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| HealthAdvantages of Yoga Programs in Management | |
| Sony Kumari PhD*, Alex Hankey PhD, and HR Nagendra PhD | |
| ABSTRACT | |
| Outcome pressures in business, orientation towards high achievement at any cost, and time pressures of modern life have all contributed to making both health and a high flying business career challenging to achieve. Yoga has greatly increased in popularity over the past thirty years, and its scientific evidence base now makes its health benefits increasingly accepted. Of unique value to business are Yoga’s abilities to increase creativity, emotional intelligence, and decrease stress. As a result, major Yoga programs in business are being applied in many of India’s leading firms and corporations, for example, India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, ONGC. This presentation reviews various Business Programs: S-VYASA’s IAYT and SMET programs; Swami Ramdev; and the late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate Development Program. Large numbers participate in such programs. India is now in a position to make diseases of development and affluence a thing of the past, and to increase the health and productivity of its top executives. | |
| Keywords: Yoga, Business, Efficiency, Stress Reduction, Health | |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | |
| A miracle of modern India is its progress towards becoming a developed society while avoiding the more undesirable consequences of industrialization. This has been partly accomplished by attempting to make the transition to a knowledge-based society at an earlier stage than has been achieved in previous histories of national economic development. | |
| Becoming a knowledge-based society is not without a price, however: the pace of change is greatly increased. A knowledge-based society prospers through intellectual property1. The key to becoming one is strength and success in research1: patenting innovations with wide applicability. Identifying new principles to apply widely and making inventions can lead to generation of huge revenues, provided the ideas are sufficiently novel and fundamental. Knowledge-based | |
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| societies continuously make new inventions available, but their adoption increases rates of social change. This in turn brings increases levels of stress2, bringing health challenges to society as a whole3. | |
| India has an advantage in meeting this challenge; its traditional systems of medicine (ISM) are well equipped to treat such problems. Yoga and Ayurveda can both reverse initial effects of stress better than western biomedicine. They can thus form part of an overall strategy to promote economic growth and maintain health of the population. This paper discusses how implementing traditional ISM to counteract stress can complement stimuli to create a knowledge based society, giving examples of how it is doing so. Encouraging them will help avoid increasing levels of chronic disease while becoming a developed nation. India will enjoy higher levels of health, as well as the satisfaction of financial security, and increased wealth, happiness and fulfillment. | |
| 2. A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY IN INDIA | |
| In India, the practicality of developing a knowledge-based society was demonstrated in the 1990’s by its Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Following Manmohan Singh’s 1991 policy changes in science and industry to encourage invention and innovation, the CSIR Director-General, Dr R. A. Mashelkar, began to encourage CSIR laboratories to patent their research, generate revenue, and use their innovations to pay their own way. In ‘Reinventing India’1, Mashelkar recounts how he implemented his vision of creating an ‘innovative India’ that would prosper through a new mind-set of generating knowledge – ‘Indovations’. He blazed a new trail toward creating a knowledge-based society in South Asia1,4. | |
| Following Mashelkar’s lead, former president, APJ Abdul Kalam, decided to make creation of a knowledge-based society a national priority, and appointed a national Knowledge Commission5. The consequences are well appreciated. India’s intellectual | |
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| bent, capacity for creative thought, and language advantage, led to the founding of hundreds of major research institutions by western corporations in various Indian cities, such as Bangalore, Delhi and Hyderabad. The west itself began to invest in increasing India’s scientific R&D capacity. | |
| The resulting changes, salary increases and so on, are now reversing India’s brain drain; a knowledge-based society is starting to take shape. In information technology alone, a disproportionate fraction of India’s foreign exchange earnings is generated by those involved1. Equal participation by other fields will shortcut economic development, but unless appropriate steps are taken, the effects on health will negate improvements in quality of life. | |
| Part of Mashelkar’s and Abdulkalam’s plan is that the fruits of scientific innovation should come to the poor. Where appropriate, innovation-based products should be priced to be available to the masses, and not priced to increase profits at the expense of not being available to them. India contains a middle class larger than the whole North American population. Its poor total almost nine hundred million. Both form huge markets. In contrast to North America, the number of poor is such that their purchasing power can lead to huge profits. “More products at Lower costs for More people” is a key mantra that Mashelkar terms ‘MLM’.1 | |
| 3. USE OF INDIA’S TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE | |
