Mod` eles Al´ eatoires, UMR 7599, Univ
0704.0336	J. T. Karvonen and I. J. Maasilta	Influence of Phonon dimensionality on Electron Energy Relaxation	We studied experimentally the role of phonon dimensionality on electron-phonon (e-p) interaction in thin copper wires evaporated either on suspended silicon nitride membranes or on bulk substrates, at sub-Kelvin temperatures. The power emitted from electrons to phonons was measured using sensitive normal metal-insulator-superconductor (NIS) tunnel junction thermometers. Membrane thicknesses ranging from 30 nm to 750 nm were used to clearly see the onset of the effects of two-dimensional (2D) phonon system. We observed for the first time that a 2D phonon spectrum clearly changes the temperature dependence and strength of the e-p scattering rate, with the interaction becoming stronger at the lowest temperatures below $\sim$ 0.5 K for the 30 nm membranes.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0336v2 [cond-mat.mes-hall] 20 Aug 2007Inﬂuence of Phonon dimensionality on Electron Energy Relax ation J. T. Karvonen and I. J. Maasilta Nanoscience Center, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 35, FIN -40014 University of Jyv¨ askyl¨ a, Finland. We studied experimentally the role of phonon
0704.0337	Fran\c{c}ois Golse (CMLS-EcolePolytechnique, LJLL), Alex Mahalov, Basil Nicolaenko	Bursting Dynamics of the 3D Euler Equations in Cylindrical Domains	A class of three-dimensional initial data characterized by uniformly large vorticity is considered for the Euler equations of incompressible fluids. The fast singular oscillating limits of the Euler equations are studied for parametrically resonant cylinders. Resonances of fast swirling Beltrami waves deplete the Euler nonlinearity. The resonant Euler equations are systems of three-dimensional rigid body equations, coupled or not. Some cases of these resonant systems have homoclinic cycles, and orbits in the vicinity of these homoclinic cycles lead to bursts of the Euler solution measured in Sobolev norms of order higher than that corresponding to the enstrophy.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0337v1 [math.AP] 3 Apr 2007Bursting Dynamics of the 3D Euler Equations in Cylindrical Domains Fran¸ cois Golse∗ † Ecole Polytechnique, CMLS 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France Alex Mahalov‡and Basil Nicolaenko§ Department of Mathematics and Statistics Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-
0704.0338	Sandrine Bec (LTDS), Andr\'e Tonck (LTDS), Jean-Marie Georges (LTDS), Glyn W. Roper (SHELL)	Synergistic Effects of MoDTC and ZDTP on Frictional Behaviour of Tribofilms at the Nanometer Scale	The layered structure and the rheological properties of anti-wear films, generated in a rolling/sliding contact from lubricants containing zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDTP) and/or molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) additives, have been studied by dynamic nanoindentation experiments coupled with a simple modelling of the stiffness measurements. Local nano-friction experiments were conducted with the same device in order to determine the evolution of the friction coefficient as a function of the applied pressure for the different lubricant formulations. For the MoDTC film, the applied pressure in the friction test remains low (<0.5 GPa) and the apparent friction coefficient is high ($\mu$ > 0.4). For the tribofilms containing MoDTC together with ZDTP, which permits the applied pressure to increase up to a few GPa through some accommodation process, a very low friction domain appears (0.01 < $\mu$ < 0.05), located a few nanometers below the surface of the tribofilm. This low friction coefficient is attributed to the presence of MoS2 planes sliding over each other in a favourable configuration obtained when the pressure is sufficiently high, which is made possible by the presence of ZDTP.	What is the title of this paper? 1 Synergistic effects of MoDTC and ZDTP on frictional behaviour of tribofilms at the nanometer scale S. Bec1*, A. Tonck1, J.M. Georges1 and G.W. Roper2 1Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dy namique des Systèmes, UMR CNRS 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 av. Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex
0704.0339	Enrico Fonda, Massimo Tessarotto and Marco Ellero	Lattice Boltzmann inverse kinetic approach for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations	In spite of the large number of papers appeared in the past which are devoted to the lattice Boltzmann (LB) methods, basic aspects of the theory still remain unchallenged. An unsolved theoretical issue is related to the construction of a discrete kinetic theory which yields \textit{exactly} the fluid equations, i.e., is non-asymptotic (here denoted as \textit{LB inverse kinetic theory}). The purpose of this paper is theoretical and aims at developing an inverse kinetic approach of this type. In principle infinite solutions exist to this problem but the freedom can be exploited in order to meet important requirements. In particular, the discrete kinetic theory can be defined so that it yields exactly the fluid equation also for arbitrary non-equilibrium (but suitably smooth) kinetic distribution functions and arbitrarily close to the boundary of the fluid domain. Unlike previous entropic LB methods the theorem can be obtained without functional constraints on the class of the initial distribution functions. Possible realizations of the theory and asymptotic approximations are provided which permit to determine the fluid equations \textit{with prescribed accuracy.} As a result, asymptotic accuracy estimates of customary LB approaches and comparisons with the Chorin artificial compressibility method are discussed.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0339v1 [physics.flu-dyn] 3 Apr 2007Lattice Boltzmann inverse kinetic approach for the incompr essible Navier-Stokes equations Enrico Fonda1,Massimo Tessarotto1,2and Marco Ellero3 1Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Universit` a di Trieste, Italy 2Consorzio di Magnetoﬂuidodinamica