| Part of India’s vision on how a knowledge-based society may improve the quality of life of its people has been to make use of its traditional knowledge1. Few civilizations have left a richer literature or artistic, philosophical and scientific achievements than those of South Asia. Its ancient systems of healthcare include understandings of loss of health and growth of disease that are without compare even today. 6 | |
| The original system of healthcare in the Vedic civilization of ancient India was largely based around practices of Yoga. Improving the life energy, or prana, as a means to improving health, and its direct use to counteract disease is more ancient than the formal system of Ayurveda. When Ayurveda was founded7, the sages responsible had long been familiar with practices of Yoga and their use to improve health. Enlightenment was the central goal of education, and Yoga the chief means of achieving it. Its benefits to health were well understood. | |
| Modern day sages like Mashelkar realize that India must use its ancient wisdom to best effect. Ancient technologies like Yoga have much to contribute to national wellbeing8. Updating them and providing such evidence as may justify their incorporation into modern health care programs has been made a national priority8 and the results of research can now justify their | |
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| incorporation into business programs as well. | |
| One of the advantages of traditional systems of medicine over modern medicine is that their accounts of how health degenerates into disease are couched in ways that enable etiological changes to be reversed9. Yoga speaks of the weakening of the life-force energy, or prana, and names various ways it can go out of balance. Ayurveda speaks of loss of balance in tissue and organism regulation, in terms of factors controlling the physiology6. Not surprisingly the two approaches are closely related. Yoga provides various means to strengthen and balance the prana or ‘life energy’, while Ayurveda recommends life-style changes and diet that can restore balance to the organism, its organs and organ systems, and which work even at a cellular level. Between them Ayurveda and Yoga offer a range of powerful tools to maintain health for professionals, and, should their health be compromised, restore it. They and their relatives, Unani, Siddha, and Sowa Rigpa, form ideal complements to modern healthcare. For those whose professional work presents dangerous challenges to health, they constitute essential life-style components. Among their advantages as systems of prevention, is being either free or extremely low cost. Once Yoga practices such as Yoga asanas, pranayama or meditation have been learned, they can be practiced at home without much further instruction. Similarly, adoption of Ayurveda diet and lifestyle recommendations usually involves no ongoing cost. The herbs it recommends can be grown in home and village gardens - over 80% of all disease can be taken care of locally10. | |
| India’s traditional ISM thus have an integral role to play in improving overall quality of life at a time when the challenges of change are beginning to wreak havoc with national health statistics. They offer the surest way to reduce levels of chronic disease and other health problems of affluence that are otherwise inevitable. If becoming a knowledge based society is to improve the quality of people’s lives, guarding against health challenges by practical and economic means is an important step to take. | |
| 4. HEALTH PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS | |
| Nowhere are health problems more apparent than among those in business, ironically the very people whom a knowledge based society is meant to benefit most. Executives operate under increasing pressure: ambition to succeed may orient them towards high achievement at any cost. | |
| The world’s top business schools like Harvard and Stanford lay out the kind of qualities they seek to develop in future executives: the ability to provide leadership in the most challenging conditions, to achieve compromise, even at personal expense; to find unlikely solutions to difficult problems; the imagination | |
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| and vision to identify the next big idea and adopt it before rivals in the field; and, of course to be willing to work as hard as necessary for corporate goals to be achieved – whatever the personal expense. | |
| And there lies the rub. At every level, from top downwards, business will pressure its executives to work longer and harder than may be compatible with their health. At the same time, greater efficiency will require adopting devices that make them available more of the time, and effectively mean their office is always in their pocket, and they are never out of their workplace. Pressures of modern business, familiar to all executives, make health increasingly challenging to maintain, when a high-flying business career is a priority. Answers to this problem must be sought by industry itself – and from outside the box of modern medicine. | |
| 5. EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE | |
| To justify spending public money and to protect their citizens, governments insist that medical treatments must be tested for side effects, and their efficacy established in clinical trials. Medicine is now increasingly evidence-based. Placebo controlled, double blind randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) are regarded as the acme of scientific tests of treatment efficacy, but they have their limitations. Placebo control is impossible for surgery, and unethical for treatments of life threatening conditions. Conducting RCT’s for ISM is similarly problematic. Patients and students know if they are learning Yoga, so blinding test subjects is impossible. In Ayurveda, normal treatments are individually tailored, and for chronic conditions so complex that normal RCT’s are almost impossible. Nevertheless large numbers of high quality studies have been carried out on Yoga and Ayurveda. Practitioners often feel that the test of time is more meaningful than modern statistics, but modern medicine requires efficacy to be established before recommending patients for complementary medicine (CAM) treatments. The increasing evidence base for Yoga and Ayurveda is therefore significant. | |
| On Google Scholar, the annual number of articles with ‘Yoga’ in the title increased by one third in the five years from 2006 to 2011 (from 533 to 712), while those with Ayurveda or Ayurvedic in the title increased by 92% from 156 to 299. The majority of these concern medical applications. The quality of evidence may not yet compare to that for modern medicine’s drugs, but the drive to justify medical applications of these systems by scientifically establishing their efficacy is considerable. | |
| Certain systems may be singled out for special mention – those where traditional practitioners of highest quality practice their system integratively with modern medicine. Integrative practice in both Yoga and | |
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| Ayurveda is very highly developed. Three organisation are notable in the field: first S-VYASA, the Yoga University11, with its well-known Health Home, Arogyadhama, at its Prashanti Kutiram Campus; second, the Institute of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) recently completed and beautifully appointed IAIM Health Care Center12; and third, Maharishi Ayurveda, for which all western practitioners are required to have an MD or equivalent as their first qualification13. All three have long been engaged in scientific research, and have contributed key elements to establishing a proper evidence base in their respective fields14,15,16. | |
| Over the past thirty years, the popularity of Yoga has steadily increased. Improving scientific evidence makes its health benefits more accepted and understood. The medical database PubMed now has over 250 articles per year published on Yoga – and the percentage of papers has increased from 0.01% to about 0.03% within the last ten years17. Though there is still scope for much more research, good studies are emerging; Yoga has been found effective against many disorders, particularly when integrated into personal life-style as was traditionally the case, and now used in SVYASA’s Integrated approach to Yoga therapy (IAYT) Yoga-lifestyle programs18. These are particularly beneficial in asthma19, anxiety20 and depression21, back pain22, maternity23, type 2 diabetes24, and to improve patient quality of life when undergoing treatment for breast cancer25,26. Numbers of reviews have been carried out, though more are needed17. | |
| The efficacy of Ayurveda programs is also better understood. The explanation for why they work so well, is simply that they aim to restore regulation to optimal levels, and that the complex regulatory systems governing human physiology conform to Ayurveda’s hypothesized structure.6 Ayurveda’s strategies are well worked out and time-tested, something that modern medicine has yet to achieve. Following the lead of IAIM and SVYASA, and adopting integrative practice would be arguably the best way for modern medicine to put itself on a par with the very successful approach to chronic disease of Ayurveda and Yoga. | |
| 6. VALUE TO BUSINESS | |
| Senior management in corporations adopt lifestyles different from other professions: irregular time tables and possible international travel lead to variations in eatimg and sleep patterns, causing regulatory imbalances; pressure from above and stringent deadlines lead to stress. Together, these cause various kinds of ailments. The best known remedy is the adoption of yoga life style, including practice of Yoga and pranayama. | |
| Many major Yoga organizations offer specialized Business Programs, tailored to the needs of busy | |
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| executives. The oldest is probably Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate Development program, built round the Transcendental Meditation technique, and available nation-wide in India, and in many other countries around the world. 27 It is a fully internationalized program: after taking the basic course in India, or in any other country, the participant is automatically qualified to use facilities in other countries. | |
| The next Yoga system most widely applied in business is SVYASA’s IAYT, particularly suited for stress management28, and other applications in business. Like the Transcendental Meditation program, IAYT offers a well rounded approach. It benefits all levels of the individual, physical and subtle, and aims to finally develop the total personality. Practice of IAYT has been shown29 to increase emotional intelligence30, one of the most important requirements in business leadership31, and one of the most important in organizations. 32 Culture of the emotions is one of the most important aspects of Yoga. 33 | |
| Similar and related studies of Yoga with application to business are being carried out at Swami Ramdev’s Maharishi Patanjali Yoga Peeth. Yoga is highly effective against trauma34,35 and post-traumatic stress syndrome36, so handling management stress is well within its capabilities. Telles has provided a useful brief summary of its present applications. 37 | |
| Of special value to business is the ability of Yoga and related techniques to increase creativity. In the 1970’s and 1980’s it was well documented that practice of Transcendental Meditation increased scores on all scales in Torrance Tests of creativity. 38,39. At SVYASA the Tower of London test has been used to show that improved reasoning abilities following Yoga practice. 40 As a result, major Yoga programs in business are being applied in many of India’s leading firms and corporations. For example, India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, (ONGC), have held regular Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) courses for their executives for many years. Many if not most have been hosted at SVYASA’s rural Prashanthi Kuteeram campus south of Bangalore. Hundreds of ONGC personnel have participated in such courses since 2006. Other businessmen and women with more specific complaints have attended SVYASA Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) health programs at the same location. | |