0704.0340	Fam Le Kien, S. Dutta Gupta, and K. Hakuta	Phonon-mediated decay of an atom in a surface-induced potential	We study phonon-mediated transitions between translational levels of an atom in a surface-induced potential. We present a general master equation governing the dynamics of the translational states of the atom. In the framework of the Debye model, we derive compact expressions for the rates for both upward and downward transitions. Numerical calculations for the transition rates are performed for a deep silica-induced potential allowing for a large number of bound levels as well as free states of a cesium atom. The total absorption rate is shown to be determined mainly by the bound-to-bound transitions for deep bound levels and by bound-to-free transitions for shallow bound levels. Moreover, the phonon emission and absorption processes can be orders of magnitude larger for deep bound levels as compared to the shallow bound ones. We also study various types of transitions from free states. We show that, for thermal atomic cesium with temperature in the range from 100 $\mu$K to 400 $\mu$K in the vicinity of a silica surface with temperature of 300 K, the adsorption (free-to-bound decay) rate is about two times larger than the heating (free-to-free upward decay) rate, while the cooling (free-to-free downward decay) rate is negligible.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0340v1 [quant-ph] 3 Apr 2007Phonon-mediated decay of an atom in a surface-induced poten tial Fam Le Kien,1,∗S. Dutta Gupta,1,2and K. Hakuta1 1Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan 2School of Physics, University of
0704.0341	B.I. Ermolaev, M. Greco, S.I. Troyan	Infrared Evolution Equations: Method and Applications	It is a brief review on composing and solving Infrared Evolution Equations. They can be used in order to calculate amplitudes of high-energy reactions in different kinematic regions in the double-logarithmic approximation.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0341v1 [hep-ph] 3 Apr 2007Infrared Evolution Equations: Method and Applications B.I. Ermolaev Ioﬀe Physico-Technical Institute, 194021 St.Petersburg, R ussia M. Greco Department of Physics and INFN, University Rome III, Rome, I taly S.I. Troyan St.Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics
0704.0342	B. Dugmore and PP. Ntumba	Cofibrations in the Category of Frolicher Spaces. Part I	Cofibrations are defined in the category of Fr\"olicher spaces by weakening the analog of the classical definition to enable smooth homotopy extensions to be more easily constructed, using flattened unit intervals. We later relate smooth cofibrations to smooth neighborhood deformation retracts. The notion of smooth neighborhood deformation retract gives rise to an analogous result that a closed Fr\"olicher subspace $A$ of the Fr\"olicher space $X$ is a smooth neighborhood deformation retract of $X$ if and only if the inclusion $i: A\hookrightarrow X$ comes from a certain subclass of cofibrations. As an application we construct the right Puppe sequence.	What is the title of this paper? arXiv:0704.0342v1 [math.AT] 3 Apr 2007Coﬁbrations in the Category of Fr¨ olicher Spaces: Part I Brett Dugmore Cadiz Financial Strategists (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, South Afr ica Email: [email protected] Patrice Pungu Ntumba Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics University of Pretor
0704.0343	J\"org Baumgartl, Roel P.A. Dullens, Marjolein Dijkstra, Roland Roth and Clemens Bechinger	Experimental observation of structural crossover in binary mixtures of colloidal hard spheres	Using confocal-microscopy we investigate the structure of binary mixtures of colloidal hard spheres with size ratio q=0.61. As a function of the packing fraction of the two particle species, we observe a marked change of the dominant wavelength in the pair correlation function. This behavior is in excellent agreement with a recently predicted structural crossover in such mixtures. In addition, the repercussions of structural crossover on the real-space structure of a binary fluid are analyzed. We suggest a relation between crossover and the lateral extension of networks containing only equally sized particles that are connected by nearest neighbor bonds. This is supported by Monte-Carlo simulations which are performed at different packing fractions and size ratios.	What is the title of this paper? Experimental observation of structural crossover in binary mixtures of colloidal hard spheres J org Baumgartl1;, Roel P.A. Dullens1, Marjolein Dijkstra2, Roland Roth3and Clemens Bechinger1 12. Physikalisches Institut, Universit at Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany 2Soft Condensed Matter Group,