| Swami Ramdev, so popular as a teacher of pranayama techniques to the general public, also organizes courses for business at his Maharishi Patanjali Yoga Vidyapeeth, in Haridwar, though these may be more popular for companies in that region of India. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate Development Program is arguably the best researched.27,41 Large numbers participate in such programs. Sound health at physical and mental levels enhances work efficiency and other | |
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| mental abilities such as concentration, attention, memory etc. | |
| 7. MORAL VALUES | |
| Physical and mental health is not the only reason for practicing Yoga. India is in a crisis of protest against corruption led most prominently by Anna Hazare and Swami Ramdev, supported by large numbers who want those holding public office to make a stronger personal commitment to integrity. Many would see the materialist orientation of modern life, promulgated by western thinking, as the cause of recent declines in moral values to their current low levels. | |
| In this field, schools of Yoga can offer several important kinds of contribution: inculcating traditional values, developing the basis for true discrimination and detachment that form the only genuine, foolproof basis for personal non-attachment, and unselfish behavior, and leading by example. Some contemporary Yoga leaders and organizations are already doing much. All Yoga institutions encourage moral thinking in their students, and the adiption of high principles to guide their lives. Many, such as ISHA Yoga and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s universities, are primarily concerned with developing higher states of consciousness, the real basis for morality. As early as 1960, Maharishi was clearly stating that starting meditation practice could be a key means to resist pressures of corruption. Today, Swami Ramdev has made himself unpopular by criticizing government corruption, and giving public support for Anna Hazare. | |
| In the corporate context, Yoga and Yoga concepts offer a means to restore values and honesty to business. Honesty is a key aspect of business relationships both for management and customers. Managers function best when they can completely trust their colleagues, and trust depends on honesty. Similarly for customer relationships, perceived honesty is a key to customer goodwill, an essential of continuing business success. No one feels goodwill towards those they suspect of cheating them. Yet developments in business culture around the world have revealed that personal honesty in business is not practiced to the same extent as twenty years ago. In a recent statement emphasizing these developments, the Director of IIM Chennai has proposed to introduce Yoga programs specifically to improve the moral tone of business graduates. | |
| The problem may be that humanist philosophy so fashionable today looks little beyond the here and now, Higher purpose requires transcendental goals and, for that reason, Yoga and Yoga philosophy posit additional dimensions to life. By adding elements beyond life itself they restore motivation for integrity. Using them an organization can motivate trust and trustworthiness. Business schools such as Stanford list important qualities required for visionary leadership in business. | |
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| Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey,HR Nagendra| Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management | |
| Those recommending applicants are required to estimate [9] levels of ability in specific subfields of leadership: honesty and integrity under pressure, the ability to generate confidence, trust,, and loyalty, persuade others | |
| of one’s viewpoint, willingness to take risks, or to [10] broker a compromise between different parties to make [11] a project succeed, even at personal expense, etc. [12] Fundamental to all these are honesty and integrity that [13] generates trust. If participation in Yoga programs increases the fundamental then each scale dependent on [14] it will also increase to some extent. [15] | |
| 8. CONCLUSIONS [16] | |
| As an aspiring knowledge-based society, modern India needs to adopt policies that will counteract stress caused by the inevitable increased levels of social change. The | |
| nation is fortunate that, in its traditional systems of [17] medicine, it is well equipped to do so. Between them [18] Yoga and Ayurveda contain the key principles required | |
| to keep the individual’s psychology and physiology in balance – healthy mind in a healthy body. [19] Systematic incorporation of Yoga into business in India | |
| would fulfill the following goals: | |
| 1. Improve adaptability to processes of change [20] 2. Counteract risk factors associated with | |
| industrial development | |
| 3. Combat diseases of affluence | |
| 4. Systematically counteract health limits [21] otherwise imposed on knowledge based societies | |
| 5. Expand the creative vision of business leaders | |
| 6. Improve both the health and productivity of top [22] executives. | |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | |
| We would like to acknowledge past conversations with Professor Subhash Sharma. | |
| REFERENCES [23] | |
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| [6] Hankey A. Decoding Ayurveda submitted for publication. | |
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| Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey,HR Nagendra| Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management | |
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